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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book-Hunter at Home
+
+Author: P. B. M. Allan
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22716]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes and the booksmiths
+at http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME.
+
+_Of this edition 500 copies have been printed, and 50 upon fine paper._
+
+[Illustration: THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME (JAN SIX, BY REMBRANDT)]
+
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME
+
+BY P. B. M. ALLAN
+
+THE SECOND EDITION, REVISED
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON
+PHILIP ALLAN & CO.
+QUALITY COURT, CHANCERY LANE
+
+_First Edition_--1920
+
+_Second Edition_--1922
+
+PRINTED BY WHITEHEAD BROTHERS, WOLVERHAMPTON.
+
+
+
+
+THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY
+
+TO THE HONOURABLE AND VERTUOUS LADY MISTRESS E. K. A.
+
+     MADAM,
+
+     It would be churlish indeed were I to send this book into the
+     world without some acknowledgment of the share which you have had
+     in its making. Indeed, I feel that you are chiefly responsible
+     for it: without your encouragement, your active help, your
+     patience with me at all times (at which I marvel constantly), it
+     would never have arrived at completion. Truly it is your name,
+     not mine, that should appear upon the title-page; for although
+     mine may have been the hand that penned the words, certain it is
+     that yours was the mind that guided my pen throughout. It is to
+     your sympathy, your judgment, your excellent taste, that I am
+     indebted for every good thing that I have penned; and where I
+     have put down aught that is trite or insipid, it is due to my
+     own natural obstinacy in refusing, or carelessness in neglecting,
+     to defer the matter to your better judgment. Thus it is only
+     right that whatever praise may be bestowed upon this book should
+     be accorded to you; my shoulders alone must bear the censure of
+     the discerning reader.
+
+                                      I am, Madam, your very dutiful,
+                                                  and loving husband,
+                                                          THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+     In placing this second edition before his fellow book-lovers, the
+     author would like to take the opportunity of thanking the
+     numerous correspondents who have written to him from all parts of
+     the world. In truth book-collecting establishes a bond between
+     its devotees that is effected by no other pursuit.
+
+     The first edition was put forth only after much hesitation, and
+     with a good deal of fear and trembling: that a second edition
+     would ever be required was unthinkable. But since the book has so
+     obviously been the means of bringing pleasure to so many, the
+     author feels that it is his duty to bring this second edition 'up
+     to date,' to make it as perfect as his poor skill allows.
+     Accordingly the volume has been revised throughout, a number of
+     additions have been made, both to the text and in the matter of
+     footnotes, and the prices of books have been amended according to
+     present conditions. Three illustrations have been added.
+     QUALITY COURT,
+     July, 1921.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAP                                           PAGE
+   I. ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS                      1
+  II. THE LIBRARY                                31
+ III. BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY               58
+  IV. CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE                       84
+   V. THE CARE OF BOOKS                         106
+  VI. THE CARE OF BOOKS (_Continued_)           126
+ VII. BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR                    160
+VIII. A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM                     194
+  IX. A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM (_Continued_)       230
+      INDEX                                     267
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME        _frontispiece_
+THE PERON                            page  96
+THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS               "   104
+THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY                 "   128
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS
+
+    'Thou shalt make castels thanne in Spayne.'
+
+CHAUCER.
+
+
+IT is a sad truth that bargains are met with more frequently in our youth
+than in our age. The sophist may argue that age begets philosophy, and
+that philosophy contemns all worldly things; yet certain it is that the
+book-hunter, one of the most philosophical of beings, remains on the
+look-out for bargains to the very end of his career. Nevertheless, it is
+a fact that in youth alone do we make those great bargains which lay the
+foundations of our careers as book-hunters.
+
+It is this sad truth which fosters in most of us the belief that we live
+in a decadent age, and that the days of our youth were infinitely more
+seemly than those which we now endure. But it is we who have changed: the
+bargains are still there, and may still be had at the cost of youthful
+energy and enthusiasm.
+
+'Ah, but you can't get the bargains nowadays that you could when I was a
+young man,' says the elderly bookseller, with a knowing shake of his
+head. Can't you! Then mankind must have changed strangely since the
+period of this sage's youth. Bargains, and rich ones too, in everything
+that is bought and sold, are made every day and will continue to be made
+so long as human nature endures, bargains in books no less among them.
+
+The rich finds of which the aged bookseller dreams are bargains only in
+the light of present-day prices. As a matter of fact, the great majority
+of them were not really bargains at all. He may bitterly lament having
+parted with a copy of the first edition of the 'Compleat Angler,' in the
+'sixties for twenty guineas, but he overlooks the fact that that was then
+its market value. Had he asked a thousand pounds for it, his sanity would
+certainly have been open to question. 'Why, when I was a boy,' he says,
+'you could buy first editions of Shelley, Keats, or Scott for pence.'
+Precisely: which was their current value; by no stretch of the
+imagination can they be considered bargains. His business is, and has
+always been, to buy and sell; not to hoard books on the chance that they
+will become valuable 'some day.' Neither can it be urged that 'people'
+(by which he means collectors) 'did not know so much about books fifty
+years ago.' Collectors know, and have ever known, all that they need for
+the acquisition of their particular _desiderata_. If they were ignorant
+of the prices which volumes common in their day would realise at some
+future period, why, so were the dealers and every one else concerned!
+Judging by analogy, we have every reason to believe that many volumes
+which we come across almost daily on the bookstalls, marked, perhaps, a
+few pence, will be fought for one day across the auction-room table.
+
+The chief reason why the elderly bookseller no longer comes across these
+advantageous purchases is that he has passed the age (though he does not
+know it) at which bargains are to be had. But bargains are not
+encountered, they are made. It is the youthful vigour and enthusiasm of
+the young collector, prompting him into the byways and alleys of
+book-land, that bring bargains to his shelves.
+
+So, if you are young and enthusiastic, and not to be deterred by a series
+of wild-goose chases, happy indeed will be your lot. For over the
+post-prandial pipe you will be able to hand such and such a treasure to
+your admiring fellow-spirit, saying: 'This I picked up for _n_-pence in
+Camden Town; this one cost me _x_-shillings at Poynder's in Reading:
+Iredale of Torquay let me have this for a florin; I found this on the
+floor in a corner of Commin's shop at Bournemouth; this was on David's
+stall at Cambridge, and I nearly lost it to the fat don of King's'; and
+so on and so on.
+
+Bargains, forsooth! Our book-hunter was once outbid at Sotheby's for a
+scarce volume which he found, a week later, on a barrow in Clerkenwell
+for fourpence! The same year he picked up for ten shillings, in London,
+an early sixteenth-century folio, rubricated and with illuminated
+initials. It was as fresh as when it issued from the press, and in the
+original oak and pig-skin binding. He failed to trace the work in any of
+the bibliographies, nor could the British Museum help him to locate
+another copy. David's stall at Cambridge once yielded to him a scarce
+Defoe tract for sixpence. But this being, as Master Pepys said, 'an idle
+rogueish book,' he sold it to a bookseller for two pounds, 'that it might
+not stand in the list of books, nor among them, to disgrace them, if it
+should be found.' A copy has recently fetched twenty guineas.
+
+Doubtless every bibliophile is perpetually on the look-out for treasures,
+and it is essential that he learn, early in his career, to make up his
+mind at once concerning an out-of-the-way book. He who hesitates is lost,
+and this is doubly true of the book-collector. More than once in his
+early days of collecting has our book-hunter hesitated and finally left a
+book, only to dash back--perhaps a few hours later, perhaps next day--and
+find it gone.
+
+Once upon a time a spotlessly clean little square octavo volume of
+Terence, printed in italics, caught his eye upon a bookstall. One
+shilling was its ransom, but it was not the price that deterred him so
+much as the fact that every available nook and corner of his sanctum was
+already filled to overflowing with books. 'A nice clean copy of an
+early-printed book,' he mused. But early-printed books were not in his
+line--then; had they been in those early days of book-hunting, his
+library would have been slow indeed of growth. So he passed on and left
+it.
+
+All that evening the memory of the little square volume would keep
+recurring most absurdly. He didn't want it, it was not in his line, he
+would never read it, and so on and so on. But over his pipe that evening
+the colophon '. . . . _studio & impensis Philippi de Giunta florentini
+. . ., 1505_,' came back to his memory; he must have been mad not to have
+bought it at that price, and such a fine copy too. And so to bed, sorely
+harassed in his bibliophilic mind.
+
+Next morning he awoke sane and conscious of his folly. An early visit to
+the bookstall followed, but the little volume had gone; and it was not
+comforting to learn that it had been sold shortly after our bookman saw
+it, to a man who 'knew a lot about that kind of books.' Let us hope that
+the purchaser treasures the little square volume, printed in italics, as
+much as our friend would.
+
+What poignant memories they are, these memories of rare books which we
+have found and failed to secure! Two prominent instances of our bookman's
+folly stand out with bitter clearness, ever fresh in his memory as a
+reminder of the criminal stupidity of procrastination. One was an
+exceedingly scarce work by Lawrence Humphrey, entitled 'Optimates sive De
+Nobilitate eiusque Antiqua Origine,' printed in small octavo at Basle in
+1560, which he once saw in a catalogue for five shillings. He sent for it
+three days after the receipt of the catalogue, and of course it had gone.
+The other was an unknown, or at least undescribed, edition of Osorio's
+'De Gloria et Nobilitate,' printed at Barcelona in the early part of the
+sixteenth century. He lost this in the same manner, at two shillings!
+Perhaps, however, you too have been guilty of these lapses, reader?
+_Semel insanivimus omnes._ Experience is better than advice, and for his
+part our book-hunter will not be caught napping again. The following
+incident will show you, moreover, that it is not always safe to order
+books from a catalogue even by return of post.
+
+For many years he had searched in vain for that rarest of all English
+heraldry books (though not properly English, for it is in the Latin
+tongue), the 'De Studio Militari, Libri Quatuor' of Master Nicholas
+Upton. It was edited by Sir Edward Bysshe, and printed in folio at London
+in 1654. The numerous booksellers in London and the country from whom he
+sought it had never seen it; indeed, most of them were unaware of its
+existence, though it is well known to all heralds.
+
+At length, coming home late one night, our book-hunter found on his table
+a catalogue from a bookseller who seems to garner more out-of-the-way
+books than any of his fellows. His catalogues are issued very frequently,
+for he has a large and quick sale, pricing most of his wares at less than
+five shillings. Moreover, the fact that the books described therein are
+thrown together without any attempt at classification, even alphabetical,
+serves but to add a zest to the repast. But our book-hunter was tired,
+and his evil star was in the ascendant, for he went to bed leaving the
+catalogue unopened.
+
+Reading it over a late breakfast next morning, upon the last page he came
+across the following entry:--
+
+     Uptoni (Nich.) De Studio Militari. Johan de Bado Aureo, Tractatus
+     de Armis. Henrici Spelmanni Aspilogia. Folio, calf. _Scarce._ 8s.
+     6d.
+
+Scarce, indeed! In less than five minutes he was driving hot-haste to the
+shop.
+
+Of course it was sold: sold by _telegram dispatched the night before_. He
+was allowed to see it, even to handle it, and he frankly confesses that
+murderous thoughts rose within him as he held it in his hands. . . . The
+bookseller was an old man . . . the shop was very dark . . . just a push,
+and perhaps one firm application _super caput_ of a large-paper copy of
+Camden's 'Britannia' which lay handy upon the table. . . . But I am glad
+to say that our bookman's better nature prevailed, and sorrowfully he
+returned the volume to the dealer's hands. Did he know the customer, and
+if so would he try to buy it back? Certainly he would. A week later came
+a letter saying that the customer was also a collector of these things,
+but that he was willing to part with it 'at a price.' Unfortunately his
+price was not our book-hunter's, and he failed to secure the
+treasure--then.
+
+Now comes the more pleasant sequel. About a year later, coming home in
+the small hours from a dance, our bookman found a catalogue from this
+same bookseller on his table. Although tired out, his previous bitter
+experience had taught him a lesson; so pulling up a chair before the
+remains of the fire he proceeded to skim through the catalogue. He had
+reached the last page, and was already beginning to nod, when suddenly
+his weariness vanished in a flash: he was wide awake and on his feet in
+an instant, for his eyes had met the same entry that had thrilled him a
+year ago. This time it was described as 'very scarce,' and the price was
+considerably enhanced; but he had his coat on and was in the street
+almost immediately.
+
+The nearest telegraph office likely to be open at such an hour was a mile
+away, and it was a miserable night, snowing and blowing; but no weather
+would have deterred him. So the telegram was safely dispatched, and he
+returned to bed, pinning a notice on the bedroom door to the effect that
+he was to be called, without fail, at seven o'clock.
+
+That night he was obsessed by Uptons of all shapes and sizes. Some he
+beheld with agony, cut down by the ruthless binder to duodecimo size;
+others there were no larger than Pickering's Diamond Classics; some (on
+his chest) were of a size which I can only describe as 'Atlas,' or,
+perhaps more appropriately, 'Elephant Folio,' large-paper copies with
+hideous margins.
+
+Next morning our bookman was at the shop betimes. Yes! his wire had
+arrived; Upton was his at last! Should the dealer send it for him by
+carrier? Carrier, forsooth! As well entrust the Koh-i-noor to a messenger
+boy. Of course it was the same copy that our friend had missed
+previously, the owner having sold his books _en bloc_ in the meantime.
+
+Why Upton is so scarce it is hard to say; perhaps very few copies were
+printed, or perhaps a fire at the printer's destroyed most of them.
+Certain it is that the premises of James Allestry and Roger Norton, who
+published the book, were both burnt in the great fire twelve years after
+its publication. Besides the two copies in the British Museum, there are
+examples of it in several of the ancient libraries throughout the
+kingdom; but it is very rarely indeed to be met with in the London
+salerooms.[1] Dallaway mentions two copies as being, in 1793, in the
+library of Lord Carlisle at Naworth; and probably there are examples in
+some of the libraries of our older nobility. There would seem to be
+copies, also, in France; for several writers upon chivalry, such as La
+Roque and Sainte Marie, make mention of it. The writer bought a portion
+of it, some forty-eight pages, a few years ago for four shillings. But
+take heart, brother bibliophile; it is quite possible that you may
+unearth a copy some day--if indeed the book be in your line--long buried
+in the dust of some old country bookshop.
+
+Upton died in 1457, and his work was so popular that numerous copies of
+the manuscript were made. The treatise on coat-armour, or 'cootarmuris,'
+as it is quaintly spelt, which comprises the third part of the 'Book of
+Saint Albans' (first printed in 1486), is, for the greater part, a
+literal translation of the second half of the fourth book of the 'De
+Studio Militari' as printed by Bysshe. Ames, in his 'Typographical
+Antiquities,' asserts that Upton's work was reprinted from the St.
+Albans book in folio, 1496, 'with the King's Arms and Caxton's mark
+printed in red ink.' But he gives no authority for his assertion, and it
+seems doubtful whether such a volume ever existed. At all events there
+does not appear to be any trace of such a book beyond this mention, and
+Herbert, editing Ames, omitted the whole passage. Hain,[2] probably
+copying Ames, calls this supposititious work 'De Re Heraldica,' and
+states that it was printed at Westminster in 1496 'Anglice.' So much for
+worthy Master Nicholas, Canon of Salisbury and protégé of the 'good duke
+Humfrey.'
+
+There is a curious phenomenon of not infrequent occurrence among
+book-collectors, and that is the enforced acquisition of certain volumes
+solely by means of the passive persuasion of their presence. In other
+words, it is possible to bully the bibliophile into purchasing a book
+merely by obtruding it continually before his gaze, till at length its
+very presence becomes a source of annoyance to him. To escape from this
+incubus he purchases the volume.
+
+In nine cases out of ten, books so acquired never attain the same status
+as their fellow-volumes. They are invariably assigned either to the
+lowest or topmost shelves of the library, and are, in fact, pariahs.
+Their owner did not really want them, and he can never quite forgive
+their presence on his shelves. Generally their stay in any one home is
+not a long one, for they are weeded out at the first opportunity, and
+find no permanent rest until they come finally to that ultimate goal of
+books, the paper mills. I confess that in my early days of
+collecting this phenomenon was of not infrequent occurrence, being
+associated, probably, with the indecision of youth. And in this
+connection a bookseller once told me an interesting story.
+
+A certain young man of the working class, on his way to work every day,
+used to pass a bookstall situated in a narrow alley. Every day he glanced
+at the books, and as custom was scanty he would notice what books were
+sold and with what works the bookseller filled the empty places on the
+shelves. In this way all of the books which the young man had first
+noticed gradually disappeared, with one exception. This was a volume
+bound in calf, containing some rather curious poems, and no one seemed to
+want it. At length, after some weeks, the young man could stand it no
+longer. He approached the bookseller, and for sixpence the volume became
+his.
+
+The verses seemed to him rather poor, though one entitled 'Hans Carvel'
+amused him rather. The title-page bore the date 1707, and he wondered who
+was the 'E. Curll at the Peacock without Temple-Bar,' for whom the work
+was printed. Some time afterwards he read in the newspaper that a certain
+book had been sold for a large sum because of a misprint in it. This set
+him wondering . . . 'at the Peacock _without_ Temple-Bar . . .'
+Temple-Bar without a peacock he could imagine: surely this was a
+misprint! Perhaps the book was valuable, and others had not 'spotted' the
+error!
+
+And now he bethought him of an acquaintance who kept a bookshop in the
+West End of the town, a man who knew a lot about old books. He would take
+it to him and ask his advice. So, one Saturday afternoon he carried his
+'treasure' to the shop in question. Inside, an elderly man was examining
+a calf-bound volume.
+
+'. . . the first authentic edition, seventeen hundred and nine,' he was
+saying.
+
+The young man glanced at the volume under discussion, and as a page was
+turned he caught sight of the heading 'Hans Carvel.' Good gracious; this
+volume was the same as his! Just then the elderly man looked up, and the
+young fellow handed his volume to the bookseller, saying: 'Here's another
+one, same as that, but mine's got something wrong on the front page.'
+
+The bookseller opened the newcomer's volume, looked at the title-page,
+and handed it without a word to his customer, who took it with a look of
+surprise.
+
+'Something wrong?' said he, 'why, bless me, what's this--1707--that
+rascal Curll's edition--where did you get this?'
+
+The young man told him, adding that he gave sixpence for it.
+
+'Sixpence, did you?' said the connoisseur; 'well, I'll give you six
+guineas for it': which he did, there and then.
+
+It was a copy of the rare 'pirated' collection of his poems, published
+without Matt Prior's knowledge, some two years before the first authentic
+edition appeared. Some years later, when the elderly collector died, this
+volume came to the saleroom with the rest of his books. It realised forty
+pounds! So much for the ugly duckling.
+
+What an absorbing topic is that of 'lost books'! There is a fascination
+about the subject that every bibliophile must have experienced. 'Hope
+springs eternal in the human breast,' and it is impossible to read of
+books long lost without making a mental note of their titles in the hope
+that some day we may come across them. Perhaps it is these memories,
+pigeon-holed in our mind, that add a zest to anticipation whenever we go
+book-hunting on our travels. But alas! the reward for the bibliophile's
+hope in this direction is rare as the blossoming of the aloe.
+
+It is curious to think of the thousands of books that have completely
+disappeared. Nowadays the Act which assures the preservation in our
+greater libraries of every book published in this country will doubtless
+prevent the disappearance of a good many English books of lesser
+importance, such as school books and other works that are quickly
+superseded. But before the passing of this Act there was nothing to
+prevent an unpopular or useless work from becoming extinct, and vast
+numbers must have disappeared in this country alone. There are many
+books, however, important books even, and books which we know to have
+been immensely popular in their day, of which so much as a glimpse has
+been denied us. The 1606 octavo of 'The Passionate Pilgrim,' the first
+issue of John Barclay's satirical romance 'Euphormionis Lusinini
+Satyricon,' published at London in 1603, the 'Famous Historie of the
+Vertuous and Godly Woman Judith,' London, 1565 (of which a title-page has
+been preserved), what would not every book-collector give for copies of
+these?
+
+Then there are such early-printed works as Caxton's translation of the
+Metamorphoses of Ovid, probably published by him about 1480, 'The Life of
+St. Margaret' (known by three leaves preserved in the Bodleian), the
+'goste of guido' or Ghost of Guy, and the Epitaph of the King of
+Scotland, all printed by Pynson, as well as that mysterious volume
+ycleped 'The Nigramansir,' said to be by John Skelton the poet-laureate
+who lived under five kings and died in 1529. Many of Skelton's works,
+perhaps even the majority of his writings, are known to us by title and
+hearsay alone; but who shall say that his 'Speculum Principis,' or 'the
+Commedy Achademios callyd by name,' which he himself mentions, are lost
+beyond all hope of recovery? 'The Nigramansir' was actually seen by
+Thomas Warton, the poet-laureate, in the 'fifties of the eighteenth
+century, and is described by him in some detail. His account is so
+interesting that it deserves quoting.
+
+'I cannot quit Skelton,' he writes, 'without restoring to the public
+notice a play, or MORALITY, written by him, not recited in any catalogue
+of his works, or annals of English typography; and, I believe, at present
+totally unknown to the antiquarians in this sort of literature. It is,
+_The_ NIGRAMANSIR, _a morall_ ENTERLUDE _and a pithie written by Maister_
+SKELTON _laureate and plaid before the king and other estatys at
+Woodstock on Palme Sunday._ It was printed by Wynkin de Worde in a thin
+quarto, in the year 1504.'
+
+Against this Warton makes the following note: 'My lamented friend Mr.
+William Collins . . . . shewed me this piece at Chichester, not many
+months before his death (Collins died in 1759), and he pointed it out as
+a very rare and valuable curiosity. He intended to write the History of
+the Restoration of Learning under Leo the Tenth, and with a view to that
+design had collected many scarce books. Some few of these fell into my
+hands at his death. The rest, among which, I suppose, was this Interlude,
+were dispersed.'
+
+Warton then goes on to describe the book in detail, and this
+circumstance, together with the fact that he quotes one of the stage
+directions ('_enter Balsebub with a Berde_') seems to point to the fact
+that he actually had the volume in his hands. It concerned the trial of
+Simony and Avarice, with the Devil as Judge. 'The characters are a
+Necromancer or Conjurer, the Devil, a Notary Public, Simonie, and
+Philargyria or Avarice. . . . There is no sort of propriety in calling
+this play the Necromancer: for the only business and use of this
+character is to open the subject in a long prologue.'[3] Unfortunately
+there is no other mention of this interesting work, and of recent years
+its very existence has been doubted.
+
+'It was at Chichester,' wrote Hazlitt, 'that the poet Collins brought
+together a certain number of early books, some of the first rarity; his
+name is found, too, in the sale catalogues of the last century as a buyer
+of such; and the strange and regrettable fact is that two or three items
+which Thomas Warton actually saw in his hands, and of which there are no
+known duplicates, have not so far been recovered.' Mr. Gordon Duff, in
+his 'English Provincial Printers,' mentions seventeen books described by
+Herbert at the end of the eighteenth century, of which no copies are now
+known to exist. Another rare volume is known to have existed about the
+same time. A copy, the only one known, of 'The Fabulous Tales of Esope
+the Phrygian' by Robert Henryson, published at London in 1577, was
+formerly in the library of Syon College; for it is included in Reading's
+catalogue of that college library, compiled in 1724. But its whereabouts
+is now unknown. Fortunately in this case a later edition has survived.
+
+Another mysterious volume is the treatise concerning Elizabeth Barton,
+the Maid of Kent, who was burnt at Tyburn in 1534. Cranmer, describing
+her story to a friend, writes: 'and a boke (was) written of all the hole
+storie thereof, and putt into prynte, which euer syns that tyme hath byn
+comonly sold and goone abrod amongs all people.' From the confession of
+John Skot, the printer of this work, at the trial, it seems that seven
+hundred copies were printed; but no copy is now known to exist.
+
+Other works there are as yet unseen by bibliographer, such as Markham's
+'Thyrsis and Daphne,' a poem printed in 1593, and the 1609 and 1612
+quartos of Ben Jonson's 'Epicoene or the Silent Woman.' This last was
+seen by William Gifford a century ago, but neither is now known to exist.
+Or is a copy extant of Horace's 'Art of Poetry' english'd by Jonson and
+published so late as 1640. Alas! the list of works by 'rare Ben Jonson'
+now lost to us, it is feared, for ever, is quite a lengthy one. Who has
+seen the original issue of 'Gude and Godlie Ballatis,' printed at
+Edinburgh in 1546? Of this book it has been said that, after the Bible,
+it did more for the spread of Reformation doctrines in Scotland than any
+other volume; so presumably a fairly large edition was printed.
+
+That the editions of some of these early-printed books, now with us no
+more, were of considerable size may be judged from contemporary evidence
+of their widespread popularity. Speaking of the 'Morte d'Arthur,' Mr. E.
+G. Duff remarks: 'Of the popularity of the book we have striking
+evidence. Of Caxton's edition two copies are known, of which one is
+imperfect.[4] The second edition, printed by Wynkin de Worde in 1498, is
+known from one copy only, which is imperfect; while the third edition,
+also printed by de Worde is, again, only known from one imperfect copy.
+It may well be, considering these facts, that there were other
+intervening editions which have entirely disappeared.'
+
+Of the thirteen early editions of Shakespeare's 'Venus and Adonis' only
+twenty-two copies have so far been traced. Yet if each of these editions
+comprised only 250 copies, the tale of survivors is not large out of a
+total of 3,250. 'Printers and publishers . . . strained their resources
+to satisfy the demands of eager purchasers,' remarks Sir Sidney Lee; so
+presumably the estimate of 250 per edition is a conservative one.
+
+Where are these volumes now? It is difficult to believe they have been
+utterly destroyed, leaf by leaf, so that no vestige of them any longer
+exists. Surely they will turn up at an auction sale some day, for they
+may well be safely ensconced, at this very moment, on the shelves of some
+neglected country library. Mr. Duff himself records the discovery
+recently of a copy of Caxton's 'Speculum,' 'amongst some rubbish in the
+offices of a solicitor at Birkenhead.'
+
+What a vast number of books there is, also, of which only one copy is
+known to exist. Of the early editions of Shakespeare's plays alone, more
+than a dozen are known by solitary examples. Of such books Hazlitt
+remarks that he 'has met in the course of a lengthened career with
+treasures which would make a small library, and has beheld no
+duplicates.' Probably many of these _incognita_ and _rarissima_ perished
+in the great fire of London; others again met their fate solely through
+their own popularity, being 'thumbed' to pieces. In 1494 Pynson thought
+well enough to reprint Caxton's 'Book of Good Manners'; but of this once
+popular book one copy only--that which was formerly in the Amherst
+Library--now survives.
+
+Then there is that ancient romance of European popularity 'The four Sons
+of Aymon.' One of the great cycle of Charlemagne romances, such was its
+popularity that by the end of the thirteenth century it had penetrated
+even to Iceland. Many and various were the editions that issued from the
+early presses. Caxton printed it about 1489, but of this thick quarto
+impression one imperfect copy only has survived. A second edition, as we
+learn from the colophon of the third edition, was 'imprinted at London by
+Wynken de Worde, the viii daye of Maye, and the year of our lorde
+M.CCCCC. iiii'; but a solitary leaf, discovered in the binding of an
+ancient book, is the sole representative of an edition that ran probably
+into several hundreds.
+
+In the case of some at least of these early books there is another reason
+for their disappearance and scarcity. Stephen Vaughan, the indefatigable
+agent of Mr. Secretary Cromwell, writing to his master from Antwerp,
+mentions that he is 'muche desirous t'atteyne the knowlage of the Frenche
+tonge,' but that he is unable to obtain a copy of the only primer which
+he knows to exist. This volume, called 'L'Esclarcissement de la Langue
+Francoyse,' was 'compose par Maistre Jehan Palsgraue, Angloys, natyf de
+Londres et gradue de Paris,' and was printed by Pynson, though it was
+finished and published by Hawkins in 1530.
+
+Palsgrave, the author, seems to have been determined that his book should
+not fall into the hands of other teachers of French (he was 'scolemaster'
+to the Princess Mary, sister of Henry VIII., in 1513, at a stipend of £6
+13s. 4d.); and although Vaughan writes that he 'made not a letle labour
+to Mr. Palsgrave to have one of his books,' yet 'in no wise he wolde
+graunt for no price.' So Vaughan entreats Thomas Cromwell to obtain a
+copy for him, 'not doubtyng but though he unkyndly denyd me one, he will
+not denye youe one.'
+
+Apparently Palsgrave had entered into some kind of arrangement with the
+printer, for Vaughan writes that he 'hathe willed Pynson to sell none of
+them to any other person than to suche as he shall comaunde to have them,
+lest his proffit by teching the Frenche tonge myght be mynished by the
+sale of the same to suche persons as, besids hym, wern disposed to studye
+the sayd tongue.'
+
+From this premise it is easy to understand why 'L'Esclarcissement' is
+such a rare book. Very few copies indeed are known to exist. Yet one
+cannot help wondering what became of the copies that had not been
+disposed of at the author's death. Possibly a very small number was
+printed, and perhaps 'Johan Haukyns,' faithful to his pact, destroyed
+those on hand. That the book was in high esteem may be gathered from the
+fact that, in spite of his rebuff, Vaughan says: 'If I had one, I wolde
+no less exteme it then a Jewell.' The letter ends with a delightful burst
+of ingenuousness. 'Syr, I remember Mr. Palsgrave gave youe one of his
+books, which if it please you to geve me I wer muche bounde to youe.'
+Whether he obtained a copy in the end history does not relate; but if our
+book-hunter is ever so fortunate as to come across one, like Vaughan he
+will certainly 'no less exteme it then a Jewell.'
+
+Very many, indeed the vast majority, of the popular jest-books which
+appeared in such numbers during Queen Elizabeth's reign are now lost to
+us. Some are known by later quotation of their titles, others by later
+editions, such as 'The Life of Long Meg of Westminster,' 'A Lytle and
+Bryefe Treatyse called the Defence of Women,'[5] etc. But these were
+small volumes of few pages, and were doubtless considered as little
+worthy of preservation as is the modern 'penny dreadful.' 'But, when we
+consider how very many of these early books have come down to our time
+only in single copies or even fragments out of an edition of some
+hundreds, it is only natural to suppose that a great number must have
+utterly disappeared.'[6]
+
+It is not for want of enterprise that so many of these books have not so
+far been recovered. The smaller and more remote towns, even villages, of
+these islands and the Continent have been, and are being, ransacked by
+dealers as well as collectors. The number of works hitherto undescribed
+that has been brought to light during the last sixty years must be
+considerable; and one still hears every now and then of some rich trover
+that has been unearthed. In 1887 a small octavo manuscript volume, in a
+worn brown binding, was offered at the end of a sale at Sotheby's. It had
+stood, for how long no man knows, on the shelf of a small parish library
+in Suffolk; and it was offered for sale 'presumably as being unreadable
+to country folk, and capable of being turned into hard cash wherewith a
+few works of fiction might be purchased.' Acquired by the Bodleian
+Library for £6, it proved, by perhaps one of the most romantic chains of
+evidence ever attached to a book,[7] to be the favourite devotional
+volume and constant companion of Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland, who
+died in 1093. It was not until 1905 that the original quarto edition
+(1594) of Shakespeare's 'Titus Andronicus' was known to exist, when a
+copy was discovered and sold for £2000.
+
+Books travel far afield. At the dissolution of the monasteries the rich
+libraries that many of them possessed were scattered far and wide. One of
+these religious houses was famed for its rich store of books; and that
+the report was not exaggerated we know from its ancient library
+catalogue, still extant. In this case some of the books were taken by the
+inmates with them into exile in Flanders; and when the small community
+migrated thence to Portugal, the precious tomes were carried reverently
+with them. A fire at their convent in 1651 destroyed a large number of
+the volumes, and when some of the nuns returned to England in 1809 they
+brought the remaining books with them. Some were sold, but three cases of
+these ancient books were sent back to the nuns who stayed behind in
+Portugal, and of these cases two were lost in transit.
+
+London, however, has always been the centre of book production in this
+country, and it is there that any existing copies of these forgotten
+books are most likely to re-appear. Was not a priceless manuscript, a
+Household Book of the Black Prince, discovered only a few years ago in
+the office of a city lawyer? Once, in the course of his rambles by the
+bookstalls of the Farringdon Road,[8] our book-hunter caught a glimpse of
+an old box almost covered by books and prints on one of the stalls. Being
+unearthed, it proved to be a veritable gem of a trunk, about two feet by
+one, and nine inches deep. It had a convex lid, and was covered with
+shaggy horsehide, bound with heavily studded leather. The proprietor
+stated that he had found it in a cellar, full of old books, most of which
+had already been sold (his listener promptly pictured Caxtons among
+them); and he was amused to think that any one could be so foolish as to
+offer him two shillings for such a dirty old box. However, it was carried
+home in triumph, regardless of the great interest shown by
+fellow-travellers in the train. A year or two ago the same vender
+produced a similar trunk, rather larger, which was full of ancient deeds
+relating to property in Clerkenwell. These he sold for a shilling or two
+shillings apiece, according to size and seals. The box was larger than
+our bookman wanted, but apparently it soon found a purchaser.
+
+Surely such instances must be common in this great city, and many a trunk
+must yet linger in cellars and attics in the old parts of the town. Not
+many years ago our book-hunter chanced to visit an ancient house at the
+end of a small court off Fleet Street. Inside, it seemed to be entirely
+lined with oak planking, and it was occupied, or at least that part into
+which he penetrated was, by a printer in a small way of business. The
+staircase was magnificent, of massive coal-black oak; and when our
+book-hunter remarked upon it, the printer informed him he had discovered
+that the house had once been the town residence of a famous bishop of
+Tudor times.[9] How the occupant discovered this fact our bookman does
+not remember; possibly the house is well known to antiquaries, and the
+occupier may have read about it or have been told by the previous tenant.
+But it is also within the bounds of possibility that he unearthed some
+deed or papers relating to the premises. It is strange, too, that one of
+the few letters of this bishop which have been preserved refers to books.
+'Ye promised unto me, long agone,' he writes to Secretary Cromwell, 'the
+Triumphes of Petrarche in the Ytalion tonge. I hartely pray you at this
+tyme by this beyrer, . . . to sende me the said Boke with some other at
+your deuotion; and especially, if it please you, the boke called
+Cortigiano in Ytalion.'[10]
+
+There must be many such houses still extant in London, and who knows what
+there may be in their long-disused attics? Hidden away in the darkness
+beneath their tiles, between joists and under the eaves, it is possible
+that books till now unknown to us, by sight at least, may still exist. Or
+who has explored the lumber accumulated in many a disused cellar within a
+quarter of a mile of the Mansion House? The very existence of the trunks
+which we have mentioned proves that such things do still linger in the
+nooks and crannies of this great city.
+
+And I would not confine my surmise in this direction to London alone. Two
+ancient libraries there are, one in the North Countrie, the other in the
+West, that to my certain knowledge have never been explored by modern
+bibliographer. The latter is spurned and neglected, the books are deep in
+dust and even mildew; the former is also neglected, but at least the
+house is inhabited. The owner, an old, old woman, will never permit of
+any volume being disturbed. It is said that her father collected the
+books many years ago, and that she still guards them jealously for him.
+
+Perhaps one day a copy of the 'Nigramansir' will emerge from its long
+sleep in some such house as these. Indeed, it is not so much a matter of
+surprise that such books should have disappeared, as that they should
+have remained hidden for so long. In 1909 an ancient volume was
+accidentally discovered in an old manor-house in the North of England,
+where it had lain undisturbed for generations. It proved to consist of no
+less than five of Caxton's publications bound up together. Moreover, it
+was in the original binding, and was bound, probably, by one of Caxton's
+workmen, whose initials it bore. On being put up for sale at Sotheby's,
+it changed hands at £2,600.
+
+The account which Gairdner gives in the Introduction to his last edition
+of the Paston letters, of the loss and rediscovery of those historic
+documents, is also a striking example of the manner in which books may
+lie hidden for years. For nearly a century the originals of Sir John
+Fenn's compilation were utterly lost. 'Even Mr. Serjeant Frere who edited
+the fifth volume . . . declared that he had not been able to find the
+originals of that volume any more than those of the others. Strange to
+say, however, the originals of that volume were in his house all the
+time. . . .' Gairdner then applied to the owner of Roydon Hall for the
+remainder of the manuscripts, but received answer 'that he did not see
+how such MSS. should have found their way to Roydon.' Yet there they were
+discovered (with many others) eight years later! Even then the
+whereabouts of the letters forming Fenn's first and second volumes, which
+he had presented in 1787 to King George III., was still unknown. 'The
+late Prince Consort . . . caused a careful search to be made for them,
+but it proved quite ineffectual.' No wonder, for in 1889 they came to
+light in a Suffolk manor-house!
+
+It is difficult to portray in words the sensations of the book-collector
+when engaged in searching some ancient building or library--especially if
+he be upon a 'hot scent.' The thrills that he experiences as he handles
+some rich volume that has lain hid for years, the delicious excitement
+that pervades him while exploring some huge charter chest or ancient
+oaken press, these are feelings not to be described in words. 'It was
+discovered in the library at such and such a place,' we read, and we
+barely stop to picture the scene of its finding or to imagine the
+sensations of its finder. The very finding at Syon by 'Master Richard
+Sutton, Esq.,' of the manuscript containing the 'revelacions' of St.
+Katherin of Siena, from which de Worde printed his edition, conjures up a
+whole romance in itself; yet in his eulogy of the work Wynkyn dismisses
+the matter briefly, merely stating that it was found 'in a corner by
+itself.' 'We were shipwrecked,' says the mariner, relating his
+adventures; and in those three words what a world of incident and
+sensations is comprised!
+
+Our book-hunter confesses frankly to having had much good luck in book
+collecting. Some years ago he made up his mind to start collecting
+Elzeviers, more with the intention of gathering a representative
+collection of books printed by that great family of printers than with
+any idea of specialising in them. Probably he was urged thereto by
+reading that wholly delightful book 'The Library' by Andrew Lang, wherein
+the author discourses so pleasantly on these rare pygmies of the book
+world. 'The Pastissier François,' we read, 'has lately fetched £600 at a
+sale'; and the 'Cæsar' of 1635 seemed nearly as rare, provided it were a
+copy of that impression wherein the 149th page is misprinted '153.' A
+little later our bookman was dipping, for the _n_-th time, into that
+bibliophile's bible 'The Book Hunter,' by John Hill Burton, whose opinion
+of the Cæsar seemed even higher, for he devotes nearly half a page to
+the little volume which Brunet describes as 'une des plus jolies et plus
+rares de la collection des Elsevier.'
+
+That decided our friend. He would collect Elzeviers. Moreover, he would
+continue to collect them until he had acquired both the 'Pastissier
+François' and the 1635 'Cæsar.' Such was the confidence of youth! So he
+sallied forth straight away, determined to ransack the nooks and corners
+of certain shops of his acquaintance.
+
+He didn't find the 'Pastissier François' that afternoon, but he found the
+1635 'Cæsar' in Charing Cross Road for _two shillings_. Moreover, it had
+the requisite misprint and certain other distinctions which proclaim it
+to be of the rare impression, and it is no less than 126 millimetres in
+height! He has not yet come across the Pastissier, but doubtless he will
+find a copy one day, provided his luck holds good.
+
+The little 'Pastissier' is a far more interesting volume than the
+'Cæsar.' The latter is a dainty book, beautifully printed upon fine
+paper, with folding maps and plans of castramentation. The 'Pastissier,'
+on the other hand, is a disappointing little book in appearance, for it
+is but indifferently printed upon poor paper. It cannot even claim the
+merit of originality, being merely a pirated reprint of a volume that
+appeared in Paris some two years previously.[11] But it is very, very
+rare, and it has been celebrated by many distinguished pens.
+
+'"Monsieur," said I, "pray forgive me if my question seems impertinent,
+but are you extremely fond of eggs?"'
+
+Such were the words with which Alexandre Dumas first addressed Charles
+Nodier, the famous dramatist and bibliophile, whom he found sitting next
+to him at the Théâtre Porte-Saint-Martin. Dumas' curiosity as to the
+little volume that was engrossing his neighbour's attention more than
+the play was at length allayed, and it was a view of the title-page that
+prompted his unusual question. Looking over his neighbour's shoulder, he
+read, opposite the engraved frontispiece, as follows:--
+
+[Illustration: LE PASTISSIER FRANÇOIS
+Où est enseigné la maniere de
+faire toute sorte de Pastisserie,
+tres-utile à toute sorte
+de personnes.
+_ENSEMBLE_
+_Le moyen d'aprester toutes sortes d'oeufs_
+_pour les jours maigres & autres,_
+_en plus de soixante façons._
+_A AMSTERDAM_
+Chez Louys & Daniel Elzevier
+_A M DC LV._]
+
+But Nodier was far from being the gourmet that Dumas supposed him to be.
+He was merely a bookhunter devouring a rare 'find'; and the little book,
+he explained to Dumas, was one of those tiny volumes published in the
+seventeenth century by the house of the Elzeviers at Leyden and
+Amsterdam; and of all the many productions of that press, this was the
+most sought for by collectors.
+
+Elzeviers, however, are no longer fashionable, in this country at least.
+The Cæsar might possibly bring five pounds if it came to the notice of an
+Elzevier specialist, but I doubt it.[12] Only the Pastissier has retained
+its exalted price, probably on account of its notoriety. A copy, in
+modern calf binding, sold recently (1917) at Sotheby's for so much as
+£130; but Lord Vernon's copy, choicely bound by Capé, realised only £70
+at the Sudbury sale in June 1918. However, it was a poor copy and much
+cut down.
+
+Railway-trains, among other things, have killed Elzeviers. Nothing could
+be more convenient for saddle-bag or knapsack, or the restricted luggage
+which one could stow in the boot of a coach. But who makes a practice
+nowadays of putting books into his suit-case or gladstone-bag?[13]
+Besides, before the advent of railways, there was not the same facility
+for distributing books, and one might travel many leagues and visit many
+villages without coming to a place where there would be a bookshop. In
+travelling nowadays one is continually in the presence of cheap books.
+
+The fate of the little Pastissier was probably that of many popular
+books. There must have been thousands of copies of it printed. Dumas, in
+that delightful chapter of 'Mes Mémoires' which we have just quoted,
+makes Nodier say, 'Techener declares that there were five thousand five
+hundred copies issued, and I maintain that there were more than ten
+thousand printed'; and he goes on to declare that 'there are probably
+only ten examples of it left in Europe.' Willems, however, in his
+bibliography of the Elzeviers published in 1880, enumerates some thirty
+copies, and states that the highest price yet paid for the Pastissier
+was 10,000 francs. But that was for a quite exceptional copy. From 4,500
+francs to 5,500 francs seems to have been the average value of the book
+in Willems' time, and, enthusiast as he is, he hesitates not to describe
+it as a 'bouquin insignifiant et médiocrement imprimé.'
+
+Its scarcity at the present day is, perhaps, not surprising; for, from
+the very nature of its contents, its habitat must always have been the
+kitchen rather than the library. How long would such a tiny volume, with
+its 130 thin paper leaves, bear the rough and greasy handling of chefs
+and 'pastissiers'? Book-shelves are rare in kitchens, and the little book
+must have been continually moved from pillar to post. Besides, it is
+unlikely that copies for kitchen use would be strongly bound in morocco.
+The very printing and paper of the book sufficiently indicate the use to
+which its producers at least expected it to be put. So the little 'French
+pastrycook' gradually disappeared. Those for whose benefit it had been
+written would soon learn its secrets by heart and confide them verbally
+to their apprentices; and it would not be long ere the tattered and
+greasy booklet found its way into the dustbin.
+
+Of all the _rarae aves_ sought by book-collectors this little volume is
+perhaps the most widely known. That copies may still exist in this
+country is shown to be possible by the fact (recorded by Willems) that
+one was sold at an auction in Belfast. Another was found at Brighton, and
+occasionally one appears in the London salerooms, as we have shown. It
+requires little imagination to picture merchants and travellers, whose
+paths led through the Low Countries at that time, slipping copies into
+their pockets or holsters for use in the household across the water. Many
+a courtly exile during the Protectorate, glancing through the bookshops
+of Amsterdam, must have chanced upon the little volume as a gift for wife
+or daughter.
+
+Numbers, also, must have found their way to France. Some years ago our
+book-hunter happened to stay at an ancient hostel in Rouen. From the
+outside the building was everything that could possibly be desired by
+bibliophile or antiquary. It was situated in one of those quaint narrow
+back streets that lead towards the Place Henri Quatre; and the courtyard
+was so small as scarcely to allow a baker's cart to turn round in it.
+Like many of the houses in this ancient town, its crookedness was such
+that it seemed impossible for it to remain standing much longer.
+Misgivings arose within him as he ascended the staircase, which seemed to
+sway as he avoided the broken treads. But the sight of the bedroom he was
+to occupy, furnished with such furniture and such a bed, all spotlessly
+clean and polished, sent him into the seventh heaven of delight. Here he
+could read and write undisturbed for as long as he chose to stay. Surely
+pleasant surprises must be in store for one in every way in such
+surroundings as these!
+
+It was not long before he got one.
+
+'Will Monsieur require anything to be cooked for him to-night?' inquired
+the trim hostess.
+
+It was rather late and our bookman was disinclined to seek a restaurant.
+Besides, he was anxious to explore his lodging before it got too dark. An
+omelette would be delicious, provided she could make one properly.
+
+'Eggs, perhaps, and tea, with bread and butter'--could she turn the eggs
+into an omelette?
+
+'Why certainly,' with a merry laugh, 'of course--_I can prepare eggs in
+more than sixty ways._'
+
+To say that our book-hunter started would be to put it mildly. A certain
+title-page instantly rose before his eyes. There was only one way in
+which anybody could possibly learn to cook eggs in sixty different ways,
+and that was by studying the 'Pastissier François.' Without the slightest
+doubt the hostess possessed a copy, and he was at last to look upon the
+tiny volume that he had sought for so long. But as she seemed so proud of
+her achievement, could she be induced to part with the precious tome?
+These and many other kindred thoughts passed rapidly through his mind as
+he repeated slowly 'en plus de soixante façons?'
+
+She laughed again. Ah yes, but she couldn't repeat them _d'abord_, she
+would have to _refer to her book_.
+
+He had difficulty in controlling his voice sufficiently to inquire what
+her book was.
+
+Oh, it was just a little book which her mother had given her, a little
+book of _la cuisine_. Could he see it? Why certainly, but it could not
+possibly interest monsieur, it was only a common little book, and dirty.
+
+Ah, as usual it would be soiled, perhaps badly, for it was evidently
+still in constant use; but so long as it were complete one might possibly
+be able to clean it. What delightful thoughts and anticipations passed
+through his mind as the hostess slowly descended the rickety stairs to
+fetch her treasure! At last he had found it, and just in the very sort of
+house and town where he had always expected to come across it. Well,
+well, if you make up your mind to have a thing and search eagerly enough
+for it, you are bound to obtain it in the long run.
+
+Then another thought entered his mind: how much should he offer her for
+it? Probably she would not part with it unless he named a sum which she
+could not resist; yet if the sum were at all large she might suspect the
+book's value and refuse. Ten francs, twenty-five, a hundred? While he was
+deliberating this important point she was ascending the stairs. Should he
+turn his back to her, shut his eyes, and tell her to place the volume on
+the middle of the table, then suddenly turn about and gloat upon the
+little treasure?
+
+Before he could make up his mind she came in and he got his second
+surprise that day. It was not as pleasant as the first, for in her hands
+she held a thick octavo volume bound in shiny black leather. Heavens!
+. . . a large-paper copy? . . . No, no, impossible. . . .
+
+'Le voici, m'sieu.'
+
+Our poor book-hunter's feelings almost overcame him, and he opened the
+dirty manuscript volume mechanically, feebly muttering 'très
+intéressant.' She watched him closely, and from that moment considered
+him slightly mad. However, the book certainly did contain sixty-two
+recipes for cooking eggs as well as receipts for making fancy pastry and
+cakes. Whether it was copied out of the 'Pastissier' I know not; but
+certain it is that the hostess had no knowledge of, nor had ever seen,
+that volume.
+
+There must be many book-treasures lying hid in all these ancient towns of
+Northern France, towns also that lie far off the restless tourist's
+track, small country towns in which the majority of the houses are
+slipshod timbered relics of a bygone age. No striking or unusual feature
+can they offer to the curious, and so for the most part they are
+dismissed in brief by the guide book. Yet there is many an aged building
+in Brittany where old books do still lie hid, as our bookman knows from
+the library of a friend who lives in Finisterre. St. Brieuc, Guingamp,
+Morlaix, Quimper, even Brest, all these must harbour long-forgotten
+books.
+
+But there are other towns which no power on earth shall force our
+book-hunter to disclose. One there is far off the beaten track, where the
+houses, painted with bright colours, lean all askew, supporting each
+other and sometimes almost toppling across the narrow winding streets. So
+that, entering it, one seems to have stepped suddenly into some such
+fairy town as exists in the pages of Grimm or Hans Andersen; and, half
+ashamed, one peers curiously at the dwellers in this goblin town, as
+though expecting to find that they have pointed ears and narrow elfin
+feet. They never seem to move about, and, sitting at almost every
+doorstep, watch one intently from weird nooks and crannies. Hurry and
+bustle are here unknown, and though they will reply to you in the best of
+French, yet to each other the townsfolk speak a strange and uncouth
+tongue.
+
+Once, rambling in the narrow alleys about the ancient church, our
+book-hunter ventured through a gothic doorway along a broad passage that
+was guarded by a huge and ancient iron grille and presently he found
+himself in a small courtyard paved with moss-grown cobbles. About it was
+a timbered gallery, roofed, once doubtless level, now gently and
+gracefully undulating so that it seemed about to fall from off the wall
+to which it was attached. But the walls had also subsided with the
+gallery, so that the whole still showed a symmetry that was pleasing to
+the eye. Above the gallery and across the front of the building had been
+painted the legend HOTEL DU LION D'OR, and a dim weatherbeaten shield
+above the doorway still bore the trace of a rampant lion. It seemed a
+large building, judging by the number of its windows, far larger than its
+present-day custom could possibly warrant.
+
+The place was curiously still, for the noise of carts and footsteps could
+never penetrate into that silent court, and it must have been many years
+since chaise or horseman clattered across its now mossy _pavé_. The
+stillness was almost uncanny, forbidding, and our book-hunter hesitated
+to cross the courtyard lest the sound of his footsteps should disturb the
+slumber of the ancient building. Presently a rat squealed somewhere along
+the gallery, and a voice called out sharply within. The spell was broken,
+and entering the house he called for a 'petit verre' preparatory to
+finding out something of the inn's history.
+
+Yes, it was very old, and madame had been born in it; but now that she
+was left alone with Jeanne it was very lonely, and there was little
+custom. Did they have many travellers there? Oh no, not for a long time,
+the house was not easy to find, and as the old customers died none came
+to fill their places. But sometimes Messieurs So and So came in of an
+evening and took a 'petit verre,' and then the neighbours were very
+friendly, so it was not so bad.
+
+So the hostess prattled on, only too pleased to impart the news of her
+little world to a newcomer from the greater one, while all the time
+fantastic visions rose before him. He pictured old hide-bound trunks
+that had been left behind by travellers who had never returned, trunks
+which, opened, would prove to contain priceless black-letter books:
+boxes, stored in attics and cellars and in concealed presses, which would
+contain ancient apparel with copies of the 'Pastissier' in the pockets:
+small travelling bags, tendered by needy scholars in lieu of payment,
+which he would find stuffed with rare Elzeviers: rusty iron-bound chests
+enclosing missals, books of hours and antiphonals: in short to such
+heights did his imagination soar that he resolved to sojourn there till
+he had explored the old house from attic to cellar.
+
+Then a rat squealed again, near at hand. Oh yes, they were everywhere,
+ever since Monsieur Gautier rented the left wing of the house to store
+grain in; and they were _so_ tame and _so_ large that Madame was obliged
+to keep miou-miou in her bedroom every night.
+
+That decided our book-hunter. Enthusiasm can be carried too far. Even the
+possibilities of a rich trover would not compensate for having rats
+running about one's bed at night. Moreover the vermin would surely have
+gnawed, if not devoured, any copies of the 'Pastissier' that might have
+been lying about, even if these were innocent of bacon-grease stains. And
+so consoling himself, he took another 'petit verre' and departed, casting
+more than one regretful glance backwards at the old Lion d'Or.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Apparently there is only one copy of Upton's work in the United
+States at present--that which was formerly in the Huth Library. It was
+purchased at Sotheby's in July, 1920, by a well-known New York dealer,
+Mr. G. D. Smith, for ten guineas, the writer of these lines being the
+underbidder. Mr. Smith had sent "an unlimited commission" to secure it.
+An announcement in _The Bookman's Journal_ (1920) asking for information
+respecting other copies elicited but one response.
+
+Since writing the above, the author has secured the splendid presentation
+copy given by Upton's editor (Bysshe) to the great Parliamentary leader,
+Sir Humphrey Mackworth, of Neath, in Glamorganshire. It had remained at
+Glen Uske until the dispersal of the Mackworth Library in 1920.
+
+[2] No. 16096. See page 164.
+
+[3] Possibly the title was _Nigromanser_, from _niger_, black, and
+_manser_, a bastard.
+
+[4] The perfect copy was purchased by Mr. Pierpont Morgan at the sale of
+the Hoe Library, in 1911, for £8,560. It formed originally one of the
+twenty-two Caxtons which were dispersed in 1698 with the library of Dr.
+Francis Bernard, Physician to King James the Second, when it realised two
+and tenpence! It became the property of the great Robert Harley, Earl of
+Oxford, and was acquired later by the Countess of Jersey for two and a
+half guineas. Passing thus into the Osterley Park collection, it was
+purchased, when that library was sold in 1885, by Bernard Quaritch for
+£1,950, becoming the property, the same year, of Mrs. Abby E. Pope, of
+Brooklyn, U.S.A.
+
+[5] By Edward More of Hambledon, Bucks.
+
+[6] Mr. E. G. Duff.
+
+[7] For this romantic story see _Books in Manuscript_, by Mr. Falconer
+Madan, 8vo, 1893, p. 107 _et seq._
+
+[8] Book-collectors always speak of _The_ Farringdon Road; why, I know
+not, but the definite article certainly gives it an old-world tang.
+
+[9] Alas for romance! Truth compels me to add that as the Great Fire
+swept across this very court, the existing house must date at earliest
+from King Charles' reign. But the site and tradition as to its former
+owner may well be true.
+
+[10] _The Courtier_, by Baldassare Castiglione, was first printed at
+Venice in 1528, folio. This letter was written by the fearless churchman,
+then of Wolsey's household, on the great Cardinal's 'last lingering
+journey north.' There is, perhaps, a certain significance in his wish to
+study a volume which treats of the art of living in courts, and of
+becoming useful and agreeable to princes, for he was shortly to transfer
+his services to a royal master.
+
+[11] At the sale of Baron Seillière's books in 1887, a copy of this
+prototype of the Elzevier volume, printed at Paris 'chez Jean Gaillard,'
+1653, brought only £6, 10s. It was described as 'a beautiful copy, red
+morocco, super extra, gilt edges, by Petit.' It is exceedingly rare,
+but--it is not an Elzevier.
+
+[12] A recent (1920) catalogue offers a copy for thirty-five shillings.
+
+[13] I confess that I do, but then I am hopelessly out of date, or I
+shouldn't be fond of Elzeviers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE LIBRARY
+
+      'Unto their lodgings then his guestes he riddes:
+    Where when all drownd in deadly sleepe he findes,
+    He to his studie goes.'--SPENSER.
+
+
+WHAT magic there is for the book-lover in that word 'library'! Does it
+not instantly conjure up a vision of happy solitude, a peaceful seclusion
+where we may lie hidden from our fellow-creatures, an absence of idle
+chatter to distract our thoughts, and countless books about us on either
+hand? No man with any pretensions to learning can possibly fail to be
+impressed when he enters an ancient library, older perhaps by generations
+than the art of printing itself.
+
+    'With awe, around these silent walks I tread,
+     These are the lasting mansions of the dead:
+     "The dead!" methinks a thousand tongues reply,
+     "These are the tombs of such as cannot die!"
+     Crowned with eternal fame, they sit sublime,
+     And laugh at all the little strife of time.'
+
+They are delicious retreats, abodes of seasoned thought and peaceful
+meditation, these ancient homes of books. 'I no sooner come into the
+library,' wrote Heinz, that great literary counsellor of the Elzeviers,
+'than I bolt the door, excluding Lust, Ambition, Avarice, and all such
+vices, whose nurse is Idleness, the mother of Ignorance and Melancholy.
+In the very lap of Eternity, among so many divine souls, I take my seat
+with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all great men and
+rich to whom this happiness is unknown.'
+
+Happy indeed are those days when the book-lover has been accorded the
+freedom of some ancient library. A delicious feeling of tranquillity
+pervades him as he selects some nook and settles himself to read.
+Presently the mood takes him to explore, and he wanders about from case
+to case, now taking down some plump folio and glancing at the title-page
+and type, now counting the engravings of another and collating it in his
+mind, now comparing the condition of a third with the copy which he has
+at home, now searching through the text of some small duodecimo to see
+whether it contains the usual blanks or colophon. But presently he will
+chance upon some tome whose appeal is irresistible. So he retires with it
+to his nook, and is soon absorbed once more with that tranquillity which
+is better than great riches.
+
+Dearly, however, though we may treasure the benefits and conveniences
+which these libraries of ancient foundation afford, for most of us there
+is another library that is nearer to our hearts; that cosy chamber with
+which we are accustomed to associate warmth, comfort, soft chairs and
+footrests, a wide writing-table that we may pile high with books, with
+scribbling-paper, foolscap and marking-slips in plenty. In short, a room
+so far removed from earthly cares and noise, that the dim occasional
+sounds of the outside world serve but to accentuate our absolute
+possession of ease. Here we may labour undisturbed though surrounded by a
+thousand friends. Or, if the mood take us, we may abandon ourselves to
+idle meditation
+
+    'Where glowing embers through the room
+     Teach light to counterfeit a gloom,'
+
+and, lying back at our ease, may gaze contentedly upon the faithful
+companions of our crowded solitude, gathering inspiration from their
+silent sympathy.
+
+Each to his taste. Whether we be student, book-hunter, librarian, or
+precentor,[14] no earthly abode can be compared with that garden of our
+choice wherein we labour so contentedly. It may be a small room in our
+own house, it may be an ancient university or college library, but it is
+all one: it is a library, that haven of refuge from our worldly cares,
+where troubles are forgotten and sorrows lightened by the gently
+persuasive experience of the wise men that have gone before us.
+
+But, mark you, it must be literally removed from cares and noise, for it
+is impossible to study at all deeply while exposed to interruption. How
+terribly most of us have suffered from this form of mental torture, for
+it is little else! What trains of lucid thought, what word-pictures have
+been destroyed by thoughtless breakings of the chain of sequence! 'I have
+never known persons who exposed themselves for years to constant
+interruption who did not muddle away their intellects by it at last,'
+wrote Miss Florence Nightingale. Hamerton, quoting her, is equally
+emphatic upon this point.
+
+'If,' he writes, 'you are reading in the daytime in a house where there
+are women and children, or where people can fasten upon you for pottering
+details of business, you may be sure that you will _not_ be able to get
+to the end of the passage without in some way or other being rudely
+awakened from your dream, and suddenly brought back into the common
+world. The loss intellectually is greater than any one who had not
+suffered from it could imagine. People think that an interruption is
+merely the unhooking of an electric chain, and that the current will
+flow, when the chain is hooked on again, just as it did before. To the
+intellectual and imaginative student an interruption is not that; it is
+the destruction of a picture.'
+
+Who has not suffered from the idle chatter, or even worse--the lowered
+voice, that often assails the ear when working in our larger public
+libraries? Some innocent-looking individual will be reading quietly some
+paces away, so quietly and decorously in fact that one's heart goes out
+to him as a sympathetic fellow-bookman. Then enters some one whom he
+knows. In a flash he becomes a fiend incarnate. A word or two of greeting
+spoken in an ordinary voice one would pardon; but a long conversation is
+carried on in a monotonous forced undertone, terrible in its intensity.
+It is impossible to read so long as the conversation lasts, and murder
+surges in one's heart. O for the power to drop ten atlas folios in a pile
+upon their heads! People do not realise the carrying power of a strained
+and lowered voice. Generally the volume of sound is the same as when
+speaking aloud, for the tone is merely lowered and the same amount of
+breath is used. But often more force is required to vibrate the slackened
+vocal chords, and the maddening sound reaches to every corner of the
+building.
+
+In the Reading Room of the British Museum one is constantly aware of this
+buzzing going on all over the room. Would that the rule enforced at one
+of our older monasteries were applied: 'In the Chafynghowys al brethren
+schal speke latyn or els keep silence.' This would indeed ensure
+quietness nowadays. The rule for nuns, however (who, presumably, were not
+so well acquainted with Latin) would be better still. They were not to
+speak at all.[15]
+
+So, if it be possible, see to it that your library, study, sanctum, or
+whatever you may call that one room in the house which is sacred to the
+daughters of Mnemosyne, is really your own: that it be a close closet to
+which you (and you alone) may retire at all seasons, certain in the
+knowledge that by closing the door you may shut out effectually all
+earthly cares and interruptions. Whether you are engaged in research
+merely for the gratification of your desire to possess knowledge, or
+whether literary production be your aim, unless you may study undisturbed
+your labours will never bear their full fruit. Interrupted, your
+knowledge will be scanty, diverse, and generally inapplicable, your
+literary output sketchy, incoherent, and disconnected.
+
+Perhaps it is this incubus of interruption that drives so many men to
+working late at night. Doubtless those whose habit it is to work at that
+season produce just as good work in those hours as at any other time;
+possibly better, for habit may have accustomed them to put forth their
+finest intellectual efforts at that time of day. But the mind that has
+been brought up to rise at seven and go to bed at ten, is undoubtedly at
+its best before noon. Night working is not a natural tendency, it is an
+acquired habit; and though the expression 'burning the midnight oil' is
+taken to be synonymous with the acquisition of learning, yet in the long
+run it is but a poor economy of time, for the wisdom so acquired is often
+obtained at the cost of health and eyesight.
+
+And what is freedom from interruption but another name for solitude? It
+may be temporary, it may be prolonged, it may be permanent, but for the
+intellectual man it is absolutely essential. No one would be so foolish
+as to deny that literary work of the highest rank can be, and has been
+frequently, accomplished amid the bustle and noise of cities; witness the
+works of those literary giants who have passed their lives as
+town-dwellers. Doubtless they obtained the necessary solitude by
+spiritual detachment. But on the other hand, for intense and prolonged
+meditation, for the communing with one's innermost soul on the immense
+principles of life and nature, for the production of such deep
+soul-searching work as we see in the compositions of à Kempis, Dante,
+Milton, and Wordsworth, absolute solitude for some seasons is essential.
+There must be complete freedom from the daily distractions caused by
+one's fellow-beings.
+
+'Believe me, upon my own experience,' wrote St. Bernard, 'you will find
+more in the woods than in books; the forests and rocks will teach you
+what you cannot learn of the greatest masters.' It is not necessary,
+however, for us to take up our abode in a cave that we may meditate
+undisturbed. Let us rather follow Wordsworth's example when he pours
+forth gratitude
+
+    'For my own peaceful lot and happy choice;
+     A choice that from the passions of the world
+     Withdrew, and fixed me in a still retreat;
+     Sheltered, but not to social duties lost,
+     Secluded, but not buried; and with song
+     Cheering my days, and with industrious thought;
+     With the ever-welcome company of books;
+     With virtuous friendship's soul-sustaining aid,
+     And with the blessings of domestic love.'
+
+It is sufficient if we can withdraw at will into the solitudes. The
+younger Pliny, moralising to his friend Minutius (I should like to think
+him the progenitor of Aldo Manuccio), describes the delights of seclusion
+at his villa on the shore of the Adriatic. 'At such a season,' says he,
+in a retrospect of the day's work, 'one is apt to reflect _how much of my
+life has been lost in trifles_! At least it is a reflection that
+frequently comes across me at Laurentum, after I have been employing
+myself in my studies, or even in the necessary care of the animal
+machine; for the body must be repaired and supported if we would preserve
+the mind in all its vigour. In that peaceful retreat I neither hear nor
+speak anything of which I have occasion to repent. I suffer none to
+repeat to me the whispers of malice; nor do I censure any man, unless
+myself, when I am dissatisfied with my compositions. There I live
+undisturbed by rumour, and free from the anxious solicitudes of hope or
+fear, conversing only with myself and my books. True and genuine life!
+Pleasing and honourable repose! More, perhaps, to be desired than the
+noblest employments! Thou solemn lea and solitary shore, best and most
+retired scene for contemplation, with how many noble thoughts have you
+inspired me! Snatch then, my friend, as I have, the first occasion of
+leaving the noisy town with all its very empty pursuits, and devote your
+days to study, or even resign them to ease. For, as my ingenious friend
+Attilius pleasantly said, 'It is better to do nothing than to be doing
+nothings!''
+
+The great Cardinal Ximenes, in the zenith of his power, built with his
+own hands a hut in a thick unfrequented wood, where he could retire
+occasionally from the busy world. Here he used to pass a few days, every
+now and then, in meditation and study. These he was wont to describe as
+the happiest days of his life, and declared that he would willingly
+exchange all his dignities for his hut in the chestnut wood. Thomas
+Aquinas, coming to visit the learned Bonaventura, asked him to point out
+the books which he used in his studies. The monk led him into his cell
+and showed him a few common volumes upon his table. Thomas explained that
+the books he wished to see were those from which the learned master drew
+so many wonders. Thereupon Bonaventura showed him a small oratory.
+'There,' he said, 'are my books; that is the principal book from which I
+draw all that I teach and write.'
+
+To the thoughtless and those of shallow intellect solitude is inseparable
+from loneliness. There is, for them, something terrible in the thought of
+being debarred, even temporarily, from the society of their
+fellow-beings. 'Retirement,' says Disraeli, 'to the frivolous is a vast
+desert; to the man of genius it is the enchanted garden of Armida.' And
+for 'man of genius' I would substitute 'man of literary pursuits.'
+
+There is a pleasant story told of a monk who lived in the monastery of
+St. Honorat, which is situated on one of the Lerine Islands, off the
+coast of Provence. Possessed of a mind which, in the larger world, would
+indubitably have become an influence in the artistic progress of mankind,
+he found the sole outlet for its expression in the painting of those
+exquisite miniatures which are at once the delight and the despair of a
+more modern age. But it was not in the scriptorium nor was it in the
+bestiaries or the examples of his predecessors that he acquired his art.
+Every year, in the spring and autumn, he would go alone to one of the
+delicious islands of Hyères, where there was a small hermitage. Here he
+would spend the weeks, not altogether in prayer and fasting, but in
+making friends with the birds and small animals that resorted there;
+studying their gestures, plumage, and colours, that he might reproduce
+them faithfully on the vellum of his missals and devotional books. Surely
+he learnt more on this deserted island than was possible at that time in
+the richest library in France.
+
+There is another kind of solitude, however, which can afford consolation
+to the soul as deep and as lasting as that afforded by the woods, the
+hills, the moors, the islands, those
+
+                             'Waste
+    And solitary places; where we taste
+    The pleasure of believing what we see
+    Is boundless, as we wish our souls to be'--
+
+and that is, the solitude engendered by a deep communion with books. For,
+if our paths lie amid the toil and turmoil of the world, and if it be
+impossible for us to seek seclusion amid the wastes, where else than in a
+library can we obtain that mental solitude so necessary for the
+nourishing of our literary spirit?
+
+Roger Ascham, sick at heart with long parting from his beloved books,
+writes to Sir William Cecil from Brussels in 1553, to beg that 'libertie
+to lern, and leysor to wryte,' which his beloved Cambridge alone could
+afford him. 'I do wel perceyve,' he says, 'their is no soch quietnesse in
+England, nor pleasur in strange contres, as even in S. Jons Colledg, to
+kepe company with the Bible, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, and Tullie.'
+And he goes on to say, 'Thus I, first by myn own natur, . . . lastly
+caulled by quietnesse, thought it good to couche myself in Cambridge
+ageyn.'
+
+Yet although we may seek solitude among our books, how far removed are we
+from being really alone! 'A man is never less alone than when he is
+alone,' said the noble Scipio[16]; and this is especially true of the
+book-lover. What bibliophile does not prefer the companionship of his
+books to that of all other friends? What friends so steadfast, so
+reliable in their friendship, so helpful in our difficulties, so apt upon
+all occasions, as the books which form our library? They are never elated
+at our mistakes, they are never 'superior' when we display ignorance.
+Human friendships are limited; but to the number of our most intimate
+acquaintances in cloth, vellum, and morocco, there is no end.
+
+It is this universal sympathy afforded by our books that makes our
+sanctum such a delicious retreat. Here we need never be bored, for we can
+put aside the tedious or insipid at will, and turn to whatever subject or
+companion our fancy indicates. We are not bound to talk with persons or
+on themes that have no interest for us. There is no clashing of ideas,
+and complete harmony reigns amid our comfort.
+
+To the man of literary tastes there are few things more depressing than
+the conversations of 'small-talk' which an exacting society occasionally
+demands. Who has not suffered from their enervating effects? We are not
+all possessed of that mental abstraction which La Fontaine succeeded in
+carrying with him throughout life, forming a buffer from which all idle
+talk rebounded. He was once asked to dinner by a 'fermier-général' to
+amuse the guests. Thoroughly bored, La Fontaine ate much and said little,
+and rising very early from the table said that he had to go to the
+Academy. 'Oh,' said his host, 'but you are much too early for it.' 'Oh
+well,' replied Jean, '_I shall go the longest way to it._' Poor Jean was
+really very absent-minded. He had a son whom he confided at the age of
+fourteen to a friend to educate. Not having seen the youth for a long
+time, he met him one day at the house of a savant without knowing him.
+Afterwards he happened to mention that he thought him a youth of wit and
+taste. Some one told him that the lad was his own son. 'Is he indeed,'
+said Jean, 'well I'm very glad to hear it.'
+
+There is no end to the delightful hobbies that we may cultivate in a
+library. Here we may go fishing or whaling, fighting battles or exploring
+new countries, tracing pedigrees or going on crusade, cutting our way
+through virgin forests or filling herbaceous borders in our mind, or we
+may even descend into the pyramid of Cheops.
+
+Our book-hunter has a friend whose hobby takes the form of tracing the
+parentage and posterity of men who lived long years ago. They are mostly
+unknown to fame, and their names are only to be found in ancient peerages
+and suchlike books. Whether they were good or bad, religious or wicked,
+useful to their country or indifferent, handsome or ugly, is immaterial
+to him. In some cases they founded families that have endured, in others
+they perished with all their kindred within a century of the Norman
+Conquest. But to our genealogist they are very living people. He is
+intimately acquainted with the most of them, no less than with their
+wives and children, their fathers and grandfathers, their uncles and
+their aunts. As to the personal characteristics of Reginald Fitz-Ranulf
+lord of Bosham Castle in Com. Ebor, or his deeds or memorable actions
+(if, indeed, he ever perpetrated any) this student is unable to enlighten
+us. But that his wife was called Gunnora and that she was a daughter and
+co-heir of Richard de Tourville, he is quite positive. Apparently they
+had two sons, Fulk and Waleran, but our friend is strongly of opinion
+that Hamon FitzReginald (who had a moiety of the manor of Worthleys and
+was co-parcener with Payn FitzGeoffrey lord of Buncombe) was really a son
+of Reginald by a former wife.
+
+The memory of this eager student is little short of marvellous. He can
+remember not only names and marriages, but at least several of the
+families which owned any manor that you like to mention. He would
+certainly have put to the blush Pierre d'Hozier, the great French
+genealogist whose memory was so wonderful that it was said he must surely
+have been present at all the marriages and baptisms in Christendom!
+
+The library of this genealogist is a most interesting room. Many of the
+books necessary for his researches are of folio size and must be ready to
+hand; so they are ranged round the apartment at the level of one's waist.
+On entering the room one is struck by this belt of massive volumes, the
+more so when their owner takes them up casually and turns to page after
+page without ever troubling to refer to the index.
+
+An evening spent with him is quite exciting. He asks the book-hunter's
+assistance over a knotty point. Several huge sheets of paper are laid
+upon the table, and each step in the pedigree is debated graphically.
+Volume after volume is referred to. At the slightest hitch out come
+Patent Rolls, Close Rolls, Fine Rolls, Pipe Rolls, and records of almost
+every description. Presently the room has the appearance of having been
+struck by a tornado. Volumes are lying about everywhere, and in every
+conceivable position. The floor is covered with them, all the chairs are
+in use, three Patent Rolls are lying open and face downwards on the
+mantelpiece, there are several on the hearthrug. In fact it is now
+impossible to move. Yet our host, accustomed to these things, in his
+search for a volume jumps from spot to spot with the agility of an
+antelope. The book-shelves are half-emptied, some of the remaining
+volumes have fallen down. My coffee cup lies on a pile composed of
+_Rotuli Hundredorum_, a _Placita Abbreviatio_, and a _Testa de Nevil_.
+But it is good fun, if exhausting, and a sovereign cure for insomnia. Our
+book-hunter usually leaves him about one o'clock in the morning, and the
+genealogist is genuinely sorry when he goes.
+
+But to tell the truth our bookman is not a bit the wiser as to Reginald
+FitzRanulf!
+
+One day friend Brown (for so he is called) came to see the book-hunter in
+great distress. He had but lately become a parent, and was still slightly
+excited about it.
+
+''Pon my word,' said he, 'I don't know what to do. You know how proud I
+am of my family, and how I hoped all along that it would be a boy so that
+I could give it the name that generations of my ancestors possessed. And
+now Mary says she won't hear of it.'
+
+The bookman sympathised with him, but asked what was the proposed name.
+
+'Turchetil,' said he; 'they were all called that for generations. But of
+course the name wasn't Brown then, Le Brun was the family name in the
+twelfth century.'
+
+'A fine lofty name,' replied his friend, 'but wouldn't Turchetil Brown
+sound rather funny nowadays?'
+
+'I don't see why,' said he stiffly; 'they're both good old names.'
+
+The bookman assented, though inwardly he could not but agree with Mrs.
+Brown. Turchetil Le Brun was one thing, and Turchetil Brown quite
+another. Perhaps, however, a compromise might be reached.
+
+'Is there no other ancient name in your family that would do?' he
+suggested.
+
+'Yes,' said the genealogist, 'there are two others, but not so good as
+Turchetil. They are Baldric and Bigod . . .'
+
+Truly the study of genealogy has its disadvantages. There must have been
+great bitterness in the Brown household before its mistress obtained her
+own way, and even more in the heart of our poor friend as he stood at the
+font and heard his firstborn son irrevocably named--George.
+
+Another friend and brother collector with whom our book-hunter sometimes
+passes an evening is a medical man of no small talent. But attached as he
+is to his profession, archæology is for ever striving with medicine for
+the first place in his affections, and his knowledge of herbals and the
+literature of alchemy is immense. His collection of works dealing with
+these subjects is well known to the booksellers, and the book-hunter
+sometimes receives a line from him asking him to pay a visit for the
+purpose of examining some recently acquired treasure.
+
+Of late his hobby has taken a curious turn. A chance conversation induced
+him to inquire into the death of Queen Anne. He professed to discover, in
+the accounts of her demise, certain symptoms which indicated a different
+disease from that usually assigned to her. So now he must needs hold an
+inquest upon the death of each one of our sovereigns, from the time of
+King William the Conqueror. He is exceedingly enthusiastic about it, and
+is preparing a paper to read before the local antiquarian society. In
+this he hopes to prove conclusively the impossibility of lampreys having
+had any share in the death of Henry the First, which was clearly due to
+appendicitis.
+
+Sometimes when the book-hunter visited his medical friend he would find
+another collector there already, deep in bookish or scientific talk. Like
+the doctor, the biologist was a specialist in books no less than in
+science, and his hobby comprised a field till recent times untilled. Keen
+though he was in his pursuit, it was the sea that claimed his every day
+of leisure. An active mind, eager in the elucidation of the more abstruse
+problems of physiology, yet his alert bearing, his quickness of movement
+and springy step, spoke more of the quarterdeck than the laboratory.
+Denied the sea as a profession, his heart was for ever in ships; and when
+at length preferment took him inland to one of the ancient seats of
+learning, the ordered training of his mind turned his hobby towards the
+history and evolution of all craft that sail upon the waters.
+
+He is a great authority upon all matters pertaining to the rigging of
+mediæval ships. The history of their hulls he leaves to the attention of
+the important societies of nautical research. But on the evolution of the
+sky-topsail or fore-top-gallant-backstays his word carries much weight.
+He will travel a hundred miles in a week-end to see an illumination or
+carving of a ship, and his vacations he spends touring France and
+Flanders in search of stained glass windows that may throw some light
+upon his hobby. His collection of seals incised with ancient ships is a
+fine one, and the proceedings of more than one society are the richer for
+his researches.
+
+Not long ago I came across another example of the manifold uses to which
+a private library can be put. A friend had given me a letter of
+introduction to a collector with whom he desired me to become
+acquainted. I was given to understand that the fellow-spirit was an
+exceedingly well-read man, and something of a wanderer.
+
+'He's a great traveller,' said my friend with a laugh, 'there's hardly a
+country in the world that he has not visited.'
+
+'What an interesting man he must be,' I replied, 'but why do you laugh?'
+
+'Oh, you'll see all right presently,' said he; 'but go and spend an
+evening with him; you will certainly be entertained--provided you are
+sympathetic and content to let him do all the talking.'
+
+So a few days later I called at the house of the traveller. He welcomed
+me in his study, a fine large room yet possessed of that cosiness
+imparted by the presence of many books. The walls were entirely covered
+with bookcases to a height of about eight feet; and these contained, he
+told me, about three thousand volumes. At the end of this long room was a
+wide bay window, and here was placed a comfortable easy chair with twin
+oak tables, very strong and low, at either arm. Close at hand were a
+revolving bookcase and a stand containing five or six japanned cylinders
+about three feet long, and some six inches across, such as are used to
+contain nautical charts.
+
+'You are fond of travel, are you not?' I remarked, as soon as I was
+settled. 'Jones told me that there are few countries with which you are
+unacquainted.'
+
+'That is so,' he replied; 'travel has always been my passion from my
+youth up, and of all the volumes which you see around you, there are
+scarcely a hundred that do not treat of some foreign country or voyage.'
+
+'How interesting,' I replied; 'it is a wise old dictum that there is
+nothing like travel to broaden one's mind. Unless we acquaint ourselves
+with the opinions held by men of other nations, men whose everyday life
+differs so widely from our own, who see things consequently from a
+different standpoint, how can we expect to regard any subject from all
+its various aspects, which is essential if we are to pronounce an
+opinion which----'
+
+'Quite so,' he interrupted, eyeing me suspiciously, and obviously fearing
+from my verbiage that he was about to be beset by a bore. (To tell the
+truth, I was rather glad of his interruption, for the sentence was
+beginning to get out of hand.) 'As you say, there's nothing like travel
+to broaden the mind. Why,' he went on hurriedly, 'before I was eighteen I
+had been up Aconcagua with Conway.'
+
+'Really?' I said, trying to associate the two with a country and a date.
+(Of course I knew where Aconcagua was--it was one of the most familiar
+names in my geography, only for the moment memory was a little
+refractory. Obviously it was a mountain, because he spoke of having been
+'up' it. The name had a Spanish ending--of course! now I knew.) 'A
+wonderful country, Mexico,' I went on.
+
+'Mexico?' said he; 'yes, I know Mexico too. Been right through it, from
+Chihuahua to Tehuentepec and Campeachy.' (This was unfortunate, but
+apparently he didn't notice the mistake, for he went on at once.) 'But as
+I was saying, I'd been up Aconcagua before I left school.'
+
+'Good gracious,' I replied, amazed at his intrepidity, 'that must have
+been an experience!'
+
+'Rather,' said he: 'Haven't you read Conway's book? Published in '02, I
+think.' He strode across the room and brought back a volume. 'Yes, 1902:
+capital book; well worth reading. But Mexico,' he continued, without
+giving me time to display the knowledge that I suddenly recollected as I
+turned the pages of the book, 'Ah! there's a country for you! How I
+enjoyed my first visit! Ever been there?'
+
+'Alas! no,' I replied; 'but one of my fondest dreams has been to visit
+the ancient cities of the new world.' (I thought that was rather nicely
+put.)
+
+'Charnay,' he said; 'you know Charnay, then? It was he who took me there
+first. Early 'eighties, I think.' He pulled out another volume and turned
+to the title-page. 'Here we are, "The Ancient Cities of the New World,"
+'87. My copy is only the translation, published two years after the
+original appeared.'
+
+This puzzled me rather. If he had been eighteen in 1902, he must have
+been a mere babe in 1885.
+
+'Rather young, were you not, when you were there?' I ventured.
+
+'Young? Why?' he replied.
+
+'Oh, only because you said that you were eighteen when you ascended
+Aconcagua in 1902, so I thought that you must have been rather young when
+you were in Mexico in 1885.'
+
+He stood still and stared at me, a puzzled look on his face.
+
+'Good gracious,' he said, 'didn't Jones tell you? Didn't he explain to
+you about me and my travels?'
+
+'Oh yes,' I hastened to reassure him, fearful that I had given offence;
+'he told me that you were a widely-travelled man; and, if you will permit
+me to say so, I think he understated----'
+
+'Yes, yes,' he went on, 'but didn't he tell you _how_ I travelled? Didn't
+he tell you that I had never been out of Europe? This is my world,' he
+continued, waving his arm round the bookcases; 'here are my Americas, my
+Africa, my Asia, my Europe, and my Australia. There (pointing to a case
+by the window) is my West Indies, here (indicating another one) is my
+Polynesia, there my Arctic and Antarctic. Here (patting the back of the
+big easy chair) is my steamboat, my mule, and my camel. No weather can
+delay me, no storm prevent my setting out. Though it snow a blizzard,
+still can I cross the very summits of the Andes: be there a year-old
+drought, still may I journey from Sydney to Port Darwin overland.'
+
+I could only marvel at the man. No world-wide traveller could have been
+prouder or have found greater satisfaction in the contemplation of his
+travels. And a further conversation assured me that, assisted by a good
+memory, he knew more, far more, of the countries about which he had read
+so many books than did ninety-nine out of a hundred of the tourists who
+had actually visited those lands.
+
+'Don't think,' he said, 'that I merely pass my time reading promiscuously
+all manner of books of travel. I do nothing of the sort. At the beginning
+of each year I map out the countries I intend to visit during that year.
+So much time is allotted to each, according to the size of the country
+and that of its travel literature. Then I compile a list of the books
+that I intend to read, and the order in which they should be read. I have
+a fine collection of maps, and those tin cylinders over there contain
+charts, by means of which I am enabled to follow more accurately and
+minutely the different journeys and voyages that I make.
+
+'Let me give you an example.' Here he took a thin octavo book from one of
+the cases. 'This is Commodore John Byron's narrative of the loss of
+H.M.S. _Wager_, one of Anson's squadron, on the coast of Chili, in 1740.
+It was published in 1768, and is, in my opinion, one of the most
+thrilling tales of shipwreck and suffering that has ever been written. I
+dare say you remember Campbell's beautiful lines in "The Pleasures of
+Hope"; they are pencilled on the fly-leaf of my copy:--
+
+    '"And such thy strength-inspiring aid that bore
+     The hardy Byron to his native shore--
+     In horrid climes, where Chiloe's tempests sweep
+     Tumultuous murmurs o'er the troubled deep,
+     'Twas his to mourn misfortune's rudest shock,
+     Scourg'd by the winds, and cradled on the rock,
+     To wake each joyless morn and search again
+     The famish'd haunts of solitary men."
+
+'There is no map in the volume, much less a chart, to show where the ship
+struck, though we are told that the land was "on the larboard beam,
+bearing N.W.," and that they landed "in the latitude of between 47 and
+48° South." But without charts and maps how can one possibly follow the
+journey of the four poor sufferers along the coast on that terrible march
+from Mount Misery (as they named the inhospitable promontory where they
+landed) to civilisation on the island of Chiloe? With my maps I can
+follow their every footstep, with my chart I may visit each inlet that
+their frail canoe entered. Nor need I refer to these aids whenever I may
+turn to the volume again, for here (he unfolded a beautifully drawn map
+bound at the end of the volume) I have copied a chart which shows with a
+red line the whole of their terrible journey. I have done this with
+several of the older works on travel which I possess, books that were
+published without maps.'
+
+To me at least it was a new aspect of book-collecting, and an interesting
+one. But I confess to having been impressed more by its originality and
+the patient perseverance of its devotee than by the knowledge which it
+had enabled him to accumulate. His was a vast knowledge, yet limited; for
+it was confined almost entirely to the topography and early exploration
+of the countries which he studied, together with such sociology as he
+would glean midst travellers' accounts of adventures and sport.
+Development, resources, industry, had little place in it. He was
+thoroughly conversant with the early history of Australia, could recite
+the names of all the early pioneers, and could plot Burke's expedition or
+Phillip's voyage to Botany Bay. But of Melbourne or Sydney to-day, their
+size, commerce, exports, the principal industries or railways, of these
+he knew nothing. On the other hand, with those countries which have come
+less quickly under the hand of civilisation, such as New Guinea or West
+Africa, he was well acquainted. He had followed the history of this last
+down to fairly modern times, knew the story of every settlement from
+Bathurst to the Bight and to Benguela, with their principal exports; and
+could talk interestedly with any dweller on 'the Coast.'
+
+He is still comparatively a young man. If ever he sets out to see the
+world for himself, his pleasures will far exceed those of the ordinary
+tourist. Wherever he may go, he will need no guide-book to instruct him,
+in history at least. And he will visit out-of-the-way spots unnoticed by
+these authorities, but dear to him by reason of their mention in the
+pages of his fireside Mentors, their association with some thrilling
+though unimportant event of which he has read. Harbours, villages,
+buildings, will be familiar to him through some old print or coloured
+engraving; and he will eagerly compare the actual appearance with the
+mental picture he has borne for so long. Disappointment sometimes there
+will be, but a delightful anticipation always.
+
+I hope, however, that I shall never be his travelling companion!
+
+And here I cannot forbear to mention one other book-collecting
+acquaintance. A bosom friend of the genealogist, he was at one time a
+fellow-worker, and they would sit closeted for hours debating the
+parentage of Henry ap John. But he lacked that determination which
+prevented his friend from being constantly side-tracked, and the minutiæ
+of history had a fatal attraction for him. As to whether Hugo de
+Beauchamp of _Com. Wigorn._ (which was their pleasant way of saying that
+he lived in Worcestershire) held his manor by serjeanty of the
+_condimentum_ was of small moment to him compared with the price which
+King Edward paid him for a couple of goshawks or a greyhound; and he
+wondered of what sort was the tun of wine which he had from that
+sovereign as a Christmas present. And so his book-buying became more and
+more confined, for it was restricted now to those curious and uncommon
+works which treat of the byways of history; such as the Accounts of the
+Wardrobe and Hanaper, the reports of the lords marchers of the realm,
+books on feudal customs and offices, and the like.
+
+During the great war our friend busied himself with His Majesty's
+ordnance. Hitherto he had always associated the term with cast-iron
+cannon, and had vague recollections of the number of 'ordnance' carried
+by the Great Harry or fired from the Tower of London during Sir Thomas
+Wyatt's insurrection. But even when these dreams were dispelled, his
+thoughts still harped on mediæval equipment and harness while checking
+cases of boots or mess-tins; and he wondered how such things were managed
+before the days of railways. Released at length from this employ, his
+interest increased with leisure to pursue his investigations.
+
+His passion now is the method in which the ancient campaigns of this
+country were conducted. He is quite an authority upon mediæval transport,
+by sea as well as by land, and he can tell you at once the quantities of
+bowstrings and quarrels 'indented for' during the Crécy and Poictiers
+campaigns. Not long ago, poring over an ancient roll of parchment in the
+Record Office, he came across a list of the ships requisitioned for the
+Agincourt expedition, with their names, ports, and tonnage, inscribed on
+the back of one of the membranes. Great was his delight, and it will be
+some time before his friends will be allowed to forget this important
+discovery.
+
+How valuable are these researches of our book-collecting friends! Do they
+not add a zest to those delightful evenings when, with curtains drawn and
+blazing fire, our favourite pipe aglow, a tall glass at our elbow, we
+hunt our treasures o'er again in comfort, roaming the bookstalls of our
+fancy? It is well, however, that our humours in book-lore are not all
+alike, else how tedious would some of these conferences become. Elation
+and jealousy would be hard to banish at times when we held some coveted
+volume in our hands. But with divergence of tastes such feelings cannot
+exist, and we eagerly share our friends' enthusiasm in their treasures
+and their delight in some newly-found gem.
+
+It is a very serious business, this book-collecting. Whether we are
+contented now to let our library be slow of growth, or whether we are
+still imbued with the ardour of our early youth, we are none the less
+under the spell of books. Our paths may lie outside the pale of book-land
+for years, but the chance handling of a valuable or scarce volume will
+instantly awaken all our bibliophilic desires. Book-collecting is not
+like other pursuits. In after years we may realise that many of our
+hobbies are but vanities, but the love of good books is something far
+beyond all these ephemeral pursuits.
+
+Doubtless few of us realised at the outset of our careers as book
+collectors how completely we should be mastered by this love of books.
+Who did not think that it comprised but occasional visits to the
+book-shops and bookstalls, perhaps even to an auction-room, and the
+reading of nondescript catalogues? But it is like all other hobbies:
+ridden at first with too little restraint, it soon gets the upper hand,
+and off it goes, bit between teeth, carrying its rider ever farther and
+farther afield. And no man of spirit would think of seeking to curb his
+hobby's gallop. We have mounted of our own free will, determined to
+pursue the chase, and never shall it be said that we were too timid to
+face the difficulties of the country ahead. The greater the difficulties
+the greater the sport, and in our enthusiasm we are determined to
+overcome all obstacles. So that, though our hobby may at length become
+our master, so enthralled are we in the pursuit that there is little
+danger of it assuming the semblance of a nightmare.
+
+The farther we go, the wider the fields which open to our view, and there
+is interest for us in all of them. We roam at our pleasure over vast
+fields of literature, digressing here and there just as our fancy takes
+us. There is no danger, moreover, in being side-tracked, for such
+divagations in the realms of bibliography as we may make will serve but
+to increase our knowledge of books in the right direction. The only risk
+that we shall incur is that of becoming specialists, which is precisely
+what we should most desire.
+
+And how delightful are these digressions in the world of books! There is
+no other occupation in which one may wander so innocuously. In most of
+the learned professions digressions are fatal to success. Anthony
+Despeisses was a lawyer who used frequently to digress. Beginning one day
+in Court to talk of Ethiopia, an attorney who sat behind him remarked
+'Heavens! He is got into Ethiopia, he will never come back.' Despeisses,
+we are told, was so abashed with the ridicule that he chose rather to
+leave off pleading than to correct himself of this unfortunate habit,
+and quitted the Bar for ever. Doubtless he found solace among his books,
+for here at least he could digress to his heart's content.
+
+Although, from a worldly point of view, side-tracks are fatal to success,
+yet they are as necessary a part of our literary education as is the
+application to study itself. Without digressing as we applied ourselves
+to books, narrow indeed would be the views that we acquired. Of what
+value is a vast acquaintance with the material details of a war, if we
+are ignorant as to the causes which brought it about, or the reasons why
+the nations were warring? 'Ah yes,' perhaps you may exclaim, 'but
+politics and history are all one, for the former creates the latter.'
+Precisely: so that in order to obtain a knowledge of the one, we must
+deviate to the other. Sharon Turner in his 'History of England during the
+Middle Ages' passes abruptly from the death of King Henry the Second to
+the military spirit of Mohammedanism, from the Troubadours to the early
+dissipations of King John, and devotes two of his five volumes to the
+Literature of England with copious examples of early poetry. It is all
+history, yet how indispensable are the side-tracks.
+
+It is a subtle art, however, this knowledge of how and when to digress,
+and not easy to be learnt. Gerard de St. Amand died of grief in his
+middle age because Louis XIV. could not bear his reading of a poem on the
+Moon, in which he praised the King for his skill in swimming. On the
+other hand Madame de Staël obtained almost all the material for her
+literary work by a consummate skill in directing the digressions of
+conversation. Upon whatever subject her pen was engaged, that was the
+theme to which she led all talk.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne's famous letter 'To a friend upon occasion of the death
+of his intimate friend' is a masterpiece of the art of digressing. Surely
+it is one of the quaintest letters of condolence ever written, if indeed
+it were ever intended to be such, for it has that stamp of careful
+literary composition which is usually so apparent in all letters written
+with a view to publication. The friend in question died of a consumption,
+and Sir Thomas recapitulates his disease, symptoms and death; contrasting
+each feature with the celebrated examples of history; moralising and
+discussing the opinions of the ancients upon these points as he goes
+along; and showing by his own experience that a man 'after a cough of
+almost fifty years, in whom all the lobes adhered unto the Pleura,' might
+yet die of stone in the bladder. Doubtless the friend to whom the letter
+was indited was highly edified by the aged doctor's learning, yet one
+cannot conceive that he would be greatly consoled by being informed, when
+discussing the patient's cough, that 'in cetaceous Fishes, who have large
+and strong lungs, the same is not observed; nor yet in oviparous
+Quadrupeds.' Digressing in this manner is a risky business, and if the
+grief were still fresh, it is more than likely that the bereaved one
+would exclaim 'A fig for your fishes, Sir.' But Sir Thomas was a wise and
+worldly man, and would know from experience precisely when to administer
+his soothing draught.
+
+The attractions of digressing are far more insidious than would appear at
+first sight. It is so easy, one finds such delightful things, it is all
+in the daily task of gathering knowledge, it may be useful to us some
+day, and so on. But, unwisely employed, it is a more terrible thief of
+time even than Young's 'procrastination.' Worse still, it is a _waster_;
+for the scrappy knowledge so often acquired by this means becomes
+invariably the 'little learning' which is so dangerous--and useless--a
+thing. So that unless we are strongly imbued with the spirit of scholarly
+research, determined that we will not deviate one iota from the
+particular side-track which we are exploring, we are in grave danger of
+becoming lost in the maze of paths. Digressions in conversation and books
+can be of immense value, but he must be a man of iron will who can
+utilise to permanent advantage his resources in this direction. Constant
+and purposeless digressions, in reading no less than in talk, are just as
+injurious as interruptions. The mind is switched from one subject to
+another, and an entire sequence of reasoning which we may have been
+building up by the study of some days is destroyed in a few moments by
+the opening up of an unexplored tract of thought.
+
+For many years there was a learned man at work in one of our ancient
+abbey libraries, cataloguing the manuscripts and monastic charters of the
+ancient foundation. Their number runs into many thousands, and at the
+outset the Keeper[17] realised that if this task of providing an index
+and précis of the entire collection (which would be of incalculable value
+to the historical students who came after him) were to be accomplished in
+his lifetime, it would be necessary to adhere rigidly to his plan. Any
+deviation, however slight, would mean the loss of valuable time. To the
+historian and antiquary such a determination must have cost more than we
+can imagine; for every now and again he came across some charter of great
+historical interest. 'Ah,' he would sigh, reading it through, 'and now I
+suppose you must go back again into the obscurity in which you have lain
+for eight hundred years.' He quietly made his précis, indexed the
+document, and replaced it in the oaken press. There, thanks to his
+labours, it will be turned to at some future date to add laurels to the
+'researches' of another man.
+
+Perhaps the most innocuous way in which we may digress is by compiling
+one of those delectable literary hotch-potches known as 'commonplace
+books.' Here, with careful selection, we may garner those delightful
+thoughts, those gay conceits or pithy stories, that strike our fancy as
+we read. And though perhaps it may be urged that such collections
+resemble a casket of loose jewels plucked from their settings, yet they
+are jewels none the less. We may store all our collections within one
+cover, or we may preserve separately our extracts from the poets, our
+biographies, our meditations, or our anecdotes.
+
+The first 'commonplacer' of whom I have seen mention was one Photius, a
+colonel in the Life Guards at Constantinople during the ninth century,
+or--as he was then called--Protospatharius. Later he became ambassador to
+the court of Baghdad, and amused himself by compiling a volume which he
+called _Myriobiblon_, a collection of extracts of the authors which he
+had read. He was a man, we are told, of extraordinary vigour of mind, and
+of encyclopædical knowledge, and he was so devoted to reading that he
+passed whole nights without sleep. Accordingly we are not surprised to
+find that the Myriobiblon, with its Latin translation, forms a folio
+volume of some 1500 pages. When on an embassy to Assyria, he carried his
+library--some 300 rolls--with him, presumably on camels. Thus, we
+suppose, he could bestride his dramatic camel, his poetic camel, or his
+theological camel as the mood took him. The Myriobiblon was compiled
+merely as a handbook for his brother Tarasius, that the latter might
+enjoy a brief synopsis of what the ambassador read on his travels.
+Several authors are now known only by the extracts in this book; and
+among them may be mentioned a writer named Conon, who is said to have
+written fifty novels, which Photius condensed to his liking. All this, of
+course, was merely _pour passer le temps_; the really important works of
+this bookworm being a lexicon and a number of books on theology. Needless
+to say in due course he became Patriarch of Constantinople.
+
+Who nowadays keeps a commonplace book? Doubtless a good many readers of
+to-day have neither time nor inclination to indulge this pleasing
+fashion, at one time so popular; but to anyone whose delight is the
+reading of good books as opposed to modern novels, there can be no more
+interesting amusement.
+
+It can be a risky thing, however, this commonplacing, and he would be a
+bold man who dared to assign unto any one writer a popular phrase for no
+other reason than that this one has first expressed it in writing. There
+is no new thing under the sun, and by continued expression a familiar
+maxim becomes at last a proverb. Ask at a dinner-table who first wrote
+'God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.' The knowing ones will puzzle
+their brains in silence; some lady with religious tendencies will claim
+it for the Holy Writ, inclining towards Isaiah; but the quiet bookish man
+at the end of the table will smile in a superior way, and offer to wager
+that he can name the author. You may safely accept his bet, for it is a
+hundred pounds to a penny that he will proclaim Laurence Sterne to have
+written it--he may even quote the context. Granted that Sterne did write
+it, but Sterne was a widely-read man and a plagiarist of no mean ability.
+So you may ask the bookish man how he doth account for this saying
+occurring in that quaint collection of 'Outlandish Proverbs' entitled
+'Jacula Prudentum,' by Master George Herbert, compiled _from ancient
+sources_ full a hundred years before the birth of the 'Sentimental
+Journey.'[18]
+
+Sometimes in ancient literature one comes across an expression which is
+in the vocabulary of everybody to-day, and one realises how very ancient
+some of these popular aphorisms must be. 'It is not alle golde that
+glareth,' wrote Chaucer, and the same theme was sung in Provençal by
+Amanieu des Escas near a hundred years before. But, like 'A bird in the
+hand,' it is so applicable to the failings to which mankind is prone,
+that its origin must surely have been far beyond even the classics of the
+old world, back in the dim ages of man's history. Common also to all
+nations must some at least of these primitive sayings be, for there is a
+primæval simplicity about them that knows nothing of race or
+civilisation. 'A soft answer turns away wrath,' 'Pride goes before a
+fall,' 'Spare the rod and spoil the child,' are not all these and many
+others, collected by King Solomon from the wisdom of the East, as
+applicable to our everyday life in this age as they have ever been in the
+whole history of mankind?[19] Enough of moralising, however; or else,
+convinced of the futility of attempting to assign originality to any man,
+you will come to agree with the young lady of fifteen who, priding
+herself on the possession of a literary _flair_, once remarked to the
+writer: 'In fact there is little doubt that Junius never wrote the
+letters attributed to him at all!'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Usually the precentor was also archivist and librarian.
+
+[15] In one monastery, however, they were allowed to speak 'passing
+soft.' We know that 'passing soft!'
+
+[16] 'Nunquam minus solus quam cum solus.' Alfonso d'Este (born 1476) had
+it carved on the mantelpiece of his study at Belvedere.
+
+[17] Dr. E. J. L. Scott of Westminster Abbey, sometime Egerton Librarian
+of the British Museum. He calendared no less than 57,000 documents at the
+Abbey, but alas! a long life was insufficient to enable him to complete
+his task. The whole working portion of his latter years was spent in the
+muniment room, and it was there that he was seized with the illness which
+ended his life the same day (1918). The work which he accomplished (now
+being ably continued, on the lines which he laid down, by his successor,
+the present Custodian of the Abbey) has been utilized by scholars from
+universities all over the world. However busily employed, he was always
+ready instantly to lay aside his work in order to assist a student over
+some difficult point, whether of history or palæography.
+
+[18] Edition of 1651, 12mo, page 52. 'To a close shorne sheep, God gives
+wind by measure.' First printed in _Witts Recreations_, 1640. Sterne
+might have reflected that it is not usually the custom to shear _lambs_.
+
+Since the above was written, a correspondent has brought to the writer's
+notice a sixteenth century French version:--_Au brébis tondue, dieu donne
+le vent par mesure._
+
+[19] It is curious to note how some of these famous sayings have been
+wrongly assigned. A recently published _Dictionary of Quotations_,
+assigns Scipio's famous dictum, 'A man is never less alone than when he
+is alone,' to Swift--a slight error of some nineteen centuries. W. C.
+Hazlitt in his _Book-Collector_ makes an even more delightful howler,
+tracing the well-known verse in Ecclesiastes (xii. 12): 'Of making many
+books there is no end . . .' etc., 'back at least to the reign of
+Elizabeth' (_sic_), assigning it to a preacher at Paul's Cross in 1594.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY.
+
+    'He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.'--
+                                  PROVERBS xiii. 20.
+
+
+IT is one of the tragedies of the book-collector's life that he is made
+aware continually of the deficiencies of his collection. Every
+bookseller's catalogue that he takes up reveals these lacunæ; and even
+after many years of diligent book-hunting, when he can look upon his
+library with no small pride and has come to regard it as being more or
+less complete (for his own purposes, that is), some intimate friend to
+whom he is displaying his treasures will ask to see some well-known book,
+and he will be obliged to confess that he does not possess a copy. The
+reason probably is either that he has collected books upon no definite
+system, or that he has lost sight of the many works which his library
+should contain, through having confined himself too rigidly to
+specialism.
+
+Both practices are bad, though the former is infinitely the worse. To
+collect books indiscriminately tends to develop the dread bibliomania. To
+specialise in a particular class of books should be the object of every
+collector; but to adhere so rigidly to that one class of literature as to
+exclude from our library the great books of the world, is to deprive
+ourselves of all the advantages which a library can offer. 'There are
+some books, as Homer, Virgil, Horace, Milton, Shakespeare, and Scott,
+which every man should read who has the opportunity; should read, mark,
+learn and inwardly digest. To neglect the opportunity of becoming
+familiar with them, is deliberately to sacrifice the position in the
+social scale which an ordinary education enables its possessor to
+reach.'[20] What a number of famous names one can add, without which no
+library worthy the name can be complete! We are not all such sages as
+that great man Philip Melanchthon, whose library is said to have
+consisted of four authors only, namely, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and
+Ptolemy the geographer. But then, these are whole libraries in
+themselves.
+
+Who, beside ourselves, shall decide what we shall read? 'A man's reading,
+to be of any value,' wrote Professor Blackie, 'must depend upon his power
+of association; and that again depends upon his tendencies, his
+capacities, his surroundings, and his opportunities.' But there are some
+authors whom the world has decided are great, whom we cannot possibly
+afford to neglect in the course of our literary education. There can be
+no doubt as to our decision here; and although it has been said truly
+that 'a lifetime will hardly suffice to know, as they ought to be known,
+these great masterpieces of man's genius,'[21] yet these great classics
+should form the nucleus of our library, and to them we may add the other
+famous and approved books of the world as opportunities occur.
+
+It is not without diffidence that I venture to approach this important
+question as to what we should read. Perhaps there is nothing more
+irritating to the real book-lover than to be told, usually by some
+well-meaning person, that he or she should read this or that. In nine
+cases out of ten the book or author recommended is one that we can safely
+afford to neglect. It is one of the commonest of human failings to
+imagine that a book which pleases us must necessarily please all others
+too, and we recommend it blindly to the first friend we come across,
+regardless of age, disposition, intellectual capacity, opportunity,
+surroundings, or even sex. It never even occurs to us to consider these
+matters, these vital qualities upon which the whole question of like or
+dislike depends.
+
+'To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under
+heaven'; and again, 'A wise man's heart discerneth both time and
+judgment,' wrote the Preacher of Judah. Yet mindful though we be of these
+ancient words of wisdom, how rarely do we apply them to our everyday
+reading! If we be in the mood for reading we pick up any book at random;
+if it please us at the moment, we continue to read it. If it be
+distasteful to us, we put it aside immediately. Possibly we recollect,
+next time that our eyes light upon a volume so discarded, that it was
+once displeasing, and we never take it up again. So, it may be urged, our
+mind exercises the power of selection for us: we can only absorb at any
+given time the class of literary food for which our mind then happens to
+be hungry.
+
+But the truth is far otherwise. If we take up and read a book at random,
+in nine cases out of ten we continue to read it simply because it entails
+no mental effort. We do not have to think of what we are reading; our
+eyes gallop over sentence after sentence, and so long as the language is
+colloquial and the facts are bald, all is well, and we can go on and on.
+It is not only the body that, unchecked, is inclined to be slothful.
+Unless we have as complete a control over our minds as we have over our
+limbs, it is quite impossible that our reading shall benefit us to its
+full extent.
+
+There is another point of view also. 'Every book that we take up without
+a purpose is an opportunity lost of taking up a book with a purpose.'[22]
+And this does not mean that we should always be reading 'improving'
+books, that we must never read for recreation alone; for, I repeat,
+'there is a time to every purpose under heaven.' But it does insist most
+emphatically that there should be a rhyme and a reason for reading any
+book at any time. There is a time for work and a time for play in reading
+no less than in the daily cycle of our lives. As to what shall constitute
+recreative reading, that is a matter which every man must decide for
+himself. I will venture to prophesy, however, that, by judicious
+selection and thoughtful reading, there will come a time when he will
+consider the reading of the great books to constitute the finest mental
+recreation in the world.
+
+To return, however, to the great writers, those giants of whom we have
+said that it behoves us all to know something at least. Must we read them
+all? Let us leave 'must' out of the question; for our lifetime, however
+long it may be, will be scarcely sufficient to know and appreciate to the
+full these great masters of human thought. Yet at least it can be our aim
+ever to feed our minds only upon food of the finest quality and of a
+permanent nutritive value. But alas! How terribly limited are our
+capacities both as regards time and opportunity! How narrow the bounds
+which confine our reading abilities! Though a list of the great writers
+contain all the constituents of an Epicurean feast, yet to most of us it
+resembles the menu of a Gargantuan banquet.
+
+As to the classics of the old world, surely, it may be urged, in such an
+essentially practical age we can afford to neglect books so hopelessly
+out of date? Yet there can be no greater mistake than to imagine that the
+wisdom of the old world can ever be out of date, for it is the wisdom
+that has created the civilisation of the newer world. Countless
+generations of men may pass away and be utterly forgotten, but the
+principles of morality inherent in man's nature will endure for ever. And
+it is these great principles of all that is good and noble in our nature
+that is brought out and developed insensibly by the study of the classics
+in our youth. Moreover they are books that have been accepted by all the
+nations of Europe as containing the bases of human thought. Something at
+least we should all know of these great writers common to all civilised
+nations.
+
+To most of us, however, there is an insurmountable barrier surrounding
+them, the matter of language. The knowledge of Greek and Latin that we
+acquired at school has become painfully rusty. Is it worth while slogging
+away laboriously with grammar and dictionary at the expense of valuable
+time which might otherwise be devoted to the more modern classics in our
+own tongue? Candidly, it is not. If we have retained sufficient of our
+Greek and Latin to read it at sight with but an occasional reference to
+the dictionary well and good; but otherwise it is a painful waste of
+time. Hamerton recommends that we read the ancients with the help of
+literal translations beside the original, in which way, he says, we 'may
+attain a closer acquaintance with ancient literature than would be
+possible by translation alone.' But to many, an English version must be
+the only door by which they may enter Attica and Rome.
+
+After all, it is for each one of us to decide how widely our time and
+opportunities shall permit us to wander on the slopes of Mount Parnassus.
+'The best time-savers are the love of soundness in all we learn to do,
+and a cheerful acceptance of inevitable limitations.'[23] Yet it is
+better to have wandered on the lowermost slopes of the mountain than
+never to have entered ancient Greece at all.
+
+Who nowadays, outside the universities, reads these ancient classics?
+Where will you find a business man of thirty years of age whose delight
+in his leisure time is the reading of Horace or Homer? Here and there,
+perhaps, you may come across a man of classical education who still
+retains the love of ancient Greece and Rome, instilled into him in his
+youth, sufficiently to influence the course of his reading; but he is a
+rarity indeed. Among the many thousands of young men employed in business
+in the great cities, most of whom have learnt something at least of the
+classics in their youth, scarcely will you find one who will confess to
+having time for such literature. Yet all these thousands read many books
+each year, and can always find time to devour the latest popular novel.
+
+It is chiefly a question of recreation _versus_ education. Tired and
+jaded with the day's business, the young man of to-day has little
+inclination to devote his leisure time to study. Light frothy literature
+removes his thoughts from worldly cares, and by a complete change of
+subject stimulates a mind that has been enervated by concentration for
+hours on one particular theme. No effort is required, and, more important
+still, _it does not make one think_.
+
+For daily reading in the train or over meals, with this purpose always in
+view, so far so good. But what of the many hours of leisure in every
+man's life, when no mental recreation is needed? What does the average
+man read then? It must be confessed that in nine cases out of ten his
+literature remains precisely the same. Doubtless the reason is simply
+because, having always been accustomed to reading the same kind of books,
+he knows no other sort. Mention Shakespeare, Milton, Shelley, and he
+stares at you aghast. 'Good gracious,' he exclaims, 'I'm not going to
+read stuff like that; I should get the hump for a week; give me something
+cheerful.' And he picks up 'The Bauble,' by Mrs. Risquet Trashe.
+
+And he is quite right. To anyone whose literature has consisted for years
+of nothing but novels of the circulating library type, a sudden
+application to the great writers would indeed be depressing. Is it
+necessary, however, or indeed wise, that any man's mental pabulum should
+consist entirely of novels? Nothing is further from my mind than to decry
+the taste for novel-reading; for, wisely employed, novels can become one
+of the joys of life. One can but agree with Miss Austen when she
+inveighs, in 'Northanger Abbey,' against those who belittle the
+productions of the novelist. But would she have been so emphatic had she
+lived to witness the printing-presses spouting forth that frothy flood
+which effervesces round the more serious writings of to-day? Would that
+every novel we take up had the delightful 'genius, wit, and taste' of
+Jane Austen to recommend it. How few and far between are the really good
+novels that we read!
+
+There can be no finer recreation for a tired mind than a good novel.
+There is, however, one habit of reading which has become almost a social
+evil; and that is the habit of reading newspapers which many indulge in,
+morning, noon, and night. It is difficult to imagine anything more
+calculated to destroy consecutive and considered thought than the
+enormous variety of inconsequential topics that assails one every time
+one opens a newspaper. The mind becomes completely fuddled with the
+heterogeneous patchwork of entirely useless information. The only method
+I have discovered by which one can acquire the important news and yet
+retain the serenity of one's mind is that of having such news only as she
+knows will be of use read out by one's wife at breakfast. And this does
+not mean that the mental discomforts of the newspaper are relegated to
+one's better-half, for women are usually interested in the smaller
+details of everyday life.
+
+No wonder that a large number of 'city men' live out their lives without
+ever opening a book that is worth reading meditatively; for
+newspaper-reading in course of time must completely undermine one's
+mental stability. After a few years, a book that is not composed of
+headlines, short chapters, small paragraphs and ejaculatory sentences, is
+unreadable without mental effort. So that long before he is middle-aged
+the city man has acquired the habit of 'glancing at' a news-sheet or
+magazine whenever he has nothing to do for a few minutes: a kind of
+reading that is about as advantageous to the mind as that which we
+indulge in when fingering the antique periodicals in the dentist's
+waiting-room. In later years he may or he may not overcome the repugnance
+he has acquired to anything deep or 'solid' (by which he generally means
+'unparagraphed'): but I venture to think that, having once taken the
+plunge, there must be moments when he marvels at his foolishness in not
+having entered, years before, the City of the golden streets.
+
+Perhaps it is unwise to use the word 'education' in speaking of the
+benefits to be derived from reading the great books, for to many people
+the term is synonymous with 'school,' where one is obliged frequently to
+do things against one's will. Good books, that is the books that 'live,'
+are no mere education, they are steps up the path of civilisation itself.
+They are just as necessary for the advancement of knowledge as are the
+letters and numerals which we learnt at school. The greatest books of the
+world do _not_ teach us; _they help us to teach ourselves_, a very
+different matter. 'They are masters who instruct us without rod or
+ferule,' wrote an early book-lover[24]; 'if you approach them they are
+not asleep; if you inquire of them they do not withdraw themselves; they
+never chide when you make mistakes; they never laugh if you are
+ignorant.' And the books which would be available to him would be chiefly
+the works of the Early Fathers, professedly books of moral instruction.
+But the books of our library 'are so many faithful and serviceable
+friends, gently teaching us everything through their persuasive and wise
+experience.'[25]
+
+And that is precisely the point. Good books do not instruct us so much as
+they persuade us; so that we come to be of the same mind as the great man
+who had deliberated and debated the matter so thoroughly for us.
+Perchance we disagree and take a different standpoint. Then can one
+almost see the spirit of the sage chuckling with delight at having found
+someone with whom to cross swords. '_I have made him think, I have made
+him think_,' he repeats gleefully; and, sure of his point, he delights in
+having held our attention so intently as to cause us to debate the issue
+with ourselves.
+
+It were foolish, however, to suppose that _all_ the great books of the
+world are at once suitable to every reader. Time, above all other
+considerations, decides what we shall read; and the book which makes its
+greatest impression upon one man at thirty will fail to appeal to his
+neighbour till he be fifty or more. 'A man loves the meat in his youth
+that he cannot endure in his age,' says Benedick, and the converse is
+equally true. What a mistaken notion it is that puts into the hands of
+boys such classics as 'The Pilgrim's Progress' and 'Don Quixote'; for
+they are books which a knowledge of the world and of human nature alone
+can enable us to appreciate to the full. Their very foundations are built
+upon the rock of experience, every page exhibits the thoughts and deeds
+of men. No wonder that nine boys out of ten grow up with a dislike of
+Bunyan and all his works, and a contempt for the adventures of the
+immortal Don. Generally, however, all recollection of Quixote, except
+that he had a rotten old horse and charged some windmills, has
+(mercifully) disappeared long before the reader has attained his
+eighteenth year.
+
+In later life, perhaps, we take up these books again, and are surprised
+to find that they have completely changed. There is hardly an incident in
+them that we remember, and we marvel how such and such a glorious passage
+could possibly have escaped us before. Our book-hunter's experience must
+have been that of many others. Long after his school-days were ended he
+took up, for the first time, 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.' How
+wistfully he thought of the enjoyment that would have been his when at
+school, had but some kind chance put into his hands this and similar
+books in which boys, and real human boys, played the principal parts, not
+strange outlandish men, the like of whom he had never met.
+
+This unwise reading, this plunging, as it were, _in medias res_, is, I am
+inclined to think, the reason why to so many men the library of great
+authors is for ever locked. After a lengthy course of 'light' reading,
+they take up, all at once, some such work as 'Bacon's Essays' or the
+'Paradise Lost,' determined 'to give the classics a chance.' They wade
+conscientiously through a good many pages, and then retire beaten, simply
+because they have failed to recognise that in reading, as in every other
+business, profession, craft, or pursuit, PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT. Who is
+there, outside Olympus, that can master any of these at sight? It is only
+by a continuous and continual course of reading that one comes at length
+to appreciate these great masters. 'The proper appreciation of the great
+books of the world is the reward of lifelong study. You must work up to
+them, and unconsciously you will become trained to find great qualities
+in what the world has decided is great.'[26]
+
+'That's all very well,' says the newspaper-reader, taking the word
+'study' in its first dictionary sense; 'but I, for one, haven't got
+time--or inclination--for this lifelong application.' And yet, I reply,
+you have both time and inclination to apply yourself assiduously to
+newspapers, magazines, and suchlike reading. If you read at all, why not
+read good healthy stuff, which will be of permanent use to you in your
+journey through the world? Why devour garbage when rich meats are
+constantly about you? 'To stuff our minds with what is simply trivial,
+simply curious, or that which at best has but a low nutritive power, this
+is to close our minds to what is solid and enlarging and spiritually
+sustaining.'[27] Look at it which way you will, the man who purposely
+neglects the great books deliberately closes the channels of knowledge
+flowing to his brain, sentences himself to intellectual exile, bolts and
+bars in his own face the only door which can lead him into the society of
+the wisest and greatest men this world has known.
+
+And what are the great books of the world? They are those which, from
+their native excellences, have been approved by generations of wise men
+as beneficial _for mankind_--not for their generation alone. Times change
+and manners with them, but countless centuries are powerless to effect
+the slightest change in man's essence. Do not the characters in the
+oldest book in the world still live in our everyday life, and are not
+they possessed of the very thoughts and reasonings that are our portion
+to-day? Tastes may change vastly in even a short period, but it is only
+fashion, the constant craving for something new:--
+
+    'Manners with fortunes, humours turn with climes,
+     Tenets with books, and principles with times.'
+
+But the books which by common consent have been assigned places in the
+library of the immortals can never be out of fashion: for they contain
+the essences of human nature.
+
+How then shall we start to make acquaintance with these classics? With
+what books shall we begin, with what continue? These are questions which
+it is impossible to answer without a knowledge of those qualities so
+necessary in recommending books. But at least it is possible to indicate
+the general line to be followed. It would be foolish, for example, for
+the man whose reading hitherto has consisted entirely of the modern
+novels of a circulating library, to turn at once to the Paradise Lost,
+Bacon's Essays, or the poems of Wordsworth. He would probably acquire a
+distaste for good literature which might never be overcome.
+
+It is like everything else that counts: we set the greatest store by
+those things that we have come by through difficulties. The longer the
+journey and the more beautiful the scenes we pass through, the greater
+our pleasure and subsequent recollection of it. Let us begin our
+systematic reading by turning at first to those books which we shall
+appreciate immediately. Have novels been our reading hitherto? Then let
+us turn at once to some of the greater novelists, both living and dead.
+Here the field is wide, and we may quickly find writers to our taste.
+Thus we shall gradually work up to some name or names in the list of the
+immortals. In the same way we shall approach, step by step, the
+essayists, the moralists, the dramatists and (lastly) the poets.
+
+It cannot be emphasised too strongly that Time above all other
+considerations decides what we shall read. Moreover, there are passages
+in many of the greatest writers that appeal to a man before he has really
+arrived at the time of their understanding. So that, reading some such
+passage (_e.g._ Addison's description of the Widows' Club in the
+'Spectator') as this, and finding the remainder not to his taste, he
+concludes that he has discovered the kernel and that the rest can be cast
+aside. Practice alone makes perfect: _macte nova virtute, puer, sic itur
+ad astra_.
+
+With regard to editions, it were needless to specify them; the great
+books of the world are reprinted and re-edited every few years. But our
+editions should be _good_ ones. 'A good edition should be a complete
+edition, ungarbled and unabridged.'[28] Perchance you may prefer to have
+them, if it be possible, in the original editions? If so, you will be
+wise in your generation, but your purse will need to be a long one
+indeed.
+
+Remember that the first edition is not necessarily the best. It
+may be, but in the great majority of cases it is not. In addition to the
+inevitable clerical mistakes and printer's errors which are almost always
+corrected in the second and subsequent editions, the author or editor
+frequently interpolates matter which the publication _de ipso_ has
+brought to his notice by reviews or correspondence. This is notably the
+case in large and important works. 'Scott's Last Expedition,' published
+in two large octavo volumes in 1914, rapidly passed through five editions
+the same year, corrections being incorporated in each successive edition
+(thereby distinguishing them from mere 'impressions'); so that the fifth
+edition remains the best, being the most correct. On the other hand, in
+the second edition an author sometimes omits passages or makes drastic
+emendations from prudential reasons. Then it is that the first edition is
+to be sought for in preference to all others, for this alone contains the
+author's true opinions on certain subjects. Such instances the
+book-lover gradually learns in his journey through the world of books.
+
+But I repeat that, apart from this question of first or later issue, our
+editions should be good ones. Good editions are not merely luxuries. The
+better the type and paper, the greater our ease in reading, and--most
+important of all--the consequent safeguarding of our eyesight.
+
+It is not only type and paper, however, that constitute a good edition.
+In addition to these requisites it must contain the recognised text
+complete, it must be in a seemly and convenient shape, neither
+extravagant nor blatant, and it must not contain a long list of errata.
+Of the many qualities that go to make up a good edition, after paper and
+print, these are perhaps the most important. But there is another
+immediate consideration: _shall it have notes?_ And this raises such a
+momentous point that I almost hesitate to approach it. The answer must be
+qualified. Provided always that the edition has been superintended (I use
+the word advisedly) by a _recognised_ scholar, and that the notes are
+few, short, and concise, it is well. But who has not suffered under the
+tedious and tiresome verbosity of editors? The writer possesses an
+edition of Pope in which page after page contains two lines of the poet
+and thirty-four lines of editor. Reed's Shakespeare (1813) frequently
+contains a solitary line of text with forty of notes. Fortunately,
+however, such things are now numbered with the past.
+
+As to our editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, whether we can read
+them in the original tongue or whether we must have recourse to
+translations, we have already debated. But without wishing to discourage
+the book-lover in any possible way from making (or renewing, as the case
+may be) acquaintance with these great writers, it must be borne in mind
+that few indeed are the translations from any language that are wholly in
+the spirit of the original. In recommending the following translations of
+some of the greater world-classics, literary and animate qualities have
+been had in view no less than scholarly translation.
+
+Aeschylus and Sophocles have been admirably rendered in English verse by
+Mr. E. D. A. Morshead. Of the first, 'The House of Atreus' (being the
+'Agamemnon,' 'Libation-Bearers,' and 'Furies') was first published by him
+in 1881, an octavo volume which was reprinted in 1890 and 1901. 'The
+Suppliant Maidens,' 'The Persians,' 'The Seven against Thebes,' and
+'Prometheus Bound' were collected in one octavo volume in 1908. His
+version of Sophocles' 'Oedipus the King' was published in 1885, while the
+'Ajax' and 'Electra' were printed in prose, 1895.
+
+The Plays of Aristophanes are, perhaps, best known to English readers by
+Hookham Frere's excellent translations. His first volume, containing the
+'Acharnians,' the 'Knights,' and the 'Birds,' was originally printed at
+Malta in 1839, in which year a similar quarto volume containing the
+'Frogs' was also issued. But there are several later editions of both
+these volumes, and almost any bookseller can provide one. In addition to
+these plays, the 'Clouds' and the 'Wasps' were included in Thomas
+Mitchell's version first published in two octavo volumes dated 1820 and
+1822. But we may have a complete set of the eleven plays which have come
+down to us, in Mr. B. B. Rogers' scholarly translation in verse. This
+beautiful edition in eleven small quarto volumes was published by Messrs.
+George Bell and Sons between 1902 and 1916, and has the Greek and English
+on opposite pages. For the plays of Euripides we must turn to the
+metrical versions of Professor Gilbert Murray, published by Mr. George
+Allen between 1905 and 1915. Perhaps it is not too much to say that this
+great scholar-poet has done more than any other to bring the Greeks of
+old before those to whom a classical education has been denied.
+
+Needless to say, the translation into English of the immortal Homeric
+cycle has tempted many pens. Among the best known versions are those of
+Pope, Chapman, and Cowper. But this matter has been so thoroughly
+debated by Mr. Frederic Harrison in his delightful volume 'The Choice of
+Books,' that I will refrain from poaching upon his preserve, and will
+content myself by remarking that the recommendations of this excellent
+judge are the 'Iliad' of Lord Derby and the 'Odyssey' of Philip Worsley.
+This last is a beautiful translation in the Spenserian stanza, of which a
+second edition appeared in 1868, in two octavo volumes. But if you are
+not already acquainted with Mr. Harrison's work you will do well to
+obtain it, and to read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest all that he has
+to say therein upon 'The Poets of the Old World.'
+
+With regard to the Latin classics, if we are unacquainted with the
+language there is greater difficulty; for it is next to impossible to
+render in English the light and vivacious lilt of the Italian poets. Our
+translations may be fine, scholarly, dignified and the rest of it, but
+they bear little semblance to the originals. Dryden's version of the
+'Aeneid' may be read, not as a translation but as an epic in the English
+of a great poet; and to those who are masters of sufficient Latin to
+explore the ancients by the help of commentaries, Conington's translation
+will be of assistance. Horace is utterly untranslatable, and prose
+translations afford little clue to the music of his songs.
+
+Perhaps it goes without saying that in reading these ancient classics we
+shall necessarily lose much of their sentiment and allusion unless our
+memory has retained that atmosphere of classic times which we obtained by
+constant intercourse with these ancients during our years at school. We
+may refresh our memory, however, and at the same time glean the most
+modern thought upon those times, by having recourse to certain useful
+volumes, companions to our study of these classic writers.
+
+J. A. St. John's 'Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece,' three octavo
+volumes which appeared in 1842, is a perfect encyclopædia in itself. Of
+Mr. Leonard Whibley's 'Companion to Greek Studies' a third edition, with
+more than 200 illustrations and maps, was published by the Cambridge
+University Press in 1916. The fellow volume is by Sir J. E. Sandys, and
+is entitled 'A Companion to Latin Studies.' The second edition, very
+fully illustrated, appeared in 1913--a large octavo also published at a
+guinea by the same press. Professor Mahaffy's 'Social Life in Greece from
+Homer to Menander' has gone through a number of editions. For the theatre
+of the Greeks we must turn to 'The Attic Theatre' by A. E. Haigh. The
+third edition, edited by Mr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, was issued by the
+Clarendon Press, 1907. It is the standard work upon this subject; and
+therein one can find all about everything pertaining to the Greek theatre
+and the actual presentation of the play. A useful little guide to the
+study of ancient Greece and Italy is Dr. J. B. Mayer's 'Guide to the
+Choice of Classical Books,' a small octavo of which a third edition
+appeared in 1885. In 1896 a 'new supplement' was published, and this
+contains fifty pages of 'Helps to the Study of Ancient Authors'--the best
+books which had appeared up to 1896 on the Art, Coins, Law, History,
+Philosophy, Religion, Science, Domestic Life, Amusements, and almost
+every aspect of life in ancient Rome and Athens. Copies of this
+invaluable reference book are probably in most of the public libraries
+throughout the kingdom.
+
+With regard to some of the other great world-classics, Boccaccio has been
+attempted by many translators, none of whom can be said to have
+succeeded, and I forbear to recommend any English version. He is
+straightforward and not difficult to read in the original, and it is well
+worth learning sufficient Italian to enable one to explore his rich charm
+for oneself.
+
+As to Calderon, eight of his plays have been rendered in English by that
+prince of translators Edward Fitzgerald, though his version is not, nor
+did he pretend it to be, a close translation. Yet it is more in the
+spirit of the dramatist than one would deem possible in an English
+version of a Spanish author. Six of these plays were first published by
+Fitzgerald in 1853, and this volume was reprinted in the series known as
+'The King's Classics' in 1903. The complete set of eight may be obtained
+in one small octavo volume, in the beautiful 'Eversley' series published
+by Macmillan. But you may read seventeen of Calderon's plays, in the
+French of Damas Hinard, in the 'Chef d'oeuvre du Théâtre Espagnol,'
+1841-3, which also includes the works of Lope de Vega: in all five small
+octavo volumes--if you are so lucky as to find them.
+
+With regard to Don Quixote, as a boy our book-hunter made more than one
+attempt to explore 'the ingenious gentleman' but always gave it up after
+proceeding less than half-way through the first volume. It was all so dry
+and outlandish, and the version he possessed was written in such stilted
+language. There were no notes to his edition, and whole passages and
+allusions were beyond his comprehension. Looking back now I more than
+suspect that they were beyond the comprehension of the translator as
+well. 'Rocinante,' spelt 'Rosinante,' he thought was rather a pretty name
+for the Don's charger; but he saw no humour in it until he discovered,
+many years later, that _rocin_ means a 'cart-horse' and _ante_,
+'previously.' Nor could he see anything amusing in the landlord's boast
+that he too had been a knight-errant in his time, roaming the Isles of
+Riaran in quest of adventures--until he learnt that this was a city slum,
+the resort of thieves and cut-throats. The whole work abounds with local
+and topical allusions, and it is essential that our edition be well
+supplied with notes. There is one which fulfils this condition and in
+addition provides a most scholarly text, more closely approaching the
+original than any other which has appeared hitherto. This is the masterly
+translation of John Ormsby, which appeared in four octavo volumes in
+1885. It contains a valuable history of the work, together with a life of
+Cervantes, and the appendices to the last volume contain a bibliography
+of the immortal book.
+
+Dante must be read in the original tongue. There is a lofty and spiritual
+grandeur in the language of the three great epics which one can never
+hope to realise in reading translations, be they never so good.
+Nevertheless those versions which are most in favour among students are
+of considerable value as commentaries, and are of great assistance in
+reading the original. One cannot do better at the outset of one's
+acquaintance with the great poet than to procure Dr. J. A. Carlyle's
+excellent version of the 'Inferno.' A third edition was published in
+1882. It has explanatory notes and a prose translation, in measured,
+dignified language, above the text of the original; forming in all
+respects a handy and convenient volume. Dr. A. J. Butler's versions of
+the 'Purgatory' and 'Paradise' were issued, in octavo, in 1880 and 1885
+respectively. Aids to the study of Dante are legion. The fourth edition
+of Professor J. Addington Symond's 'Introduction to the Study of Dante'
+appeared in 1899; whilst Lord Vernon's 'Readings in Dante,' six octavo
+volumes, is said to have occupied that great scholar for more than
+twenty-five years of his life.
+
+Goethe is known to English readers chiefly by the immortal _Faust_; and
+this work alone has engaged the attention of numerous scholars. A volume
+containing seven of Goethe's plays in English was published in Bohn's
+Standard Library in 1879. It included Sir Walter Scott's version of
+'Goetz von Berlichingen,' the remainder being translated by Miss Swanwick
+and E. A. Bowring. Miss Swanwick's 'Faust' is well known and has often
+been reprinted; a beautiful edition illustrated by Mr. Gilbert James
+appeared in 1906. There is a version, however, which stands far above the
+rest, a version which the writer for his part has always considered to
+rank with the greatest translations. This is the 'Faust' of Bayard
+Taylor, which indeed may be read as a poem in itself. But then Taylor had
+advantages possessed by few translators. An American by birth, his mother
+was a German, and he spent a part of his life in Germany. From his birth
+he was bilinguous; and added to this linguistic advantage were his
+profound scholarship and poetic gift. There are numerous editions of his
+work, but only one--so far as I am aware, in this country at
+least--worthy of its great merit, namely, that which appeared in two
+octavo volumes in 1871. It is an edition somewhat hard to obtain.
+
+For Schiller's dramatic works we must have recourse to Coleridge, who has
+given us versions of both parts of the 'Wallenstein' and 'William Tell.'
+The Poems and Ballads were rendered in English by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton
+(Lord Lytton): two volumes, 1844. Heine's short four-line verses do not
+lend themselves to translating and though many have attempted it, the
+results are almost always a jingle, often approaching doggerel. The prose
+works have recently been translated by Mr. C. G. Leland, and the 'Atta
+Troll' by Miss Armour, both forming part of a twelve volume edition
+published between 1892 and 1905.
+
+The mention of Rabelais conjures up one of those extremely rare instances
+where a translation constitutes as great a classic as the original work.
+Whether it was the difficulty of translation, or the despair of eclipsing
+so notable a success as had been achieved by their predecessor, that
+deterred other scholars from making the attempt, we know not; but certain
+it is that the version put forth by Sir Thomas Urquhart in 1653 has
+remained, and seems likely to remain, the standard representation of the
+fantastic 'Doctor in Physick' in this language. Urquhart, that polished
+and gifted Scottish d'Artagnan, translated the first three books only;
+the last two were added by Motteux, a French refugee, in 1694. Urquhart's
+work, 'precise, elegant, and very faithful,' comes as near perfection as
+any translation can hope to be. Motteux's rendering was revised by Ozell;
+but unfortunately it falls far short of the version of Sir Thomas, who,
+with a longer life, might perhaps have undertaken these last two books as
+well.
+
+Of these five books of Master Francis Rabelais thus english'd, there
+have been, of course, numerous editions. Our book-hunter prefers that
+which appeared in three quarto volumes in 1904, with photogravure
+illustrations by M. Louis Chalon. Both from a scholarly and a
+bibliographical standpoint it is all that can be desired, and one can
+have a copy for less than a pound.
+
+Why is it that we all have some acquaintance at least with the Arabian
+Nights? What have these purely Eastern tales to do with us? Both
+questions may be answered at once. It is because they contain the very
+essence of oriental thought, manners, customs, habits, speech, and deeds:
+because we can learn from them more of the everyday life of the orient,
+both of to-day and of a thousand years ago, than an entire library of
+travels can teach us. Surely it is more than mere curiosity that urges us
+to know something at least of the manner in which so many millions of our
+fellow-beings live.
+
+Who has not read at least some of these glorious tales? Who has not heard
+of Sinbad or the Roc, of Scheherazade or of Haroun al Raschid? Truly they
+are
+
+    'The tales that charm away the wakeful night
+     In Araby, romances';
+
+Wordsworth himself came early under their spell. He tells how as a young
+child
+
+    'A precious treasure had I long possessed,
+     A little yellow, canvas-covered book,
+     A slender abstract of the Arabian tales;
+     And, from companions in a new abode,
+     When first I learnt that this dear prize of mine
+     Was but a block hewn from a mighty quarry--
+     That there were four large volumes, laden all
+     With kindred matter, 'twas to me, in truth,
+     A promise scarcely earthly.'
+
+And so he makes a covenant 'with one not richer than myself' that each
+should save up until their joint savings were sufficient to purchase the
+complete work. But alas!
+
+                      'Through several months,
+    In spite of all temptation, we preserved
+    Religiously that vow; but firmness failed,
+    Nor were we ever masters of our wish.'
+
+There must be few books in the world from which we may learn so much
+while being so rapturously entertained. Burton's edition is perhaps the
+best known to English readers, though Lane's version is much to be
+preferred. Of the latter there are many editions.[29]
+
+How much has been written on the Art of Reading, and what scanty
+knowledge of that art have the most industrious of readers! Outside the
+Universities, reading is apt nowadays to be looked upon as a light form
+of recreation, generally to be indulged in on a rainy day. 'There's
+nothing to do but sit indoors and read,' one frequently hears remarked in
+country houses when the weather is too inclement to permit of motoring.
+Novel-reading has indeed become a part of our fashionable life.
+
+How often, too, does one come across readers of both sexes who possess,
+seemingly, a wide knowledge of books, even of the great books of the
+world. Yet in nine cases out of ten such knowledge is of the most
+superficial kind, acquired by 'dipping into' such and such an author to
+ascertain whether he be to his or her taste. Frankly, the great author is
+almost invariably _not_ to the modern reader's taste; but the scanty
+knowledge acquired by perusing the first chapter, the headings of the
+remaining chapters, and the last chapter, enables the reader (save the
+mark!) to discourse at large on this particular writer among his own
+_coterie_. Perchance one of his friends has similarly insulted the great
+author, and they are enabled to discuss the book for nearly a minute by
+the clock, each thinking the other a devilish well-read fellow. Truly it
+has been said that 'just as profligacy is easy within the strict limits
+of the law, a boundless knowledge of books may be found with a narrow
+education.'[30]
+
+More rarely one comes across a man who, being the fortunate possessor of
+a truly wonderful memory, is enabled to retain the bulk of the
+information which he has acquired by wide reading. There is a story told
+of a certain don at one of our older universities who, being possessed of
+an insatiable thirst for knowledge coupled with an excellent memory and
+an inexhaustible capacity for work, passed as a well-read if not a very
+learned man. There seemed to be few topics upon which he could not
+discourse on equal terms even with those who had made that subject their
+own.
+
+Now it happened that there were two young Fellows at the same college
+who, wearied of his constant superiority in conversation, determined to
+take Brown (for such was his name) 'down a peg or two.' So each night at
+dinner in hall they skilfully turned the conversation to unusual topics,
+hoping to light upon some chink in the redoubtable Brown's intellectual
+armour. Once they tried him on the rarer British hemipterous homoptera,
+but soon discovered that he was a very fair entomologist. Next evening
+the conversation veered to ancient Scandinavian burial rites, but here
+again he could give them points. The Byzantine coinage of Cyprus was, of
+course, well known to him while he had himself worked on the oolitic
+foraminifera of the blue marl at Biarritz. His experiments on the red
+colouring matter of _drosera rotundifolia_ had formed the subject of a
+monograph, and he was particularly interested in the hagiological
+folk-lore of Lower Brittany.
+
+It seemed almost hopeless. Try as they would they could find no subject
+with which he was unacquainted. Every night some fresh outlandish topic
+was introduced. Brown looked very bored, and proceeded to tell them all
+there was to be said upon the subject. But one night a casual remark put
+them on the right track. Someone happened to ask Brown a question about
+Indian music. He answered shortly, and remarked that it was a subject
+upon which a good deal of work was yet to be done. The conspirators
+looked across the table at each other, left the common-room early, and
+retired to Jones's rooms.
+
+'Did you notice?' said Jones.
+
+'Yes,' said Smith; 'he evidently doesn't know much about oriental music.'
+
+'But he will by to-morrow,' replied the astute Jones. 'As soon as ever he
+gets to his rooms to-night, he'll read up everything he possibly can on
+Indian music, and he'll continue in the Library to-morrow. By dinner-time
+he'll be stuffed full of tom-toms and shawms and dulcimers, or whatever
+they play in India.'
+
+'We must ride him off,' said Smith. 'How about Chinese music? He won't
+know anything about that.'
+
+This seemed such a promising topic that they got out the encyclopædia and
+found to their joy that there was quite a lengthy and learned
+disquisition on the subject. So they read it again and again, even
+learning the more abstruse sentences by heart. Next day they were
+observed to chuckle whenever they caught each other's eye, and at lunch
+they were unusually cheerful and more than ordinarily attentive to the
+unsuspecting Brown.
+
+That night at dinner they could hardly restrain their impatience, and
+Smith introduced the topic, rather clumsily, as soon as the fish
+appeared. Brown stared at them and said nothing. Jones, plucking up
+courage, presently asked him a question about the dominant fifth of the
+scale used by the natives of Quang-Tung. He answered evasively. They
+could hardly conceal their delight, and their voices rose so that
+presently the whole table was looking at them. At some of their recondite
+utterances Brown fairly winced, and it soon became evident to all what
+was afoot. Upstairs in the common-room they pursued their unhappy victim.
+The senior tutor and the dean, secretly enjoying the fun, stood near. At
+last, flushed with victory, Jones proceeded to administer
+the _coup de grâce_.
+
+'You really ought to read something about Chinese music, Brown, it's a
+most interesting topic, and I'm sure you'd like to be able to talk about
+it. There are quite a number of good books on the subject. For a start
+you couldn't do better than study the article in the "Encyclopædia
+Academica." It's clear and concise, evidently written by a man who knows
+what he's talking about.'
+
+'I _have_ read it,' said Brown patiently; 'in fact I--er--_wrote_ it,
+_but I'm afraid it's quite out of date now_.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We are not all the lucky possessors of such a capacity for acquiring
+knowledge. Wide reading may be good from an educational point of view,
+but unless we are able to assimilate what we read better a thousand times
+to restrict our reading. Gibbon's advice is bad, for it indicates merely
+the system he employed in compiling his monumental work. 'We ought not,'
+he remarks, 'to attend to the order of our books so much as (to the
+order) of our thoughts.' So, in the midst of Homer he would skip to
+Longinus; a passage in Longinus would send him to Pliny, and so on.
+General reading upon this plan, with no idea of collection in view, would
+in time reduce most of us to idiocy.
+
+Let our reading be, above all things, well ordered and systematic. Let us
+imitate Ancillon rather than Gibbon. Ancillon never read a book
+throughout without reading in his progress many others of an exegetic
+nature; so that 'his library table was always covered with a number of
+books for the most part open.'[31] An excellent habit, provided that we
+can resist the temptation to be side-tracked. The list of books by this
+industrious student, however, shows by their curious variety that he at
+least was not sufficiently strong-minded to resist wandering, during the
+compilation of his historical works, in the byways of literature.
+
+If we read the good solid books at all, let us at least read them with
+the aim of acquiring the maximum amount of information they afford. To
+read sketchily and diversely is not only a most painful waste of time,
+but it abuses our brains. Suppose now that our bookman has decided to
+'read up' the French Revolution, a subject to which we all turn at some
+period of our lives. He has been led thereto, perhaps, by having lighted
+upon a translation of someone's memoirs, the recollections of some
+insignificant valet-de-chambre or dissolute curé (for such memoirs
+abound), more interesting by reason of its piquancy than its historical
+accuracy. He reads of persons and events that he recollects vaguely to
+have heard of before, and so he goes on and on.
+
+At the end, he has an ambiguous and temporary knowledge of names and
+events. He has become acquainted with certain facts that he may possibly
+remember; such as that the name of the French King was Louis and that his
+Queen was Marie Antoinette, that they tried to escape and got as far as
+Varennes (_wherever that may be_), but were brought back and executed;
+that there were various politicians named Mirabeau, Danton, Robespierre,
+Desmoulins, and a curious party called the Girondins, et cetera. As to
+the causes which led up to the Revolution, the condition of the country
+and people, the ministry of Turgot, the characters of the King and Queen,
+Necker's policy, the Abbé Siéyès, the Tennis Court, the composition of
+the Assembly, and the host of essential facts, his knowledge is precisely
+_nil_. The terms Right Centre, Extreme Left, the Jacobins, the White
+Terror, Assignats, Hébertists and Dantonists, the Montagnards, the Old
+Cordelier, are so much 'Hebrew-Greek' to him. At the end of six months he
+will not be at all sure whether it was Louis XIV., XV., or XVI. who was
+beheaded.
+
+Surely his reading of these dubious memoirs has been a most mistaken
+course and a lamentable waste of time? He has gained nothing that has
+benefited him intellectually, and he has loaded his mind with an
+indigestible hotch-potch of unclassified information. How then should he
+have approached the subject? Obviously he should have begun at the
+threshold, or rather at the outer gate. To plunge straight away into
+Louis Blanc's twelve volumes or Lamartine's 'History of the Girondins'
+would be as great a mistake as the reading of the unprofitable memoirs. A
+good beginning is half done. So, having prepared the way by a short study
+of the economic condition of France immediately prior to the Revolution,
+that he may readily understand the causes of that event, let our reader
+begin with some elementary school text-book which will give him a short
+and concise view of the Revolution as a whole. Having laid the
+foundations he will confine himself at the outset to works in his own
+tongue; choosing his literature for each succeeding phase of the
+Revolution in turn. But until he has obtained a thorough groundwork and
+has acquired sufficient knowledge to enable him to explore the more
+famous works in French, it were profitless to devour the scraps afforded
+by dubious memoir writers.
+
+If we read three books consecutively on any one subject, we know not
+merely three times as much as if we had read one only, but thirty times.
+And our knowledge of the subject will not be vague, inaccurate and
+fleeting, but it will be concise, accurate and permanent. To acquire a
+correct and lasting knowledge of any subject, whether it be an event or
+an epoch of history, a science or an art or craft, it is essential that
+we read consecutively and comparatively as many books upon that subject
+as our opportunities and time allow. It should also be borne in mind that
+if we are content to read one volume only, it is quite possible that we
+may chance upon an author who is inaccurate or biased, or whose work does
+not represent the latest stage of our knowledge upon that subject.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] J. H. Burton.
+
+[21] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[22] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[23] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[24] Richard of Bury (lived 1281-1345).
+
+[25] M. Octave Uzanne.
+
+[26] Mr. A. L. Humphreys.
+
+[27] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[28] Mr. A. L. Humphreys.
+
+[29] There is no doubt that Burton was largely indebted to Payne for his
+'translation'; indeed he is said merely to have paraphrased and
+rearranged the version which Payne had just previously prepared for the
+Villon Society, adding explanatory notes of a character which renders it
+essential that his edition be kept under lock and key. It was issued to
+subscribers by Burton himself in London (though ostensibly 'by the
+Kamashastra Society at Benares'), being printed, and probably bound, by
+Brill at Leyden. The Kamashastra Society was a myth. The ten volumes
+(1885-6) were sold to the subscribers at ten guineas the set, and the
+entire edition (1000) was subscribed for before publication. (_Ex
+inform_: E. H.-A., one of the original subscribers and a friend of
+Burton.) Six volumes of _Supplemental Nights_ were issued by Burton
+between 1886 and 1888. A set of the sixteen volumes now costs about forty
+pounds. It was reprinted (by H. S. Nichols) in 1894, in twelve volumes,
+only slightly expurgated, the present price being about twelve pounds. A
+supplementary volume of illustrations was issued with this last edition.
+
+[30] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[31] Isaac Disraeli.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE
+
+    'Mekely, lordynges gentyll and fre,
+     Lysten awhile and herken to me.'
+                          HUE DE ROTELANDE.
+
+
+ONCE upon a time, long long before the Venerable Bede had completed that
+famous last chapter in his cell at Jarrow, there lived in the ancient
+capital of Sampsiceramus, a holy man named Heliodorus. Now in his youth
+Heliodorus (as is not uncommon with the young) had turned his thoughts to
+worldly things; and being of a romantic nature, wearied by the eternal
+sameness of the books available to him, had conceived the extraordinary
+notion of writing an untrue book, a book that should never instruct or
+point a moral or show you where you are wrong, but should be all
+joyousness and enchantment. Possessed with this great idea, timidly yet
+sure of himself, he set to work.
+
+The very first thing he did was sufficiently startling for those days.
+Instead of selecting some great man for his central figure and putting
+his dialogue into the mouths of learned men, fathers of the church,
+philosophers, orators, or famous poets, he chose deliberately a young and
+handsome man of no particular learning, and--a woman! It was unheard of!
+A book, a voluminous roll closely written, containing nothing but the
+adventures of a pair of lovers! Monstrous! Yet it was done at last, and
+the roll, finding favour in the eyes of a bosom friend, was quickly
+passed from hand to hand. All were entranced by it. Here was a book that
+had characters one could understand, for whom one could even feel
+affection. The loves of dashing young Theagenes and his dear Chariclea
+found an echo in many a youthful breast.
+
+Meanwhile Heliodorus disappears from view, and for many years we hear
+nothing of him until suddenly he reappears as a bishop in Thessaly! Now
+comes the sequel to his audacious design, but for which it is doubtful if
+we should ever have heard of him. A synod was convened, and Heliodorus
+was condemned _because in his youth he had written a novel_. He was given
+his choice between bishopric and book, to retain the one he must destroy
+the other by word as well as by deed.
+
+At first sight the choice appears not difficult to make, for although so
+laical and original a work had proved to be popular, yet such popularity
+was hardly of a nature to appeal to so devout a Christian as one who had
+already attained episcopal rank. But to Heliodorus his work (which may
+well have been the employment of some years) stood for all that he held
+most dear. It was his conception of the ideal in worldly--as opposed to
+spiritual--life. Less austere, perhaps, than many of the fathers of the
+early Church whose works had seemed so tedious to him in his youth, his
+devoutness was tempered largely with a charity and forgiveness that were
+not unworthy of his creed. It was impossible to deny those principles of
+chivalric virtue and chastity which his novel preached, so he chose to
+stand by his book rather than by his benefice, and quitted Thessaly.
+
+So runs the pleasing tale of Nicephorus. But alas! the relentless voice
+of modern research will have it that the real author was not the bishop
+at all, but a Sophist who lived in the third century of our era. Be it as
+it may, I for my part shall go on believing the old romantic tale until
+a better one is invented for the Sophist.
+
+The work itself is called 'Ten Books of Aethiopian History,' for the
+first and last scenes are laid in Egypt, but it is better known by the
+name of its hero and heroine. Its popularity was immense, and it was soon
+translated into 'almost all languages.' Later Père Amyot published a
+version in French for Francis I., who was so delighted with the result
+that he made the translator abbé of Belozane. Racine tells us it was this
+ancient romance that first fired his imagination with the desire to
+write. His tutor discovered him absorbed in its contents, and snatching
+it from his hand angrily consigned it to the fire. Racine bought another
+copy, which suffered a like fate. But so strong a hold upon him had the
+story, that he purchased a third, and devoured it in secret, offering it
+to his master with a smile when he had thoroughly mastered its contents.
+
+It seems that this ancient Greek romance was lost for many centuries. At
+the sack of Buda in 1526, however, a manuscript of it was discovered in
+the royal library, where it had once formed part of the vast library
+amassed by Matthias Corvinus, the great King of Hungary. Matthias is said
+to have 'spoken almost all the European languages,' so doubtless he had
+passed many a pleasant hour with the tale. This manuscript (others have
+since been discovered) was printed at Basel 'in officina Ioan Hervagii'
+in 1534, a small quarto printed with Greek types.[32]
+
+That the early romances of chivalry possess a charm for the
+book-collector it is impossible to deny. They are 'a series of books,'
+writes Mr. John Ormsby, 'which, complete, would be a glory to any library
+in the world; which, in first editions, would now probably fetch a sum
+almost large enough to endow a college; and which . . . . is perhaps
+. . . . as worthless a set of books as could be made up out of the refuse
+novels of a circulating library.' Times without number they have been
+derided and decried, even in the days when they were popular. The curate
+of La Mancha was not the only one who disapproved of them. 'In our
+fathers tyme,' wrote old Roger Ascham, judging the flock by a few black
+sheep, 'nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a man by
+redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely to manslaughter and
+baudrye.' Possevino, a learned Jesuit and famous preacher of the
+sixteenth century, used to complain that for the last five hundred years
+the princes of Europe had read nothing but romances. René d'Anjou
+listened to his chaplain inveighing against Launcelot, Amadis, and the
+romances of which he was particularly fond; but, says Villeneuve, while
+respecting the preacher for his boldness, the king continued to read
+them, and even composed new volumes in imitation of them.[33]
+
+Full of monstrous fictions some of these ancient stories undoubtedly are.
+It were foolish to expect that all of them should attain the high level
+of those great legends which centre about the Holy Grail. Good things
+have ever been imitated indifferently; and it was only the later series
+of tales which had to do chiefly with enchantments and fairies and
+'giaunts, hard to be beleeved.' But alas! all alike have come under the
+ban of those who decry reading for recreation's sake. Good and bad have
+been damn'd indifferently. One cannot help wondering however that so much
+has been written against them, and that so many have been at pains to
+point out their unreasonableness. One would have thought that the very
+fact of them _all_ abounding with incidents that are not only impossible
+but preposterous, would have given these critics pause, and have urged
+them to ask themselves why and wherefore such things were repeated.
+
+To anyone possessed of imagination the answer, of course, is obvious. The
+better tales all had the exaltation of the chivalric spirit in view, and
+sought to achieve this end by allegory as well as by parable. He must be
+a dullard indeed who fails to understand their symbolism. Malory,
+describing the entry of Tristram into the field, wishes to impress upon
+us the fact that he was indeed a 'preux chevalier, sans peur et sans
+reproche,' the model of a Christian knight; so he mounts him on a white
+horse and arrays him in white harness, and he rides out at a postern,
+'and soo he came in to the feld as it had ben a bryght angel.' Doubtless
+those to whom understanding has been denied would argue hotly as to
+whether there is any authority for a knight painting his armour white.
+What sane man, reading 'The Faerie Queene,' could think that it purported
+to depict actual scenes or incidents? Yet time and again the 'sheer
+impossibility' of these stories has been urged in condemnation of them.
+Truly it is not every man who should turn to these ancient books which
+
+    'In sage and solemn tunes have sung
+     Of Turneys and of Trophies hung,
+     Of Forests, and inchantments drear,
+     _Where more is meant than meets the ear_.'
+
+Gavaudan, a troubadour of the twelfth century, meets the undiscerning
+critic more than half-way. Let none judge, he writes, till he be capable
+of separating the grain from the chaff; 'for the fool makes haste to
+condemn, and the ignorant only pretends to know all things, and muses on
+the wonders that are too mighty for his comprehension.'
+
+'Romances,' says Sharon Turner, 'are so many little Utopias, in which the
+writer tries to paint or to inculcate something which he considers to be
+more useful, more happy or more delightful, more excellent or more
+interesting, than the world he lives in, than the characters he surveys,
+or the events or evils which he experiences.' Yet Dunlop, who examined
+the romances of chivalry at some length in his 'History of Fiction,'
+seems never to have suspected that these tales were written with any
+other intention than to amuse or that the events which they related were
+looked upon by their readers as other than facts. For Arthur he has scant
+respect, 'nor,' says he, 'as we advance, do we find him possessed of a
+single quality, except strength and courage, to excite respect or
+interest.' Surely the remark of one who must have been dead to all sense
+of imagination and romance--although purporting to be an authority upon
+them! The teaching of the whole Arthurian cycle of romances was 'that
+noble men may see and lerne the noble actes of chyualrye, the Ientyl and
+vertuous dedes that somme Knyghtes vsed in tho dayes, by whyche they came
+to honour; and how they that were vycious were punysshed and ofte put to
+shame and rebuke.' The quest of the Holy Grail, motive of the most
+exquisite series of mystic tales that has ever been written, was, we are
+expressly informed, 'the hygh way of our Lord Jhesu Cryst, and the way of
+a true good lyver, not that of synners and of mysbelievers.' Godfrey de
+Bouillon, the hero of another cycle, was 'moult preudhomme et sage et
+moult aymant Dieu et gens d'esglise,' as we read in 'Le Triomphe des Neuf
+Preux' (folio, Abbeville 1487). Preposterous tales? Perhaps; yet, as
+regards their moral side, not suffering greatly by comparison with our
+modern fiction.
+
+Those whose reading is confined to the literature of to-day can have no
+idea of the influence which these romances had upon the lives of our
+forefathers. It was not merely a system of morality which they taught, it
+was a civilisation of a very high order. When we are inclined to mock at
+these 'preposterous tales' we should never forget that to them we owe a
+debt so immense that we are lost in the contemplation of it. It cannot be
+gainsaid that it was as much by the study and teaching of these romances
+as it was by the spirit which gave them birth, that our ancestors came to
+mould their lives in such a sort as to influence the civilisation of the
+whole of the western world.
+
+That the romances were the outcome of chivalry cannot be urged, though
+doubtless in a later age they helped to keep the spirit of knighthood
+alive. Edward the Black Prince, the very model of mediæval chivalry,
+avowedly studied the ancient romances for patterns. When Pedro the Cruel
+had prevailed upon the prince to defend his cause, the princess bitterly
+bewailed her husband's decision. 'I see well,' said the prince, to whom
+her expressions were related, 'that she wishes me to be always at her
+side and never to leave her chamber. But a prince must be ready to win
+renown and to expose himself to all kinds of danger, as in days of old
+did Roland, Oliver, Ogier, the four sons of Aimon, Charlemagne, the great
+Leon de Bourges, Juan de Tournant, Lancelot, Tristan, Alexander, Arthur
+and Godfrey whose courage, bravery, and fearlessness, both warlike and
+heroic, all the romances extoll. And by Saint George, I will restore
+Spain to the rightful heir.'
+
+Occleve, a little later, has no doubt as to the beneficial effects of
+perusing the romances. Indeed he goes so far as to exhort his friend, Sir
+John Oldcastle, to leave off studying Holy Writ, and to read 'Lancelot de
+lake, Vegece, or the Siege of Troie or Thebes.' 'What do ye now,' says
+Caxton in 'The Order of Chivalry,' 'but go to the baynes and playe atte
+dyse? . . . Leve this, leve it, and rede the noble volumes of Saynt
+Graal, of Lancelot, of Galaad, of Trystram, of Perseforest, of Percyval,
+of Gawayn, and many mo. Ther shalle ye see manhode, curtosye, and
+gentylnesse.'
+
+What other system in this world could have bestowed that absolute
+serenity of mind which those who practised chivalry retained amid the
+tumults of their life? The Saracens, abashed by the tranquil spirit of
+their royal prisoner, Louis IX., mistook his humility for pride. In vain
+did they threaten him with torture: the king only replied 'Je suis
+prisonnier du Sultan, il peut faire de moi à son vouloir.' And when at
+last the Sultan's murderer rushed into his prison, his hands dripping
+with blood, and crying, 'What will you give me for having destroyed him
+who would have put you to death?' the king was more struck with horror at
+the crime than with fear for his own safety, and remained motionless,
+disdaining to answer. Thereupon the Saracen, maddened by a tranquillity
+which he rightly attributed to the immense power of Christian chivalry,
+presented the point of his blood-stained sword to the king's breast,
+crying, 'Fais moi chevalier, ou je te tue.' 'Fais toi Chrestien,' replied
+the intrepid king, 'et je te ferai chevalier.'
+
+We are accustomed nowadays to look upon chivalry merely as a knightly
+institution which had to do solely with tournaments, banquets,
+knight-errantry, and the rescuing of encastled maidens. The modern
+acceptance of the term omits all those gentle qualities of mind which go
+to make the true chivalric disposition. We associate chivalry with 'fair
+play' combined with 'manliness'; and humility has no part in it. Indeed
+it never enters into our mind that it was a system of 'humanyte,
+curtosye, and gentylnesse.' More, it was a religion deeply ingrained in
+the hearts of men, a religion which spread through all grades of society,
+and one which consisted in the beatifying of the noblest qualities of
+human nature; and it has left an indelible mark upon our national
+character. Chivalry is not dead to-day as thoughtless people so often
+exclaim; it will never die so long as our national characteristics
+endure, though to-day it passes under a different name. 'Sport' we call
+it now, and we pride ourselves in being 'sporting' even in the hour of
+death--witness the countless instances brought about by the late great
+war.
+
+Bertrand du Guesclin, one of the greatest and most fearless exponents of
+the chivalric spirit, and the Black Prince's most redoubtable enemy, fell
+at last into the hands of the English. One day at Bordeaux the Prince
+summoned him from his prison, and asked him how he fared. 'Par may foy,
+monseigneur,' replied Bertrand, 'il m'ennuye de n'entendre que le chant
+des Souris de Bourdeaux; je voudrois bien ouyr les Rossignols de nostre
+pais'; but he added that he loved honour better than aught else and never
+had anything brought him more glory than his prison, seeing that, as all
+the other prisoners had been ransomed, he was kept there only through
+fear of his prowess. The Prince of Wales, touched in his honour (or
+rather pride) at du Guesclin's words, agreed to liberate Bertrand upon
+payment of seventy thousand florins of gold.[34] 'But what was more
+extraordinary in this adventure,' says a French chronicler, 'was that the
+Princess of Wales gave him thirty thousand, and Sir John Chandos, who had
+taken him prisoner, took upon himself to pay what was wanting to make the
+sum complete.' 'Sporting,' was it not? Truly we are a marvellous race,
+and it is not to be wondered that other nations, from whom this spirit
+has long passed away, despair of ever being able to understand us.
+
+England has always been the home of chivalry. La Colombière in his 'Vray
+Théatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie ou le Miroir Heroique de la Noblesse'
+remarks that the greatest number of the old romances have been more
+particularly employed in celebrating the valour of the knights of this
+kingdom than that of any other; because, in fact, they have always loved
+such exercises in an especial manner. 'The city of London,' writes
+Francisco de Moraes in the 'Palmerin de Inglaterra,' 'contained in those
+days all, or the greater part, of the chivalry of the world.' In
+Perceforest a damozel says to his companion 'Sire chevalier, I will
+gladly parley with you because you come from Great Britain; it is a
+country which I love well, for there habitually (coustumierement) is the
+finest chivalry in the world; c'est le pays au monde, si comme je croy,
+le plus remply des bas et joyeulx passetemps pour toutes gentilles
+pucelles et jeunes bacheliers qui pretendent a honneur de
+chevalerie.'[35]
+
+The entire cycle of legends which has the Holy Grail for its centre is
+concerned with Britain and Britain alone. Caerleon and Winchester,
+Tintagel and Glastonbury, these are the chief stages in this great
+romance of perfect knighthood; and whether related by a scribe of
+Hainault in the thirteenth century or sung by a Welsh bard before the
+Norman Conquest or praised at the court at Paris by the favourite
+troubadour of Philip Augustus, it is all one as regards the setting and
+the chief characters. 'Whether for goodly men or for chivalrous deeds,
+for courtesy or for honour,' wrote the Norman chronicler Wace in the
+middle of the twelfth century, 'in Arthur's day England bore the flower
+from all the lands near by, yea from every other land whereof we know.
+The poorest peasant in his smock was a more courteous and valiant
+gentleman than was a belted knight beyond the sea.'
+
+There is a pleasing story which relates how Robert Bruce, marching with
+his army in the mountains of Ireland, heard a woman crying during one of
+the halts. He inquired immediately what was the matter, and was told that
+it was a camp-follower, a poor laundress, who was taken in child-bed; and
+as it was impossible to take her with them, she bemoaned her fate in
+being left behind to die. The king replied that he is no man who will not
+pity a woman then. He ordered that a tent should be pitched for her
+immediately, and that she should be attended at once by the other women;
+and there he tarried his host until she had been delivered and could be
+carried along with them. 'This,' says the Chronicler, 'was a full great
+courtesy.' Chivalry? In the very highest sense of the word.
+
+We must be careful lest, losing sight of the many attributes of chivalry,
+we incline towards the erroneous view that it was confined entirely to
+the upper classes. That the manuscript volumes of the romantic tales
+which were so eagerly purchased and treasured by the educated classes
+could never possibly come into the hands of the rude illiterate peasants
+is a fallacious argument. Scanty indeed would be our folk-lore had it all
+been transmitted graphically. Chaucer bears evidence of the widespread
+popularity of these heroic tales in his day:
+
+    'Alexaundres storie is so commune
+     That every wight that hath discrecioune
+     Hath herde somewhat or al of his fortune.'
+
+The incidents of these immortal tales were as well known to the humblest
+as to the highest in the land. We have abundant evidence of their
+popularity when recounted in front of the fire in hostel or homestead.
+Even so late as Milton's day it was the custom to recount knightly
+adventures and fairy tales about the evening fireside. When
+
+                    the live-long daylight fail
+    Then to the Spicy Nut-brown Ale,
+    With stories told of many a feat,
+    How _Faery Mab_ the junkets eat,
+    ·       ·       ·       ·       ·       ·
+    Where throngs of Knights and Barons bold,
+    In weeds of Peace high triumphs hold,
+    With store of Ladies, whose bright eyes
+    Rain influence, and judge the prise,
+
+until at length
+
+    Thus done the Tales, to bed they creep,
+    By whispering Winds soon lull'd asleep.
+
+How great a part of the pleasures of this world have they missed whose
+pulses are never stirred by the Spirit of Romance! Content and Peace of
+Mind may be had by all who will offer up sacrifices to obtain them; but
+Imagination is not to be had at any price unless it be a part of our
+birthright. Content may yield a tranquillity of mind that refreshes the
+soul, but it is Imagination alone that can produce that spiritual
+exaltation which takes our minds from worldly things, carries us
+backwards or forwards through countless ages of the past or æons of
+futurity, and enables us to ride in the chariot of Phoebus. It is a
+vast library in itself.
+
+    'He had small need of books; for many a tale
+     Traditionary round the mountains hung,
+     And many a legend, peopling the dark woods,
+     Nourished Imagination in her growth.'
+
+It was the fortune of our book-hunter once to spend an afternoon in June
+upon the downs near Winchester. To southward of the old town there is a
+deep grassy hollow, crescent-shaped, its southern slope fringed with
+wood; and here in the shade he lay reading the 'Morte d'Arthur' of old
+Malory. Coming at length to the Noble Tale of the Sangreal, he read how
+King Arthur, having come 'unto Camelot by the houre of undorn on
+Whytsonday,' and feasting with the fellowship of the Round Table, was
+told of the marvel wrought unto Balin's sword by Merlin.
+
+You will remember that Balin fought unbeknown with his brother Balan,
+that each wounded the other unto death, and that they were buried by
+Merlin in the same tomb. Then Merlin 'lete make by his subtylyte that
+Balyn's swerd was put in a marbel stone standyng up ryght as grete as a
+mylle stone, and the stone hoved alweyes above the water, and dyd many
+yeres, and so by adventure it swam doun the streme to the Cyte of Camelot
+that is in Englysshe Wynchestre.'
+
+To the west the downs slope steeply into the river valley, and set in the
+rich green meadows like a skein of silver threads the book-hunter could
+discern the Itchen with its attendant rivulets. So he gazed across to the
+stream and pondered over this marvellous stone which 'hoved' always above
+the water, a sword set in it so that the pommel alone could be seen, 'and
+in the pomel therof were precyous stones wrought with subtyle letters of
+gold.' It was the symbol which was to prove the youthful Galahad the
+_haut prince_ who should achieve the Sangreal.
+
+That same evening, wandering along the river's bank below the city, his
+head full of the wondrous tale, an adventure befell him. It was dusk, and
+he had crossed the stream at a ford, when suddenly he saw the stone. It
+was lying upon its side, not a dozen paces from the water. There was no
+doubt whatever about it. It was roughly five feet long, about half as
+wide and thick, and of a curious reddish-brown--the colour of dried
+blood.
+
+'Sir,' said the squire who brought the news to the King and his Knights,
+'there is here bynethe at the Ryver a grete stone which I saw flete above
+the water, and therin I sawe styckyng a swerd. The Kynge sayde, I wille
+see that marveill. Soo all the Knyghtes went with hym. And whanne they
+came unto the ryver they fonde there a stone fletyng, _as hit were of
+reed marbel_, and therin stack a fair ryche swerd.'
+
+I confess that not a little awe was mingled with delight as our
+book-hunter gazed upon the stone, walked round it, touched it! Then
+suddenly away in the old city a bell tolled, and he recollected that it
+was Whitsun Eve! That walk home in the twilight was something not easily
+to be forgotten, and neither supper nor a pipe could bring him back to
+earth and the twentieth century again. Next morning he was up early,
+anxious to see if any trace were left of the spot where this marvel had
+occurred, for it was scarcely possible that the whole adventure was other
+than a dream. But the spot was soon found, and sure enough there was the
+stone or peron,[36] and he could examine it in the sunshine at his
+leisure. How it got there or whence it came it were impossible to guess;
+the chalk for miles around contains nothing but flints, and the peron was
+smooth and polished 'as a mill-stone.'
+
+[Illustration: THE PERON]
+
+That Winchester is not Camelot antiquaries have told us often enough. The
+city of the Knights may have been in the West Country or in Wales for
+aught our bookman cares; but until they can produce a likelier site and a
+better peron he will continue to take Sir Thomas's word for it.
+
+One other point. I have said that the stone lay some few paces from the
+water. You will notice when you pay a pilgrimage to the stone (it lies at
+the ford, hard by a church) that the ground about it is almost level with
+the water, so that when the river is in flood the stone must be almost
+submerged: in other words, it would then _hove above the water_. It is
+easy to see from the bank on the other side that the river has changed
+its course by a few yards, leaving the stone now high and dry. If you
+dispute this, why then I can only say that the stone, as 'by adventure it
+swam down the stream,' must have been cast there by the river when in
+flood. That there is a cleft in the stone whence Galahad withdrew the
+sword I can neither affirm nor deny; it _may_ have closed up, for with
+perons of this nature all things are possible, or the stone itself _may_
+have got turned over.[37] At all events I for one shall not be so rash as
+to cast suspicion upon so historic a relic.
+
+For those materialists who doubt that such an event ever took place, I
+will propound a theory. That the first twelve books of the 'Morte
+d'Arthur' were translated from the French by Sir Thomas Malory seems
+probable. Caxton says as much in his Preface, and the Epilogue to Book
+XII. reads, 'Here endeth the second book of Syr Tristram that was drawen
+oute of Frensshe in to Englysshe. But here is no rehersal of the thyrd
+book. And here foloweth the noble tale of the Sancgreal that called is
+the hooly vessel.' It has been shown[38] that the stories of the Holy
+Grail are probably of Welsh origin, and--Sir Thomas is said to have been
+a Welshman. Is it possible that he was ever at Winchester, that he
+wandered on Whitsun Eve (as did our book-hunter) along the Itchen, that
+he came to and roused over the stone (smooth and polished as a
+mill-stone), so different from any to be seen hereabout, and that as he
+wandered back to Camelot he wove the delicious romance about it? At all
+events, if he were ever there, it is at least possible that the spot was
+in his mind when adapting the Welsh legends for his book. Mark how well
+the events which I relate accord with the topography of the spot. The
+stone was 'beneath at the river,' the damozel who comes to view the
+marvel 'came rydynge doune the ryver . . . . on a whyte palfroy toward
+them,' and there is mention of the river meads. It is hard to believe
+that Sir Thomas would definitely assert that Camelot 'is in English
+Winchester,' and make it the chief scene of his romance, had he never
+visited the town.
+
+The book was finished, Caxton tells us, 'the ix yere of the reygne of
+king edward the fourth,' 1469; but was not 'chapytred and emprynted and
+fynysshed in th'abbey Westmestre' until 'the last day of July the yere of
+our lord M.CCCC.LXXXV.,' 1485. Three weeks later a fateful battle was
+fought--that of Bosworth, which placed the crown upon Harry Tudor's head.
+The facts that the new king was a great benefactor to Winchester, that he
+held the castle to have been built by King Arthur, and that he brought
+hither his queen to be delivered of his first-born (whom he named
+Arthur), point to something more than a chance connection between the
+city and the book.
+
+Henry Tudor was also a Welshman, and possibly Malory was of the king's
+acquaintance, if not actually of his retinue. Bale asserts that Malory
+was occupied with affairs of state. But conclusions are dangerous things.
+The preface to the 'Morte d'Arthur' ascribes the ordering of the book to
+Edward the Fourth. '. . . I made a book unto th'excellent prynce and kyng
+of noble memorye kyng Edward the fourth. The sayd noble Ientylmen
+instantly requyred me t'emprynte thystorye of the sayd noble kyng and
+conquerour king Arthur and of his knyghtes, _wyth thystorye of the saynt
+greal_, and of the deth and endynge of the sayd Arthur; Affermyng that
+. . . there ben in frensshe dyvers and many noble volumes of his actes and
+also of his knyghtes.'[39] Which looks rather as if Edward the Fourth
+(who had no reason to love the Welsh--you will remember that he had
+beheaded Owen Tudor, Richmond's grandfather) had heard of or read
+Malory's work, and was anxious to possess it in print, though unwilling
+to credit it to a follower of the Lancastrian party. It is a pleasant
+field for surmise, and, however wrongly, it is good to picture old Sir
+Thomas strolling along those pleasant meads beside the river, weaving his
+immortal cycle of tales.
+
+There is a connection somewhere between Malory and Caxton too. In 1469
+Malory finished his book, and in March of that year Caxton began to
+translate le Fevre's 'Recueil des Histoires de Troyes.' Where and when
+did Malory meet Caxton, who lived for some years about that time at
+Bruges, discovering that they possessed the same literary tastes? Did
+Malory hand the manuscript of his work to Caxton, in the service of the
+Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Edward the Fourth, and did the great
+printer (or the Duchess) show it to that king? We shall never know, and
+only Imagination can fill the gap.
+
+But to continue. It was Whitsunday, and as the last notes of the
+voluntary echoed away among those 'antick pillars massy proof' of the
+great church, our book-hunter's thoughts turned once more to King Arthur
+and his knights. For was it not upon this very day that the vision of the
+Holy Grail was vouchsafed to them as they sat at meat within the castle
+hall?
+
+'And thenne the kynge and al estates wente home unto Camelot, and soo
+wente to evensonge to the grete mynster. And soo after upon that to
+souper. . . . Thenne anone they herd crakynge and cryenge of thonder,
+that hem thought the place shold alle to dryve. . . . Not for thenne
+there was no knyght myghte speke one word a grete whyle. . . . Thenne
+ther entred in to the halle the holy graile coverd with whyte samyte, but
+ther was none myghte see hit,[40] nor who bare hit. . . . And whan the
+holy grayle had be borne thurgh the halle thenne the holy vessel departed
+sodenly, that they wyste not where hit becam: thenne had they alle brethe
+to speke.'
+
+So the man of books climbed the hill and presently stood within the
+beautiful hall with its glorious black marble pillars, sole remnant of
+the ancient stronghold. The round table (barbarously painted) now hangs
+upon the western wall, but it needed little imagination to picture it set
+down in the midst, covered with a fair silken cloth ('the Kynge yede unto
+the syege Peryllous and lyfte vp the clothe, and fonde there the name of
+Galahad'), and on it set rich flagons and dishes, strangely wrought and
+worked with precious stones, and all about the table the famous knights
+in costumes strange to our eyes. . . . Launcelot upon the king's
+left,[41] now glancing with fatherly pride upon the youthful Galahad
+(occupying the Siege Perilous), now smiling up at Queen Guenevere seated
+in the gallery with her maidens . . . . the walls hung with coarse
+dull-red cloth and bundles of sweet-smelling herbs hanging here and
+there, the floor strewn with fresh green rushes, gathered early that
+morning in the meadows below . . . . by the king's side a snow-white
+brachet, a golden collar about its neck . . . . and so on and so on.
+Imagination forsooth! He must be dull indeed who, reading the book and
+standing in the hall, cannot picture the scene for himself.
+
+It is useless to declaim that the great hall of the castle was not
+completed until the time of Henry the Third, that it did not exist at all
+before the Norman Conquest, that the castle occupied by King Arthur is
+more likely to have been on the site of the more ancient one which stood
+near the river (now known as Wolvesey), and that the great round table
+(eighteen feet in diameter, of stout old English oak, cunningly bolted
+together) was made during the former king's reign and was never used by
+Arthur at all. What are such crude exactitudes to us? As well object to
+the heavy plate-armour worn by the knights--everybody knows this to be an
+anachronism of nigh a thousand years. Romantic phantasy and scientific
+data are as far apart as the poles, and none but a fool would try to
+reconcile them. King Arthur feasted in the castle hall, says Malory, and
+so far as our book-hunter is concerned he shall feast there as often and
+as long as he likes.
+
+There is a romance, too, about the name of this older castle. _Wolvesey_
+its scanty ruins are called to-day, and the antiquarians tell us that
+this was originally WULF'S EY, or 'the wolf's isle.' Was it once the
+scene of a battue by the young bloods of the tribe to drive out some
+wolves that had established themselves there, a fierce fight with axes
+and spears at close quarters whilst the rest of the tribe lined the
+opposite banks and prevented any escape? Or was it the scene of some
+homeric combat _seul à seul_? Perhaps some day a wolf's skull
+will be dug up there, with a stone axe sticking in it. But the history of
+it has gone for ever, had gone, probably, long centuries before King
+Kynegils found it a strong site for his castle.
+
+It was at Wolvesey that King Alfred himself is said to have penned some
+part of the Saxon Chronicle now treasured in the library of Corpus
+Christi College, Cambridge. He was a true book-lover, this great English
+king, and it is to the school of illuminators which arose later in the
+'new minster' by St. Swithun's that we are indebted for some of the most
+beautiful examples of mediæval art that have come down to us. The Golden
+Book of Edgar, Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History'--in the Cathedral
+library--and the exquisitely illuminated 'benedictional' of St. Æthelwold
+possessed by the Duke of Devonshire, all these were produced before the
+end of the tenth century by the artists who laboured so patiently in the
+Scriptorium beside those peaceful meadows. For two centuries the
+Winchester school of illuminators was renowned throughout the western
+world.
+
+It is a pleasant spot, this ancient city of Camelot, and I like to read
+that among the aldermen who assembled at the Tun Moot in bygone days were
+a pinder, a mole-catcher, and an ale-conner. A stout fellow, this last,
+for without his permission not a single barrel of beer could be broached.
+The business transacted at the Moot, we are told, was little more than to
+receive taxes, provide for the defence of the city, and settle disputes.
+After which the aldermen (with the permission of the ale-conner, it is to
+be presumed) proceeded to consume the ale allowed to them by custom
+immemorial at the rate of two gallons a man at each sitting. _O tempora,
+O mores!_
+
+At one time, however, that kill-joy Edgar came near to causing an
+insurrection, for he ordained that all drinking-horns should have pegs
+set in them at regular intervals and that no man might drink below his
+peg. Thus were practically abolished those friendly drinking-bouts
+between Danes and English that did so much to rid the town of its
+northern intruders. _Floreat Wintonia_, and may it stand for ever to
+book-lovers and lovers of romance as the ideal of all that is knightly
+and kingly and romantic--and hospitable.
+
+It is to be feared, however, that the Spirit of Romance is now
+moribund--if, indeed, it has not already passed away; and with it we are
+losing one of the most ennobling qualities in our nature. We pride
+ourselves nowadays in living in a 'matter-of-fact' age, by which we mean
+a practical, unromantic age. But is it a matter for so much pride after
+all? Granted that the benefits which have accrued to mankind during the
+past century and a half are worth all the Romance in the world; but is
+the relegation of Romance to the domain of History a _sine qua non_ so
+far as progress is concerned? In our haste to get on we have tried to
+drive Romance and Progress in tandem, with steady-going Progress in the
+shafts; but having found that together they need skilful handling, we
+have unharnessed the leader and hitched him on behind, to be dragged
+along anyhow in our wake.
+
+There must be many who regard the loss of romantic ideals as a matter for
+more than passing regret. Reverence, too, not only for our elders and
+betters but even for the great works of our predecessors, is going the
+way of its cousin, Romance. Recently, rambling over the Hampshire downs,
+our bookman toiled up the grassy bosom of this rolling land to a still
+loftier height whence on a clear day the Isle of Wight, nigh thirty miles
+away, can be distinguished. As he neared the top a mound came into view,
+one of those unmistakable monuments raised o'er the graves of the great
+chieftains of our ancient race. It was a most impressive spot, the
+highest point for many miles round, and the book-hunter wondered who he
+was that lay there in solemn majesty keeping watch through the long
+centuries over the land that once was his. On approaching closer the
+wayfarer was horrified to see that on the top of the mound, in the
+centre, there was a deep hole. Its import was obvious. The mortal remains
+of one who had lain for centuries in a grandeur befitting his lordly rank
+had been torn from their sepulchre, probably by some irreverent commoner,
+and were now doubtless exhibited to the vulgar gaze, in a glass case.
+
+Doubtless the ghoul (for he that rifles tombs is none other) who
+perpetrated this enormity described himself as an archæologist. Possibly
+he was of gentle birth and had received a University education. If so, so
+much the greater his crime, for he could not plead ignorance. Surely no
+seriously minded person can urge that the knowledge thus gained as to
+ancient methods of burial, age of the remains, and so on, warranted such
+sacrilege.[42] We can only hope that the chieftain was granted five
+minutes with the archæologist when that individual at length entered the
+land of shadows. Doubtless the archæologist had no qualms whatever, and
+slept soundly in the belief that by his 'researches' he had wrought great
+things for mankind; but when he encountered the chieftain it is unlikely
+that they would see eye to eye. 'Happy are they who deal so with men in
+this world that they are not afraid to meet them in the next,' and
+happier still are they who deal so reverently with the earthly memorials
+of the dead, that there may be many to speak in their favour when they
+approach the Great Tribunal.
+
+[Illustration: THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS]
+
+This particular form of irreverence, however, has been a byword
+throughout all the ages; civilisation and education have done little to
+check it, possibly because the romantic spirit which forbids such crimes
+is born, not made. King Arthur's bones were dug up in the twelfth
+century. 'Mummie is become Merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharoah
+is sold for balsoms,' wrote Sir Thomas Browne five hundred years later.
+In 1788 the massive stone coffin which held the remains of our
+illustrious King Alfred was discovered facing the High Altar at Hyde
+Abbey, Winchester, whither they had been translated in 1110. The coffin
+was broken in pieces, the bones found in it were scattered, and the lead
+enveloping the remains was sold by the workmen. A stone from the wrecked
+tomb, bearing the name ÆLFRED, was carried off to Cumberland as a curio.
+Hyde Abbey was razed to make way for a county Bridewell. 'At almost every
+stroke of the mattock,' relates an eye-witness, 'some antient sepulchre
+or other was violated.' Examples of such desecrations can be multiplied
+without number. The Great Alaric was wise indeed when he had the course
+of a river changed so that his bones, when lying at the bottom of it,
+might never be disturbed.
+
+Our ancient laws dealt sternly with this matter. 'If any man shall dig up
+a body that has already been buried,' ruled Henry the First, 'he shall be
+WARGUS,' that is, banished from his district as a rogue. 'Malice
+provoketh not to dig up tombes and graves,' wrote an unknown Elizabethan
+scholar, commenting on this; 'and though it should, yet religion doth now
+restraine it, by reason it is counted sacriledge to violate anythinge in
+churches or churchyards. Covetousness made some to dig up the dead,
+because ornaments, jewels, or money, were in times past buried with many;
+but now that custome seasing, no man for desire of gaine is invited to
+commit this offence, and it now being generally reputed a most vile acte,
+no man will presume to transgresse these lawes, and every man is a law to
+himself therein.' But in this 'enlightened' age, when we are held to be
+above the need of such legislation, there is nothing to prevent the
+archæologist from practising his hobby where and when he please--so long
+as he avoids the churchyards. 'Tush,' he cries, 'here lies an ancient
+heathen who was not even buried in consecrated ground. We may find some
+curious relics buried with him. Up with his bones.'
+
+'Freedom for all men' may be a glorious motto, yet when we view these
+crimes (and the carved initials which deface so many of our most sacred
+monuments) we cannot but muse that there are many who should never be
+free--at least from the restraint of discipline. 'None can love freedom
+heartily, but good men: the rest love not freedom, but licence.'[43]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[32] There are 242 pages in this editio princeps, after which should come
+a leaf with (_a_) blank (_b_) device of John Hervey or Hervagius. It was
+english'd by Thomas Underdowne, and published in small octavo by Frauncis
+Coldocke, at the sign of the greene Dragon in Paules churchyeard, in
+1587.
+
+[33] "Il estoit bon musicien, tres-bon Poëte François et Italien, se
+delectant singulierement a lire les belles et naifues rithmes de nos
+Poëtes Prouençaux . . . . . . . tellement qu'il a compose en son temps
+plusieurs beaux et gracieux Romans comme _La conqueste de la douce mercy,
+et Le mortifiement de vaine plaisance_ . . . . . Mais sur toutes choses
+aimoit il d'un amour passionnez la peinture . . . . . qu'il estoit en
+bruit et reputation entre les plus excellents Peintres et Enlumineurs de
+son temps." (Nostradamus). He had a fine library which contained all the
+most celebrated compositions of the Provençal poets and troubadours.
+
+[34] It was quite a dramatic scene. Bertrand taunted the Prince until the
+latter named a sum; and to his surprise De Guesclin at once cried "Done!"
+and all at the table sprang to their feet. "Oh Sir," they cried to the
+Prince, "what have you done!" "I hold you to your word," cried Du
+Guesclin--and so it was. See Hay du Chastelet, Claude Menard, and other
+biographers, also the Inventaire des Chartres, tome VI. (See also
+footnote on page 216.)
+
+[35] This great romance does not appear ever to have been translated into
+English, which is somewhat strange, for its hero, Perceforest, was King
+of England, and we are told at the outset that the volume had an English
+origin. Philippe Comte de Hainault having accompanied Marguerite daughter
+of Philippe III. (_le hardi_) to England in order to be present at her
+nuptials with Edward I. (1299), the Count made an excursion to the north
+of England. Chancing to harbour at a monastery 'on the banks of the
+Humber,' he was shown an ancient manuscript which had been discovered in
+a vault under the ancient (? Saxon) part of the building. One of the
+monks had translated it into Latin. Philippe borrowed it and took it back
+with him to Hainault, where it was reduced into French. It is every whit
+as good as the Morte d'Arthur, and still awaits its Malory. The 1531
+Paris edition consists of six folio volumes, the page in double columns
+of black letter type, with 53 lines to the column. The whole book
+contains rather more than six hundred thousand words. Here is a chance
+for some enthusiast! At the least he would learn patience,
+carefulness--and a deal of mediæval French.
+
+[36] O. Fr. _pierron_.
+
+[37] That there is a distinct crack on its upper side, you may see from
+the photograph here reproduced.
+
+[38] Sir J. Rhys, 'Studies in the Arthurian Legend,' Oxford, 1891, pp.
+300-327.
+
+[39] In the list of books at the Louvre belonging to Charles V. of
+France, drawn up by Gilles Malet, his librarian, in 1373, there is a
+volume 'Du roy Artus, de la Table Ronde, et de la Mort dudit roy, tres
+bien escript et enlumine.' It would be interesting to compare this
+manuscript (if it is still in existence) with Malory's work, and to see
+whether the incident of the _peron_ is described therein.
+
+[40] _i.e._ the golden vessel, because of the samite (silken) covering.
+
+[41] As the table is painted at present, 'S. Galahallt' is upon the
+King's immediate left.
+
+[42] Of one of these enterprising antiquaries (a clergyman) it is proudly
+related that in the course of _three years_ "he opened no less than a
+hundred and six tumuli and graves, and obtained from them a large
+proportion of that valuable collection of antiquities now in possession
+of Mr. Meyer, of Liverpool." See _A Corner of Kent_, by J. R. Planché,
+1864, page 115.
+
+[43] Milton.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE CARE OF BOOKS
+
+    'Wher so ever y be come over all
+     I belonge to the Chapell of gunvylle hall;
+     He shal be cursed by the grate sentens
+     That felonsly faryth and berith me thens.
+     And whether he bere me in pooke or sekke
+     For me he shall be hanged by the nekke,
+     (I am so well beknown of dyverse men)
+     But I be restored theder agen.'
+              (_Written in a breviary in the Library
+                    of Gonville and Caius College._)
+
+
+WHEREIN lies the charm of an old book? In its contents? Not altogether,
+for then would the reprint be just as acceptable; perhaps more so, for it
+would be possibly more legible, probably cleaner, certainly in a more
+convenient shape. In its scarcity, then? Partly, perhaps; yet not
+necessarily, for there are many 'old' books that are always eagerly
+bought up by collectors, though quite frequent in occurrence. Then
+wherein lies the old book's charm? It is chiefly in its appearance.
+
+It is the spiritual appearance rather than the material aspect of a book,
+however, that draws the book-lover to it. To the true bibliophile there
+is an intangible _something_ about an old book which it is impossible to
+describe. That this feeling is closely akin to the impressive influence
+of antiquity there can be no doubt; for you may prove it by taking your
+book-lover successively to a modern free library and to a collection of
+ancient books, and noting carefully his expression in each. Though he be
+surrounded by thousands of volumes issued from the press during the last
+half-century, rich and luxurious works even, yet the probability is that
+he will be merely bored. But watch him as he stands before the thick oak
+shelves eagerly scrutinising the dim lettering on ancient calf and vellum
+back! See how his eye flashes as he takes down an ancient quarto, gently
+and reverently lest the headband be grown weak with age, and, carefully
+blowing the dust from its top edge, turns eagerly to title-page and
+colophon!
+
+And this feeling is not influenced by the surroundings which one is
+accustomed to associate with old books. Whether they be in a cathedral or
+college library, in a bookshop or the most modern of cases, it is all one
+to your true collector. It is the books and the books only about which he
+cares. No sooner does he feel the ancient tome within his hands than his
+soul is borne rapidly away upon the wings of fancy, far far back into the
+dim ages, high above all worldly considerations; caring, understanding,
+feeling, in tune with the magic so wondrously locked up in this ancient
+volume, to which his love of books alone has provided the key.
+
+It is no wonder that he is impressed, for the soul of the true
+book-collector is ever in communion with the _manes_ of those who gave
+birth to his books. He is brother to author, paper-maker, compositor,
+publisher, and binder, understanding all their hopes, doubts, and fears,
+in sympathy with all the thoughts that gave his volumes their shape,
+size, and appearance. Have you not often realised, brother collector, the
+_spirit_ that is hidden in every old book, the concentrated thoughts that
+have been materialised in giving it birth? Surely thoughts never die.
+'Our thoughts are heard in heaven' wrote a neglected poet, and are not
+books 'sepulchres of thought'?
+
+Happier is the book-collector than he who acquires ancient pieces of
+furniture, old vases, or pewter mugs. For, unlike the old book, these
+things can be reproduced in facsimile so that you may not tell the
+difference between old and new, and the reproduction may be stronger and
+more serviceable than the original. Moreover he is not troubled with
+qualms as to their genuineness, undergoing agonies of apprehension while
+each treasure--or otherwise--is submitted to the scrutiny of friends and
+experts.
+
+There is a lasting charm about a book of our choice which the
+antique-collector can never hope to experience. His treasure may be
+grotesque or it may be beautiful, in either case it may please the eye
+every time that he behold it, through many years. But beyond pleasure to
+the eye and perhaps a smug complacency in its possession, there is
+nothing else. He knows it inside-out, as it were, within a few minutes of
+its acquisition. Very different, however, is the case with a book. After
+the attraction exercised by its ancient appearance, the exterior aspect
+is in reality but a secondary consideration, and when we have expressed
+ourselves as to whether it be a fine or a poor copy, we turn at once to
+its contents. The very wording of the title-page gives us an inkling of
+the writer's character, places us upon his plane, and tunes our thoughts
+in harmony with his.
+
+What book-lover does not sympathise with that great man Lenglet du
+Fresnoy? Perhaps few men have come so completely under the spell of
+books; for he devoted a long life entirely to consuming the fruits of the
+master minds that had gone before him. In spite of the gossip concerning
+him, not always to his credit, that has come down to us, it is undeniable
+that by sheer love and knowledge of books he piled up a monument that
+will ever keep his name in memory among bibliophiles for he is numbered
+with such giants as Hain, Brunet, and Lowndes. The 'Methode pour étudier
+l'Histoire' alone is sufficient to show his extraordinary knowledge of
+books; indeed, they were the very inspirers of his being and though his
+paths led him to high places, 'a passion for study for ever crushed the
+worm of ambition.' Having spent the greater part of his eighty-two years
+among old books, it was a modern one which caused his end; for,
+slumbering over its dulness, he fell into the fire and was burned to
+death!
+
+It is said of him that he refused all the conveniences offered by a rich
+sister, that he might not endure the restraint of a settled dinner-hour;
+preferring to browse undisturbed among his beloved tomes. His immense
+knowledge of ancient books is shown by the vast number of diverse works
+which he wrote and edited; but so forcible and controversial were his
+writings that he was sent to the Bastille some ten or twelve times. It is
+even related of him that he got to know the prison so well, that when
+Tapin (one of the guards who usually conducted him thither) entered his
+chamber, he did not wait to hear his commission but began himself by
+saying 'Ah! Bonjour, Monsieur Tapin,' then turning to the woman who
+waited on him, 'Allons vite, mon petit paquet, du linge et du tabac,' and
+went along gaily with M. Tapin to the Bastille. Verily the true
+bibliophile is not as other men, and a modern world looks upon him
+askance. Yet his portion is a happiness that riches cannot purchase, for
+his soul has found lasting comfort and contentment in a knowledge of the
+innermost recesses of human thought. There is no aspect or phase of the
+human mind with which he is unacquainted; and it is a knowledge that
+books alone can impart.
+
+Yet our true book-lover is not of those whose very religion is the
+preservation of the pristine appearance of their books, who deem it
+sacrilege to destroy one jot of the contemporary leather in which their
+treasures are clothed: liking rather to glue, varnish, and patch,
+preferring even a grotesque effect rather than sacrifice an inch of
+decayed calf. Their point of view is wholly admirable: that the only form
+in which we are justified in possessing a book is that in which it was
+originally issued to the world: that the men who bestowed great thought
+in giving it birth, to wit, author and publisher, know better what is
+meet and seemly for it than can any man of a different age: that one
+man's choice is another man's abhorrence: and so on, and so on. Granted
+these things are so; but surely he who possesses the volume may have some
+say in its appearance, since it exists upon his shelf solely for his own
+delight and for no other man's?
+
+'It is mine,' says Praktikos, 'may I not clothe it in the colours of the
+rainbow if it please me?'
+
+'Then you are a vandal,' replies Phulax, 'for you will ruin your book,
+and it will not be worth ten shillings when it returns from the binder.'
+
+And there's the rub: rebind your book and--in nine cases out of ten--_you
+will lower its market value_. Therefore, if the book-collector have any
+eye to the purely commercial value of his library, he will do well to
+become an 'original-boards-uncut' man at once. Handsome his library will
+never be, for here there will be a whole set of paper-bound volumes
+lacking backs, here a folio strangely patched and mended, there a book in
+rather dirty vellum somewhat cockled by damp, and so on. But he will have
+the satisfaction of knowing that his volumes retain, in their appearance
+at least, something of the spirit of the time in which they first saw
+light. Perhaps they will create for him the more easily that stimulating
+yet peaceful atmosphere imparted by a collection of old books.
+
+Is there not, then, any alternative to preserving one's volumes in a
+disreputable condition? Assuredly there is--there are two alternatives.
+Either the collector will be so wise (and, incidentally, so wealthy) as
+never to purchase a dilapidated book, or else he must exercise great
+common sense and much good taste, putting fancy entirely to one side.
+
+You possess a copy of Cotton's translation of the Commentaries of Messire
+Blaize de Montluc, folio 1674. It is a good, clean, tall copy, but
+clothed in tattered contemporary brown calf. Half of the back is missing,
+two of the corners are badly broken, and a piece of the leather upon the
+under cover is torn off. Perchance you elect to send it to your binder,
+with strict instructions that it is to be repaired with plain calf. In
+due course the volume is returned to you, and it now presents a fearful
+and marvellous appearance. It is the proud possessor of a new back,
+nearly but not quite matching the sides in colour, and upon this the
+remaining upper half of the original back has been pasted. The corners
+bulge strangely, and you can discern new leather underneath the old and
+wherever the old was deficient. The sides shine with polishing, and a
+patch--again not quite matching the original, for it is next to
+impossible to do this--has been inserted on the under cover. The whole
+volume shines unnaturally, and has rather a piebald appearance. In short,
+it reminds one of Bardolph's face--'all bubukles and whelks and knobs.'
+
+But perchance you possess another copy in precisely the same condition
+inside and out, and this you have decided must be rebound. It goes to
+your binder, always with your very definite instructions, and in due
+course returns, modestly attired in morocco of, let us say, a dark
+sage-green hue. On each side there is a plain double panel, 'blind'
+tooled; the back is simply lettered
+
+
+ BLAIZE
+   DE
+MONTLUC
+
+and there are 'blind' lines at the sides of each band; but, beyond the
+lettering, there is no gilding whatever on the back. The edges have not
+been trimmed, much less cut, but have been left precisely as they were
+originally.
+
+Suppose now for an instant that you do _not_ possess either copy, but
+that both are offered to you by a bookseller at precisely the same price.
+What will be your feelings as you handle the repaired copy? It is more
+than probable that you will sigh '_Poor thing_' as you open it gently for
+fear of cracking the old piece pasted on to the back. But, '_What a nice
+clean copy_' you will say as you take up the other; and it is improbable
+that you will hesitate long in making choice.
+
+The repairing of moderately old bindings is an excellent thing so long as
+it is not carried to extremes. Obviously there are many cases where it
+would be sheer foolishness to rebind the volume, slight repairs _at the
+hands of an experienced binder_ being all that is necessary to enable the
+book to be described as a _fine, tall, clean copy, in the original
+binding, neatly repaired_. And this is where one's carefully considered
+judgment and good taste must be exercised.
+
+But advice is easier to give than to follow. If our purse be a slender
+one, it is next to impossible to confine our purchases to perfect copies
+in choice condition. And so it is unavoidable that a certain number of
+our volumes should be in a more or less dilapidated state. A book that we
+have long sought for crops up; it is a perfect copy, more or less clean
+inside, but in a sad state of decay as regards the binding. On this
+account it is offered to us at one-half the price which a sound copy
+would fetch, perhaps even less. Of course we buy it, and many others like
+it; so that at length we are faced with the choice between a formidable
+binder's bill and the alternative of harbouring a collection of wrecks.
+
+This temptation to acquire imperfect books and poor copies is a most
+insidious one, and few collectors can withstand it altogether. Andrew
+Lang, than whom there was never a more genuine book-lover, seems to have
+been as susceptible as most of us. 'I believe no man,' he writes in
+'Books and Bookmen,' 'has a library so rich in imperfect works as the
+author of these pages.' Yet although the purchasing of a volume in a
+state of decay (externally, that is) is sometimes unavoidable, it should
+be every collector's endeavour, however modest his means, to avoid buying
+dilapidated books. If a book be at all frequent in occurrence it is far
+better to bide our time until a better copy turns up, even though we may
+have to pay a few shillings more for it, than to rest content with the
+possession of a sorry example in which we can take no pride, and one that
+will never be worth a penny more than we gave for it until it has passed
+through the binder's hands. Remember also that although the choicest
+binder in Europe may lavish his art upon our volume, yet a taller and
+cleaner copy _in the original, or contemporary, binding_, and in perfect
+condition, will ever command a better price in the sale-room. Our choice
+in binding--however appropriate to the book--may not be the choice of him
+who next possesses the volume.
+
+As an example of this discretion which one must exercise in rebinding
+one's volumes, here is an incident that occurred in a London sale-room a
+few years ago. A copy of Jane Austen's 'Mansfield Park' in three volumes,
+1814, was put up for auction and realised £20. It was bound in boards and
+was entirely uncut. Nevertheless it was not in the original binding, but
+it had been rebound in precisely the same style as that in which it was
+originally published. The paper labels had been reprinted in facsimile,
+and the edges had not been tampered with in any respect, not even
+'trimmed.' The best price that had been realised previously for an uncut
+copy in the original boards was £18 10s.
+
+The owner was indeed wise in his generation. Had he sent the volumes to
+his binder to be bound in full morocco 'extra,' at a cost of, perhaps,
+twenty shillings apiece, the work would have realised, probably, seven or
+eight pounds. But by good judgment (and, in the writer's opinion at
+least, good taste) his expenditure would not exceed fifteen shillings for
+the three, his profit being four times as great. Not long ago two copies
+of the first edition of Keats' 'Endymion' appeared at an auction-sale in
+London. Both were 'uncut,' but one was in the original form in which it
+issued from the press, the other was bound in morocco. The former
+realised £41, the latter £17, 5s. _Dictum sapienti sat est._
+
+Old books, by which I intend sixteenth and early seventeenth century
+volumes, are always best left alone as regards the binding. If they be at
+all dilapidated, it is as well to have a case[44] made for them which can
+be lettered on the back, and they can then stand upon the shelf among
+one's other books. Nothing is more unseemly and incongruous than an
+ancient volume in a modern cover, and, try as the most skilful binder
+may, it is impossible to imitate an ancient binding so closely as to
+deceive the eye even momentarily. Do not seek to make them presentable by
+patching and repairing, unless they be too far gone for their value to be
+of any consideration.
+
+In the case of early-printed books and works of great rarity, never, upon
+any account, tamper with your copy or seek to improve it in any way. Not
+only, as I have said, is it quite impossible to impart a contemporary
+appearance to a fifteenth-century book however famous and skilful the
+binder, but age leaves its mark upon the constitutions of books as surely
+as it does upon mankind. No volume of that age will stand the handling of
+a casual reader, still less the pulling, patting, and pressing that
+re-sewing and re-covering necessitate, however gently such processes be
+carried out.
+
+There is a terrible story (I hope it is untrue) told of a certain peer
+who decided to send to the auction-room the six or seven Caxtons which
+had descended to him with a noble library from his ancestors. As,
+however, the volumes were bound in fifteenth-century sheepskin (probably
+in Caxton's house) he thought that their appearance would be rendered
+rather more attractive if they were rebound first of all. So he sent them
+forthwith to the local binder; and on their return, now gorgeously
+clothed in 'calf gilt extra' (à la school prize), he despatched them to
+the London sale-room. The result may be imagined. His foolishness must
+have robbed him of a sum running well into four figures!
+
+There is another point also to be considered, and that is the _pedigree_
+of a volume. The solitary impression of a binder's tool upon a fragment
+of binding may identify a volume and its previous owners. Some years ago
+the writer purchased an ancient folio without title-page and colophon,
+bound in tattered fragments of ancient calf covering stout oak boards.
+There was, apparently, nothing to indicate when, where, or by whom the
+volume was printed or bound, or whence it came. But from a certain
+peculiarity in the type (which he noticed when studying the early
+printers of Nürnberg) he now knows the name of the printer and the town
+in which he plied his trade; while from a certain woodcut which that
+printer used also in two other _dated_ works only, _both printed the same
+year_, he discovered when the volume in all probability was printed.
+
+A scrutiny of the remains of the binding revealed the blind impressions
+of four different stamps. As these occur frequently in conjunction upon
+the bindings executed by the monks at a certain monastery in Germany in
+the sixteenth century, there is little difficulty in assigning a
+_provenance_ to the volume. Furthermore the initial H in a heart-shaped
+impression identifies the binder as a monk whose initials H.G. (on two
+heart-shaped tools) are of frequent occurrence on contemporary volumes at
+that time in the possession of the monastery.
+
+Needless to say, it has _not_ been rebound. The tattered pieces of skin
+have been carefully pasted down, and a case--lettered on the back--now
+contains the book upon his shelf.[45]
+
+In the case, however, of more recent books bound in tattered or perished
+calf, books of which one may obtain duplicates at any time, except they
+be works of extreme value there is no reason why they should not be
+re-bound. Even here, however, the collector must tread warily; for
+should he send his copy of Tim Bobbin's Lancashire dialogue of _Tummus
+and Meary_ to the binders with brief instruction that it is to be bound
+in full morocco, it may be returned to him in all the splendour of a
+sixteenth-century Florentine binding.
+
+With regard to books published in cardboard covers with paper backs and
+paper labels, what is to be done with these when the backs are dirty or
+torn off, the labels of some volumes missing? Must they be re-bound in
+leather or cloth? Not necessarily, and I for my part maintain that the
+delightful ease which one experiences in handling them when reading the
+early editions of Byron, Scott, or Irving, and those writers who
+flourished in the first few decades of the nineteenth century when books
+were commonly issued in this form, is sufficient excuse for retaining
+them in their original shape. Such volumes may easily be made presentable
+at the cost of a little time and trouble, as I shall presently show.
+
+An appearance of antiquity is never a _desideratum_ to the honest
+book-collector. I say 'honest' advisedly, for there have been--and
+doubtless are--persons so misguided as to stoop to the fabrication of
+certain small and excessively valuable books. To such, an appearance of
+age is no doubt indispensable in their wares. But these are torments
+which afflict the wealthy only; and for this I at least am sincerely
+thankful.
+
+There is no doubt, however, that in the collection of many things
+antiquity in appearance is desirable: witness the modern fabrication of
+'antique' furniture and pottery. Our book-hunter was once acquainted with
+a certain country gentleman, a learned man and most excellent companion,
+whose passion for rare things once got the better of his judgment. It was
+not books that he collected, but butterflies; and he was inordinately
+proud of a rather seedy-looking 'Large Copper' which his cabinet
+contained. For the benefit of his admiring entomological friends he would
+recite how his grandfather had caught it with his hat when on a holiday
+in the Fens. It grew to be quite an exciting tale. One day, however, in
+the course of a country ramble they fell to discussing the romancer, or
+man who resorts to fiction that his adventures may be the more
+interesting. And as (for the sake of argument) the man of books affected
+to praise him, remarking that any soulless fool can tell the bald truth
+whereas it requires an artistic temperament to adorn a tale with
+realistic embellishment (!), his friend turned to him eagerly. Being
+encouraged, he confessed that his Large Copper was not all that it
+appeared to be. In short, the bookman discovered that he had secured it
+himself while on a summer tour in Switzerland, and with the aid of a
+camel's-hair brush had succeeded in reducing it to a venerable state.
+
+'Of course,' the entomologist hastened to explain, 'no one could possibly
+tell that it was not my grandfather's. He had a very fine collection, and
+probably there was more than one Large Copper in it, though there was
+only the one in the cabinet that came to me. I shall never forget my
+feelings when it happened. I had taken it out of the drawer to show to a
+friend, when we both saw, outside the window, what we thought was an
+_Antiopa_. We rushed out, and when we came back we found that the
+cat. . . . Dear me; I was quite overcome. . . . But that summer I caught
+the one you have seen in Switzerland; and as my dear friend was no more
+and nobody else knew of the catastrophe, I thought there would be no harm
+in merely restoring a specimen to my grandfather's collection.'
+
+But the bookman pointed out to him that when he died and his collection
+was sold his family would benefit by some pounds through his
+indiscretion; for it was now known to all his friends as a genuine
+English specimen. This troubled the entomologist greatly, for it was a
+point of view that had never occurred to him, and, like the rich young
+man, 'he went away grieved.'
+
+So it is sometimes in book-collecting: there is a temptation to 'restore'
+an incomplete book. Should the collector find that his copy of a certain
+work lacks a portrait, what is more natural than to go to the print-shop
+and purchase a portrait of the same individual for insertion in his copy?
+And in this there may be little harm, provided that the book is of no
+value _and that he makes a note in ink inside the front cover as to what
+he has done_. But occasionally some unscrupulous book-fiend--he is, of
+course, no true book-collector--substitutes for a damaged page a page
+from another copy, or perhaps of a later edition; sometimes he supplies
+his volume with a spurious title-page or other leaf; and, worst of all,
+substitutes in his copy of the second edition, whereof the title-page is
+damaged, the title-page of a first edition, of which he possesses an
+incomplete copy.
+
+And here let me utter a word of warning. Apparently it is the practice of
+certain cheap second-hand booksellers to abstract the engraved plates
+from folio books, occasionally also removing the 'List of Plates' that
+the theft may remain undiscovered, and to sell the works thus mutilated
+as sound and perfect copies. Needless to say to the print collector such
+plates are invariably worth a shilling or two apiece, if portraits
+considerably more. I know to my cost one London bookseller who habitually
+removes the engraved portraits with which certain seventeenth-century
+folios, especially historical ones, are wont to be embellished. How many
+rare volumes this ghoul has ruined it is impossible to say, probably some
+hundreds. Our book-hunter confesses to having been caught by him three
+times, discovering the reason for the cheapness of his bargains (!) some
+time later. A friend has also suffered from his attentions. I need hardly
+add that his shop is now avoided, by two book-hunters at least, as
+something unclean.
+
+Occasionally, also, one comes across scarce volumes bereft of
+title-pages, these having been torn out by some vampire to adorn his
+scrapbook. Surely no fate can be too bad for the man who dismembers
+books. His proper place is certainly in the Inferno, where, in company
+with Bertrand de Born, he will be condemned for ever to carry his own
+head, after it has been separated from his body, in the shape of a
+lantern.[46]
+
+As soon as ever you reach home with your purchases from a ramble along
+the bookstalls, and whenever you receive books that you have ordered
+through a bookseller's catalogue, collate your acquisitions carefully.
+Whenever it is possible refer to a bibliography to see that your copy is
+all that it should be. Nothing is more annoying than to discover, perhaps
+years afterwards, that your copy of a rare book, which you fondly
+imagined to be a fine one in every respect, lacks a page or so, or a leaf
+of index or errata, or a plate. It is a good plan to make a point of
+keeping books upon your table until they have been properly collated and
+catalogued, when--and not before--they may be placed upon the shelves.
+
+Frequently you will discover that a second book, or even a third, has
+been bound up with your volume, and you would have overlooked these but
+for collating. It was a common practice at one time (as, indeed, it is
+with some collectors nowadays) to bind up thin books with thicker ones to
+save the expense of binding. Probably this is the reason why certain
+sixteenth and seventeenth century works which consist of but fifty or
+sixty leaves are so hard to find, being bound at the end of larger works
+and thus commonly escaping the cataloguer's eye.
+
+It is necessary for the collector to exercise the greatest caution in
+acquiring a valuable old book from any but a reputable bookseller. The
+fabrication of a page or so--especially a title-page--is a comparatively
+small matter to the nefarious dealer who hopes by this means to obtain
+for his copy the price which a perfect one would command. 'Perfect'
+copies of rare fifteenth-century works are made up from two or more
+imperfect ones, title-pages and leaves are reproduced in facsimile, blank
+leaves and engravings are inserted: for all these the collector must be
+continually upon his guard. Other books there are which have certain
+passages frequently mutilated, or a genealogical tree or a table
+generally missing.
+
+Hazlitt gives two examples of this species of knavery. One, in which a
+reproduction of the scarce portrait of Milton usually attached to the
+first edition of his 'Poems,' 1645, had been actually split and laid down
+on old paper to make it resemble the original print: the other, a case in
+which a copy of Lovelace's 'Lucasta,' 1649, lacked a plate representing
+Lucy Sacheverell (which makes a good deal of the value of the book), and
+a copy of the modern reproduction of this plate to be found in Singer's
+'Select Poets' had been soaked off and 'lined' to give it the appearance
+of a genuine impression mounted, and then bound in.
+
+And these mutilations are not the only things of which the collector must
+beware. Early in the history of books, the reputation that hall-marked
+the publications of certain famous presses became a source of envy to
+less fortunate printers. Type and imprints were soon counterfeited, and
+the fine editions of the Classics printed at Venice by the great Aldine
+press were reproduced at Lyons and elsewhere. In this matter of forgery
+and pirated reprints, you will find Gustave Brunet's 'Imprimeurs
+Imaginaires et Libraires Supposés' of value. It is a catalogue of books
+printed with fictitious indication of place or with wrong dates, an
+octavo volume published in 1866.
+
+These things, however, cannot be learnt at once, and it is only by the
+continual study of catalogues and bibliographies that one comes to know
+them. Needless to say, however, all reputable booksellers will take back
+a work which is discovered to be imperfect, provided that the volume be
+returned without delay.
+
+Books, like those who gave them birth, are of all conditions; but from
+the collector's point of view they may be divided conveniently into five
+classes. To the First Class belong those volumes which are described by
+booksellers and auctioneers as 'fine copies.' Ever since their
+publication they have been in the possession of wealthy men, often peers,
+and (sometimes like their owners!) have passed their lives for the most
+part undisturbed amid luxurious surroundings. They are invariably richly
+bound, often in historic bindings, and are clean and fresh inside.
+Frequently they are sumptuous works and presentation copies, and they
+always command high prices. In a word, they are aristocrats among books.
+They are not necessarily rare volumes, though frequently they are
+large-paper copies, and for the true collector they do not offer so much
+attraction as the Second Class, in which we place those books that are
+more eagerly sought after. These are generally rare books, such as
+incunabula and the higher class English literature of the seventeenth
+century, and are to be found in the libraries of wealthy collectors who
+are also learned men. They are always well bound and in good condition,
+though sometimes they have their headlines shaved, occasionally they are
+slightly imperfect, or have been cleaned and repaired. But they are
+always desirable books, and evoke spirited bidding whenever they appear
+in the auction-room.
+
+Class Three comprises the great army of what may be termed 'middle-class
+books.' They are bound usually in half-bindings, when they are not in the
+publisher's cloth, and are good, clean, _sound_, copies of such works as
+county histories, antiquarian books, sets of the learned societies'
+publications and of 'standard authors.' They are such stable and solid
+books as you will usually find in the libraries of the well-to-do middle
+classes. In short they are gilt-edged securities, and command a steady
+price in the market.
+
+To Class Four may be assigned the volumes contained in the average
+second-hand bookseller's shop in this country. They are the [Greek: hoi
+polloi] among books, and for the most part they include the more frequent
+and more modern English works. Usually they are quite desirable copies,
+though frequently they lack a portrait or other plate, sometimes they
+have a torn or mounted title-page, or other imperfection. They are
+generally in cloth or calf bindings which are almost invariably somewhat
+decrepit, being either rubbed or perished, or cracked at the joints.
+They are dusty and rather unkempt, and fox-marks are common, for such
+volumes have passed through many hands and have not always been accorded
+the care that is due to good books. But it is here that one comes across
+books 'in the original boards uncut,' and, if expense be no object to
+you, you may often raise such purchases to a higher class.
+
+Books in Class Five are the outcasts of the book-world, being those
+decrepit volumes which stack the bookstalls and barrows in the larger
+towns. They are the weedings of auction sales and shops, books that are
+not worth cataloguing by the dealer. Like human beings they have drifted
+through life with all its vicissitudes, knowing many masters and earning
+the gratitude of none. And so at length, deprived even of a home, they
+find their way into the streets, where they are soon reduced to wreckage.
+
+At first sight it would seem that they owe their situation to their
+quality, both intrinsic and extrinsic--that they are valueless either as
+literature or as specimens of book-production, or that they are imperfect
+or odd volumes. In many cases this may be true, but in general it is not
+so. The wrecks of handsomely produced books of high-class literature are
+common on the bookstalls and barrows, as all collectors of modest means
+are aware. They owe their situation _chiefly to inconsiderate handling_
+and to the carelessness of their successive owners.
+
+As to the practice of inserting illustrations in books that are published
+without them, 'Grangerising,' as it is called, it is perhaps best left
+alone. At first sight there appears to be small harm in providing, let us
+say, a volume of travels or the description of a town with an appropriate
+engraved frontispiece, or adorning your biography of So-and-so with a
+portrait. But the temptation to overstep the bounds of seemliness is so
+great that it is seldom the collector stops at a mere frontispiece. In
+most cases the Grangerite soon loses his self-control, and develops an
+acute mania for embellishing his volume with all and every print upon
+which he can lay his hands, apposite in the slightest degree to the
+subject of the book. Every year the sale-rooms witness these
+monstrosities. Biographies issued in a single volume are 'extended'
+('rended asunder' would be a better term) to fifteen or twenty volumes by
+the insertion of hundreds of engravings depicting every place mentioned
+in the text and every man or woman that the subject of the biography ever
+met. I have seen an octavo volume multiplied into twenty-five folio ones
+in this fashion, the leaves being inlaid to suit the size of the huge
+portraits and views stuffed into the disjointed sections of the wretched
+book. Nor is it only engravings that are used. Play-bills,
+lottery-tickets, tradesmen's advertisements, autograph letters, maps,
+charts, broadsides, street ballads, bills even, all are grist for the
+Grangerite's mill.
+
+It is a singularly futile hobby, and it is certainly a pernicious form of
+bibliomania, for it is responsible for the destruction of many good
+books. Whether its devotee imagines that any one is ever going to wade
+through his twenty monstrosities, turning, perhaps, six illustrations
+between page and page of text, we have not discovered. His completed
+labours form a compilation about as valuable as a scrap-book. If it were
+possible to gather into one volume, or rather portfolio, every portrait,
+let us say, of a certain celebrity _that has ever been published_, one
+would possess a valuable storehouse for reference purposes; and such a
+volume, from its _completeness_, would be invaluable in the British
+Museum. But these limits are too narrow for the true Grangerite. He
+desires a wider field of action. So he embarks upon a task which he can
+never hope to complete. Though he labour all his life there will always
+be _some_ one or more engravings that he has failed to secure; and so far
+from being 'invaluable,' his collection becomes merely of passing
+interest. As a book it is, of course, grotesque.
+
+The fate of most of these collections is probably the same. So long as
+the binding remains in good condition they are ensured a niche on some
+neglected shelf; but once the marks of age or wear and tear manifest
+themselves their fate is sealed. They come speedily into the hands of
+those booksellers who deal also in prints, and beneath such ruthless
+hands the labour of years is undone in a few minutes. At least it is
+pleasant to think that the poor pages, separated for so many years, come
+together again if only for a few hours before they reach the paper-mill!
+
+Whether the sober-minded collector whose pride is the well-being of his
+books is justified in adding a frontispiece and, say, half-a-dozen good
+engravings to a book that he appreciates, is a moot question. Doubtless
+the correct view is that books should not be meddled with by amateur
+book-producers, that both publisher and author know best what is most
+fitting for the volume they produce, that any book which has been
+tampered with internally in any way becomes a monster and is to be
+avoided. But this brings up again the old question, 'May we not do what
+we like with our own volumes?'
+
+Personally I am of opinion that the judicious and extremely moderate
+adornment of certain books is justified by the result. There is no doubt
+that the insertion in an _un_illustrated volume of travel of, let us say,
+six engraved plates depicting scenes mentioned in the text, adds a charm
+to the volume and enhances both its appearance and the pleasure of its
+perusal. Similarly the addition of an _authentic_ portrait to a biography
+certainly lends an added interest, whilst the addition of a map is often
+of the greatest assistance to the reader. But that books should be
+mutilated, torn apart, and stuffed with play-bills, lottery-tickets, and
+the like, no sane book-lover will admit.
+
+There are some books that seem to ask for illustration. Who has handled
+the three folio volumes which comprise the first edition of Clarendon's
+'History of the Rebellion' without feeling that by rights they should
+contain fine mezzotint portraits of the chief actors in that great drama?
+But they must be mezzotints, mark you--mere line engravings would be out
+of place among those bank-note paper leaves with their handsome
+great-primer type. This question of seemliness, too, must be considered
+carefully ere we add a single plate to any volume. Not every engraving,
+however beautiful in design and impression, is at once suitable to every
+book that treats of the subject it depicts. That the illustrations be
+contemporary with the text goes without saying. No one would be so
+foolish as to insert modern 'half-tone' illustrations in a
+seventeenth-century book.
+
+That heading 'Extra-illustrated,' so dear to certain booksellers, must
+send a shudder through many of the discerning readers of their
+catalogues. Books that are extra-illustrated should be avoided by the
+collector on principle. There is something foolishly egotistical in
+seeking (by those who have no knowledge of book-production) to 'improve'
+the work of other men whose business is the making of books. There can be
+no necessity for it; the author is quite sure to have added the
+illustrations that are requisite for the volume. It is only books that
+were published without illustrations that we are justified in attempting
+to embellish. Illustrations in a book are invariably a question of the
+author's and publisher's tastes; the cost of their production is not
+usually an all-important item: it is the setting up of the type, the
+paper, and the binding that count--not the illustrations.
+
+It was the fashion in the early decades of the last century to issue
+volumes of engravings suitable for illustrating the works of contemporary
+writers, such as Byron and Scott: and these illustrations can be used
+when you have your editions rebound. There is no particular merit about
+the greater part of them, but they depict incidents described in the
+text, so at least they are apposite. Each to his taste; our book-hunter
+for his part needs no second-rate illustrations to help him visualise the
+glories of Childe Harold or Don Juan; and he has long since confined his
+Grangerising to the sparing addition of finely engraved portraits to
+biographical volumes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] With regard to these cases, the collector will use his own judgment
+as to whether they be of the 'slip-in' variety, by which means the
+binding is rubbed every time that he withdraws and inserts his volume;
+whether such cases be lined with velvet, and roomy enough to obviate this
+friction; or whether they shall open with a flap at the side.
+
+[45] If you are interested in the pedigrees of your volumes (by which we
+mean the identification of their previous owners) you will find M.
+Guigard's 'Nouvel Armorial du Bibliophile,' octavo, Paris, 1890, useful
+where armorial bindings are concerned. It is an interesting volume, and
+appeared first of all in four parts (large octavo, Paris), between 1870
+and 1872. There are cuts of every coat of arms identified, but these are
+almost entirely French. Mr. Cyril Davenport's 'English Heraldic
+Book-stamps' was published in large octavo, in 1909. For early
+book-plates you must consult the numerous works upon this subject that
+have appeared in recent years. An excellent series of articles entitled
+"Books on Book-plates," by F.C.P., appeared in 'The Bookman's Journal and
+Print Collector' between February and July, 1920 (Nos. 15-18, 20-23, 25,
+34, and 40). There is also 'A Bibliography of Book-Plates,' by Messrs.
+Fincham and Brown, in which the plates are arranged chronologically. The
+Ex-Libris Society issues a journal, and there are numerous other volumes
+upon this subject, which you will find mentioned in Mr. Courtney's
+'Register of National Bibliography.'
+
+[46] Canto xviii.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE CARE OF BOOKS--(_Continued_)
+
+    'In the name of Christ all men I pray,
+     No wight this book doth carry away,
+     By force or theft or any deceit.
+     Why not? Because no treasure so sweet
+     As my books, which the grace of Christ display.'
+              (_Written in Latin hexameters at the end of
+                                  the Leechbook of Bald._)
+
+
+THERE can be no subject of such prime importance to the collector as the
+housing of his books. In most cases the books themselves have small say
+in the matter, for a certain room in the house is allotted to them
+without any consideration as to its suitability for storing books, and
+there they must abide, making such shift as their possessor shall
+determine. This must always be the case where their owner is in lodgings
+or in any temporary abode, where it is not considered worth while going
+to the expense of putting up permanent shelves for his books. But, after
+careless handling, there is nothing that ruins books more quickly than an
+indifference to their well-being; and unless our volumes are constantly
+placed in their proper position, that is upon their _feet_, they will age
+speedily and visibly both inside and out.
+
+'The surest way to preserve your books in health is to treat them as you
+would your own children,' wrote that great bibliophile, William Blades;
+and the care which should ever be bestowed upon ancient volumes cannot be
+too strongly emphasised. And it is not only 'ancient' volumes that
+require attention. Cloth bindings are hardly so durable as leather, and
+without proper care a library of modern books can be reduced to wreckage
+in a year. It is just as easy to provide proper accommodation for one's
+books, wherever one may be living, as it is to provide comforts for
+oneself. Treat your books well and they will last you all your life,
+giving pleasure every time that you may take them in your hands. Remember
+also that although one may judge the propensities of a collector from the
+titles of his volumes and his character from their contents, yet there is
+nothing which indicates his habits so surely as the external appearance
+of his books. Whenever our book-hunter enters the library of a
+fellow-bookman he can gauge at once the depths of his feelings towards
+books, let alone the extent of his bibliographical knowledge.
+
+Surely no man is such a giant among his fellows that he may allow the
+life-works of the greatest geniuses of this world to be spurned
+underfoot? 'Take thou a book into thine hands,' wrote Thomas à Kempis,
+'as Simeon the Just took the Child Jesus into his arms to carry him and
+kiss him.'
+
+What true book-lover could find it in his heart wantonly to injure a good
+book? '. . . as good almost kill a Man as kill a good Book,' wrote Milton
+in that oft-quoted passage in his Areopagitica; 'who kills a Man kills a
+reasonable creature, God's Image; but hee who destroyes a good Booke
+kills Reason itselfe, kills the Image of God, as it were in the eye. Many
+a man lives a burden to the Earth; but a good Booke is the pretious
+life-blood of a master spirit, imbalm'd and treasur'd up on purpose to a
+Life beyond Life.'
+
+It is not only the critic who destroys books, for neglect may approach
+dangerously near to wanton destruction. At the least, he who regards not
+the welfare of his books is an accessory before the fact of their
+destruction. 'Books,' says that veteran bibliophile M. Octave Uzanne,
+'are so many faithful and serviceable friends, gently teaching us
+everything through their persuasive and wise experience.' Surely if good
+books are so much to us, such a great part of our lives, it behoves us to
+respect them not a little. Have they not taught us, guided us, advised
+us, soothed us, and amused us from our youth up? And is it meet that we
+should repay their constant friendship with indignity?
+
+'Thou, whosoever thou art that studiest in this book,' wrote an unknown
+book-lover many centuries ago upon the margin of a favourite volume,
+'take heed to turn the leaves lightly and smoothly, that thou mayest
+avoid tearing them on account of their thinness; and seek to imitate the
+example of Jesus Christ who, when He had gently opened the book of Isaiah
+and read it with attention, at length closed it reverently and returned
+it to the minister.'
+
+On this subject of shelving our book-hunter can speak from experience,
+for he has provided proper accommodation for a thousand to three thousand
+volumes in three temporary abodes.[47] It takes a little time, a fair
+amount of trouble, and an outlay of three or four pounds; but when once
+accomplished such shelving is a thing of no small pride to oneself, and
+the object of a good deal of admiration by one's friends. Briefly, the
+plan he has always adopted is to erect shelves of pine or deal stained
+brown, nine inches wide and five-eighths or three-quarters of an inch
+thick, along the entire walls of his sanctum. It is firmly made and will
+last a lifetime, yet it can readily be taken to pieces in a few minutes.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY]
+
+In erecting such shelving the first thing to do is to estimate how many
+feet of it you will require. On an average one foot will contain ten
+octavo or quarto volumes or six folio ones. There should be ten inches
+between the shelves for octavos, twelve inches for quartos, and
+fourteen inches for folios: while at the bottom you may have a shelf
+sixteen inches in height for such large folios as you may acquire or
+already possess. Should the huge folios (almost folissimos) published by
+the Record Commission in the early years of the nineteenth century fall
+within the category of your collecting activities, you will require one
+shelf at least no less than nineteen inches in height. If only for the
+sake of your peace of mind I would strongly advise you not to begin
+collecting early Spanish antiphonaries, such as you may see in the
+Escurial; for these are frequently six feet high and four feet wide, and
+are really out of place in the small domestic library. I forget for the
+moment their precise dimensions in millimetres.
+
+It is a mistake to have the top shelves too high. Not to speak of the
+inconvenience of having to stretch upon tip-toe or mount a chair in order
+to obtain a volume, your books will be subjected to a higher temperature
+the nearer they are to the ceiling. Blades, in his 'Enemies of Books,' is
+emphatic upon this point. 'Heat alone,' he says, 'without any noxious
+fumes is, if continuous, very injurious to books; and, without gas,
+bindings may be utterly destroyed by desiccation, the leather losing all
+its natural oils by long exposure to much heat. It is, therefore, a great
+pity to place books high up in a room where heat of any kind is used, for
+it must rise to the top, and if sufficient to be of comfort to the
+readers below is certain to be hot enough above to injure the bindings.'
+
+Gas is one of the greatest enemies of books, the sulphur in the gas fumes
+attacking the leather bindings readily, so that in time they are reduced
+to tinder. So if gas be the illuminant in your study, see to it that no
+volume of yours be above the level of the burner. In any case, if space
+will permit, the highest shelf should not be more than six feet from the
+ground. For similar reasons of temperature, the bottom shelves should be
+six inches above the floor.
+
+As to the actual length of the shelves, if constructed of wood
+five-eighths of an inch thick _when planed_, they should not exceed two
+feet two inches in length between supports. If made longer they will
+gradually bend in the middle under the weight of the books and soon look
+unsightly. But if made of three-quarter-inch wood, they may well be three
+feet long.
+
+Now as to the actual construction of the cases. We will suppose that the
+entire case, that is shelves and uprights, is to be made of planks
+five-eighths of an inch thick when planed. The first thing to do is to
+estimate how many feet of timber you will require. Measure your wall
+space. In calculating the length of shelving remember that each _upright_
+is five-eighths of an inch thick; and in estimating the height of the
+uprights, don't forget to add the thicknesses of the shelves to the
+spaces between them. Perhaps the following example will be useful.
+
+To find height of upright:--
+Top shelf space                               9½in.
+2nd shelf space                              10 in.
+3rd shelf space                              10 in.
+4th shelf space                              10 in.
+5th shelf space                              12 in.
+6th shelf space                              14 in.
+Height of lowest shelf from floor             6 in.
+Thickness of 6 shelves, each 5/8in.           3¾in.
+                                             ------
+                     Height of upright--6ft., 3¼in.
+                                             ------
+
+The top shelf will be 5ft. 5in. from the ground.
+
+The uprights must be two inches wider than the shelves in order that the
+latter may not rest against the wall. There must always be a space
+between shelves and wall to allow a free circulation of air about the
+books. Therefore, let your uprights be eleven inches and your shelves
+nine inches in width. In estimating the amount of timber required, don't
+forget the top.
+
+The manner in which the shelves are supported by the uprights is as
+follows. Strips of wood five-eighths of an inch square and nine inches
+long are screwed across the uprights, and on these the shelves rest. So
+when you order the wood from your carpenter or timber merchant see that
+he sends you also a sufficiency of these strips, two for each shelf.
+
+The fixing of these strips will entail a certain amount of carpentry, and
+in addition to bradawl, screwdriver, and footrule you will need a hard
+pencil and a carpenter's square, as well as some stout iron screws one
+inch long. Two screws are sufficient for each strip. If you are anything
+of a carpenter you will countersink the holes for the heads of the
+screws; this will also prevent a possible splitting of the strip.
+
+When your carpentering is completed, the whole case must be stained to
+your taste. For this purpose our book-hunter has found nothing so good as
+the solution known as 'Solignum,' which may be purchased at any
+ironmonger's. In addition to being a wood-preservative, it has the
+advantage of being obnoxious to insects. It dries a pleasing brown, not
+unlike old oak. The only objection to its use that he has discovered is
+that it smells strongly, though not unpleasantly, for about a fortnight.
+One coat is quite sufficient, and after a few days you may rub the
+shelves with an old duster to remove any of the solution that has not yet
+been absorbed.
+
+The case should now be put together, the tops (which are in one piece,
+the entire width of the case) and lowest shelves being screwed to the
+uprights. The other shelves are merely rested on the strips. You will
+find that if your floor be level, and you have sawn the bottoms of the
+uprights squarely, there will be no necessity to affix the case to the
+wall: the weight of the books alone will keep it in position. If the
+floor proves uneven, small wedges underneath the uprights will be
+sufficient.
+
+You will find it an advantage to cover the shelves and their sides with
+green baize. This protects the bindings of the books considerably, and it
+is easily stuck on with glue. It has also the advantage of _holding_ the
+dust which collects, and with the aid of a small 'vacuum-cleaner' such as
+most households possess nowadays, the cases may be cleaned thoroughly
+without removing a single shelf.[48] Felt would be better, but it is, of
+course, much more expensive. Sir John Cheke, tutor to Edward the Sixth,
+that learned man who, says Milton, 'taught Cambridge and King Edward
+Greek,' used buckram. 'Among other lacks,' he writes from Cambridge in
+1549 to a friend in London, 'I lack painted bucram to lai betweyne bokes
+and bordes in mi studi, which I now have trimd. I have need of XXX
+yardes. Chuse you the color.' But the buckram of his day was probably a
+very different material from the cloth which we are accustomed to
+associate with the binding of books. At all events I certainly should not
+recommend its use when you trim your studi.
+
+On no account must you paint or varnish your shelves, unless, of course,
+you intend to cover them with baize or felt. However good the paint,
+however hard the varnish, heavy leather-bound books will adhere to them
+in course of time. So that when you come to remove a volume which you
+have treasured in its ancient calf, you will find that the leather at the
+bottom edges of the boards remains behind with the shelf. Therefore,
+unless you intend to line them, let your shelves be stained or sparingly
+polished only.
+
+Care must be taken not to place any volume near wet or even damp
+'Solignum.' Make sure that it is thoroughly dry or covered with baize
+before you place a single volume on the shelves. Should you wish your
+work to look particularly neat, you may putty over the heads of the
+screws before you begin staining operations. An additional 'finish' is
+given by numbering the cases with Roman numerals in gold upon small
+stained blocks (about 2 inches by 1¼ inches) affixed to the top of each
+case. The shelves may also be lettered with letters of the alphabet cut
+out of gold paper.
+
+But perhaps you may prefer to designate the cases of your library by the
+names of ancient Rome, as was the practice followed notably in these days
+in the library of Sir Robert Cotton. It is a pleasant conceit, and there
+is certainly something more dignified about 'Vespasian, VII, 7,' or
+'Cleopatra, IV, 26' than there is about a mere 'B, VI, 8,' or
+'XIV, C, 16.' Asinius Pollio, that great warrior, historian, and
+book-lover of the Augustan age, is said to have been the first to adorn
+his library with portraits and busts of celebrated men as well as with
+statues of Minerva and the Muses, an example that was soon followed by
+others. Pollio was the first to found a public library at Rome, which he
+endowed with the money obtained in his Illyrian campaign, says Pliny: but
+in how many public libraries at the present day will you find a memorial
+of this great patron of Virgil and Horace?
+
+The effect of placing statuettes of marble or plaster, about sixteen
+inches high, on the top of one's book-cases is singularly pleasing; and
+there is an appropriateness about it to the eye that it is impossible to
+describe. One may have beautiful reproductions of all the most famous
+classical statues and busts for a few shillings. What can be more
+appropriate than for Calliope to preside over your case containing Homer
+and Virgil, Dante and Milton; or that Euterpe should be enthroned above
+Theocritus and Horace, Shelley and Swinburne? You may carry your fancy on
+these lines as far as you like, and you may include any figure that
+pleases you, from the well-known 'Discobolus' (over your case of sporting
+books!) to the exquisite statue which many still persist in calling the
+'Venus de Milo.'[49]
+
+A friend of our book-hunter has adopted a somewhat similar plan. Above
+each case in his library he has placed an oaken shield on which are
+emblazoned the arms of one of the ancient historic families of England,
+such as Warren, Clare, Mortimer, or Doyly. The effect is striking, and
+the bold colouring of fesses and chevrons lightens the sombre tone of the
+mahogany cases. The shields are chosen for their distinctive features,
+and, once learnt, it would be impossible in seeking 'Warr. C, 21' to
+mistake the scarlet chevrons of Clare for the blue and white chess-board
+coat of Warren.
+
+On the matter of cases with glass doors we need not touch here; it has
+been thoroughly debated by such masters as Blades and Lang. For the
+storing of valuable books and bindings such cases are excellent, provided
+always that there is a free circulation of air about the volumes, or that
+the doors are opened every day. But for one who is at work continually in
+his library, and is referring constantly to his books, the repeated
+opening and closing of glass doors would be something more than
+irritating. Charles V. of France had grilles of brass wire put in the
+windows of his library in the Louvre, to preserve the books from the
+attacks of 'birds and other beasts.' The document recording the payment
+for this work makes the sinister remark that the books were in the tower
+'devers la Fauconnerie.' Precisely what the clerk of the works thought we
+shall never know; possibly he pictured a goshawk pouncing upon the
+'veluyau ynde' in which some chubby duodecimo was clothed. In the end,
+however, the 'oyseaux et autres bestes' had to make room for the books;
+and the Tour de la Fauconnerie, known thenceforth as the Tour de la
+Librairie, was panelled throughout with 'bois d'Irlande,' carved and
+inlaid (as it seems) with cypress wood. However, this was so long ago as
+1368.
+
+We must now turn to another important matter--perhaps the most important
+subject to the collector after the housing of his volumes--namely, the
+binding of his books. It is a subject that is naturally of the greatest
+moment to the bibliophile, for it is as essentially a part of his
+volumes as are their leaves and print. It is constantly before him, and
+will continue to occupy his thoughts to the end of his book-collecting
+career. So often, however, has it been treated, so many are the books
+upon it by skilled craftsmen, that it were needless (and, indeed,
+presumptuous for the writer) to enter into any details here concerning
+its methods. I would strongly urge every young collector, however, to
+make himself thoroughly acquainted with the craft so far as can be done
+without actually becoming apprentice to a bookbinder. Bookbinding is
+taught nowadays at most of the County Council Schools of Technics
+throughout the kingdom; and there are opportunities in this direction for
+the young bibliophile to-day which his elder brethren regard with envy.
+
+Even where such practical instruction is unobtainable it is possible to
+acquire a quite considerable knowledge of the craft by a diligent study
+of practical text-books and the scrutinous handling of volumes bound in
+all ages. As he reads each page, each section of his manual, the
+collector should examine repeatedly the volumes lying by his side. Our
+book-hunter began his study of bookbinding with a small and excellent
+text-book by Mr. Joseph Zaehnsdorf, a member of the well-known firm of
+binders (sm. 8vo, 3rd ed. 1897); but it has perhaps been superseded by
+the more recent work of Mr. Douglas Cockerell, namely, 'Bookbinding and
+the Care of Books,' a perfectly invaluable little book to the collector
+(sm. 8vo, 4th ed. 1915, published by Mr. John Hogg, Paternoster Row). A
+diligent application to this book and constant reference to bound volumes
+during his perusal will teach the collector sufficient about the binding
+of books for his purpose. He will be able to distinguish between a cased
+and a bound book, a well-bound and a badly-bound volume, good and bad
+sewing, tooling, etc.; and he will learn the advantages of the solid
+back.
+
+Now he may turn to the valuable work by Mr. H. P. Horne entitled 'The
+Binding of Books' (8vo, 1894) from which he will learn a great deal that
+is of interest concerning the history of binding. An excellent pamphlet
+on bookbinders and the history of their craft, by Mr. W. H. J. Weale, was
+issued in 1898 by the authorities of the Victoria and Albert Museum at
+South Kensington. It was published at one shilling, and consists of 130
+pages with illustrations of binders' stamps and tools, and has an
+excellent index. At the time of writing it is still in print. But you
+will find valuable lists of works on the history and practice of
+bookbinding in Mr. Cyril Davenport's delightful volume 'The Book: its
+History and Development' (8vo, 1907, Messrs. Constable and Co.). And
+there are two small volumes on the qualities of the modern book-binding
+leathers which the collector will do well to read, mark, learn and
+inwardly digest at the outset of his bibliopegic studies. They are
+'Leather for Libraries' (8vo, London 1905), by a committee of the Library
+Association, and the Report of the Committee of the Society of Arts on
+Leather for Bookbinding, also octavo, London 1905.
+
+Now as to the practical application of his knowledge of bookbinding. He
+will have realised at the outset of his career that unless a book be
+strongly bound in leather at the first, much use will quickly reduce it
+to the condition of a wreck. The British Museum authorities, recognising
+this, wisely rebind in leather certain volumes published in cloth covers
+which are to be placed on the shelves of the Reading Room. Where much use
+is accorded to the volumes doubtless the ideal way, if one were possessed
+of sufficient means, would be to purchase new books in quires only, and
+to have them bound in vellum, pigskin or morocco straight away. With
+regard to second-hand books (by which I mean old-time literature) these
+would be rebound, similarly, before they were assigned places on the
+shelves.
+
+Fortunately, however, in the private library our volumes are immune from
+that careless handling usually accorded to books by those who love not
+learning for learning's sake, but look upon it as a necessary part of
+their worldly education. Usually there is no need to rebind these
+ancient tomes whose 'joints' are so delicately described by the
+bookseller as 'tender': their very infirmity will ensure that they be
+accorded careful handling. But there comes a time when the old fellow
+succumbs to his arthrodial trouble, and there is nothing for it but to
+send him to the binder that he may acquire a second youth. Then it is
+that the collector's learning in the art of binding will prove of the
+greatest use. He will take the patient in his hands, examine him
+minutely, and write a long prescription which he will slip into the
+volume opposite the title-page, before proceeding to wrap him up for the
+journey. It will run something like this:
+
+    M. PASQUIER'S 'Recherches de la France'
+          Fo: Paris 1633.
+    To be bound in full Niger, dark brown (as I usually have it).
+    Solid back, big round bands.
+    All edges untouched.
+    Old marbled endpapers, cloth joints.
+    Blind panel and lozenge tooling on sides
+      (like the pattern you have of my big Menestrier).
+    On the back a broad gold line either side of each band.
+    Panels plain.
+    To be lettered (thick fount)
+      RECHERCHES
+      DE LA FRANCE
+    and in the middle panel
+      PASQUIER.
+    The engraved portrait facing the title-page to be washed and sized.
+    Tears on pp. 721, 723 to be mended.
+
+Pigskin, vellum, and morocco (by which I intend goatskin): there are no
+alternatives if durability be our aim; calf, of course, we have learnt
+long ago to eschew. No leather, except Russia, perishes more quickly or
+more easily. Rather have a book bound in cloth than in calf any day.
+Buckram is good and stands fairly rough handling; it is useful for
+binding catalogues and cheap books. See that your binder gives you good
+thick boards when he clothes your books in buckram.
+
+Years ago, when books were most commonly bound in calf, a custom arose of
+stamping the lettering on thin pieces of leather of a different colour
+from the binding, and these were stuck on to the back of the book. There
+is no doubt that these leather labels have _sometimes_ a pleasing effect,
+and for a time the custom was very popular. But it is a bad habit.
+Besides the meretricious effect generally produced, the paste which holds
+the label to the back of the book perishes in time, and the label drops
+off. A visit to any large second-hand bookshop will afford an admirable
+illustration of the result of this habit. Here one may see sets of
+Shakespeare's works and other classics which present a most woebegone
+appearance owing to several of the volumes having shed their labels. The
+only excuse for this custom that I have ever heard urged, is that one
+always knows when to rebind volumes so adorned: it is when the labels
+begin to fall.
+
+As to the merits and demerits of the different coloured moroccos, you
+will find these fully dealt with in the bookbinding manuals. White and
+black we are warned against especially. The bookbinding authorities tell
+us that vellum, if exposed to a strong light, perishes and chips off like
+egg-shell; and we are warned to place vellum bound volumes with their
+backs to the wall, lettering the fore-edge with pen and ink, as was often
+done of old. But if kept away from the windows this precaution seems to
+be unnecessary. The beautiful brown vellum used for binding and repairing
+old books by Messrs. John Ramage and Son is very attractive and is,
+perhaps, as durable a binding as it is possible to have. Possibly other
+bookbinders use it, though I do not remember to have seen it used by any
+other firm. So far as I am aware this firm is the only one in London
+capable of executing work of the very highest class at a price within the
+means of the modest collector.
+
+It has been said that there are only four bookbinders in London who may
+be trusted not to mutilate a book, and that there are only two who have
+any sense of design and harmony of colour. But this is not to be wondered
+at when we consider that the majority of the bookbinders' customers know
+nothing whatever of bookbinding good or bad, requiring only that their
+volumes shall present a gorgeous appearance to the eye. Consequently the
+ordinary binder is rarely called upon to pay those minute attentions to
+detail demanded by a hypercritical collector. Bibliophiles are born, not
+made, and it were foolish to expect that every bookbinder has the love of
+books at heart. In nine cases out of ten it is our own fault if the
+binder goes wrong, for it means that our instructions have been either
+too meagre or lacking in a knowledge of technical detail.
+
+When sending a book to the binder, definite instructions should always be
+enclosed. The details should be set forth clearly on a slip accompanying
+the volume. It should be stated:
+
+     (i) Whether the book is to be bound in pigskin, vellum, or
+     morocco (Levant, Niger, smooth or rough grained).
+
+     (ii) The colour.
+
+And here let me say that it is always better to choose the leather (the
+actual skin) oneself. The binder will make up two little books, lettered
+with the collector's name on the cover, containing moroccos of different
+hues; one he will give to the collector, the other he will retain. As
+every sample in these books is numbered, when ordering it is merely
+necessary to give the number (written _very distinctly_!). It is perhaps
+superfluous to add that, at the outset, the collector will have obtained
+a guarantee from his binder that only acid-free skins shall be used in
+binding his books. And he will also be careful to avoid selecting the
+very bright tints, such skins not being so durable as those of more
+sombre hue.
+
+     (iii) Whether quarter, half, or whole binding.
+
+     (iv) If quarter or half binding, whether the sides are to be
+     covered with cloth (buckram or linen, and colour) or paper
+     (marbled or plain, and colour).
+
+     (v) Treatment of the edges: whether top edge gilt (t.e.g.), all
+     edges gilt, gilt on red, gilt on the rough, marbled, sprinkled,
+     yellow, red, or blue edges (the last two very effective on folio
+     books bound in pigskin), edges trimmed or untrimmed, uncoloured,
+     etc.
+
+     (vi) Round or square back.
+
+     (vii) Solid or hollow back.
+
+     (viii) Round or square raised bands, big or small, or 'no bands'
+     (_i.e._ not showing).
+
+     (ix) End-papers (white, plain coloured or marbled).
+
+     (x) Whether, in the case of a large book, it is to have cloth
+     joints (inside the covers).
+
+     (xi) Design in gold or blind tooling on sides and back.
+
+     (xii) Lettering on back. This should be given in capital letters
+     precisely as it is desired to appear. If any lettering is
+     required in a panel other than the title-panel (second from top),
+     it should be stated which one; the number of the volume or the
+     author's name is put sometimes in the third panel from the top
+     and sometimes in the fourth.
+
+     (xiii) Leaves to be mended, cleaned, or pressed; and any
+     directions regarding illustrations, maps, etc.
+
+A goodly list? Yes, but a necessary one unless one is content to leave
+these things to the binder's discretion. He _may_ be one of the two who
+are said to possess 'a sense of design and harmony of colour'; but unless
+the collector has enclosed instructions as to all these points, if on its
+return the appearance of the book displease him he has only himself to
+blame.
+
+The care which the book-lover bestows upon his volumes should not end,
+however, when they return from the binder. Unless attended to from time
+to time a leather binding--however good the leather--will perish,
+probably, within a lifetime. Vellum, apparently, is everlasting, provided
+it be kept away from the light and not exposed to great changes of
+weather or temperature. But pigskin, goatskin, and of course calf, in
+time lose by evaporation certain fats which are inherent in the leather.
+Some collectors use furniture-polish or brown boot-polish to brighten up
+dingy old bindings, and this certainly has a pleasing (and often
+surprising) effect. But it is a bad practice, for the polish hardens the
+leather, which soon cracks worse than before. 'It would add immensely to
+the life of old leather bindings,' writes Mr. Cockerell, 'if librarians
+would have them treated, say once a year, with some preservative.' And he
+goes on to recommend that the bindings be rubbed over with a solution of
+paraffin wax dissolved in castor oil. Our book-hunter has used a
+preparation of glycerine for some years with success, but the paraffin
+wax promises to evaporate less rapidly. Old calf bindings should be
+treated at least once every year.
+
+What shall we do with our volumes in 'original boards, uncut' when their
+paper backs become tattered, their labels illegible? Is there no other
+treatment for them than a visit to the binder's? That depends entirely
+upon one's energy, one's capacity for taking pains, one's neatness of
+finger, and the time at one's disposal. As I have said, the pleasure in
+handling volumes so attired is sufficient excuse for a desire to retain
+them in their original condition as long as possible. There is a facility
+in opening, a lightness in holding, and a simple charm in their
+appearance that is unknown to their more richly clad brethren. Our
+book-hunter for his part has long since given up sending such volumes to
+the binder's. Let the adept exercise his craft upon tomes in worn-out
+leather bindings; with the repairing of books in their original boards
+our amateur himself will deal.
+
+It is not a difficult matter, and it can be done by the bibliophile at
+home. The first requisites are some sheets of strong, tough paper, brown
+and coloured. These can be procured for a few pence from any
+paper-merchant or place where they sell wrapping-paper. A pot of
+'Stickphast' paste, a pencil, a ruler, a pocket-knife, and a pair of
+scissors are the accessories. Sometimes it is necessary only to re-back
+the volume. This is a simple matter. First of all the tattered paper on
+the back is scraped off, then a strip of brown or coloured paper is cut
+the required width and an inch and a half longer than the height of the
+volume. Cover the strip with paste, then take the volume in your left
+hand and paste the back and half an inch on to the sides, having first of
+all placed a sheet of clean paper, slightly larger than the book, inside
+the cover at each end (_i.e._ under the boards). This is to prevent
+soiling.
+
+Now press the back of the book on to the strip, lying on the table ready
+pasted, so that it adheres; and with your right hand press the sides of
+the strip over on to the sides of the book. Experience will quickly teach
+you that if you use too much paste you will make a mess; whilst if you
+use too little the strip will not stick. If the paper is very thick it is
+necessary to rub the paste well into it.
+
+Next put the back of the book upon the table (which we trust you have
+covered with a newspaper) and allow the boards to fall flat, holding the
+leaves upright. Now comes the tricky part of the business: you have got
+to fold the projecting ends of the new back _over_ the top and bottom of
+the boards and _under_ the body of the book. If this is not quite lucid,
+get a volume in boards and hold it as we have directed, you will soon see
+what is meant. It is a ticklish operation and the paper is easily torn if
+too thin _or too damp_. It also requires some patience, for probably you
+will find that the strip has come away from the sides during your
+manipulations. Press it down again and do the other end. Pressing and
+pulling gently and kneading are the secrets of success. A small rubber
+squeegee such as photographers use is useful here. With it you can press
+out the superfluous paste under the sides of the strip; but it must be
+used cautiously and not too hard.
+
+Now close the volume, not forgetting to insert sheets of clean paper
+between boards and leaves at either end, take it up again in your left
+hand, and pat and finger it carefully till you are satisfied that all is
+well. Then remove a volume of similar thickness from a rather tightly
+packed shelf, and insert your patient in its place _as far as the strip_.
+Leave it here to dry for at least twenty-four hours.
+
+If the original paper label is legible and intact, it can be easily
+soaked off the tattered back, though you may have to operate first of all
+with the pocket-knife to remove it entire from the book. Press it between
+blotting-paper and allow it to dry naturally. When the new back is dry
+(not before) the label may be pasted on to it. If, however, the label is
+missing or too tattered to be of service, there is nothing for it but to
+write another one with your best penmanship, copying the original, if you
+have it, in facsimile. Such labels should be written with Indian
+(_waterproof_) ink upon rather thin paper of a different colour from the
+back. Light buff is the most useful colour, though pale blue and light
+green can be used sometimes with advantage.
+
+Should you wish to make your work look extra neat, and to disguise the
+fact that the volume has been rebacked, it is possible sometimes to raise
+the end-papers at the inner corners of the boards, so that the projecting
+ends of the backing-strip may be tucked under. So much for rebacking.
+
+Sometimes, however, the boards are too dirty or broken to be retained, or
+some of the boards in a set of volumes are missing. Then there is nothing
+for it but to provide new boards or patch up and re-cover the old ones.
+Here again the labour is not very great. New boards may be cut from a
+cardboard box of suitable size and thickness. Those used by dressmakers
+are not very suitable, the card being generally too soft. If your volume
+lacks one or both boards, paste the back with stickphast, and then press
+on to it a strip of very thin linen (a strip torn from an old cambric
+handkerchief serves admirably) about two inches wider than the back and
+an inch shorter than the height of the book. The linen will project an
+inch on either side of the back. Now put the volume aside to dry.
+
+When the back is dry, having provided suitable boards, paste the linen
+sides on the underside of each board, _i.e._ so that when the book is
+shut, the linen is between leaves and board. The best way to do this is
+to take a volume of similar thickness, cover it with newspaper, and place
+it flat upon the table with its fore-edge to the back of the 'patient.'
+Then lay the board on the supporting volume, and so paste the linen to
+it. Do one side after the other, stand the book 'ajar,' and allow to dry.
+Now you may proceed just as in re-backing, covering the boards first of
+all by pasting over them a rather thin but _opaque_ paper. You will find
+the squeegee useful here. These side-papers are measured and cut one inch
+larger than the volume at head, foot, and fore-edge. The projecting edges
+are folded over the boards and rubbed down with the squeegee. The corners
+need some attention and pressing.
+
+When you have re-backed your book and all is dry, you will have to
+provide it with end-papers. Any opaque white paper will do, provided it
+is not too stiff. That used for lining chests of drawers will answer the
+purpose, though a paper of slightly better quality is preferable. Measure
+it carefully about one-eighth of an inch less at head and foot than the
+height of the book. You need not trouble about the width: so long as the
+free edge projects beyond the fore-edge when you close the book it can be
+cut level afterwards. Do not use too much paste, and crease the paper
+carefully along, and slightly into, the 'joint' with an ivory paperknife.
+Do not close the book until it is dry.
+
+Whenever you may have occasion to add new end-papers, remember to
+preserve all indications of the pedigree of your book, by which I mean
+traces of previous ownership. If there be a bookplate, soak it off, and
+when dry paste it inside the end cover. If there be autographs of
+interest on the boards, soak the paper off, cut out the writing and paste
+it back again when you have finished the book.
+
+When you have provided your volume with new boards, however, you may
+prefer to clothe it in a 'whole binding'; that is, to use a single piece
+of paper to cover both back and sides. This is slightly more difficult
+and some little patience is needed; but when successfully accomplished
+the effect repays one amply. Lay your book on a sheet of coloured paper,
+so that the boards are flat whilst you are holding the leaves
+perpendicularly; then pencil and rule lines all round, leaving a margin
+of about three-quarters of an inch. Cut out this piece, paste it, paste
+the back and boards, and lay the book down again on the paper just as you
+did to begin with. The book is held in this position with either hand
+whilst the edges are turned up over the boards. It takes a little
+practice, and one requires some experience in the shrinkage of the paper
+used. Old boards that have their corners broken can be easily repaired by
+the use of plenty of paste rubbed well into the breaks, and by using
+fairly strong covering paper.
+
+There is another matter of which mention must be made here, for it is a
+necessary adjunct to the binding of books, and that is cleaning, or
+washing, as it is generally called. Often one comes across leaves in a
+volume that are stained or spotted in such a manner as to spoil the
+appearance of the book which otherwise is perfect. Such blemishes can
+usually be removed when the volume is rebound. Either it is not such a
+difficult matter as many who have written of these things would have us
+believe, or else our book-hunter has been singularly fortunate. For he
+confesses to having achieved considerable success in this direction. Like
+all other matters involving care and thoroughness, it takes a good deal
+of time, and no small amount of trouble; but apart from these
+considerations there is no reason why any bibliophile endowed with
+patience and a capacity for taking pains, should not attend to the
+washing of his more 'grubby' volumes himself.
+
+It is not the writer's intention here to go into the various processes
+employed, for that has been done already by experienced bookbinders; but
+perhaps the methods which he has employed successfully may be of interest
+and, possibly, of some use to beginners.
+
+Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say that your first experiments should
+be made upon books of no value whatever, preferably volumes that have
+been picked out of the penny tub for this purpose. You will also have
+procured (if indeed you do not already possess) a copy of Mr. Douglas
+Cockerell's invaluable little book which I have already mentioned, and
+have studied it as has been suggested above. Mr. Zaehnsdorf's work also
+contains a chapter on this subject.
+
+The paraphernalia required are not numerous or expensive, for they
+consist merely of three or four wide-mouthed glass-stoppered bottles in
+which to store your chemicals, and a few photographer's developing dishes
+(the _deep_ ones, of white porcelain) of a suitable size for octavo,
+quarto, or folio leaves.
+
+Obviously the first thing to do is to remove from the book the leaf or
+leaves that require cleaning. Unless, like Gerard de Leew, the Antwerp
+printer, you are 'a man of grete wysedom in all maner of kunnyng,' you
+will not attempt to clean the leaves of a book _in situ_. In fact he
+would be a very brave (or foolish) man who, without great experience,
+tried to remove any sort of stain from a page without removing the leaf
+first of all. Our own experience is that it is better to pull the whole
+book to pieces--or rather _take_ it to pieces, for the word 'pull' in
+this connection makes one shudder. Carefully cut the threads that hold
+the quires to the bands, and little by little remove each quire. If the
+book is in an old leather binding, with a solid back, your task will be
+no easy one, for it is necessary to scrape away the glue from the back
+after it has been damped. A cloth dipped in very hot water and wrung out
+_tightly_ is sometimes of use here, but you must use the greatest
+caution.
+
+Having removed the leaf, or rather sheet of four pages (we will suppose
+that the volume has been 'cut') that requires cleaning, you have now to
+diagnose its complaint and prescribe the correct remedy, which you will
+have learnt from the text-books we have mentioned. But if the leaf is not
+merely stained in part, but altogether brown and discoloured, the
+following treatment probably will prove efficacious. Put half an ounce of
+permanganate of potash in a jug that holds about a pint and a half, and
+fill it up with hot water. Stir with a piece of wood until the
+permanganate is dissolved. Then lay your sheet in a developing dish and
+pour the hot solution in gently, taking care that there are no bubbles
+and that the leaf is completely covered. At the end of five minutes (or
+ten if the paper is thick and heavily sized) pour back the liquid into
+the jug, and, holding the dish over a sink, let cold water run across it
+in a gentle stream until _all_ the permanganate is washed away.
+
+The leaf will now be stained a deep brown. Stand the dish on end (the
+leaf of course sticks to the bottom of the dish) to drain while you
+prepare the bleaching part of the operation. Now take a similar jug, put
+half an ounce of oxalic acid into it, and again fill up with hot water.
+Pour this (hot but not boiling) over the leaf as before. When the leaf is
+as white as the dish itself, which will take from five minutes to a
+quarter of an hour, pour off the solution and wash the surplus fluid
+away. Then let the leaf wash in gently running water for one hour. Our
+book-hunter always uses the bath for this purpose, but a tin foot-bath
+under a tap does excellently. The best way to dry the leaf is to press it
+gently between two sheets of unused blotting-paper, then remove the upper
+sheet and allow the leaf to dry naturally. Remember, however, that after
+any washing or bleaching, leaves must always be 'sized' to give back to
+the paper that substance which the washing has taken out. You will find
+full instructions for doing this in the text-books I have mentioned. It
+is quite a simple matter.
+
+Mr. Cockerell recommends that the permanganate bath be only 'warmed
+slightly,' and that the leaf be left in it for 'about an hour.' Our
+book-hunter has found (fortunately not to his cost, for the volumes
+which he used for experimental purposes were valueless) that this
+sometimes rots the paper, and on one occasion the leaves at the end of an
+hour came to pieces when the solution was poured off. If used hot and
+quickly it does not seem to injure the paper, but the water must never be
+so hot that you cannot bear your finger in it, and you must take care
+never to use a _stronger_ solution. A strong solution of permanganate
+will reduce paper to pulp in a few minutes. For similar reasons our
+bookman prefers oxalic to sulphurous acid, but this too must never be
+used stronger than I have indicated. I hasten to add, however, in
+deference to such an excellent authority, that our book-hunter does not
+_recommend_, but merely states the methods with which he personally has
+been successful.
+
+The most difficult stains to remove that the writer has yet come across
+are those made by a child's paint-box. Some colours are easily removed,
+but seventeenth-century gamboge is a perfect beast. The only successful
+way to deal with these 'stains' is by studying the chemistry of the
+'colours,' and the re-actions of the chemicals of which they are made.
+With a little experimenting there is no reason why any of these pigments
+should not be removed successfully, and at some future period of leisure
+our book-hunter hopes to record his own experiences in this matter.
+
+Here a word of warning. Do not handle permanganate of potash in the room
+where your bleached leaves are drying. If you do probably you will be
+annoyed to find small purple specks on the leaves where the fine
+permanganate dust has settled. It is unpleasant stuff to use, and stains
+everything with which it comes into contact. Undoubtedly it is at its
+best in a closely stoppered bottle. Rubber gloves would be useful, if
+they did not make one 'all thumbs.' Remember that oxalic acid will remove
+the stains from your hands just as well as from paper--also that it
+bleaches carpets. (Item, don't conduct your operations in the
+dining-room.) The best thing with which to handle the leaves when wet is
+a broad flat bone paper-knife with smooth edges. On various occasions
+when our bookman has not had time to complete the bleaching process, he
+has dried the leaves in their brown state and put them aside for a week
+before bleaching. So far he has not found this to have any ill effect on
+the paper, though possibly if kept for a longer period--especially if
+they got damp--the permanganate might rot them.
+
+A very hot and strong solution of alum I have used with success for
+leaves that are more dirty than stained, and do not really require
+bleaching. Ether is excellent for stains of a greasy nature, though some
+may prefer the stains to the vapour which it gives off. With hydrochloric
+acid, so strongly recommended by some, I have never had any success. If
+used strong it destroys the paper, and if used weak the leaf has to be
+left in it for so long as to reduce the paper almost to a pulp. Remember
+that as a general rule, the shorter the process of washing the better.
+Long immersion tends to rot the fibres of the paper. With regard to
+staining the leaf so as to match the rest of the book, our book-hunter
+generally uses a solution of cigarettes (Virginians are quite the best).
+Possibly this is a very bad practice, but at least it is effective, the
+stain diffuses easily, and it can be regulated to any shade. Coffee is
+recommended by some.
+
+Thumb-marks and the stains of dirty fingers are best removed by rubbing
+them lightly (and very carefully) with one of those disc-shaped erasers
+used by typists. These erasers remove the surface of the paper, so they
+must be used with extreme caution.[50]
+
+There is yet another byway of book-collecting which we must study before
+we may graduate in book-lore. To the uninitiated the word 'bibliography'
+conveys little more than a mere writing about books. But it is a vast
+study, and, if we are to become proficient in it, one that will occupy us
+for many years.
+
+For the specialist there is no more delightful pursuit than the
+compilation of a bibliography upon the subject of his choice. Not only
+will it give him a sound bibliographical knowledge of the books which he
+desires and hopes ultimately to possess, but it will enable him to
+collate immediately every volume that he acquires. It will also open up a
+new field of interest for the young collector, for he will be constrained
+to study books from their material aspect; and with a knowledge of the
+'natural history' of the book will come a regard for the well-being of
+his volumes. So also will he be brought into touch with modern methods of
+bibliography, and he will certainly find an additional interest in his
+books.
+
+The main objects of bibliography are, briefly, to determine
+
+(i) Whether a book is genuine.
+
+(ii) Whether it is complete and perfect.
+
+(iii) Whether it is in its original condition, _i.e._ as it issued from
+the press.
+
+(iv) Whether it has been made up by the insertion of leaves or quires
+from another copy or edition.
+
+(v) To provide a standard collation (_i.e._ an accurate description of
+the book in its original state) with which other copies may be compared.
+For the purpose of the specialist we may add
+
+(vi) To provide a bibliographical catalogue of those books in which he is
+especially interested.
+
+All this may sound very simple, but it must be borne in mind that where
+no standard collation is available, the only method of providing one is
+by a diligent, thorough, and precise study of the leaves, quires,
+watermarks and 'make up' of a number of copies. As these things
+frequently vary considerably in different copies of the same book, the
+task of standardising a collation is by no means an easy one. The
+difficulties that beset one in the case of early-printed books are
+immense; but with the inconstancies of incunabula we are not concerned
+here.
+
+It is easily begun, this making of a bibliography, and it is a delightful
+hobby, though necessarily it takes up a good deal of time. The plan which
+our book-hunter adopted is as follows, and it has been so successful and
+valuable to him that he has no hesitation in recommending it. First of
+all he procured a card-index box capable of holding about a thousand
+cards. Upon these he entered the books as he came across them in
+catalogues of all sorts, under the authors' names. Thus:
+
+    DIAGO (FRANCISCO)
+    Historia de los Antiquos Condes de Barcelona
+    Fo: Barcelona, 1603.
+
+After each he generally pencils the price and bookseller, or other
+authority for the book's existence; but this is for his own guidance
+only, and is by the way. A fresh card is used for every book. This forms
+a rough index of every work upon his subject with which he is acquainted.
+
+Now for the bibliography proper. For this our bookman uses single sheets
+of paper, eight inches by five, ruled with feint lines. These are
+contained in a 'spring-back' portfolio, thus forming a handy volume in
+which pages can be inserted anywhere at will. At the top of the page he
+writes the author's name, just as for the index, and beneath this
+(leaving a line blank) he copies the title-page of the book _in extenso_,
+using red ink for red print, capitals where capitals occur, and
+underlining those words which are in italics. The end of each line is
+indicated by a vertical stroke. Then follows a complete collation of the
+book. The following illustration, however, will convey a better idea than
+can be given in words. It will be noticed that after the size (which is
+given in the English notation) the measurement _of the title-page_ in
+millimetres is added within parentheses. If more than one copy has been
+examined this measurement is of the largest. The reason why the
+form-notation is given as well as the actual size, is because it is
+easier to carry the form-notation in one's head.
+
+     BASNAGE (JACQUES)
+
+     DISSERTATION | HISTORIQUE | SUR LES DUELS | ET LES ORDRES | DE |
+     CHEVALERIE. | PAR MONSIEUR B... | (printer's device) | A AMSTER
+     DAM, | chez PIERRE BRUNEL, sur le Dam | a la Bible d'or. |
+     M.DCC.XX.
+
+     12^o (155 × 95), Amsterdam, 1720. pp: xvi, 163, x.
+
+     Title. 'Avertissement' (10pp.). Contents (4pp.). Pp: 1-163 Text.
+     Then ten pages (unnumbered) containing the 'Table des Matières,'
+     which begins on page 163 (b). At the end is a blank leaf,
+     completing quire L. Reg: Prelim: *----* 8; Text and Index
+     A----L8, in eights. [A].
+
+     The author, Jacques Basnage de Franquenet, was born at Rouen in
+     1653, studied at Saumur, Geneva, and Sedan, and became a
+     Protestant minister in his native town. On the Revocation of the
+     Edict of Nantes he retired to Rotterdam, where he devoted his
+     life to literary researches. He died at the Hague in 1723. For
+     his great reputation as a skilful diplomatist, see Voltaire's
+     'Age of Louis XIV.'
+
+     Another edition of this work was published in octavo at Basle in
+     1740.
+
+Whenever our book-hunter has an afternoon to spare, pocketing a handful
+of cards from the index he sets off for the British Museum (or wherever
+he may happen to be working at the time, where access may be had to the
+volumes he requires) and settles himself to collate and copy title-pages.
+But it must be borne in mind that the collation of any volume cannot be
+considered as 'standard' until at least three copies of the book have
+been examined, all of which are identical. The majority of the common
+books printed after the year 1600 vary not at all in their make up; and
+having once collated such a volume, the comparison with it of other
+copies takes but a very few minutes. Sixteenth-century books, however,
+especially those printed in the first half of the century, vary
+sufficiently in their collations to demand a much more careful scrutiny.
+If the volume under examination is a book of which different copies vary
+considerably, you must naturally be exceedingly cautious in declaring
+that your collation represents the form in which the book was issued from
+the press. It is quite possible that you will find differences in each of
+six copies.
+
+At the end of each collation our book-hunter puts a letter or letters in
+brackets to denote the habitations of the copies he has examined, the
+tallest copy (of which the title-page's measurements are given) being
+distinguished by an asterisk; thus: A, B*, N. 'A' represents our
+book-hunter's own copy, 'B' that in the Bodleian Library, 'N' that in the
+Bibliothèque Nationale; and so on. Mention, of course, from which copy
+the collation has been taken is made in the text; or, if you prefer it,
+you may denote this, so that it may be seen at a glance, by entering the
+necessary distinguishing letter in _red_ ink.
+
+As I have said, it is a fascinating pursuit, but unless the subject in
+which you specialise is a narrow one, you may be overwhelmed by the
+magnitude of the task. Take heed that you do not undertake more than you
+have time or opportunity to complete; or else, embarking upon a labour of
+Hercules you may liken yourself to Sisyphus. Mazzuchelli began 'Gli
+Scrittori d'Italia,' but succeeded in finishing only the first two
+letters of the alphabet. The temptation to leave behind us some great
+work by which our name will become in time a household word, is doubtless
+a great one; but gigantic though our _magnum opus_ may be in our own
+estimation, it does not follow that others will set a like value upon
+it, or, indeed, upon the labours of its author. Jean de la Haye, the
+preacher in ordinary to Anne of Austria, published his _Biblia maxima_ in
+nineteen folio volumes; but, says the bibliographer, 'no part of it is
+esteemed except the _Prolegomena_, and even they are too diffuse.' Louis
+Barbier gained the confidence of the Duke of Orleans by his great tact
+(which probably amounted to servility) and skill in repeating the tales
+of Rabelais. Mazarin appointed him Bishop of Langres for having betrayed
+his master. When he died in 1670, he left a hundred crowns to whoever
+would write an epitaph worthy of him. So Bernard de la Monnoye wrote the
+following:
+
+    'Ci git un très grand personnage,
+     Qui fut d'un illustre lignage,
+     Qui posseda mille vertus,
+     Qui ne trompa jamais, qui fut toujours fort sage,
+     Je n'en dirai pas d'avantage,
+     C'est trop mentir pour cent écus.'
+
+But whether Bernard got the legacy history does not relate.
+
+It is astonishing, however, what can be accomplished in this direction by
+diligence. Le Clerc, not content with having produced a 'Bibliothèque
+Universelle et Historique,' laboured till he had given to the world a
+'Bibliothèque Choisie' and a 'Bibliothèque Ancienne et Moderne,' in all
+eighty-two duodecimo volumes! Beausobre and L'Enfant compiled a
+'Bibliothèque Germanique,' comprising the period 1720-40; and published
+it in fifty volumes. Baillet's 'Catalogue des Matières' occupies
+thirty-five folio volumes. But of course all these were mere lists and
+criticisms of books, not detailed bibliographies of carefully collated
+works.
+
+It is a great gift, this gift of 'finding time.' 'When I see how much
+Varro wrote,' says St. Augustine in his 'De Civitate Dei,' 'I marvel much
+that ever he had any leisure to read; and when I perceive how many things
+he read, I marvel more that ever he had any leisure to write.' The
+creation of opportunity is no lesser gift. 'A wise man,' says Bacon,
+'will make more opportunities than he finds.' Tomaso de Andrada, a
+Portuguese Jesuit, wrote his _magnum opus_ in a dungeon, in chains,
+without clothes, with little food, writing only in the middle of the day
+by the help of a faint light which he received through an air-hole.
+
+The compilation of bibliographies began early in the history of books,
+and doubtless grew out of the catalogues which the early printers put
+forth. Conrad von Gesner compiled a 'Bibliotheca Universalis' which was
+printed at Zurich in four volumes between 1545 and 1555. François Grudé
+published a 'Bibliothèque Françoise' in 1584. It is a catalogue of French
+authors and is not confined to any particular subject, but at least it is
+a step in the direction of classification. From that date the number of
+these invaluable works has steadily increased, and about the middle of
+the seventeenth century L'Abbé put forth the first (?) of those useful
+book-collector's aids, a 'Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum.' This interesting
+little volume is really a list of books (under their authors' names)
+which also contain lists of authors. As L'Abbé says in the preface to his
+volume, so pleasantly dedicated 'Lectoribus Philobiblis,' he designs his
+book to be a 'Bibliothecam Bibliothecarum, Catalogum Catalogorum,
+Nomenclatorem Nomenclatorum, Indicem Indicum, et quid non?' The only
+edition which I have seen was printed at Paris in 1664, but the licence
+is dated 1651. Another edition was printed at Rouen in 1672, a third at
+Leipzig in 1682, and a fourth some years later, all in duodecimo or small
+octavo.
+
+Grudé's book is a choice one. It is entitled 'Le Premier Volume de La
+Bibliothèque du Sieur de la Croix-du-Maine: Qui est un catalogue général
+de toutes sortes d'Autheurs, qui ont escrit en François depuis cinq cents
+ans et plus jusques à ce iourd'huy,' and was published at Paris 'Chez
+Abel L'Angelier' in 1584. It is one of those folio volumes printed in
+large pica on thick paper that delight the heart of the bibliophile and
+are a joy to handle. At the back of the title-page is an oval portrait
+of Henry of Navarre, dated 1581. He was not a handsome man, if one may
+judge by this portrait, in fact it would be difficult to draw a more
+repellent face; yet the book was dedicated to the king in a long 'Epistre
+au Roy' which ends with the author's quaint anagram 'Race du mans, si
+fidel a son Roy' (François de la Croix du Maine). But perhaps the
+portrait was omitted in the royal copy. The work was to have been
+completed in three volumes, of which the first two were to contain works
+published in the vernacular, and the third those printed in Latin. But
+alas! the author left only this first volume, which contains some three
+thousand authors, with short biographies of them. One hesitates to
+connect this premature end of the book (or, indeed, the author's
+assassination six years later) with the unlucky portrait! Altogether a
+very delightful volume.
+
+Nowadays a bibliography that is not at once complete, detailed, and
+meticulously accurate is of no value. In this critical age when the
+methods of modern science are applied to books, it behoves the
+bibliographer to be careful, thorough, and precise. Unless he can bring
+these three attributes to bear upon his work, far better that he should
+never undertake it; for the result will be not only valueless but
+misleading, and he will certainly fail to obtain 'that lasting fame and
+perpetuity of praise which God and good men have consented shall be the
+reward of those whose published labours advance the good of mankind.'
+
+There is one small appendage of the private library which must be
+mentioned before we close the chapter. A list of the prices which he has
+paid for his books forms a record that is indispensable to the
+book-collector. It is impossible to carry all one's 'bargains' in one's
+head, and if pencilled inside the book itself it is exposed to that
+publicity which one naturally shuns. Such a record is of something more
+than curious interest, for a knowledge of the rise or fall in the price
+of those books in which he is interested is essential to the collector.
+Whenever he comes across, in a bookseller's catalogue, a book that he
+already possesses, he will like to know how the present price compares
+with that which he gave for his copy.
+
+A convenient shape for this useful book is an ordinary folio account book
+(our book-hunter's measures 15 inches × 9½ inches), and it should be
+ruled for 'cash,' with an inner margin. Between the inner margin and
+(outer) cash column he rules two lines, dividing the middle of the page
+into three columns, of which the left-hand one is the widest. The
+illustration over-page will show you precisely what is meant. At the top
+of each page is placed a letter of the alphabet, and, immediately beneath
+or alongside this, the date of a year. In the inner margin each line is
+numbered down the page. In the next column is written the author and
+short title of the book--sufficient to identify it--then the place where
+it was bought, then the date when purchased, and in the cash column the
+price which was paid for it.
+
+In our book-hunter's ledger the first few pages are headed
+
+[Greek: Theta]
+(_Books presented to me_)
+
+and the next heading is
+
+[Greek: Phi]
+(_Books published by instalments, extending over several years_)
+
+Then comes
+
+A
+
+1900
+
+and so on, each year having a letter assigned to it.[51]
+
+Now for the practical use of this ledger. Inside the front cover of every
+one of his volumes our book-hunter affixes a book-plate; and in the
+left-hand bottom corner of this he writes the year-letter and number of
+the book's entry in his ledger: _e.g._ A 24, L 7, etc. Thus supposing
+that one wishes to find out when and where one acquired a certain book
+and how much was paid for it, one has only to raise the front cover of
+the volume in question, and find its index mark. Suppose it to be 'E 28.'
+Turning to our ledger we find that E represents the year 1904, and No. 28
+is the volume in question. Similarly A 24 signifies No. 24 of 1900, L 7
+is No. 7 of 1911, and so on. If your library be a large one, and a search
+for the volume would entail trouble, you may conveniently pencil this
+index mark against the book's entry in your catalogue, but in such a way
+that it cannot be mistaken for the shelf-mark.
+
+It is as well to write the entries in the ledger upon the recto of the
+leaves only, so that the verso (being numbered like the _opposite_ recto)
+may be used for recording the bindings, published prices, previous
+owners, etc., of the volumes opposite. When all the letters of the
+alphabet have been used up, they may be repeated doubled, as AA 4, DD 32,
+etc.
+
+C 1902 C
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|1.  | Fuller's 'Holy Warre,' 1647        | Thorp, Guildford | 17th January |  9 | 0 |
+|2.  | Vredius--'Sigilla Com. Flandriae'  | Poynder, Reading | 23rd January | 12 | 6 |
+|3.  | Anstis--'Observations on the Bath' | Harding, London  | 3rd February |  2 | 0 |
+|4.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|5.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|6.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|7.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|8.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|9.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|10. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|11. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|12. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|13. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|14. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|15. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|16. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|17. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|18. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|19. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|20. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|21. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|22. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|23. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|24. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|25. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|26. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|27. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|28. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|29. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|30. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|31. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|32. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|33. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|34. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|35. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|36. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47] It may be that you are contemplating the erection of shelves for
+your books? If so, perhaps the writer's experience may save you some
+little time and trouble. But if your treasures are already housed in a
+manner fitting, then he will claim your indulgence and ask that you be so
+good as to skip the next few pages.
+
+[48] But as the shelves are not fixed to the uprights, it is a simple
+matter to remove each shelf in turn from the room, and brush out the dust
+with a stiff clothes-brush.
+
+[49] It does not represent the Roman Venus, and there is no place named
+'Milo.' Were the statue anywhere else than in the Louvre, probably it
+would be known generally (as it is to scholars) by its proper name--the
+Aphrodite of Melos.
+
+[50] The writer possesses a copy of the first edition of "Mr. Sponge's
+Sporting Tour," which is a perfect museum. At some period of its
+existence it was relegated to the harness-room; and its leaves bear the
+insignia of almost every known preparation used in dressing boots,
+harness, saddles, buckles, dogs, horses' hoofs, and human hair. Not for
+all the wealth of the Indies would he remove a single stain. Most of them
+have been identified by his friends (it is feared with more regard for
+humour than accuracy) in marginal notes. Sherlock Holmes would certainly
+have considered it worthy of a monograph.
+
+[51] I will not venture to suggest that you follow the example of a
+book-collecting acquaintance who has an extra heading for 'Books that I
+have _acquired_!'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR
+
+     'To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge and
+     discretion.'--PROVERBS, i. 4.
+
+
+JUST as anyone who sets out to collect prints or antiques must provide
+himself at the outset with certain books necessary for obtaining a
+knowledge of the subject, so the book-collector must gather to himself
+those works which, if studied carefully, will enable him to become
+thoroughly conversant with the objects of his favourite pursuit. To the
+real collector there is no more delightful reading than the literature
+which deals with the subject he has made his own; and the more ample and
+specialised it be, the greater will be his delight.
+
+What bibliophile has not read, and read again, such delightful works as
+Burton's 'Book Hunter,' Blades' 'Enemies of Books' and 'Life and
+Typography of William Caxton,' 'The Library' and 'Books and Bookmen' by
+Andrew Lang, Harrison's 'Choice of Books' and 'Among my Books,' Clark's
+'Care of Books,' Edwards' 'Libraries and Founders of Libraries,' and many
+others of equal charm? Indeed, these volumes may well be among the first
+that he who embarks upon the peaceful sea of book-collecting gathers to
+himself. Nor is there any less fascination in the more specialised works,
+such as Mr. Gordon Duff's 'Early Printed Books,'[52] 'English Provincial
+Printers,' and 'The Printers of Westminster and London to 1535,'
+Bradshaw's 'Collected Papers,' Mr. A. W. Pollard's 'Early Illustrated
+Books,' Wheatley's 'Prices of Books,' Professor Ferguson's 'Aspects of
+Bibliography,' and the publications of the Bibliographical Society. All
+these and many others are necessary if we are to acquire a thorough
+knowledge of old books. They are, or should be, in every large public
+library; and we may read them through and through at our leisure,
+learning more from each perusal.
+
+There are certain works, however, which the book-collector should himself
+possess, for he will have continual recourse to them throughout his
+book-collecting career. Doubtless some of them will make an inroad upon
+his purse, but it will be money well spent, and the knowledge which he
+will gain from them will save him many a shilling. Their acquisition must
+be looked upon in the same light as the shelves and fittings of the
+library.
+
+[Sidenote: General Bibliographies.]
+
+First of all we will take those bibliographies which deal with books
+published in the English language, and there are certain of these volumes
+that are indispensable to the book-collector. Among them are Lowndes'
+'Bibliographer's Manual,' in six octavo volumes, last published in
+1869[53] (alas! sadly deficient, but still of considerable use), which
+one can have for about a pound, and Hazlitt's valuable 'Bibliographical
+Collections and Notes on Early English Literature,' complete in eight
+octavo volumes, published between 1867 and 1903. The Bibliographical
+Society's publications, from 1893 onwards, are of the greatest value,
+comprising lists of English printers, early editions of rare books, lists
+of early English plays, tales, and prose romances, with numerous
+bibliographies. For recourse to these, probably it will be necessary to
+visit the nearest important public library, though one may purchase
+individual numbers from time to time at the second-hand booksellers'.
+
+Arber's 'Term Catalogues,' published in three quarto volumes between 1903
+and 1906, gives a complete list of works entered at Stationers' Hall from
+1668 to 1709. It followed the same author's 'Transcripts of the Registers
+of the Worshipful Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640,' which was
+privately printed in five volumes between 1875 and 1894. A second
+'Transcript' of these registers, from 1640 to 1708, was issued similarly
+in 1913-14, in three more volumes.
+
+Sir Egerton Brydges' 'British Bibliographer' (in which he was assisted by
+Joseph Haslewood) was published in four octavo volumes, 1810-14, and is
+an entertaining work, though not one which it is necessary that the
+collector should acquire. The second edition of his 'Censura Literaria'
+appeared in ten volumes in 1815, and the 'Restituta; or Titles, Extracts,
+and Characters of Old Books in English Literature revived,' was published
+in four volumes, 1814-16. All these afford interesting reading; but they
+are for the armchair and fireside rather than the desk: and the
+information that they contain must not always be regarded as infallible.
+Payne Collier's 'Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language,'
+which appeared in two volumes in 1865, is rather more dull than its title
+suggests. Karslake's 'Notes from Sotheby's' is useful, being a
+compilation of 2032 notes from catalogues of book-sales between 1885 and
+1909.
+
+Quaritch's 'General Catalogue of Books' is useful for reference. It
+comprises short descriptions of more than 38,000 works, and was published
+in 1887 in six volumes. An additional volume containing an index to the
+whole was issued in 1892. The catalogue of the Huth Library, five large
+octavo volumes published in 1880, is also valuable. Then there is, of
+course, the British Museum catalogue, which was printed in 1884 under the
+title 'A Catalogue of Books in the Library of the British Museum, printed
+in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Books in English printed
+abroad, to the year 1640': three octavo volumes.
+
+For an actual list of the published works of all British authors of note,
+one must consult the 'Dictionary of National Biography': while the more
+detailed bibliographies to each volume of the 'Cambridge History of
+English Literature' are of great assistance, though they vary
+considerably, and do not pretend to be complete. Allibone's 'Critical
+Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors,' in
+three volumes, was published by Lippincott (Philadelphia) between 1859
+and 1871. There is a supplement to it by J. F. Kirk, which appeared in
+two volumes in 1891. It is a work of considerable value to the
+bibliographer.
+
+With regard to the books printed abroad (as well as in England), it is
+essential that the collector procure a copy of Brunet's 'Manuel de
+Libraire et de l'Amateur de Livres,' a most valuable work dealing with
+the literature of all countries. The last (fifth) edition of this great
+work was published in six octavo volumes at Paris, 1860-65. In 1870 a
+companion volume by Pierre Deschamps was issued, entitled 'Dictionnaire
+de Géographie Ancienne et Moderne à l'Usage du Libraire,' a dictionary of
+the Latin and Greek names of places with their modern equivalents and
+some account of the first presses at those places. There is a
+modern-ancient index. A supplement to the 'Manuel' was published by MM.
+P. Deschamps and Gustave Brunet in two volumes, 1878 and 1880. The
+complete work, in all nine large octavo volumes, 1860-1880, cost formerly
+about £18; however, a reprint of the fifth edition--an exact facsimile in
+type and size--was issued by Brockhaus of Leipzig (at ten pounds the set)
+in 1920. Graesse's 'Trésor de Livres Rares et Précieux' is also
+valuable. It comprises books in all tongues and contains a mass of
+bibliographical information. Published in six quarto volumes (vol. 6 is
+in two parts) between 1859 and 1867, a supplement was issued in 1869: in
+all seven volumes.[54]
+
+Of all the older general bibliographies, however, there are few that can
+compare with old David Clement's 'Bibliothèque Curieuse Historique et
+Critique, ou Catalogue Raisonné de Livres Dificiles à Trouver.' Not, I
+hasten to add, for its accuracy or even the amount of information it
+contains. But there is a charm about these nine old quarto volumes with
+their handsome type and title-pages in red and black that appeals
+irresistibly to the collector. He was a true bibliophile, this worthy
+Lutheran pastor, and his gradations of rarity are delightfully expressive
+and concise. 'Rare,' 'très-rare,' 'fort-rare,' he describes his
+treasures, and occasionally 'peu-commun'; but he does not hesitate to
+condemn as 'rare et mauvaise' an edition that disturbs his
+bibliographical soul. Alas! his work was only carried as far as the
+letter H (Hesiod).
+
+[Sidenote: Early-Printed Books.]
+
+For early-printed books the collector will require Ludwig Hain's
+'Repertorium Bibliographicum . . . usque ad annum 1500,' which was
+published at Stuttgart in four octavo volumes, 1826-38, and is still the
+standard work upon this subject. For those who collect fifteenth-century
+books this work is essential, for all catalogues and descriptions of
+books of that period refer to it. Generally the mere number of the work
+in Hain's monumental list is referred to, such as 'H 3234,' which means
+that the volume offered for sale is as described by Hain, number 3234 in
+the 'Repertorium.' In 1891 Dr. Konrad Burger added an Index of Printers
+to this great work, while between 1898 and 1902 Dr. W. Copinger published
+a supplement, adding some 7,000 new entries to Hain's 16,299. Dr. Burger
+added a further supplement in 1908, and between 1905 and 1910 Dr.
+Dietrich Reichling published appendices, additions and emendations to all
+of these, adding an index thereto in 1911. For early German books,
+Panzer's 'Annalen der altern Deutschen Litteratur' to 1526, which
+appeared at Nürnberg in two volumes between 1788 and 1805, has not yet
+been entirely superseded; though considerable additions have been made by
+Mozler, Weller, and Petzholdt.
+
+Mr. C. E. Sayle's 'List of Early English Printed Books in the University
+Library at Cambridge, 1475 to 1640,' in four octavo volumes, was
+published by that university between 1900 and 1907; while for books
+printed at Oxford from the establishment of the first press there in 1478
+to 1640, you must consult Mr. Falconer Madan's 'The Early Oxford Press,'
+published in 1895.
+
+Blades' 'Life and Typography of William Caxton' I have already mentioned;
+and although many of us may never behold a Caxton save through a sheet of
+glass, yet every book-collector should be acquainted with the work of
+this great father of the English press. Blades' work first appeared in
+two quarto volumes, published respectively in 1861 and 1863, and is much
+to be preferred to 'The Biography and Typography of William Caxton' which
+is practically a reprint in a cheaper form issued in one octavo volume in
+1877. A second edition of this last appeared in 1882. In the Preface to
+the 1877 reprint, Blades states that 'only one additional fact of any
+importance has been added, viz. that Caxton was married . . .' and that
+'the bibliography has been curtailed.'
+
+Proctor's 'Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum from
+the Invention of Printing to the Year MD.,' begun in 1898, was cut short
+by his untimely death. The Museum authorities have now in course of
+publication an important work entitled 'A Catalogue of Books printed in
+the Fifteenth Century now in the British Museum,' which is being compiled
+by Mr. A. W. Pollard and his assistants; it will be completed in six
+folio (really atlas quarto) volumes. Of these the first part, dealing
+with block-books and the productions of German presses, appeared in 1908;
+Part II., also German-printed books, in 1912; Part III., Germany,
+Switzerland, Austria and Hungary, in 1913: while Part IV., the
+productions of Italy, appeared in 1916. Parts V. and VI. will contain the
+works of England, France, and other countries, Part VI. also containing a
+general index to the entire work. The Introduction to Part I. gives a
+valuable résumé of the study of scientific bibliography from Panzer in
+1793. Mr. Gordon Duff's great work on the English incunabula, 'Fifteenth
+Century Books,' was issued by the Bibliographical Society in 1917. It
+contains fifty-three facsimiles, and records the existence of 439 books
+or fragments issued in English, or by the printers in this country,
+before the end of the year 1500.
+
+In France much valuable work has been done on the early presses of that
+country. M. Anatole Claudin has put forth some extremely useful books on
+the early printers of Poitiers, Limoges, Rheims, and of many other towns;
+whilst for the Exposition Universelle of 1900 he prepared a monumental
+work upon the early printers of Paris. This sumptuous book, entitled
+'Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France au XV^e et au XVI^e Siècle,' was
+printed in two large quarto (atlas quarto) volumes, copiously adorned
+with illuminated and other illustrations. The chapter on Antoine Verard
+is delightful.
+
+There is a large number of books, too, on the incunabula of various
+European towns and districts, such as Augsburg, Bavaria, Belgium,
+Bohemia, Ferrara, Mainz, Lyons, Mantua, Nürnberg, Rome, Rouen, Toulouse,
+to mention only a few. For the incunabula printed with Greek characters
+Legrand's 'Bibliographie hellénique,' which appeared in two octavo
+volumes in 1885, is useful.
+
+For a description of the early 'block-books,' the prototype of printing,
+the collector must have recourse to Sotheby's beautiful work entitled
+'Principia Typographica,' published in three large quarto volumes in
+1858. It contains no less than a hundred and twenty full-page
+facsimiles, some in colour, of block-books, early types, paper-marks,
+etc., and is one of the most important works on the history of printing
+that has ever been produced.[55] He will do well also to acquire Bigmore
+and Wyman's 'Bibliography of Printing,' a valuable work which appeared in
+three quarto volumes, 1880-86; and there is an immense amount of
+information concerning individual printers and stationers with their
+productions in 'The Library' (in progress), the three large volumes of
+'Bibliographica' published in twelve parts between 1895 and 1897, and the
+transactions of the Bibliographical Society.
+
+[Sidenote: Engravings.]
+
+If early wood-engravings interest you, there are several works to which
+you may turn for guidance. Lippman's 'Wood Engraving in Italy in the
+Fifteenth Century,' of which an English edition was published in 1888,
+and Kristeller's 'Early Florentine Woodcuts' which appeared in 1897,
+treat of illustrated Italian books. Venetian books of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries are dealt with by Prince d'Essling in his
+'Bibliographie des Livres à Figures Vénitiens 1469-1525,' of which a new
+edition appeared in 1906. The works of Dutch and Belgian artists are
+dealt with by Sir W. M. Conway in 'The Woodcutters of the Netherlands in
+the Fifteenth Century.' This was published in 1884. M. Claudin's
+'Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France' contains many illustrations of early
+Parisian woodcuts and illuminations, while Muther's 'Die Deutsche
+Bücherillustration der Gothik und Frührenaissance,' published in 1884, is
+also useful. For English engravers you will find Sir Sidney Colvin's
+'Early Engraving and Engravers in England' (1905) useful, as well as
+Lewine's 'Bibliography of Eighteenth Century Art and Illustrated Books,'
+which appeared in 1898. A very delightful work on the eighteenth-century
+French engravers is M. H. Cohen's 'Guide de l'Amateur de Livres à
+Gravures du XVIII^e Siècle,' of which the fifth edition was published in
+1886. Bewick's work has been dealt with by Mr. Austin Dobson in his
+'Thomas Bewick and his Pupils,' octavo, 1884; and 'A Descriptive and
+Critical Catalogue of Works Illustrated by Thomas and John Bewick' was
+published by E. J. Selwyn in 1851. Mr. A. W. Pollard's 'Early Illustrated
+Books,' of which a new edition appeared in 1917, is of value from the
+historical point of view.
+
+[Sidenote: Place-Names and Dates.]
+
+Cotton's 'Typographical Gazetteer,' of which the second (and better)
+edition was printed at Oxford in 1831, is valuable for the identification
+of ancient Latin place-names. A second series was published in 1866. J.
+Hilton's 'Chronograms' (1882) and 'Chronograms Continued' (1885) are
+often of great assistance with regard to dates. In 1895 this
+indefatigable collector published a third volume, quarto, containing more
+than four thousand additional examples. For mere lists of works upon
+definite subjects one may consult Sargant and Whishaw's 'Guide-Book to
+Books' (1891) and 'The Best Books,' by W. S. Sonnenschein.
+
+[Sidenote: Pseudonyms.]
+
+For the identification of authors who wrote under a pseudonym you will
+find 'A Handbook of Fictitious Names,' by 'Olphar Hamst' (which was the
+pseudonym of Ralph Thomas) useful. It was published in 1868. But this has
+been partly superseded by Cushing's 'Initials and Pseudonyms,' large
+octavo, London, 1886; and the valuable work of Emil Weller, entitled
+'Lexicon Pseudonymorum,' of which the second edition was published at
+Regensburg the same year, in octavo. This contains thousands of
+pseudonyms of all nations and all ages. Cushing also published 'A
+Dictionary of Revealed Authorship,' in two volumes, 1890. Then there is
+the valuable 'Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of
+Great Britain,' by Halkett and Laing, which appeared in four octavo
+volumes between 1882 and 1888. Mr. F. Marchmont's 'Concise Handbook of
+Literature issued Anonymously under Pseudonyms or Initials,' appeared in
+1896.
+
+Antoine Barbier's 'Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes' was
+published first in four octavo volumes at Paris so long ago as 1806-8. A
+second edition was put forth in 1822-27. But between 1869 and 1879 a
+third edition, revised and enlarged, was incorporated with 'Les
+Supercheries Littéraires Dévoilées' of Joseph Marie Quérard (the second
+edition), the whole being edited by MM. Gustave Brunet and Olivier
+Barbier, and issued in seven large octavo volumes. The first three
+volumes (1869-70) appeared under the title of Quérard's work, the last
+four (1872-9) under that of Barbier. Quérard's work, which first appeared
+in four octavo volumes, 1847-52, is, as its title indicates, a dictionary
+of those books in French which have been published under fictitious
+names, are spurious, or have been wrongly ascribed. It is valuable for
+the identification of many fictitious memoirs and like books. Barbier's
+work deals with French anonymous and pseudonymous books. De Manne's
+'Nouveau Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes,' octavo,
+Lyon, 1862, deals chiefly with contemporary French works. For
+pseudonymous books in Italian one must consult the work of Vincenzo
+Lancetti, which appeared at Milan, in octavo, 1836, as well as the
+'Dizionario di Opere Anonime e Pseudonime di Scrittori Italiani,' by G.
+M. (Gaetano de' Conti Melzi), also published at Milan in three octavo
+volumes, 1848-59. A supplement, by G. Passano, was issued at Ancona in
+1887.
+
+Dibdin's rather sumptuously produced works are perhaps of more interest
+than bibliographical value, though his edition (vols. 1-4, 1810-19) of
+the 'Typographical Antiquities,' begun by Ames (1749), and augmented by
+Herbert (3 vols., 1785-90), is useful, in spite of the fact that it was
+never completed. For illustrations of the early printers' devices you
+must still have recourse to the 'Bibliographical Decameron,' three large
+octavo volumes, published in 1817. For the devices of French printers
+there is a more recent work entitled 'Marques Typographiques des
+Libraires et Imprimeurs de France, 1470-1600,' by M. Silvestre, which was
+printed in two octavo volumes at Paris, 1853-1867. It contains
+illustrations of more than 1300 devices. Every year witnesses the
+production of these indispensable aids to book-collecting, and the modern
+trend of such works is towards a constricted specialism. By this means it
+is possible to realise a minuteness and accuracy unobtainable in wider
+fields. The 'Bibliografia Aragonesa del Siglo XVI' of Señor Sanchez, a
+sumptuous work with illustrations of title-pages, colophons, etc., which
+was published in two folio volumes in 1913-14, is a striking example of
+this.
+
+There are bibliographies of almost every class of books, and a great
+number dealing with the works of individual authors and printers of
+renown; but these are in the domain of the specialist. There are certain
+works, however, which will be of assistance to the collector in compiling
+a list of authorities upon his special subject. Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+'Bibliotheca Bibliographica' was published at Leipzig so long ago as
+1866; Sabin's 'Bibliography of Bibliographies' appeared at New York in
+1877; while Vallée's 'Bibliographie des Bibliographies' (though neither
+very accurate nor complete) was published at Paris, in large octavo, in
+1883. A supplement to this last was issued in 1887. For the large number
+of bibliographical works which have issued from the press since that date
+you must consult Mr. W. P. Courtney's invaluable 'Register of National
+Bibliography,' in three volumes, 1905 to 1912; which, indeed, for modern
+purposes has superseded the above-mentioned works. In passing we would
+remark that the 'national' of its title-page is in the wider sense of the
+term.
+
+And here a word of warning. Always make a point of entering the _errata_
+with a pencil in the margins of every reference-book that you acquire. Do
+this before you assign a place to the volume on the shelf; otherwise you
+may quote or condemn a passage or date which has been rendered wrongly
+owing to a clerical or printer's error, and has been put right in the
+_errata_.[56] Need we say that this practice should not necessarily be
+confined to works of reference? One may even find some amusement here.
+Was it not Scarron who wrote a poem, 'A Guillemette, chienne de ma
+soeur,' but quarrelling with his sister just as the volume was about to
+appear, put in the _errata_, 'For _chienne de ma soeur_ read _ma
+chienne de soeur_'!
+
+All these works will assuredly impart to the book-collector much
+knowledge of ancient books and their attributes, but he will still be at
+sea with regard to that most necessary part of their collection, namely,
+their commercial value. There is only one way in which this knowledge may
+be obtained, and that is by the study of catalogues. To arrive at a
+proper estimate of a book's value from the purely financial point of
+view, a close study of booksellers' catalogues and auction-sale prices
+through many years is necessary. The divergence in price of identical
+works is somewhat disturbing at first to the novice, and it is only after
+some considerable experience and the actual handling of books that one is
+enabled to arrive at a proper estimate of their worth. 'Continual use
+gives men a judgment of things comparatively, and they come to fix on
+what is most proper and easy, which no man, upon cursory view, would
+determine.'[57]
+
+Before the writer are two catalogues, one from a country bookseller, the
+other from a well-known London house. Each contains a copy of the
+'Thesaurus Cornucopiæ et Horti Adonidis,' printed by Aldus Manutius in
+1496. The former offers it for 25s., the latter for £25. Why this
+extraordinary difference in price?
+
+The reasons are ample. The London copy has this description:
+
+     'Fol.; 16th cent. English binding of brown calf, gilt borders and
+     centre-pieces, g.e. (by THOMAS BERTHELET, the Royal binder), in
+     fine condition: beautiful copy, perfectly clean and large, 320 ×
+     215 m.m., enclosed in case.'
+
+The country bookseller's copy, on the other hand, is described as
+follows:
+
+     'Folio, russia (joints broken), has the 270 ll. of text complete,
+     but wants the 10 ll. unnumbered, of preliminary matter.'
+
+In other words, one copy is a very choice specimen of the book, tall,
+clean, and perfect; while the other is an undesirable copy of ordinary
+size, imperfect, and in poor condition.
+
+There is another point also. The London dealer specialises in such books,
+in fact deals only in ancient and scarce works, and has a definite
+_clientèle_ of rich and well-known collectors. He can 'place' certain
+rare books at once, for he knows the _desiderata_ of each of his
+customers and the deficiencies of their collections. The countryman, on
+the other hand, deals in all manner of books, ancient and modern, has few
+rich purchasers among his customers, and knows nothing whatever of their
+book-buying propensities. Any volume that he offers for sale may remain
+on his hands for an indefinite time.
+
+Then there are such volumes as 'association books,' by which is meant
+books possessing an additional interest by reason of their former
+association with some notability, such association being evident by
+autographs, corrections, annotations, additions, or binding. Such volumes
+often exceed enormously the price of ordinary copies. The first
+Edinburgh edition (1787) of Burns' Poems is worth usually about £5; but
+a copy realised £75 at auction a few years ago. The reason for this
+extraordinary price was that in this volume all those lines in which
+asterisks occur were filled in with the full names in the handwriting of
+the poet. Moreover it contained an additional stanza on 'Tam Samson' in
+Burns' autograph. For such a jewel one cannot consider the figure
+excessive, and it will doubtless run well into three figures if it ever
+appear in the sale-room again. Similarly, each year witnesses the sale of
+certain of these 'association' volumes; and unless you are aware of the
+reasons causing these high prices to rule, such records will be worse
+than useless to you. A superficial study of all auction-sale prices is
+apt to be intensely misleading. Unless you are actually on the spot or
+have handled the volume in question, the price that it realises will tell
+you little as to the stable value of the work. A torn page, a shaved
+headline, the underlining of a line or two with ink, a 'mounted'
+frontispiece, a missing plate, or even a worn impression of it, all these
+things affect the price of a volume.
+
+Then there are considerations outside the book itself. A scarce volume
+included in a sale of unimportant books is unlikely to realise so high a
+price as it might have done had it appeared in a Huth or Ashburnham sale;
+for important books attract important bidders. The prices paid for poor
+copies at the Frere sale in 1896 were enormous; the reason being,
+probably, that this library had long been known to contain _desiderata_
+for which public and private collections alike had hitherto thirsted in
+vain; the sale was something of a _battue_, and the room was thronged
+with buyers from all parts of the kingdom.
+
+It is a ticklish question, this matter of the price which the collector
+pays, and should pay, for his books, and one that may not be resolved
+early in his career. In addition to exercising your memory when perusing
+the catalogues which reach you, you will do well to obtain and study
+'Prices of Books: an Enquiry into the Changes in the Price of Books
+which have occurred in England at Different Periods,' an interesting
+volume by that great connoisseur, Henry B. Wheatley. It was published in
+octavo in 1898.
+
+Most of the catalogues that one receives from the booksellers are of
+little use when read, and no useful purpose is served by preserving them.
+But there are certain dealers who specialise in a definite class of
+books, and their catalogues are always of value, for they contain only
+works upon a definite subject or of a definite class. Such catalogues
+form most useful reference works, and even bibliographies of that
+particular subject. By all means preserve them; you may have them plainly
+bound in buckram (when you have collected a sufficient number of them) at
+the cost of a shilling or two, or you may keep them in a small portfolio
+on your shelf.
+
+Sotheby's auction-sale catalogues are also valuable. They are nicely
+produced, and have fine margins for making notes. It is well worth
+obtaining these regularly, which one may do by paying a small
+subscription. Most of them contain a miscellaneous assortment of books,
+and are not worth keeping, but on the other hand most of the famous
+libraries that are dispersed in this country pass through the Bond Street
+house, and the catalogues of these are of the greatest value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The history of booksellers' catalogues is an interesting one, and as yet
+we have no authoritative work upon this intermediary between publisher
+and reader. The earliest catalogue so far known was printed at Mainz by
+Peter Schoeffer in 1469. It was a catalogue of books for sale by himself
+or his agent, and consisted of a single sheet, probably intended to be
+used as a poster. It is in abbreviated Latin, and comprises the titles of
+twenty-one books, being headed--
+
+     'Volentes sibi comparare infrascriptos libros magna cum
+     diligentia correctos, ac in huiusmodi littera moguntie impressos,
+     bene continuatos, veniant ad locum habitationis infrascriptum.'
+
+and at the foot is printed in large type--
+
+     'HEC EST LITTERA PSALTERII'
+
+--a specimen of the type with which the Psalter mentioned in the list was
+printed. Beneath this would be written the name of the place where the
+books could be obtained, this being the case with the only copy of this
+advertisement that has come down to us, Schoeffer's traveller having
+written at the foot, 'Venditor librorum repertibilis est in hospicio
+dicto zum willden mann'--'the bookseller is to be found at the sign of
+the Wild Man.'
+
+Caxton adopted the same expedient with regard to his _Sarum Ordinale_.
+This advertisement, which is in English, is as follows:
+
+     'If it plese ony man spirituel or temporal to bye ony pyes of two
+     and thre comemoracions of salisburi use enpryntid after the forme
+     of this present lettre whiche ben wel and truly correct, late hym
+     come to Westmonester in to the almonesrye at the reed pale and he
+     shal haue them good chepe.'
+
+At the foot of this was printed 'Supplico stet cedula'--Please don't tear
+down the bill. The 'pyes' of this advertisement (the English form of the
+Latin _Pica_) were the guides by which one might learn the proper
+combinations of collects and prayers for Saints' days, at certain epochs,
+according to the Salisbury Ritual. The 'reed pale,' or red pale, was the
+heraldic sign which Caxton adopted for his printing-house.[58]
+
+Other printers soon followed Schoeffer's example; notably Johan Mentelin
+of Strasbourg. But these were mere lists of books, sometimes eulogies of
+an individual work, printed for the most part by one particular press and
+issued by the actual printer. In 1480 Anton Koberger of Nürnberg issued
+a catalogue of the books which he had for sale, twenty-two in all, though
+not all of them were printed by himself. Koberger was perhaps the most
+important printer and publisher of the fifteenth century. He is said to
+have employed twenty-four presses at Nürnberg, besides having books
+printed for him in other towns.[59] He it was who introduced the
+printing-press into Nürnberg in 1470. His enterprise, however, was not
+limited to the mere printing of books. He is said to have had sixteen
+shops where his books were sold, and agents in every city in Christendom!
+Truly he was the father of booksellers.
+
+Another German printer, Erhart Ratdolt, printed at Venice, before 1488, a
+handsome sheet in red and black in which he enumerates some forty-six
+books arranged under six headings, which he had for sale. They comprised
+the productions of several presses, the list being headed 'Libri venales
+Venetiis impressi.' Some thirty or more of these catalogues of German
+printers,[60] produced before the end of the fifteenth century, are
+known.
+
+In 1485 Antoine Verard, one of the most important figures in the annals
+of French printing, began business at Paris by putting forth an edition
+of the Decameron. From this date he continued as a publisher, and has
+been called 'the most important Paris publisher of the fifteenth
+century.' So far as I am aware no catalogue of the books which he had for
+sale has yet been discovered; though from the fact that our King Henry
+VII. purchased a number of his volumes it would seem that his agents or
+travellers were in possession of lists.
+
+Beckmann, in his 'History of Inventions and Discoveries,' says: 'It
+appears that the printers themselves first gave up the bookselling part
+of the business, and retained only that of printing; at least this is
+said to have been the case with that well-known bookseller John Rainman,
+who was born at Oehringen and resided at Augsburg'; and goes on to say
+that he was at first a printer and letter-founder, and supplied Aldus
+with his types. But this offset of the main business of book-production
+began still earlier: witness the catalogues of Koberger and Ratdolt
+already quoted. Many other printers also there were, before 1490, who
+were acting as agents or 'booksellers' to other firms. This was the case,
+too, with many of the Parisian houses.
+
+'Printing therefore gave rise[61] to a new and important branch of trade,
+that of bookselling, which was established in Germany chiefly at
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, where, at the time of the fairs particularly,
+there were several large booksellers' shops in that street which still
+retains the name of "book street."'[62] This ancient custom of having
+bookstalls in the streets (particularly about the church or cathedral)
+upon fair-days still survives in more than one old-world town upon the
+Continent. Indeed it is this very custom that gave rise to the term
+'stationer.' The early booksellers were wont to erect their stalls or
+'stations' against the very walls of the cathedrals, whence they were
+known as 'stacyoneres.'
+
+Beckmann mentions two other of these early booksellers at
+Augsburg--Joseph Burglin and George Diemar. 'Sometimes,' he continues,
+'they were rich people of all conditions, particularly eminent merchants,
+who caused books which they sold to be printed at their own expense.'
+George Willer, a bookseller who kept a large shop at Augsburg, was the
+first, says, Beckmann, who hit upon the plan of causing a catalogue of
+all the new books to be printed, in which the size and printers' names
+were marked. His catalogues from 1564 to 1592 were printed by Nicholas
+Bassé at Frankfort. Beckmann relates that a collection of these
+sixteenth-century German book-catalogues was in the library of Professor
+Baldinger of Göttingen; possibly it still reposes in the fine library of
+that university.
+
+'In all these catalogues, which are in quarto and not paged,' continues
+Beckmann, 'the following order is observed. The Latin books occupy the
+first place . . . and after these, books of jurisprudence, medicine,
+philosophy, poetry and music. The second place is assigned to German
+works, which are arranged in the same manner.'
+
+Bassé's collection is entitled 'Collectio in unum corpus omnium librorum
+Hebraeorum, Graecorum, Latinorum necnon Germanice, Italice, Gallice, et
+Hispanice scriptorum, qui in nundinis Francofurtensibus ab anno 1564
+usque ad nundinas Autumnales anni 1592 . . . . desumpta ex omnibus
+Catalogis Willerianis singularum nundinarum, & in tres Tomos distincta .
+. . . Plerique in aedibus Georgij Willeri ciuis & Bibliopole Augustani,
+venales habentur.' It was printed in quarto at Frankfort 'ex officina
+Typographica Nicolai Bassaei, MDXCII.' Part 2 (which has a separate
+pagination and title) is in German, and contains German books only. Part
+3, also a distinct work, has a title-page in both Latin and French, and
+contains books in Italian, Spanish, and French. This title reads:
+'Recueil en un corps des livres Italiens, Espagnols, et François, qui ont
+este exposez en vente en la boutique des Imprimeurs frequentans les
+foires de Francfort depuis l'an 1568 jusques à la foire de Septembre
+1592. Extraict des Catalogues des dictes foires, et reduict en method
+conuenable, et tres utile.' An exceedingly interesting work, this last
+part.
+
+A priced catalogue of the books printed by Christian Wechel is extant. It
+was printed at Paris in 1543, a duodecimo of twelve leaves, containing
+about three hundred books. These are classed under the headings
+Grammatica, Dialectica, Rhetorica, Historica, Poetica, Moralia, Physica,
+et Mathematica, Theologia, Legalis, and Medica. Under each of these
+headings the books are divided into 'Graece' and 'Latine,' but
+'Grammatica' and 'Theologia' have each the additional subheading
+'Hebraice.' The prices are interesting. They vary from twopence (the _Ars
+versificatoria_ of Ulric von Hutten and a Nicholas Beroald) to 80s.--a
+_Hippiatria_ in French. There are six at 3d., ten at 4d., forty-five at
+6d., none at 5d. or 7d., twenty-two at 8d., four at 9d., seventeen at
+10d., and thirty-seven at 1s. There are ten at 1s. 3d., twenty-three at
+1s. 6d., and twelve at 1s. 8d.; whilst from 2s. to 6s. the prices rise by
+6d. But only one volume is priced at 4s. 6d., and two each at 5s. 6d. and
+6s. There are from two to four volumes at 7s., 8s., 12s., 15s., 16s., and
+18s.; whilst six are priced at 10s., and five at 20s.
+
+The more expensive works are chiefly illustrated 'standard' authors, such
+as Modestus ('De Vocabulis Rei Militaris,' 18s.), Vegetius (_gallice, cum
+picturis_, 16s., or in Latin _permultis picturis_, 20s.), and several
+medical works such as Galen (two at 20s.) and Jo. Tagaultius (20s.). A
+Vegetius 'in minore forma' but also 'picturis' is priced at 4s. At the
+end is, in Latin: 'And these are the books, printed with our types, which
+we offer you. Moreover there are others of all kinds for sale in our shop
+(Taberna), both in Italian and German and French.' Then comes the
+announcement of a forthcoming edition of Eustathius' Commentary on the
+first book of Homer's Iliad.
+
+There is extant a list, printed in 1472, of books published at Subiaco
+and Rome by Sweynheim and Pannartz, the German printers who first
+established the printing-press in Italy. This list is contained in a
+letter written by the printers to Pope Sixtus IV., asking for assistance.
+It mentions twenty-eight works, and comprises 11,475 volumes,[63] which
+looks as if the book-buyers of Rome had combined to procure a reduction
+in the price of books; and there were no booksellers at that time to
+whom the publishers could dispose of their volumes as 'remainders.' No
+wonder that they described themselves as struggling '_sub tanto cartharum
+fasce_'--beneath so great a load of paper. It must have been
+circumstances such as these that induced the early publishers to put
+forth a 'bad seller' from time to time adorned with a fresh title-page.
+Notices of such cases abound, and they are not entirely confined to the
+_first_ publishers. 'But,' invariably remarks the astute and relentless
+bibliographer, 'it is all the same edition.'
+
+In 1602 there appeared a compilation from all the catalogues published at
+the different fairs in Germany from 1500 to 1602, by Johann Cless, and it
+was published in quarto at Frankfort. Unfortunately the original form of
+the catalogues from which this compilation was made was neglected, so
+that the work presents merely a list of books catalogued under their
+subjects; and only occasionally is the name of the printer given. The
+first volume consists of those published in Latin, the second volume
+those which appeared in the German tongue. The books are entered under
+the Christian name of the author, which does not facilitate reference;
+but date, place, and size are given. Another writer, George Draud,
+produced in 1611 a 'Bibliotheca Librorum Germanicorum Classica'; but this
+also is merely a catalogue of all kinds of books printed in German up to
+1610. This was republished in two quarto volumes at Frankfort in 1625.
+Beckmann remarks, however, that many books are mentioned by Draud which
+never were printed, and many titles, names, and dates are given
+incorrectly. Grudé's work, published in 1584, has already been
+mentioned.[64]
+
+In the same way other countries were putting forth catalogues throughout
+the sixteenth century. Occasionally one comes across them bound with
+various works, and sometimes, more commonly, beneath the calf or vellum
+covers of the books of that period.
+
+In this country for many decades after the introduction of printing, the
+output of the English presses was not sufficiently large to keep pace
+with the demand for books; so that there grew up a considerable trade in
+the importation of books from abroad. In London François Regnault
+received a continuous supply of foreign-printed works from his Paris
+shop, while others such as the Birckmanns, who had shops in Cologne,
+Antwerp, and other large towns, kept up the number.
+
+Doubtless these, and many others like them, issued catalogues of the
+books they had for sale. In 1595 Andrew Maunsell published his Catalogue
+of English Printed Books in two parts, and in April 1617 John Bill, a
+leading London bookseller, issued the first number of his 'Catalogus
+Universalis,' a translation of the half-yearly Frankfort _Mess-Katalog_,
+and continued this enterprise twice a year for eleven years at least.
+From October 1622 he added a supplement of books printed in English. A
+book-catalogue of William Jaggard of 1618 is also known. The title of
+this catalogue states that--like Bill's--it is 'to be continued for every
+half-year,' but so far no further issue has come to light.[65] You will
+find a list of the catalogues published by English booksellers since 1595
+in Mr. A. Growoll's 'Three Centuries of English Book-Trade Bibliography,'
+which was issued in octavo at New York in 1903.
+
+In 1628 Henry Fetherstone, another London stationer, published a
+catalogue of books which he had recently purchased in Italy. Among these
+was the famous library of Giacomo Barocci, a gentleman of Venice,
+consisting of two hundred and forty-two manuscript volumes, now in the
+Bodleian Library. Writing to the Archbishop of Armagh in 1629, Sir Henry
+Bourchier says, 'I doubt not but your Grace hath heard of the Greek
+Library brought from Venice by Mr. Fetherston, which the Earl of Pembroke
+hath bought for the University Library of Oxford; it cost him £700;
+there are of them two hundred and fifty volumes. Dr. Lindsell, now Dean
+of Litchfield, tells me that it is a great Treasure, far exceeding the
+catalogue.' As this collection formed but a part of the books which
+Fetherstone brought from Venice to this country, one cannot but marvel at
+such an intrepid stroke of business. Presumably the volumes were
+transported by ship.
+
+The history of booksellers has been attempted more than once,[66] so I
+will content myself with remarking that in addition to being 'rich people
+of all conditions,' some at least of these early booksellers were--like
+the early printers--men of great learning. William Goeree, the bookseller
+of Amsterdam, was a student by nature, but it was his fortune to be
+brought up by a step-father to whom letters were unknown. His great
+desire, a university education, was denied him, and he was forced to
+choose some business. So he elected to embark upon a career where he
+would at least enjoy the conversation of the learned, and would be free
+to pursue his studies undisturbed by the strictures of his step-sire. As
+a bookseller he prospered, and profiting by the atmosphere of learning in
+which his paths lay, he found time between the hours of business to
+produce several valuable works upon such diverse subjects as
+Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Engraving, Botany, Physic, and
+Antiquities!
+
+Fabert, the bookseller of Metz and author of 'Notes sur la Coutume de
+Lorraine,' which he published in folio in 1657, was esteemed so highly
+both for his learning and abilities, that his son Abraham Fabert was
+thought not unworthy of being educated with the Duc d'Epernon. Abraham
+rose to be Marshal of France: but in spite of his great talents and still
+greater attainments, the bookseller's son ever retained that natural
+modesty inherent only in great minds. Offered the Order of the Holy Ghost
+by Louis XIV. he refused it on the ground that it should be worn only by
+the ancient nobility. Whereupon the King wrote to him 'No person to whom
+I may give this Order will ever receive more honour from it than you have
+gained by your noble refusal, proceeding from so generous a principle.'
+One can only meditate _O si sic omnes_!
+
+There are two reference-books that will be of use to you if you are
+interested in this subject. Both were published by the Bibliographical
+Society. The first, by Mr. Gordon Duff, is entitled 'A Century of the
+English Book Trade,' and is a list of early English stationers. It
+appeared in 1905. The other, compiled by nine members of the Society
+under the editorship of Mr. R. B. McKerrow, was published in 1910, and is
+called 'A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in England, Scotland,
+and Ireland, and of Foreign Printers of English Books, 1557-1640.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the collector all catalogues are interesting, and although one may not
+readily come across publishers' catalogues of the sixteenth century, yet
+seventeenth-century ones are not so rare, and those of the eighteenth
+century comparatively common. What interesting reading these old
+catalogues provide! Often it is worth while purchasing the flotsam of the
+seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries from the penny tub merely for
+the sake of the catalogues which one frequently comes across bound at the
+end of such volumes. The desecration of a book is anathema to the
+bibliophile; but provided always that when you have paid your penny the
+volume proves to be but common trash and of no value whatever, you need
+not hesitate to remove the desired leaves and consign the wreckage to the
+waste-paper basket.
+
+Perhaps nothing shows so clearly the change in manners and sentiments of
+each age as do these ancient catalogues. Doubtless many of the works
+therein described are to be found among the pages of any modern
+bookseller's list. But there they are scattered among works of all times,
+and strike the imagination as being merely the curiosities of a bygone
+age. Here, gathered together in one list, they are exhibited in company
+with their fellows, and there is little diversity of sentiment to
+distract one's attention. Though they treat of the most diverse subjects
+under the sun, yet there is a strange similitude about them which is
+characteristic of their age. And this impression is not due to the
+language in which their titles are couched; they are just the sort of
+books which we should expect our forefathers of that period to read.
+Whatever their subjects, whatever their titles, they are clearly all
+birds of a feather.
+
+Take the following, all of which occur in 'A Catalogue of some Books
+Printed for Henry Brome, since the Dreadful Fire of London.'
+
+   The History of the Life of the Duke Espernon,
+       the great Favourite of France. . . .
+   Scarronides or Virgil Travesty . . by Charles Cotton, Esq.
+   Elvira, a Comedy, or The worst not alwaies true, by the Earl of Bristol.
+   Mr. Simpson's Division Viol, in folio, price 8s.
+   A Treatise wherein is demonstrated, that the Church and State of England
+       are in equal danger with the Trade, in quarto, by Roger Cook, Esq.
+   Erasmus Colloquies, in English.
+   The Fair One of Tuis, a new Piece of Gallantry.
+   Elton's Art Military, in folio.
+   Sir Kenelm Digby's two excellent Books of Receipts; one of Physick and
+       Chirurgery; the other of Cookery and Drinks, with other Curiosities.
+   The Exact Constable, price 8d., useful for all Gentlemen.
+   Toleration Discussed, by Mr. L'Estrange.
+   The Lord Coke's Institutes, in four parts.
+   Dr. Heylin on the Creed, in folio, price 15s.
+
+Who could hesitate to assign a period to these? Is not 'The Civil War and
+Restoration' writ big about them all? Plainer, indeed, would it be were
+we to analyse each separate item; for the tastes of the age and trend of
+men's thoughts as depicted in the pages of Master Pepys are amply
+reflected here.
+
+Beware, however, lest you come across a catalogue of some such rogue as
+Edmund Curll, that shameless rascal who gloried in the obscene
+productions of his minions, hesitating not to assign them to the greatest
+writers of the day. Though fined and pilloried for his scandalous
+publications, he regarded such 'accidents' merely as a medium of
+advertisement, and had no hesitation in calling attention to the fact
+that he had suffered corporal punishment on account of a book that he
+wished to sell.
+
+In the course of his crooked career he fell foul of Pope by publishing a
+book entitled 'Court Poems,' which he ascribed to 'the laudable
+translator of Homer.' Pope promptly retorted by putting forth an essay
+with the delightful title 'A Full and True Account of a Horrid and
+Barbarous Revenge by Poison on the Body of Mr. Edmund Curll, Bookseller;
+with a faithful copy of his Last Will and Testament.' Neither words nor
+deeds, however, could repress a man so destitute of moral worth; and,
+later, he came once more under the poet's lash in the 'Dunciad,' where we
+read--
+
+    'Obscene with filth the miscreant lies bewray'd.'
+
+Yet even the devil must have his due, and Curll certainly was concerned
+in the production of a number of works of general and abiding interest.
+Here is a curious example of his wares, from one of his catalogues dated
+1726. It is a version of Sallengre's 'L'Elogie de l'Ivresse,' a humorous
+(and scarce) little volume first published in 1714.
+
+     Ebrietatis Encomium--or, The Praise of Drunkenness. Wherein is
+     authentically and most evidently proved the Necessity of
+     frequently getting drunk; and that the practice of getting drunk
+     is most Ancient, Primitive, and Catholic. Confirm'd by the
+     example of Heathens, Turks, Infidels, Primitive Christians,
+     Saints, Popes, Bishops, Doctors, Philosophers, Poets,
+     Free-Masons, and other Men of Learning in All Ages. By a Person
+     of Honour, price 2s. 6d.[67]
+
+How it intrigues one to know who were the Saints, Popes, and Bishops thus
+addicted to tippling! Truly a _chronique scandaleuse_, and one which
+would surely have appealed to Louis Maimbourg, that ingenious Jesuit
+historian, had it but appeared in his day. We are told that he never took
+up his pen till he had heated his imagination by wine, nor ever attempted
+to describe a battle till he had drunk two bottles--lest, as he said
+jestingly, the horrors of the combat should enfeeble his style! Perhaps
+this trait in his character also explains how it was that 'he signalised
+himself by strange descriptions and burlesque sallies of humour in the
+pulpit,' and that his works exhibit 'great fire and rapidity in their
+style.'[68] At all events he lived to be seventy-six, which is some
+consolation to those who seek to impart originality to their work by this
+means.
+
+Here is another volume that I should like to possess, from the same
+catalogue.
+
+     The Court Gamester: Or, Full and Easy Instructions for playing
+     the Games now in vogue, after the best Method, as they are Played
+     at Court, and in the Assemblies, viz. Ombre, Picquet, and the
+     Royal Game of Chess. Wherein the Frauds in Play are detected, and
+     the Laws of each Game annex'd, to prevent Disputes. _Written for
+     the Use of the young Princesses._[69] By Richard Seymour, Esq.
+     price 2s.
+
+Evidently Richard Seymour, Esq., had some experience of the young
+princesses' play. One wonders whether the disputes were frequent and
+heated, and whether Richard was the detector or detected with regard to
+the 'Frauds in Play'!
+
+Enough, however, of examples: you will find abundance in these old
+catalogues to keep you interested and amused for many an hour. Moreover,
+your natural inquisitiveness will enable you to discover a great deal
+about books and authors which you would otherwise never, perhaps, come
+across. For certain titles will excite your interest and curiosity, so
+that you will 'look up' the volume in your bibliography. Then you will
+turn to your biographical dictionary and find out all that you can about
+the author. So it is that your knowledge of books and their writers will
+grow. It is a pleasant pastime, this fireside book-hunting, and of the
+greatest value to the collector. Let me add, as a note, that you will
+find the 'Cambridge History of English Literature' valuable for acquiring
+a _contemporary_ knowledge of books.
+
+With regard to book-auctions (which seem to have been introduced into
+Europe by the Elzeviers) and sale-catalogues, you will find all the
+information that you may require upon this subject in so far as Great
+Britain is concerned, in Mr. John Lawler's excellent little volume 'Book
+Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century,' of which a new edition
+was published in 1906. The fashion of selling books to the highest bidder
+is, in this country, of comparatively recent date; for the first auction
+of books held in London was presided over in 1676 by one William Cooper,
+an enterprising bookseller, who disposed in this manner of the library
+belonging to the Rev. Dr. Lazarus Seaman. With regard to the
+book-auctions held by the Elzeviers, you must consult that great
+authority, M. Alphonse Willems.
+
+Before leaving this subject of catalogues I cannot forbear quoting from
+one to whom I am already indebted:
+
+'In perusing these old catalogues one cannot help being astonished at the
+sudden and great increase of books; and when one reflects that a great,
+perhaps the greater, part of them no longer exists, this perishableness
+of human labours will excite the same sensations as those which arise in
+the mind when one reads in a church-yard the names and titles of persons
+long since mouldered into dust. In the sixteenth century there were few
+libraries, and these, which did not contain many books, were in
+monasteries, and consisted principally of theological, philosophical, and
+historical works, with a few, however, on jurisprudence and medicine:
+while those which treated of agriculture, manufactures, and trade, were
+thought unworthy of the notice of the learned and of being preserved in
+large collections. The number of these works was, nevertheless, far from
+being inconsiderable; and at any rate many of them would have been of
+great use, as they would have served to illustrate the instructive
+history of the arts. Catalogues, which might have given occasion to
+inquiries after books that may be still somewhere preserved, have
+suffered the fate of tomb-stones, which, being wasted and crumbled to
+pieces by the destroying hand of time, become no longer legible. A
+complete series of them, perhaps, is now nowhere to be found.'[70]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is yet another side of book-collecting with which it is essential
+that the bibliophile become acquainted, and that is a knowledge of the
+scarce and valuable editions of the more modern classic writers. By
+'modern' I intend those authors who flourished during the nineteenth and
+latter part of the eighteenth centuries, and include such writers as
+Arnold, the Brontës, the Brownings, Burns, Byron, Carlyle, Coleridge,
+Dickens, Keats, Lamb, Shelley, Stevenson, Swinburne, Tennyson, Thackeray,
+and other famous contemporaries. You may meet with their works
+continually, and many a prize may slip through your hands unless you are
+acquainted with the collector's _desiderata_ regarding each of these
+authors. Many of them, perhaps the majority, published their earliest
+works anonymously or under a _nom de plume_, and when once you have
+become aware of the titles of such books or their writers' pseudonyms,
+you are not likely to forget them.
+
+A few years ago (1911) Messrs. Hodgson the auctioneers discovered a thin
+folio consisting of an illustrated title-page and eight lithographed
+plates depicting scenes in the life of a ballet-girl, among a portfolio
+of engravings which had been sent to them for disposal. There was no
+letterpress, but the title ran 'Flore et Zephyr, Ballet Mythologique par
+Theophile Wagstaffe,' and it was published in London and Paris, 1836. The
+owner thought it unworthy of notice in a lengthy catalogue of his books,
+but in spite of its Gallic title its author was none other than
+Thackeray, and it was one of his first publications. On being offered for
+sale, it was knocked down at £226.
+
+'Poems by Two Brothers,' a small octavo published at London in 1827, will
+bring you twenty pounds if you are so fortunate as to come across it. The
+brothers were Alfred and Charles Tennyson. Then there is a slim octavo of
+some 150 pages which appeared at Newark in 1807, entitled 'Poems on
+Various Occasions.' It is by Lord Byron, and is worth fifty pounds at
+least; if in the original boards, more than double that amount. 'King
+Glumpus: an Interlude in one Act,' a pamphlet consisting of some twenty
+pages, was probably by John Barrow; but it was illustrated by Thackeray,
+and is usually to be found under the heading 'Thackerayana.' It was
+printed in 1837, on blue writing paper, and issued privately in buff
+wrappers. Recently it has fetched £153, but you may have a hundred for it
+any day.[71]
+
+Shelley's 'Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats' was first
+published at Pisa in 1821, a large quarto in blue wrappers. It has
+recently fetched 2,050 dollars in America, and you may have even more for
+a perfect copy, in the original state, of his 'Queen Mab,' printed by the
+author at 23, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square, in 1813. Both are
+exceedingly scarce. Another rare book of Shelley's is 'Original Poetry,'
+by Victor and Cazire, which was put forth at Worthing in 1810. The poet
+wrote it in his youth, and although it was known that such a volume had
+been printed and that it had been suppressed by its author immediately
+before publication, it was considered a lost work until its rediscovery
+in 1897.
+
+Byron's 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers' one can purchase in the
+second, third, or fourth editions (all in octavo) in the original boards,
+for as many pence; though the first edition, in duodecimo, undated, is
+scarce. It was published in 1809, and has but fifty-four pages of verse.
+The fourth edition appeared in 1811, though some copies are dated 1810,
+and has one thousand and fifty-two lines of verse in eighty-five pages.
+But the next year another edition was put forth containing eighteen
+additional lines. For this (fifth) edition the title-page of the fourth
+edition was used. It was not merely rigidly suppressed by the author, but
+immediately prior to publication it was destroyed by him, and, so far as
+I am aware, only one copy has, till now, been recovered.[72]
+
+For Burns' 'Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,' published at
+Kilmarnock in 1786, you may have two hundred pounds at least; if in the
+original boards, and perfect, considerably more. A copy has changed hands
+at a thousand. Of Shelley's 'Alastor: or the Spirit of Solitude, and
+other Poems,' octavo 1816, Keats' 'Endymion,' 1818, Fitzgerald's 'Omar
+Khayyám,' published by Quaritch in 1859, and a large number of others,
+you will learn from time to time. Mr. J. H. Slater's 'Early Editions
+. . . of Modern Authors,' which appeared in 1894, will be of value to you,
+though like all works which deal with current prices it now needs
+revision. From the bibliographical standpoint it is excellent, but the
+safest guides to mere market values are the quarterly records of
+auction-sale prices entitled 'Book-Auction Records,' and the bi-monthly
+publication known as 'Book-Prices Current' issued by Mr. Elliot Stock. In
+addition there are bibliographies of almost all the greatest Victorian
+writers.
+
+There is no doubt that the early editions of the English classics will
+get more and more valuable as time goes on. In the case of many it may be
+years before any decided rise in their sale-room price takes place; but
+as the number of book-collectors increases with the population, while the
+number of copies of these _desiderata_ tends to become less owing to the
+absorption of certain of them in the public libraries, so it is only
+natural that increased competition should result in a corresponding
+increase in their value.
+
+The early editions of Massinger, Beaumont and Fletcher, and of the later
+Elizabethan and Stuart dramatists, which command but a few pounds to-day,
+will run, in all probability, well into three figures during the next
+half-century. A good copy of the first issue of Milton's 'Comus,' printed
+in 1637, could be had for £36 in 1864. In 1898 one with the title-page
+mended brought £150. Ten years later £317 was not thought excessive for
+it, whilst in 1916 a fine and perfect copy made £800. $14,250 was the
+ransom of a copy at New York in 1919.
+
+Other books there are which have had similar meteoric rises in value. The
+first edition of Walton and Cotton's 'Compleat Angler' was published in
+1653 at one and sixpence. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+average price for a fine copy seems to have been between three and four
+pounds. In 1850 so much as fifteen pounds was paid for a copy in a
+similar state. Thirty years later it had risen to eighty-five pounds, and
+during the few years following, the demand for it seems to have increased
+its value considerably, for in 1887 a copy realised no less than £200.
+But eight years later even this sum was easily doubled. Then came the Van
+Antwerp sale at Sotheby's. A perfect copy, in the original sheepskin
+binding, was offered; the hammer fell at the enormous figure of £1,290.
+This sum has not yet (1921) been eclipsed; but that it was not a fancy
+price[73] is shown by the fact that in 1909 a copy _not_ in the original
+binding realised no less than £1,085.
+
+In the collection of these early impressions of the great writers,
+however, you must exercise considerable caution and judgment. The
+examples which I have quoted will show you that it is not always
+immediately, nor even within a lifetime from their death, that the works
+of our greatest authors become valuable. 'Fame is a revenue payable only
+to our ghosts,' wrote Sir George Mackenzie, and for literary fame Time is
+indeed the ordeal by fire. We may look upon the auction-room as a Court
+of Claims to Literary Fame, but it is public opinion, backing the
+authorities who sit round the table, that determines each claimant's
+case. It is the book that makes the price, not the price that makes the
+book. Doubtless those who, relying upon their own judgment alone, gave
+fifty pounds for Tennyson's 'Helen's Tower' (1861) some twenty years ago,
+thought they were safe in their investment. Yet twelve years later it
+could be had for thirty shillings. Fitzgerald's 'Polonius,' 1852, was
+once thought cheap at five guineas. To-day you may buy it for little more
+than a sovereign.
+
+It is a risky business, this collecting of the early editions of authors
+dead but a generation ago; and he would be a bold man who ventured to
+assert that the present prices of the first editions of the Victorian
+authors may be considered as stable. Bargains are bargains, and the
+temptation to buy is often great. But what constitutes a bargain from the
+collector's point of view? You cannot define it without reference to
+price, worth, or value; and if these be unstable it cannot constitute a
+bargain. 'An advantageous purchase' say the dictionaries; but if the
+price drop subsequently is it advantageous to _you_? You may think to
+play the wise man by collecting early editions of your own or your
+father's contemporaries, but it is odds on that you will burn your
+fingers. Yet the works of those great writers, those immortals
+
+    'On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled'
+
+are stable in our affections as is the sun in the firmament. Whatever
+fortune may overtake the works of those ephemerals whom by mere fashion
+we applaud to-day and neglect to-morrow, the works of those great writers
+who have been accorded a niche in the hall of Fame will ever command our
+purses no less than our respect.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[52] Of this book, published in octavo in 1893, it is impossible to speak
+too highly. Both as a text-book for the student and a reference book for
+the collector it is invaluable. The other two volumes by Mr. Duff are
+also of the greatest assistance. 'The Printers, Stationers, and
+Bookbinders of Westminster and London from 1476 to 1535' was published in
+1906, and 'The English Provincial Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders
+to 1557' in 1912--both by the Cambridge University Press. They are still
+(1921) in print, and cost six and five shillings respectively.
+
+[53] A stereotyped reprint of the revised edition published between 1857
+and 1864. Each of the first five volumes is in two parts, often bound
+separately. Vol. 6 is an appendix.
+
+[54] Brockhaus of Leipzig has also (1921) published a facsimile reprint
+of this work--price £12.
+
+[55] The term _Incunabula_ is now applied to all books printed before the
+year 1500. It is a vast study in itself, this bibliography of
+fifteenth-century books; and thanks to the labours of a small group of
+men who have devoted their lives to the subject, it is now upon a
+definite scientific basis. Carefully prepared monographs are issued from
+time to time, dealing with the different founts used by the early
+printers; but as this subject is unlikely to engage the attentions of
+those for whom this work is written (who, like the writer, are of modest
+means), I forbear to enter upon it in detail.
+
+[56] It is a tedious game, but a very necessary one, and is a service due
+to an author. In entering a long list of errata in a folio book which has
+many lines to the page (Cotton's 'Monluc' has 62 lines, and the 1707
+edition of Sandford's 'Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of
+England' has nearly 150 errata!) the following method saves a lot of
+time. Take a strip of paper about an inch wide, place it on a page, and
+make a dash on the strip at every fifth line of text, numbering the
+dashes 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. This measurer saves one counting the lines
+every time.
+
+[57] Dr. John North.
+
+[58] For Schoeffer's list, see Mr. E. G. Duff's 'Early Printed Books,'
+1893, p. 31, where there is also an illustration of it. For Caxton's
+advertisement, see an excellent article upon these early catalogues, by
+Mr. A. W. Pollard, in 'The Bibliophile' for March 1908 (vol. 1. No. i, p.
+22).
+
+[59] Mr. E. G. Duff, _op. cit._, p. 513.
+
+[60] A collection of thirty-two facsimiles of these fifteenth-century
+book advertisements was published by Herr Konrad Burger in 1908.
+
+[61] This is not strictly accurate, for there were agents or booksellers
+(call them what you will) who bought and sold manuscripts at Rome in very
+early times. A document dated 1349 (quoted by Laborde, 'Les Ducs de
+Bourgogne,' tom. 1, p. 459) mentions one Thomas de Maubeuge, 'bookseller
+at Paris,' who sold a volume to the Duke of Normandy for fourteen florins
+of gold.
+
+[62] Beckmann, _op. cit._
+
+[63] Mr. E. G. Duff, _op. cit._ Beckmann has 12,475, quoting Fabricius'
+'Bibliotheca Latina,' ed. 1772, vol. iii. p. 898, where the document is
+printed in full.
+
+[64] See p. 155.
+
+[65] For more upon this subject, with regard to this country, see The
+Camb. Hist. Eng. Lit. vol. iv. chap, xviii., 'The English Book-trade,' by
+Mr. H. G. Aldis.
+
+[66] Curwen's 'History of Booksellers,' 8vo, 1873, deals chiefly with the
+later English houses; while Mr. E. Marston's 'Sketches of Booksellers of
+Other Days,' 12mo, 1901, is concerned only with eight London booksellers,
+from Tonson to Lackington. Mr. F. A. Mumby's 'The Romance of
+Bookselling,' 8vo, 1910, contains a bibliography of the subject, but says
+little about the early continental book-marts. Mr. W. Roberts' 'Earlier
+History of English Bookselling,' 8vo, 1892, deals with London alone, and
+does not help us. There is a short article on the Frankfort Fairs, by Mr.
+G. Smith, in 'The Library,' 1900, pp. 167-179.
+
+[67] This was one of the five publications on account of which Curll was
+set in the pillory in 1725.
+
+[68] L'Advocat: Dict. Histor.
+
+[69] The italics are NOT mine.
+
+[70] Beckmann, _op. cit._
+
+[71] Like many of these _rarissima_ it has been reprinted in
+facsimile--crown 8vo, 100 copies only, 1898.
+
+[72] The various editions and impressions of this book have given rise to
+confused accounts respecting them. The British Museum Catalogue gives
+five distinct impressions of the third edition and five of the fourth
+edition. Of the fourth edition, some large-paper copies were issued; they
+are scarce and worth thirty shillings or more. The first edition is
+undated, but the paper is water-marked '1805'. A copy of this last, in
+the original boards uncut, realised 205 dollars in New York in March,
+1920. It usually fetches about £5 in England.
+
+[73] The three copies which were sold between Dec. 1919 and June 1920,
+however, fetched 2,200 dollars, £410, and £600. The last was in the
+original sheepskin.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM
+
+    'The road lies plain before me; 'tis a theme
+     Single and of determined bounds.'--WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+MOST book-collectors embark upon their life-long hobby without any
+clearly defined scheme of collecting, buying just those books which take
+their fancy, and in many cases not realising that they have caught the
+dread contagion of bibliomania until they suddenly find that more
+shelf-room is required for their books, and that the expenditure upon
+their hobby is growing out of all proportion to their means. It is then
+generally too late to stop, and although they may avoid the book-stalls
+for some days, nay even weeks, the passion of collecting is only dormant,
+and will break out with renewed vigour either upon a sudden (though
+perhaps only temporary) condition of affluence, or upon the
+receipt of that most insidious of all temptations, a bookseller's
+catalogue--especially if it be a 'clearance' one.
+
+This passion for collecting books resolves itself at length into two
+categories. Either the patient grows rapidly worse and plunges headlong
+into the vortex of auctions, catalogues, and bibliographies, amassing
+during the process a vast nondescript collection of books; or else he
+improves slowly but surely, growing daily shrewder in his purchases. So
+that at length, having completely recovered his composure, he finds
+himself the possessor of a collection of books valuable alike from
+commercial and utilitarian standpoints.
+
+The former of these collectors is generally said to suffer from acute
+bibliomania. His knowledge of books is vast but of a general kind, and
+for practical purposes it cannot compare with that acquired by his
+fellow-collector who had seen the folly of a headlong course. His
+complaint is well known; indeed it was recognised in the first century of
+our era, when Seneca condemned the rage for mere book-collecting, and
+rallied those who were more pleased with the outsides than the insides of
+their volumes. Lucian, too, in the next century, employed his prolific
+pen in exposing this then common folly.
+
+Even the wise collector, however, runs some risk of being engulfed by his
+hobby and swept away by the flood of books. There is but one remedy, or
+rather alleviation, for book-collecting is quite incurable and follows a
+man to his grave (unless, of course, he be cast upon a desert island),
+and that is _specialism_.
+
+Every collector should become a specialist. It will give him a definite
+ambition, something to look for among other books, something to complete;
+and there is a thousand times more satisfaction in possessing a select
+collection of works of a definite class or upon a definite subject, than
+in the accumulation of a vast heterogeneous mass of books. He will get to
+know the greater part of the works upon his own subject, become an
+authority upon it in time, and perhaps will even attempt a bibliography
+if it be an out-of-the-way subject. He will know precisely what he wants,
+what to search for, and what price to pay. In short, he will be lifted
+out of the fog of miscellaneous books into the clear atmosphere of a
+definite and known class of works.
+
+It is such an easy step, and such an immensely important one, this
+determination to confine one's collecting activities to a certain class
+of books. 'What a blessing it is,' said a book-loving friend not long
+ago, 'not to have to worry about all sorts of books. I have never ceased
+congratulating myself that I took the resolution to confine myself
+entirely to Herbals. Before, I had a vast but untrustworthy knowledge of
+titles and editions which a bad memory did not assist. Now, thank
+goodness, I have forgotten all that, but I flatter myself that I really
+do know something about Herbals.'
+
+And what a profitless occupation is the aimless collecting of
+heterogeneous books. If bibliographical knowledge be our aim, their very
+diversity tends to confuse us. If recreation be our object, better far to
+join a circulating library than garner volumes which, once read, are
+never to be opened again. Learning and study cannot be intended, for the
+formation of a library of nondescript books collected upon no system or
+plan can, at best, endow us with but a smattering of knowledge.
+
+There was once a certain bishop who used continually to collect useless
+luxuries. The Emperor Charlemagne, perceiving this, ordered a merchant
+who traded in rare and costly objects to paint a common mouse with
+different colours and to offer it to the bishop, as being a rare and
+curious animal which he had just brought from Palestine. The bishop is
+transported with delight at the sight of it, and immediately offers the
+merchant three silver pounds for such a treasure. But the merchant,
+acting on his instructions, bargains with the bishop, saying that he
+would rather throw it into the sea than sell it for so little. Finally
+the bishop offers twenty pounds for it. The merchant, wrapping up the
+'ridiculus mus' in precious silk, is going away when the collector,
+unable to bear the thought of losing so great a curio, calls him back and
+says that he will give him a bushel of silver for it. This the merchant
+accepts: the money is paid; and the merchant returns to the Emperor to
+give him an account of the transaction.
+
+Then Charlemagne convokes the bishops and priests of all the province,
+and placing before them the money which the mouse has fetched, reads them
+a homely lesson on the foolishness of collecting profitless trifles.
+Sternly he enjoins them in future to use their money in administering to
+the wants of the poor rather than to throw it away on such unprofitable
+baubles as a painted mouse. The guilty bishop, now become the
+laughing-stock of the province, is permitted to depart without
+punishment.
+
+Doubtless the great majority of book-collectors are not specialists. They
+may set greater store by a certain class of works which appeals to them
+from some whimsical reason, but until they have grown middle-aged in
+their pursuit most of them are but _dilettanti_.
+
+'Yes,' I can hear you exclaim, 'but if your collecting propensities are
+to be curbed and countless books passed by, books which your very
+instinct urges you to acquire, surely you will lose most of the charm of
+collecting? How dull to be obliged to purchase only those works to which
+you have vowed to confine yourself.'
+
+Dull! No. I can assure you from my own experience that this restraint
+will but serve to redouble your eagerness, to sharpen an appetite in
+danger of becoming blunted by a plethora of _desiderata_ and a shrinkage
+of your purse. So that whereas before, a short stroll about the
+book-shops would discover to you abundance, or at least plenty, of books
+that you would like casually to possess, now that you have become a
+specialist you must go further afield. Often you will return empty-handed
+from your rambles, and your sanctum (to the delight of the housemaid)
+will not be invaded quite so often by stacks of 'dirty old books.' Order
+will come out of chaos; many works bought upon impulse because they
+appealed to you at the moment will be weeded out and discarded. Moreover
+the shillings which this process yields will enable you to send that
+priceless gem, the _chef d'oeuvre_ of your collection, to the binder's,
+that its extrinsic appearance may be fashioned in keeping with its
+intrinsic worth.
+
+More important still, you will become a known man. The booksellers will
+remember you, and one day when you reach home from a long and barren
+ramble, you will find a postcard awaiting you, announcing the discovery
+of some book for which you have long sought.
+
+     'SIR,--I have found a copy of the Vitruvius fo. Venice, 1535,
+     that you asked me for some time ago. You can have it for 10s.
+     (vellum, clean copy). Shall I send it?--Yours respectfully, JOHN
+     BROWN.'
+
+Your ramble may have been on a cold winter's afternoon, it may have been
+raining and muddy underfoot, but will not this cheer you up and warm you
+better than any cup of tea? And what will be your sensations as you undo
+the parcel, take out the treasure (which you once saw in Johnson's
+catalogue for £3), turn eagerly to its title-page, and collate it as
+gently as though you were handling some priceless work of art? Don't tell
+me! The specialist gets a thousand times more pleasure out of his hobby
+than ever did casual buyer. Besides, what rapture will be his whenever he
+chance upon some book for which he has long been searching, or upon some
+work on his very subject and yet unknown to him; for book-collecting is
+full of surprises.
+
+Some of the booksellers will ask you for a list of your wants. You may
+safely supply them with one, and it is not necessary to state the maximum
+price which you are prepared to pay for each. Should you do so, probably
+it will be taken to indicate that you are prepared to pay the price
+named, and the book when found will be offered to you at that price (or a
+few shillings less to give the idea of a bargain) when you might have had
+it at a considerably lower figure. Remember also that the very fact of a
+book being sought for enhances its price. Suppose that a country
+bookseller sees an advertisement in the trade journal asking for a copy
+of a certain obscure sixteenth-century work, and that he recollects he
+has a copy somewhere in stock. He finds it among his shelves marked,
+possibly, five shillings. When he answers the advertisement it is more
+than likely that he will ask a pound or even two for it. At the same
+time, however, you must consider whether or not the book is worth as much
+to you. It may be a little known and, to the world at large, a valueless
+book, and you may have to wait some years before you are able to secure a
+copy; whereas by advertising for it you may procure a copy almost
+immediately. Do you prefer to take the chance of having to wait years for
+a book which you urgently want, or to pay a longish price and possess it
+at once?
+
+There is another point to be considered. Should you ever part with your
+collection _en bloc_, or should your executors dispose of it, this volume
+will be an item of the collection of works in which you specialise. As
+such it will be much more likely to realise the larger than the smaller
+price, especially as the disposal of a collection of books upon a
+definite subject attracts to the rostrum other collectors of a like class
+of works.
+
+Surely every book-collector is in his heart of hearts a specialist. Have
+you ever taken into your hands some choice gem of your collection without
+wishing that there were others in your library of the same genus? Is
+there not some one volume among your books that demands your first
+consideration when new shelving is put up, when your books are
+re-arranged; the volume to which you would fly first of all if a fire
+broke out in your sanctum? Brother bookman, I can almost hear you turn in
+your chair at the awful prospect of having to make choice between your
+beloved tomes! Indeed I am with you whole-heartedly, for there are two
+books, two priceless gems, rescued (the one from Austria, the other
+France) after years of patient search, two books which ever strive for
+the ascendancy in my bibliophilic affections. Far from me be it to make
+distinction between them. Granted, however, that you have made up your
+mind as to the identity of _the_ treasure, do you not wish to possess
+other equally choice works of the same class, on the same subject?
+Suppose some distant relative of yours with great propriety should die,
+bequeathing you all unexpectedly far more worldly goods than you had ever
+hoped to possess; supposing also that you were 'without encumbrances' or
+ties of any description, and that your sole aim and ambition in this
+world was the collecting unto yourself of the choicest fruits of master
+minds: what would be your first act, in so far as your hobby is
+concerned?
+
+I know what our book-hunter would do under such conditions. He would take
+the next train to Paris, proceed to a certain shop not a great distance
+from the Rue St. Honoré, mount the step-ladder and hand down to the
+delighted Henri just precisely what he fancied _in his own particular
+line_. This process he would continue elsewhere until he had formed a
+goodly nucleus round which to amass still scarcer volumes as they came to
+hand. And I venture to think that you would do the same, though not
+necessarily in Paris.
+
+What is it that makes a man a specialist? Is it a particular knowledge of
+a certain subject? Do all book-collecting doctors garner only herbals and
+early medical works? Does the poet-collector specialise in poetry, the
+freemason in masonic books, the angler in works dealing only with his
+pastime?
+
+Not always, perhaps; but doubtless this is the case with the great
+majority of collectors. Sometimes a chance purchase may shape the entire
+course of a man's collecting, sometimes he is led to the subject to which
+he devotes his collecting energies by devious byways. Our book-hunter has
+a friend who began to collect old French books on Chivalry through a
+touch of influenza. When convalescent his doctor ordered him a
+sea-voyage. An hour after the advice was given he met a shipping friend,
+who offered him a cabin in a ship just about to start on a trading voyage
+in the Mediterranean. At Crete the ship was detained for some repairs, so
+he took the opportunity to visit Rhodes in a coasting vessel. He was much
+struck with the famous Street of the Knights and ancient buildings of
+the great military Order that once owned the island, and regretted that
+he knew so little about it. Nor did his scanty knowledge of these things
+enable him to appreciate to the full the buildings of the Order at Malta.
+
+On his return to this country he spent some time at the British Museum,
+delving into these knightly records of the past, but was unable even then
+to discover all that he wished to know. So for a time he took up his
+abode in Paris, working daily at the Archives, the Arsenal Library, and
+Bibliothèque Nationale. Then came the Library of the Vatican. To-day his
+collection of ancient works on La Chevalerie, in most of the languages of
+Europe, is a thing to be proud of, and his sub-collection on the
+Hospitallers and their commanderies is especially rich. Probably there
+are few works upon this subject with which he is unacquainted, and the
+bibliography upon which he is at work bids fair to become the standard
+volume.
+
+What an immense part Chance plays in all our lives. Some of the most
+momentous events in the world's history have turned upon the most trivial
+happenings. Had not a wild boar run in a certain direction, probably
+there would have been no Norman Conquest of England! Robert of Normandy,
+out hunting with his friends, roused a boar which, running a certain
+course, necessitated the duke's return through the village street where
+he saw and fell in love with the burgess's daughter who became the mother
+of William the Conqueror. Had the boar run north instead of south,
+probably Robert would never have seen Arlette, and William would never
+have been born. Olaf of Norway, the great sea-king whose name was feared
+from Brittany to the Orkneys, was converted to Christianity by a chance
+landing at the Scilly Isles, where haply he visited the cell of a holy
+man that dwelt there.
+
+Let us now draw up a list of those subjects which generally engage the
+attention of specialists. The list is a lengthy one and offers an
+infinite variety. Each heading will comprise various sub-headings, and of
+these I shall speak more in detail.
+
+    1. Arctic, Antarctic, Whaling.
+    2. Africa.
+    3. Americana.
+    4. Architecture, Building Construction.
+    5. Australasia.
+    6. Bibles.
+    7. Bibliography, Bookbinding, Printing.
+    8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries.
+    9. Celebrated Authors and Books.
+    10. Celebrated Presses.
+    11. Chapbooks, Ballads, Broadsides.
+    12. Civil War and Commonwealth.
+    13. Classics.
+    14. Cookery Books.
+    15. Costume.
+    16. Crime and Prisons.
+    17. Dictionaries, Etymology.
+    18. Drama, the Stage.
+    19. Early-printed books.
+    20. Early Romances.
+    21. Economics.
+    22. Facetiae, Curiosa, Books on Gallantry.
+    23. Fine Arts, including Technique, Theory, Criticism, History of the
+        Arts, Furniture, Tapestries, Decorations, Gems, Ceramics, Plate.
+    24. First Editions of Esteemed Authors.
+    25. Folk-lore, Fables, Mysteries.
+    26. Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, and Secret Societies.
+    27. French Revolution.
+    28. Gardening.
+    29. Heraldry, Chivalry, Crusades, Genealogy, Peerages, Ceremonies,
+        and books on Seals and Brasses.
+    30. History and Chronicles.
+    31. Husbandry, Agriculture.
+    32. Illustrated Books, Books of Engravings.
+    33. Legal.
+    34. Liturgies, Mass and Prayer Books.
+    35. Locally-printed books.
+    36. Mathematical and Early Scientific.
+    37. Medical (Early), including Herbals and Early Botanical.
+    38. Military, including Archery, Arms, Armour, Fencing, and Duelling.
+    39. Music.
+    40. Napoleon.
+    41. Natural History.
+    42. Nautical and Naval.
+    43. Numismatics, Medals.
+    44. Occult, Astrology, Astronomy, Alchemy, Witchcraft, Magic.
+    45. Pamphlets and Tracts.
+    46. Philosophy.
+    47. Poetry.
+    48. Privately-printed books.
+    49. School books.
+    50. Sport, Games, Pastimes.
+    51. Theology, Lives and Works of the Early Fathers, History of the
+        Church, Inquisition, works on the Religious Sects.
+    52. Tobacco.
+    53. Topography, including Atlases, Geography, and County Histories.
+    54. Trades.
+    55. Travels and Exploration.
+    56. Voyages, Shipwrecks.
+
+From this list are purposely omitted books printed upon vellum, Books of
+Hours of the Virgin Mary, and illuminated books; for these are rarities
+within reach of the wealthy only. Nor is 'bindings' included, for the man
+who collects these is no book-lover in the truest sense of the word, and
+his hobby does not fall properly within the category of book-collecting,
+being classed rather under the heading Art and Vertu, Bric-à-Brac, or
+what you will. Naturally all book-collectors (save perhaps the
+'original-boards-uncut' man) are sensible to the charm of a choicely
+bound copy, provided always that the binding be appropriate and that it
+is impossible to obtain the book in its original covers; but it is for
+something more than the mere outsides of his treasures that the real
+book-lover cares.
+
+Needless to say, there are other subjects which have their devotees. Some
+collectors specialise in large-paper copies, some prefer certain editions
+which contain matter suppressed later. Others collect early children's
+books, gipsy literature, Egyptology, books on inventions, ballooning,
+etc. But most of these are more in the nature of sub-headings to the
+subjects in our list, and offer a more restricted field of collecting.
+Indeed I am in some doubt as to whether the large-paper collector should
+be included here, for his penchant is as far removed from true
+book-collecting as is that of the specialist in bindings. His hobby can
+have nothing to do with literature, since it is only the external
+characteristics of a book which appeal to him. He may be 'wise in his
+generation,' but his pursuit approaches closely to bibliomania. This
+objection may perhaps also be urged against one other subject in our
+list, namely, privately-printed books. But here there is an ulterior
+interest beyond the mere singularity of their production; for there are
+very many books of great merit, chiefly memoirs and family histories,
+which their authors have designed, from personal and contemporary
+reasons, to come only into the hands of their own families and
+acquaintances.
+
+So here is your list, reader, take your choice. But perchance you are
+already numbered among the elect, one of those _magi_ among bibliophiles
+who are at once the despair of the booksellers and the wise men of their
+generation? Is it not to the specialists that we owe the bulk of our
+knowledge of old books--for who else is it that produce the
+bibliographies, numerous but not nearly numerous enough, that delight the
+heart of the collector? All praise to them, and, brother bibliophile, if
+you are not yet of their number in heart at least, read through the
+foregoing list once more and put a mark with your pencil against the
+heading which is most to your taste. If you do not see your chosen
+subject at once, a scrutiny will probably discover it for you included in
+another and wider subject.[74] For example, Astronomy and Astrology,
+inseparably bound up in the ancient works, are included in the heading
+'Occult.' Herbals, which deal with the medicinal qualities of plants, you
+will find under 'Medical.'
+
+Is your purse a long one? Would you not like to garner folios and quartos
+with weird and heavy types that speak of a craft yet in its infancy;
+books that perchance have seen or even been handled by the actual
+combatants of Barnet or of Bosworth Field; books with monstrous crude yet
+wholly delightful woodcuts that bring before us the actual appearance of
+our forebears under the King-maker, Richard Crouchback, and Harry
+Richmond? Or would you like to gather to yourself as many examples as you
+may, in the finest possible condition, of the exquisite art of Aldo
+Manuccio the elder? But perhaps the following, from a recent catalogue,
+represents a class (20) more to your palate.
+
+     L'Histoire du tres fameux et tres redoute Palmerin d'Olive . . . .
+     traduite de Castillan en Francoys reueue et derechef mise en
+     son entier, selon nostre vulgaire moderne et usite, par Jean
+     Maugin, dit l'Angeuin. _With_ 45 _large spirited woodcuts (some
+     being nearly full-page) representing duels, battles, etc., and_
+     132 _large ornamental initial letters_. Folio, Paris, 1553.
+
+Is your purse a light one? Then fifteenth-century books are denied you,
+as are all other esteemed works of the Middle Ages such as romances and
+classics. But there is hardly another heading in our list, save perhaps
+the first editions of the great authors, which you may not make your own.
+Almost every subject has its bibliography, and many fresh volumes are
+added yearly to the ever-increasing list of 'books about books.' You will
+find what bibliographies have appeared upon your particular subject, up
+to 1912, by referring to Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of National
+Bibliography,' which should be (if indeed it is not) in every public
+library throughout the kingdom.
+
+Some day an enterprising public body will purchase a building with
+fifty-five rooms (or thereabouts), each of which will contain a small and
+carefully selected collection of books on each one of these subjects.
+Each room will have its own catalogue and its own librarian, who will be
+an expert in the subject over which he presides. The rooms, of course,
+will vary in size according to the magnitude of the subject and the
+number of sub-headings which it comprises. Readers will have access to
+the shelves in almost every case, books of great value alone being kept
+under lock and key.
+
+How invaluable such a library would be, and what a vast amount of time
+would all readers be saved! We should know instantly to whom to turn for
+expert advice upon any subject--for the sub-librarians would naturally be
+acquainted with more than the mere outsides of the volumes in their
+charge. We should be able to handle the latest works upon our subject
+immediately; and we should have, ready to our hand, a history of its
+literature from the earliest times to the present day.
+
+As to whether the acquisition of knowledge by this method would not turn
+us all into journalists, however, is another matter.
+
+With the first heading in our list shall be included several others,
+namely (2) Africa; (5) Australasia; (55) Travels and Explorations (which
+heading includes every land under the sun not specially mentioned in our
+list), and (56) Voyages and Shipwrecks; in short, all those subjects
+which concern 'foreign parts.' They are subjects which are most likely to
+engage the attentions of collectors who have been seafaring in their
+time, though, as has been shown in Chapter II., it is not every traveller
+who has been far afield.
+
+Books on Arctic and Antarctic exploration, as well as whaling voyages,
+comprise much reading that is as interesting to the landsman as to the
+sailor. Most of its literature is within easy reach of the collector of
+modest means, though the earlier volumes are naturally increasing
+gradually in price. One of the hardest to obtain is William Scoresby's
+'Account of the Arctic Regions,' which was published in two octavo
+volumes at Edinburgh in 1820. You will be lucky if you find a clean sound
+copy of it with the plates unspotted. It is now getting very scarce, as
+is Weddell's 'Voyage towards the South Pole in 1822-24' (octavo, London,
+1825).
+
+Each of these headings can be subdivided according to your requirements.
+Africa you may divide conveniently into West, South, East, and Central;
+North Africa being best classified under the various countries which it
+contains, namely, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis. Egypt, of course,
+has a vast literature of its own. Similarly books on Australasia may be
+divided into those which deal with Polynesia, New Guinea, Australia
+(again divided into its states), Tasmania, and New Zealand; though,
+properly speaking, the first of these should be classified under the
+heading 'Voyages.'
+
+There is little doubt that those collectors who have devoted their
+energies during the past twenty-five years to the collecting of books on
+Africa, especially the South, will prove at no very distant date to have
+been wise in their purchases. Just as early Americana are so eagerly
+bought by our neighbours across the Atlantic at immense prices, far and
+away out of all proportion to their intrinsic worth as literature or
+history, so will the day come when those of our kin whose fathers sought
+a home in the 'great dark continent' will go to any length to procure
+works which deal with the early history of that newer world; and this
+will be the case, perhaps even sooner, with our Australasian friends.
+
+The early books on Australia are most interesting. Besides Governor
+Phillip's 'Voyage to Botany Bay' (1789) and his Letters therefrom (1791)
+there are such compilations as John Callander's version of the Comte de
+Tournay's 'Terra Australis Cognita,' or Voyages to the Southern
+Hemisphere during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries,
+three octavo volumes published at Edinburgh between 1766 and 1768. Then
+there is Admiral Hunter's 'Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port
+Jackson and Norfolk Island' (1793).[75] Hunter sailed with the first
+fleet in 1787 under Arthur Phillip, the first governor of Botany Bay, as
+second in command of H.M.S. _Sirius_, and afterwards became
+governor-general of New South Wales in succession to Phillip. His journal
+gives a very valuable account of the early days of the Colony.
+Barrington's, Mitchell's, and Sturt's handsome volumes, all with fine
+plates, are still to be had for shillings. They seem a very good
+investment.
+
+Books on the South Seas have a peculiar interest, for the subject at once
+conjures up the name of the immortal Captain Cook; and the accounts of
+his remarkable voyages between 1768 and 1779 are perhaps the most eagerly
+sought for of all books on Polynesia. The first voyage of discovery in
+which the great explorer took part was in the years 1768 to 1771. His
+ship, the _Endeavour_, was accompanied in the first part of the voyage by
+the _Dolphin_ and _Swallow_; and an account of the _Endeavour's_ voyage
+was published surreptitiously in 1771 by, it is said, certain of the
+petty officers of Cook's vessel.[76] But the compilation of an authentic
+account of the voyage, from the rough notes and diaries, was entrusted to
+Dr. Hawkesworth, and was published in 1773 in three quarto volumes. From
+this task Hawkesworth gleaned £6000, and although we are told that the
+book 'was read with an avidity proportioned to the novelty of the
+adventures which it recorded,' yet the compiler so far offended against
+the canons of good taste as to cause considerable offence. Cook gained
+such credit for his intrepidity that he was promptly promoted from
+lieutenant to commander.
+
+A second expedition was soon planned, and in 1772 the _Resolution_ and
+the _Adventure_ set sail, the former returning to England in 1775. The
+results of this voyage were drawn up by Captain Cook himself, and
+published in 1777 in two quarto volumes. In 1776 he sailed once more in
+the _Resolution_, but was destined never to return, for on St.
+Valentine's Day, 1779, he met his death at the hands of the natives of
+Hawaii. The expedition returned the next year, and the official account
+of it was published in 1784, in three quarto volumes, of which the first
+two were from the pen of Cook, the third volume being written by James
+King. The following year a second edition appeared, also in three quarto
+volumes. All these works have maps, charts, and folding plates, which are
+sometimes bound up separately into folio volumes. A few of these somewhat
+crude plates were engraved by Bartolozzi. Admiral James Burney's
+'Chronological History of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea,' was
+published in five quarto volumes between 1803 and 1817. The author was
+one of Cook's officers, and the diary of the last voyage which he sailed
+in company with the great navigator is still (1921) in manuscript. His
+account of the death of Captain Cook, however, was published in the
+'Cornhill Magazine' so lately as November 1914.
+
+During the first half of the nineteenth century many handsome works upon
+these subjects issued from the press. For the most part they are
+sumptuous books, many of them having coloured plates and sometimes
+folding ones. They were published chiefly for subscribers at prices
+ranging from two guineas to fifteen; and during the last few years they
+have risen considerably in price. Until the decline of the coloured
+engraving in the 'fifties of last century they were legion in number,
+both quartos and octavos, and many are still to be had for a few
+shillings. But a study of booksellers' catalogues alone will give you an
+idea of their prices and values. Needless to say, works upon voyages,
+travels, and explorations issued in the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries are becoming increasingly scarce and valuable.
+
+Here a word of warning. Before you purchase any of these illustrated
+volumes, make sure (by referring to a bibliography or standard collation
+if possible) that it is intact. Frequently a plate or a map is missing,
+and sometimes an unscrupulous seller will go so far as to remove the
+'list of plates' in order that the blemish may remain undetected. With
+such defects, books of travel are generally of little worth.
+
+Some of the byways included in these headings of Travel and Foreign
+Countries are of considerable interest for the bibliographer no less than
+for the traveller. Who has confined his attentions to the early Saracenic
+literature of North Africa? There is a number of works dealing with it,
+chiefly sixteenth-century Spanish books, and all are of considerable
+value. Luis del Marmol's 'Descripcion general del Affrica' is in three
+folio volumes, of which the first two were printed at Granada in 1573,
+the third volume being dated at Malaga, 1599. But though Marmol affixed
+his own name to it, the work is little more than a translation of the
+'Description of Africa,' by Leo Africanus, a fellow-countryman of Marmol,
+who composed his work in Arabic. Marmol was certainly well qualified for
+his task, for he was taken prisoner by the Moors in 1546, and was eight
+years in captivity in Africa. Curio's 'Sarracenicae Historiae' was first
+published in folio at Basel in 1567; but it was English'd by T. Newton in
+1575, quarto, black letter, London--if you are so lucky as to come across
+it. It is called 'A Notable Historie of the Saracens.' Dan's 'Histoire de
+la Barbarie,' folio, Paris, 1649, appears in the sale-room from time to
+time.
+
+[Sidenote: Americana.]
+
+3. Americana--what a vast subject in itself! Its very definition
+signifies the inclusion of everything upon any subject whatsoever that
+has ever been written upon the Americas! But in the bibliographer's
+reading this term is generally taken to imply those early works relating
+to the discovery and settlement of the United States and Canada, though
+not necessarily in the English language. For the purposes of our list,
+however, we will confine its meaning solely to the United States;
+classifying books upon Canada, Alaska, and Mexico under the heading
+Travels and Exploration. Under the latter heading also, of course, will
+come the various countries of Central and South America.
+
+Many have been the collections upon the early history of New England, and
+you will do well to obtain the catalogues of the Huth, Church,
+Auchinleck, Winsor, Livingston, Grenville, and Hoe collections. The
+famous collection of Americana from the library at Britwell Court was to
+have been sold by auction at Sotheby's in August 1916; but it was
+purchased _en bloc_ to go to New York, where it was dispersed by public
+auction the following January. The sale catalogue (Sotheby's) is an
+extremely good one, and contains a large number of works previously
+undescribed. The well-known library of Americana amassed by Dr. White
+Kennet, bishop of Peterborough during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, and entrusted by him in 1712 to the keeping of the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel 'for their perpetual use,' was sold by
+order of that Society at Sotheby's in August 1917 and realised very high
+prices, though most of the items were in poor condition. The gem of the
+collection, 'New England Canaan,' 1632, and most of the other important
+volumes (seventy-nine in all) had been presented previously by the
+Society to the British Museum. The highest price realised was £650, which
+was paid for 'A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England
+between the English and the Salvages,' 1637, a small quarto of sixteen
+leaves, said to be by the Rev. Philip Vincent.[77]
+
+There are two valuable bibliographies upon this subject, both necessarily
+large and important works. They are Sabin's 'Dictionary of Books relating
+to America,' in nineteen octavo volumes published at New York from 1868
+to 1891, which, however, comprises only the headings from A to Simms: and
+Evans' 'American Bibliography,' privately printed in eight quarto volumes
+at Chicago, 1903 to 1914. Harrisse's 'Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima'
+(New York, 1866) with its supplement (Paris, 1872) is a bibliography of
+the rarest books concerning America that appeared between 1492 and 1551.
+Mr. W. H. Miner's 'The American Indians, North of Mexico,' published by
+the Cambridge University Press in 1917, contains a bibliography of works
+on the aboriginals.
+
+[Sidenote: Architecture.]
+
+4. Works upon Architecture are, _de natura_, for the greater part 'art
+books,' and comprise not only such large works as Furttenbach's massive
+tomes and the works of Britton and Billing, but the many beautifully
+illustrated books published by Ackermann at the beginning of last
+century. Most of them, English and foreign, are books of considerable
+value, for the plates were often produced by the great masters of
+engraving, and they readily command high prices whenever they appear in
+the market. But there is a large and increasing number of smaller works
+which deal with buildings and designs, as well as those books concerning
+buildings of an historical interest. There does not seem to be any
+monumental bibliography of architectural books, but you will find useful
+lists in Mr. W. P. Courtney's volumes.
+
+The older books upon this subject are necessarily scarce: such as
+Alberti's 'Libri de Re Ædificatoria Decem,' which appeared first at
+Florence in 1485. This work, however, was reprinted at Paris in 1512, and
+you may have a copy of it for a couple of pounds, though the first French
+translation 'L'Architecture et Art de bien bastir, trad. par deffunct Jan
+Martin,' folio, Paris, 1553, with fine large woodcuts, will cost you four
+times as much. It is a fine book, and contains a portrait of the author
+as well as a three-page epitaph by Ronsard on the deffunct Jan Martin.
+
+[Sidenote: Bibles.]
+
+6. The collection of Bibles is perhaps one of the commonest subjects to
+engage the attention of specialists. There is a numerous bibliography,
+ranging from Anthony Johnson's little tract 'An Historical Account of the
+English Translations of the Bible,' printed in 1730, down to the Rev. J.
+L. Mombert's 'English Versions of the Bible,' of which a new edition
+appeared in 1907. You will find the volumes of Anderson, Cotton, Eadie,
+Loftie, Dore, Darlow and Moule, Stoughton, and Scrivener of assistance to
+you here, as well as Westcott's 'General View of the History of the
+English Bible,' of which a third and revised edition was published in
+1905. It contains a useful list of English editions of the Holy Writ. The
+Huth Collection, that portion of it which was sold in 1911-12, was
+especially rich in Bibles, as was the Amherst Library, dispersed in
+1908-09. This last contained editions from 1455 (the so-called 'Mazarin'
+Bible) to King Charles the First's own copy of the 1638 Cambridge
+edition. The sale catalogues of these will be of value to you.
+
+7. Bibliography is perhaps the subject nearest to the heart of every
+bibliophile. But since the collection of 'books about books' must of
+necessity be the stepping-stone by which the book-lover attains his
+knowledge of the extrinsic attributes of his hobby, I have dealt with
+this subject at some length in the chapter wherein are treated the 'books
+of the collector.'
+
+[Sidenote: Biography.]
+
+8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries: what a flood of names and memories occur
+to one under this heading! Not only the immortal Boswell and Pepys, but
+Fanny Burney, Alexandre Dumas, Mary Wortley-Montague, Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury, _et permulti alii_. Also, this heading will comprise that great
+series of mysterious and 'racy' books ycleped 'Court Memoirs,' and the
+somewhat less exciting but--to our book-hunter's mind at least--more
+interesting works which border on the domain of history, such as the
+Memoirs of Blaise de Montluc and Saint-Simon: works which bring home to
+us the everyday life of those far-off days more clearly than anything
+that has ever been written about them since.
+
+How meagre is the stock of valuable historical memoirs with which we may
+furnish our libraries to-day! There is abundance to be had--after long
+searching, but the great Memoirs which we may have to hand, such as
+Froissart and Monstrelet, Waurin and La Marche, must number scarce a
+couple of dozen. Perhaps some day a philanthropic publisher will give us
+good editions (unabridged) of Sir James Melvil, Sir Philip Warwick,
+Edmund Ludlow, Bulstrode Whitlock, Sir Thomas Herbert, Robert Cary,
+Denzil Lord Holles, and many other valuable contemporary evidences now
+scarcely to be had, and when found usually in ancient tattered calf. Why
+is it, too, that the great mass of French chroniclers who bear witness to
+English doings in the wars of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Anjou and
+Touraine remain still untranslated and almost unprocurable?
+
+There are so many delightful Memoirs to which one would like to have
+access at will. Jean de Boucicault, Marshal of France, stands out as one
+of the most interesting figures in mediæval France and, indeed, Europe.
+Nicknamed 'le meingre,' he was Vicomte de Turenne, and bore arms at the
+age of ten. His father[78] also was a Marshal of France. Few men have
+lived such a stirring life as this paragon of knightly prowess. At
+Rosebeque in 1382 (where Philip van Artevelde and 20,000 Flemings were
+slain), being then a page of honour to Charles VI., he fought at the
+King's side and acquitted himself so well that he received knighthood at
+the King's hands. Thenceforward he was fighting continually in Flanders,
+Normandy, Brittany, Languedoc--in short wherever there was fighting to be
+done. In 1396, marching with the flower of the French chivalry through
+Bulgaria against the Turks, he was one of the three thousand knights
+taken prisoner at the disastrous battle of Nicopoli; but was among the
+twenty-five whose lives were spared by the savage victor. Four years
+later he was defending Constantinople for the Emperor against his late
+captor, and here again he distinguished himself greatly by his bravery.
+
+Not long after this he was appointed Governor of Genoa. In command of the
+Genoese fleet he undertook to chastise the Cypriots for an outrage on
+some Genoese gentlemen. But calling at Rhodes on the way, the Grand
+Master of the Hospitallers persuaded him to try the effect of mediation
+first of all, and proceeded to Cyprus himself for that purpose. Whereupon
+the Marshal, 'to beguile the time, and give employment to the fiery
+spirits on board his squadron' (says a later chronicler) 'ran down at a
+venture to the Syrian city of Scanderoon, which place he carried by
+assault and plundered.' Encouraged by this success, on the Grand Master's
+return he persuaded that great personage to accompany him on a further
+expedition, and together they harried the whole coast of Syria, the
+Hospitaller confining his attention to the Infidels whilst the Marshal
+razed the factories which the Venetians (enemies to the Genoese) had
+established at Baruth and other places. Thus passing a very pleasant
+summer.
+
+In Italy he took an active part in the turmoil betwixt Guelphs and
+Ghibellines, and seized Milan for the former (1409). At Agincourt in 1415
+he commanded the vanguard of the French army, and was taken prisoner.
+Being sent to England, he remained there until his death six years later.
+This great soldier was a man of many accomplishments, an ardent musician
+as well as a poet; and his leisure was passed chiefly in composing
+ballads, rondeaux, and virelays. Yet his 'Livre des Faicts' remains
+unenglish'd.
+
+Another truly great man of a later period was that great warrior of
+saintly life and death, Henri, Duc de Montmorency. After a long and noble
+career of arms in the service of his king no less than of his countrymen,
+he fell a victim to the jealousy of Cardinal de Richelieu. 'Dieu vouloit
+que sa mort fust aussi admirable que sa vie,' writes his biographer; 'que
+ses dernieres actions couronnassent toutes les autres; et que ses vertus
+Chrestiennes jettassent encor plus d'eclat que n'avoient fait les
+Heroiques.' Brought to the scaffold he refused to avail himself of the
+indulgence of having his hands at liberty. 'So great a sinner as I,' he
+said, 'cannot die with too much ignominy.' Of his own accord he took off
+his splendid dress. 'How can I,' said he, 'being so great a sinner go to
+my death in such attire when my guiltless Saviour died naked upon the
+Cross.' Yet save we are contented to turn to a poorly printed
+seventeenth-century edition of his Life, there is no place (to my
+knowledge at least) where we can read of this truly great man, and, of
+course, no version other than that in the French tongue.
+
+Then there is that great and vivacious chronicle of the house of Burgundy
+during the fifteenth century, the Memoirs of Messire Olivier, Sieur de la
+Marche. No historian would write of the Flemish wars, from the Peace of
+Arras in 1435 to the taking of Ghent by the Archduke Maximilian in 1491,
+without constant reference to this invaluable work, for la Marche was
+often an eye-witness of the events which he records. Yet so far it has
+not been rendered in English, and I know of no complete edition in modern
+French. It is the same with the memorials of Bouchet, Chartier, de
+Coussy, Crillon, Olivier de Clisson, and many other great soldiers, all
+of whom have much to say of the wars 'contre les Anglois.' The famous
+history of Bertrand du Guesclin[79] contained in 'Le Triomphe des Neuf
+Preux' does not seem to have been reprinted after its second appearance
+in Spanish at Barcelona in 1586, and there is no English version.
+
+Why is it that biography has such a peculiar fascination for most men? Is
+it but curiosity to know how others have passed their lives, mere idle
+inquisitiveness? Or is it that we may store up in our minds what these
+great ones said and did upon occasions that may occur to us some day?
+This is, perhaps the more likely; for women dislike biographies, and
+women, we are told, care not a fig for examples, but act upon their
+native intuition. Be the reason what it may, the fact remains that for
+one man who looks to the future there are fifty who look to the past.
+Moreover the sages of all times encourage us to seek examples in the
+lives of other men, and examples are certainly of more value than idle
+speculations. 'With what discourses should we feed our souls?' asked one
+of that pleasant philosopher Maximus of Tyre. 'With those that lead the
+mind [Greek: epi ton prosthen chronon]--towards former times,' replied
+the sage--those that exhibit the deeds of past ages.
+
+Possibly it would be better to include biographical dictionaries under
+this heading than under 'Dictionaries.' Oettinger's 'Bibliographie
+Biographique Universelle,' published first in quarto at Leipzig, 1850,
+describes some 26,000 biographies, under their subjects' names. A second
+edition appeared in two octavo volumes at Brussels four years later.
+There is a useful catalogue of 174 biographical dictionaries in all
+languages at the end of the third volume of John Gorton's 'General
+Biographical Dictionary,' the 1833 edition.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Authors and Books.]
+
+9. Celebrated Authors and Books. How interesting it would be to know
+which individual work, after the Bible, has passed through the greatest
+number of editions. 'The Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Robinson Crusoe,' 'The
+Decameron,' 'The Compleat Angler,' 'Paradise Lost,' all these must have
+been reprinted an immense number of times; while others such as 'Gil
+Blas' and 'Don Quixote' would not be so very far behind. Then there are
+the ancients, such as Homer, Horace, Virgil, with the great host of
+classics of the old world. Perhaps, however, the palm would be awarded to
+the 'Imitatio Christi' of the saintly Thomas à Kempis. The editions of
+it, from the presses of almost every country in the old and the new
+worlds, run well into four figures. An English collector, Edmund
+Waterton, succeeded in amassing no less than thirteen hundred, and at his
+death the British Museum acquired all those of his treasures which were
+not already upon its shelves.
+
+There is another name to couple with this, though (I hasten to add) from
+a purely bibliographical standpoint--that of the great Dominican Giacomo
+di Voraggio, or Jacobus de Voragine. Except to the student of Early
+Fathers, the hagiologist, and the bibliophile, his very name has almost
+sunk into oblivion; but to these savants he stands forth as the compiler
+of that marvellous collection of the Lives of the Saints, known as The
+Golden Legend. The first Latin edition of his great work was printed in
+folio at Cologne in 1470, and six years later it appeared in French at
+Lyons and in Italian at Venice. Caxton translated and published an
+English version, and from that time to the middle of the sixteenth
+century it is said to have undergone more impressions than any other
+contemporary work.[80]
+
+It is not only editions of individual works, however, that this heading
+comprises. Upon reading a book which pleases us greatly it is but natural
+to seek other works by the same author; and with the book-collector this
+tendency often becomes the basis of a definite plan of campaign. Who has
+yet formed a complete collection of the works and editions of Defoe, of
+Alexandre Dumas, or even of that indefatigable Jesuit antiquary Claude
+François Menestrier? There are bibliographies of all three, but I do not
+know of any library that possesses a complete collection of either. Every
+year sees the addition of bibliographies upon this subject, and we have
+now excellent accounts of the publications of Bunyan, Cervantes, Defoe,
+Milton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Isaac Newton, Isaac Walton, and many
+other famous men.
+
+Under this heading also is included the collection of books dealing with
+a particular author or book, such, for example, as the many published
+works upon the authorship of the 'Imitatio Christi,' the 'Eikon
+Basilike,' or the Letters of Junius, and--commonest sub-heading of
+all--'Shakespeareana.' The British Museum authorities have issued a
+bibliography (large quarto, 1897), of books in that library relating to
+Shakespeare, which you may have for a few shillings. If this be your
+hobby, however, perhaps the first book which you will acquire, at the
+very outset of your career, will be Sir Sidney Lee's monumental 'Life of
+William Shakespeare,' which has become a classic in itself. Of this, the
+first edition appeared in 1898, but a new edition (the seventh) rewritten
+and greatly enlarged, was published in 1915. It is, at the time of
+writing, the fullest and best, so is much to be preferred. It contains a
+full account of the earliest and subsequent editions and editors of the
+immortal writer. Mr. A. W. Pollard published in 1909 a bibliographical
+account of 'Shakespeare Folios and Quartos,' and you will find a lengthy
+list of books upon this subject in Appendix I of Sir Sidney Lee's work
+(1915). Mr. William Jaggard's 'Shakespeare Bibliography' purports to be
+'a dictionary of every known issue of the writings of our national poet
+and of recorded opinion thereon in the English language.' It was
+published at Stratford-on-Avon in 1911, a thick octavo volume of more
+than 700 pages. The fifth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English
+Literature' contains some 47 pages of Shakespeareana in the
+bibliographies to Chapters VIII. to XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Presses.]
+
+10. Celebrated Presses. Of all the famous printers this world has seen,
+there are two in particular whose productions have engaged the attentions
+of collectors continually, namely, the Manuccios ('Aldines') and the
+Elzeviers. The reason for this is not far to seek. Unlike the productions
+of Caxton or de Worde (whose works, mostly in the vernacular, have
+usually engaged the attentions of English collectors only), the volumes
+issued by these two great foreign houses stand out for their conspicuous
+merit both as specimens of book-production and as examples of scholarly
+editing. Should you decide, however, to confine your attention to some
+other of the great printers, then a delightful hobby will be yours; for
+the field is narrow, and your collecting must take the form of a personal
+inspection of each volume purchased. It will be book-hunting with a
+vengeance; the booksellers' catalogues (which rarely give the printers)
+will be of little use to you except as regards certain specimens with
+which you are acquainted, and each volume that you acquire will have been
+unearthed by your own hands. It is a subject which has been chosen so
+frequently by specialists that there are bibliographies of almost all the
+well-known printers, most of them, it were needless to add, in French.
+For a list of them, you must consult the work of Bigmore and Wyman, as
+well as that of Mr. W. P. Courtney.
+
+There is a chance here, also, for the public librarian. How many of the
+public libraries in this country possess a collection of books
+illustrating the history and progress of printing in their particular
+towns? Most provincial public libraries now possess collections of books
+relating to the history and topography of their localities; and it should
+not be difficult to form similar collections of locally-printed books. It
+would be an interesting hobby for the private collector too, and such a
+collection would be of the greatest interest and value from the
+bibliographical standpoint. Similarly it would not be difficult to form a
+small collection of books printed by, say, the French or German or
+Italian printers before 1500, or the Paris or Venetian printers up to
+1600. There is a considerable field for the collector here.
+
+[Sidenote: Ballads and Broadsides.]
+
+11. Chapbooks, Broadsides, and Ballads: a curious byway of
+book-collecting this, for the knowledge to be gleaned from these
+_curiosa_ is not probably of great value. Nor can a great deal be said in
+favour of their utility. Perhaps, however, the first two would be classed
+more properly with No. 22--Facetiae and Curiosa, leaving Ballads only
+under this heading. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres' 'Bibliotheca
+Lindesiana: a Catalogue of a Collection of English Ballads of the
+Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, printed for the most part in Black
+Letter' was printed privately in small quarto in 1890. It is undoubtedly
+the finest collection of this kind in the world. Ritson's 'Ancient Songs
+and Ballads' was revised by Hazlitt in 1877. Then there are such volumes
+as Payne Collier's 'Illustrations of English Popular Literature,'
+published in 1863-66, Huth's 'Ancient Ballads and Broadsides published in
+England in the Sixteenth Century' (1867), and others which will be
+mentioned when discussing Facetiae (22) and Pamphlets and Tracts (45).
+Lemon's 'Catalogue of a Collection of Printed Broadsides in the
+Possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London' (1866) and Lilly's
+'Black Letter Ballads and Broadsides,' (1867) will also be of use to you
+here, as will the publications of the Percy, Ballad, and Philobiblon
+Societies. In 1856 J. Russell Smith, the antiquarian publisher of Soho
+Square, issued a 'Catalogue of a Unique Collection of Four Hundred
+Ancient English Broadside Ballads, Printed Entirely in the Black Letter'
+which he had for sale--a small octavo volume with notes and facsimiles.
+It is a valuable little book and somewhat hard to obtain. For other
+reference-books upon this subject, you must turn to the headings
+'Ballads' and 'Broadsides' in Mr. W. P. Courtney's valuable 'Register of
+National Bibliography.'
+
+This heading also includes the collection of proclamations and single
+sheet posters of all kinds. There is a fine collection of Royal
+Proclamations in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, probably the
+most perfect in existence. 'Bookes' of Proclamations were issued by R.
+Grafton in 1550 (8vo), R. Barker in 1609 (folio), Norton and Bill in 1618
+(folio)--all in black letter--and by several other the king's printers
+during the seventeenth century. For the purposes of the historian they
+are simply invaluable. The (26th) Earl of Crawford and Balcarres has
+printed a bibliography of proclamations, vols. v. and vi. of his
+'Bibliotheca Lindesiana.'
+
+[Sidenote: Civil War and Commonwealth.]
+
+12. Civil War and Commonwealth is properly speaking a sub-heading of No.
+30--History; but it is a favourite subject with book-collectors, and the
+volumes issued during this period are _sui generis_ and mostly of
+considerable interest. With the abolition of the Star Chamber in 1641 the
+drastic repression of the printers disappeared, and, freed from all
+control, the presses now poured forth political tracts and volumes of
+every description. Needless to say a great number of the books thus
+issued were anonymous publications. But two years later an Order for the
+Regulating of Printing came into force, and Cromwell's censorship was
+reinforced by a further Act in 1649. Nevertheless a large mass of
+political matter continued, throughout the interregnum, to make its
+appearance on the stalls and in the shops. What would not Cromwell have
+given to suppress 'Killing no Murder'! Edwards' 'Catalogue of the Great
+Rebellion Tracts in the British Museum' was included in his 'Memoirs of
+Libraries,' which appeared in 1859. George Thomason's famous collection
+of Royalist tracts will be dealt with under the heading 'Pamphlets.'
+
+[Sidenote: Classics.]
+
+13. Of all the subjects in our list perhaps none comprises volumes of
+greater beauty and printed with greater distinction than this--the
+Classics of the Old World. It is a rare field for the scholar to-day, for
+the time when no library could be considered complete without editions of
+most of the old masters of Greece and Italy is long past; and there is
+nothing like the competition nowadays to secure the well-known editions
+which formerly adorned the shelves of our grandfathers. Not long ago our
+book-hunter witnessed the sale of a sixteenth-century folio Isocrates,
+bound in ancient green morocco, for seven and sixpence; and similar
+volumes are described continually in the modern booksellers' catalogues.
+There is more scope here for the collection of masterpieces of typography
+than in any other heading in our list. Aldines, Estiennes, Elzeviers,
+Plantins, Baskervilles, Barbous--all are within the reach of the most
+modest purse. You need not trouble to study Dibdin's 'Introduction to the
+Knowledge of Rare and Valuable Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics':
+if you are sufficiently fond of immortal books and beautiful printing to
+make this subject your hobby, your own eyes and hands will guide you in
+the choice of editions--from the bibliographical standpoint.
+
+[Sidenote: Cookery Books.]
+
+14. The Collection of Cookery Books offers a wider field for the
+book-collector's activities than would appear at first sight. Besides the
+considerable number of works of a purely culinary nature, there are many
+sources whence we can learn much concerning the dietary and table
+customs of our ancestors. Caxton's (or rather de Worde's) 'Book of
+Curtesye' is a primer of good manners for a small boy at table and
+elsewhere, and it may well find a place, in modern shape, on the shelf
+beside other volumes on household economy. 'Don't dip your meat in the
+salt-cellar,' the wise man tells Master Jackie, 'lest folk apoynte you of
+unconnyngnesse.' He must be careful, also, not to expectorate across the
+table,
+
+    'ne at the borde ye shall no naylis pare
+     ne pyke your teth with knyf.'
+
+Injunctions that are, perhaps, unnecessary nowadays; but all must agree
+with the great printer that
+
+        'it is a tedyous thynge
+    For to here a chylde multeplye talkyng.'
+
+Are books on table-manners published nowadays? The latest I remember to
+have seen is Trusler's 'The Honours of the Table, or Rules for Behaviour
+during Meals, with the Whole Art of Carving,' which appeared in 1788. It
+has woodcuts by Bewick, and is a curious and scarce little volume.
+
+Even such unlikely volumes as Dugdale's 'Origines Juridiciales' (folio,
+London 1680), the Egerton and Rutland Papers, and other volumes of
+household accounts issued by the learned societies contain menus and long
+lists of foodstuffs and drinks consumed at various feasts. W. C.
+Hazlitt's account of some 'Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine'
+appeared in 12mo in 1886. It has a list of some of the older works. There
+is also a bibliography of books upon this subject in Dr. A. W. Oxford's
+'Notes from a Collector's Catalogue' which appeared in 1909. His 'English
+Cookery Books to the Year 1850' was published in 1913. You will find a
+useful paper upon old English cookery in the 'Quarterly Review' for
+January 1894. M. Georges Vicaire's 'Bibliographie Gastronomique,' a
+handsome octavo volume with facsimiles, appeared at Paris in 1890.
+
+Then there are such books on dieting as Cornaro's 'Discorsi della Vita
+Sobria' and Lessius on the Right Course of Preserving Health, both
+english'd in 1634 and printed at Cambridge in a tiny volume entitled
+'Hygiasticon'; also Tryon's 'Way to Health,' Sir Thomas Elyot's 'Castel
+of Helth,' and other works of this nature. 'The Forme of Cury,' compiled
+about 1390 by the master cook of Richard II., was published by Samuel
+Pegge in 1780; and the 'Libre Cure Cocorum,' about 1440, was issued by
+the Philological Society in 1862. The 'Boke of Cookery' printed by Pynson
+in 1500, and Buttes' 'Dyets Dry Dinner,' 1599, you will probably have to
+go without unless your purse be a deep one; indeed so far as I am aware
+no duplicate is known of the first-mentioned!
+
+[Sidenote: Costume.]
+
+15. Books on Costume, like works on Architecture and the Fine Arts, are
+_de natura_ 'art books.' During the first few decades of the nineteenth
+century there were published a number of folio volumes containing fine
+coloured plates, depicting the costumes of various foreign countries.
+Numerous books of travels issued during the same period also were
+embellished with similar plates; whilst of late years monographs have
+appeared on the history of various articles of attire, such as shoes,
+gloves, hats, etc. It is not a large field for the specialist, and at
+present I am unaware of any modern bibliography upon this subject. There
+are lists of costume books in Fairholt's 'Costume in England' (1896
+edition), 'The Heritage of Dress' by Mr. W. M. Webb (1907), and a paper
+on them by Mr. F. W. B. Haworth in the Quarterly Record of the Manchester
+Public Library for 1903 (vol. vii. pp. 69-72).
+
+Some of the older works on costume are extremely interesting for their
+curious engravings. For the most part they are valuable works. 'Le
+Recueil de la diversite des Habits, qui sont de present en usage, tant es
+pays d'Europe, Asie, Afrique et Isles Sauvages, le tout fait apres le
+naturel' was put forth by Richard Breton, a Paris printer, in 1564,
+octavo. It contains 121 full-page wood-engravings of costume; it is a
+little difficult, however, to see why the 'sauvages' should be included
+in a book of costume. But perhaps they are covered by the phrase 'apres
+le naturel.' Beneath each engraving is a rhyming and punning quatrain.
+Here is the one beneath the portrait of a young lady of demure
+appearance, entitled 'L'Espousée de France':
+
+    'L'espousée est coiffée, aussi vestue
+     Comme voyez, quant elle prent mary,
+     A demonstrer sa beauté s'esuertue,
+     En ce iour la, n'ayant le cueur marry.'
+
+There are other interesting sixteenth-century works by Abraham de Bruyn,
+Nicolas de Nicolay, Cesare Vecellio, Pietro Bertelli, Ferdinand Bertelli,
+and others, all with copper and wood engravings.
+
+[Sidenote: Crime.]
+
+16. Books dealing with Crimes and Prisons are classed generally under the
+heading _Curiosa_ (22); but accounts of murders, rogueries, piracies,
+etc., are so common and so frequently engage the attentions of
+specialists that I have thought fit to place this subject in a class by
+itself. Needless to say the majority of works on this subject are in the
+shape of pamphlets or tracts, though some (such as the 'Trial of Queen
+Caroline') run to more than one thick volume. You must not expect to come
+across many of Samuel Rowlands' tracts on roguery, (1600-1620), for they
+are worth literally their weight in gold, and more. Many of them,
+however, have been reprinted by the Hunterian Club (1872-86). Nor will
+you find readily 'The Blacke Dogge of Newgate' by Luke Hutton, which
+appeared first about 1600, though 'The Life and Death of Gamaliel Ratsey,
+a Famous Thief of England,' was reprinted by Payne Collier. Mr. F. W.
+Chandler's two volumes on 'The Literature of Roguery,' published in 1907,
+will be of great assistance to you here; whilst Payne Collier's
+'Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature' contains several
+murder pamphlets. The Newgate Calendar is well known and may be had, in
+varying states of completeness, of the booksellers from time to time,
+together with the many accounts of famous murders and trials.
+
+[Sidenote: Dictionaries.]
+
+17. Dictionaries and Etymologies are subjects which generally engross the
+attentions of 'curious antiquaries.' Some of the older dictionaries are
+of great interest. A few years ago our book-hunter purchased in London
+for half a crown a copy of Cooper's 'Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et
+Britanniae,' a thick folio printed at London by Henry Bynneman in 1584.
+It is bound in the original sheepskin, a portion of a vellum psalter
+having been used to strengthen the joints. The worthy bishop's text is
+delightful (Cooper died bishop of Winchester in 1594), the
+interpretations being in black letter, and it is full of quaint conceits.
+At the end is a biographical dictionary which certainly contains some
+startling statements. Baret's 'Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie,' 1573, and
+Rider's 'Bibliotheca Scholastica,' 1589, you may still come across, but
+do not set your heart upon acquiring a copy of Huloet's 'Abcedarium
+Anglico-Latinum' put forth at London in 1552. Perhaps the finest
+collection of dictionaries amassed by any one collector in this country
+was that of the reverend Dr. Skeat of Cambridge; but alas! at his death
+it was partly dispersed.
+
+[Sidenote: Drama.]
+
+18. Shakespeareana has already been dealt with under heading No. 9, and
+the bibliography of the Drama is a voluminous one. You will find the
+following works of value to you at the outset, if this be the subject of
+your choice. Hazlitt's 'Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old
+English Plays' was issued in 1892, whilst Mr. F. E. Schelling's
+'Elizabethan Drama, 1558-1642,' appeared in two volumes, New York, in
+1908. The second volume contains a useful bibliography. Mr. W. W. Greg's
+'List of English Plays written before 1643 and printed before 1770' was
+published by the Bibliographical Society in 1900. There is a
+supplementary volume which deals with Masques, Pageants, and some
+additional plays; it appeared in 1902. The bibliography to Chapter IV. in
+the tenth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature'
+contains useful lists of works on the drama. The office-book of Sir Henry
+Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623 to 1673, was edited by Professor
+Quincy Adams and published by the Yale University Press ('Cornell Studies
+in English,' vol. iii.) in 1917. It is the chief source of information
+about English plays and playwrights from 1623 until the Civil War, and
+the documents of the period 1660-73 are important to students of the
+Restoration Drama.
+
+[Sidenote: Early-Printed Books.]
+
+19. By the term 'early-printed books' the bookseller generally means
+fifteenth-century works, or _incunabula_ as they are now called. You must
+needs be a rich man if this be your hobby, for every volume issued prior
+to the year 1500--however worthless as literature or useless from a
+bibliographical standpoint--is now worth at least a couple of pounds,
+provided it is complete and in good condition. You _may_ pick up an
+example or two of early printing for a few shillings on your rambles, but
+every day the chance of a bargain in this direction is smaller. There is
+not a bookseller throughout the kingdom who is not aware of the minimum
+value of _any_ volume printed in the fifteenth century, and a private
+purchase and treasure trove are the only sources available to the
+'incunabulist' to-day. As regards works of reference on this subject,
+such books have already been dealt with in the chapter on the Books of
+the Collector.
+
+[Sidenote: Early Romances.]
+
+20. Early Romances, too, will tax your exchequer somewhat heavily, for
+these glorious folio and quarto examples of early woodcut engraving are
+eagerly snapped up whenever they appear in the market. One of the finest
+collections of these fascinating volumes in recent times was that amassed
+by Baron Achille Seillière. A portion of it was sold at Sotheby's in
+February 1887. Most of these treasures were exquisitely bound by the
+great French masters of book-binding, and the sale of 1147 lots realised
+£14,944, an average of about £13 a volume. Yet it is safe to assert that
+the same collection to-day would fetch more than double that amount.[81]
+The first folio edition (_Lyon_, 1477) of Honoré Bonnor's 'L'Arbre des
+Batailles' realised only £30. At the Fairfax Murray sale in 1918 the
+quarto Lyons edition (1510) made £130. The Lisbon edition of 'Le Triomphe
+des Neuf Preux' (1530) brought £83. The same copy at the Fairfax Murray
+sale realised £135. A second portion of this fine collection afterwards
+came under the hammer in Paris, and realised similar prices.
+
+There is a numerous bibliography. Mr. A. Esdaile's 'List of English Tales
+and Prose Romances' was published by the Bibliographical Society in 1912,
+as was Mr. F. W. Bourdillon's 'Early Editions of the Roman de la Rose.'
+The second edition of W. J. Thom's 'Early English Prose Romances'
+appeared in three small octavo volumes in 1858, whilst Quaritch's
+'Catalogue of Mediæval Literature, especially the Romances of Chivalry'
+was issued--large octavo--in 1890. Mr. H. L. D. Ward's 'Catalogue of
+Mediæval Romances in the British Museum,' in three volumes, was completed
+in 1910. For foreign Romances Lenglet du Fresnoy's 'Bibliothèque des
+Romans,' is useful. The Comte de Tressan's 'Corps d'Extraits des Romans
+de Chevalerie,' published in twelve volumes in 1787, has exquisite plates
+by Marillier. It is an interesting compendium of all the most famous
+romances of chivalry. The Early English Text Society has published a
+large number of old English romances both in verse and prose.
+
+[Sidenote: Facetiae, Curiosa.]
+
+22. Facetiae, Curiosa--a somewhat broad subject which would include
+Chapbooks, Broadsides, Jest Books, as well as those works which treat of
+'Gallantry' and subjects generally not alluded to in polite society! The
+literature upon all these topics is so large that it is impossible to
+attempt a résumé of it here, but you will find a very useful bibliography
+in the fourth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature,'
+pages 514 to 536. Carew Hazlitt's 'Fugitive Tracts' (1875) and 'Studies
+in Jocular Literature' (1890) are both useful; and Mr. G. F. Black has
+recently (1909) printed a bibliography of _Gipsies_. Witchcraft,
+sometimes classed under this heading, shall be dealt with when we
+consider the Occult.
+
+[Sidenote: Fine Arts.]
+
+23. Works upon the Fine Arts are, like books on Architecture, chiefly
+illustrated. Doubtless such books are collected generally by students and
+craftsmen, but under this heading must be included books on gems, ancient
+statuary, and ceramics, cameos, rings, and the like. There is a large
+number of works which treat of these from the sixteenth century onwards,
+and many are to be had for a few shillings.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[74] Or turn to the index.
+
+[75] Quarto. It was abridged in octavo the same year.
+
+[76] Similarly, a quarto volume containing an account of the second
+voyage, 'Drawn up from Authentic Papers,' appeared anonymously in 1776;
+an octavo 'Journal' having appeared, also anonymously, the previous year.
+
+[77] It was a cropped copy. The one in the Wilton Park library, sold at
+Sotheby's in March, 1920, lacked two blank leaves and was unbound; but it
+was a fine large copy and fetched £660.
+
+[78] He was a contemporary of Geoffroi de La Tour Landry, who relates a
+pleasing story of his amours in Chapter xxiii. of the book which he wrote
+for the delectation of his three daughters.
+
+[79] Du Guesclin gave striking proofs of courage in his childhood, and at
+16 won a prize at a tournament (where he was unknown and against his
+father's will). He spent most of his life fighting the English, gained
+several victories over them, and recovered Poitou, Limousin, and many
+towns in Normandy and Brittany. Charles V. created him Constable of
+France in 1370, and he died in 1380 in harness, at the ripe age of 66,
+while besieging a town in Languedoc. He was buried in the Abbey of St.
+Denis, at the feet of the royal master whom he had served so well. It is
+said that he could neither read nor write (which is probably incorrect),
+but his life and deeds were recorded shortly after his death (as in the
+case of Bayard) by a 'loyal serviteur'--folio, Gothic letter, printed by
+Guillaume Le Roy at Lyons about 1480. Of this there does not appear to be
+any English version. (See also footnote on page 92.)
+
+[80] Melchior Cano, a later Provincial of his Order, is reported to have
+said concerning this book, 'The author of this Legend had surely a mouth
+of iron, a heart of lead, and but little wisdom or soundness of
+judgment'; for it abounds with the most puerile and ridiculous fables and
+absurdities. But of course 'Voragine' wrote in accordance with the
+fashion and beliefs of his time.
+
+[81] The portion of the Sudbury Hall Library sold at Sotheby's in June
+1918 realised £20,201, 10s. There were 526 lots, an average of more than
+£38 a volume. The prices realised at the sale of that part of the
+Britwell Court Library dispersed at Sotheby's in December 1919, however,
+far exceeded any hitherto obtained. 108 lots brought £110,356--an average
+of nearly £1,022 a volume. But in this case every book was _rarissimus_.
+A small volume containing the only known copy of the fourth edition of
+Shakespeare's 'Venus and Adonis' (1599), the first edition of 'The
+Passionate Pilgrim' (1599--one other copy known), and 'Epigrammes and
+Elegies' by Davies and Marlow (_circa_ 1598), realised £15,100--and
+departed forthwith to the United States.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM--(_Continued_)
+
+    'Like ships before whose keels, full long embayed
+     In polar ice, propitious winds have made
+     Unlooked-for outlet to an open sea.'
+                                      WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+[Sidenote: First Editions.]
+
+TO most of us it matters but little what becomes of our books when we are
+dead. We garner them for our own use and benefit absolutely, and when we
+are gone they may well be distributed among other book-lovers for aught
+we care. No doubt a considerable zest is added to collecting in the case
+of those lucky ones who, being established in the land, purpose to 'lay
+down' a library for their posterity. In such cases almost invariably
+there must be a thought of future value. It is but natural. Whether he
+lay down wine or books no man is so foolish as to lay down trash. Such
+schemes, however, do not always result in that success which their owner
+intended. Like wine, the value of books may 'go off.'
+
+There are two classes of books, however, that he who is wealthy enough to
+lay down a library may acquire with perfect assurance. They are, in
+fact, gilt-edged securities. One is the original editions of _famous_
+Elizabethan and early Stuart authors, the other, the more estimable
+_incunabula_. Just as the population of the world increases yearly, so
+every year there are more and more book-collectors, and, consequently,
+more competition to acquire rarities. Every day, too, the chances of
+further copies coming to light are more remote. Books are not
+everlasting, and there will come a time when the only fifteenth-century
+volumes in existence will be those treasured in velvet-lined boxes and
+glass cases.
+
+There can be little doubt that in fifty years' time a collection of
+Beaumont and Fletcher's or Massinger's plays in the original quartos will
+be worth not merely double its present value, but quadruple and more.
+Then there are the famous prose authors of the early Stuart period, such
+as Bacon, Barclay, Robert Burton, Daniel, Donne, Drayton, Shelton, and
+even the prolific Gervase Markham, to mention only a few. All these are
+good investments, as regards their first editions, _for your children's
+children_.
+
+As regards the first editions of more modern authors we are on much more
+delicate ground. First editions of really great men, such as Milton,
+Pope, or Dryden, probably will always command a high price not only on
+account of their scarcity but because they are sought for by all students
+who make a study of those authors. But when we come to those more modern
+writers concerning whose merits tastes differ, then the collector's
+activity becomes a gamble. The first editions of Thomas Hardy or Rudyard
+Kipling _may_ be worth more than their weight in gold in a hundred years,
+but it is also quite possible that succeeding generations will find in
+them more of the sentiments of the day than of those innate
+characteristics of the human mind which make a book really great, and
+will pass them by. This matter, however, has been dealt with in the
+chapter on the Books of the Collector, and with regard to bibliographies
+of the writings of the chief nineteenth-century authors, you will find
+mention of these in the appendices to the later volumes of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature.'
+
+[Sidenote: Folk-Lore, Mysteries.]
+
+25. Folk-lore, Fables, Fairy-Tales, Accounts of Mysteries and
+Miracle-Plays, Mummers, Minstrels and Troubadours, Pageants, Masques and
+Moralities: an interesting medley. Books of fables, whether by Æsop,
+Bidpai, La Fontaine, Gay, or Kriloff, would form an interesting
+collection by themselves, and it would be amusing to trace the pedigree
+of some of the tales. Our national jokes are said to be very ancient in
+origin; possibly some day the Curate's Egg will be traced to a budding
+priest of Amen-Ra, lunching with the Hierophant. Then there are books of
+proverbs--more than one would think--and the folk-lore of all countries
+that provides fairy-tales more entertaining than ever came out of the
+head of Perrault or Andersen. Altogether a heading which contains some
+fascinating literature.
+
+It is doubtful whether such books as the 'Arabian Nights,' Le Grand's
+collections of ancient Norman tales, and Balzac's 'Contes Drôlatiques'
+should be included here; perhaps _de natura_ they should be classed
+rather with 'Facetiae and Curiosa.' The literature upon this subject is a
+large one, and there is an excellent list of writings upon Minstrels,
+Mysteries, Miracle Plays, and Moralities in the fifth volume of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 385 to 394; as well as
+in Mr. Courtney's invaluable work.
+
+[Sidenote: Freemasonry, etc.]
+
+26. Freemasonry is another of those subjects (like Architecture, Law, and
+Early Science) which usually engage the attentions of those whose
+businesses lead, or have at one time led, them to those things. Some of
+the booksellers specialise in such works, and the older books on
+Freemasonry cannot be said to be of frequent occurrence in the ordinary
+booksellers' catalogues. The finest extant library of Masonic books in
+the English tongue is said to be at the Freemasons' Hall, in London, but
+it is accessible only to Freemasons. A catalogue of it was privately
+printed by H. W. Hemsworth in 1869, and more recently by W. J. Hughan in
+1888; a supplement to this last appeared in 1895. The Masonic books at
+No. 33 Golden Square were also catalogued by Hemsworth (1870), and more
+recently by Mr. Edward Armitage--quarto, 1900.
+
+[Sidenote: French Revolution.]
+
+27. The mention of books on the French Revolution at once conjures up the
+name of that indefatigable collector and cabinet minister, John Wilson
+Croker. During his period of office at the Admiralty he amassed there
+more than ten thousand Revolutionary books, tracts, and writings; and
+when the accession of the Whigs drove him from his home there, he sold
+his entire library to the British Museum. But neither change of
+government nor loss of income could cure the fever of collecting and six
+years later he had amassed another collection as large as the first. This
+also was purchased by the Museum authorities. Before he died he had
+garnered a third collection as large as the two previous ones put
+together, and this also found a home in Bloomsbury. A 'List of the
+Contents' of these three collections was published by the Museum
+authorities in 1899. Croker's magnificent collection of letters and
+writings on the same period was sold for only £50 at his death; it went
+_en bloc_ to the library of Sir Thomas Phillips at Middle Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: Gardens.]
+
+28. What book-lover does not love a garden? 'God first planted a garden:
+and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest
+refreshment to the spirits of man,' wrote Bacon. Whether it be the
+tranquil beauty of an old-world pleasaunce or the peaceful occupation of
+gardening that appeals to the temperament of the bibliophile, certain it
+is that the book-lover is invariably a lover of the garden also. To him
+the very mention of stone moss-grown walks, a sundial, roses, and green
+lawn conjures up a vision of delight. To talk of those who wrote of
+gardens would be to mention the literature of all time; for gardens are
+as old as the human race. Indeed, 'Gardens were before gardeners, and but
+some hours after the Earth,' says Sir Thomas Browne in that most
+delightful of discourses, 'The Garden of Cyrus.' A History of Gardening
+in England has been compiled by the Hon. Miss Alicia Amherst; a second
+edition was published in 1896, and an enlarged edition in 1910. Hazlitt's
+'Gleanings in Old Garden Literature' (which contains a bibliography)
+appeared in 1887. The famous library of old gardening literature, said to
+be the most complete and extensive of its kind, amassed by M. Krelage, a
+bulb merchant of Haarlem, has recently been incorporated in the State
+Agricultural Library of Wageningen, Holland.[82]
+
+[Sidenote: Heraldry, &c.]
+
+29. Heraldry is the next subject which claims our attention; and under
+this head we will include all those works which treat of La Chevalerie
+and Noblesse, the Orders of Knighthood, the Templars and Hospitallers,
+the Crusades, Peerages, Genealogical Works, Family Histories, books on
+Parliament and Ceremonies, Pomps, Festivals, Pageants, Processions, works
+on Brasses and Seals, as well as those which treat of the science of
+Blazon proper. Here, at all events, is a variety of sub-headings.
+
+The first English bibliography of works upon this subject which our
+book-hunter has come across so far is a thin quarto volume entitled
+'Catalogus plerumque omnium Authorum qui de Re Heraldica scripserunt,' by
+Thomas Gore, and it appeared first in 1668. A second edition was
+published in 1674: both are now very scarce. This work contains a list of
+writers, both English and foreign, upon Chivalry, Nobility, and such
+kindred subjects. But a quarto volume, which appeared in 1650, entitled
+'The Art of Making Devises,' translated by T. B[lount] from the French of
+H. Estienne, contains, in the preliminary matter, a list of writers on
+Nobility. Dallaway's 'Inquiries into the Origin and Progress of the
+Science of Heraldry in England,' large quarto, Gloucester, 1793, contains
+a list of English heraldic writers, with their works; and Sir Egerton
+Brydges published a more copious list in the third volume of his 'Censura
+Literaria.' Moule's 'Bibliotheca Heraldica Magnae Britanniae' appeared in
+1822, a large octavo. He gives descriptions of 817 English works on
+Heraldry, Genealogy, Regal Descents and Successions, Coronations, Royal
+Progresses and Visits, the Laws and Privileges of Honour, Titles of
+Honour, Precedency, Peerage Cases, Orders of Knighthood, Baptismal,
+Nuptial, and Funeral Ceremonies, and Chivalry generally. At the end is a
+short list of 211 foreign writers upon these subjects--out of many
+thousands. There is an interleaved copy, containing many additions, in
+the British Museum.
+
+More recently Mr. G. Gatfield has put forth a valuable work, entitled 'A
+Guide to Printed Books and Manuscripts relating to English and Foreign
+Heraldry and Genealogy,' an octavo volume of which a limited edition was
+printed in 1892. Guigard's 'Bibliothèque Héraldique de la France'
+appeared at Paris in 1861. It has a useful bibliography of French books
+upon all the subjects chosen by Moule. The Henry Bradshaw Society also
+has published rare Coronation tracts and Coronation service books.
+
+Few classes in our list contain more sumptuous volumes than those
+comprised under this heading. In our own tongue we have Anstis' and
+Ashmole's handsome folios on the Garter, the latter with its beautiful
+folding plates; Jaggard's edition (1623) of Favyn's 'Theatre d'Honneur et
+de Chevalerie' by an unknown translator, Sandford's 'Genealogical History
+of the Kings and Queens of England' (Stebbing's edition, 1707, please),
+Milles' 'Catalogue of Honor or Treasury of the Nobility peculiar and
+proper to the Isle of Great Britaine,' not forgetting Gwillim (the sixth
+edition, 1724) and, of course, Master Nicholas Upton. All these are
+handsome folios with copperplate engravings.
+
+The French books on Noblesse are equally sumptuous. 'Le Vray Theatre
+d'Honneur et de Chevalerie ou le Miroir Heroique de la Noblesse,' by Marc
+de Vulson, Sieur de la Colombière, appeared at Paris in two folio
+volumes in 1648. It is a magnificent book, and a classic in this
+department of literature. The same author's 'La Science Heroique' was
+published first, also in folio at Paris, in 1644; but in 1669 a second
+edition, considerably augmented, was put forth. Of the author I find
+nothing further memorable than that, having surprised his wife with a
+gallant, he slew them both, and then took a post-chaise to Paris to
+solicit the King's pardon, which he immediately obtained. There are many
+other equally fine works in French, but it were tedious to catalogue them
+here. Two handsome volumes on jousting and tournaments have recently been
+put forth. 'The History of the Tournament in England and France,' by Mr.
+F. H. Cripps-Day, was issued by Quaritch in 1919, whilst 'The Tournament:
+its Periods and Phases,' by Mr. R. C. Clephan, was published the same
+year.
+
+Books on seals are much less numerous, though none the less ornate; for
+engravings are practically essential here. They are, generally, scarce;
+for the circle of readers to which such volumes appeal can never have
+been a wide one; so it is improbable that large impressions of any of
+them were printed. The 'Sigilla Comitum Flandriae' of Oliver Vredius, a
+small folio, with nearly three hundred engravings of mediæval seals, was
+printed first at Bruges in 1639. It is a beautiful volume, the seals
+being drawn to scale and exquisitely engraved by four Bruges
+engravers--Samuel Lommelin, Adrian his son, Francis Schelhaver, and
+Francis his son. Unfortunately the plates became worn after printing off
+a few copies (especially those on pages 138, 213, 246), and the early
+impressions are much to be preferred. A good test is to turn to the
+engraved genealogical tree on the recto of leaf Cc6. In the later-printed
+copies the foot of this engraving is most indistinct. A French
+translation appeared at Bruges in 1643.
+
+Two of the scarcest English books upon seals were compiled by clergymen.
+The first, a thin quarto of 31 pages, is entitled 'A Dissertation upon
+the Antiquity and Use of Seals in England. Collected by * * * * 1736,'
+and was printed for William Mount and Thomas Page on Tower Hill in 1740.
+Its author was the Rev. John Lewis, a former curate at Margate, who died
+in 1746. There is an engraved frontispiece of seals, and several
+copperplates in the text. It is very, very scarce, and it was some years
+before our book-hunter succeeded in obtaining a copy. The other authority
+was the Rev. George Henry Dashwood, of Stowe Bardolph. From his private
+press he produced, in 1847, a quarto volume consisting of fourteen
+engraved plates (by W. Taylor) of seals, with descriptions opposite. It
+is entitled 'Engravings from Ancient Seals attached to Deeds and Charters
+in the Muniment Room of Sir Thomas Hare, Baronet, of Stowe Bardolph,' and
+is common enough. Copies on large paper are not infrequent. But in 1862 a
+'second series' appeared. This consists of eight plates and descriptions,
+and at the end are two leaves of notes to both series. Our book-hunter
+has not yet come across a duplicate (even in the British Museum or at the
+Antiquaries) of this second volume, which he was so fortunate as to find
+a week after receiving the first.
+
+A publication containing a fine collection of armorial seals was produced
+at Brussels between 1897 and 1903. It was published in fifteen parts,
+large octavo, and is entitled 'Sceaux Armoiries des Pays-bas et des Pays
+avoisinants.' Lechaudé-d'Anisy's 'Recueil des Sceaux Normands,' an oblong
+quarto which appeared at Caen in 1834, is another of these handsome
+books; but we have already lingered too long over this fascinating
+heading.
+
+[Sidenote: History.]
+
+30. History is a somewhat wide subject, for it comprises descriptions of
+any epoch or sequence of events in the existence of anything! We can read
+histories of the Glacial Age or of Charles II, of the Quakers or
+Tasmania, of the life of a cabbage or the Crimean War. Even a
+dissertation on the development of the inkpot would be deemed history
+nowadays. For the present, however, we will confine ourselves to that
+branch of it which treats of the human element, nations and communities,
+and events in their development. We must include travels, politics,
+diaries, memoirs, and biographies, for all of these are indispensable
+adjuncts. The voyages of Columbus, the Greville Papers, the Memoirs of
+Fezensac, and the Paston Letters are no less history than Freeman's
+'Norman Conquest,' Froude's 'Armada,' or Napier's 'Peninsular War.' It is
+a student's subject, and as rational a branch of book-collecting as there
+be. The collecting of early editions of the chroniclers, English or
+foreign, is an interesting by-way. The series of British Chronicles
+issued under the direction of the Master of the Rolls is a fairly
+complete one, and the works of many other early historians have been
+published from time to time by the learned societies. A lengthy list of
+bibliographies is given in Mr. Courtney's work, and there are useful
+bibliographies at the end of each volume of the 'Cambridge Modern
+History.'
+
+Under this heading we will include 'Events'; such as the Armada, the
+Great Fire of London, the Gordon Riots, the '45, but not, I think, the
+French Revolution or the Napoleonic Era, the literatures of which are of
+such magnitude as to demand separate headings. There are collections of
+books on all these subjects and many similar ones which fall naturally
+under the heading 'History.'
+
+[Sidenote: Husbandry.]
+
+31. The word 'husbandry' has an old-world flavour now: the classical
+'agriculture' is preferred. It is a change, however, that we bookworms
+and curious antiquaries in nowise relish. The old English or Scandinavian
+term which came to us from our forefathers is more seemly to our mind
+than the modern Latin importation. Nowadays any word is better than one
+drawn from our old English tongue. We may not speak of anything so
+indelicate as a belly, but we can mention an abdomen in the politest
+society. Provided we denote them by their Latin or Greek names, we may
+even mention any parts of our viscera (I may not say bowels) without
+raising a blush. Mention them in English, and we are at once boors and
+churls. But the husbandman's occupation has changed with the language.
+Originally he was merely a hus-bondi, or house-inhabitor, though probably
+he had more to do with agriculture than the farmer who ousted him. The
+'fermor' farmed or rented certain land from his overlord, making what he
+could out of the tenants on it. And in time even the word 'farmer' will
+pass out of use. Just as the charwoman to-day insists upon a fictitious
+gentility, so in years to come the farmer will denote himself an
+agriculturist, possibly with the epithet 'scientific.' We no longer talk
+of villeins and carles; both have become sadly perverted in their
+meaning, although the dictionary still allows the latter to mean 'a
+strong man.' But, it hastens to add, vindictively, 'generally an old or a
+rude-mannered one.' So is our language changing.
+
+They are quaint volumes, the older treatises on husbandry, and for the
+most part they contain an extraordinary medley of information. There is a
+charm about their titles and language that few other classes of books
+possess. Poultry, we know, can be obstinate wildfowl, but who nowadays
+would write of their 'husbandlye ordring and governmente'? Such was the
+title of Mascall's work put forth in 1581. Pynson printed an interesting
+book on estate management in 1523 for, probably, John Fitzherbert: 'Here
+begynneth a ryght frutefull mater; and hath to name the boke of surveying
+and improuvements.' It is full of curious conceits, even concerning the
+good housewife who, says Gervase Markham in his 'Country Contentments,'
+'must bee cleanly both in body and garments, she must have a quicke eye,
+a curious nose, a perfect taste, and ready eare.' But these volumes are
+not easy to find, even though the book-hunter's nose be as curious as a
+housewife's, and, when perfect, are of considerable value. Tusser's
+curious rhyming 'Hundred good pointes of husbandrie,' enlarged later to
+'Five Hundred Pointes,' is perhaps the commonest of these earlier works.
+Between 1557 and 1599 it went through eight editions, though the first
+is known only by the unique copy in the British Museum. A useful list of
+writers upon agricultural subjects from 1200 to 1800 appeared in 1908. It
+is by Mr. D. McDonald.
+
+[Sidenote: Illustrated Books.]
+
+32. Illustrated Books and Books of Engravings might perhaps have been
+included as a sub-heading to 'the Fine Arts'; but they form a distinct
+class and so frequently engage the attention of specialists, that our
+book-hunter has thought fit to put them in a class by themselves. Some
+will have only those volumes illustrated by one of the Cruikshank
+brothers, others prefer Blake's or Bewick's designs, and so on. Some
+again cleave to the volumes illustrated by Paul Avril or Adolf Lalauze,
+Kate Greenaway or Randolph Caldecott. With regard to the early
+book-illustrators, several text-books that will be useful to those who
+specialise in this subject have been mentioned in the chapter dealing
+with the Books of the Collector. An excellent conspectus of book
+illustration, from the earliest times to the present day, is contained in
+the fifth chapter of 'The Book: its History and Development,' by Mr.
+Cyril Davenport (octavo, 1907). At the end is a useful list of English
+and foreign works on book-illustration and its various methods. 'A
+Descriptive Bibliography of Books in English relating to Engraving and
+the Collection of Prints' by Mr. Howard C. Levis, was put forth in 1912.
+
+[Sidenote: Legal.]
+
+33. Law need not detain us. Its literature has not merely kept pace with,
+but has far outstripped, the growth of English Law; and it extends back
+at least to the 'Tractatus de Legibus' of Ranulf de Glanville, the great
+Justiciar under Henry II. The collector of ancient law books will
+probably be a member of one of the four great London seats of law, or at
+least have access to their famous libraries; there are printed catalogues
+of all of them. The Advocates' Library at Edinburgh, too, possesses a
+magnificent collection of ancient law books. A catalogue of it was
+published by David Irving in 1831, and more recently in seven quarto
+volumes, 1867 to 1879. If you collect old French 'coutumiers,' Cooper's
+'Catalogue of Books on the Laws and Jurisprudence of France' may be
+useful to you. It was printed in octavo, 1849.
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgies.]
+
+34. The collection of Liturgies is a subject that usually goes hand in
+hand with the collection of Bibles and theological works. But it is for
+all that a distinct subject, and may well engage the undivided attention
+of the collector. 'A New History of the Book of Common Prayer,' by
+Messrs. Proctor and Frere, is perhaps at present the standard work upon
+the history of our English prayer book. The latest edition is dated 1914,
+and it is published by the house of Macmillan. The Rev. W. H. J. Weale's
+'Bibliographia Liturgica, Catalogus Missalium, Ritus Latini ab anno 1475
+impressorum' appeared in 1886. The Henry Bradshaw Society was founded in
+1890 for the publication of rare liturgical tracts; whilst Maskell's
+'Ancient Liturgy of the Church of England' (third edition, octavo, 1882)
+contains a collection of the service books in use in England before the
+Reformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Locally-printed Books.]
+
+35. Locally-printed books is a heading of considerable interest from the
+bibliographical point of view. The term is a wide one, for the volumes it
+includes range from those printed in a particular country to those
+produced in an individual town. Has anyone yet attempted to form a
+collection of books printed in Barbadoes or Java, in Donegal or Dover?
+Probably; but I am unaware of any attempts at bibliographies. With the
+growth of the public library in every town of importance throughout the
+kingdom, there are increasing opportunities for valuable work in this
+direction; and every year should see the issue of bibliographies by those
+institutions, works which would contain not merely a list of books
+printed in each particular town, but a history of printing in that place.
+
+Mr. Falconer Madan's 'Oxford Books' may well serve as a model for such
+works. It was published in two octavo volumes at Oxford in 1895 and 1912
+respectively, the first volume being concerned with the productions of
+the early presses of that town. There are useful lists of books which
+issued from the early presses of Scotland by Mr. H. G. Aldis, and Ireland
+by Mr. E. R. McC. Dix. 'The Annals of Scottish Printing,' a large quarto
+by R. Dickson and J. P. Edmond, was printed at Cambridge in 1890. A model
+for the county bibliography is the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis' of Messrs.
+G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, produced in three octavo volumes, between
+1874 and 1882; and there are accounts of the early presses in several
+English counties, as well as at Cambridge, York, Birmingham and other
+important towns. But a considerable amount of work has still to be done
+in this direction. A valuable little book appeared in 1912 issued by the
+Cambridge University Press. It is entitled 'The English Provincial
+Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders, to 1557,' and is by Mr. E. Gordon
+Duff. There are accounts of the early presses at Oxford, St. Albans,
+Hereford, Exeter, York, Cambridge, Tavistock, Abingdon, Ipswich,
+Worcester and Canterbury; and it is a volume that should find a place on
+the shelf of every bibliophile.
+
+There is an interesting byway in connection with this heading: the
+collection of English books printed abroad. Is there anywhere a
+collection of books in the English tongue printed at Paris? One
+constantly comes across such volumes, especially those issued during the
+first half of the nineteenth century. After that time, Bernhard Tauchnitz
+of Leipzig appears to have gathered into his hands the trade of English
+books printed abroad. Recently our book-hunter came across a curious
+example of these peregrine volumes. It is a narrow octavo of some three
+hundred pages, entitled 'An Introduction to the Field Sports of France,'
+and was printed by Auguste Lemaire at St. Omer (Pas de Calais) in 1846.
+At the end is the following note: 'The reader will make due allowance for
+any misprints he may discover, when apprised that the printer knows
+nothing of the english language, and they chiefly occur in the
+commencement of the work.' Evidently M. Lemaire warmed to his task as he
+went on. But the 'Dame of our Ladie of Comfort of the Order of S. Bennett
+in Cambray' who translated St. Francis de Sales' 'Delicious Entertainment
+of the Soule' was even more modest. Her version was printed at Douai by
+Gheerart Pinson in 1632, and apparently neither printer nor translator
+was very proud of the work, for in the 'Apology for Errors' we are told
+that 'the printer was a Wallon who understood nothing at all English, and
+the translatresse a woman that had not much skille in the French.' Still,
+imperfect though typography and translation be, between them they
+produced a book that is eagerly sought by collectors to-day.
+
+This is a topic, however, that is full of pitfalls. Hundreds of
+European-printed books now bear Asiatic imprints; thousands of
+seventeenth and eighteenth century works printed at Paris bear the
+imprint of The Hague or some other Dutch town. Our English publishers
+have not been innocent of this charge either. Many a volume printed in
+Holland and Germany bears the London imprint. The original edition of
+Burton's translation of the 'Arabian Nights,' issued by him in London,
+claims to have been produced at Benares.[83]
+
+[Sidenote: Mathematical and Early Scientific.]
+
+36. 'The seconde parte of the catalogue of English printed bookes' for
+sale by Andrew Maunsell in 1595, concerned, we are told, 'the sciences
+mathematicall, as arithmetick, geometrie, astronomie, astrologie, musick,
+the arte of warre, and navigation.' But it is not my intention to include
+musick and the arte of warre here, this heading comprising those works
+which deal with mathematics and physics only, with their dependent
+subjects, such as (in addition to those mentioned by Master Maunsell)
+geodesy, mensuration of all kinds, meteorology, seismography, and books
+on chance and probabilities.
+
+Sir Henry Billingsley's edition of Euclid's 'Elements' (1570) is
+naturally a rare book, as is John Blagrave's 'Mathematical Jewel,' a
+folio issued in 1585. It is one of the earliest English books upon
+mathematics. Blagrave[84] was the author of a number of works on
+Geometry, Navigation, Dialling, etc.
+
+For a history of mathematics you must turn to the four quarto volumes of
+that ingenious Frenchman, M. Jean Etienne Montucla. This work, the
+'Histoire de Mathematiques,' first appeared in two volumes in 1758; but
+the author devoted the later years of his life to enlarging it and the
+new edition was published at Paris in 1799. It was reprinted in 1810.
+This mathematician is said to have written a treatise on squaring the
+circle, but our book-hunter has not yet come across a copy. 'A History of
+Ancient Astronomy' appeared at Paris (quarto) in 1775: it was by that
+great man who presided over the memorable assembly at the Tennis Court on
+the 20th June 1789, Jean Sylvain Bailly. Four years later he produced a
+history of Modern Astronomy from the foundation of the Alexandrian School
+to 1730 (three vols. quarto, Paris, 1779-82): and in 1787 came the
+History of Indian and Oriental Astronomy from the same pen. All these
+contain interesting details of the origin and progress of astronomical
+science, with the lives, writings, and discoveries of astronomers. With
+regard to our own great mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton, a bibliography
+of his works has been published by Mr. G. J. Gray; the second edition
+appeared at Cambridge in 1907.
+
+Mr. D. E. Smith's 'Rara Arithmetica,' a catalogue of arithmetical works
+which appeared prior to the year 1601, was printed, in a limited edition,
+at Boston (United States) in 1908. It is a sumptuously produced work in
+two large octavo volumes, copiously illustrated. Professor de Morgan's
+'Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the Present Time'
+contains brief notices of a large number of works 'drawn up from actual
+inspection.' It was published--a thin octavo of 124 pages--in 1847, and
+the books are arranged chronologically; but there is an index of authors.
+
+[Sidenote: Medical.]
+
+37. The collection of early medical books is a hobby that must appeal
+chiefly to the chirurgeon. Its sub-headings are not numerous, and each
+comprises volumes of considerable bibliographical interest. There are
+curious books on 'poysons' as well as upon the commoner branches of
+surgery, and there are glorious editions of all the ancient Æsculapians,
+such as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna. Herbals are
+doubtless collected by many who are not possessed of medical knowledge,
+and a number of them treat more of simples and housewifery than
+leechcraft, which is probably one reason of their attraction for the
+non-medical collector. But as these volumes in general are so
+inextricably bound up with the science of healing, I have thought fit to
+include them here. There is no denying that the fascination of these
+curious volumes, often (as in Fuch's magnificent tome) containing
+woodcuts that are a sheer delight to the bibliographer no less than to
+the botanist, is a strong one.
+
+It is a moot point whether works on Early Chemistry or Alchemy should be
+included here or under the heading 'Occult,' seeing that they usually
+centre about the Elixir of Life and the Philosopher's Stone. Perhaps they
+would be classed more accurately with Early Scientific. But for the
+purposes of our list I have reserved that heading for those books which
+treat of mathematics and physics only. With the early works upon
+astrology we need not concern ourselves here: they have more to do with
+divination and horoscopes than the craft of healing, so their appeal is
+chiefly to the student of the occult. It is impossible, however, to
+classify under one heading all those early works which treat of the
+beginnings of scientific knowledge. The star-gazer, the herbalist, the
+necromancer, and the leech, must be content to share among themselves a
+class of books which deals generally with the search into the Great
+Unknown.
+
+A useful catalogue of books on Alchemy was printed in two large quarto
+volumes at Glasgow in 1906. It is by Professor John Ferguson, and is
+entitled 'Bibliotheca Chemica,' being a list of the hermetic books in the
+library of Mr. James Young. The three volumes entitled 'Leechdoms,
+Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England' by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne,
+published in the 'Rolls' series, 1864-66, contain a valuable contribution
+to the early medical science of this country. Dr. J. F. Payne's 'English
+Medicine in the Anglo-Saxon Times' (the Fitz-Patrick Lectures for 1903)
+is for the most part a dissertation on that work.
+
+Some of the prescriptions of these early leeches are rather quaint. 'If a
+man's head burst . . . let him take roots of this same wort, and bind
+them on his neck. Then cometh to him good benefit.' The following is an
+excellent remedy for toothache: 'Sing this for toothache after the sun
+hath gone down--"Caio Laio quaque voaque ofer saeloficia sleah manna
+wyrm." Then name the man and his father, then say: "Lilimenne, it acheth
+beyond everything; when it lieth low it cooleth; when on earth it burneth
+hottest; finit. Amen."' If after this the tooth still continues to ache
+beyond everything, it is evident that there is a wyrm in it. For
+stomach-ache, you must press the left thumb upon the stomach and say
+'Adam bedam alam betar alam botum.' This is infallible.
+
+Collections of medical authors began at an early date. Van der Linden's
+'De Scriptis Medicis, libri duo' appeared first at Amsterdam in 1637,
+octavo--a valuable list of authors and the editions of their works. But
+it was reprinted with additions several times during the author's
+lifetime (he died in 1664); and in 1686 appeared at Nürnberg as a thick
+quarto entitled 'Lindenius Renovatus.' Dr. E. T. Withington's 'Medical
+History from the Earliest Times,' octavo, 1894, is useful for reference;
+whilst Dr. Norman Moore has recently produced (Oxford, 1908) a 'History
+of the Study of Medicine in the British Isles.' Dr. E. J. Waring's
+'Bibliotheca Therapeutica' was published in two octavo volumes by the New
+Sydenham Society in 1878-79. It is a list of the books which have been
+written on each individual drug, classes of medicines, and general
+therapeutics. There is an index of authors. The first volume of Albrecht
+von Haller's 'Bibliotheca Anatomica' was published at London 'in vico
+vulgo dicto The Strand' in 1774; the second volume at Zurich in 1777.
+Both are in quarto, and are biographical as well as bibliographical. The
+same author published a 'Bibliotheca Chirurgica' and a 'Bibliotheca
+Medicinae Practicae' at Berne and Basel between 1774 and 1788. His
+'Bibliotheca Botanica,' two quarto volumes, appeared at Zurich in
+1771-72. For other writers upon Botany you must consult Curtius
+Sprengel's 'Historia Rei Herbariae,' two octavo volumes which appeared at
+Amsterdam in 1807 and 1808. 'A Guide to the Literature of Botany' by B.
+D. Jackson was issued by the Index Society in 1881. Jean Jacques Manget,
+a Geneva physician who died in 1742 at the age of ninety-one, was another
+voluminous compiler of bibliographies upon medical subjects.
+
+[Sidenote: Military.]
+
+38. Under the heading 'Military' are included not only historical
+accounts of military operations but those works which treat of the
+military art and the progress of its development. Obviously it is a
+subject that is as old as mankind, and dissertations on drill with the
+stone battle-axe must find a place here. Many of the books on Arms and
+Armour (such as Sir Samuel Meyrick's beautiful folio volumes) are fine
+works, and some of the earlier publications on Castramentation and Siege
+operations are interesting. We must not forget to mention the beautiful
+little Elzevier 'Cæsar' of 1536. It is a wide heading, for such books as
+the Commentaries of Blaise de Montluc and the Memoirs of Olivier de la
+Marche must be included, as they deal in large part with military
+operations. Books on Archery, Fencing, and Duelling are also comprised by
+this heading.
+
+If this be your subject, our book-hunter trusts that you have been more
+successful than he has in your quest for the 'Traicté de l'Espée
+Françoise, par Maistre Jean Savaron' (small octavo, Paris, 1610). He
+narrowly missed a copy in Paris some years ago, and so far this scarce
+little volume of fifty-six pages has eluded him as successfully as the
+'Pastissier François.' Probably, on account of its slimness, it is
+usually bound up with more substantial works, and thus escapes the eyes
+of book-hunters and cataloguers. Savaron also wrote a 'Traicté contre les
+Duels,' which is equally scarce. Works on duelling are legion, and range
+from Carafa's rather large folio entitled 'De Monomachia seu de Duello,'
+Rome, 1647, down to the little 'Dissertation Historique sur les Duels et
+les Ordres de Chevalerie: Par Monsieur B * * * *,' which is by Master
+Jacques Basnage--a duodecimo produced first at Amsterdam in 1720. An
+Italian bibliography of this subject by J. Gelli and G. E. Levi appeared
+in 1903. For the most part they are uncommon works and not easy to find.
+It is a subject that borders closely on the Chivalry of our list, for of
+course that subject was (like Heraldry) entirely military in origin. A
+'Bibliography of English Military Books up to 1642, and of Contemporary
+Foreign Works' was compiled by Captain M. J. D. Cockle and published in
+quarto in 1900. Mr. Carl Thimm's 'Art of Fence: a Complete Bibliography'
+appeared in 1891; an enlarged edition was put forth in 1896.
+
+[Sidenote: Music.]
+
+39. Books on Music may be divided conveniently into the numerous
+sub-headings which treat of particular instruments, songs, printed music
+generally, and accounts of the early musicians and their works. Treatises
+upon the violin are fairly numerous;[85] but I do not remember having
+come across many works on the Jew's harp or ocarina. There are
+interesting old books on the virginals, harpsichord, and spinet. Before
+the end of the fifteenth century a number of Missalia, Gradualia,
+Psalteria, and Libri Cantionum ('quas vulgo Mutetas appellant') had
+appeared from the press. The 'Theoricum Opus Musice Disciplina' of
+Franchino Gafori, or Gaffurius (which, by the way, is merely an
+abridgment of Boethius), is said to be the earliest printed treatise on
+music. It was printed first at Naples in 1480. Antiphonals and Troparies
+must also be included here.
+
+A new edition of Grove's 'Dictionary of Music and Musicians,' by Mr. J.
+A. Fuller-Maitland, appeared in 1904. Dr. Charles Burney's 'General
+History of Music' occupied that great English musician between 1776 and
+1789--four quarto volumes. 'The Literature of Music,' an octavo by Mr. J.
+E. Matthew, was put forth in the series known as the Booklovers' Library
+in 1896; whilst the 'Oxford History of Music,' edited by Dr. W. H. Hadow,
+appeared in six volumes between 1901 and 1905. M. Henry de Curzon's
+valuable work, 'Guide de l'Amateur d'Ouvrages sur la Musique,' was
+printed at Paris in 1901. For a bibliography of operas you must turn to
+the 'Dictionnaire des Opéras,' of MM. Clement and Larousse. Rimbault's
+'Bibliotheca Madrigaliana,' which is a bibliographical account of the
+musical and poetical works published in England during the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries, appeared in 1847; and you will find a list of
+early songs, madrigals, and 'ayres' in the fourth volume of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 463-6. Hazlitt's
+'Catalogue of Early English Music in the Harleian Library,' was published
+in 1862. There are useful articles on early music printing, by Mr. R.
+Steele, in the Bibliographical Society's Journal for 1903, and by Mr.
+Barclay Squire in the third volume of 'Bibliographica.'
+
+[Sidenote: Napoleon.]
+
+40. The collector of books dealing with Napoleon I. has a somewhat narrow
+field to range in. There is a large number of English tracts and
+pamphlets that deal with the great man and his proposed invasion of
+England, as well as biographies, memoirs, and diaries concerning him. A
+collection of such works was formed in the later years of the nineteenth
+century by an insatiable Grangerite named Broadley, and in due time his
+library came under the hammer at Hodgson's. It was a remarkable
+collection: anything that concerned 'Boney,' however remotely, was grist
+to this collector's mill. A catalogue of his library was compiled and
+published by Mr. W. V. Daniel in 1905. M. Gustave Davois' 'Bibliographie
+Napoléonienne Française' to 1908 was printed in three octavo volumes at
+Paris, 1909-11. Of M. Kircheisen's 'Bibliographie du Temps de Napoléon,'
+two quarto volumes, published at Geneva in 1908 and 1912, have appeared
+up to the time of writing.
+
+[Sidenote: Natural History.]
+
+41. The early books on Natural History would probably be regarded by the
+modern zoologist as bibliographical curiosities rather than intelligent
+text-books; and truly the accounts of even the larger mammals given by
+these early observers of nature are extraordinary. Most of us will
+remember reading Caesar's description of the elks in the Hercynian
+forest, which slept leaning up against the trees because they had no
+joints in their legs. The inhabitants, cunning fellows, sought out the
+favoured trees and sawed them nearly through; so that when the
+unfortunate elks settled themselves to sleep, the booby-traps came into
+operation. Having no joints in their legs, the poor beasts were unable to
+rise, and so became an easy prey to the savage Teuton. Herodotus, too,
+was somewhat credulous in the matter of animals; Sir John Mandeville was
+not always to be trusted; and even Bernard von Breydenbach, who made a
+journey to the Holy Land about 1485, beheld strange beasts, like
+Spenser's giaunts, 'hard to be beleeved.' But perhaps the palm among
+these mediæval monsters is held by the eale, or, as it became later, the
+yale or jall; that strange beast which has survived--in effigy at
+least--unto our own times.
+
+It appears that Pliny was the first to discover this singular animal, and
+his description of it is recorded in many of those quaint mediæval
+natural history volumes known as 'Bestiaries.' The Reverend Edward
+Topsell, in his 'Historie of Foure-footed Beasts' (folio, 1607) thus
+describes it:
+
+'There is bred in Ethiopia a certain strange beast about the bignesse of
+a sea-horse, being of colour blacke or brownish: it hath the cheeks of a
+Boare, the tayle of an Elephant, and hornes above a cubit long, which are
+moveable upon his head at his owne pleasure like eares; now standing one
+way, and anone moving another way, as he needeth in fighting with other
+Beastes, for they stand not stiffe but bend flexibly, and when he
+fighteth he always stretcheth out the one, and holdeth in the other, for
+purpose as it may seeme, that if one of them may be blunted or broken,
+then hee may defend himselfe with the other. It may well be compared to a
+sea-horse, for above all other places it loveth best the waters.'
+
+Unfortunately no specimen has been seen by travellers for some years now,
+so probably it is quite extinct. Certainly you will not find a jall in
+the Zoo, or even at South Kensington, though you may see a very excellent
+statue of him on King Henry VIII.'s bridge at Hampton Court.
+
+There are numerous bibliographies of works upon all classes of animals,
+fish, flesh, and fowl--even the good red herring.[86] For these you must
+turn to Mr. W. P. Courtney's invaluable work. The 'Bibliographia
+Zoologiae et Geologiae, a General Catalogue of all Books on Zoology and
+Geology,' was compiled by L. Agassiz and H. E. Strickland for the Ray
+Society--four octavo volumes, published between 1848 and 1854. A
+'Bibliotheca Entomologica,' by H. A. Hagen, appeared at Leipzig, two
+octavo volumes, in 1862-63.
+
+[Sidenote: Nautical and Naval.]
+
+42. The next subject, Nautical and Naval, will comprise chiefly
+borrowings from other headings; for it will necessarily include books of
+voyages and discoveries, works on navigation, meteorology, and
+oceanography, as well as geographical books, and such purely nautical
+volumes as dictionaries of the marine, the history of ships and
+shipping, and accounts of the navy and mercantile fleet. There is a
+number of early works on the astrolabe and globes, but you must not
+expect easily to come across 'The Rutter of the Sea,' printed by Robert
+Copland and Richard Bankes in 1528. It is the first English printed book
+on Navigation, being a translation of 'Le Grand Routier' of Pierre
+Garcie.
+
+The Society for Nautical Research was founded in 1910, and it issues a
+monthly journal known as 'The Mariner's Mirror,' wherein are treated
+those subjects which pertain to the history of ships, sails, and rigging;
+in fact, everything that has to do with the evolution of the ship. The
+original 'Mariner's Mirrour' was a translation (by Anthony Ashley in
+1588) of Wagenaar's 'Speculum Nauticum,' first published in 1583.
+Needless to say, it is a scarce work, as are all these Elizabethan
+volumes upon seafaring. In volume IV. of the 'Cambridge History of
+English Literature' you will find two chapters on the literature of the
+sea from the pens of those great authorities Commander C. N. Robinson and
+Mr. John Leyland. If this be your subject, they will amply repay perusal.
+There is an excellent list of early works, pages 453 to 462.
+
+[Sidenote: Numismatics.]
+
+43. Numismatics is one of those subjects which generally engage the
+attentions of students rather than book-collectors, for the volumes upon
+coins and medals are necessarily text-books for the collector of these
+things. Such works are, of course, for the most part illustrated; and
+some of the older ones are of considerable interest on account of their
+engravings.
+
+It is not only to the collector and 'curious antiquary,' however, that
+some of these works are valuable, for in them occasionally the historian
+is able to unearth matter scarcely obtainable elsewhere. Menestrier's
+'Histoire du Roy Louis le Grand par les Medailles, Emblemes, Deuises,
+Jettons, Inscriptions, Armoiries, et autres Monumens Publics' (folio,
+Paris, 1693) is one of many such works. It not only contains engravings
+of every medal struck to commemorate the birth, life, marriage, actions,
+victories, processions, and entertainments of the Roi-Soleil (among them
+one commemorating the Siege of Londonderry in 1689), but it has a very
+fine folding plate of the Place des Victoires as it was in 1686. This
+engraving not only shows the famous monument erected to the glory of
+Louis XIV., and destroyed at the Revolution, but gives the details of the
+panels and a very full description of it. Thus we may have to hand all
+the inscriptions, mottoes, and dates which were graven upon that historic
+monument.
+
+[Sidenote: Occult.]
+
+44. Civilisation mates but ill with Romance, and for the passing of
+Superstition (the child of Imagination and Romance) none can shed a tear.
+Yet at least it served to raise our daily lives out of the rut of
+commonplace. Our pulses are no longer stirred at the mere mention of the
+word MAGIC, and even BLACK MAGIC is coldly discussed where not so very
+long ago none would have dared to speak it save with 'bated breath.' Yet
+we are all mystics by birth, and scarce one of us there is who as a child
+has not experienced the fear of darkness. We cannot explain it, and
+though the child may soon be taught to laugh at his fear, yet none the
+less was he endowed with this unaccountable dread of the UNKNOWN.
+
+Among real book-collectors probably this particular branch of specialism
+attracts but few; for the greater part of those who collect such works
+are students of the occult (whether serious or idle) and have no true
+love for their books quâ books. Seemingly it is an absorbing hobby, for
+those who devote their attention to necromancy soon become known among
+their friends.
+
+    'Philosophy is odious and obscure;
+     Both Law and Physic are for petty wits;
+     Divinity is basest of the three,
+     Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible, and vile;
+     'Tis magic, magic, that hath ravish'd me.'
+
+Thus Doctor Faustus, the Gamaliel of those whose study are the arcana of
+nature and the world of shadows. Yet whether we be mystics or
+materialists what would not each one of us (not necessarily bibliophiles)
+give to possess the volume which Faustus had at the hands of
+Mephistophilis?
+
+_Meph._    'Hold, take this book, peruse it thoroughly:
+          The iterating of these lines brings gold;
+          The framing of this circle on the ground
+          Brings whirlwinds, tempests, thunder, and lightning;
+          Pronounce this thrice devoutly to thyself,
+          And men in armour shall appear to thee,
+          Ready to execute what thou desir'st.'
+
+_Faust._   'Thanks, Mephistophilis; yet fain would I have a book
+          wherein I might behold all spells and incantations, that I
+          might raise up spirits when I please.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they are in this book.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+_Faust._   'Now would I have a book where I might see all characters
+          and planets of the heavens, that I might know their
+          motions and dispositions.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they are too.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+_Faust._   'Nay, let me have one book more--and then I have done--wherein
+          I might see all plants, herbs, and trees, that
+          grow upon the earth.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they be.'
+
+_Faust._   'Oh, thou art deceived.'
+
+_Meph._    'Tut, I warrant thee.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+Truly a marvellous volume. The astronomical and herbal portions of it we
+can understand, and herein doubtless the 'Encyclopædia Britannica' could
+give it points, though possibly in a less handy shape. But even Wecker's
+'De Secretis' fails lamentably when it comes to producing whirlwinds or
+men in armour. As it is to be presumed, however, that the doctor returned
+the volume at length to the owner in person, it is unlikely that the
+book-collector will ever behold it--at least in this world.
+
+It is a wide subject, this heading 'Occult,' and includes works on
+Alchemy, Apparitions, Astrology, Cheiromancy, Demonology, Devil Lore,
+Evil Spirit Possession, the Evil Eye, Hermetic Philosophy, Magic white
+and black, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Prophecy, Sorcery and Divination,
+Popular Superstitions, Vampires, and Witchcraft. We can even include
+Conjuring! Early-printed books on all these subjects are legion, and the
+numerous works on Lycanthropy or Werewolves, must also find a place under
+this heading. Claude Prieur's curious work is rare though not
+particularly valuable; it is a duodecimo printed at Louvain in 1596, and
+is entitled 'Dialogue de la Lycantropie ou transformation d'hommes en
+loups, vulgairement dit Loups-garous . . . .' Books on Monsters must also
+be included here. Dr. Ernest Martin's 'Histoire des Monstres,' octavo,
+Paris, 1879, contains a bibliography of this curious subject. The Rev.
+Timothy Harley's 'Moon Lore'--another out-of-the-way heading--also
+contains twenty-five pages of bibliography. It was printed in 1885.
+
+Savonarola's 'Compendium Revelationum,' the work which probably hastened
+him to the stake, you will come across most easily in the anonymous
+'Mirabilis Liber,' which appeared at Paris first in 1522. This curious
+work also contains the prophecies of Methodius (Bemechobus), the Sibyls,
+Augustinus, Birgitta, Lichtenberger, Joachim, Antonio, Catherine of
+Siena, Severus, J. de Vatiguerro, G. Baugé, and J. de la Rochetaillée.
+Indagine, the author of a curious book on cheiromancy, physiognomy, and
+astrology, was really Johann of Hagen, a German Carthusian who died in
+1475.
+
+There is a list of some books on Witchcraft, Demonology, and Astrology in
+the seventh volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature,'
+pages 503 to 511; though curiously it omits one of the most interesting
+and best-known works on demon-lore--the 'De Natura Daemonum' of Jean
+Laurent Anania, a small octavo produced by Aldus at Venice in 1589. It is
+an interesting little work which treats of the origin of demons and their
+influence on men. The first volume of Mr. F. Leigh Gardner's valuable
+'Catalogue Raisonné of Works on the Occult Sciences' appeared in 1903. It
+contains books on the Rosicrucians. The second volume, dealing with
+astrological works, was issued in 1911; and the third, books on
+Freemasonry, in 1912--three slim octavo volumes. Professor John
+Ferguson's 'Witchcraft Literature of Scotland' appeared at Edinburgh in
+1897. A scarce anonymous work was put forth at London in 1815, with the
+title 'The Lives of Alchemistical Philosophers; with a critical catalogue
+of books in occult chemistry, and a selection of the most celebrated
+treatises on the theory and practice of the Hermetic Art.' It contains
+(pp. 95-112) a list of 751 alchemical books. J. J. Manget's 'Bibliotheca
+Chemica Curiosa, seu rerum ad Alchemiam pertinentium Thesaurus,' was
+printed in two folio volumes at Geneva in 1702.
+
+[Sidenote: Pamphlets and Tracts.]
+
+45. The collecting of Pamphlets and Tracts is an interesting byway of
+book-collecting. They are of almost every description under the sun. Some
+collectors will have those that deal with Parliamentary proceedings, some
+specialise in the Marprelate and No Popery tracts, some in the Satires of
+the Restoration journalists, whilst others will gather Pasquinades,
+Mazarinades, and Political pamphlets, as well as those that deal with
+some particular social or historical event. It is a subject that,
+perhaps, comprises more grotesque titles than any heading in our list.
+Knox's famous 'First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment
+of Women' must certainly have been rather startling to Queen Bess, and
+Attersoll's 'God's Trumpet sounding the Alarme' (quarto, 1632) is
+vigorous; but the personal invective displayed by some of the Elizabethan
+and early Stuart pamphleteers is hard to beat. 'An Olde Foxe Tarred and
+Feathered,' 'A New Gag for an Old Goose,' 'A Whip for an Ape,' and 'An
+Almond for a Parrat,' are all curious, but surely the palm is carried by
+the following effort of John Lyly (against Martin Marprelate), put forth
+in 1589:
+
+     'Pappe with an Hatchet. Alias A figge for my Godsonne. Or Cracke
+     me this nut. Or A Countrie cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the
+     eare, for the idiot Martin to hold his peace, seeing the patch
+     will take no warning. Written by one that dares call a dog, a
+     dog, and made to prevent Martin's dog daies. Imprinted by John
+     Anoke, and John Astile, for the Baylive of Withernam, cum
+     privilegio perennitatis, and are to bee sold at the signe of the
+     crab tree cudgell in thwackcoate lane.'
+
+In 1523 Richard Bankes printed a curious little tract with the following
+title: 'Here begynneth a lytell newe treatyse or mater intytuled and
+called The IX. Drunkardes, which treatythe of dyuerse and goodly storyes
+ryght plesaunte and frutefull for all parsones to pastyme with.' I hasten
+to add that the 'parsones' of Mr. Bankes' day were not necessarily in
+holy orders. It was printed in octavo, black letter, and the only copy
+that seems to be known is in the Douce collection at the Bodleian.
+
+Professor Edward Arber's 'Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate
+Controversy,' which appeared in 1895, contains a list of the more
+important tracts connected with that subject; and you will find Mr. W.
+Pierce's 'Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts' (1908)
+useful. There are valuable lists of, and information upon, pamphlets of
+most descriptions and of all periods in the volumes of the 'Cambridge
+History of English Literature.' Mr. A. F. Pollard's 'Tudor Tracts,
+1532-1588' appeared in 1903.
+
+One of the most remarkable collections of pamphlets ever formed was that
+amassed during the Commonwealth by an enterprising London bookseller
+named George Thomason. He succeeded in gathering together[87] more than
+22,000 pamphlets and tracts relating to the times; and being an ardent
+Royalist, was at great pains to prevent the collection from becoming
+known to the authorities. When the Royalist cause was scotch'd by the
+execution of King Charles, the collection was transferred to Oxford, and
+lodged in the Bodleian Library for safety; and although Thomason died in
+1666, his collection remained at Oxford until nearly a century later,
+when it was purchased by King George III. for £300, and presented by him
+to the British Museum.
+
+It is, of course, quite priceless now, and contains a large number of
+tracts not otherwise known. A catalogue of the collection was printed by
+the Museum authorities in 1908, two demy octavo volumes with the title:
+'A Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts
+relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth, and Restoration, collected
+by G. Thomason, 1640-1661.'
+
+[Sidenote: Philosophy.]
+
+46. 'A farmer should be a philosopher,' said Mr. Jorrocks; and although
+most book-collectors who specialise in philosophical works would disclaim
+any connection between the two subjects, yet it is not easy to say where
+philosophy either begins or ends. The dictionaries are very cautious,
+contenting themselves with the assertion that any 'application of pure
+thought' or rational explanation of 'things' comes under this heading.
+Perhaps Mr. Jorrocks was more correct than most of his hearers imagined,
+for farming in this country certainly requires a deal of pure thought--if
+it is to be made to pay. For our purpose, however, we will narrow this
+heading down to those books which deal with the moral aspects of mental
+influences, and those which centre about the science of metaphysics.
+
+[Sidenote: Poetry.]
+
+47. Poetry is another heading over which we need not linger. He who
+specialises in this class of literature may be either a student of
+English poesy or a lover of prosody. If the former, the following volumes
+will be of assistance to him.
+
+Thomas Warton's 'History of English Poetry' first appeared in three
+quarto volumes issued between 1774 and 1781; but a new edition, edited by
+W. C. Hazlitt in four octavo volumes, was published in 1871. Professor W.
+J. Courthope's work of the same title was issued in six volumes between
+1895 and 1910; whilst Professor G. Saintsbury's 'History of English
+Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day,' begun in 1906, was
+completed in 1910, three octavo volumes.
+
+[Sidenote: Privately-printed.]
+
+48. Privately-printed Books. A curious byway of collecting, this; for
+although it comprises books upon every subject under the sun, yet it will
+not help the collector to acquire knowledge upon any single subject. For
+some there is doubtless a certain attraction about books that have been
+put forth surreptitiously, as it were; yet to the ordinary book-collector
+such volumes seem to partake rather of the nature of pariahs. They are
+among books, but not of them, lacking the credentials of their
+companions. They are of three species only: (1) Personal Books; of
+interest only to a family and its relations; (2) Books refused by the
+publishing houses as being unlikely to appeal to the general public; (3)
+Improper books, which, if issued publicly, would most likely incur an
+action by the Public Prosecutor. Some years ago Bertram Dobell, a London
+bookseller, collected upwards of a thousand volumes issued in this
+manner, and published a catalogue of his collection, with interesting
+notes. This collection was finally sold _en bloc_ to the Library of
+Congress at Washington, U.S.A., in 1913. J. Martin's 'Bibliographical
+Catalogue of Privately Printed Books' was published first in 1834, two
+volumes; but a second edition appeared twenty years later.
+
+[Sidenote: School Books.]
+
+49. The collecting of old School Books is a branch of our hobby that
+seldom engages the bibliophile's attention. Doubtless the recollection of
+many painful hours spent in their company is responsible for their
+neglect. Yet there is a charm about the early-printed Mentors of our
+youth which it is impossible to deny, and there is a growing demand for
+them--as the booksellers will tell you. The number that has disappeared
+from the ken of bibliographer must be large, for it is difficult to
+imagine a more unpopular type of book--at least with those who are
+obliged to use them; and if your taste has altered to such an extent that
+you now desire them above all things, you may reasonably hope to unearth
+many a curio.
+
+Our earliest printers were concerned with such works. In 1483 John
+Anwykyll's Latin Grammar was printed at Oxford, and we must not forget
+Caxton's 'Stans Puer ad Mensam,' put forth in 1478. Pynson issued a
+'Promptorium Puerorum sive Medulla Grammaticæ' in 1499, and De Worde
+printed others. Most of the productions of the famous St. Albans press
+were school books, to the annoyance of the boys at the Grammar School
+there. Hoole's 'New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching School' is
+understood to have been a most unpopular discovery among his scholars. It
+was first printed at London in 1660, and was reprinted in facsimile at
+the University Press, Liverpool, in 1913. At the end of this reprint is a
+useful bibliography of ancient school books, from the fifteenth to the
+eighteenth century.
+
+Hoole's pupils must have been somewhat out of the ordinary. 'N.B.,' he
+remarks in 'The Usher's Duty,' 'Those children that are more
+industriously willing to thrive, may advantage themselves very much by
+perusal of _Gerards Meditations_, _Thomas de Kempis_, _St. Augustins
+Soliloquies_, or his _Meditations_, or the like pious and profitable
+Books, which they may buy both in English and Latine, and continually
+bear about in their pockets, to read on at spare times.' Upon enquiry at
+one of our larger public schools, however, I find that the number of
+children--even those who are more industriously willing to thrive--who
+advantage themselves by continually bearing these pious books in their
+pockets is not large.
+
+[Sidenote: Sport.]
+
+50. The next heading in our list, Sports, Games, and Pastimes, naturally
+comprises a large number of sub-headings. The term 'sport' may be
+confined[88] conveniently to those subjects which have to do with
+animals, such as Angling, Coaching, Cock-fighting, Coursing, Falconry,
+Hunting, Horses, Racing, Steeplechasing, and Shooting. Other subjects,
+chiefly of an outdoor nature, may be classed as Pastimes, such as
+Archery, Boxing, Fencing, Mountaineering, Skating, and Yachting. Then
+there are the diversions of short duration governed by rules, which we
+call games, such as Cricket, Curling, Bowls, Football, Cards, Chess, etc.
+There are bibliographies of almost all these, which you will find in Mr.
+Courtney's work. If you are fond of hunting you will enjoy Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman's edition of the famous 'Livre de Chasse' of Gaston
+Phoebus, Comte de Foix. It was translated into English by Edward, Duke
+of York, between 1406 and 1413, under the title 'The Master of Game'; and
+to this reprint of 1909 is added a list of old hunting books, and a
+valuable glossary of ancient hunting terms and phrases. 'La Chasse de
+Loup,' a small quarto printed at Paris in 1576, is a scarce work. It
+consists of but 22 folios, and has 14 large woodcuts, and it is by Jean
+de Clamorgan, Seigneur de Saane. But you will find this treatise in _La
+Maison Rustique_.
+
+Books on cock-fighting are not very numerous, nor of frequent occurrence.
+A number of such works are mentioned by Mr. Harrison Weir in that part of
+'Our Poultry' which deals with game-fowl. 'The Royal Pastime of
+Cockfighting,' by R. H. (_i.e._ Robert Howlet), a duodecimo printed at
+London in 1709, is now very scarce and valuable; but a facsimile reprint
+(100 copies) was issued in 1899. 'The Cocker,' by 'W. Sketchly, gent.,'
+is of fairly frequent appearance, though a copy will cost you four or
+five pounds. But it has been reprinted at least twice. A small volume
+entitled 'Cocking and its Votaries' by S. A. T[aylor] was put forth in
+1880, but our book-hunter has not yet been so fortunate as to come across
+a copy.[89] It was, I believe, privately printed. Old Roger Ascham was a
+keen devotee of this sport, and wrote a volume entitled 'The Book of the
+Cockpit'; but no copy of this work is known (at least to bibliographers)
+to exist at the present day. 'But of all kinds of pastimes fit for a
+Gentleman,' he writes in 'The Scholemaster,' 'I will, God willing, in a
+fitter place more at large declare fully, in my _Book of the Cockpit_;
+which I do write to satisfy some.' From which it seems that he was
+actually engaged upon the book. Apparently there is no record of its
+publication, though an old devotee of the sport once told Mr. Harrison
+Weir that he had seen a copy. 'The Commendation of Cockes and
+Cock-fighting; Wherein is shewed, that Cocke-fighting was before the
+comming of Christ,' by George Wilson, the sporting Vicar of Wretton, was
+printed in black letter by Henry Tomes 'over against Graies Inne Gate, in
+Holbourne,' in 1607. I wish you luck, brother collector, but I cannot be
+sanguine that you will ever come across a copy though it was many times
+reprinted. The tenth edition is dated 1655.
+
+Under this heading also are included books on Dogs, Cats and Bees (!)
+though the inclusion of the latter reminds one of the story of the
+imported tortoise, which the customs officials (after much debate)
+decided was an insect, and therefore not liable to quarantine! Then there
+are books of sporting memoirs, sporting dictionaries, sport in particular
+countries, as well as works which treat of Maypoles and Mumming,
+Festivals, and old English pastimes.
+
+Books upon Dancing, Cards, Chess, and other games all have their
+devotees. 'A Bibliography of Works in English on Playing Cards and
+Gaming,' by Mr. Frederic Jessel, appeared in 1905, octavo. The library of
+M. Preti of Paris, a well-known chess-player who devoted his attention to
+the history of the game, was sold at Sotheby's early in 1909. It included
+362 lots, comprising some 1600 volumes; but the entire collection
+realised only £355. The sale catalogue is a useful one--if you are so
+fortunate as to come across it. But there is a numerous bibliography and
+you will find a list of such volumes in Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of
+National Bibliography.'
+
+[Sidenote: Theology.]
+
+51. Theology and the Lives of the Fathers of the Early Christian Church
+is a field of such magnitude that we may divide it conveniently into
+periods or countries or controversies. Books on the Council of Trent
+engage the attentions of some, others are attracted by the history of the
+Waldenses or the Byzantine Churches. Some again specialise in the
+writings of certain great characters, such as Bonaventura, Augustine, or
+Erasmus. A 'Bibliotheca Erasmiana, ou Repertoire des Oeuvres d'Erasme'
+appeared at Ghent in 1893 and was followed four years later by a new
+edition. Similarly there are now accounts of the writings of almost all
+the great Churchmen, such as Cranmer, Latimer, Tindale, Laud, Ken, etc.
+The only bibliography of Knox with which I am acquainted is that appended
+to the six volumes of Laing's edition of his works, published at
+Edinburgh 1846-64.
+
+[Sidenote: Tobacco.]
+
+52. Tobacco is a cheery subject for the book-collector, and somehow the
+very word conjures up a vision of warmth and comfort.
+
+    'My pipe is lit, my grog is mix'd,
+     My curtains drawn and all is snug;
+     Old Puss is in her elbow-chair,
+     And Tray is sitting on the rug.'
+
+What book-collector, I do not mean book-speculator, does not smoke a
+pipe? I refuse to believe that any book-lover could possibly sit in an
+easy chair before the fire and pore over Browne's 'Hydriotaphia,'
+Sidney's 'Arcadia,' More's 'Utopia,' or Cotton's 'Montluc' (all in folio,
+please) without a pipe in his mouth. Why, it is unthinkable. Yet the
+books which treat of tobacco are not all couched in that tranquil tone
+which is induced by the soothing weed. 'The whole output of literature on
+tobacco,' writes Professor Routh, 'is eminently characteristic of the age
+in its elaborate titles, far-fetched conceits, and bitter invective. The
+spirit of criticism is so strong that even the partisans of the weed
+satirise the habits of the smoker.' King James's 'Counter Blaste to
+Tobacco,' first issued in 1604, Braithwaite's 'The Smoaking Age,' 1617,
+and Barclay's 'Nepenthes, or, the Vertues of Tobacco,' 1614, have all
+been reprinted of late years. Bragge's 'Bibliotheca Nicotiana' was
+printed at Birmingham in 1880.
+
+[Sidenote: Topography.]
+
+53. Topography and County Histories need not detain us. Anderson's 'Book
+of British Topography' is a list of County Histories, etc., that had
+appeared up to 1881; and Mr. A. L. Humphrey's 'Handbook to County
+Bibliography' amplifies and carries the record down to 1917. With this
+heading we can include the collection of Atlases and Maps. Sir H. G.
+Fordham's 'Studies in Carto-Bibliography, British and French, and in the
+Bibliography of Itineraries and Road Books' contains a useful
+bibliography of this subject. It was published by the Clarendon Press in
+1914.
+
+[Sidenote: Trades.]
+
+54. Books on Trades should form an interesting series for the collector.
+Works on 'Dialling' and Clock-making are frequent enough, but I do not
+remember to have come across very many books which treat of the
+locksmith's art or coach-making, though such volumes appear from time to
+time in the catalogues. There must be treatises on almost every trade
+under the sun; our book-hunter possesses a small volume which deals with
+the making of sealing-wax and wafers. Old treatises on brewing must be
+plentiful, as doubtless are volumes on all the larger and more important
+industries; but are there manuals for the loriner, the patten-maker, the
+umbrella-manufacturer? Doubtless there are, though they must be few in
+number, and scarce too, since those for whom they were intended probably
+would not be the best preservers of books. Only about a century ago a
+small manual was put forth for the use of those whose business was the
+heraldic decoration of carriage-panels. It was very popular in the trade,
+but is now scarcely to be had, and when found is invariably filthy and
+dilapidated. Like the little 'Pastissier François,' such practical
+treatises soon go the way of all superseded books.
+
+[Sidenote: Travels and Voyages.]
+
+55 and 56. Travel books and Voyages have already been discussed under the
+heading 'Foreign Parts'--the first subject with which I have dealt in
+detail. Most globe-trotters nowadays are members of the Royal
+Geographical Society, and the Library Catalogue of that institution is a
+valuable one for reference. It was printed in 1895, under the care of Mr.
+H. R. Mill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And so I bid you farewell, brother book-hunter. There is no subject with
+which I have dealt but could have had a volume to itself: my aim
+throughout has been to strike the happy medium between a tedious list of
+titles and editions and a description too brief to be of interest. Thank
+you for your patience and sympathy (of the latter indeed I was assured at
+the outset, for we book-hunters are a class that knows no other feeling
+when reading about our beloved books), and allow me to express the
+sincere wish that good fortune may attend you on your expeditions. May
+your 'finds' be frequent, cheap, clean, tall, perfect, and broad of
+margin, and may you never suffer from borrowers, bookworms, acid-tanned
+leathers, clumsy letterers and insecure shelf-fastenings. May good
+scribbling paper, sharp pencils, uncrossed nibs, clean ink and
+blotting-paper be ever at your hand, and may your days be passed in
+wholesome leisure, in the divine fellowship of books. _Vale._
+
+THE END.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] Msr. F. C. Wieder, the librarian, writing to the 'Times Literary
+Supplement' of 6th February 1919 (p. 70), states that 'the catalogue is
+in preparation, and arrangements will be made that the books of this
+library can be sent on loan to foreign students through the intermediary
+of public libraries.'
+
+[83] See note on p. 78.
+
+[84] The moated manor-house (Southcote, near Reading) which he built
+provides an excellent example of the way in which learned men (especially
+mathematicians!) go astray when they insist upon being their own
+architects. A more unhandy house it is difficult to conceive; and in
+winter-time the dinner must invariably have been cold by the time it
+reached the dining-room. The writer of these lines prospected it from
+attics to cellars some years ago, but as usual "drew blank."
+
+[85] Mr. E. Heron-Allen's 'De Fidiculis Bibliographia' was issued in
+parts, and forms two small quarto volumes, 1890 and 1894; but only about
+sixty complete sets are known to exist.
+
+[86] Dodd's 'Essay towards a Natural History of the Herring,' 1752,
+contains a chapter of bibliography.
+
+[87] You will find the whole tale--a most interesting one--in
+'Bibliographica,' vol. iii., p. 291, from the pen of Mr. Falconer Madan.
+
+[88] Lord Lovat's definition of 'Sport' was as follows: 'Sport is the
+fair, difficult, exciting, perhaps dangerous pursuit of a wild animal
+that has the odds in its favour, whose courage, speed, strength and
+cunning are more or less a match for our own, and whose death, being of
+service, is justifiable.' But this seems to apply more to hunting than
+anything else; it certainly precludes coaching, cock-fighting, racing,
+and steeplechasing.
+
+[89] The copy in the Pittar sale at Sotheby's in November 1918 was
+extra-illustrated and finely bound. It fetched £9, 15s.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    _Achademios_, Skelton's, 11.
+    Aeschylus, translations of, 71.
+    Aesop, the _Fabulous Tales of_, 12.
+    _Aethiopica_, the, 86.
+    AFRICA, books on, 206, 209.
+    Agincourt Expedition, the, 50.
+    AGRICULTURE, books on, 238.
+    A Kempis, Thomas, 217.
+    Alaric's grave, 104.
+    ALCHEMY, books on, 245, 256.
+    Alfred, king, 101.
+    ---- his tomb, 104.
+    Allibone's _Critical Dictionary_, 163.
+    AMERICANA, 210.
+    Ames' _Typographical Antiquities_, 7, 8, 169.
+    Amyot, Père, 86.
+    Ancillon, Charles, 81.
+    Andrada, Tomaso de, 155.
+    Anjou, René duc d', 87.
+    Antiphonaries, Spanish, 129.
+    Aquinas, Thomas, 37.
+    _Arabian Nights_, the, 77.
+    Arber's _Term Catalogues_, 162.
+    ARCHITECTURE, books on, 211.
+    ARCTIC and ANTARCTIC, books on, 206.
+    Aristophanes, translations of, 71.
+    Armorial bindings, 115 n.
+    Arthur, King, his character, 89.
+    Ascham, Roger, on books of Chivalry, 87.
+    ---- on Cambridge, 38.
+    ---- his _Book of the Cockpit_, 262.
+    Association books, 172.
+    ASTROLOGY, books on, 253-256.
+    ASTRONOMY, books on, 244.
+    Attic Theatre, the, 73.
+    Auctions, the history of book-, 187.
+    _Auction Records, Book-_, 191.
+    Augustine, St., on Varro, 154.
+    Austen, Jane, her _Mansfield Park_, 113.
+    ---- on novels, 63.
+    AUSTRALIA, books on, 207.
+    _Aymon, the Four Sons of_, 14, 15.
+
+    Balin and Balan, 95.
+    BALLADS, 220.
+    _Ballatis, Gude and Godlie_, 13.
+    Bankes's _IX. Drunkardes_, 257.
+    BARBARY, books on, 209-210.
+    Barbier's _Ouvrages Anonymes_, 169.
+    Barbier, Louis, 154.
+    Barclay's _Euphormionis_, 11.
+    Barocci, Giacomo, his library, 181.
+    Barrow, a desecrated, 103.
+    Barton, Elizabeth, her book, 13.
+    Bassé, Nicholas of Frankfort, 178.
+    Beckmann, Johann, on catalogues, 176-178, 180, 188.
+    Belvedere, motto at, 38 n.
+    Bernard, Dr. Francis, 13 n.
+    BEWICK, books on, 168.
+    BIBLES, 212.
+    _Bibliographica_, 167.
+    Bibliographies of Bibliographies, 170.
+    ---- some early, 154-156.
+    BIBLIOGRAPHY, 150-156, 160-170.
+    ---- compiling a, 151-153, 156.
+    ---- examples of great industry in, 154.
+    ---- the objects of, 150.
+    _Bibliography_, Mr. Courtney's _Register of National_, 170, 205.
+    ---- Growoll's _English Book Trade_, 181.
+    Bigmore and Wyman's _Bibliography of Printing_, 167.
+    Bill, John, 181.
+    BINDING, _see_ BOOKBINDING.
+    BIOGRAPHIES, 213.
+    ---- Dictionaries of, 217.
+    Bishop, a Tudor, his town house, 19.
+    Black Prince, the, 90, 92.
+    ---- his household book, 18.
+    Blackie, Professor, quoted, 59.
+    Blades' _Life of Caxton_, 165.
+    Blagrave's Manor-house, 244 n.
+    BLOCK-BOOKS, Sotheby on, 166.
+    Boccaccio, on translating, 73.
+    Bonaventura, 37.
+    _Book-Auction Records_, 191.
+    _Book of Curtesye_, the 223.
+    _Book of Good Manners_, the, 14.
+    _Bookhunter_, Burton's, 21.
+    _Book-Prices Current_, 191.
+    BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD, ENGLISH, 242.
+    Books, the care of, 126.
+    ---- the charm of old, 106-108.
+    ---- cleaning, 145-149.
+    ---- English printed abroad, 242.
+    ---- the five classes of, 120-122.
+    ---- imperfect, 112, 116-120.
+    ---- lost, 10-21.
+    ---- repairing, _see_ BOOKBINDING.
+    ---- travel far afield, 17.
+    Bookbinders, London, 139.
+    BOOKBINDING, 135-140.
+    ---- books on, 135, 136.
+    ---- leathers, 137, 138.
+    ---- prescription for, 137, 139-140.
+    BOOKBINDINGS, Armorial, 115 n.
+    ---- collecting, 203.
+    ---- old, their value, 113-115.
+    ---- paper, 116, 141-145.
+    ---- polishing old, 141.
+    ---- preservative for, 141.
+    ---- repairing, 109-115, 141-145.
+    BOOKCASES, 128-134.
+    BOOK-COLLECTORS, the Doctor, 42.
+    ---- the Genealogist, 40-42.
+    ---- the Sailor, 43.
+    ---- the Soldier, 49.
+    ---- the Traveller, 44-48.
+    BOOKPLATES, works on, 115 n.
+    BOOKSELLERS, books upon, 182 n.
+    ---- Mr. McKerrow's _Dictionary of_, 183.
+    BOOKSHELVES, making, 128-134.
+    ---- staining, 131, 132.
+    BOTANY, early, 245-247.
+    Boucicault, Marshal Jean, 213-214.
+    Bouillon, Godfrey de, 89.
+    Bourchier, Sir Henry, 181.
+    Box, an old, 18.
+    British Museum Catalogue, 163.
+    ---- ---- talking in the Reading Room of the, 34.
+    Brittany, old books in, 28.
+    ---- old hostel in, 29.
+    Britwell Court Library, 210.
+    BROADSIDES, 220, 228.
+    Browne, Sir Thomas, 52.
+    ---- quoted, 104, 233.
+    Bruce, King Robert, 93.
+    Brunet, J. C., 22.
+    ---- his _Manuel de Libraire_, 163.
+    Brydges' _British Bibliographer_, 162.
+    Buckram for shelves, 132.
+    Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_, 66.
+    Burney, Admiral James, 208.
+    Burns' _Poems_, value of, 190.
+    ---- ---- a unique copy of, 173.
+    Burton, John Hill, quoted, 59.
+    ---- his _Bookhunter_, 21.
+    Burton's _Arabian Nights_, 78 n.
+    Bury, Richard of, quoted, 65.
+    Byron's _English Bards_, 190.
+    ---- _Poems_, 189.
+    Byron, J., _Wreck of the Wager_, 47.
+
+    Cæsar, the Elzevier, 21-22, 24.
+    Calderon, translations of, 73.
+    Cambridge and Roger Ascham, 38.
+    ---- books, Mr. Sayle on, 165.
+    Camelot, 95, 97, 98.
+    Campbell, Thomas, quoted, 47.
+    CARD GAMES, books on, 262.
+    Castiglione, Baldassare, 19.
+    Cataloguer, an Abbey, 54.
+    CATALOGUES, bound at the end of books, 183-187.
+    ---- early booksellers', 174-181.
+    ---- a Restoration one, 184.
+    ---- of Nicholas Bassé, 178.
+    ----    John Bill, 181.
+    ----    Johan Cless, 180.
+    ----    George Draud, 180.
+    ----    William Jaggard, 181.
+    ----    Andrew Maunsell, 181.
+    ----    Sweynheim and Pannartz, 179.
+    ----    Christian Wechel, 178.
+    Caxton, his advertisement, 175.
+    ---- binding by, 20.
+    ---- book by, 20.
+    ---- his _Book of Good Manners_, 14, 223.
+    ---- on Chivalry, quoted, 90.
+    ---- his _Four Sons of Aymon_, 14, 15.
+    ---- _The Life of_, by Blades, 165.
+    ---- a lost book by, 11.
+    ---- and Malory, 98, 99.
+    ---- his _Metamorphoses of Ovid_, 11.
+    ---- on rebinding a, 114.
+    ---- his _Recueil des Histoires_, 99.
+    ---- his _Speculum_, 14.
+    Cervantes' _Don Quixote_, 66, 74.
+    'Chafynghowys,' the, 34.
+    Chance, 201.
+    CHAPBOOKS, 220, 228.
+    Charlemagne, a story of, 196.
+    _Chasse de Loup, La_, 261.
+    Chaucer, quotations from, 1, 56, 94.
+    Cheke, Sir John, 132.
+    CHESS, books on, 262.
+    CHIVALRY, books on, 234.
+    ---- a collector of books on, 200.
+    ---- England the home of, 92.
+    ---- romances of, 86-90, 227, 228.
+    ---- and 'Sport,' 91.
+    _Chronograms_, Hilton's, 168.
+    CIVIL WAR, books on the, 221.
+    CLASSICS, the, 61, 70-73.
+    ---- collecting the, 222.
+    Claudin, M. Anatole, works by, 166.
+    Cleaning books, 145-149.
+    Clement's _Bibliothèque Curieuse_, 164.
+    Clerkenwell, books bought in, 3, 18.
+    Cless, Johan of Frankfort, 180.
+    COCKFIGHTING, books on, 261.
+    COLLATING, 119, 152-153.
+    Collectors, _see_ BOOK-COLLECTORS.
+    Collins, William, of Chichester, 11, 12.
+    Colombière, La, books by, 235-6.
+    COMMONPLACE BOOKS, 54-57.
+    COMMONWEALTH, books on the, 221.
+    _Companions to Greek_ and _Latin Studies_, 73.
+    Conon, lost books by, 55.
+    Cook, Captain, 207-208.
+    COOKERY BOOKS, 222.
+    Cooper's _Thesaurus_, 226.
+    CORONATION BOOKS, 235.
+    _Cortigiano, Il_, 19 n.
+    Corvinus, Matthias, 86.
+    COSTUME, books on, 224.
+    Cotton, Sir Robert, his library, 133.
+    Cotton's _Typographical Gazetteer_, 168.
+    Courtney's _Register of National Bibliography_, 170, 205.
+    Crabbe, quotation from, 31.
+    Cranmer on the Maid of Kent, 13.
+    Crawford, the Earl of, his _Bibliotheca Lindesiana_, 220, 221.
+    CRIMES, books on, 225.
+    Croix du Maine, F. de la, 155.
+    Croker's French Revolution collections, 233.
+    Cromwell, Thomas, 15, 19.
+    CURIOSA, 228.
+    Curll, Edmund, 185-6.
+    ---- his edition of Prior, 9, 10.
+    _Curtesye_, the _Book of_, 223.
+
+    Dante, translations of, 75.
+    David's book-stall, 3.
+    _Defence of Women_, the, 16.
+    _De Gloria et Nobilitate_, 4.
+    DEMONOLOGY, books on, 255.
+    _De Re Heraldica_, 8.
+    Despeisses, Anthony, 51.
+    _De Studio Militari_, 5-8.
+    Dibdin's works, 169.
+    DICTIONARIES, 226.
+    Digressions, 51-54.
+    Disraeli, Isaac, quoted, 37.
+    Don, story of a, 79.
+    _Don Quixote_, 66, 74.
+    DRAMA, books on the, 226.
+    Draud, George of Frankfort, 180.
+    DRESS, books on, 224.
+    Drinking-horns, 102.
+    Dryden's _Aeneid_, 72.
+    DUELLING, books on, 248.
+    Duff, Mr. E. G., books by, 161, 166, 183, 242.
+    ---- quoted, 12, 13, 14, 16.
+    Du Fresnoy, Lenglet, 108.
+    Du Guesclin, Bertrand, 92, 216 n.
+    Dumas, Alexandre, 22-24.
+
+    Eale, the, 250-1.
+    EARLY-PRINTED BOOKS, 227.
+    ---- ---- ---- authorities on, 164-166.
+    EARLY ROMANCES, 227.
+    _Ebrietatis Encomium_, 186.
+    Editions good and bad, 69-70.
+    Elks, the Hercynian, 250.
+    _Elzeviers_, 21 _seq._, 187.
+    ENGRAVERS and ENGRAVING, authorities on, 167.
+    ---- ---- books on, 240.
+    ENTOMOLOGY, books on, 251.
+    _Epicoene or the Silent Woman_, 13.
+    _Epitaph of the King of Scotland_, the, 11.
+    Errata, on, 170-1.
+    Este, Alfonso d', 38 n.
+    ETYMOLOGIES, 226.
+    _Euphormionis Lusinini Sat._, 11.
+    Euripides, translations of, 71.
+    EXTRA-ILLUSTRATING, 125.
+
+    Fabert, Abraham, 182.
+    _Fabulous Tales of Esope_, 12.
+    FACETIÆ, 228.
+    Farringdon Road, _the_, 18.
+    _Faust_, translations of, 75.
+    Faustus his book, 254.
+    Fenn, Sir John, 20.
+    Fetherstone, Henry, 181.
+    Fitzgerald's _Polonius_, 192.
+    ---- translations, 73.
+    _Flore et Zephyr_, 189.
+    Forgeries, book, 118-120.
+    _Four Sons of Aymon_, the 14, 15.
+    FREEMASONRY, books on, 232, 255.
+    FRENCH REVOLUTION, the, 82, 233.
+    ---- ---- Croker's Collections on the, 233.
+
+    Gairdner, James, quoted, 20.
+    GARDENS, books on, 233.
+    Gavaudan, quoted, 88.
+    Genealogist, the, 40-42.
+    GENEALOGY, books on, 234.
+    _Geology_, books on, 251.
+    Gibbon, Edward, 81.
+    GIPSIES, book on, 229.
+    Giunta Terence, a, 3-4.
+    Goeree, William, 182.
+    Goethe, translations of, 75.
+    _Golden Legend_, the, 217.
+    _Goste of Guido_, the, 11.
+    Graesse's _Trésor de Livres Rares_, 164.
+    Grail, the Holy, 89, 93, 97.
+    ---- ---- appears to the Knights, 99, 100.
+    GRANGERISING, 122-125.
+    Graves, the desecration of, 103-105.
+    Greek, aids to reading, 72, 73.
+    ---- Incunabula, 166.
+    ---- theatre, 73.
+    Growoll's _Book-Trade Bibliography_, 181.
+    Grudé, François, 155.
+
+    Hain's _Repertorium_, 164.
+    Hamerton, P. G., on Interruptions, 33.
+    ---- on reading the classics, 62.
+    Harrison, Mr. Frederic, on reading, 59, 60, 67, 79.
+    ---- on the classics, 72.
+    ---- _The Choice of Books_, 72.
+    Hazlitt, W. C., on lost books, 12, 14.
+    ---- his _Bibliographical Collections_, 161-2.
+    Health, books on preserving, 224.
+    Heine, translations of, 76.
+    Heinz, quoted, 31.
+    Heliodorus, 84.
+    Henry VII. and Winchester, 98.
+    HERALDRY, books on, 234.
+    HERBALS, 245-247.
+    Herbert, George, his _Jacula Prudentum_, 56.
+    Herbert, Sir Henry, _Office Book of_, 227.
+    Herbert, William, lost books described by, 12.
+    Hilton's _Chronograms_, 168.
+    Hinard, Damas, 74.
+    _Historie of Judith_, the, 11.
+    HISTORY, books on, 237.
+    Hoccleve, 90.
+    Homer, translations of, 71-2.
+    Hoole's _New Discovery_, 260; his pupils, _ib._
+    Horace, on translating, 72.
+    Hospitallers, 200, 214.
+    Hotel du Lion d'Or, 29.
+    Housewife, the perfect, 239.
+    Hozier, Pierre d', 40.
+    Humphrey, Lawrence, 4.
+    Humphreys, Mr. A. L., quoted, 67, 69.
+    HUSBANDRY, books on, 238.
+    Hyde Abbey, 104.
+    Hyères, the monk illuminator at, 37.
+    _Hygiasticon_, 224.
+
+    Illuminator of St. Honorat, the, 37.
+    Illuminators, the Winchester, 101-2.
+    ILLUSTRATED BOOKS, 240.
+    _Imitatio Christi_, 217.
+    Incunabula, definition of, 167 n.
+    ---- _see_ EARLY-PRINTED BOOKS.
+    Interruptions, 33-35.
+
+    _Jacula Prudentum_, 56.
+    Jaggard, William, 181.
+    Jall, the, 250-1.
+    JEST BOOKS, 228.
+    ---- ---- some early, 16.
+    Jonson, Ben, lost works of, 13.
+    _Judith, the Famous Historie of_, 11.
+
+    Karslake's _Notes from Sotheby's_, 162.
+    Keats' _Endymion_, 113.
+    Keeper of the Abbey muniments, 54 n.
+    Kempis, Thomas à, 217.
+    Kennet, Bishop White, 210.
+    _King Glumpus_, 189.
+    Koberger, Anton, 176.
+
+    L'Abbé's _Bibliotheca_, 155.
+    La Colombière, books by, 235-6.
+    La Fontaine, Jean de, 39.
+    La Marche, Olivier de, 215.
+    La Monnoye, Bernard de, 154.
+    Lang, Andrew, on Elzeviers, 21.
+    ---- his imperfect books, 112.
+    Large Copper, story of a, 116-117.
+    Large Paper copies, 203.
+    LAW, books on, 240.
+    Lawler's _Book-Auctions_, 187.
+    _Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse_, 15.
+    _Library, the_, by A. Lang, 21.
+    Library, 'laying down a,' 230.
+    Libraries, two old country, 19-20.
+    Lion d'Or, the, 29.
+    LITURGIES, books on, 241.
+    LOCALLY-PRINTED BOOKS, 241.
+    London, books hidden in, 18.
+    Londonderry, medal of the siege of, 253.
+    _Long Meg of Westminster_, 16.
+    Lost books, 10-21.
+    Louis IX (St.) and the Saracens, 90.
+    Louis XIV., his monument, 253.
+    Louvre library, the, 134.
+    Lovelace's _Lucasta_, 120.
+    Lowndes' _Bibliographer's Manual_, 161.
+    LYCANTHROPY, books on, 255.
+
+    Mackenzie, Sir G., quoted, 192.
+    MAGIC, books on, 253-6.
+    Maid of Kent, the, 13.
+    Maimbourg, Louis, 186.
+    Malory, Sir Thomas, 95-99.
+    ---- his _Morte d'Arthur_, 13, 88, 95-101.
+    ---- and Caxton, 98, 99.
+    Malta, the Knights of, 200-1, 214.
+    MANNERS, books on, 223.
+    _Manners, the Book of Good_, 14.
+    _Mansfield Park_, 113.
+    Margaret of Scotland, 17.
+    Markham's housewife, 239.
+    ---- _Thyrsis and Daphne_, 13.
+    Mariner's Mirror, the, 252.
+    Marmol, Luis del, 209-210.
+    Marprelate Tracts, 256.
+    MATHEMATICS, books on, 243.
+    MASQUES, books on, 226, 232.
+    Maunsell, Andrew, 181.
+    MEDICAL BOOKS, 245.
+    ---- ---- a collector of, 42.
+    _Meg of Westminster_, 16.
+    Melanchthon, Philip, 59.
+    MEMOIRS, 213.
+    Menestrier's _Louis le Grand_, 252.
+    MILITARY BOOKS, 247.
+    Milton, quotations from, 88, 94, 95, 105, 127, 193.
+    ---- his _Comus_, 191.
+    MINSTRELS, books on, 232.
+    MIRACLE PLAYS, books on, 232.
+    MODERN AUTHORS, valuable works of, 188-193.
+    ---- ---- bibliographies of, 231-2.
+    Monastic rules, 34.
+    MONSTERS, books on, 255.
+    Montluc, Blaise de, 110-111.
+    Montmorency, Henri, duc de, 215.
+    MOON LORE, 255.
+    MORALITIES, books on, 232.
+    More's _Defence of Women_, 16.
+    Morte d'Arthur, _see_ Malory.
+    Mouse, the painted, 196.
+    MUSIC, books on, 248.
+    _Myriobiblon_, 55.
+    MYSTERIES, books on, 232.
+
+    NAPOLEON, books on, 249-250.
+    NATURAL HISTORY, books on, 250.
+    NAUTICAL BOOKS, 251.
+    _Neuf Preux, le Triomphe des_, 89, 216, 228.
+    _New England Canaan_, 211.
+    Newspapers, on reading, 64.
+    Newton, Sir I., bibliography of, 244.
+    Nightingale, Miss, on interruptions, 33.
+    Night working, 35.
+    _Nigramansir_, the, 11.
+    Normandy, Robert of, 201.
+    Notes, editors', 70.
+    Novels, on reading, 63.
+    ---- the first, 84-85.
+    NUMISMATICS, books on, 252.
+
+    Occleve, 90.
+    OCCULT, books on the, 253.
+    Olaf, King, 201.
+    _Optimates_, by L. Humphrey, 4.
+    Ordnance, mediæval, 49.
+    _Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire_, 190.
+    Ormsby, John, on romances, 86.
+    Osorio's _De Gloria_, 4.
+    Ovid's _Metamorphoses_, by Caxton, 11.
+    _Oxford Books_, by Mr. F. Madan, 165.
+
+    PAGEANTS, books on, 226.
+    Painted Mouse, a, 196.
+    _Palmerin d'Olive_, 205.
+    Palsgrave, John, 15.
+    PAMPHLETS and TRACTS, 256.
+    Panzer's _Annalen_, 165.
+    _Pappe with an Hatchet_, 256.
+    _Passionate Pilgrim, the_, 10.
+    _Pastissier François, le_, 21-28.
+    ---- ---- prices of, 21, 24, 25.
+    Paston Letters, the, 20.
+    Pedigree hunting, 40.
+    'Pegs,' 102.
+    _Perceforest_, quotation from, 92.
+    ---- description of, 93 n.
+    'Peregrine' volumes, 242.
+    Peron, the, 95-97.
+    PHILOSOPHY, books on, 258.
+    Photius, 55.
+    _Pilgrim's Progress, the_, 66.
+    Pinson, Gheerart, 243.
+    Place des Victoires, monument in the, 253.
+    PLAYS, books on old, 226.
+    Pliny on Seclusion, 36.
+    POETRY, 258.
+    _Poems by Two Brothers_, 189.
+    ---- _on Various Occasions_, 189.
+    Pollard, Mr. A. W.'s _Fifteenth-Century Books_, 165-6.
+    Pollio, Asinius, 133.
+    Pope on Curll, 185.
+    ---- quotation from, 68.
+    Portugal, a convent in, 17.
+    PRAYER BOOKS, works on, 241.
+    Precentor, the, 33 n.
+    Prescriptions, some early, 246.
+    PRESSES, CELEBRATED, 219.
+    PRICES OF BOOKS, 189-192, 227-8.
+    ---- ---- some early, 179.
+    ---- ---- on determining, 171-173.
+    _Prices of Books_, Wheatley's, 173-4.
+    PRINTERS' MARKS, books on, 169-170.
+    Printers, Mr. McKerrow's _Dictionary of_, 183.
+    Prior, his pirated _Poems_, 9, 10.
+    PRISONS, books on, 225.
+    PRIVATELY-PRINTED BOOKS, 203-4, 259.
+    PROCLAMATIONS, 221.
+    Proctor's _Early Printed Books_, 165.
+    Prophecies, a book of, 255.
+    Provence, a monk of, 37.
+    PSEUDONYMS, books on, 168.
+    Pynson, Richard, 11, 14, 15.
+
+    Quaritch's _General Catalogue_, 162.
+    Quérard's _Supercheries Littéraires_, 169.
+    Quotations, doubtful origin of, 56, 57.
+    ---- wrongly assigned, 57 n.
+
+    Rabelais, translations of, 76.
+    Racine and Heliodorus, 86.
+    Rainman, John, 177.
+    Ratdolt, Erhart, 176.
+    READING, the art of, 59-70, 78, 81-83.
+    ---- wide, 79-81.
+    REBELLION TRACTS, 221, 222.
+    REBINDING, 109-116.
+    Recommending books, 59.
+    Regnault, François, 181.
+    René d'Anjou, 87.
+    REVOLUTION, THE FRENCH, 82, 233.
+    Rigging, an authority upon, 43.
+    ROGUERY, books on, 225.
+    ROMANCES OF CHIVALRY, 86-90, 227, 228.
+    Romance, the spirit of, 94-5, 102.
+    ROSICRUCIANS, books on the, 255.
+    Rouen, an old inn at, 26.
+    Round Table at Winchester, the, 100, 101.
+    Rowlands' Tracts, 225.
+    Roydon Hall, 20.
+
+    St. Amand, Gerard de, 52.
+    St. Augustine on Varro, 154.
+    St. Bernard on Solitude, 35.
+    St. Honorat, the monk of, 37.
+    St. Katherin of Siena, 21.
+    St. Louis and the Saracens, 90.
+    St. Margaret's _Devotional_, 17.
+    ---- ---- _Life_, by Pynson, 11.
+    Sallengre's _L'Elogie de l'Ivresse_, 186.
+    Sanchez's _Bibliografia Aragonesa_, 170.
+    SARACENIC literature, 209.
+    Savaron, Jean, 248.
+    Savonarola's Compendium, 255.
+    _Sawyer, Tom, The Adventures of_, 66.
+    Sayle's _Books at Cambridge_, 165.
+    Schiller, translations of, 76.
+    Schoeffer's catalogue, 174.
+    SCHOOL BOOKS, OLD, 259.
+    Scipio Africanus, quoted, 38, 57 n.
+    Scott, Dr. E. J. L., 54 n.
+    _Scott's Last Expedition_, 69.
+    SEA, books on the, 251-2.
+    SEALS, books on, 236.
+    Seillière, Baron A., the library of, 22 n, 227.
+    Seymour, Richard, Esq., 187.
+    SHAKESPEAREANA, 218, 219.
+    Shakespeare's _Passionate Pilgrim_, 10, 228 n.
+    ---- Plays, 14, 17.
+    ---- _Titus Andronicus_, 17.
+    Sharon Turner on digressions, 52.
+    ---- on Romances, 88.
+    Shelley, quotation from, 38.
+    ---- _Adonais_ and _Queen Mab_, 189, 190.
+    ---- _Original Poetry_, 190.
+    SHELVES, 128-134.
+    Ships, an authority upon old, 43.
+    'Shorn lamb' proverb, 56.
+    Skelton, John, lost books by, 11.
+    Slater's _Early Editions_, 191.
+    Solitude, 35-39.
+    Sophocles, translations of, 71.
+    Sotheby on block-books, 166.
+    SOUTH SEAS, books on the, 207.
+    Southcote Manor-house, 244 n.
+    Spanish folios, 129.
+    SPECIALISM, the advantages of, 194 _seq._
+    Specialists, subjects of, 202-3.
+    _Speculum_, Caxton's, 14.
+    _Speculum Principis_, Skelton's, 11.
+    Spenser, quoted, 31.
+    SPORT, books on, 260.
+    ---- definition of, 260 n.
+    Staël, Madame de, 52.
+    Staining bookshelves, 131, 132.
+    ---- leaves of books, 149.
+    STAINS, removing, 146-149.
+    'Stationers,' 177.
+    Sterne, Laurence, 56.
+    Sweynheim and Pannartz, 179.
+    Syon College library, 12, 21.
+
+    Taylor, Bayard, 75.
+    Tennyson, A. and C., 189.
+    ---- _Helen's Tower_, 192.
+    Terence, a Giunta, 3, 4.
+    Thackeray's _Flore et Zephyr_, 189.
+    ---- King Glumpus, 189.
+    Theagenes and Chariclea, 85.
+    THEOLOGY, 263.
+    _Thesaurus Cornucopiæ_, 171-172.
+    Thomas Aquinas, 37.
+    Thomas à Kempis, 217.
+    Thomason, George, 257.
+    _Thyrsis and Daphne_, 13.
+    Titles, some curious, 256-7.
+    _Titus Andronicus_, 17.
+    TOBACCO, books on, 263.
+    Tombs, the desecration of, 103-105.
+    TOPOGRAPHY, books on, 264.
+    TRACTS, 256.
+    TRADES, books on, 264.
+    Traveller, the library, 44-48.
+    TRIALS, books on, 225.
+    _Triomphe des Neuf Preux, le_, 89, 216, 228.
+    Tristram on a white horse, 88.
+    Trunk, an old, 18.
+    Trusler's _Honours of the Table_, 223.
+    Turner, Sharon, on Digressions, 52.
+    ---- on Romances, 88.
+
+    University Don, a widely read, 79-81.
+    Upton, Nicholas, 5-8.
+    Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 76.
+
+    Varro, St. Augustine on, 154.
+    Vaughan, Stephen, 15, 16.
+    Vellum, brown, 138.
+    ---- perishable, 138.
+    _Venus and Adonis_, 14, 228 n.
+    'Venus de Milo,' 133 n.
+    Verard, Antoine, 166, 176.
+    'Victor and Cazire,' 190.
+    Vincent's _True Relation_, 211.
+    Virgil, translations of, 72.
+    Voragine, Jacobus de, 217.
+
+    Wace, quoted, 93.
+    _Wager_, H.M.S., the loss of, 47.
+    'Wagstaffe, Theophile,' 189.
+    Walloon printer, a, 243.
+    Walton's _Compleat Angler_, 191, 192.
+    'Wargus,' 105.
+    Warton, Thomas, 11.
+    WASHING AND CLEANING, 146-149.
+    Wechel, Christian, 178-9.
+    WEREWOLVES, books on, 255.
+    Westminster Abbey muniments, 54 n.
+    Wheatley's _Prices of Books_, 173-174.
+    Willems, Alphonse, 24, 187.
+    Willer, George, 177, 178.
+    William the Conqueror, 201.
+    Winchester, 95-102.
+    ---- ancient customs of, 102.
+    ---- Castle hall at, 100, 101.
+    WITCHCRAFT, books on, 255.
+    Wolvesey Castle, 101.
+    Worde, Wynkyn de, 13, 14, 15, 21.
+    Wordsworth, quoted, 36, 77, 95.
+
+    Ximenes, Cardinal, 36, 37.
+
+    Yale, the, 250-1.
+
+    ZOOLOGY, books on, 250.
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Page 81, "adminster" changed to "administer"
+Page 101, "seul á" changed to "seul à"
+Page 267, "père" changed to "Père"
+Page 273, "Litteraires" changed to "Littéraires"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book-Hunter at Home
+
+Author: P. B. M. Allan
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22716]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes and the booksmiths
+at http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a>[<a href="./images/i.png">i</a>]</span></p>
+<h1>THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME</h1>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a>[<a href="./images/ii.png">ii</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5><i>Of this edition 500 copies have been printed,<br />
+and 50 upon fine paper.</i></h5>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-01.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-01_th.jpg" alt="THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME" title="THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME" /></a></p>
+<p class="figcenter">THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME</p>
+<p class="figcenter">(JAN SIX, BY REMBRANDT)]</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii"></a>[<a href="./images/iii.png">iii</a>]</span></p>
+<h2>
+THE
+BOOK-HUNTER
+AT HOME</h2>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>P. B. M. ALLAN</h2>
+
+<h4>THE SECOND EDITION,
+REVISED</h4>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-02.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-02_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+
+<h5>LONDON<br />
+PHILIP ALLAN &amp; CO.<br />
+QUALITY COURT, CHANCERY LANE</h5>
+<hr class="short" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></a>[<a href="./images/iv.png">iv</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h5><i>First Edition</i>&mdash;1920</h5>
+
+<h5><i>Second Edition</i>&mdash;1922</h5>
+
+<h4>PRINTED BY WHITEHEAD BROTHERS, WOLVERHAMPTON.</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a>[<a href="./images/v.png">v</a>]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY</h2>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">To the Honourable and Vertuous Lady Mistress E. K. A.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Madam</span>,</p>
+
+<p>It would be churlish indeed were I to send this
+book into the world without some acknowledgment of the
+share which you have had in its making. Indeed, I feel that
+you are chiefly responsible for it: without your encouragement,
+your active help, your patience with me at all times
+(at which I marvel constantly), it would never have arrived
+at completion. Truly it is your name, not mine, that should
+appear upon the title-page; for although mine may have been
+the hand that penned the words, certain it is that yours was
+the mind that guided my pen throughout. It is to your
+sympathy, your judgment, your excellent taste, that I am
+indebted for every good thing that I have penned; and
+where I have put down aught that is trite or insipid, it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a>[<a href="./images/vi.png">vi</a>]</span>
+due to my own natural obstinacy in refusing, or carelessness
+in neglecting, to defer the matter to your better judgment.
+Thus it is only right that whatever praise may be bestowed
+upon this book should be accorded to you; my shoulders alone
+must bear the censure of the discerning reader.</p>
+
+<p class="figright">I am, Madam, your very dutiful,&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;<br />
+and loving husband,&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;</p>
+
+<p class="figright"><span class="smcap">The Author.</span>&ensp;&ensp;</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a>[<a href="./images/vii.png">vii</a>]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In placing this second edition before his fellow book-lovers,
+the author would like to take the opportunity of thanking the
+numerous correspondents who have written to him from all
+parts of the world. In truth book-collecting establishes a
+bond between its devotees that is effected by no other pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>The first edition was put forth only after much hesitation,
+and with a good deal of fear and trembling: that a second
+edition would ever be required was unthinkable. But since
+the book has so obviously been the means of bringing
+pleasure to so many, the author feels that it is his duty to
+bring this second edition 'up to date,' to make it as perfect as
+his poor skill allows. Accordingly the volume has been revised
+throughout, a number of additions have been made, both to
+the text and in the matter of footnotes, and the prices of books
+have been amended according to present conditions. Three
+illustrations have been added.</p>
+
+<p>&ensp;&ensp;<span class="smcap">Quality Court</span>,<br />
+&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;July, 1921.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii"></a>[<a href="./images/viii.png">viii</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td align='right'><span class="smcap">chap</span></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td align='left'>ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td align='left'>THE LIBRARY</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td align='left'>BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td align='left'>CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td align='left'>THE CARE OF BOOKS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td align='left'>THE CARE OF BOOKS (<i>Continued</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td align='left'>BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td align='left'>A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a></td><td align='left'>A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM (<i>Continued</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix"></a>[<a href="./images/ix.png">ix</a>]</span></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr><td align='left'>THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_ii"><i>frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>THE PERON</td><td align='center'>page</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>[<a href="./images/1.png">1</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-03.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-03_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h4>ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Thou shalt make castels thanne in Spayne.'</span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Chaucer.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-04.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-04_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">t</span> is a sad truth that bargains are met with
+more frequently in our youth than in our
+age. The sophist may argue that age begets
+philosophy, and that philosophy contemns
+all worldly things; yet certain it is that the
+book-hunter, one of the most philosophical
+of beings, remains on the look-out for bargains to the very
+end of his career. Nevertheless, it is a fact that in youth alone
+do we make those great bargains which lay the foundations
+of our careers as book-hunters.</p>
+
+<p>It is this sad truth which fosters in most of us the belief
+that we live in a decadent age, and that the days of our youth
+were infinitely more seemly than those which we now endure.
+But it is we who have changed: the bargains are still there,
+and may still be had at the cost of youthful energy and
+enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>'Ah, but you can't get the bargains nowadays that you
+could when I was a young man,' says the elderly bookseller,
+with a knowing shake of his head. Can't you! Then mankind
+must have changed strangely since the period of this
+sage's youth. Bargains, and rich ones too, in everything that
+is bought and sold, are made every day and will continue to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>[<a href="./images/2.png">2</a>]</span>
+be made so long as human nature endures, bargains in books
+no less among them.</p></div>
+
+<p>The rich finds of which the aged bookseller dreams are
+bargains only in the light of present-day prices. As a matter
+of fact, the great majority of them were not really bargains
+at all. He may bitterly lament having parted with a copy of
+the first edition of the 'Compleat Angler,' in the 'sixties for
+twenty guineas, but he overlooks the fact that that was then
+its market value. Had he asked a thousand pounds for it,
+his sanity would certainly have been open to question. 'Why,
+when I was a boy,' he says, 'you could buy first editions of
+Shelley, Keats, or Scott for pence.' Precisely: which was
+their current value; by no stretch of the imagination can they
+be considered bargains. His business is, and has always been,
+to buy and sell; not to hoard books on the chance that they
+will become valuable 'some day.' Neither can it be urged
+that 'people' (by which he means collectors) 'did not know
+so much about books fifty years ago.' Collectors know, and
+have ever known, all that they need for the acquisition of their
+particular <i>desiderata</i>. If they were ignorant of the prices
+which volumes common in their day would realise at some
+future period, why, so were the dealers and every one else
+concerned! Judging by analogy, we have every reason to
+believe that many volumes which we come across almost daily
+on the bookstalls, marked, perhaps, a few pence, will be fought
+for one day across the auction-room table.</p>
+
+<p>The chief reason why the elderly bookseller no longer comes
+across these advantageous purchases is that he has passed
+the age (though he does not know it) at which bargains are
+to be had. But bargains are not encountered, they are made.
+It is the youthful vigour and enthusiasm of the young collector,
+prompting him into the byways and alleys of book-land, that
+bring bargains to his shelves.</p>
+
+<p>So, if you are young and enthusiastic, and not to be deterred
+by a series of wild-goose chases, happy indeed will be your
+lot. For over the post-prandial pipe you will be able to hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>[<a href="./images/3.png">3</a>]</span>
+such and such a treasure to your admiring fellow-spirit, saying:
+'This I picked up for <i>n</i>-pence in Camden Town; this one
+cost me <i>x</i>-shillings at Poynder's in Reading: Iredale of
+Torquay let me have this for a florin; I found this on the
+floor in a corner of Commin's shop at Bournemouth; this was
+on David's stall at Cambridge, and I nearly lost it to the fat
+don of King's'; and so on and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Bargains, forsooth! Our book-hunter was once outbid at
+Sotheby's for a scarce volume which he found, a week later,
+on a barrow in Clerkenwell for fourpence! The same year he
+picked up for ten shillings, in London, an early sixteenth-century
+folio, rubricated and with illuminated initials. It was
+as fresh as when it issued from the press, and in the original
+oak and pig-skin binding. He failed to trace the work in any
+of the bibliographies, nor could the British Museum help him
+to locate another copy. David's stall at Cambridge once
+yielded to him a scarce Defoe tract for sixpence. But this
+being, as Master Pepys said, 'an idle rogueish book,' he sold
+it to a bookseller for two pounds, 'that it might not stand in
+the list of books, nor among them, to disgrace them, if it
+should be found.' A copy has recently fetched twenty
+guineas.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless every bibliophile is perpetually on the look-out
+for treasures, and it is essential that he learn, early in his
+career, to make up his mind at once concerning an out-of-the-way
+book. He who hesitates is lost, and this is doubly true
+of the book-collector. More than once in his early days of
+collecting has our book-hunter hesitated and finally left a
+book, only to dash back&mdash;perhaps a few hours later, perhaps
+next day&mdash;and find it gone.</p>
+
+<p>Once upon a time a spotlessly clean little square octavo
+volume of Terence, printed in italics, caught his eye upon a
+bookstall. One shilling was its ransom, but it was not the
+price that deterred him so much as the fact that every available
+nook and corner of his sanctum was already filled to overflowing
+with books. 'A nice clean copy of an early-printed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[<a href="./images/4.png">4</a>]</span>
+book,' he mused. But early-printed books were not in his
+line&mdash;then; had they been in those early days of book-hunting,
+his library would have been slow indeed of growth.
+So he passed on and left it.</p>
+
+<p>All that evening the memory of the little square volume
+would keep recurring most absurdly. He didn't want it, it
+was not in his line, he would never read it, and so on and so on.
+But over his pipe that evening the colophon '. . . . <i>studio &amp;
+impensis Philippi de Giunta florentini . . ., 1505</i>,' came
+back to his memory; he must have been mad not to have
+bought it at that price, and such a fine copy too. And so to
+bed, sorely harassed in his bibliophilic mind.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning he awoke sane and conscious of his folly.
+An early visit to the bookstall followed, but the little volume
+had gone; and it was not comforting to learn that it had been
+sold shortly after our bookman saw it, to a man who 'knew a
+lot about that kind of books.' Let us hope that the purchaser
+treasures the little square volume, printed in italics, as much
+as our friend would.</p>
+
+<p>What poignant memories they are, these memories of rare
+books which we have found and failed to secure! Two
+prominent instances of our bookman's folly stand out with
+bitter clearness, ever fresh in his memory as a reminder of
+the criminal stupidity of procrastination. One was an
+exceedingly scarce work by Lawrence Humphrey, entitled
+'Optimates sive De Nobilitate eiusque Antiqua Origine,'
+printed in small octavo at Basle in 1560, which he once saw
+in a catalogue for five shillings. He sent for it three days
+after the receipt of the catalogue, and of course it had gone.
+The other was an unknown, or at least undescribed, edition
+of Osorio's 'De Gloria et Nobilitate,' printed at Barcelona
+in the early part of the sixteenth century. He lost this in the
+same manner, at two shillings! Perhaps, however, you too
+have been guilty of these lapses, reader? <i>Semel insanivimus
+omnes.</i> Experience is better than advice, and for his part our
+book-hunter will not be caught napping again. The following<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[<a href="./images/5.png">5</a>]</span>
+incident will show you, moreover, that it is not always safe to
+order books from a catalogue even by return of post.</p>
+
+<p>For many years he had searched in vain for that rarest of
+all English heraldry books (though not properly English, for
+it is in the Latin tongue), the 'De Studio Militari, Libri
+Quatuor' of Master Nicholas Upton. It was edited by Sir
+Edward Bysshe, and printed in folio at London in 1654. The
+numerous booksellers in London and the country from whom
+he sought it had never seen it; indeed, most of them were
+unaware of its existence, though it is well known to all heralds.</p>
+
+<p>At length, coming home late one night, our book-hunter
+found on his table a catalogue from a bookseller who seems
+to garner more out-of-the-way books than any of his fellows.
+His catalogues are issued very frequently, for he has a large
+and quick sale, pricing most of his wares at less than five
+shillings. Moreover, the fact that the books described therein
+are thrown together without any attempt at classification, even
+alphabetical, serves but to add a zest to the repast. But our
+book-hunter was tired, and his evil star was in the ascendant,
+for he went to bed leaving the catalogue unopened.</p>
+
+<p>Reading it over a late breakfast next morning, upon the last
+page he came across the following entry:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Uptoni (Nich.) De Studio Militari. Johan de Bado Aureo,
+Tractatus de Armis. Henrici Spelmanni Aspilogia. Folio,
+calf. <i>Scarce.</i> 8s. 6d.</p></div>
+
+<p>Scarce, indeed! In less than five minutes he was driving
+hot-haste to the shop.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it was sold: sold by <i>telegram dispatched the
+night before</i>. He was allowed to see it, even to handle it,
+and he frankly confesses that murderous thoughts rose within
+him as he held it in his hands. . . . The bookseller was an old
+man . . . the shop was very dark . . . just a push, and
+perhaps one firm application <i>super caput</i> of a large-paper copy
+of Camden's 'Britannia' which lay handy upon the table.
+. . . But I am glad to say that our bookman's better nature
+prevailed, and sorrowfully he returned the volume to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[<a href="./images/6.png">6</a>]</span>
+dealer's hands. Did he know the customer, and if so would
+he try to buy it back? Certainly he would. A week later
+came a letter saying that the customer was also a collector
+of these things, but that he was willing to part with it 'at a
+price.' Unfortunately his price was not our book-hunter's,
+and he failed to secure the treasure&mdash;then.</p>
+
+<p>Now comes the more pleasant sequel. About a year later,
+coming home in the small hours from a dance, our bookman
+found a catalogue from this same bookseller on his table.
+Although tired out, his previous bitter experience had taught
+him a lesson; so pulling up a chair before the remains of the
+fire he proceeded to skim through the catalogue. He had
+reached the last page, and was already beginning to nod,
+when suddenly his weariness vanished in a flash: he was wide
+awake and on his feet in an instant, for his eyes had met the
+same entry that had thrilled him a year ago. This time it
+was described as 'very scarce,' and the price was considerably
+enhanced; but he had his coat on and was in the street almost
+immediately.</p>
+
+<p>The nearest telegraph office likely to be open at such an
+hour was a mile away, and it was a miserable night, snowing
+and blowing; but no weather would have deterred him. So
+the telegram was safely dispatched, and he returned to bed,
+pinning a notice on the bedroom door to the effect that he
+was to be called, without fail, at seven o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>That night he was obsessed by Uptons of all shapes and
+sizes. Some he beheld with agony, cut down by the ruthless
+binder to duodecimo size; others there were no larger than
+Pickering's Diamond Classics; some (on his chest) were of a
+size which I can only describe as 'Atlas,' or, perhaps more
+appropriately, 'Elephant Folio,' large-paper copies with
+hideous margins.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning our bookman was at the shop betimes. Yes!
+his wire had arrived; Upton was his at last! Should the
+dealer send it for him by carrier? Carrier, forsooth! As well
+entrust the Koh-i-noor to a messenger boy. Of course it was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[<a href="./images/7.png">7</a>]</span>
+the same copy that our friend had missed previously, the
+owner having sold his books <i>en bloc</i> in the meantime.</p>
+
+<p>Why Upton is so scarce it is hard to say; perhaps very few
+copies were printed, or perhaps a fire at the printer's destroyed
+most of them. Certain it is that the premises of James Allestry
+and Roger Norton, who published the book, were both burnt
+in the great fire twelve years after its publication. Besides
+the two copies in the British Museum, there are examples
+of it in several of the ancient libraries throughout the
+kingdom; but it is very rarely indeed to be met with in the
+London salerooms.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Dallaway mentions two copies as being,
+in 1793, in the library of Lord Carlisle at Naworth; and
+probably there are examples in some of the libraries of our
+older nobility. There would seem to be copies, also, in
+France; for several writers upon chivalry, such as La Roque
+and Sainte Marie, make mention of it. The writer bought a
+portion of it, some forty-eight pages, a few years ago for four
+shillings. But take heart, brother bibliophile; it is quite
+possible that you may unearth a copy some day&mdash;if indeed
+the book be in your line&mdash;long buried in the dust of some old
+country bookshop.</p>
+
+<p>Upton died in 1457, and his work was so popular that
+numerous copies of the manuscript were made. The treatise
+on coat-armour, or 'cootarmuris,' as it is quaintly spelt, which
+comprises the third part of the 'Book of Saint Albans' (first
+printed in 1486), is, for the greater part, a literal translation
+of the second half of the fourth book of the 'De Studio
+Militari' as printed by Bysshe. Ames, in his 'Typographical
+Antiquities,' asserts that Upton's work was reprinted from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>[<a href="./images/8.png">8</a>]</span>
+the St. Albans book in folio, 1496, 'with the King's Arms and
+Caxton's mark printed in red ink.' But he gives no authority
+for his assertion, and it seems doubtful whether such a volume
+ever existed. At all events there does not appear to be any
+trace of such a book beyond this mention, and Herbert, editing
+Ames, omitted the whole passage. Hain,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> probably copying
+Ames, calls this supposititious work 'De Re Heraldica,' and
+states that it was printed at Westminster in 1496 'Anglice.'
+So much for worthy Master Nicholas, Canon of Salisbury and
+prot&eacute;g&eacute; of the 'good duke Humfrey.'</p>
+
+<p>There is a curious phenomenon of not infrequent occurrence
+among book-collectors, and that is the enforced acquisition of
+certain volumes solely by means of the passive persuasion of
+their presence. In other words, it is possible to bully the
+bibliophile into purchasing a book merely by obtruding it
+continually before his gaze, till at length its very presence
+becomes a source of annoyance to him. To escape from this
+incubus he purchases the volume.</p>
+
+<p>In nine cases out of ten, books so acquired never attain the
+same status as their fellow-volumes. They are invariably
+assigned either to the lowest or topmost shelves of the library,
+and are, in fact, pariahs. Their owner did not really want
+them, and he can never quite forgive their presence on his
+shelves. Generally their stay in any one home is not a long
+one, for they are weeded out at the first opportunity, and find
+no permanent rest until they come finally to that ultimate
+goal of books, the paper mills<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '..'">.</ins> I confess that in my early
+days of collecting this phenomenon was of not infrequent
+occurrence, being associated, probably, with the indecision of
+youth. And in this connection a bookseller once told me an
+interesting story.</p>
+
+<p>A certain young man of the working class, on his way to
+work every day, used to pass a bookstall situated in a narrow
+alley. Every day he glanced at the books, and as custom
+was scanty he would notice what books were sold and with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[<a href="./images/9.png">9</a>]</span>
+what works the bookseller filled the empty places on the
+shelves. In this way all of the books which the young man
+had first noticed gradually disappeared, with one exception.
+This was a volume bound in calf, containing some rather
+curious poems, and no one seemed to want it. At length,
+after some weeks, the young man could stand it no longer.
+He approached the bookseller, and for sixpence the volume
+became his.</p>
+
+<p>The verses seemed to him rather poor, though one entitled
+'Hans Carvel' amused him rather. The title-page bore the
+date 1707, and he wondered who was the 'E. Curll at the
+Peacock without Temple-Bar,' for whom the work was printed.
+Some time afterwards he read in the newspaper that a certain
+book had been sold for a large sum because of a misprint in it.
+This set him wondering . . . 'at the Peacock <i>without</i>
+Temple-Bar . . .' Temple-Bar without a peacock he could
+imagine: surely this was a misprint! Perhaps the book was
+valuable, and others had not 'spotted' the error!</p>
+
+<p>And now he bethought him of an acquaintance who kept
+a bookshop in the West End of the town, a man who knew
+a lot about old books. He would take it to him and ask his
+advice. So, one Saturday afternoon he carried his 'treasure'
+to the shop in question. Inside, an elderly man was examining
+a calf-bound volume.</p>
+
+<p>'. . . the first authentic edition, seventeen hundred and
+nine,' he was saying.</p>
+
+<p>The young man glanced at the volume under discussion,
+and as a page was turned he caught sight of the heading
+'Hans Carvel.' Good gracious; this volume was the same
+as his! Just then the elderly man looked up, and the young
+fellow handed his volume to the bookseller, saying: 'Here's
+another one, same as that, but mine's got something wrong
+on the front page.'</p>
+
+<p>The bookseller opened the newcomer's volume, looked at
+the title-page, and handed it without a word to his customer,
+who took it with a look of surprise.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>[<a href="./images/10.png">10</a>]</span>
+'Something wrong?' said he, 'why, bless me, what's this&mdash;1707&mdash;that
+rascal Curll's edition&mdash;where did you get
+this?'</p>
+
+<p>The young man told him, adding that he gave sixpence
+for it.</p>
+
+<p>'Sixpence, did you?' said the connoisseur; 'well, I'll give
+you six guineas for it': which he did, there and then.</p>
+
+<p>It was a copy of the rare 'pirated' collection of his poems,
+published without Matt Prior's knowledge, some two years
+before the first authentic edition appeared. Some years later,
+when the elderly collector died, this volume came to the
+saleroom with the rest of his books. It realised forty pounds!
+So much for the ugly duckling.</p>
+
+<p>What an absorbing topic is that of 'lost books'! There
+is a fascination about the subject that every bibliophile must
+have experienced. 'Hope springs eternal in the human
+breast,' and it is impossible to read of books long lost without
+making a mental note of their titles in the hope that some
+day we may come across them. Perhaps it is these memories,
+pigeon-holed in our mind, that add a zest to anticipation
+whenever we go book-hunting on our travels. But alas! the
+reward for the bibliophile's hope in this direction is rare as
+the blossoming of the aloe.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious to think of the thousands of books that have
+completely disappeared. Nowadays the Act which assures
+the preservation in our greater libraries of every book published
+in this country will doubtless prevent the disappearance
+of a good many English books of lesser importance, such as
+school books and other works that are quickly superseded.
+But before the passing of this Act there was nothing to
+prevent an unpopular or useless work from becoming extinct,
+and vast numbers must have disappeared in this country alone.
+There are many books, however, important books even, and
+books which we know to have been immensely popular in
+their day, of which so much as a glimpse has been denied us.
+The 1606 octavo of 'The Passionate Pilgrim,' the first issue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>[<a href="./images/11.png">11</a>]</span>
+of John Barclay's satirical romance 'Euphormionis Lusinini
+Satyricon,' published at London in 1603, the 'Famous
+Historie of the Vertuous and Godly Woman Judith,' London,
+1565 (of which a title-page has been preserved), what would
+not every book-collector give for copies of these?</p>
+
+<p>Then there are such early-printed works as Caxton's
+translation of the Metamorphoses of Ovid, probably published
+by him about 1480, 'The Life of St. Margaret' (known by
+three leaves preserved in the Bodleian), the 'goste of guido'
+or Ghost of Guy, and the Epitaph of the King of Scotland,
+all printed by Pynson, as well as that mysterious volume
+ycleped 'The Nigramansir,' said to be by John Skelton the
+poet-laureate who lived under five kings and died in 1529.
+Many of Skelton's works, perhaps even the majority of his
+writings, are known to us by title and hearsay alone; but who
+shall say that his 'Speculum Principis,' or 'the Commedy
+Achademios callyd by name,' which he himself mentions, are
+lost beyond all hope of recovery? 'The Nigramansir' was
+actually seen by Thomas Warton, the poet-laureate, in the
+'fifties of the eighteenth century, and is described by him in
+some detail. His account is so interesting that it deserves
+quoting.</p>
+
+<p>'I cannot quit Skelton,' he writes, 'without restoring to
+the public notice a play, or <span class="smcap">morality</span>, written by him, not
+recited in any catalogue of his works, or annals of English
+typography; and, I believe, at present totally unknown to the
+antiquarians in this sort of literature. It is, <i>The</i> <span class="smcap">nigramansir</span>,
+<i>a morall</i> <span class="smcap">enterlude</span> <i>and a pithie written by Maister</i>
+<span class="smcap">skelton</span> <i>laureate and plaid before the king and other
+estatys at Woodstock on Palme Sunday.</i> It was printed by
+Wynkin de Worde in a thin quarto, in the year 1504.'</p>
+
+<p>Against this Warton makes the following note: 'My
+lamented friend Mr. William Collins . . . . shewed me this
+piece at Chichester, not many months before his death (Collins
+died in 1759), and he pointed it out as a very rare and valuable
+curiosity. He intended to write the History of the Restoration<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>[<a href="./images/12.png">12</a>]</span>
+of Learning under Leo the Tenth, and with a view to that
+design had collected many scarce books. Some few of these
+fell into my hands at his death. The rest, among which, I
+suppose, was this Interlude, were dispersed.'</p>
+
+<p>Warton then goes on to describe the book in detail, and
+this circumstance, together with the fact that he quotes one
+of the stage directions ('<i>enter Balsebub with a Berde</i>') seems
+to point to the fact that he actually had the volume in his
+hands. It concerned the trial of Simony and Avarice, with
+the Devil as Judge. 'The characters are a Necromancer or
+Conjurer, the Devil, a Notary Public, Simonie, and Philargyria
+or Avarice. . . . There is no sort of propriety in calling this
+play the Necromancer: for the only business and use of this
+character is to open the subject in a long prologue.'<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+Unfortunately there is no other mention of this interesting
+work, and of recent years its very existence has been doubted.</p>
+
+<p>'It was at Chichester,' wrote Hazlitt, 'that the poet Collins
+brought together a certain number of early books, some of
+the first rarity; his name is found, too, in the sale catalogues
+of the last century as a buyer of such; and the strange and
+regrettable fact is that two or three items which Thomas
+Warton actually saw in his hands, and of which there are no
+known duplicates, have not so far been recovered.' Mr.
+Gordon Duff, in his 'English Provincial Printers,' mentions
+seventeen books described by Herbert at the end of the
+eighteenth century, of which no copies are now known to
+exist. Another rare volume is known to have existed about
+the same time. A copy, the only one known, of 'The
+Fabulous Tales of Esope the Phrygian' by Robert Henryson,
+published at London in 1577, was formerly in the library of
+Syon College; for it is included in Reading's catalogue of
+that college library, compiled in 1724. But its whereabouts
+is now unknown. Fortunately in this case a later edition
+has survived.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>[<a href="./images/13.png">13</a>]</span>
+Another mysterious volume is the treatise concerning
+Elizabeth Barton, the Maid of Kent, who was burnt at Tyburn
+in 1534. Cranmer, describing her story to a friend, writes:
+'and a boke (was) written of all the hole storie thereof, and
+putt into prynte, which euer syns that tyme hath byn
+comonly sold and goone abrod amongs all people.' From
+the confession of John Skot, the printer of this work, at the
+trial, it seems that seven hundred copies were printed; but no
+copy is now known to exist.</p>
+
+<p>Other works there are as yet unseen by bibliographer, such
+as Markham's 'Thyrsis and Daphne,' a poem printed in 1593,
+and the 1609 and 1612 quartos of Ben Jonson's 'Epic&oelig;ne or
+the Silent Woman.' This last was seen by William Gifford a
+century ago, but neither is now known to exist. Or is a copy
+extant of Horace's 'Art of Poetry' english'd by Jonson and
+published so late as 1640. Alas! the list of works by 'rare
+Ben Jonson' now lost to us, it is feared, for ever, is quite a
+lengthy one. Who has seen the original issue of 'Gude and
+Godlie Ballatis,' printed at Edinburgh in 1546? Of this book
+it has been said that, after the Bible, it did more for the
+spread of Reformation doctrines in Scotland than any other
+volume; so presumably a fairly large edition was printed.</p>
+
+<p>That the editions of some of these early-printed books, now
+with us no more, were of considerable size may be judged from
+contemporary evidence of their widespread popularity.
+Speaking of the 'Morte d'Arthur,' Mr. E. G. Duff remarks:
+'Of the popularity of the book we have striking evidence.
+Of Caxton's edition two copies are known, of which one is
+imperfect.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The second edition, printed by Wynkin de Worde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>[<a href="./images/14.png">14</a>]</span>
+in 1498, is known from one copy only, which is imperfect;
+while the third edition, also printed by de Worde is, again,
+only known from one imperfect copy. It may well be,
+considering these facts, that there were other intervening
+editions which have entirely disappeared.'</p>
+
+<p>Of the thirteen early editions of Shakespeare's 'Venus and
+Adonis' only twenty-two copies have so far been traced. Yet
+if each of these editions comprised only 250 copies, the tale
+of survivors is not large out of a total of 3,250. 'Printers and
+publishers . . . strained their resources to satisfy the demands
+of eager purchasers,' remarks Sir Sidney Lee; so presumably
+the estimate of 250 per edition is a conservative one.</p>
+
+<p>Where are these volumes now? It is difficult to believe
+they have been utterly destroyed, leaf by leaf, so that no
+vestige of them any longer exists. Surely they will turn up
+at an auction sale some day, for they may well be safely
+ensconced, at this very moment, on the shelves of some
+neglected country library. Mr. Duff himself records the
+discovery recently of a copy of Caxton's 'Speculum,'
+'amongst some rubbish in the offices of a solicitor at
+Birkenhead.'</p>
+
+<p>What a vast number of books there is, also, of which only
+one copy is known to exist. Of the early editions of
+Shakespeare's plays alone, more than a dozen are known by
+solitary examples. Of such books Hazlitt remarks that he
+'has met in the course of a lengthened career with treasures
+which would make a small library, and has beheld no
+duplicates.' Probably many of these <i>incognita</i> and <i>rarissima</i>
+perished in the great fire of London; others again met their
+fate solely through their own popularity, being 'thumbed'
+to pieces. In 1494 Pynson thought well enough to reprint
+Caxton's 'Book of Good Manners'; but of this once popular
+book one copy only&mdash;that which was formerly in the Amherst
+Library&mdash;now survives.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is that ancient romance of European popularity
+'The four Sons of Aymon.' One of the great cycle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[<a href="./images/15.png">15</a>]</span>
+Charlemagne romances, such was its popularity that by the
+end of the thirteenth century it had penetrated even to Iceland.
+Many and various were the editions that issued from the early
+presses. Caxton printed it about 1489, but of this thick
+quarto impression one imperfect copy only has survived. A
+second edition, as we learn from the colophon of the third
+edition, was 'imprinted at London by Wynken de Worde, the
+viii daye of Maye, and the year of our lorde M.CCCCC. iiii';
+but a solitary leaf, discovered in the binding of an ancient
+book, is the sole representative of an edition that ran
+probably into several hundreds.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of some at least of these early books there is
+another reason for their disappearance and scarcity. Stephen
+Vaughan, the indefatigable agent of Mr. Secretary Cromwell,
+writing to his master from Antwerp, mentions that he is
+'muche desirous t'atteyne the knowlage of the Frenche
+tonge,' but that he is unable to obtain a copy of the only
+primer which he knows to exist. This volume, called
+'L'Esclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse,' was 'compose
+par Maistre Jehan Palsgraue, Angloys, natyf de Londres et
+gradue de Paris,' and was printed by Pynson, though it was
+finished and published by Hawkins in 1530.</p>
+
+<p>Palsgrave, the author, seems to have been determined that
+his book should not fall into the hands of other teachers of
+French (he was 'scolemaster' to the Princess Mary, sister of
+Henry <span class="smcap">viii.</span>, in 1513, at a stipend of &pound;6 13s. 4d.); and
+although Vaughan writes that he 'made not a letle labour
+to Mr. Palsgrave to have one of his books,' yet 'in no wise
+he wolde graunt for no price.' So Vaughan entreats Thomas
+Cromwell to obtain a copy for him, 'not doubtyng but though
+he unkyndly denyd me one, he will not denye youe one.'</p>
+
+<p>Apparently Palsgrave had entered into some kind of
+arrangement with the printer, for Vaughan writes that he
+'hathe willed Pynson to sell none of them to any other person
+than to suche as he shall comaunde to have them, lest his
+proffit by teching the Frenche tonge myght be mynished by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>[<a href="./images/16.png">16</a>]</span>
+the sale of the same to suche persons as, besids hym, wern
+disposed to studye the sayd tongue.'</p>
+
+<p>From this premise it is easy to understand why 'L'Esclarcissement'
+is such a rare book. Very few copies indeed are
+known to exist. Yet one cannot help wondering what became
+of the copies that had not been disposed of at the author's
+death. Possibly a very small number was printed, and perhaps
+'Johan Haukyns,' faithful to his pact, destroyed those on
+hand. That the book was in high esteem may be gathered
+from the fact that, in spite of his rebuff, Vaughan says: 'If I
+had one, I wolde no less exteme it then a Jewell.' The letter
+ends with a delightful burst of ingenuousness. 'Syr, I
+remember Mr. Palsgrave gave youe one of his books, which
+if it please you to geve me I wer muche bounde to youe.'
+Whether he obtained a copy in the end history does not
+relate; but if our book-hunter is ever so fortunate as to come
+across one, like Vaughan he will certainly 'no less exteme it
+then a Jewell.'</p>
+
+<p>Very many, indeed the vast majority, of the popular
+jest-books which appeared in such numbers during Queen
+Elizabeth's reign are now lost to us. Some are known by
+later quotation of their titles, others by later editions, such
+as 'The Life of Long Meg of Westminster,' 'A Lytle and
+Bryefe Treatyse called the Defence of Women,'<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> etc. But
+these were small volumes of few pages, and were doubtless
+considered as little worthy of preservation as is the modern
+'penny dreadful.' 'But, when we consider how very many
+of these early books have come down to our time only in
+single copies or even fragments out of an edition of some
+hundreds, it is only natural to suppose that a great number
+must have utterly disappeared.'<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not for want of enterprise that so many of these books
+have not so far been recovered. The smaller and more
+remote towns, even villages, of these islands and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>[<a href="./images/17.png">17</a>]</span>
+Continent have been, and are being, ransacked by dealers
+as well as collectors. The number of works hitherto
+undescribed that has been brought to light during the last
+sixty years must be considerable; and one still hears every
+now and then of some rich trover that has been unearthed.
+In 1887 a small octavo manuscript volume, in a worn brown
+binding, was offered at the end of a sale at Sotheby's. It had
+stood, for how long no man knows, on the shelf of a small
+parish library in Suffolk; and it was offered for sale
+'presumably as being unreadable to country folk, and capable
+of being turned into hard cash wherewith a few works of
+fiction might be purchased.' Acquired by the Bodleian
+Library for &pound;6, it proved, by perhaps one of the most romantic
+chains of evidence ever attached to a book,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> to be the favourite
+devotional volume and constant companion of Saint Margaret,
+Queen of Scotland, who died in 1093. It was not until 1905
+that the original quarto edition (1594) of Shakespeare's 'Titus
+Andronicus' was known to exist, when a copy was discovered
+and sold for &pound;2000.</p>
+
+<p>Books travel far afield. At the dissolution of the
+monasteries the rich libraries that many of them possessed
+were scattered far and wide. One of these religious houses
+was famed for its rich store of books; and that the report was
+not exaggerated we know from its ancient library catalogue,
+still extant. In this case some of the books were taken by
+the inmates with them into exile in Flanders; and when the
+small community migrated thence to Portugal, the precious
+tomes were carried reverently with them. A fire at their
+convent in 1651 destroyed a large number of the volumes,
+and when some of the nuns returned to England in 1809 they
+brought the remaining books with them. Some were sold,
+but three cases of these ancient books were sent back to the
+nuns who stayed behind in Portugal, and of these cases two
+were lost in transit.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>[<a href="./images/18.png">18</a>]</span>
+London, however, has always been the centre of book
+production in this country, and it is there that any existing
+copies of these forgotten books are most likely to re-appear.
+Was not a priceless manuscript, a Household Book of the
+Black Prince, discovered only a few years ago in the office of
+a city lawyer? Once, in the course of his rambles by the
+bookstalls of the Farringdon Road,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> our book-hunter caught
+a glimpse of an old box almost covered by books and prints
+on one of the stalls. Being unearthed, it proved to be a
+veritable gem of a trunk, about two feet by one, and nine
+inches deep. It had a convex lid, and was covered with
+shaggy horsehide, bound with heavily studded leather. The
+proprietor stated that he had found it in a cellar, full of old
+books, most of which had already been sold (his listener
+promptly pictured Caxtons among them); and he was amused
+to think that any one could be so foolish as to offer him two
+shillings for such a dirty old box. However, it was carried
+home in triumph, regardless of the great interest shown by
+fellow-travellers in the train. A year or two ago the same
+vender produced a similar trunk, rather larger, which was full
+of ancient deeds relating to property in Clerkenwell. These
+he sold for a shilling or two shillings apiece, according to size
+and seals. The box was larger than our bookman wanted,
+but apparently it soon found a purchaser.</p>
+
+<p>Surely such instances must be common in this great city,
+and many a trunk must yet linger in cellars and attics in the
+old parts of the town. Not many years ago our book-hunter
+chanced to visit an ancient house at the end of a small court
+off Fleet Street. Inside, it seemed to be entirely lined with
+oak planking, and it was occupied, or at least that part into
+which he penetrated was, by a printer in a small way of
+business. The staircase was magnificent, of massive coal-black
+oak; and when our book-hunter remarked upon it, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[<a href="./images/19.png">19</a>]</span>
+printer informed him he had discovered that the house had
+once been the town residence of a famous bishop of Tudor
+times.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> How the occupant discovered this fact our bookman
+does not remember; possibly the house is well known to
+antiquaries, and the occupier may have read about it or have
+been told by the previous tenant. But it is also within the
+bounds of possibility that he unearthed some deed or papers
+relating to the premises. It is strange, too, that one of the
+few letters of this bishop which have been preserved refers to
+books. 'Ye promised unto me, long agone,' he writes to
+Secretary Cromwell, 'the Triumphes of Petrarche in the
+Ytalion tonge. I hartely pray you at this tyme by this
+beyrer, . . . to sende me the said Boke with some other at
+your deuotion; and especially, if it please you, the boke
+called Cortigiano in Ytalion.'<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>There must be many such houses still extant in London,
+and who knows what there may be in their long-disused
+attics? Hidden away in the darkness beneath their tiles,
+between joists and under the eaves, it is possible that books
+till now unknown to us, by sight at least, may still exist.
+Or who has explored the lumber accumulated in many a
+disused cellar within a quarter of a mile of the Mansion House?
+The very existence of the trunks which we have mentioned
+proves that such things do still linger in the nooks and
+crannies of this great city.</p>
+
+<p>And I would not confine my surmise in this direction to
+London alone. Two ancient libraries there are, one in the
+North Countrie, the other in the West, that to my certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>[<a href="./images/20.png">20</a>]</span>
+knowledge have never been explored by modern bibliographer.
+The latter is spurned and neglected, the books are deep in
+dust and even mildew; the former is also neglected, but at
+least the house is inhabited. The owner, an old, old woman,
+will never permit of any volume being disturbed. It is said
+that her father collected the books many years ago, and that
+she still guards them jealously for him.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps one day a copy of the 'Nigramansir' will emerge
+from its long sleep in some such house as these. Indeed, it
+is not so much a matter of surprise that such books should
+have disappeared, as that they should have remained hidden
+for so long. In 1909 an ancient volume was accidentally
+discovered in an old manor-house in the North of England,
+where it had lain undisturbed for generations. It proved to
+consist of no less than five of Caxton's publications bound up
+together. Moreover, it was in the original binding, and was
+bound, probably, by one of Caxton's workmen, whose initials
+it bore. On being put up for sale at Sotheby's, it changed
+hands at &pound;2,600.</p>
+
+<p>The account which Gairdner gives in the Introduction to
+his last edition of the Paston letters, of the loss and rediscovery
+of those historic documents, is also a striking example of the
+manner in which books may lie hidden for years. For nearly
+a century the originals of Sir John Fenn's compilation were
+utterly lost. 'Even Mr. Serjeant Frere who edited the fifth
+volume . . . declared that he had not been able to find the
+originals of that volume any more than those of the others.
+Strange to say, however, the originals of that volume were in
+his house all the time. . . .' Gairdner then applied to the
+owner of Roydon Hall for the remainder of the manuscripts,
+but received answer 'that he did not see how such MSS.
+should have found their way to Roydon.' Yet there they were
+discovered (with many others) eight years later! Even then
+the whereabouts of the letters forming Fenn's first and second
+volumes, which he had presented in 1787 to King George <span class="smcap">iii.</span>,
+was still unknown. 'The late Prince Consort . . . caused a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>[<a href="./images/21.png">21</a>]</span>
+careful search to be made for them, but it proved quite
+ineffectual.' No wonder, for in 1889 they came to light in a
+Suffolk manor-house!</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to portray in words the sensations of the
+book-collector when engaged in searching some ancient
+building or library&mdash;especially if he be upon a 'hot scent.'
+The thrills that he experiences as he handles some rich volume
+that has lain hid for years, the delicious excitement that
+pervades him while exploring some huge charter chest or
+ancient oaken press, these are feelings not to be described in
+words. 'It was discovered in the library at such and such a
+place,' we read, and we barely stop to picture the scene of its
+finding or to imagine the sensations of its finder. The very
+finding at Syon by 'Master Richard Sutton, Esq.,' of the
+manuscript containing the 'revelacions' of St. Katherin of
+Siena, from which de Worde printed his edition, conjures
+up a whole romance in itself; yet in his eulogy of the work
+Wynkyn dismisses the matter briefly, merely stating that it
+was found 'in a corner by itself.' 'We were shipwrecked,'
+says the mariner, relating his adventures; and in those three
+words what a world of incident and sensations is comprised!</p>
+
+<p>Our book-hunter confesses frankly to having had much good
+luck in book collecting. Some years ago he made up his
+mind to start collecting Elzeviers, more with the intention of
+gathering a representative collection of books printed by that
+great family of printers than with any idea of specialising in
+them. Probably he was urged thereto by reading that wholly
+delightful book 'The Library' by Andrew Lang, wherein the
+author discourses so pleasantly on these rare pygmies of the
+book world. 'The Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois,' we read, 'has lately
+fetched &pound;600 at a sale'; and the 'C&aelig;sar' of 1635 seemed
+nearly as rare, provided it were a copy of that impression
+wherein the 149th page is misprinted '153.' A little later our
+bookman was dipping, for the <i>n</i>-th time, into that bibliophile's
+bible 'The Book Hunter,' by John Hill Burton, whose opinion
+of the C&aelig;sar seemed even higher, for he devotes nearly half<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>[<a href="./images/22.png">22</a>]</span>
+a page to the little volume which Brunet describes as 'une des
+plus jolies et plus rares de la collection des Elsevier.'</p>
+
+<p>That decided our friend. He would collect Elzeviers.
+Moreover, he would continue to collect them until he had
+acquired both the 'Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois' and the 1635 'C&aelig;sar.'
+Such was the confidence of youth! So he sallied forth straight
+away, determined to ransack the nooks and corners of certain
+shops of his acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>He didn't find the 'Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois' that afternoon,
+but he found the 1635 'C&aelig;sar' in Charing Cross Road for
+<i>two shillings</i>. Moreover, it had the requisite misprint and
+certain other distinctions which proclaim it to be of the rare
+impression, and it is no less than 126 millimetres in height!
+He has not yet come across the Pastissier, but doubtless he
+will find a copy one day, provided his luck holds good.</p>
+
+<p>The little 'Pastissier' is a far more interesting volume
+than the 'C&aelig;sar.' The latter is a dainty book, beautifully
+printed upon fine paper, with folding maps and plans of
+castramentation. The 'Pastissier,' on the other hand, is a
+disappointing little book in appearance, for it is but
+indifferently printed upon poor paper. It cannot even claim
+the merit of originality, being merely a pirated reprint of a
+volume that appeared in Paris some two years previously.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+But it is very, very rare, and it has been celebrated by many
+distinguished pens.</p>
+
+<p>'"Monsieur," said I, "pray forgive me if my question
+seems impertinent, but are you extremely fond of eggs?"'</p>
+
+<p>Such were the words with which Alexandre Dumas first
+addressed Charles Nodier, the famous dramatist and bibliophile,
+whom he found sitting next to him at the Th&eacute;&acirc;tre
+Porte-Saint-Martin. Dumas' curiosity as to the little volume
+that was engrossing his neighbour's attention more than the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>[<a href="./images/23.png">23</a>]</span>
+play was at length allayed, and it was a view of the title-page
+that prompted his unusual question. Looking over his
+neighbour's shoulder, he read, opposite the engraved frontispiece,
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-05.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-05_th.jpg" alt="LE PASTISSIER FRAN&Ccedil;OIS" title="LE PASTISSIER FRAN&Ccedil;OIS" /></a></p>
+<p class="figcenter">LE PASTISSIER FRAN&Ccedil;OIS</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">O&ugrave; e&#383;t en&#383;eign&eacute; la maniere de<br />
+faire toute &#383;orte de Pa&#383;ti&#383;&#383;erie,<br />
+tres-utile &agrave; toute &#383;orte<br />
+de per&#383;onnes.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><i>ENSEMBLE</i></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><i>Le moyen d'apre&#383;ter toutes &#383;ortes d'oeufs</i><br />
+<i>pour les jours maigres &amp; autres,</i><br />
+<i>en plus de &#383;oixante fa&ccedil;ons.</i></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><i>A AMSTERDAM</i></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">Chez Louys &amp; Daniel Elzevier</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><i>A M DC LV.</i></p>
+
+<p>But Nodier was far from being the gourmet that Dumas
+supposed him to be. He was merely a bookhunter devouring
+a rare 'find'; and the little book, he explained to Dumas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>[<a href="./images/24.png">24</a>]</span>
+was one of those tiny volumes published in the seventeenth
+century by the house of the Elzeviers at Leyden and
+Amsterdam; and of all the many productions of that press,
+this was the most sought for by collectors.</p>
+
+<p>Elzeviers, however, are no longer fashionable, in this country
+at least. The C&aelig;sar might possibly bring five pounds if it
+came to the notice of an Elzevier specialist, but I doubt it.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+Only the Pastissier has retained its exalted price, probably
+on account of its notoriety. A copy, in modern calf binding,
+sold recently (1917) at Sotheby's for so much as &pound;130; but
+Lord Vernon's copy, choicely bound by Cap&eacute;, realised only
+&pound;70 at the Sudbury sale in June 1918. However, it was a
+poor copy and much cut down.</p>
+
+<p>Railway-trains, among other things, have killed Elzeviers.
+Nothing could be more convenient for saddle-bag or
+knapsack, or the restricted luggage which one could stow in
+the boot of a coach. But who makes a practice nowadays of
+putting books into his suit-case or gladstone-bag?<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Besides,
+before the advent of railways, there was not the same facility
+for distributing books, and one might travel many leagues
+and visit many villages without coming to a place where there
+would be a bookshop. In travelling nowadays one is
+continually in the presence of cheap books.</p>
+
+<p>The fate of the little Pastissier was probably that of many
+popular books. There must have been thousands of copies
+of it printed. Dumas, in that delightful chapter of 'Mes
+M&eacute;moires' which we have just quoted, makes Nodier say,
+'Techener declares that there were five thousand five hundred
+copies issued, and I maintain that there were more than ten
+thousand printed'; and he goes on to declare that 'there are
+probably only ten examples of it left in Europe.' Willems,
+however, in his bibliography of the Elzeviers published in
+1880, enumerates some thirty copies, and states that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>[<a href="./images/25.png">25</a>]</span>
+highest price yet paid for the Pastissier was 10,000 francs.
+But that was for a quite exceptional copy. From 4,500 francs
+to 5,500 francs seems to have been the average value of the
+book in Willems' time, and, enthusiast as he is, he hesitates
+not to describe it as a 'bouquin insignifiant et m&eacute;diocrement
+imprim&eacute;.'</p>
+
+<p>Its scarcity at the present day is, perhaps, not surprising;
+for, from the very nature of its contents, its habitat must
+always have been the kitchen rather than the library. How
+long would such a tiny volume, with its 130 thin paper leaves,
+bear the rough and greasy handling of chefs and 'pastissiers'?
+Book-shelves are rare in kitchens, and the little book must
+have been continually moved from pillar to post. Besides,
+it is unlikely that copies for kitchen use would be strongly
+bound in morocco. The very printing and paper of the book
+sufficiently indicate the use to which its producers at least
+expected it to be put. So the little 'French pastrycook'
+gradually disappeared. Those for whose benefit it had been
+written would soon learn its secrets by heart and confide them
+verbally to their apprentices; and it would not be long ere the
+tattered and greasy booklet found its way into the dustbin.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the <i>rarae aves</i> sought by book-collectors this little
+volume is perhaps the most widely known. That copies may
+still exist in this country is shown to be possible by the fact
+(recorded by Willems) that one was sold at an auction in
+Belfast. Another was found at Brighton, and occasionally
+one appears in the London salerooms, as we have shown. It
+requires little imagination to picture merchants and travellers,
+whose paths led through the Low Countries at that time,
+slipping copies into their pockets or holsters for use in the
+household across the water. Many a courtly exile during the
+Protectorate, glancing through the bookshops of Amsterdam,
+must have chanced upon the little volume as a gift for wife
+or daughter.</p>
+
+<p>Numbers, also, must have found their way to France. Some
+years ago our book-hunter happened to stay at an ancient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>[<a href="./images/26.png">26</a>]</span>
+hostel in Rouen. From the outside the building was everything
+that could possibly be desired by bibliophile or
+antiquary. It was situated in one of those quaint narrow
+back streets that lead towards the Place Henri Quatre; and
+the courtyard was so small as scarcely to allow a baker's cart
+to turn round in it. Like many of the houses in this ancient
+town, its crookedness was such that it seemed impossible for
+it to remain standing much longer. Misgivings arose within
+him as he ascended the staircase, which seemed to sway as
+he avoided the broken treads. But the sight of the bedroom
+he was to occupy, furnished with such furniture and such a
+bed, all spotlessly clean and polished, sent him into the seventh
+heaven of delight. Here he could read and write undisturbed
+for as long as he chose to stay. Surely pleasant surprises
+must be in store for one in every way in such surroundings
+as these!</p>
+
+<p>It was not long before he got one.</p>
+
+<p>'Will Monsieur require anything to be cooked for him
+to-night?' inquired the trim hostess.</p>
+
+<p>It was rather late and our bookman was disinclined to seek
+a restaurant. Besides, he was anxious to explore his lodging
+before it got too dark. An omelette would be delicious,
+provided she could make one properly.</p>
+
+<p>'Eggs, perhaps, and tea, with bread and butter'&mdash;could she
+turn the eggs into an omelette?</p>
+
+<p>'Why certainly,' with a merry laugh, 'of course&mdash;<i>I can
+prepare eggs in more than sixty ways.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>To say that our book-hunter started would be to put it
+mildly. A certain title-page instantly rose before his eyes.
+There was only one way in which anybody could possibly
+learn to cook eggs in sixty different ways, and that was by
+studying the 'Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois.' Without the slightest
+doubt the hostess possessed a copy, and he was at last to look
+upon the tiny volume that he had sought for so long. But as
+she seemed so proud of her achievement, could she be induced
+to part with the precious tome? These and many other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>[<a href="./images/27.png">27</a>]</span>
+kindred thoughts passed rapidly through his mind as he
+repeated slowly 'en plus de soixante fa&ccedil;ons?'</p>
+
+<p>She laughed again. Ah yes, but she couldn't repeat them
+<i>d'abord</i>, she would have to <i>refer to her book</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He had difficulty in controlling his voice sufficiently to
+inquire what her book was.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, it was just a little book which her mother had given
+her, a little book of <i>la cuisine</i>. Could he see it? Why
+certainly, but it could not possibly interest monsieur, it was
+only a common little book, and dirty.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, as usual it would be soiled, perhaps badly, for it was
+evidently still in constant use; but so long as it were complete
+one might possibly be able to clean it. What delightful
+thoughts and anticipations passed through his mind as the
+hostess slowly descended the rickety stairs to fetch her
+treasure! At last he had found it, and just in the very sort
+of house and town where he had always expected to come
+across it. Well, well, if you make up your mind to have a
+thing and search eagerly enough for it, you are bound to
+obtain it in the long run.</p>
+
+<p>Then another thought entered his mind: how much should
+he offer her for it? Probably she would not part with it
+unless he named a sum which she could not resist; yet if the
+sum were at all large she might suspect the book's value and
+refuse. Ten francs, twenty-five, a hundred? While he was
+deliberating this important point she was ascending the stairs.
+Should he turn his back to her, shut his eyes, and tell her to
+place the volume on the middle of the table, then suddenly
+turn about and gloat upon the little treasure?</p>
+
+<p>Before he could make up his mind she came in and he got
+his second surprise that day. It was not as pleasant as the
+first, for in her hands she held a thick octavo volume bound
+in shiny black leather. Heavens! . . . a large-paper copy?
+. . . No, no, impossible. . . .</p>
+
+<p>'Le voici, m'sieu.'</p>
+
+<p>Our poor book-hunter's feelings almost overcame him, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>[<a href="./images/28.png">28</a>]</span>
+he opened the dirty manuscript volume mechanically, feebly
+muttering 'tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressant.' She watched him closely, and
+from that moment considered him slightly mad. However,
+the book certainly did contain sixty-two recipes for cooking
+eggs as well as receipts for making fancy pastry and cakes.
+Whether it was copied out of the 'Pastissier' I know not;
+but certain it is that the hostess had no knowledge of, nor
+had ever seen, that volume.</p>
+
+<p>There must be many book-treasures lying hid in all these
+ancient towns of Northern France, towns also that lie far
+off the restless tourist's track, small country towns in which
+the majority of the houses are slipshod timbered relics of a
+bygone age. No striking or unusual feature can they offer
+to the curious, and so for the most part they are dismissed
+in brief by the guide book. Yet there is many an aged
+building in Brittany where old books do still lie hid, as our
+bookman knows from the library of a friend who lives in
+Finisterre. St. Brieuc, Guingamp, Morlaix, Quimper, even
+Brest, all these must harbour long-forgotten books.</p>
+
+<p>But there are other towns which no power on earth shall
+force our book-hunter to disclose. One there is far off the
+beaten track, where the houses, painted with bright colours,
+lean all askew, supporting each other and sometimes almost
+toppling across the narrow winding streets. So that, entering
+it, one seems to have stepped suddenly into some such fairy
+town as exists in the pages of Grimm or Hans Andersen;
+and, half ashamed, one peers curiously at the dwellers in this
+goblin town, as though expecting to find that they have
+pointed ears and narrow elfin feet. They never seem to move
+about, and, sitting at almost every doorstep, watch one intently
+from weird nooks and crannies. Hurry and bustle are here
+unknown, and though they will reply to you in the best of
+French, yet to each other the townsfolk speak a strange and
+uncouth tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Once, rambling in the narrow alleys about the ancient
+church, our book-hunter ventured through a gothic doorway<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>[<a href="./images/29.png">29</a>]</span>
+along a broad passage that was guarded by a huge and
+ancient iron grille and presently he found himself in a small
+courtyard paved with moss-grown cobbles. About it was a
+timbered gallery, roofed, once doubtless level, now gently and
+gracefully undulating so that it seemed about to fall from off
+the wall to which it was attached. But the walls had also
+subsided with the gallery, so that the whole still showed a
+symmetry that was pleasing to the eye. Above the gallery
+and across the front of the building had been painted the
+legend <span class="smcap">hotel du lion d'or</span>, and a dim weatherbeaten shield
+above the doorway still bore the trace of a rampant lion. It
+seemed a large building, judging by the number of its
+windows, far larger than its present-day custom could possibly
+warrant.</p>
+
+<p>The place was curiously still, for the noise of carts and
+footsteps could never penetrate into that silent court, and it
+must have been many years since chaise or horseman clattered
+across its now mossy <i>pav&eacute;</i>. The stillness was almost uncanny,
+forbidding, and our book-hunter hesitated to cross the courtyard
+lest the sound of his footsteps should disturb the slumber
+of the ancient building. Presently a rat squealed somewhere
+along the gallery, and a voice called out sharply within. The
+spell was broken, and entering the house he called for a
+'petit verre' preparatory to finding out something of the
+inn's history.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it was very old, and madame had been born in it;
+but now that she was left alone with Jeanne it was very
+lonely, and there was little custom. Did they have many
+travellers there? Oh no, not for a long time, the house was
+not easy to find, and as the old customers died none came
+to fill their places. But sometimes Messieurs So and So came
+in of an evening and took a 'petit verre,' and then the
+neighbours were very friendly, so it was not so bad.</p>
+
+<p>So the hostess prattled on, only too pleased to impart the
+news of her little world to a newcomer from the greater one,
+while all the time fantastic visions rose before him. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>[<a href="./images/30.png">30</a>]</span>
+pictured old hide-bound trunks that had been left behind by
+travellers who had never returned, trunks which, opened,
+would prove to contain priceless black-letter books: boxes,
+stored in attics and cellars and in concealed presses, which
+would contain ancient apparel with copies of the 'Pastissier'
+in the pockets: small travelling bags, tendered by needy
+scholars in lieu of payment, which he would find stuffed with
+rare Elzeviers: rusty iron-bound chests enclosing missals,
+books of hours and antiphonals: in short to such heights did
+his imagination soar that he resolved to sojourn there till he
+had explored the old house from attic to cellar.</p>
+
+<p>Then a rat squealed again, near at hand. Oh yes, they
+were everywhere, ever since Monsieur Gautier rented the
+left wing of the house to store grain in; and they were <i>so</i>
+tame and <i>so</i> large that Madame was obliged to keep miou-miou
+in her bedroom every night.</p>
+
+<p>That decided our book-hunter. Enthusiasm can be carried
+too far. Even the possibilities of a rich trover would not
+compensate for having rats running about one's bed at night.
+Moreover the vermin would surely have gnawed, if not
+devoured, any copies of the 'Pastissier' that might have been
+lying about, even if these were innocent of bacon-grease
+stains. And so consoling himself, he took another 'petit
+verre' and departed, casting more than one regretful glance
+backwards at the old Lion d'Or.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Apparently there is only one copy of Upton's work in the United States
+at present&mdash;that which was formerly in the Huth Library. It was purchased
+at Sotheby's in July, 1920, by a well-known New York dealer, Mr. G. D.
+Smith, for ten guineas, the writer of these lines being the underbidder. Mr.
+Smith had sent "an unlimited commission" to secure it. An announcement
+in <i>The Bookman's Journal</i> (1920) asking for information respecting other
+copies elicited but one response.
+</p><p>
+Since writing the above, the author has secured the splendid presentation
+copy given by Upton's editor (Bysshe) to the great Parliamentary leader, Sir
+Humphrey Mackworth, of Neath, in Glamorganshire. It had remained at
+Glen Uske until the dispersal of the Mackworth Library in 1920.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> No. 16096. See page <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Possibly the title was <i>Nigromanser</i>, from <i>niger</i>, black, and <i>manser</i>, a
+bastard.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The perfect copy was purchased by Mr. Pierpont Morgan at the sale of
+the Hoe Library, in 1911, for &pound;8,560. It formed originally one of the
+twenty-two Caxtons which were dispersed in 1698 with the library of Dr.
+Francis Bernard, Physician to King James the Second, when it realised two
+and tenpence! It became the property of the great Robert Harley, Earl of
+Oxford, and was acquired later by the Countess of Jersey for two and a
+half guineas. Passing thus into the Osterley Park collection, it was purchased,
+when that library was sold in 1885, by Bernard Quaritch for &pound;1,950,
+becoming the property, the same year, of Mrs. Abby E. Pope, of Brooklyn,
+U.S.A.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> By Edward More of Hambledon, Bucks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Mr. E. G. Duff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> For this romantic story see <i>Books in Manuscript</i>, by Mr. Falconer Madan,
+8vo, 1893, p. 107 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Book-collectors always speak of <i>The</i> Farringdon Road; why, I know not,
+but the definite article certainly gives it an old-world tang.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Alas for romance! Truth compels me to add that as the Great Fire
+swept across this very court, the existing house must date at earliest from
+King Charles' reign. But the site and tradition as to its former owner may
+well be true.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>The Courtier</i>, by Baldassare Castiglione, was first printed at Venice in
+1528, folio. This letter was written by the fearless churchman, then of
+Wolsey's household, on the great Cardinal's 'last lingering journey north.'
+There is, perhaps, a certain significance in his wish to study a volume which
+treats of the art of living in courts, and of becoming useful and agreeable to
+princes, for he was shortly to transfer his services to a royal master.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> At the sale of Baron Seilli&egrave;re's books in 1887, a copy of this prototype
+of the Elzevier volume, printed at Paris 'chez Jean Gaillard,' 1653, brought
+only &pound;6, 10s. It was described as 'a beautiful copy, red morocco, super
+extra, gilt edges, by Petit.' It is exceedingly rare, but&mdash;it is not an Elzevier.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> A recent (1920) catalogue offers a copy for thirty-five shillings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> I confess that I do, but then I am hopelessly out of date, or I shouldn't
+be fond of Elzeviers.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>[<a href="./images/31.png">31</a>]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-06.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-06_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h4>THE LIBRARY</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Unto their lodgings then his guestes he riddes:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where when all drownd in deadly sleepe he findes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He to his studie goes.'&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Spenser.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-07.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-07_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">hat</span> magic there is for the book-lover in that
+word 'library'! Does it not instantly
+conjure up a vision of happy solitude, a
+peaceful seclusion where we may lie hidden
+from our fellow-creatures, an absence of idle
+chatter to distract our thoughts, and countless
+books about us on either hand? No man with any
+pretensions to learning can possibly fail to be impressed when
+he enters an ancient library, older perhaps by generations
+than the art of printing itself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'With awe, around these silent walks I tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">These are the lasting mansions of the dead:<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">"The dead!" methinks a thousand tongues reply,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">"These are the tombs of such as cannot die!"<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Crowned with eternal fame, they sit sublime,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And laugh at all the little strife of time.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>They are delicious retreats, abodes of seasoned thought and
+peaceful meditation, these ancient homes of books. 'I no
+sooner come into the library,' wrote Heinz, that great literary
+counsellor of the Elzeviers, 'than I bolt the door, excluding
+Lust, Ambition, Avarice, and all such vices, whose nurse is
+Idleness, the mother of Ignorance and Melancholy. In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>[<a href="./images/32.png">32</a>]</span>
+very lap of Eternity, among so many divine souls, I take my
+seat with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all
+great men and rich to whom this happiness is unknown.'</p>
+
+<p>Happy indeed are those days when the book-lover has been
+accorded the freedom of some ancient library. A delicious
+feeling of tranquillity pervades him as he selects some nook
+and settles himself to read. Presently the mood takes him
+to explore, and he wanders about from case to case, now
+taking down some plump folio and glancing at the title-page
+and type, now counting the engravings of another and
+collating it in his mind, now comparing the condition of a
+third with the copy which he has at home, now searching
+through the text of some small duodecimo to see whether it
+contains the usual blanks or colophon. But presently he will
+chance upon some tome whose appeal is irresistible. So he
+retires with it to his nook, and is soon absorbed once more
+with that tranquillity which is better than great riches.</p>
+
+<p>Dearly, however, though we may treasure the benefits and
+conveniences which these libraries of ancient foundation
+afford, for most of us there is another library that is nearer
+to our hearts; that cosy chamber with which we are
+accustomed to associate warmth, comfort, soft chairs and footrests,
+a wide writing-table that we may pile high with books,
+with scribbling-paper, foolscap and marking-slips in plenty.
+In short, a room so far removed from earthly cares and noise,
+that the dim occasional sounds of the outside world serve but
+to accentuate our absolute possession of ease. Here we may
+labour undisturbed though surrounded by a thousand friends.
+Or, if the mood take us, we may abandon ourselves to idle
+meditation</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Where glowing embers through the room<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Teach light to counterfeit a gloom,'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and, lying back at our ease, may gaze contentedly upon the
+faithful companions of our crowded solitude, gathering
+inspiration from their silent sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Each to his taste. Whether we be student, book-hunter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>[<a href="./images/33.png">33</a>]</span>
+librarian, or precentor,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> no earthly abode can be compared
+with that garden of our choice wherein we labour so
+contentedly. It may be a small room in our own house, it
+may be an ancient university or college library, but it is all
+one: it is a library, that haven of refuge from our worldly
+cares, where troubles are forgotten and sorrows lightened by
+the gently persuasive experience of the wise men that have
+gone before us.</p>
+
+<p>But, mark you, it must be literally removed from cares and
+noise, for it is impossible to study at all deeply while exposed
+to interruption. How terribly most of us have suffered from
+this form of mental torture, for it is little else! What trains
+of lucid thought, what word-pictures have been destroyed by
+thoughtless breakings of the chain of sequence! 'I have
+never known persons who exposed themselves for years to
+constant interruption who did not muddle away their intellects
+by it at last,' wrote Miss Florence Nightingale. Hamerton,
+quoting her, is equally emphatic upon this point.</p>
+
+<p>'If,' he writes, 'you are reading in the daytime in a house
+where there are women and children, or where people can
+fasten upon you for pottering details of business, you may be
+sure that you will <i>not</i> be able to get to the end of the passage
+without in some way or other being rudely awakened from
+your dream, and suddenly brought back into the common
+world. The loss intellectually is greater than any one who
+had not suffered from it could imagine. People think that an
+interruption is merely the unhooking of an electric chain, and
+that the current will flow, when the chain is hooked on again,
+just as it did before. To the intellectual and imaginative
+student an interruption is not that; it is the destruction of a
+picture.'</p>
+
+<p>Who has not suffered from the idle chatter, or even worse&mdash;the
+lowered voice, that often assails the ear when working in
+our larger public libraries? Some innocent-looking individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>[<a href="./images/34.png">34</a>]</span>
+will be reading quietly some paces away, so quietly and
+decorously in fact that one's heart goes out to him as a
+sympathetic fellow-bookman. Then enters some one whom
+he knows. In a flash he becomes a fiend incarnate. A word
+or two of greeting spoken in an ordinary voice one would
+pardon; but a long conversation is carried on in a monotonous
+forced undertone, terrible in its intensity. It is impossible to
+read so long as the conversation lasts, and murder surges in
+one's heart. O for the power to drop ten atlas folios in a
+pile upon their heads! People do not realise the carrying
+power of a strained and lowered voice. Generally the volume
+of sound is the same as when speaking aloud, for the tone is
+merely lowered and the same amount of breath is used. But
+often more force is required to vibrate the slackened vocal
+chords, and the maddening sound reaches to every corner
+of the building.</p>
+
+<p>In the Reading Room of the British Museum one is
+constantly aware of this buzzing going on all over the room.
+Would that the rule enforced at one of our older monasteries
+were applied: 'In the Chafynghowys al brethren schal speke
+latyn or els keep silence.' This would indeed ensure quietness
+nowadays. The rule for nuns, however (who, presumably,
+were not so well acquainted with Latin) would be better still.
+They were not to speak at all.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>So, if it be possible, see to it that your library, study,
+sanctum, or whatever you may call that one room in the
+house which is sacred to the daughters of Mnemosyne, is
+really your own: that it be a close closet to which you (and
+you alone) may retire at all seasons, certain in the knowledge
+that by closing the door you may shut out effectually all
+earthly cares and interruptions. Whether you are engaged
+in research merely for the gratification of your desire to
+possess knowledge, or whether literary production be your
+aim, unless you may study undisturbed your labours will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>[<a href="./images/35.png">35</a>]</span>
+never bear their full fruit. Interrupted, your knowledge will
+be scanty, diverse, and generally inapplicable, your literary
+output sketchy, incoherent, and disconnected.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is this incubus of interruption that drives so many
+men to working late at night. Doubtless those whose habit
+it is to work at that season produce just as good work in those
+hours as at any other time; possibly better, for habit may
+have accustomed them to put forth their finest intellectual
+efforts at that time of day. But the mind that has been
+brought up to rise at seven and go to bed at ten, is
+undoubtedly at its best before noon. Night working is not a
+natural tendency, it is an acquired habit; and though the
+expression 'burning the midnight oil' is taken to be
+synonymous with the acquisition of learning, yet in the long
+run it is but a poor economy of time, for the wisdom so
+acquired is often obtained at the cost of health and eyesight.</p>
+
+<p>And what is freedom from interruption but another name
+for solitude? It may be temporary, it may be prolonged,
+it may be permanent, but for the intellectual man it is
+absolutely essential. No one would be so foolish as to deny
+that literary work of the highest rank can be, and has been
+frequently, accomplished amid the bustle and noise of cities;
+witness the works of those literary giants who have passed
+their lives as town-dwellers. Doubtless they obtained the
+necessary solitude by spiritual detachment. But on the other
+hand, for intense and prolonged meditation, for the communing
+with one's innermost soul on the immense principles
+of life and nature, for the production of such deep soul-searching
+work as we see in the compositions of &agrave; Kempis,
+Dante, Milton, and Wordsworth, absolute solitude for some
+seasons is essential. There must be complete freedom from
+the daily distractions caused by one's fellow-beings.</p>
+
+<p>'Believe me, upon my own experience,' wrote St. Bernard,
+'you will find more in the woods than in books; the forests
+and rocks will teach you what you cannot learn of the greatest
+masters.' It is not necessary, however, for us to take up our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>[<a href="./images/36.png">36</a>]</span>
+abode in a cave that we may meditate undisturbed. Let us
+rather follow Wordsworth's example when he pours forth
+gratitude</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'For my own peaceful lot and happy choice;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">A choice that from the passions of the world<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Withdrew, and fixed me in a still retreat;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Sheltered, but not to social duties lost,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Secluded, but not buried; and with song<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Cheering my days, and with industrious thought;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">With the ever-welcome company of books;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">With virtuous friendship's soul-sustaining aid,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And with the blessings of domestic love.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is sufficient if we can withdraw at will into the solitudes.
+The younger Pliny, moralising to his friend Minutius (I should
+like to think him the progenitor of Aldo Manuccio), describes
+the delights of seclusion at his villa on the shore of the
+Adriatic. 'At such a season,' says he, in a retrospect of the
+day's work, 'one is apt to reflect <i>how much of my life has
+been lost in trifles</i>! At least it is a reflection that frequently
+comes across me at Laurentum, after I have been employing
+myself in my studies, or even in the necessary care of the
+animal machine; for the body must be repaired and supported
+if we would preserve the mind in all its vigour. In that
+peaceful retreat I neither hear nor speak anything of which
+I have occasion to repent. I suffer none to repeat to me the
+whispers of malice; nor do I censure any man, unless myself,
+when I am dissatisfied with my compositions. There I live
+undisturbed by rumour, and free from the anxious solicitudes
+of hope or fear, conversing only with myself and my books.
+True and genuine life! Pleasing and honourable repose!
+More, perhaps, to be desired than the noblest employments!
+Thou solemn lea and solitary shore, best and most retired
+scene for contemplation, with how many noble thoughts have
+you inspired me! Snatch then, my friend, as I have, the first
+occasion of leaving the noisy town with all its very empty
+pursuits, and devote your days to study, or even resign them
+to ease. For, as my ingenious friend Attilius pleasantly said,
+'It is better to do nothing than to be doing nothings!''</p>
+
+<p>The great Cardinal Ximenes, in the zenith of his power,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>[<a href="./images/37.png">37</a>]</span>
+built with his own hands a hut in a thick unfrequented wood,
+where he could retire occasionally from the busy world. Here
+he used to pass a few days, every now and then, in meditation
+and study. These he was wont to describe as the happiest
+days of his life, and declared that he would willingly exchange
+all his dignities for his hut in the chestnut wood. Thomas
+Aquinas, coming to visit the learned Bonaventura, asked him
+to point out the books which he used in his studies. The
+monk led him into his cell and showed him a few common
+volumes upon his table. Thomas explained that the books
+he wished to see were those from which the learned master
+drew so many wonders. Thereupon Bonaventura showed
+him a small oratory. 'There,' he said, 'are my books; that
+is the principal book from which I draw all that I teach and
+write.'</p>
+
+<p>To the thoughtless and those of shallow intellect solitude
+is inseparable from loneliness. There is, for them, something
+terrible in the thought of being debarred, even temporarily,
+from the society of their fellow-beings. 'Retirement,' says
+Disraeli, 'to the frivolous is a vast desert; to the man of
+genius it is the enchanted garden of Armida.' And for 'man
+of genius' I would substitute 'man of literary pursuits.'</p>
+
+<p>There is a pleasant story told of a monk who lived in the
+monastery of St. Honorat, which is situated on one of the
+Lerine Islands, off the coast of Provence. Possessed of a
+mind which, in the larger world, would indubitably have
+become an influence in the artistic progress of mankind, he
+found the sole outlet for its expression in the painting of those
+exquisite miniatures which are at once the delight and the
+despair of a more modern age. But it was not in the scriptorium
+nor was it in the bestiaries or the examples of his predecessors
+that he acquired his art. Every year, in the spring and
+autumn, he would go alone to one of the delicious islands of
+Hy&egrave;res, where there was a small hermitage. Here he would
+spend the weeks, not altogether in prayer and fasting, but
+in making friends with the birds and small animals that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>[<a href="./images/38.png">38</a>]</span>
+resorted there; studying their gestures, plumage, and colours,
+that he might reproduce them faithfully on the vellum of his
+missals and devotional books. Surely he learnt more on this
+deserted island than was possible at that time in the richest
+library in France.</p>
+
+<p>There is another kind of solitude, however, which can afford
+consolation to the soul as deep and as lasting as that afforded
+by the woods, the hills, the moors, the islands, those</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">'Waste<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And solitary places; where we taste<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pleasure of believing what we see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is boundless, as we wish our souls to be'&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and that is, the solitude engendered by a deep communion
+with books. For, if our paths lie amid the toil and turmoil
+of the world, and if it be impossible for us to seek seclusion
+amid the wastes, where else than in a library can we obtain
+that mental solitude so necessary for the nourishing of our
+literary spirit?</p>
+
+<p>Roger Ascham, sick at heart with long parting from his
+beloved books, writes to Sir William Cecil from Brussels in
+1553, to beg that 'libertie to lern, and leysor to wryte,' which
+his beloved Cambridge alone could afford him. 'I do wel
+perceyve,' he says, 'their is no soch quietnesse in England,
+nor pleasur in strange contres, as even in S. Jons Colledg, to
+kepe company with the Bible, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes,
+and Tullie.' And he goes on to say, 'Thus I, first by myn
+own natur, . . . lastly caulled by quietnesse, thought it good
+to couche myself in Cambridge ageyn.'</p>
+
+<p>Yet although we may seek solitude among our books, how
+far removed are we from being really alone! 'A man is
+never less alone than when he is alone,' said the noble
+Scipio<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>; and this is especially true of the book-lover. What
+bibliophile does not prefer the companionship of his books
+to that of all other friends? What friends so steadfast, so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>[<a href="./images/39.png">39</a>]</span>
+reliable in their friendship, so helpful in our difficulties, so
+apt upon all occasions, as the books which form our library?
+They are never elated at our mistakes, they are never
+'superior' when we display ignorance. Human friendships
+are limited; but to the number of our most intimate
+acquaintances in cloth, vellum, and morocco, there is no end.</p>
+
+<p>It is this universal sympathy afforded by our books that
+makes our sanctum such a delicious retreat. Here we need
+never be bored, for we can put aside the tedious or insipid
+at will, and turn to whatever subject or companion our fancy
+indicates. We are not bound to talk with persons or on
+themes that have no interest for us. There is no clashing of
+ideas, and complete harmony reigns amid our comfort.</p>
+
+<p>To the man of literary tastes there are few things more
+depressing than the conversations of 'small-talk' which an
+exacting society occasionally demands. Who has not suffered
+from their enervating effects? We are not all possessed of
+that mental abstraction which La Fontaine succeeded in
+carrying with him throughout life, forming a buffer from which
+all idle talk rebounded. He was once asked to dinner by a
+'fermier-g&eacute;n&eacute;ral' to amuse the guests. Thoroughly bored,
+La Fontaine ate much and said little, and rising very early
+from the table said that he had to go to the Academy. 'Oh,'
+said his host, 'but you are much too early for it.' 'Oh well,'
+replied Jean, '<i>I shall go the longest way to it.</i>' Poor Jean
+was really very absent-minded. He had a son whom he
+confided at the age of fourteen to a friend to educate. Not
+having seen the youth for a long time, he met him one day
+at the house of a savant without knowing him. Afterwards
+he happened to mention that he thought him a youth of wit
+and taste. Some one told him that the lad was his own son.
+'Is he indeed,' said Jean, 'well I'm very glad to hear it.'</p>
+
+<p>There is no end to the delightful hobbies that we may
+cultivate in a library. Here we may go fishing or whaling,
+fighting battles or exploring new countries, tracing pedigrees
+or going on crusade, cutting our way through virgin forests or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>[<a href="./images/40.png">40</a>]</span>
+filling herbaceous borders in our mind, or we may even
+descend into the pyramid of Cheops.</p>
+
+<p>Our book-hunter has a friend whose hobby takes the form
+of tracing the parentage and posterity of men who lived long
+years ago. They are mostly unknown to fame, and their
+names are only to be found in ancient peerages and suchlike
+books. Whether they were good or bad, religious or wicked,
+useful to their country or indifferent, handsome or ugly, is
+immaterial to him. In some cases they founded families that
+have endured, in others they perished with all their kindred
+within a century of the Norman Conquest. But to our genealogist
+they are very living people. He is intimately acquainted
+with the most of them, no less than with their wives
+and children, their fathers and grandfathers, their uncles and
+their aunts. As to the personal characteristics of Reginald
+Fitz-Ranulf lord of Bosham Castle in Com. Ebor, or his deeds
+or memorable actions (if, indeed, he ever perpetrated any) this
+student is unable to enlighten us. But that his wife was called
+Gunnora and that she was a daughter and co-heir of Richard
+de Tourville, he is quite positive. Apparently they had two
+sons, Fulk and Waleran, but our friend is strongly of opinion
+that Hamon FitzReginald (who had a moiety of the manor of
+Worthleys and was co-parcener with Payn FitzGeoffrey lord
+of Buncombe) was really a son of Reginald by a former wife.</p>
+
+<p>The memory of this eager student is little short of
+marvellous. He can remember not only names and marriages,
+but at least several of the families which owned any manor
+that you like to mention. He would certainly have put to the
+blush Pierre d'Hozier, the great French genealogist whose
+memory was so wonderful that it was said he must surely
+have been present at all the marriages and baptisms in
+Christendom!</p>
+
+<p>The library of this genealogist is a most interesting room.
+Many of the books necessary for his researches are of folio
+size and must be ready to hand; so they are ranged round
+the apartment at the level of one's waist. On entering the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[<a href="./images/41.png">41</a>]</span>
+room one is struck by this belt of massive volumes, the more
+so when their owner takes them up casually and turns to page
+after page without ever troubling to refer to the index.</p>
+
+<p>An evening spent with him is quite exciting. He asks the
+book-hunter's assistance over a knotty point. Several huge
+sheets of paper are laid upon the table, and each step in the
+pedigree is debated graphically. Volume after volume is
+referred to. At the slightest hitch out come Patent Rolls,
+Close Rolls, Fine Rolls, Pipe Rolls, and records of almost
+every description. Presently the room has the appearance of
+having been struck by a tornado. Volumes are lying about
+everywhere, and in every conceivable position. The floor is
+covered with them, all the chairs are in use, three Patent Rolls
+are lying open and face downwards on the mantelpiece, there
+are several on the hearthrug. In fact it is now impossible to
+move. Yet our host, accustomed to these things, in his search
+for a volume jumps from spot to spot with the agility of an
+antelope. The book-shelves are half-emptied, some of the
+remaining volumes have fallen down. My coffee cup lies on
+a pile composed of <i>Rotuli Hundredorum</i>, a <i>Placita Abbreviatio</i>,
+and a <i>Testa de Nevil</i>. But it is good fun, if exhausting,
+and a sovereign cure for insomnia. Our book-hunter usually
+leaves him about one o'clock in the morning, and the
+genealogist is genuinely sorry when he goes.</p>
+
+<p>But to tell the truth our bookman is not a bit the wiser
+as to Reginald FitzRanulf!</p>
+
+<p>One day friend Brown (for so he is called) came to see the
+book-hunter in great distress. He had but lately become a
+parent, and was still slightly excited about it.</p>
+
+<p>''Pon my word,' said he, 'I don't know what to do. You
+know how proud I am of my family, and how I hoped all along
+that it would be a boy so that I could give it the name that
+generations of my ancestors possessed. And now Mary says
+she won't hear of it.'</p>
+
+<p>The bookman sympathised with him, but asked what was
+the proposed name.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>[<a href="./images/42.png">42</a>]</span>
+'Turchetil,' said he; 'they were all called that for
+generations. But of course the name wasn't Brown then,
+Le Brun was the family name in the twelfth century.'</p>
+
+<p>'A fine lofty name,' replied his friend, 'but wouldn't
+Turchetil Brown sound rather funny nowadays?'</p>
+
+<p>'I don't see why,' said he stiffly; 'they're both good old
+names.'</p>
+
+<p>The bookman assented, though inwardly he could not but
+agree with Mrs. Brown. Turchetil Le Brun was one thing,
+and Turchetil Brown quite another. Perhaps, however, a
+compromise might be reached.</p>
+
+<p>'Is there no other ancient name in your family that would
+do?' he suggested.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' said the genealogist, 'there are two others, but not
+so good as Turchetil. They are Baldric and Bigod . . .'</p>
+
+<p>Truly the study of genealogy has its disadvantages. There
+must have been great bitterness in the Brown household
+before its mistress obtained her own way, and even more in
+the heart of our poor friend as he stood at the font and heard
+his firstborn son irrevocably named&mdash;George.</p>
+
+<p>Another friend and brother collector with whom our book-hunter
+sometimes passes an evening is a medical man of no
+small talent. But attached as he is to his profession,
+arch&aelig;ology is for ever striving with medicine for the first
+place in his affections, and his knowledge of herbals and the
+literature of alchemy is immense. His collection of works
+dealing with these subjects is well known to the booksellers,
+and the book-hunter sometimes receives a line from him
+asking him to pay a visit for the purpose of examining some
+recently acquired treasure.</p>
+
+<p>Of late his hobby has taken a curious turn. A chance
+conversation induced him to inquire into the death of Queen
+Anne. He professed to discover, in the accounts of her
+demise, certain symptoms which indicated a different disease
+from that usually assigned to her. So now he must needs
+hold an inquest upon the death of each one of our sovereigns,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>[<a href="./images/43.png">43</a>]</span>
+from the time of King William the Conqueror. He is
+exceedingly enthusiastic about it, and is preparing a paper
+to read before the local antiquarian society. In this he hopes
+to prove conclusively the impossibility of lampreys having
+had any share in the death of Henry the First, which was
+clearly due to appendicitis.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes when the book-hunter visited his medical friend
+he would find another collector there already, deep in bookish
+or scientific talk. Like the doctor, the biologist was a
+specialist in books no less than in science, and his hobby
+comprised a field till recent times untilled. Keen though he
+was in his pursuit, it was the sea that claimed his every day
+of leisure. An active mind, eager in the elucidation of the
+more abstruse problems of physiology, yet his alert bearing,
+his quickness of movement and springy step, spoke more of
+the quarterdeck than the laboratory. Denied the sea as a
+profession, his heart was for ever in ships; and when at
+length preferment took him inland to one of the ancient seats
+of learning, the ordered training of his mind turned his hobby
+towards the history and evolution of all craft that sail upon
+the waters.</p>
+
+<p>He is a great authority upon all matters pertaining to the
+rigging of medi&aelig;val ships. The history of their hulls he
+leaves to the attention of the important societies of nautical
+research. But on the evolution of the sky-topsail or fore-top-gallant-backstays
+his word carries much weight. He will
+travel a hundred miles in a week-end to see an illumination
+or carving of a ship, and his vacations he spends touring
+France and Flanders in search of stained glass windows that
+may throw some light upon his hobby. His collection of
+seals incised with ancient ships is a fine one, and the
+proceedings of more than one society are the richer for his
+researches.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago I came across another example of the manifold
+uses to which a private library can be put. A friend had
+given me a letter of introduction to a collector with whom he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>[<a href="./images/44.png">44</a>]</span>
+desired me to become acquainted. I was given to understand
+that the fellow-spirit was an exceedingly well-read man, and
+something of a wanderer.</p>
+
+<p>'He's a great traveller,' said my friend with a laugh,
+'there's hardly a country in the world that he has not visited.'</p>
+
+<p>'What an interesting man he must be,' I replied, 'but why
+do you laugh?'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, you'll see all right presently,' said he; 'but go and
+spend an evening with him; you will certainly be entertained&mdash;provided
+you are sympathetic and content to let him do all
+the talking.'</p>
+
+<p>So a few days later I called at the house of the traveller.
+He welcomed me in his study, a fine large room yet possessed
+of that cosiness imparted by the presence of many books.
+The walls were entirely covered with bookcases to a height
+of about eight feet; and these contained, he told me, about
+three thousand volumes. At the end of this long room was
+a wide bay window, and here was placed a comfortable easy
+chair with twin oak tables, very strong and low, at either arm.
+Close at hand were a revolving bookcase and a stand
+containing five or six japanned cylinders about three feet
+long, and some six inches across, such as are used to contain
+nautical charts.</p>
+
+<p>'You are fond of travel, are you not?' I remarked, as soon
+as I was settled. 'Jones told me that there are few countries
+with which you are unacquainted.'</p>
+
+<p>'That is so,' he replied; 'travel has always been my
+passion from my youth up, and of all the volumes which you
+see around you, there are scarcely a hundred that do not treat
+of some foreign country or voyage.'</p>
+
+<p>'How interesting,' I replied; 'it is a wise old dictum that
+there is nothing like travel to broaden one's mind. Unless
+we acquaint ourselves with the opinions held by men of other
+nations, men whose everyday life differs so widely from our
+own, who see things consequently from a different standpoint,
+how can we expect to regard any subject from all its various<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>[<a href="./images/45.png">45</a>]</span>
+aspects, which is essential if we are to pronounce an opinion
+which&mdash;&mdash;'</p>
+
+<p>'Quite so,' he interrupted, eyeing me suspiciously, and
+obviously fearing from my verbiage that he was about to be
+beset by a bore. (To tell the truth, I was rather glad of his
+interruption, for the sentence was beginning to get out of
+hand.) 'As you say, there's nothing like travel to broaden
+the mind. Why,' he went on hurriedly, 'before I was
+eighteen I had been up Aconcagua with Conway.'</p>
+
+<p>'Really?' I said, trying to associate the two with a country
+and a date. (Of course I knew where Aconcagua was&mdash;it
+was one of the most familiar names in my geography, only for
+the moment memory was a little refractory. Obviously it was
+a mountain, because he spoke of having been 'up' it. The
+name had a Spanish ending&mdash;of course! now I knew.) 'A
+wonderful country, Mexico,' I went on.</p>
+
+<p>'Mexico?' said he; 'yes, I know Mexico too. Been right
+through it, from Chihuahua to Tehuentepec and Campeachy.'
+(This was unfortunate, but apparently he didn't notice the
+mistake, for he went on at once.) 'But as I was saying, I'd
+been up Aconcagua before I left school.'</p>
+
+<p>'Good gracious,' I replied, amazed at his intrepidity, 'that
+must have been an experience!'</p>
+
+<p>'Rather,' said he: 'Haven't you read Conway's book?
+Published in '02, I think.' He strode across the room and
+brought back a volume. 'Yes, 1902: capital book; well
+worth reading. But Mexico,' he continued, without giving me
+time to display the knowledge that I suddenly recollected as
+I turned the pages of the book, 'Ah! there's a country for
+you! How I enjoyed my first visit! Ever been there?'</p>
+
+<p>'Alas! no,' I replied; 'but one of my fondest dreams has
+been to visit the ancient cities of the new world.' (I thought
+that was rather nicely put.)</p>
+
+<p>'Charnay,' he said; 'you know Charnay, then? It was he
+who took me there first. Early 'eighties, I think.' He pulled
+out another volume and turned to the title-page. 'Here we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>[<a href="./images/46.png">46</a>]</span>
+are, "The Ancient Cities of the New World," '87. My copy
+is only the translation, published two years after the original
+appeared.'</p>
+
+<p>This puzzled me rather. If he had been eighteen in 1902,
+he must have been a mere babe in 1885.</p>
+
+<p>'Rather young, were you not, when you were there?' I
+ventured.</p>
+
+<p>'Young? Why?' he replied.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, only because you said that you were eighteen when
+you ascended Aconcagua in 1902, so I thought that you must
+have been rather young when you were in Mexico in 1885.'</p>
+
+<p>He stood still and stared at me, a puzzled look on his face.</p>
+
+<p>'Good gracious,' he said, 'didn't Jones tell you? Didn't
+he explain to you about me and my travels?'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh yes,' I hastened to reassure him, fearful that I had
+given offence; 'he told me that you were a widely-travelled
+man; and, if you will permit me to say so, I think he
+understated&mdash;&mdash;'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes, yes,' he went on, 'but didn't he tell you <i>how</i> I
+travelled? Didn't he tell you that I had never been out of
+Europe? This is my world,' he continued, waving his arm
+round the bookcases; 'here are my Americas, my Africa, my
+Asia, my Europe, and my Australia. There (pointing to a
+case by the window) is my West Indies, here (indicating
+another one) is my Polynesia, there my Arctic and Antarctic.
+Here (patting the back of the big easy chair) is my steamboat,
+my mule, and my camel. No weather can delay me, no storm
+prevent my setting out. Though it snow a blizzard, still can
+I cross the very summits of the Andes: be there a year-old
+drought, still may I journey from Sydney to Port Darwin
+overland.'</p>
+
+<p>I could only marvel at the man. No world-wide traveller
+could have been prouder or have found greater satisfaction in
+the contemplation of his travels. And a further conversation
+assured me that, assisted by a good memory, he knew more,
+far more, of the countries about which he had read so many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>[<a href="./images/47.png">47</a>]</span>
+books than did ninety-nine out of a hundred of the tourists
+who had actually visited those lands.</p>
+
+<p>'Don't think,' he said, 'that I merely pass my time reading
+promiscuously all manner of books of travel. I do nothing
+of the sort. At the beginning of each year I map out the
+countries I intend to visit during that year. So much time is
+allotted to each, according to the size of the country and that
+of its travel literature. Then I compile a list of the books
+that I intend to read, and the order in which they should be
+read. I have a fine collection of maps, and those tin cylinders
+over there contain charts, by means of which I am enabled to
+follow more accurately and minutely the different journeys and
+voyages that I make.</p>
+
+<p>'Let me give you an example.' Here he took a thin octavo
+book from one of the cases. 'This is Commodore John
+Byron's narrative of the loss of H.M.S. <i>Wager</i>, one of Anson's
+squadron, on the coast of Chili, in 1740. It was published in
+1768, and is, in my opinion, one of the most thrilling tales of
+shipwreck and suffering that has ever been written. I dare
+say you remember Campbell's beautiful lines in "The
+Pleasures of Hope"; they are pencilled on the fly-leaf of
+my copy:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'"And such thy strength-inspiring aid that bore<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">The hardy Byron to his native shore&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">In horrid climes, where Chiloe's tempests sweep<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Tumultuous murmurs o'er the troubled deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">'Twas his to mourn misfortune's rudest shock,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Scourg'd by the winds, and cradled on the rock,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">To wake each joyless morn and search again<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">The famish'd haunts of solitary men."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>'There is no map in the volume, much less a chart, to show
+where the ship struck, though we are told that the land was
+"on the larboard beam, bearing <span class="smcap">n.w.</span>," and that they landed
+"in the latitude of between 47 and 48&deg; South." But without
+charts and maps how can one possibly follow the journey of
+the four poor sufferers along the coast on that terrible march
+from Mount Misery (as they named the inhospitable
+promontory where they landed) to civilisation on the island
+of Chiloe? With my maps I can follow their every footstep,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>[<a href="./images/48.png">48</a>]</span>
+with my chart I may visit each inlet that their frail canoe
+entered. Nor need I refer to these aids whenever I may turn
+to the volume again, for here (he unfolded a beautifully drawn
+map bound at the end of the volume) I have copied a chart
+which shows with a red line the whole of their terrible journey.
+I have done this with several of the older works on travel
+which I possess, books that were published without maps.'</p>
+
+<p>To me at least it was a new aspect of book-collecting,
+and an interesting one. But I confess to having been
+impressed more by its originality and the patient perseverance
+of its devotee than by the knowledge which it had
+enabled him to accumulate. His was a vast knowledge,
+yet limited; for it was confined almost entirely to the topography
+and early exploration of the countries which he
+studied, together with such sociology as he would glean midst
+travellers' accounts of adventures and sport. Development,
+resources, industry, had little place in it. He was thoroughly
+conversant with the early history of Australia, could recite the
+names of all the early pioneers, and could plot Burke's
+expedition or Phillip's voyage to Botany Bay. But of
+Melbourne or Sydney to-day, their size, commerce, exports,
+the principal industries or railways, of these he knew nothing.
+On the other hand, with those countries which have come less
+quickly under the hand of civilisation, such as New Guinea or
+West Africa, he was well acquainted. He had followed the
+history of this last down to fairly modern times, knew the story
+of every settlement from Bathurst to the Bight and to
+Benguela, with their principal exports; and could talk
+interestedly with any dweller on 'the Coast.'</p>
+
+<p>He is still comparatively a young man. If ever he sets out
+to see the world for himself, his pleasures will far exceed those
+of the ordinary tourist. Wherever he may go, he will need no
+guide-book to instruct him, in history at least. And he will
+visit out-of-the-way spots unnoticed by these authorities, but
+dear to him by reason of their mention in the pages of his
+fireside Mentors, their association with some thrilling though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>[<a href="./images/49.png">49</a>]</span>
+unimportant event of which he has read. Harbours, villages,
+buildings, will be familiar to him through some old print or
+coloured engraving; and he will eagerly compare the actual
+appearance with the mental picture he has borne for so long.
+Disappointment sometimes there will be, but a delightful
+anticipation always.</p>
+
+<p>I hope, however, that I shall never be his travelling
+companion!</p>
+
+<p>And here I cannot forbear to mention one other book-collecting
+acquaintance. A bosom friend of the genealogist,
+he was at one time a fellow-worker, and they would sit
+closeted for hours debating the parentage of Henry ap John.
+But he lacked that determination which prevented his friend
+from being constantly side-tracked, and the minuti&aelig; of history
+had a fatal attraction for him. As to whether Hugo de
+Beauchamp of <i>Com. Wigorn.</i> (which was their pleasant way
+of saying that he lived in Worcestershire) held his manor by
+serjeanty of the <i>condimentum</i> was of small moment to him
+compared with the price which King Edward paid him for a
+couple of goshawks or a greyhound; and he wondered of
+what sort was the tun of wine which he had from that
+sovereign as a Christmas present. And so his book-buying
+became more and more confined, for it was restricted now to
+those curious and uncommon works which treat of the byways
+of history; such as the Accounts of the Wardrobe and
+Hanaper, the reports of the lords marchers of the realm,
+books on feudal customs and offices, and the like.</p>
+
+<p>During the great war our friend busied himself with His
+Majesty's ordnance. Hitherto he had always associated the
+term with cast-iron cannon, and had vague recollections of
+the number of 'ordnance' carried by the Great Harry or
+fired from the Tower of London during Sir Thomas Wyatt's
+insurrection. But even when these dreams were dispelled,
+his thoughts still harped on medi&aelig;val equipment and harness
+while checking cases of boots or mess-tins; and he wondered
+how such things were managed before the days of railways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>[<a href="./images/50.png">50</a>]</span>
+Released at length from this employ, his interest increased
+with leisure to pursue his investigations.</p>
+
+<p>His passion now is the method in which the ancient
+campaigns of this country were conducted. He is quite an
+authority upon medi&aelig;val transport, by sea as well as by land,
+and he can tell you at once the quantities of bowstrings and
+quarrels 'indented for' during the Cr&eacute;cy and Poictiers
+campaigns. Not long ago, poring over an ancient roll of
+parchment in the Record Office, he came across a list of the
+ships requisitioned for the Agincourt expedition, with their
+names, ports, and tonnage, inscribed on the back of one of the
+membranes. Great was his delight, and it will be some time
+before his friends will be allowed to forget this important
+discovery.</p>
+
+<p>How valuable are these researches of our book-collecting
+friends! Do they not add a zest to those delightful evenings
+when, with curtains drawn and blazing fire, our favourite pipe
+aglow, a tall glass at our elbow, we hunt our treasures o'er
+again in comfort, roaming the bookstalls of our fancy? It is
+well, however, that our humours in book-lore are not all alike,
+else how tedious would some of these conferences become.
+Elation and jealousy would be hard to banish at times when
+we held some coveted volume in our hands. But with
+divergence of tastes such feelings cannot exist, and we
+eagerly share our friends' enthusiasm in their treasures and
+their delight in some newly-found gem.</p>
+
+<p>It is a very serious business, this book-collecting. Whether
+we are contented now to let our library be slow of growth,
+or whether we are still imbued with the ardour of our early
+youth, we are none the less under the spell of books. Our
+paths may lie outside the pale of book-land for years, but the
+chance handling of a valuable or scarce volume will instantly
+awaken all our bibliophilic desires. Book-collecting is not
+like other pursuits. In after years we may realise that many
+of our hobbies are but vanities, but the love of good books is
+something far beyond all these ephemeral pursuits.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>[<a href="./images/51.png">51</a>]</span>
+Doubtless few of us realised at the outset of our careers as
+book collectors how completely we should be mastered by this
+love of books. Who did not think that it comprised but
+occasional visits to the book-shops and bookstalls, perhaps
+even to an auction-room, and the reading of nondescript
+catalogues? But it is like all other hobbies: ridden at first
+with too little restraint, it soon gets the upper hand, and
+off it goes, bit between teeth, carrying its rider ever farther
+and farther afield. And no man of spirit would think of
+seeking to curb his hobby's gallop. We have mounted of
+our own free will, determined to pursue the chase, and never
+shall it be said that we were too timid to face the difficulties
+of the country ahead. The greater the difficulties the greater
+the sport, and in our enthusiasm we are determined to overcome
+all obstacles. So that, though our hobby may at length
+become our master, so enthralled are we in the pursuit that
+there is little danger of it assuming the semblance of a
+nightmare.</p>
+
+<p>The farther we go, the wider the fields which open to our
+view, and there is interest for us in all of them. We roam at
+our pleasure over vast fields of literature, digressing here and
+there just as our fancy takes us. There is no danger, moreover,
+in being side-tracked, for such divagations in the realms
+of bibliography as we may make will serve but to increase
+our knowledge of books in the right direction. The only risk
+that we shall incur is that of becoming specialists, which is
+precisely what we should most desire.</p>
+
+<p>And how delightful are these digressions in the world of
+books! There is no other occupation in which one may
+wander so innocuously. In most of the learned professions
+digressions are fatal to success. Anthony Despeisses was a
+lawyer who used frequently to digress. Beginning one day
+in Court to talk of Ethiopia, an attorney who sat behind him
+remarked 'Heavens! He is got into Ethiopia, he will never
+come back.' Despeisses, we are told, was so abashed with
+the ridicule that he chose rather to leave off pleading than to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>[<a href="./images/52.png">52</a>]</span>
+correct himself of this unfortunate habit, and quitted the Bar
+for ever. Doubtless he found solace among his books, for
+here at least he could digress to his heart's content.</p>
+
+<p>Although, from a worldly point of view, side-tracks are fatal
+to success, yet they are as necessary a part of our literary
+education as is the application to study itself. Without
+digressing as we applied ourselves to books, narrow indeed
+would be the views that we acquired. Of what value is a vast
+acquaintance with the material details of a war, if we are
+ignorant as to the causes which brought it about, or the
+reasons why the nations were warring? 'Ah yes,' perhaps
+you may exclaim, 'but politics and history are all one, for
+the former creates the latter.' Precisely: so that in order
+to obtain a knowledge of the one, we must deviate to the
+other. Sharon Turner in his 'History of England during the
+Middle Ages' passes abruptly from the death of King Henry
+the Second to the military spirit of Mohammedanism, from
+the Troubadours to the early dissipations of King John, and
+devotes two of his five volumes to the Literature of England
+with copious examples of early poetry. It is all history, yet
+how indispensable are the side-tracks.</p>
+
+<p>It is a subtle art, however, this knowledge of how and when
+to digress, and not easy to be learnt. Gerard de St. Amand
+died of grief in his middle age because Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span> could not
+bear his reading of a poem on the Moon, in which he praised
+the King for his skill in swimming. On the other hand
+Madame de Sta&euml;l obtained almost all the material for her
+literary work by a consummate skill in directing the
+digressions of conversation. Upon whatever subject her pen
+was engaged, that was the theme to which she led all talk.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne's famous letter 'To a friend upon
+occasion of the death of his intimate friend' is a masterpiece
+of the art of digressing. Surely it is one of the quaintest
+letters of condolence ever written, if indeed it were ever
+intended to be such, for it has that stamp of careful
+literary composition which is usually so apparent in all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>[<a href="./images/53.png">53</a>]</span>
+letters written with a view to publication. The friend in
+question died of a consumption, and Sir Thomas recapitulates
+his disease, symptoms and death; contrasting each feature
+with the celebrated examples of history; moralising and
+discussing the opinions of the ancients upon these points as
+he goes along; and showing by his own experience that a
+man 'after a cough of almost fifty years, in whom all the
+lobes adhered unto the Pleura,' might yet die of stone in the
+bladder. Doubtless the friend to whom the letter was indited
+was highly edified by the aged doctor's learning, yet one
+cannot conceive that he would be greatly consoled by being
+informed, when discussing the patient's cough, that 'in
+cetaceous Fishes, who have large and strong lungs, the same
+is not observed; nor yet in oviparous Quadrupeds.'
+Digressing in this manner is a risky business, and if the grief
+were still fresh, it is more than likely that the bereaved one
+would exclaim 'A fig for your fishes, Sir.' But Sir Thomas
+was a wise and worldly man, and would know from experience
+precisely when to administer his soothing draught.</p>
+
+<p>The attractions of digressing are far more insidious than
+would appear at first sight. It is so easy, one finds such
+delightful things, it is all in the daily task of gathering
+knowledge, it may be useful to us some day, and so on. But,
+unwisely employed, it is a more terrible thief of time even
+than Young's 'procrastination.' Worse still, it is a <i>waster</i>;
+for the scrappy knowledge so often acquired by this means
+becomes invariably the 'little learning' which is so dangerous&mdash;and
+useless&mdash;a thing. So that unless we are strongly
+imbued with the spirit of scholarly research, determined that
+we will not deviate one iota from the particular side-track
+which we are exploring, we are in grave danger of becoming
+lost in the maze of paths. Digressions in conversation and
+books can be of immense value, but he must be a man of
+iron will who can utilise to permanent advantage his resources
+in this direction. Constant and purposeless digressions, in
+reading no less than in talk, are just as injurious as interrup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>[<a href="./images/54.png">54</a>]</span>tions.
+The mind is switched from one subject to another,
+and an entire sequence of reasoning which we may have been
+building up by the study of some days is destroyed in a few
+moments by the opening up of an unexplored tract of
+thought.</p>
+
+<p>For many years there was a learned man at work in one of
+our ancient abbey libraries, cataloguing the manuscripts
+and monastic charters of the ancient foundation. Their number
+runs into many thousands, and at the outset the Keeper<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+realised that if this task of providing an index and pr&eacute;cis of the
+entire collection (which would be of incalculable value to the
+historical students who came after him) were to be accomplished
+in his lifetime, it would be necessary to adhere rigidly
+to his plan. Any deviation, however slight, would mean the
+loss of valuable time. To the historian and antiquary such
+a determination must have cost more than we can imagine;
+for every now and again he came across some charter of great
+historical interest. 'Ah,' he would sigh, reading it through,
+'and now I suppose you must go back again into the
+obscurity in which you have lain for eight hundred years.'
+He quietly made his pr&eacute;cis, indexed the document, and
+replaced it in the oaken press. There, thanks to his labours,
+it will be turned to at some future date to add laurels to the
+'researches' of another man.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most innocuous way in which we may digress
+is by compiling one of those delectable literary hotch-potches
+known as 'commonplace books.' Here, with careful selection,
+we may garner those delightful thoughts, those gay conceits or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>[<a href="./images/55.png">55</a>]</span>
+pithy stories, that strike our fancy as we read. And though
+perhaps it may be urged that such collections resemble a
+casket of loose jewels plucked from their settings, yet they
+are jewels none the less. We may store all our collections
+within one cover, or we may preserve separately our extracts
+from the poets, our biographies, our meditations, or our
+anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>The first 'commonplacer' of whom I have seen mention
+was one Photius, a colonel in the Life Guards at
+Constantinople during the ninth century, or&mdash;as he was then
+called&mdash;Protospatharius. Later he became ambassador to
+the court of Baghdad, and amused himself by compiling a
+volume which he called <i>Myriobiblon</i>, a collection of extracts
+of the authors which he had read. He was a man, we are
+told, of extraordinary vigour of mind, and of encyclop&aelig;dical
+knowledge, and he was so devoted to reading that he passed
+whole nights without sleep. Accordingly we are not surprised
+to find that the Myriobiblon, with its Latin translation, forms
+a folio volume of some 1500 pages. When on an embassy to
+Assyria, he carried his library&mdash;some 300 rolls&mdash;with him,
+presumably on camels. Thus, we suppose, he could bestride
+his dramatic camel, his poetic camel, or his theological camel
+as the mood took him. The Myriobiblon was compiled merely
+as a handbook for his brother Tarasius, that the latter might
+enjoy a brief synopsis of what the ambassador read on his
+travels. Several authors are now known only by the extracts
+in this book; and among them may be mentioned a writer
+named Conon, who is said to have written fifty novels, which
+Photius condensed to his liking. All this, of course, was
+merely <i>pour passer le temps</i>; the really important works of
+this bookworm being a lexicon and a number of books on
+theology. Needless to say in due course he became Patriarch
+of Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>Who nowadays keeps a commonplace book? Doubtless a
+good many readers of to-day have neither time nor inclination
+to indulge this pleasing fashion, at one time so popular; but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>[<a href="./images/56.png">56</a>]</span>
+to anyone whose delight is the reading of good books as
+opposed to modern novels, there can be no more interesting
+amusement.</p>
+
+<p>It can be a risky thing, however, this commonplacing, and
+he would be a bold man who dared to assign unto any one
+writer a popular phrase for no other reason than that this one
+has first expressed it in writing. There is no new thing under
+the sun, and by continued expression a familiar maxim
+becomes at last a proverb. Ask at a dinner-table who first
+wrote 'God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.' The
+knowing ones will puzzle their brains in silence; some lady
+with religious tendencies will claim it for the Holy Writ,
+inclining towards Isaiah; but the quiet bookish man at the
+end of the table will smile in a superior way, and offer to wager
+that he can name the author. You may safely accept his bet,
+for it is a hundred pounds to a penny that he will proclaim
+Laurence Sterne to have written it&mdash;he may even quote the
+context. Granted that Sterne did write it, but Sterne was a
+widely-read man and a plagiarist of no mean ability. So you
+may ask the bookish man how he doth account for this saying
+occurring in that quaint collection of 'Outlandish Proverbs'
+entitled 'Jacula Prudentum,' by Master George Herbert,
+compiled <i>from ancient sources</i> full a hundred years before the
+birth of the 'Sentimental Journey.'<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>Sometimes in ancient literature one comes across an
+expression which is in the vocabulary of everybody to-day,
+and one realises how very ancient some of these popular
+aphorisms must be. 'It is not alle golde that glareth,' wrote
+Chaucer, and the same theme was sung in Proven&ccedil;al by
+Amanieu des Escas near a hundred years before. But, like
+'A bird in the hand,' it is so applicable to the failings to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>[<a href="./images/57.png">57</a>]</span>
+which mankind is prone, that its origin must surely have been
+far beyond even the classics of the old world, back in the dim
+ages of man's history. Common also to all nations must some
+at least of these primitive sayings be, for there is a prim&aelig;val
+simplicity about them that knows nothing of race or
+civilisation. 'A soft answer turns away wrath,' 'Pride goes
+before a fall,' 'Spare the rod and spoil the child,' are not all
+these and many others, collected by King Solomon from the
+wisdom of the East, as applicable to our everyday life in this
+age as they have ever been in the whole history of mankind?<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+Enough of moralising, however; or else, convinced of the
+futility of attempting to assign originality to any man, you
+will come to agree with the young lady of fifteen who, priding
+herself on the possession of a literary <i>flair</i>, once remarked
+to the writer: 'In fact there is little doubt that Junius never
+wrote the letters attributed to him at all!'</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Usually the precentor was also archivist and librarian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> In one monastery, however, they were allowed to speak 'passing soft.'
+We know that 'passing soft!'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> 'Nunquam minus solus quam cum solus.' Alfonso d'Este (born 1476)
+had it carved on the mantelpiece of his study at Belvedere.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Dr. E. J. L. Scott of Westminster Abbey, sometime Egerton Librarian of
+the British Museum. He calendared no less than 57,000 documents at the
+Abbey, but alas! a long life was insufficient to enable him to complete his
+task. The whole working portion of his latter years was spent in the muniment
+room, and it was there that he was seized with the illness which ended
+his life the same day (1918). The work which he accomplished (now being
+ably continued, on the lines which he laid down, by his successor, the present
+Custodian of the Abbey) has been utilized by scholars from universities all
+over the world. However busily employed, he was always ready instantly to
+lay aside his work in order to assist a student over some difficult point,
+whether of history or pal&aelig;ography.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Edition of 1651, 12mo, page 52. 'To a close shorne sheep, God gives
+wind by measure.' First printed in <i>Witts Recreations</i>, 1640. Sterne might
+have reflected that it is not usually the custom to shear <i>lambs</i>.
+</p><p>
+Since the above was written, a correspondent has brought to the writer's
+notice a sixteenth century French version:&mdash;<i>Au br&eacute;bis tondue, dieu donne le
+vent par mesure.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> It is curious to note how some of these famous sayings have been wrongly
+assigned. A recently published <i>Dictionary of Quotations</i>, assigns Scipio's
+famous dictum, 'A man is never less alone than when he is alone,' to Swift&mdash;a
+slight error of some nineteen centuries. W. C. Hazlitt in his <i>Book-Collector</i>
+makes an even more delightful howler, tracing the well-known verse in
+Ecclesiastes (xii. 12): 'Of making many books there is no end . . .' etc.,
+'back at least to the reign of Elizabeth' (<i>sic</i>), assigning it to a preacher at
+Paul's Cross in 1594.</p></div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>[<a href="./images/58.png">58</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-08.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-08_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h4>BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.'&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Proverbs xiii. 20.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft">
+<a href="./images/ill-09.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-09_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">t</span> is one of the tragedies of the book-collector's
+life that he is made aware continually of the
+deficiencies of his collection. Every bookseller's
+catalogue that he takes up reveals
+these lacun&aelig;; and even after many years
+of diligent book-hunting, when he can look
+upon his library with no small pride and has come to regard
+it as being more or less complete (for his own purposes, that
+is), some intimate friend to whom he is displaying his treasures
+will ask to see some well-known book, and he will be obliged
+to confess that he does not possess a copy. The reason
+probably is either that he has collected books upon no
+definite system, or that he has lost sight of the many works
+which his library should contain, through having confined
+himself too rigidly to specialism.</p></div>
+
+<p>Both practices are bad, though the former is infinitely the
+worse. To collect books indiscriminately tends to develop
+the dread bibliomania. To specialise in a particular class of
+books should be the object of every collector; but to adhere
+so rigidly to that one class of literature as to exclude from
+our library the great books of the world, is to deprive ourselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>[<a href="./images/59.png">59</a>]</span>
+of all the advantages which a library can offer. 'There are
+some books, as Homer, Virgil, Horace, Milton, Shakespeare,
+and Scott, which every man should read who has the opportunity;
+should read, mark, learn and inwardly digest. To
+neglect the opportunity of becoming familiar with them, is
+deliberately to sacrifice the position in the social scale which
+an ordinary education enables its possessor to reach.'<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> What
+a number of famous names one can add, without which no
+library worthy the name can be complete! We are not all
+such sages as that great man Philip Melanchthon, whose
+library is said to have consisted of four authors only, namely,
+Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy the geographer. But
+then, these are whole libraries in themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Who, beside ourselves, shall decide what we shall read?
+'A man's reading, to be of any value,' wrote Professor Blackie,
+'must depend upon his power of association; and that again
+depends upon his tendencies, his capacities, his surroundings,
+and his opportunities.' But there are some authors whom the
+world has decided are great, whom we cannot possibly afford
+to neglect in the course of our literary education. There can
+be no doubt as to our decision here; and although it has been
+said truly that 'a lifetime will hardly suffice to know, as they
+ought to be known, these great masterpieces of man's
+genius,'<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> yet these great classics should form the nucleus of
+our library, and to them we may add the other famous and
+approved books of the world as opportunities occur.</p>
+
+<p>It is not without diffidence that I venture to approach
+this important question as to what we should read. Perhaps
+there is nothing more irritating to the real book-lover than
+to be told, usually by some well-meaning person, that he or
+she should read this or that. In nine cases out of ten the
+book or author recommended is one that we can safely afford
+to neglect. It is one of the commonest of human failings to
+imagine that a book which pleases us must necessarily please<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>[<a href="./images/60.png">60</a>]</span>
+all others too, and we recommend it blindly to the first friend
+we come across, regardless of age, disposition, intellectual
+capacity, opportunity, surroundings, or even sex. It never
+even occurs to us to consider these matters, these vital qualities
+upon which the whole question of like or dislike depends.</p>
+
+<p>'To every thing there is a season, and a time to every
+purpose under heaven'; and again, 'A wise man's heart
+discerneth both time and judgment,' wrote the Preacher of
+Judah. Yet mindful though we be of these ancient words of
+wisdom, how rarely do we apply them to our everyday
+reading! If we be in the mood for reading we pick up any
+book at random; if it please us at the moment, we continue
+to read it. If it be distasteful to us, we put it aside
+immediately. Possibly we recollect, next time that our eyes
+light upon a volume so discarded, that it was once displeasing,
+and we never take it up again. So, it may be urged, our mind
+exercises the power of selection for us: we can only absorb at
+any given time the class of literary food for which our mind
+then happens to be hungry.</p>
+
+<p>But the truth is far otherwise. If we take up and read a
+book at random, in nine cases out of ten we continue to read
+it simply because it entails no mental effort. We do not have
+to think of what we are reading; our eyes gallop over
+sentence after sentence, and so long as the language is
+colloquial and the facts are bald, all is well, and we can go
+on and on. It is not only the body that, unchecked, is
+inclined to be slothful. Unless we have as complete a control
+over our minds as we have over our limbs, it is quite impossible
+that our reading shall benefit us to its full extent.</p>
+
+<p>There is another point of view also. 'Every book that we
+take up without a purpose is an opportunity lost of taking
+up a book with a purpose.'<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> And this does not mean that
+we should always be reading 'improving' books, that we
+must never read for recreation alone; for, I repeat, 'there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[<a href="./images/61.png">61</a>]</span>
+is a time to every purpose under heaven.' But it does insist
+most emphatically that there should be a rhyme and a reason
+for reading any book at any time. There is a time for work
+and a time for play in reading no less than in the daily cycle
+of our lives. As to what shall constitute recreative reading,
+that is a matter which every man must decide for himself. I
+will venture to prophesy, however, that, by judicious selection
+and thoughtful reading, there will come a time when he will
+consider the reading of the great books to constitute the finest
+mental recreation in the world.</p>
+
+<p>To return, however, to the great writers, those giants of
+whom we have said that it behoves us all to know something
+at least. Must we read them all? Let us leave 'must' out
+of the question; for our lifetime, however long it may be, will
+be scarcely sufficient to know and appreciate to the full these
+great masters of human thought. Yet at least it can be our
+aim ever to feed our minds only upon food of the finest
+quality and of a permanent nutritive value. But alas! How
+terribly limited are our capacities both as regards time and
+opportunity! How narrow the bounds which confine our
+reading abilities! Though a list of the great writers contain
+all the constituents of an Epicurean feast, yet to most of us
+it resembles the menu of a Gargantuan banquet.</p>
+
+<p>As to the classics of the old world, surely, it may be urged,
+in such an essentially practical age we can afford to neglect
+books so hopelessly out of date? Yet there can be no greater
+mistake than to imagine that the wisdom of the old world
+can ever be out of date, for it is the wisdom that has created
+the civilisation of the newer world. Countless generations of
+men may pass away and be utterly forgotten, but the principles
+of morality inherent in man's nature will endure for ever.
+And it is these great principles of all that is good and noble
+in our nature that is brought out and developed insensibly by
+the study of the classics in our youth. Moreover they are
+books that have been accepted by all the nations of Europe
+as containing the bases of human thought. Something at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>[<a href="./images/62.png">62</a>]</span>
+least we should all know of these great writers common to all
+civilised nations.</p>
+
+<p>To most of us, however, there is an insurmountable barrier
+surrounding them, the matter of language. The knowledge
+of Greek and Latin that we acquired at school has become
+painfully rusty. Is it worth while slogging away laboriously
+with grammar and dictionary at the expense of valuable time
+which might otherwise be devoted to the more modern classics
+in our own tongue? Candidly, it is not. If we have retained
+sufficient of our Greek and Latin to read it at sight with but
+an occasional reference to the dictionary well and good; but
+otherwise it is a painful waste of time. Hamerton recommends
+that we read the ancients with the help of literal
+translations beside the original, in which way, he says, we
+'may attain a closer acquaintance with ancient literature
+than would be possible by translation alone.' But to many,
+an English version must be the only door by which they may
+enter Attica and Rome.</p>
+
+<p>After all, it is for each one of us to decide how widely our
+time and opportunities shall permit us to wander on the
+slopes of Mount Parnassus. 'The best time-savers are the
+love of soundness in all we learn to do, and a cheerful
+acceptance of inevitable limitations.'<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Yet it is better to have
+wandered on the lowermost slopes of the mountain than never
+to have entered ancient Greece at all.</p>
+
+<p>Who nowadays, outside the universities, reads these ancient
+classics? Where will you find a business man of thirty years
+of age whose delight in his leisure time is the reading of
+Horace or Homer? Here and there, perhaps, you may come
+across a man of classical education who still retains the love
+of ancient Greece and Rome, instilled into him in his youth,
+sufficiently to influence the course of his reading; but he is a
+rarity indeed. Among the many thousands of young men
+employed in business in the great cities, most of whom have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>[<a href="./images/63.png">63</a>]</span>
+learnt something at least of the classics in their youth, scarcely
+will you find one who will confess to having time for such
+literature. Yet all these thousands read many books each
+year, and can always find time to devour the latest popular
+novel.</p>
+
+<p>It is chiefly a question of recreation <i>versus</i> education. Tired
+and jaded with the day's business, the young man of to-day
+has little inclination to devote his leisure time to study. Light
+frothy literature removes his thoughts from worldly cares, and
+by a complete change of subject stimulates a mind that has
+been enervated by concentration for hours on one particular
+theme. No effort is required, and, more important still,
+<i>it does not make one think</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For daily reading in the train or over meals, with this
+purpose always in view, so far so good. But what of the many
+hours of leisure in every man's life, when no mental recreation
+is needed? What does the average man read then? It must
+be confessed that in nine cases out of ten his literature remains
+precisely the same. Doubtless the reason is simply because,
+having always been accustomed to reading the same kind
+of books, he knows no other sort. Mention Shakespeare,
+Milton, Shelley, and he stares at you aghast. 'Good gracious,'
+he exclaims, 'I'm not going to read stuff like that; I should
+get the hump for a week; give me something cheerful.' And
+he picks up 'The Bauble,' by Mrs. Risquet Trashe.</p>
+
+<p>And he is quite right. To anyone whose literature has
+consisted for years of nothing but novels of the circulating
+library type, a sudden application to the great writers would
+indeed be depressing. Is it necessary, however, or indeed
+wise, that any man's mental pabulum should consist entirely
+of novels? Nothing is further from my mind than to decry
+the taste for novel-reading; for, wisely employed, novels can
+become one of the joys of life. One can but agree with
+Miss Austen when she inveighs, in 'Northanger Abbey,'
+against those who belittle the productions of the novelist.
+But would she have been so emphatic had she lived to witness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>[<a href="./images/64.png">64</a>]</span>
+the printing-presses spouting forth that frothy flood which
+effervesces round the more serious writings of to-day? Would
+that every novel we take up had the delightful 'genius, wit,
+and taste' of Jane Austen to recommend it. How few and
+far between are the really good novels that we read!</p>
+
+<p>There can be no finer recreation for a tired mind than a
+good novel. There is, however, one habit of reading which
+has become almost a social evil; and that is the habit of
+reading newspapers which many indulge in, morning, noon,
+and night. It is difficult to imagine anything more calculated
+to destroy consecutive and considered thought than the
+enormous variety of inconsequential topics that assails one
+every time one opens a newspaper. The mind becomes
+completely fuddled with the heterogeneous patchwork of
+entirely useless information. The only method I have
+discovered by which one can acquire the important news and
+yet retain the serenity of one's mind is that of having such
+news only as she knows will be of use read out by one's wife
+at breakfast. And this does not mean that the mental
+discomforts of the newspaper are relegated to one's better-half,
+for women are usually interested in the smaller details
+of everyday life.</p>
+
+<p>No wonder that a large number of 'city men' live out their
+lives without ever opening a book that is worth reading
+meditatively; for newspaper-reading in course of time must
+completely undermine one's mental stability. After a few
+years, a book that is not composed of headlines, short chapters,
+small paragraphs and ejaculatory sentences, is unreadable
+without mental effort. So that long before he is middle-aged
+the city man has acquired the habit of 'glancing at' a news-sheet
+or magazine whenever he has nothing to do for a few
+minutes: a kind of reading that is about as advantageous to
+the mind as that which we indulge in when fingering the
+antique periodicals in the dentist's waiting-room. In later
+years he may or he may not overcome the repugnance he has
+acquired to anything deep or 'solid' (by which he generally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>[<a href="./images/65.png">65</a>]</span>
+means 'unparagraphed'): but I venture to think that,
+having once taken the plunge, there must be moments when
+he marvels at his foolishness in not having entered, years
+before, the City of the golden streets.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is unwise to use the word 'education' in
+speaking of the benefits to be derived from reading the great
+books, for to many people the term is synonymous with
+'school,' where one is obliged frequently to do things against
+one's will. Good books, that is the books that 'live,' are
+no mere education, they are steps up the path of civilisation
+itself. They are just as necessary for the advancement of
+knowledge as are the letters and numerals which we learnt
+at school. The greatest books of the world do <i>not</i> teach us;
+<i>they help us to teach ourselves</i>, a very different matter. 'They
+are masters who instruct us without rod or ferule,' wrote an
+early book-lover<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>; 'if you approach them they are not asleep;
+if you inquire of them they do not withdraw themselves; they
+never chide when you make mistakes; they never laugh
+if you are ignorant.' And the books which would be available
+to him would be chiefly the works of the Early Fathers,
+professedly books of moral instruction. But the books of our
+library 'are so many faithful and serviceable friends, gently
+teaching us everything through their persuasive and wise
+experience.'<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>And that is precisely the point. Good books do not instruct
+us so much as they persuade us; so that we come to be of the
+same mind as the great man who had deliberated and debated
+the matter so thoroughly for us. Perchance we disagree and
+take a different standpoint. Then can one almost see the
+spirit of the sage chuckling with delight at having found
+someone with whom to cross swords. '<i>I have made him
+think, I have made him think</i>,' he repeats gleefully; and,
+sure of his point, he delights in having held our attention so
+intently as to cause us to debate the issue with ourselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>[<a href="./images/66.png">66</a>]</span>
+It were foolish, however, to suppose that <i>all</i> the great books
+of the world are at once suitable to every reader. Time, above
+all other considerations, decides what we shall read; and the
+book which makes its greatest impression upon one man at
+thirty will fail to appeal to his neighbour till he be fifty or
+more. 'A man loves the meat in his youth that he cannot
+endure in his age,' says Benedick, and the converse is equally
+true. What a mistaken notion it is that puts into the hands
+of boys such classics as 'The Pilgrim's Progress' and 'Don
+Quixote'; for they are books which a knowledge of the
+world and of human nature alone can enable us to appreciate
+to the full. Their very foundations are built upon the rock
+of experience, every page exhibits the thoughts and deeds of
+men. No wonder that nine boys out of ten grow up with a
+dislike of Bunyan and all his works, and a contempt for the
+adventures of the immortal Don. Generally, however, all
+recollection of Quixote, except that he had a rotten old horse
+and charged some windmills, has (mercifully) disappeared
+long before the reader has attained his eighteenth year.</p>
+
+<p>In later life, perhaps, we take up these books again, and are
+surprised to find that they have completely changed. There
+is hardly an incident in them that we remember, and we
+marvel how such and such a glorious passage could possibly
+have escaped us before. Our book-hunter's experience must
+have been that of many others. Long after his school-days
+were ended he took up, for the first time, 'The Adventures of
+Tom Sawyer.' How wistfully he thought of the enjoyment
+that would have been his when at school, had but some kind
+chance put into his hands this and similar books in which
+boys, and real human boys, played the principal parts, not
+strange outlandish men, the like of whom he had never met.</p>
+
+<p>This unwise reading, this plunging, as it were, <i>in medias res</i>,
+is, I am inclined to think, the reason why to so many men the
+library of great authors is for ever locked. After a lengthy
+course of 'light' reading, they take up, all at once, some such
+work as 'Bacon's Essays' or the 'Paradise Lost,' determined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>[<a href="./images/67.png">67</a>]</span>
+'to give the classics a chance.' They wade conscientiously
+through a good many pages, and then retire beaten, simply
+because they have failed to recognise that in reading, as in
+every other business, profession, craft, or pursuit, <span class="smcap">practice
+makes perfect</span>. Who is there, outside Olympus, that can
+master any of these at sight? It is only by a continuous and
+continual course of reading that one comes at length to
+appreciate these great masters. 'The proper appreciation of
+the great books of the world is the reward of lifelong study.
+You must work up to them, and unconsciously you will
+become trained to find great qualities in what the world has
+decided is great.'<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>'That's all very well,' says the newspaper-reader, taking
+the word 'study' in its first dictionary sense; 'but I, for one,
+haven't got time&mdash;or inclination&mdash;for this lifelong application.'
+And yet, I reply, you have both time and inclination to apply
+yourself assiduously to newspapers, magazines, and suchlike
+reading. If you read at all, why not read good healthy stuff,
+which will be of permanent use to you in your journey through
+the world? Why devour garbage when rich meats are
+constantly about you? 'To stuff our minds with what is
+simply trivial, simply curious, or that which at best has but a
+low nutritive power, this is to close our minds to what is solid
+and enlarging and spiritually sustaining.<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing quotation mark">'</ins><a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Look at it which
+way you will, the man who purposely neglects the great books
+deliberately closes the channels of knowledge flowing to his
+brain, sentences himself to intellectual exile, bolts and bars
+in his own face the only door which can lead him into the
+society of the wisest and greatest men this world has known.</p>
+
+<p>And what are the great books of the world? They are
+those which, from their native excellences, have been approved
+by generations of wise men as beneficial <i>for mankind</i>&mdash;not
+for their generation alone. Times change and manners with
+them, but countless centuries are powerless to effect the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>[<a href="./images/68.png">68</a>]</span>
+slightest change in man's essence. Do not the characters
+in the oldest book in the world still live in our everyday life,
+and are not they possessed of the very thoughts and reasonings
+that are our portion to-day? Tastes may change vastly in
+even a short period, but it is only fashion, the constant craving
+for something new:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Manners with fortunes, humours turn with climes,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Tenets with books, and principles with times.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But the books which by common consent have been assigned
+places in the library of the immortals can never be out of
+fashion: for they contain the essences of human nature.</p>
+
+<p>How then shall we start to make acquaintance with these
+classics? With what books shall we begin, with what
+continue? These are questions which it is impossible to
+answer without a knowledge of those qualities so necessary
+in recommending books. But at least it is possible to indicate
+the general line to be followed. It would be foolish, for
+example, for the man whose reading hitherto has consisted
+entirely of the modern novels of a circulating library, to turn
+at once to the Paradise Lost, Bacon's Essays, or the poems
+of Wordsworth. He would probably acquire a distaste for
+good literature which might never be overcome.</p>
+
+<p>It is like everything else that counts: we set the greatest
+store by those things that we have come by through difficulties.
+The longer the journey and the more beautiful the scenes we
+pass through, the greater our pleasure and subsequent recollection
+of it. Let us begin our systematic reading by turning
+at first to those books which we shall appreciate immediately.
+Have novels been our reading hitherto? Then let us turn at
+once to some of the greater novelists, both living and dead.
+Here the field is wide, and we may quickly find writers to our
+taste. Thus we shall gradually work up to some name or
+names in the list of the immortals. In the same way we shall
+approach, step by step, the essayists, the moralists, the
+dramatists and (lastly) the poets.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be emphasised too strongly that Time above all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>[<a href="./images/69.png">69</a>]</span>
+other considerations decides what we shall read. Moreover,
+there are passages in many of the greatest writers that appeal
+to a man before he has really arrived at the time of their
+understanding. So that, reading some such passage (<i>e.g.</i>
+Addison's description of the Widows' Club in the
+'Spectator') as this, and finding the remainder not to his
+taste, he concludes that he has discovered the kernel and that
+the rest can be cast aside. Practice alone makes perfect:
+<i>macte nova virtute, puer, sic itur ad astra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to editions, it were needless to specify them;
+the great books of the world are reprinted and re-edited every
+few years. But our editions should be <i>good</i> ones. 'A good
+edition should be a complete edition, ungarbled and
+unabridged.'<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Perchance you may prefer to have them, if
+it be possible, in the original editions? If so, you will be
+wise in your generation, but your purse will need to be a long
+one indeed.</p>
+
+<p>Remember that the first edition is not necessarily the best<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ','">.</ins>
+It may be, but in the great majority of cases it is not. In
+addition to the inevitable clerical mistakes and printer's errors
+which are almost always corrected in the second and
+subsequent editions, the author or editor frequently
+interpolates matter which the publication <i>de ipso</i> has brought
+to his notice by reviews or correspondence. This is notably
+the case in large and important works. 'Scott's Last
+Expedition,' published in two large octavo volumes in 1914,
+rapidly passed through five editions the same year, corrections
+being incorporated in each successive edition (thereby
+distinguishing them from mere 'impressions'); so that the
+fifth edition remains the best, being the most correct. On
+the other hand, in the second edition an author sometimes
+omits passages or makes drastic emendations from prudential
+reasons. Then it is that the first edition is to be sought for
+in preference to all others, for this alone contains the author's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>[<a href="./images/70.png">70</a>]</span>
+true opinions on certain subjects. Such instances the book-lover
+gradually learns in his journey through the world of
+books.</p>
+
+<p>But I repeat that, apart from this question of first or later
+issue, our editions should be good ones. Good editions are
+not merely luxuries. The better the type and paper, the
+greater our ease in reading, and&mdash;most important of all&mdash;the
+consequent safeguarding of our eyesight.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only type and paper, however, that constitute a
+good edition. In addition to these requisites it must contain
+the recognised text complete, it must be in a seemly and
+convenient shape, neither extravagant nor blatant, and it
+must not contain a long list of errata. Of the many qualities
+that go to make up a good edition, after paper and print,
+these are perhaps the most important. But there is another
+immediate consideration: <i>shall it have notes?</i> And this
+raises such a momentous point that I almost hesitate to
+approach it. The answer must be qualified. Provided always
+that the edition has been superintended (I use the word
+advisedly) by a <i>recognised</i> scholar, and that the notes are
+few, short, and concise, it is well. But who has not suffered
+under the tedious and tiresome verbosity of editors? The
+writer possesses an edition of Pope in which page after page
+contains two lines of the poet and thirty-four lines of editor.
+Reed's Shakespeare (1813) frequently contains a solitary line
+of text with forty of notes. Fortunately, however, such things
+are now numbered with the past.</p>
+
+<p>As to our editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, whether
+we can read them in the original tongue or whether we must
+have recourse to translations, we have already debated. But
+without wishing to discourage the book-lover in any possible
+way from making (or renewing, as the case may be)
+acquaintance with these great writers, it must be borne in
+mind that few indeed are the translations from any language
+that are wholly in the spirit of the original. In recommending
+the following translations of some of the greater world-classics,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>[<a href="./images/71.png">71</a>]</span>
+literary and animate qualities have been had in view no less
+than scholarly translation.</p>
+
+<p>Aeschylus and Sophocles have been admirably rendered in
+English verse by Mr. E. D. A. Morshead. Of the first, 'The
+House of Atreus' (being the 'Agamemnon,' 'Libation-Bearers,'
+and 'Furies') was first published by him in 1881,
+an octavo volume which was reprinted in 1890 and 1901.
+'The Suppliant Maidens,' 'The Persians,' 'The Seven
+against Thebes,' and 'Prometheus Bound' were collected
+in one octavo volume in 1908. His version of Sophocles'
+'Oedipus the King' was published in 1885, while the 'Ajax'
+and 'Electra' were printed in prose, 1895.</p>
+
+<p>The Plays of Aristophanes are, perhaps, best known to
+English readers by Hookham Frere's excellent translations.
+His first volume, containing the 'Acharnians,' the 'Knights,'
+and the 'Birds,' was originally printed at Malta in 1839, in
+which year a similar quarto volume containing the 'Frogs'
+was also issued. But there are several later editions of both
+these volumes, and almost any bookseller can provide one. In
+addition to these plays, the 'Clouds' and the 'Wasps' were
+included in Thomas Mitchell's version first published in two
+octavo volumes dated 1820 and 1822. But we may have a
+complete set of the eleven plays which have come down to us,
+in Mr. B. B. Rogers' scholarly translation in verse. This
+beautiful edition in eleven small quarto volumes was published
+by Messrs. George Bell and Sons between 1902 and 1916,
+and has the Greek and English on opposite pages. For the
+plays of Euripides we must turn to the metrical versions of
+Professor Gilbert Murray, published by Mr. George Allen
+between 1905 and 1915. Perhaps it is not too much to say
+that this great scholar-poet has done more than any other to
+bring the Greeks of old before those to whom a classical
+education has been denied.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say, the translation into English of the
+immortal Homeric cycle has tempted many pens. Among
+the best known versions are those of Pope, Chapman, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>[<a href="./images/72.png">72</a>]</span>
+Cowper. But this matter has been so thoroughly debated
+by Mr. Frederic Harrison in his delightful volume 'The
+Choice of Books,' that I will refrain from poaching upon his
+preserve, and will content myself by remarking that the
+recommendations of this excellent judge are the 'Iliad' of
+Lord Derby and the 'Odyssey' of Philip Worsley. This
+last is a beautiful translation in the Spenserian stanza, of
+which a second edition appeared in 1868, in two octavo
+volumes. But if you are not already acquainted with Mr.
+Harrison's work you will do well to obtain it, and to read,
+mark, learn, and inwardly digest all that he has to say therein
+upon 'The Poets of the Old World.'</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the Latin classics, if we are unacquainted
+with the language there is greater difficulty; for it is next to
+impossible to render in English the light and vivacious lilt
+of the Italian poets. Our translations may be fine, scholarly,
+dignified and the rest of it, but they bear little semblance to
+the originals. Dryden's version of the 'Aeneid' may be
+read, not as a translation but as an epic in the English of a
+great poet; and to those who are masters of sufficient Latin
+to explore the ancients by the help of commentaries,
+Conington's translation will be of assistance. Horace is
+utterly untranslatable, and prose translations afford little clue
+to the music of his songs.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it goes without saying that in reading these ancient
+classics we shall necessarily lose much of their sentiment and
+allusion unless our memory has retained that atmosphere of
+classic times which we obtained by constant intercourse with
+these ancients during our years at school. We may refresh
+our memory, however, and at the same time glean the most
+modern thought upon those times, by having recourse to
+certain useful volumes, companions to our study of these
+classic writers.</p>
+
+<p>J. A. St. John's 'Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece,'
+three octavo volumes which appeared in 1842, is a perfect
+encyclop&aelig;dia in itself. Of Mr. Leonard Whibley's 'Com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>[<a href="./images/73.png">73</a>]</span>panion
+to Greek Studies' a third edition, with more than
+200 illustrations and maps, was published by the Cambridge
+University Press in 1916. The fellow volume is by Sir
+J. E. Sandys, and is entitled 'A Companion to Latin Studies.'
+The second edition, very fully illustrated, appeared in 1913&mdash;a
+large octavo also published at a guinea by the same press.
+Professor Mahaffy's 'Social Life in Greece from Homer to
+Menander' has gone through a number of editions. For the
+theatre of the Greeks we must turn to 'The Attic Theatre'
+by A. E. Haigh. The third edition, edited by Mr. A. W.
+Pickard-Cambridge, was issued by the Clarendon Press, 1907.
+It is the standard work upon this subject; and therein one
+can find all about everything pertaining to the Greek theatre
+and the actual presentation of the play. A useful little guide
+to the study of ancient Greece and Italy is Dr. J. B. Mayer's
+'Guide to the Choice of Classical Books,' a small octavo of
+which a third edition appeared in 1885. In 1896 a 'new
+supplement' was published, and this contains fifty pages of
+'Helps to the Study of Ancient Authors'&mdash;the best books
+which had appeared up to 1896 on the Art, Coins, Law,
+History, Philosophy, Religion, Science, Domestic Life,
+Amusements, and almost every aspect of life in ancient Rome
+and Athens. Copies of this invaluable reference book are
+probably in most of the public libraries throughout the
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to some of the other great world-classics,
+Boccaccio has been attempted by many translators, none of
+whom can be said to have succeeded, and I forbear to
+recommend any English version. He is straightforward and
+not difficult to read in the original, and it is well worth
+learning sufficient Italian to enable one to explore his rich
+charm for oneself.</p>
+
+<p>As to Calderon, eight of his plays have been rendered in
+English by that prince of translators Edward Fitzgerald,
+though his version is not, nor did he pretend it to be, a close
+translation. Yet it is more in the spirit of the dramatist than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>[<a href="./images/74.png">74</a>]</span>
+one would deem possible in an English version of a Spanish
+author. Six of these plays were first published by Fitzgerald
+in 1853, and this volume was reprinted in the series known
+as 'The King's Classics' in 1903. The complete set of eight
+may be obtained in one small octavo volume, in the beautiful
+'Eversley' series published by Macmillan. But you may
+read seventeen of Calderon's plays, in the French of Damas
+Hinard, in the 'Chef d'&oelig;uvre du Th&eacute;&acirc;tre Espagnol,' 1841-3,
+which also includes the works of Lope de Vega: in all five
+small octavo volumes&mdash;if you are so lucky as to find them.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to Don Quixote, as a boy our book-hunter
+made more than one attempt to explore 'the ingenious
+gentleman' but always gave it up after proceeding less than
+half-way through the first volume. It was all so dry and
+outlandish, and the version he possessed was written in such
+stilted language. There were no notes to his edition, and
+whole passages and allusions were beyond his comprehension.
+Looking back now I more than suspect that they were beyond
+the comprehension of the translator as well. 'Rocinante,'
+spelt 'Rosinante,' he thought was rather a pretty name for
+the Don's charger; but he saw no humour in it until he
+discovered, many years later, that <i>rocin</i> means a 'cart-horse'
+and <i>ante</i>, 'previously.' Nor could he see anything amusing
+in the landlord's boast that he too had been a knight-errant
+in his time, roaming the Isles of Riaran in quest of adventures&mdash;until
+he learnt that this was a city slum, the resort of
+thieves and cut-throats. The whole work abounds with local
+and topical allusions, and it is essential that our edition be
+well supplied with notes. There is one which fulfils this
+condition and in addition provides a most scholarly text, more
+closely approaching the original than any other which has
+appeared hitherto. This is the masterly translation of John
+Ormsby, which appeared in four octavo volumes in 1885. It
+contains a valuable history of the work, together with a life
+of Cervantes, and the appendices to the last volume contain
+a bibliography of the immortal book.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>[<a href="./images/75.png">75</a>]</span>
+Dante must be read in the original tongue. There is a
+lofty and spiritual grandeur in the language of the three great
+epics which one can never hope to realise in reading translations,
+be they never so good. Nevertheless those versions
+which are most in favour among students are of considerable
+value as commentaries, and are of great assistance in reading
+the original. One cannot do better at the outset of one's
+acquaintance with the great poet than to procure Dr. J. A.
+Carlyle's excellent version of the 'Inferno.' A third edition
+was published in 1882. It has explanatory notes and a prose
+translation, in measured, dignified language, above the text
+of the original; forming in all respects a handy and convenient
+volume. Dr. A. J. Butler's versions of the 'Purgatory' and
+'Paradise' were issued, in octavo, in 1880 and 1885
+respectively. Aids to the study of Dante are legion. The
+fourth edition of Professor J. Addington Symond's
+'Introduction to the Study of Dante' appeared in 1899;
+whilst Lord Vernon's 'Readings in Dante,' six octavo
+volumes, is said to have occupied that great scholar for more
+than twenty-five years of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Goethe is known to English readers chiefly by the immortal
+<i>Faust</i>; and this work alone has engaged the attention of
+numerous scholars. A volume containing seven of Goethe's
+plays in English was published in Bohn's Standard Library
+in 1879. It included Sir Walter Scott's version of 'Goetz
+von Berlichingen,' the remainder being translated by Miss
+Swanwick and E. A. Bowring. Miss Swanwick's 'Faust' is
+well known and has often been reprinted; a beautiful edition
+illustrated by Mr. Gilbert James appeared in 1906. There is
+a version, however, which stands far above the rest, a version
+which the writer for his part has always considered to rank
+with the greatest translations. This is the 'Faust' of
+Bayard Taylor, which indeed may be read as a poem in itself.
+But then Taylor had advantages possessed by few translators.
+An American by birth, his mother was a German, and he
+spent a part of his life in Germany. From his birth he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>[<a href="./images/76.png">76</a>]</span>
+bilinguous; and added to this linguistic advantage were his
+profound scholarship and poetic gift. There are numerous
+editions of his work, but only one&mdash;so far as I am aware, in
+this country at least&mdash;worthy of its great merit, namely, that
+which appeared in two octavo volumes in 1871. It is an
+edition somewhat hard to obtain.</p>
+
+<p>For Schiller's dramatic works we must have recourse to
+Coleridge, who has given us versions of both parts of the
+'Wallenstein' and 'William Tell.' The Poems and Ballads
+were rendered in English by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton (Lord
+Lytton): two volumes, 1844. Heine's short four-line verses
+do not lend themselves to translating and though many have
+attempted it, the results are almost always a jingle, often
+approaching doggerel. The prose works have recently been
+translated by Mr. C. G. Leland, and the 'Atta Troll' by
+Miss Armour, both forming part of a twelve volume edition
+published between 1892 and 1905.</p>
+
+<p>The mention of Rabelais conjures up one of those
+extremely rare instances where a translation constitutes as
+great a classic as the original work. Whether it was the
+difficulty of translation, or the despair of eclipsing so notable
+a success as had been achieved by their predecessor, that
+deterred other scholars from making the attempt, we know
+not; but certain it is that the version put forth by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart in 1653 has remained, and seems likely to remain,
+the standard representation of the fantastic 'Doctor in
+Physick' in this language. Urquhart, that polished and
+gifted Scottish d'Artagnan, translated the first three books
+only; the last two were added by Motteux, a French refugee,
+in 1694. Urquhart's work, 'precise, elegant, and very
+faithful,' comes as near perfection as any translation can hope
+to be. Motteux's rendering was revised by Ozell; but
+unfortunately it falls far short of the version of Sir Thomas,
+who, with a longer life, might perhaps have undertaken these
+last two books as well.</p>
+
+<p>Of these five books of Master Francis Rabelais thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>[<a href="./images/77.png">77</a>]</span>
+english'd, there have been, of course, numerous editions.
+Our book-hunter prefers that which appeared in three quarto
+volumes in 1904, with photogravure illustrations by M. Louis
+Chalon. Both from a scholarly and a bibliographical standpoint
+it is all that can be desired, and one can have a copy
+for less than a pound.</p>
+
+<p>Why is it that we all have some acquaintance at least with
+the Arabian Nights? What have these purely Eastern tales
+to do with us? Both questions may be answered at once.
+It is because they contain the very essence of oriental thought,
+manners, customs, habits, speech, and deeds: because we can
+learn from them more of the everyday life of the orient, both
+of to-day and of a thousand years ago, than an entire library
+of travels can teach us. Surely it is more than mere curiosity
+that urges us to know something at least of the manner in
+which so many millions of our fellow-beings live.</p>
+
+<p>Who has not read at least some of these glorious tales?
+Who has not heard of Sinbad or the Roc, of Scheherazade or
+of Haroun al Raschid? Truly they are</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'The tales that charm away the wakeful night<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">In Araby, romances';<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Wordsworth himself came early under their spell. He tells
+how as a young child</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'A precious treasure had I long possessed,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">A little yellow, canvas-covered book,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">A slender abstract of the Arabian tales;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And, from companions in a new abode,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">When first I learnt that this dear prize of mine<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Was but a block hewn from a mighty quarry&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">That there were four large volumes, laden all<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">With kindred matter, 'twas to me, in truth,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">A promise scarcely earthly.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And so he makes a covenant 'with one not richer than
+myself' that each should save up until their joint savings
+were sufficient to purchase the complete work. But alas!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i15">'Through several months,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">In spite of all temptation, we preserved<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Religiously that vow; but firmness failed,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Nor were we ever masters of our wish.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There must be few books in the world from which we may
+learn so much while being so rapturously entertained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>[<a href="./images/78.png">78</a>]</span>
+Burton's edition is perhaps the best known to English
+readers, though Lane's version is much to be preferred. Of
+the latter there are many editions.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>How much has been written on the Art of Reading, and
+what scanty knowledge of that art have the most industrious
+of readers! Outside the Universities, reading is apt nowadays
+to be looked upon as a light form of recreation, generally to
+be indulged in on a rainy day. 'There's nothing to do but
+sit indoors and read,' one frequently hears remarked in
+country houses when the weather is too inclement to permit
+of motoring. Novel-reading has indeed become a part of our
+fashionable life.</p>
+
+<p>How often, too, does one come across readers of both sexes
+who possess, seemingly, a wide knowledge of books, even of
+the great books of the world. Yet in nine cases out of ten
+such knowledge is of the most superficial kind, acquired by
+'dipping into' such and such an author to ascertain whether
+he be to his or her taste. Frankly, the great author is almost
+invariably <i>not</i> to the modern reader's taste; but the scanty
+knowledge acquired by perusing the first chapter, the
+headings of the remaining chapters, and the last chapter,
+enables the reader (save the mark!) to discourse at large on
+this particular writer among his own <i>coterie</i>. Perchance one
+of his friends has similarly insulted the great author, and they
+are enabled to discuss the book for nearly a minute by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[<a href="./images/79.png">79</a>]</span>
+clock, each thinking the other a devilish well-read fellow.
+Truly it has been said that 'just as profligacy is easy within
+the strict limits of the law, a boundless knowledge of books
+may be found with a narrow education.'<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>More rarely one comes across a man who, being the
+fortunate possessor of a truly wonderful memory, is enabled
+to retain the bulk of the information which he has acquired
+by wide reading. There is a story told of a certain don at
+one of our older universities who, being possessed of an
+insatiable thirst for knowledge coupled with an excellent
+memory and an inexhaustible capacity for work, passed as a
+well-read if not a very learned man. There seemed to be
+few topics upon which he could not discourse on equal terms
+even with those who had made that subject their own.</p>
+
+<p>Now it happened that there were two young Fellows at the
+same college who, wearied of his constant superiority in
+conversation, determined to take Brown (for such was his
+name) 'down a peg or two.' So each night at dinner in hall
+they skilfully turned the conversation to unusual topics,
+hoping to light upon some chink in the redoubtable Brown's
+intellectual armour. Once they tried him on the rarer British
+hemipterous homoptera, but soon discovered that he was a
+very fair entomologist. Next evening the conversation veered
+to ancient Scandinavian burial rites, but here again he could
+give them points. The Byzantine coinage of Cyprus was, of
+course, well known to him while he had himself worked on
+the oolitic foraminifera of the blue marl at Biarritz. His
+experiments on the red colouring matter of <i>drosera rotundifolia</i>
+had formed the subject of a monograph, and he was
+particularly interested in the hagiological folk-lore of Lower
+Brittany.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed almost hopeless. Try as they would they could
+find no subject with which he was unacquainted. Every night
+some fresh outlandish topic was introduced. Brown looked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>[<a href="./images/80.png">80</a>]</span>
+very bored, and proceeded to tell them all there was to be
+said upon the subject. But one night a casual remark put
+them on the right track. Someone happened to ask Brown
+a question about Indian music. He answered shortly, and
+remarked that it was a subject upon which a good deal of
+work was yet to be done. The conspirators looked across the
+table at each other, left the common-room early, and retired
+to Jones's rooms.</p>
+
+<p>'Did you notice?' said Jones.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' said Smith; 'he evidently doesn't know much about
+oriental music.'</p>
+
+<p>'But he will by to-morrow,' replied the astute Jones. 'As
+soon as ever he gets to his rooms to-night, he'll read up
+everything he possibly can on Indian music, and he'll continue
+in the Library to-morrow. By dinner-time he'll be stuffed
+full of tom-toms and shawms and dulcimers, or whatever they
+play in India.'</p>
+
+<p>'We must ride him off,' said Smith. 'How about Chinese
+music? He won't know anything about that.'</p>
+
+<p>This seemed such a promising topic that they got out the
+encyclop&aelig;dia and found to their joy that there was quite a
+lengthy and learned disquisition on the subject. So they read
+it again and again, even learning the more abstruse sentences
+by heart. Next day they were observed to chuckle whenever
+they caught each other's eye, and at lunch they were unusually
+cheerful and more than ordinarily attentive to the unsuspecting
+Brown.</p>
+
+<p>That night at dinner they could hardly restrain their
+impatience, and Smith introduced the topic, rather clumsily,
+as soon as the fish appeared. Brown stared at them and said
+nothing. Jones, plucking up courage, presently asked him a
+question about the dominant fifth of the scale used by the
+natives of Quang-Tung. He answered evasively. They
+could hardly conceal their delight, and their voices rose so
+that presently the whole table was looking at them. At some
+of their recondite utterances Brown fairly winced, and it soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>[<a href="./images/81.png">81</a>]</span>
+became evident to all what was afoot. Upstairs in the
+common-room they pursued their unhappy victim. The
+senior tutor and the dean, secretly enjoying the fun, stood
+near. At last, flushed with victory, Jones proceeded to
+<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'adminster'">administer</ins> the <i>coup de gr&acirc;ce</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'You really ought to read something about Chinese music,
+Brown, it's a most interesting topic, and I'm sure you'd like
+to be able to talk about it. There are quite a number of good
+books on the subject. For a start you couldn't do better
+than study the article in the "Encyclop&aelig;dia Academica."
+It's clear and concise, evidently written by a man who knows
+what he's talking about.'</p>
+
+<p>'I <i>have</i> read it,' said Brown patiently; 'in fact I&mdash;er&mdash;<i>wrote</i>
+it, <i>but I'm afraid it's quite out of date now</i>.'</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We are not all the lucky possessors of such a capacity for
+acquiring knowledge. Wide reading may be good from an
+educational point of view, but unless we are able to assimilate
+what we read better a thousand times to restrict our reading.
+Gibbon's advice is bad, for it indicates merely the system he
+employed in compiling his monumental work. 'We ought
+not,' he remarks, 'to attend to the order of our books so
+much as (to the order) of our thoughts.' So, in the midst of
+Homer he would skip to Longinus; a passage in Longinus
+would send him to Pliny, and so on. General reading upon
+this plan, with no idea of collection in view, would in time
+reduce most of us to idiocy.</p>
+
+<p>Let our reading be, above all things, well ordered and
+systematic. Let us imitate Ancillon rather than Gibbon.
+Ancillon never read a book throughout without reading in
+his progress many others of an exegetic nature; so that 'his
+library table was always covered with a number of books for
+the most part open.'<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> An excellent habit, provided that we
+can resist the temptation to be side-tracked. The list of
+books by this industrious student, however, shows by their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>[<a href="./images/82.png">82</a>]</span>
+curious variety that he at least was not sufficiently strong-minded
+to resist wandering, during the compilation of his
+historical works, in the byways of literature.</p>
+
+<p>If we read the good solid books at all, let us at least read
+them with the aim of acquiring the maximum amount of
+information they afford. To read sketchily and diversely is
+not only a most painful waste of time, but it abuses our brains.
+Suppose now that our bookman has decided to 'read up'
+the French Revolution, a subject to which we all turn at some
+period of our lives. He has been led thereto, perhaps, by
+having lighted upon a translation of someone's memoirs, the
+recollections of some insignificant valet-de-chambre or
+dissolute cur&eacute; (for such memoirs abound), more interesting by
+reason of its piquancy than its historical accuracy. He reads
+of persons and events that he recollects vaguely to have heard
+of before, and so he goes on and on.</p>
+
+<p>At the end, he has an ambiguous and temporary knowledge
+of names and events. He has become acquainted with certain
+facts that he may possibly remember; such as that the name
+of the French King was Louis and that his Queen was Marie
+Antoinette, that they tried to escape and got as far as
+Varennes (<i>wherever that may be</i>), but were brought back and
+executed; that there were various politicians named Mirabeau,
+Danton, Robespierre, Desmoulins, and a curious party called
+the Girondins, et cetera. As to the causes which led up to
+the Revolution, the condition of the country and people, the
+ministry of Turgot, the characters of the King and Queen,
+Necker's policy, the Abb&eacute; Si&eacute;y&egrave;s, the Tennis Court, the
+composition of the Assembly, and the host of essential facts,
+his knowledge is precisely <i>nil</i>. The terms Right Centre,
+Extreme Left, the Jacobins, the White Terror, Assignats,
+H&eacute;bertists and Dantonists, the Montagnards, the Old
+Cordelier, are so much 'Hebrew-Greek' to him. At the end
+of six months he will not be at all sure whether it was
+Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span>, <span class="smcap">xv.</span>, or <span class="smcap">xvi.</span> who was beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>Surely his reading of these dubious memoirs has been a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>[<a href="./images/83.png">83</a>]</span>
+most mistaken course and a lamentable waste of time? He
+has gained nothing that has benefited him intellectually, and
+he has loaded his mind with an indigestible hotch-potch of
+unclassified information. How then should he have approached
+the subject? Obviously he should have begun at the
+threshold, or rather at the outer gate. To plunge straight
+away into Louis Blanc's twelve volumes or Lamartine's
+'History of the Girondins' would be as great a mistake as
+the reading of the unprofitable memoirs. A good beginning
+is half done. So, having prepared the way by a short study
+of the economic condition of France immediately prior to the
+Revolution, that he may readily understand the causes of that
+event, let our reader begin with some elementary school
+text-book which will give him a short and concise view of
+the Revolution as a whole. Having laid the foundations he
+will confine himself at the outset to works in his own tongue;
+choosing his literature for each succeeding phase of the
+Revolution in turn. But until he has obtained a thorough
+groundwork and has acquired sufficient knowledge to enable
+him to explore the more famous works in French, it were
+profitless to devour the scraps afforded by dubious memoir
+writers.</p>
+
+<p>If we read three books consecutively on any one subject,
+we know not merely three times as much as if we had read
+one only, but thirty times. And our knowledge of the subject
+will not be vague, inaccurate and fleeting, but it will be
+concise, accurate and permanent. To acquire a correct and
+lasting knowledge of any subject, whether it be an event or
+an epoch of history, a science or an art or craft, it is essential
+that we read consecutively and comparatively as many books
+upon that subject as our opportunities and time allow. It
+should also be borne in mind that if we are content to read
+one volume only, it is quite possible that we may chance upon
+an author who is inaccurate or biased, or whose work does
+not represent the latest stage of our knowledge upon that
+subject.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> J. H. Burton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. Frederic Harrison.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Mr. Frederic Harrison.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> P. G. Hamerton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Richard of Bury (lived 1281-1345).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> M. Octave Uzanne.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Mr. A. L. Humphreys.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Mr. Frederic Harrison.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Mr. A. L. Humphreys.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> There is no doubt that Burton was largely indebted to Payne for his
+'translation'; indeed he is said merely to have paraphrased and rearranged
+the version which Payne had just previously prepared for the Villon Society,
+adding explanatory notes of a character which renders it essential that his
+edition be kept under lock and key. It was issued to subscribers by Burton
+himself in London (though ostensibly 'by the Kamashastra Society at
+Benares'), being printed, and probably bound, by Brill at Leyden. The
+Kamashastra Society was a myth. The ten volumes (1885-6) were sold to the
+subscribers at ten guineas the set, and the entire edition (1000) was subscribed
+for before publication. (<i>Ex inform</i>: E. H.-A., one of the original
+subscribers and a friend of Burton.) Six volumes of <i>Supplemental Nights</i>
+were issued by Burton between 1886 and 1888. A set of the sixteen volumes
+now costs about forty pounds. It was reprinted (by H. S. Nichols) in
+1894, in twelve volumes, only slightly expurgated, the present price being
+about twelve pounds. A supplementary volume of illustrations was issued
+with this last edition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Mr. Frederic Harrison.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Isaac Disraeli.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>[<a href="./images/84.png">84</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-10.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-10_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h4>CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Mekely, lordynges gentyll and fre,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Lysten awhile and herken to me.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Hue de Rotelande.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-11.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-11_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">nce</span> upon a time, long long before the
+Venerable Bede had completed that famous
+last chapter in his cell at Jarrow, there lived
+in the ancient capital of Sampsiceramus, a
+holy man named Heliodorus. Now in his
+youth Heliodorus (as is not uncommon with
+the young) had turned his thoughts to worldly things; and
+being of a romantic nature, wearied by the eternal sameness
+of the books available to him, had conceived the extraordinary
+notion of writing an untrue book, a book that should never
+instruct or point a moral or show you where you are wrong,
+but should be all joyousness and enchantment. Possessed
+with this great idea, timidly yet sure of himself, he set to work.</p></div>
+
+<p>The very first thing he did was sufficiently startling for
+those days. Instead of selecting some great man for his
+central figure and putting his dialogue into the mouths of
+learned men, fathers of the church, philosophers, orators, or
+famous poets, he chose deliberately a young and handsome
+man of no particular learning, and&mdash;a woman! It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>[<a href="./images/85.png">85</a>]</span>
+unheard of! A book, a voluminous roll closely written,
+containing nothing but the adventures of a pair of lovers!
+Monstrous! Yet it was done at last, and the roll, finding
+favour in the eyes of a bosom friend, was quickly passed from
+hand to hand. All were entranced by it. Here was a book
+that had characters one could understand, for whom one could
+even feel affection. The loves of dashing young Theagenes
+and his dear Chariclea found an echo in many a youthful
+breast.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Heliodorus disappears from view, and for many
+years we hear nothing of him until suddenly he reappears as
+a bishop in Thessaly! Now comes the sequel to his audacious
+design, but for which it is doubtful if we should ever have
+heard of him. A synod was convened, and Heliodorus was
+condemned <i>because in his youth he had written a novel</i>. He
+was given his choice between bishopric and book, to retain
+the one he must destroy the other by word as well as by deed.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight the choice appears not difficult to make, for
+although so laical and original a work had proved to be
+popular, yet such popularity was hardly of a nature to appeal
+to so devout a Christian as one who had already attained
+episcopal rank. But to Heliodorus his work (which may well
+have been the employment of some years) stood for all that
+he held most dear. It was his conception of the ideal in
+worldly&mdash;as opposed to spiritual&mdash;life. Less austere, perhaps,
+than many of the fathers of the early Church whose works
+had seemed so tedious to him in his youth, his devoutness
+was tempered largely with a charity and forgiveness that
+were not unworthy of his creed. It was impossible to deny
+those principles of chivalric virtue and chastity which his novel
+preached, so he chose to stand by his book rather than by his
+benefice, and quitted Thessaly.</p>
+
+<p>So runs the pleasing tale of Nicephorus. But alas! the
+relentless voice of modern research will have it that the real
+author was not the bishop at all, but a Sophist who lived in
+the third century of our era. Be it as it may, I for my part<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>[<a href="./images/86.png">86</a>]</span>
+shall go on believing the old romantic tale until a better one
+is invented for the Sophist.</p>
+
+<p>The work itself is called 'Ten Books of Aethiopian
+History,' for the first and last scenes are laid in Egypt, but
+it is better known by the name of its hero and heroine. Its
+popularity was immense, and it was soon translated into
+'almost all languages.' Later P&egrave;re Amyot published a
+version in French for Francis <span class="smcap">i.</span>, who was so delighted with
+the result that he made the translator abb&eacute; of Belozane.
+Racine tells us it was this ancient romance that first fired his
+imagination with the desire to write. His tutor discovered
+him absorbed in its contents, and snatching it from his hand
+angrily consigned it to the fire. Racine bought another copy,
+which suffered a like fate. But so strong a hold upon him
+had the story, that he purchased a third, and devoured it in
+secret, offering it to his master with a smile when he had
+thoroughly mastered its contents.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that this ancient Greek romance was lost for
+many centuries. At the sack of Buda in 1526, however, a
+manuscript of it was discovered in the royal library, where it
+had once formed part of the vast library amassed by Matthias
+Corvinus, the great King of Hungary. Matthias is said to
+have 'spoken almost all the European languages,' so doubtless
+he had passed many a pleasant hour with the tale. This
+manuscript (others have since been discovered) was printed
+at Basel 'in officina Ioan Hervagii' in 1534, a small quarto
+printed with Greek types.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<p>That the early romances of chivalry possess a charm for
+the book-collector it is impossible to deny. They are 'a
+series of books,' writes Mr. John Ormsby, 'which, complete,
+would be a glory to any library in the world; which, in first
+editions, would now probably fetch a sum almost large enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>[<a href="./images/87.png">87</a>]</span>
+to endow a college; and which . . . . is perhaps . . . . as
+worthless a set of books as could be made up out of the refuse
+novels of a circulating library.' Times without number they
+have been derided and decried, even in the days when they
+were popular. The curate of La Mancha was not the only
+one who disapproved of them. 'In our fathers tyme,' wrote
+old Roger Ascham, judging the flock by a few black sheep,
+'nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a
+man by redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely
+to manslaughter and baudrye.' Possevino, a learned Jesuit
+and famous preacher of the sixteenth century, used to complain
+that for the last five hundred years the princes of Europe had
+read nothing but romances. Ren&eacute; d'Anjou listened to his
+chaplain inveighing against Launcelot, Amadis, and the
+romances of which he was particularly fond; but, says
+Villeneuve, while respecting the preacher for his boldness,
+the king continued to read them, and even composed new
+volumes in imitation of them.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<p>Full of monstrous fictions some of these ancient stories
+undoubtedly are. It were foolish to expect that all of them
+should attain the high level of those great legends which
+centre about the Holy Grail. Good things have ever been
+imitated indifferently; and it was only the later series of
+tales which had to do chiefly with enchantments and fairies
+and 'giaunts, hard to be beleeved.' But alas! all alike have
+come under the ban of those who decry reading for
+recreation's sake. Good and bad have been damn'd
+indifferently. One cannot help wondering however that so
+much has been written against them, and that so many have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>[<a href="./images/88.png">88</a>]</span>
+been at pains to point out their unreasonableness. One would
+have thought that the very fact of them <i>all</i> abounding with
+incidents that are not only impossible but preposterous,
+would have given these critics pause, and have urged them to
+ask themselves why and wherefore such things were repeated.</p>
+
+<p>To anyone possessed of imagination the answer, of course,
+is obvious. The better tales all had the exaltation of the
+chivalric spirit in view, and sought to achieve this end by
+allegory as well as by parable. He must be a dullard indeed
+who fails to understand their symbolism. Malory, describing
+the entry of Tristram into the field, wishes to impress upon
+us the fact that he was indeed a 'preux chevalier, sans peur
+et sans reproche,' the model of a Christian knight; so he
+mounts him on a white horse and arrays him in white harness,
+and he rides out at a postern, 'and soo he came in to the feld
+as it had ben a bryght angel.' Doubtless those to whom
+understanding has been denied would argue hotly as to
+whether there is any authority for a knight painting his
+armour white. What sane man, reading 'The Faerie Queene,'
+could think that it purported to depict actual scenes or
+incidents? Yet time and again the 'sheer impossibility' of
+these stories has been urged in condemnation of them. Truly
+it is not every man who should turn to these ancient books
+which</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'In sage and solemn tunes have sung<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Of Turneys and of Trophies hung,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Of Forests, and inchantments drear,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf"><i>Where more is meant than meets the ear</i>.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Gavaudan, a troubadour of the twelfth century, meets the
+undiscerning critic more than half-way. Let none judge, he
+writes, till he be capable of separating the grain from the
+chaff; 'for the fool makes haste to condemn, and the ignorant
+only pretends to know all things, and muses on the wonders
+that are too mighty for his comprehension.'</p>
+
+<p>'Romances,' says Sharon Turner, 'are so many little
+Utopias, in which the writer tries to paint or to inculcate
+something which he considers to be more useful, more happy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>[<a href="./images/89.png">89</a>]</span>
+or more delightful, more excellent or more interesting, than
+the world he lives in, than the characters he surveys, or the
+events or evils which he experiences.' Yet Dunlop, who
+examined the romances of chivalry at some length in his
+'History of Fiction,' seems never to have suspected that
+these tales were written with any other intention than to
+amuse or that the events which they related were looked upon
+by their readers as other than facts. For Arthur he has
+scant respect, 'nor,' says he, 'as we advance, do we find him
+possessed of a single quality, except strength and courage,
+to excite respect or interest.' Surely the remark of one who
+must have been dead to all sense of imagination and romance&mdash;although
+purporting to be an authority upon them! The
+teaching of the whole Arthurian cycle of romances was 'that
+noble men may see and lerne the noble actes of chyualrye,
+the Ientyl and vertuous dedes that somme Knyghtes vsed in
+tho dayes, by whyche they came to honour; and how they
+that were vycious were punysshed and ofte put to shame and
+rebuke.' The quest of the Holy Grail, motive of the most
+exquisite series of mystic tales that has ever been written,
+was, we are expressly informed, 'the hygh way of our Lord
+Jhesu Cryst, and the way of a true good lyver, not that of
+synners and of mysbelievers.' Godfrey de Bouillon, the hero
+of another cycle, was 'moult preudhomme et sage et moult
+aymant Dieu et gens d'esglise,' as we read in 'Le Triomphe
+des Neuf Preux' (folio, Abbeville 1487). Preposterous tales?
+Perhaps; yet, as regards their moral side, not suffering greatly
+by comparison with our modern fiction.</p>
+
+<p>Those whose reading is confined to the literature of to-day
+can have no idea of the influence which these romances had
+upon the lives of our forefathers. It was not merely a system
+of morality which they taught, it was a civilisation of a very
+high order. When we are inclined to mock at these
+'preposterous tales' we should never forget that to them we
+owe a debt so immense that we are lost in the contemplation
+of it. It cannot be gainsaid that it was as much by the study<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>[<a href="./images/90.png">90</a>]</span>
+and teaching of these romances as it was by the spirit which
+gave them birth, that our ancestors came to mould their lives
+in such a sort as to influence the civilisation of the whole of
+the western world.</p>
+
+<p>That the romances were the outcome of chivalry cannot
+be urged, though doubtless in a later age they helped to keep
+the spirit of knighthood alive. Edward the Black Prince, the
+very model of medi&aelig;val chivalry, avowedly studied the ancient
+romances for patterns. When Pedro the Cruel had prevailed
+upon the prince to defend his cause, the princess bitterly
+bewailed her husband's decision. 'I see well,' said the prince,
+to whom her expressions were related, 'that she wishes me
+to be always at her side and never to leave her chamber. But
+a prince must be ready to win renown and to expose himself
+to all kinds of danger, as in days of old did Roland, Oliver,
+Ogier, the four sons of Aimon, Charlemagne, the great Leon
+de Bourges, Juan de Tournant, Lancelot, Tristan, Alexander,
+Arthur and Godfrey whose courage, bravery, and fearlessness,
+both warlike and heroic, all the romances extoll. And by
+Saint George, I will restore Spain to the rightful heir.'</p>
+
+<p>Occleve, a little later, has no doubt as to the beneficial
+effects of perusing the romances. Indeed he goes so far as
+to exhort his friend, Sir John Oldcastle, to leave off studying
+Holy Writ, and to read 'Lancelot de lake, Vegece, or the
+Siege of Troie or Thebes.' 'What do ye now,' says Caxton
+in 'The Order of Chivalry,' 'but go to the baynes and playe
+atte dyse? . . . Leve this, leve it, and rede the noble volumes
+of Saynt Graal, of Lancelot, of Galaad, of Trystram, of
+Perseforest, of Percyval, of Gawayn, and many mo. Ther
+shalle ye see manhode, curtosye, and gentylnesse.'</p>
+
+<p>What other system in this world could have bestowed that
+absolute serenity of mind which those who practised chivalry
+retained amid the tumults of their life? The Saracens,
+abashed by the tranquil spirit of their royal prisoner, Louis <span class="smcap">ix.</span>,
+mistook his humility for pride. In vain did they threaten
+him with torture: the king only replied 'Je suis prisonnier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>[<a href="./images/91.png">91</a>]</span>
+du Sultan, il peut faire de moi &agrave; son vouloir.' And when at
+last the Sultan's murderer rushed into his prison, his hands
+dripping with blood, and crying, 'What will you give me for
+having destroyed him who would have put you to death?' the
+king was more struck with horror at the crime than with fear
+for his own safety, and remained motionless, disdaining to
+answer. Thereupon the Saracen, maddened by a tranquillity
+which he rightly attributed to the immense power of Christian
+chivalry, presented the point of his blood-stained sword to the
+king's breast, crying, 'Fais moi chevalier, ou je te tue.'
+'Fais toi Chrestien,' replied the intrepid king, 'et je te
+ferai chevalier.'</p>
+
+<p>We are accustomed nowadays to look upon chivalry merely
+as a knightly institution which had to do solely with tournaments,
+banquets, knight-errantry, and the rescuing of encastled
+maidens. The modern acceptance of the term omits all those
+gentle qualities of mind which go to make the true chivalric
+disposition. We associate chivalry with 'fair play' combined
+with 'manliness'; and humility has no part in it. Indeed
+it never enters into our mind that it was a system of
+'humanyte, curtosye, and gentylnesse.' More, it was a
+religion deeply ingrained in the hearts of men, a religion
+which spread through all grades of society, and one which
+consisted in the beatifying of the noblest qualities of human
+nature; and it has left an indelible mark upon our national
+character. Chivalry is not dead to-day as thoughtless people
+so often exclaim; it will never die so long as our national
+characteristics endure, though to-day it passes under a
+different name. 'Sport' we call it now, and we pride ourselves
+in being 'sporting' even in the hour of death&mdash;witness
+the countless instances brought about by the late great war.</p>
+
+<p>Bertrand du Guesclin, one of the greatest and most fearless
+exponents of the chivalric spirit, and the Black Prince's most
+redoubtable enemy, fell at last into the hands of the English.
+One day at Bordeaux the Prince summoned him from his
+prison, and asked him how he fared. 'Par may foy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>[<a href="./images/92.png">92</a>]</span>
+monseigneur,' replied Bertrand, 'il m'ennuye de n'entendre
+que le chant des Souris de Bourdeaux; je voudrois bien ouyr
+les Rossignols de nostre pais'; but he added that he loved
+honour better than aught else and never had anything brought
+him more glory than his prison, seeing that, as all the other
+prisoners had been ransomed, he was kept there only through
+fear of his prowess. The Prince of Wales, touched in his
+honour (or rather pride) at du Guesclin's words, agreed to
+liberate Bertrand upon payment of seventy thousand florins
+of gold.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> 'But what was more extraordinary in this
+adventure,' says a French chronicler, 'was that the Princess
+of Wales gave him thirty thousand, and Sir John Chandos,
+who had taken him prisoner, took upon himself to pay what
+was wanting to make the sum complete.' 'Sporting,' was
+it not? Truly we are a marvellous race, and it is not to be
+wondered that other nations, from whom this spirit has long
+passed away, despair of ever being able to understand us.</p>
+
+<p>England has always been the home of chivalry. La
+Colombi&egrave;re in his 'Vray Th&eacute;atre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie
+ou le Miroir Heroique de la Noblesse' remarks that the
+greatest number of the old romances have been more
+particularly employed in celebrating the valour of the knights
+of this kingdom than that of any other; because, in fact,
+they have always loved such exercises in an especial manner.
+'The city of London,' writes Francisco de Moraes in the
+'Palmerin de Inglaterra,' 'contained in those days all, or the
+greater part, of the chivalry of the world.' In Perceforest
+a damozel says to his companion 'Sire chevalier, I will gladly
+parley with you because you come from Great Britain; it is
+a country which I love well, for there habitually (coustumierement)
+is the finest chivalry in the world; c'est le pays au<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[<a href="./images/93.png">93</a>]</span>
+monde, si comme je croy, le plus remply des bas et joyeulx
+passetemps pour toutes gentilles pucelles et jeunes bacheliers
+qui pretendent a honneur de chevalerie.'<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>The entire cycle of legends which has the Holy Grail for
+its centre is concerned with Britain and Britain alone.
+Caerleon and Winchester, Tintagel and Glastonbury, these
+are the chief stages in this great romance of perfect knighthood;
+and whether related by a scribe of Hainault in the
+thirteenth century or sung by a Welsh bard before the Norman
+Conquest or praised at the court at Paris by the favourite
+troubadour of Philip Augustus, it is all one as regards the
+setting and the chief characters. 'Whether for goodly men
+or for chivalrous deeds, for courtesy or for honour,' wrote the
+Norman chronicler Wace in the middle of the twelfth century,
+'in Arthur's day England bore the flower from all the lands
+near by, yea from every other land whereof we know. The
+poorest peasant in his smock was a more courteous and valiant
+gentleman than was a belted knight beyond the sea.'</p>
+
+<p>There is a pleasing story which relates how Robert Bruce,
+marching with his army in the mountains of Ireland, heard a
+woman crying during one of the halts. He inquired immediately
+what was the matter, and was told that it was a
+camp-follower, a poor laundress, who was taken in child-bed;
+and as it was impossible to take her with them, she bemoaned
+her fate in being left behind to die. The king replied that
+he is no man who will not pity a woman then. He ordered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>[<a href="./images/94.png">94</a>]</span>
+that a tent should be pitched for her immediately, and that
+she should be attended at once by the other women; and
+there he tarried his host until she had been delivered and
+could be carried along with them. 'This,' says the Chronicler,
+'was a full great courtesy.' Chivalry? In the very highest
+sense of the word.</p>
+
+<p>We must be careful lest, losing sight of the many attributes
+of chivalry, we incline towards the erroneous view that it was
+confined entirely to the upper classes. That the manuscript
+volumes of the romantic tales which were so eagerly purchased
+and treasured by the educated classes could never possibly
+come into the hands of the rude illiterate peasants is a
+fallacious argument. Scanty indeed would be our folk-lore
+had it all been transmitted graphically. Chaucer bears
+evidence of the widespread popularity of these heroic tales
+in his day:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Alexaundres storie is so commune<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">That every wight that hath discrecioune<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Hath herde somewhat or al of his fortune.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The incidents of these immortal tales were as well known to
+the humblest as to the highest in the land. We have abundant
+evidence of their popularity when recounted in front of the
+fire in hostel or homestead. Even so late as Milton's day it
+was the custom to recount knightly adventures and fairy tales
+about the evening fireside. When</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">the live-long daylight fail<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then to the Spicy Nut-brown Ale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With stories told of many a feat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How <i>Faery Mab</i> the junkets eat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&middot;       &middot;       &middot;       &middot;       &middot;       &middot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where throngs of Knights and Barons bold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In weeds of Peace high triumphs hold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With store of Ladies, whose bright eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rain influence, and judge the prise,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>until at length</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thus done the Tales, to bed they creep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By whispering Winds soon lull'd asleep.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>How great a part of the pleasures of this world have they
+missed whose pulses are never stirred by the Spirit of
+Romance! Content and Peace of Mind may be had by all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>[<a href="./images/95.png">95</a>]</span>
+who will offer up sacrifices to obtain them; but Imagination
+is not to be had at any price unless it be a part of our birthright.
+Content may yield a tranquillity of mind that refreshes
+the soul, but it is Imagination alone that can produce that
+spiritual exaltation which takes our minds from worldly things,
+carries us backwards or forwards through countless ages of
+the past or &aelig;ons of futurity, and enables us to ride in the
+chariot of Ph&oelig;bus. It is a vast library in itself.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'He had small need of books; for many a tale<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Traditionary round the mountains hung,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And many a legend, peopling the dark woods,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Nourished Imagination in her growth.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was the fortune of our book-hunter once to spend an
+afternoon in June upon the downs near Winchester. To
+southward of the old town there is a deep grassy hollow,
+crescent-shaped, its southern slope fringed with wood; and
+here in the shade he lay reading the 'Morte d'Arthur' of old
+Malory. Coming at length to the Noble Tale of the
+Sangreal, he read how King Arthur, having come 'unto
+Camelot by the houre of undorn on Whytsonday,' and feasting
+with the fellowship of the Round Table, was told of the marvel
+wrought unto Balin's sword by Merlin.</p>
+
+<p>You will remember that Balin fought unbeknown with his
+brother Balan, that each wounded the other unto death, and
+that they were buried by Merlin in the same tomb. Then
+Merlin 'lete make by his subtylyte that Balyn's swerd was
+put in a marbel stone standyng up ryght as grete as a mylle
+stone, and the stone hoved alweyes above the water, and
+dyd many yeres, and so by adventure it swam doun the streme
+to the Cyte of Camelot that is in Englysshe Wynchestre.'</p>
+
+<p>To the west the downs slope steeply into the river valley,
+and set in the rich green meadows like a skein of silver
+threads the book-hunter could discern the Itchen with its
+attendant rivulets. So he gazed across to the stream and
+pondered over this marvellous stone which 'hoved' always
+above the water, a sword set in it so that the pommel alone
+could be seen, 'and in the pomel therof were precyous stones<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>[<a href="./images/96.png">96</a>]</span>
+wrought with subtyle letters of gold.' It was the symbol
+which was to prove the youthful Galahad the <i>haut prince</i> who
+should achieve the Sangreal.</p>
+
+<p>That same evening, wandering along the river's bank below
+the city, his head full of the wondrous tale, an adventure
+befell him. It was dusk, and he had crossed the stream
+at a ford, when suddenly he saw the stone. It was lying upon
+its side, not a dozen paces from the water. There was no
+doubt whatever about it. It was roughly five feet long, about
+half as wide and thick, and of a curious reddish-brown&mdash;the
+colour of dried blood.</p>
+
+<p>'Sir,' said the squire who brought the news to the King
+and his Knights, 'there is here bynethe at the Ryver a grete
+stone which I saw flete above the water, and therin I sawe
+styckyng a swerd. The Kynge sayde, I wille see that
+marveill. Soo all the Knyghtes went with hym. And whanne
+they came unto the ryver they fonde there a stone fletyng,
+<i>as hit were of reed marbel</i>, and therin stack a fair ryche
+swerd.'</p>
+
+<p>I confess that not a little awe was mingled with delight
+as our book-hunter gazed upon the stone, walked round it,
+touched it! Then suddenly away in the old city a bell tolled,
+and he recollected that it was Whitsun Eve! That walk home
+in the twilight was something not easily to be forgotten, and
+neither supper nor a pipe could bring him back to earth and
+the twentieth century again. Next morning he was up early,
+anxious to see if any trace were left of the spot where this
+marvel had occurred, for it was scarcely possible that the
+whole adventure was other than a dream. But the spot was
+soon found, and sure enough there was the stone or peron,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+and he could examine it in the sunshine at his leisure. How
+it got there or whence it came it were impossible to guess;
+the chalk for miles around contains nothing but flints, and
+the peron was smooth and polished 'as a mill-stone.'</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-12.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-12_th.jpg" alt="THE PERON" title="THE PERON" /></a></p>
+<p class="figcenter">THE PERON</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>[<a href="./images/97.png">97</a>]</span>
+That Winchester is not Camelot antiquaries have told us
+often enough. The city of the Knights may have been in
+the West Country or in Wales for aught our bookman cares;
+but until they can produce a likelier site and a better peron
+he will continue to take Sir Thomas's word for it.</p>
+
+<p>One other point. I have said that the stone lay some few
+paces from the water. You will notice when you pay a pilgrimage
+to the stone (it lies at the ford, hard by a church) that the
+ground about it is almost level with the water, so that when
+the river is in flood the stone must be almost submerged: in
+other words, it would then <i>hove above the water</i>. It is easy
+to see from the bank on the other side that the river has
+changed its course by a few yards, leaving the stone now
+high and dry. If you dispute this, why then I can only say
+that the stone, as 'by adventure it swam down the stream,'
+must have been cast there by the river when in flood. That
+there is a cleft in the stone whence Galahad withdrew the
+sword I can neither affirm nor deny; it <i>may</i> have closed up,
+for with perons of this nature all things are possible, or the
+stone itself <i>may</i> have got turned over.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> At all events I for
+one shall not be so rash as to cast suspicion upon so historic a
+relic.</p>
+
+<p>For those materialists who doubt that such an event ever
+took place, I will propound a theory. That the first twelve
+books of the 'Morte d'Arthur' were translated from the
+French by Sir Thomas Malory seems probable. Caxton says
+as much in his Preface, and the Epilogue to Book <span class="smcap">xii.</span> reads,
+'Here endeth the second book of Syr Tristram that was
+drawen oute of Frensshe in to Englysshe. But here is no
+rehersal of the thyrd book. And here foloweth the noble
+tale of the Sancgreal that called is the hooly vessel.' It has
+been shown<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> that the stories of the Holy Grail are probably
+of Welsh origin, and&mdash;Sir Thomas is said to have been a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>[<a href="./images/98.png">98</a>]</span>
+Welshman. Is it possible that he was ever at Winchester,
+that he wandered on Whitsun Eve (as did our book-hunter)
+along the Itchen, that he came to and roused over the stone
+(smooth and polished as a mill-stone), so different from any
+to be seen hereabout, and that as he wandered back to
+Camelot he wove the delicious romance about it? At all
+events, if he were ever there, it is at least possible that the
+spot was in his mind when adapting the Welsh legends for his
+book. Mark how well the events which I relate accord with
+the topography of the spot. The stone was 'beneath at the
+river,' the damozel who comes to view the marvel 'came
+rydynge doune the ryver . . . . on a whyte palfroy toward
+them,' and there is mention of the river meads. It is hard to
+believe that Sir Thomas would definitely assert that Camelot
+'is in English Winchester,' and make it the chief scene of his
+romance, had he never visited the town.</p>
+
+<p>The book was finished, Caxton tells us, 'the ix yere of the
+reygne of king edward the fourth,' 1469; but was not
+'chapytred and emprynted and fynysshed in th'abbey
+Westmestre' until 'the last day of July the yere of our lord
+<span class="smcap">m.cccc.lxxxv.</span>,' 1485. Three weeks later a fateful battle
+was fought&mdash;that of Bosworth, which placed the crown upon
+Harry Tudor's head. The facts that the new king was a
+great benefactor to Winchester, that he held the castle to have
+been built by King Arthur, and that he brought hither his
+queen to be delivered of his first-born (whom he named
+Arthur), point to something more than a chance connection
+between the city and the book.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Tudor was also a Welshman, and possibly Malory
+was of the king's acquaintance, if not actually of his retinue.
+Bale asserts that Malory was occupied with affairs of state.
+But conclusions are dangerous things. The preface to the
+'Morte d'Arthur' ascribes the ordering of the book to
+Edward the Fourth. '. . . I made a book unto th'excellent
+prynce and kyng of noble memorye kyng Edward the fourth.
+The sayd noble Ientylmen instantly requyred me t'emprynte<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>[<a href="./images/99.png">99</a>]</span>
+thystorye of the sayd noble kyng and conquerour king Arthur
+and of his knyghtes, <i>wyth thystorye of the saynt greal</i>, and
+of the deth and endynge of the sayd Arthur; Affermyng that
+. . . there ben in frensshe dyvers and many noble volumes
+of his actes and also of his knyghtes.'<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Which looks rather
+as if Edward the Fourth (who had no reason to love the
+Welsh&mdash;you will remember that he had beheaded Owen
+Tudor, Richmond's grandfather) had heard of or read
+Malory's work, and was anxious to possess it in print, though
+unwilling to credit it to a follower of the Lancastrian party.
+It is a pleasant field for surmise, and, however wrongly,
+it is good to picture old Sir Thomas strolling along those
+pleasant meads beside the river, weaving his immortal cycle
+of tales.</p>
+
+<p>There is a connection somewhere between Malory and
+Caxton too. In 1469 Malory finished his book, and in March
+of that year Caxton began to translate le Fevre's 'Recueil
+des Histoires de Troyes.' Where and when did Malory meet
+Caxton, who lived for some years about that time at Bruges,
+discovering that they possessed the same literary tastes? Did
+Malory hand the manuscript of his work to Caxton, in the
+service of the Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Edward the
+Fourth, and did the great printer (or the Duchess) show it
+to that king? We shall never know, and only Imagination can
+fill the gap.</p>
+
+<p>But to continue. It was Whitsunday, and as the last notes
+of the voluntary echoed away among those 'antick pillars
+massy proof' of the great church, our book-hunter's thoughts
+turned once more to King Arthur and his knights. For was
+it not upon this very day that the vision of the Holy Grail
+was vouchsafed to them as they sat at meat within the castle
+hall?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>[<a href="./images/100.png">100</a>]</span>
+'And thenne the kynge and al estates wente home unto
+Camelot, and soo wente to evensonge to the grete mynster.
+And soo after upon that to souper. . . . Thenne anone they
+herd crakynge and cryenge of thonder, that hem thought the
+place shold alle to dryve. . . . Not for thenne there was no
+knyght myghte speke one word a grete whyle. . . . Thenne
+ther entred in to the halle the holy graile coverd with whyte
+samyte, but ther was none myghte see hit,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> nor who bare
+hit. . . . And whan the holy grayle had be borne thurgh the
+halle thenne the holy vessel departed sodenly, that they
+wyste not where hit becam: thenne had they alle brethe to
+speke.'</p>
+
+<p>So the man of books climbed the hill and presently stood
+within the beautiful hall with its glorious black marble pillars,
+sole remnant of the ancient stronghold. The round table
+(barbarously painted) now hangs upon the western wall, but
+it needed little imagination to picture it set down in the midst,
+covered with a fair silken cloth ('the Kynge yede unto the
+syege Peryllous and lyfte vp the clothe, and fonde there the
+name of Galahad'), and on it set rich flagons and dishes,
+strangely wrought and worked with precious stones, and all
+about the table the famous knights in costumes strange to
+our eyes. . . . Launcelot upon the king's left,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> now glancing
+with fatherly pride upon the youthful Galahad (occupying the
+Siege Perilous), now smiling up at Queen Guenevere seated
+in the gallery with her maidens . . . . the walls hung with
+coarse dull-red cloth and bundles of sweet-smelling herbs
+hanging here and there, the floor strewn with fresh green
+rushes, gathered early that morning in the meadows below
+. . . . by the king's side a snow-white brachet, a golden collar
+about its neck . . . . and so on and so on. Imagination
+forsooth! He must be dull indeed who, reading the book
+and standing in the hall, cannot picture the scene for himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>[<a href="./images/101.png">101</a>]</span>
+It is useless to declaim that the great hall of the castle was
+not completed until the time of Henry the Third, that it did
+not exist at all before the Norman Conquest, that the castle
+occupied by King Arthur is more likely to have been on the
+site of the more ancient one which stood near the river (now
+known as Wolvesey), and that the great round table (eighteen
+feet in diameter, of stout old English oak, cunningly bolted
+together) was made during the former king's reign and was
+never used by Arthur at all. What are such crude exactitudes
+to us? As well object to the heavy plate-armour worn by the
+knights&mdash;everybody knows this to be an anachronism of nigh
+a thousand years. Romantic phantasy and scientific data are
+as far apart as the poles, and none but a fool would try to
+reconcile them. King Arthur feasted in the castle hall, says
+Malory, and so far as our book-hunter is concerned he shall
+feast there as often and as long as he likes.</p>
+
+<p>There is a romance, too, about the name of this older castle.
+<i>Wolvesey</i> its scanty ruins are called to-day, and the antiquarians
+tell us that this was originally WULF'S EY, or
+'the wolf's isle.' Was it once the scene of a battue by the
+young bloods of the tribe to drive out some wolves that had
+established themselves there, a fierce fight with axes and
+spears at close quarters whilst the rest of the tribe lined the
+opposite banks and prevented any escape? Or was it the
+scene of some homeric combat <i>seul <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '&aacute;'">&agrave;</ins> seul</i>? Perhaps some
+day a wolf's skull will be dug up there, with a stone axe
+sticking in it. But the history of it has gone for ever, had
+gone, probably, long centuries before King Kynegils found
+it a strong site for his castle.</p>
+
+<p>It was at Wolvesey that King Alfred himself is said to have
+penned some part of the Saxon Chronicle now treasured in
+the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He was
+a true book-lover, this great English king, and it is to the
+school of illuminators which arose later in the 'new minster'
+by St. Swithun's that we are indebted for some of the most
+beautiful examples of medi&aelig;val art that have come down to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a>[<a href="./images/102.png">102</a>]</span>
+us. The Golden Book of Edgar, Bede's 'Ecclesiastical
+History'&mdash;in the Cathedral library&mdash;and the exquisitely
+illuminated 'benedictional' of St. &AElig;thelwold possessed by
+the Duke of Devonshire, all these were produced before the
+end of the tenth century by the artists who laboured so
+patiently in the Scriptorium beside those peaceful meadows.
+For two centuries the Winchester school of illuminators was
+renowned throughout the western world.</p>
+
+<p>It is a pleasant spot, this ancient city of Camelot, and I
+like to read that among the aldermen who assembled at the
+Tun Moot in bygone days were a pinder, a mole-catcher, and
+an ale-conner. A stout fellow, this last, for without his
+permission not a single barrel of beer could be broached.
+The business transacted at the Moot, we are told, was little
+more than to receive taxes, provide for the defence of the
+city, and settle disputes. After which the aldermen (with the
+permission of the ale-conner, it is to be presumed) proceeded
+to consume the ale allowed to them by custom immemorial
+at the rate of two gallons a man at each sitting. <i>O tempora,
+O mores!</i></p>
+
+<p>At one time, however, that kill-joy Edgar came near to
+causing an insurrection, for he ordained that all drinking-horns
+should have pegs set in them at regular intervals and that
+no man might drink below his peg. Thus were practically
+abolished those friendly drinking-bouts between Danes and
+English that did so much to rid the town of its northern
+intruders. <i>Floreat Wintonia</i>, and may it stand for ever to
+book-lovers and lovers of romance as the ideal of all that is
+knightly and kingly and romantic&mdash;and hospitable.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be feared, however, that the Spirit of Romance is
+now moribund&mdash;if, indeed, it has not already passed away;
+and with it we are losing one of the most ennobling qualities
+in our nature. We pride ourselves nowadays in living in a
+'matter-of-fact' age, by which we mean a practical,
+unromantic age. But is it a matter for so much pride after
+all? Granted that the benefits which have accrued to man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>[<a href="./images/103.png">103</a>]</span>kind
+during the past century and a half are worth all the
+Romance in the world; but is the relegation of Romance to
+the domain of History a <i>sine qua non</i> so far as progress is
+concerned? In our haste to get on we have tried to drive
+Romance and Progress in tandem, with steady-going Progress
+in the shafts; but having found that together they need
+skilful handling, we have unharnessed the leader and hitched
+him on behind, to be dragged along anyhow in our wake.</p>
+
+<p>There must be many who regard the loss of romantic ideals
+as a matter for more than passing regret. Reverence, too,
+not only for our elders and betters but even for the great
+works of our predecessors, is going the way of its cousin,
+Romance. Recently, rambling over the Hampshire downs,
+our bookman toiled up the grassy bosom of this rolling land
+to a still loftier height whence on a clear day the Isle of Wight,
+nigh thirty miles away, can be distinguished. As he neared
+the top a mound came into view, one of those unmistakable
+monuments raised o'er the graves of the great chieftains of
+our ancient race. It was a most impressive spot, the highest
+point for many miles round, and the book-hunter wondered
+who he was that lay there in solemn majesty keeping watch
+through the long centuries over the land that once was his.
+On approaching closer the wayfarer was horrified to see that
+on the top of the mound, in the centre, there was a deep hole.
+Its import was obvious. The mortal remains of one who
+had lain for centuries in a grandeur befitting his lordly rank
+had been torn from their sepulchre, probably by some
+irreverent commoner, and were now doubtless exhibited to
+the vulgar gaze, in a glass case.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless the ghoul (for he that rifles tombs is none other)
+who perpetrated this enormity described himself as an
+arch&aelig;ologist. Possibly he was of gentle birth and had
+received a University education. If so, so much the greater
+his crime, for he could not plead ignorance. Surely no
+seriously minded person can urge that the knowledge thus
+gained as to ancient methods of burial, age of the remains,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>[<a href="./images/104.png">104</a>]</span>
+and so on, warranted such sacrilege.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> We can only hope that
+the chieftain was granted five minutes with the arch&aelig;ologist
+when that individual at length entered the land of shadows.
+Doubtless the arch&aelig;ologist had no qualms whatever, and
+slept soundly in the belief that by his 'researches' he had
+wrought great things for mankind; but when he encountered
+the chieftain it is unlikely that they would see eye to eye.
+'Happy are they who deal so with men in this world that
+they are not afraid to meet them in the next,' and happier
+still are they who deal so reverently with the earthly memorials
+of the dead, that there may be many to speak in their favour
+when they approach the Great Tribunal.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-13.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-13_th.jpg" alt="THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS" title="THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS" /></a></p>
+<p class="figcenter">THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS</p>
+
+<p>This particular form of irreverence, however, has been a
+byword throughout all the ages; civilisation and education
+have done little to check it, possibly because the romantic
+spirit which forbids such crimes is born, not made. King
+Arthur's bones were dug up in the twelfth century. 'Mummie
+is become Merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharoah
+is sold for balsoms,' wrote Sir Thomas Browne five hundred
+years later. In 1788 the massive stone coffin which held the
+remains of our illustrious King Alfred was discovered facing
+the High Altar at Hyde Abbey, Winchester, whither they
+had been translated in 1110. The coffin was broken in pieces,
+the bones found in it were scattered, and the lead enveloping
+the remains was sold by the workmen. A stone from the
+wrecked tomb, bearing the name &AElig;LFRED, was carried off
+to Cumberland as a curio. Hyde Abbey was razed to make
+way for a county Bridewell. 'At almost every stroke of the
+mattock,' relates an eye-witness, 'some antient sepulchre or
+other was violated.' Examples of such desecrations can be
+multiplied without number. The Great Alaric was wise
+indeed when he had the course of a river changed so that his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>[<a href="./images/105.png">105</a>]</span>
+bones, when lying at the bottom of it, might never be
+disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>Our ancient laws dealt sternly with this matter. 'If any
+man shall dig up a body that has already been buried,' ruled
+Henry the First, 'he shall be <span class="smcap">wargus</span>,' that is, banished
+from his district as a rogue. 'Malice provoketh not to dig up
+tombes and graves,' wrote an unknown Elizabethan scholar,
+commenting on this; 'and though it should, yet religion doth
+now restraine it, by reason it is counted sacriledge to violate
+anythinge in churches or churchyards. Covetousness made
+some to dig up the dead, because ornaments, jewels, or money,
+were in times past buried with many; but now that custome
+seasing, no man for desire of gaine is invited to commit this
+offence, and it now being generally reputed a most vile acte,
+no man will presume to transgresse these lawes, and every
+man is a law to himself therein.' But in this 'enlightened'
+age, when we are held to be above the need of such legislation,
+there is nothing to prevent the arch&aelig;ologist from practising
+his hobby where and when he please&mdash;so long as he avoids
+the churchyards. 'Tush,' he cries, 'here lies an ancient
+heathen who was not even buried in consecrated ground. We
+may find some curious relics buried with him. Up with his
+bones.'</p>
+
+<p>'Freedom for all men' may be a glorious motto, yet when
+we view these crimes (and the carved initials which deface
+so many of our most sacred monuments) we cannot but muse
+that there are many who should never be free&mdash;at least from
+the restraint of discipline. 'None can love freedom heartily,
+but good men: the rest love not freedom, but licence.'<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> There are 242 pages in this editio princeps, after which should come a
+leaf with (<i>a</i>) blank (<i>b</i>) device of John Hervey or Hervagius. It was english'd
+by Thomas Underdowne, and published in small octavo by Frauncis Coldocke,
+at the sign of the greene Dragon in Paules churchyeard, in 1587.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> "Il estoit bon musicien, tres-bon Po&euml;te Fran&ccedil;ois et Italien, se delectant
+singulierement a lire les belles et naifues rithmes de nos Po&euml;tes Prouen&ccedil;aux
+. . . . . . . tellement qu'il a compose en son temps plusieurs beaux et
+gracieux Romans comme <i>La conqueste de la douce mercy, et Le mortifiement
+de vaine plaisance</i> . . . . . Mais sur toutes choses aimoit il d'un amour
+passionnez la peinture . . . . . qu'il estoit en bruit et reputation entre les
+plus excellents Peintres et Enlumineurs de son temps." (Nostradamus). He
+had a fine library which contained all the most celebrated compositions of
+the Proven&ccedil;al poets and troubadours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> It was quite a dramatic scene. Bertrand taunted the Prince until the
+latter named a sum; and to his surprise De Guesclin at once cried "Done!"
+and all at the table sprang to their feet. "Oh Sir," they cried to the Prince,
+"what have you done!" "I hold you to your word," cried Du Guesclin&mdash;and
+so it was. See Hay du Chastelet, Claude Menard, and other biographers,
+also the Inventaire des Chartres, tome VI. (See also footnote on
+page <a href="#Footnote_79_79">216</a>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> This great romance does not appear ever to have been translated into
+English, which is somewhat strange, for its hero, Perceforest, was King of
+England, and we are told at the outset that the volume had an English origin.
+Philippe Comte de Hainault having accompanied Marguerite daughter of
+Philippe III. (<i>le hardi</i>) to England in order to be present at her nuptials
+with Edward I. (1299), the Count made an excursion to the north of England.
+Chancing to harbour at a monastery 'on the banks of the Humber,' he was
+shown an ancient manuscript which had been discovered in a vault under the
+ancient (? Saxon) part of the building. One of the monks had translated it
+into Latin. Philippe borrowed it and took it back with him to Hainault,
+where it was reduced into French. It is every whit as good as the Morte
+d'Arthur, and still awaits its Malory. The 1531 Paris edition consists of
+six folio volumes, the page in double columns of black letter type, with
+53 lines to the column. The whole book contains rather more than six
+hundred thousand words. Here is a chance for some enthusiast! At the
+least he would learn patience, carefulness&mdash;and a deal of medi&aelig;val French.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> O. Fr. <i>pierron</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> That there is a distinct crack on its upper side, you may see from the photograph
+here reproduced.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Sir J. Rhys, 'Studies in the Arthurian Legend,' Oxford, 1891, pp. 300-327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> In the list of books at the Louvre belonging to Charles <span class="smcap">v.</span> of France,
+drawn up by Gilles Malet, his librarian, in 1373, there is a volume 'Du roy
+Artus, de la Table Ronde, et de la Mort dudit roy, tres bien escript et
+enlumine.' It would be interesting to compare this manuscript (if it is still
+in existence) with Malory's work, and to see whether the incident of the
+<i>peron</i> is described therein.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> the golden vessel, because of the samite (silken) covering.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> As the table is painted at present, 'S. Galahallt' is upon the King's immediate
+left.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Of one of these enterprising antiquaries (a clergyman) it is proudly
+related that in the course of <i>three years</i> "he opened no less than a hundred
+and six tumuli and graves, and obtained from them a large proportion of that
+valuable collection of antiquities now in possession of Mr. Meyer, of Liverpool."
+See <i>A Corner of Kent</i>, by J. R. Planch&eacute;, 1864, page 115.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Milton.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>[<a href="./images/106.png">106</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-14.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-14_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h4>THE CARE OF BOOKS</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Wher so ever y be come over all<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">I belonge to the Chapell of gunvylle hall;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">He shal be cursed by the grate sentens<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">That felonsly faryth and berith me thens.<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And whether he bere me in pooke or sekke<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">For me he shall be hanged by the nekke,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">(I am so well beknown of dyverse men)<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">But I be restored theder agen.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">(<i>Written in a breviary in the Library</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i12">&ensp;&ensp;<i>of Gonville and Caius College.</i>)</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"> <a href="./images/ill-15.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-15_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">herein</span> lies the charm of an old book?
+In its contents? Not altogether, for then
+would the reprint be just as acceptable;
+perhaps more so, for it would be possibly
+more legible, probably cleaner, certainly in
+a more convenient shape. In its scarcity,
+then? Partly, perhaps; yet not necessarily, for there are
+many 'old' books that are always eagerly bought up by
+collectors, though quite frequent in occurrence. Then wherein
+lies the old book's charm? It is chiefly in its appearance.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is the spiritual appearance rather than the material
+aspect of a book, however, that draws the book-lover to it.
+To the true bibliophile there is an intangible <i>something</i> about
+an old book which it is impossible to describe. That this
+feeling is closely akin to the impressive influence of antiquity
+there can be no doubt; for you may prove it by taking your
+book-lover successively to a modern free library and to a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>[<a href="./images/107.png">107</a>]</span>
+collection of ancient books, and noting carefully his expression
+in each. Though he be surrounded by thousands of volumes
+issued from the press during the last half-century, rich and
+luxurious works even, yet the probability is that he will be
+merely bored. But watch him as he stands before the thick
+oak shelves eagerly scrutinising the dim lettering on ancient
+calf and vellum back! See how his eye flashes as he takes
+down an ancient quarto, gently and reverently lest the headband
+be grown weak with age, and, carefully blowing the
+dust from its top edge, turns eagerly to title-page and
+colophon!</p>
+
+<p>And this feeling is not influenced by the surroundings
+which one is accustomed to associate with old books. Whether
+they be in a cathedral or college library, in a bookshop or the
+most modern of cases, it is all one to your true collector. It
+is the books and the books only about which he cares. No
+sooner does he feel the ancient tome within his hands than
+his soul is borne rapidly away upon the wings of fancy, far
+far back into the dim ages, high above all worldly considerations;
+caring, understanding, feeling, in tune with the magic
+so wondrously locked up in this ancient volume, to which his
+love of books alone has provided the key.</p>
+
+<p>It is no wonder that he is impressed, for the soul of the
+true book-collector is ever in communion with the <i>manes</i> of
+those who gave birth to his books. He is brother to author,
+paper-maker, compositor, publisher, and binder, understanding
+all their hopes, doubts, and fears, in sympathy with all the
+thoughts that gave his volumes their shape, size, and
+appearance. Have you not often realised, brother collector,
+the <i>spirit</i> that is hidden in every old book, the concentrated
+thoughts that have been materialised in giving it birth?
+Surely thoughts never die. 'Our thoughts are heard in
+heaven' wrote a neglected poet, and are not books
+'sepulchres of thought'?</p>
+
+<p>Happier is the book-collector than he who acquires ancient
+pieces of furniture, old vases, or pewter mugs. For, unlike<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>[<a href="./images/108.png">108</a>]</span>
+the old book, these things can be reproduced in facsimile so
+that you may not tell the difference between old and new,
+and the reproduction may be stronger and more serviceable
+than the original. Moreover he is not troubled with qualms
+as to their genuineness, undergoing agonies of apprehension
+while each treasure&mdash;or otherwise&mdash;is submitted to the
+scrutiny of friends and experts.</p>
+
+<p>There is a lasting charm about a book of our choice which
+the antique-collector can never hope to experience. His
+treasure may be grotesque or it may be beautiful, in either
+case it may please the eye every time that he behold it,
+through many years. But beyond pleasure to the eye and
+perhaps a smug complacency in its possession, there is nothing
+else. He knows it inside-out, as it were, within a few minutes
+of its acquisition. Very different, however, is the case with
+a book. After the attraction exercised by its ancient
+appearance, the exterior aspect is in reality but a secondary
+consideration, and when we have expressed ourselves as to
+whether it be a fine or a poor copy, we turn at once to its
+contents. The very wording of the title-page gives us an
+inkling of the writer's character, places us upon his plane, and
+tunes our thoughts in harmony with his.</p>
+
+<p>What book-lover does not sympathise with that great man
+Lenglet du Fresnoy? Perhaps few men have come so
+completely under the spell of books; for he devoted a long
+life entirely to consuming the fruits of the master minds that
+had gone before him. In spite of the gossip concerning him,
+not always to his credit, that has come down to us, it is
+undeniable that by sheer love and knowledge of books he
+piled up a monument that will ever keep his name in memory
+among bibliophiles for he is numbered with such giants as
+Hain, Brunet, and Lowndes. The 'Methode pour &eacute;tudier
+l'Histoire' alone is sufficient to show his extraordinary knowledge
+of books; indeed, they were the very inspirers of his
+being and though his paths led him to high places, 'a passion
+for study for ever crushed the worm of ambition.' Having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>[<a href="./images/109.png">109</a>]</span>
+spent the greater part of his eighty-two years among old
+books, it was a modern one which caused his end; for,
+slumbering over its dulness, he fell into the fire and was
+burned to death!</p>
+
+<p>It is said of him that he refused all the conveniences offered
+by a rich sister, that he might not endure the restraint of a
+settled dinner-hour; preferring to browse undisturbed among
+his beloved tomes. His immense knowledge of ancient books
+is shown by the vast number of diverse works which he wrote
+and edited; but so forcible and controversial were his writings
+that he was sent to the Bastille some ten or twelve times.
+It is even related of him that he got to know the prison so
+well, that when Tapin (one of the guards who usually
+conducted him thither) entered his chamber, he did not wait
+to hear his commission but began himself by saying 'Ah!
+Bonjour, Monsieur Tapin,' then turning to the woman who
+waited on him, 'Allons vite, mon petit paquet, du linge et
+du tabac,' and went along gaily with M. Tapin to the Bastille.
+Verily the true bibliophile is not as other men, and a modern
+world looks upon him askance. Yet his portion is a happiness
+that riches cannot purchase, for his soul has found lasting
+comfort and contentment in a knowledge of the innermost
+recesses of human thought. There is no aspect or phase of
+the human mind with which he is unacquainted; and it is a
+knowledge that books alone can impart.</p>
+
+<p>Yet our true book-lover is not of those whose very religion
+is the preservation of the pristine appearance of their books,
+who deem it sacrilege to destroy one jot of the contemporary
+leather in which their treasures are clothed: liking rather to
+glue, varnish, and patch, preferring even a grotesque effect
+rather than sacrifice an inch of decayed calf. Their point of
+view is wholly admirable: that the only form in which we are
+justified in possessing a book is that in which it was originally
+issued to the world: that the men who bestowed great thought
+in giving it birth, to wit, author and publisher, know better
+what is meet and seemly for it than can any man of a different<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>[<a href="./images/110.png">110</a>]</span>
+age: that one man's choice is another man's abhorrence: and
+so on, and so on. Granted these things are so; but surely
+he who possesses the volume may have some say in its
+appearance, since it exists upon his shelf solely for his own
+delight and for no other man's?</p>
+
+<p>'It is mine,' says Praktikos, 'may I not clothe it in the
+colours of the rainbow if it please me?'</p>
+
+<p>'Then you are a vandal,' replies Phulax, 'for you will
+ruin your book, and it will not be worth ten shillings when
+it returns from the binder.'</p>
+
+<p>And there's the rub: rebind your book and&mdash;in nine cases
+out of ten&mdash;<i>you will lower its market value</i>. Therefore, if
+the book-collector have any eye to the purely commercial value
+of his library, he will do well to become an 'original-boards-uncut'
+man at once. Handsome his library will never be,
+for here there will be a whole set of paper-bound volumes
+lacking backs, here a folio strangely patched and mended,
+there a book in rather dirty vellum somewhat cockled by
+damp, and so on. But he will have the satisfaction of knowing
+that his volumes retain, in their appearance at least, something
+of the spirit of the time in which they first saw light. Perhaps
+they will create for him the more easily that stimulating yet
+peaceful atmosphere imparted by a collection of old books.</p>
+
+<p>Is there not, then, any alternative to preserving one's
+volumes in a disreputable condition? Assuredly there is&mdash;there
+are two alternatives. Either the collector will be so
+wise (and, incidentally, so wealthy) as never to purchase a
+dilapidated book, or else he must exercise great common
+sense and much good taste, putting fancy entirely to one side.</p>
+
+<p>You possess a copy of Cotton's translation of the Commentaries
+of Messire Blaize de Montluc, folio 1674. It is a
+good, clean, tall copy, but clothed in tattered contemporary
+brown calf. Half of the back is missing, two of the corners
+are badly broken, and a piece of the leather upon the under
+cover is torn off. Perchance you elect to send it to your
+binder, with strict instructions that it is to be repaired with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>[<a href="./images/111.png">111</a>]</span>
+plain calf. In due course the volume is returned to you, and
+it now presents a fearful and marvellous appearance. It is the
+proud possessor of a new back, nearly but not quite matching
+the sides in colour, and upon this the remaining upper
+half of the original back has been pasted. The corners bulge
+strangely, and you can discern new leather underneath the
+old and wherever the old was deficient. The sides shine with
+polishing, and a patch&mdash;again not quite matching the original,
+for it is next to impossible to do this&mdash;has been inserted on
+the under cover. The whole volume shines unnaturally, and
+has rather a piebald appearance. In short, it reminds one of
+Bardolph's face&mdash;'all bubukles and whelks and knobs.'</p>
+
+<p>But perchance you possess another copy in precisely the
+same condition inside and out, and this you have decided must
+be rebound. It goes to your binder, always with your very
+definite instructions, and in due course returns, modestly
+attired in morocco of, let us say, a dark sage-green hue. On
+each side there is a plain double panel, 'blind' tooled; the
+back is simply lettered</p>
+
+<h5>BLAIZE<br />
+   DE<br />
+MONTLUC</h5>
+
+<p>and there are 'blind' lines at the sides of each band; but,
+beyond the lettering, there is no gilding whatever on the
+back. The edges have not been trimmed, much less cut,
+but have been left precisely as they were originally.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose now for an instant that you do <i>not</i> possess either
+copy, but that both are offered to you by a bookseller at
+precisely the same price. What will be your feelings as you
+handle the repaired copy? It is more than probable that you
+will sigh '<i>Poor thing</i>' as you open it gently for fear of
+cracking the old piece pasted on to the back. But, '<i>What a
+nice clean copy</i>' you will say as you take up the other; and
+it is improbable that you will hesitate long in making choice.</p>
+
+<p>The repairing of moderately old bindings is an excellent
+thing so long as it is not carried to extremes. Obviously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>[<a href="./images/112.png">112</a>]</span>
+there are many cases where it would be sheer foolishness to
+rebind the volume, slight repairs <i>at the hands of an
+experienced binder</i> being all that is necessary to enable the
+book to be described as a <i>fine, tall, clean copy, in the original
+binding, neatly repaired</i>. And this is where one's carefully
+considered judgment and good taste must be exercised.</p>
+
+<p>But advice is easier to give than to follow. If our purse
+be a slender one, it is next to impossible to confine our
+purchases to perfect copies in choice condition. And so it is
+unavoidable that a certain number of our volumes should be
+in a more or less dilapidated state. A book that we have long
+sought for crops up; it is a perfect copy, more or less clean
+inside, but in a sad state of decay as regards the binding. On
+this account it is offered to us at one-half the price which a
+sound copy would fetch, perhaps even less. Of course we buy
+it, and many others like it; so that at length we are faced
+with the choice between a formidable binder's bill and the
+alternative of harbouring a collection of wrecks.</p>
+
+<p>This temptation to acquire imperfect books and poor copies
+is a most insidious one, and few collectors can withstand it
+altogether. Andrew Lang, than whom there was never a
+more genuine book-lover, seems to have been as susceptible
+as most of us. 'I believe no man,' he writes in 'Books and
+Bookmen,' 'has a library so rich in imperfect works as the
+author of these pages.' Yet although the purchasing of a
+volume in a state of decay (externally, that is) is sometimes
+unavoidable, it should be every collector's endeavour, however
+modest his means, to avoid buying dilapidated books. If a
+book be at all frequent in occurrence it is far better to bide
+our time until a better copy turns up, even though we may
+have to pay a few shillings more for it, than to rest content
+with the possession of a sorry example in which we can take
+no pride, and one that will never be worth a penny more than
+we gave for it until it has passed through the binder's hands.
+Remember also that although the choicest binder in Europe
+may lavish his art upon our volume, yet a taller and cleaner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>[<a href="./images/113.png">113</a>]</span>
+copy <i>in the original, or contemporary, binding</i>, and in perfect
+condition, will ever command a better price in the sale-room.
+Our choice in binding&mdash;however appropriate to the book&mdash;may
+not be the choice of him who next possesses the volume.</p>
+
+<p>As an example of this discretion which one must exercise in
+rebinding one's volumes, here is an incident that occurred in
+a London sale-room a few years ago. A copy of Jane
+Austen's 'Mansfield Park' in three volumes, 1814, was put
+up for auction and realised &pound;20. It was bound in boards and
+was entirely uncut. Nevertheless it was not in the original
+binding, but it had been rebound in precisely the same style
+as that in which it was originally published. The paper labels
+had been reprinted in facsimile, and the edges had not been
+tampered with in any respect, not even 'trimmed.' The best
+price that had been realised previously for an uncut copy in
+the original boards was &pound;18 10s.</p>
+
+<p>The owner was indeed wise in his generation. Had he
+sent the volumes to his binder to be bound in full morocco
+'extra,' at a cost of, perhaps, twenty shillings apiece, the work
+would have realised, probably, seven or eight pounds. But
+by good judgment (and, in the writer's opinion at least, good
+taste) his expenditure would not exceed fifteen shillings for
+the three, his profit being four times as great. Not long ago
+two copies of the first edition of Keats' 'Endymion' appeared
+at an auction-sale in London. Both were 'uncut,' but one
+was in the original form in which it issued from the press, the
+other was bound in morocco. The former realised &pound;41, the
+latter &pound;17, 5s. <i>Dictum sapienti sat est.</i></p>
+
+<p>Old books, by which I intend sixteenth and early
+seventeenth century volumes, are always best left alone as
+regards the binding. If they be at all dilapidated, it is as
+well to have a case<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> made for them which can be lettered on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>[<a href="./images/114.png">114</a>]</span>
+the back, and they can then stand upon the shelf among one's
+other books. Nothing is more unseemly and incongruous
+than an ancient volume in a modern cover, and, try as the
+most skilful binder may, it is impossible to imitate an ancient
+binding so closely as to deceive the eye even momentarily.
+Do not seek to make them presentable by patching and
+repairing, unless they be too far gone for their value to be
+of any consideration.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of early-printed books and works of great rarity,
+never, upon any account, tamper with your copy or seek to
+improve it in any way. Not only, as I have said, is it quite
+impossible to impart a contemporary appearance to a
+fifteenth-century book however famous and skilful the binder,
+but age leaves its mark upon the constitutions of books as
+surely as it does upon mankind. No volume of that age will
+stand the handling of a casual reader, still less the pulling,
+patting, and pressing that re-sewing and re-covering
+necessitate, however gently such processes be carried out.</p>
+
+<p>There is a terrible story (I hope it is untrue) told of a
+certain peer who decided to send to the auction-room the six
+or seven Caxtons which had descended to him with a noble
+library from his ancestors. As, however, the volumes were
+bound in fifteenth-century sheepskin (probably in Caxton's
+house) he thought that their appearance would be rendered
+rather more attractive if they were rebound first of all. So he
+sent them forthwith to the local binder; and on their return,
+now gorgeously clothed in 'calf gilt extra' (&agrave; la school prize),
+he despatched them to the London sale-room. The result may
+be imagined. His foolishness must have robbed him of a
+sum running well into four figures!</p>
+
+<p>There is another point also to be considered, and that is the
+<i>pedigree</i> of a volume. The solitary impression of a binder's
+tool upon a fragment of binding may identify a volume and
+its previous owners. Some years ago the writer purchased
+an ancient folio without title-page and colophon, bound in
+tattered fragments of ancient calf covering stout oak boards.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>[<a href="./images/115.png">115</a>]</span>
+There was, apparently, nothing to indicate when, where, or
+by whom the volume was printed or bound, or whence it came.
+But from a certain peculiarity in the type (which he noticed
+when studying the early printers of N&uuml;rnberg) he now knows
+the name of the printer and the town in which he plied his
+trade; while from a certain woodcut which that printer used
+also in two other <i>dated</i> works only, <i>both printed the same
+year</i>, he discovered when the volume in all probability was
+printed.</p>
+
+<p>A scrutiny of the remains of the binding revealed the blind
+impressions of four different stamps. As these occur frequently
+in conjunction upon the bindings executed by the monks at a
+certain monastery in Germany in the sixteenth century, there
+is little difficulty in assigning a <i>provenance</i> to the volume.
+Furthermore the initial H in a heart-shaped impression
+identifies the binder as a monk whose initials H.G. (on two
+heart-shaped tools) are of frequent occurrence on contemporary
+volumes at that time in the possession of the monastery.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say, it has <i>not</i> been rebound. The tattered
+pieces of skin have been carefully pasted down, and a case&mdash;lettered
+on the back&mdash;now contains the book upon his shelf.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the case, however, of more recent books bound in tattered
+or perished calf, books of which one may obtain duplicates at
+any time, except they be works of extreme value there is no
+reason why they should not be re-bound. Even here, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>[<a href="./images/116.png">116</a>]</span>
+the collector must tread warily; for should he send his copy
+of Tim Bobbin's Lancashire dialogue of <i>Tummus and Meary</i>
+to the binders with brief instruction that it is to be bound in
+full morocco, it may be returned to him in all the splendour
+of a sixteenth-century Florentine binding.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to books published in cardboard covers with
+paper backs and paper labels, what is to be done with these
+when the backs are dirty or torn off, the labels of some
+volumes missing? Must they be re-bound in leather or cloth?
+Not necessarily, and I for my part maintain that the
+delightful ease which one experiences in handling them when
+reading the early editions of Byron, Scott, or Irving, and
+those writers who flourished in the first few decades of the
+nineteenth century when books were commonly issued in this
+form, is sufficient excuse for retaining them in their original
+shape. Such volumes may easily be made presentable at the
+cost of a little time and trouble, as I shall presently show.</p>
+
+<p>An appearance of antiquity is never a <i>desideratum</i> to the
+honest book-collector. I say 'honest' advisedly, for there
+have been&mdash;and doubtless are&mdash;persons so misguided as to
+stoop to the fabrication of certain small and excessively
+valuable books. To such, an appearance of age is no doubt
+indispensable in their wares. But these are torments which
+afflict the wealthy only; and for this I at least am sincerely
+thankful.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt, however, that in the collection of many
+things antiquity in appearance is desirable: witness the
+modern fabrication of 'antique' furniture and pottery. Our
+book-hunter was once acquainted with a certain country
+gentleman, a learned man and most excellent companion,
+whose passion for rare things once got the better of his
+judgment. It was not books that he collected, but butterflies;
+and he was inordinately proud of a rather seedy-looking
+'Large Copper' which his cabinet contained. For the benefit
+of his admiring entomological friends he would recite how his
+grandfather had caught it with his hat when on a holiday in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>[<a href="./images/117.png">117</a>]</span>
+the Fens. It grew to be quite an exciting tale. One day,
+however, in the course of a country ramble they fell to
+discussing the romancer, or man who resorts to fiction that
+his adventures may be the more interesting. And as (for the
+sake of argument) the man of books affected to praise him,
+remarking that any soulless fool can tell the bald truth whereas
+it requires an artistic temperament to adorn a tale with
+realistic embellishment (!), his friend turned to him eagerly.
+Being encouraged, he confessed that his Large Copper was
+not all that it appeared to be. In short, the bookman
+discovered that he had secured it himself while on a summer
+tour in Switzerland, and with the aid of a camel's-hair brush
+had succeeded in reducing it to a venerable state.</p>
+
+<p>'Of course,' the entomologist hastened to explain, 'no one
+could possibly tell that it was not my grandfather's. He had
+a very fine collection, and probably there was more than one
+Large Copper in it, though there was only the one in the
+cabinet that came to me. I shall never forget my feelings
+when it happened. I had taken it out of the drawer to show
+to a friend, when we both saw, outside the window, what we
+thought was an <i>Antiopa</i>. We rushed out, and when we came
+back we found that the cat. . . . Dear me; I was quite
+overcome. . . . But that summer I caught the one you have
+seen in Switzerland; and as my dear friend was no more and
+nobody else knew of the catastrophe, I thought there would
+be no harm in merely restoring a specimen to my grandfather's
+collection.'</p>
+
+<p>But the bookman pointed out to him that when he died
+and his collection was sold his family would benefit by some
+pounds through his indiscretion; for it was now known to all
+his friends as a genuine English specimen. This troubled the
+entomologist greatly, for it was a point of view that had never
+occurred to him, and, like the rich young man, 'he went away
+grieved.'</p>
+
+<p>So it is sometimes in book-collecting: there is a temptation
+to 'restore' an incomplete book. Should the collector find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>[<a href="./images/118.png">118</a>]</span>
+that his copy of a certain work lacks a portrait, what is more
+natural than to go to the print-shop and purchase a portrait
+of the same individual for insertion in his copy? And in this
+there may be little harm, provided that the book is of no
+value <i>and that he makes a note in ink inside the front cover
+as to what he has done</i>. But occasionally some unscrupulous
+book-fiend&mdash;he is, of course, no true book-collector&mdash;substitutes
+for a damaged page a page from another copy,
+or perhaps of a later edition; sometimes he supplies his
+volume with a spurious title-page or other leaf; and, worst of
+all, substitutes in his copy of the second edition, whereof the
+title-page is damaged, the title-page of a first edition, of which
+he possesses an incomplete copy.</p>
+
+<p>And here let me utter a word of warning. Apparently it is
+the practice of certain cheap second-hand booksellers to
+abstract the engraved plates from folio books, occasionally
+also removing the 'List of Plates' that the theft may remain
+undiscovered, and to sell the works thus mutilated as sound
+and perfect copies. Needless to say to the print collector
+such plates are invariably worth a shilling or two apiece, if
+portraits considerably more. I know to my cost one London
+bookseller who habitually removes the engraved portraits
+with which certain seventeenth-century folios, especially
+historical ones, are wont to be embellished. How many rare
+volumes this ghoul has ruined it is impossible to say,
+probably some hundreds. Our book-hunter confesses to
+having been caught by him three times, discovering the reason
+for the cheapness of his bargains (!) some time later. A friend
+has also suffered from his attentions. I need hardly add that
+his shop is now avoided, by two book-hunters at least, as
+something unclean.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally, also, one comes across scarce volumes bereft
+of title-pages, these having been torn out by some vampire to
+adorn his scrapbook. Surely no fate can be too bad for the
+man who dismembers books. His proper place is certainly
+in the Inferno, where, in company with Bertrand de Born,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>[<a href="./images/119.png">119</a>]</span>
+he will be condemned for ever to carry his own head, after
+it has been separated from his body, in the shape of a lantern.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<p>As soon as ever you reach home with your purchases from
+a ramble along the bookstalls, and whenever you receive books
+that you have ordered through a bookseller's catalogue, collate
+your acquisitions carefully. Whenever it is possible refer to
+a bibliography to see that your copy is all that it should be.
+Nothing is more annoying than to discover, perhaps years
+afterwards, that your copy of a rare book, which you fondly
+imagined to be a fine one in every respect, lacks a page or so,
+or a leaf of index or errata, or a plate. It is a good plan to
+make a point of keeping books upon your table until they
+have been properly collated and catalogued, when&mdash;and not
+before&mdash;they may be placed upon the shelves.</p>
+
+<p>Frequently you will discover that a second book, or even
+a third, has been bound up with your volume, and you would
+have overlooked these but for collating. It was a common
+practice at one time (as, indeed, it is with some collectors
+nowadays) to bind up thin books with thicker ones to save
+the expense of binding. Probably this is the reason why
+certain sixteenth and seventeenth century works which consist
+of but fifty or sixty leaves are so hard to find, being bound
+at the end of larger works and thus commonly escaping the
+cataloguer's eye.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary for the collector to exercise the greatest
+caution in acquiring a valuable old book from any but a
+reputable bookseller. The fabrication of a page or so&mdash;especially
+a title-page&mdash;is a comparatively small matter to the
+nefarious dealer who hopes by this means to obtain for his
+copy the price which a perfect one would command. 'Perfect'
+copies of rare fifteenth-century works are made up from two
+or more imperfect ones, title-pages and leaves are reproduced
+in facsimile, blank leaves and engravings are inserted: for all
+these the collector must be continually upon his guard. Other
+books there are which have certain passages frequently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>[<a href="./images/120.png">120</a>]</span>
+mutilated, or a genealogical tree or a table generally missing.</p>
+
+<p>Hazlitt gives two examples of this species of knavery.
+One, in which a reproduction of the scarce portrait of Milton
+usually attached to the first edition of his 'Poems,' 1645, had
+been actually split and laid down on old paper to make it
+resemble the original print: the other, a case in which a copy
+of Lovelace's 'Lucasta,' 1649, lacked a plate representing
+Lucy Sacheverell (which makes a good deal of the value of
+the book), and a copy of the modern reproduction of this plate
+to be found in Singer's 'Select Poets' had been soaked off
+and 'lined' to give it the appearance of a genuine impression
+mounted, and then bound in.</p>
+
+<p>And these mutilations are not the only things of which the
+collector must beware. Early in the history of books, the
+reputation that hall-marked the publications of certain famous
+presses became a source of envy to less fortunate printers.
+Type and imprints were soon counterfeited, and the fine
+editions of the Classics printed at Venice by the great Aldine
+press were reproduced at Lyons and elsewhere. In this
+matter of forgery and pirated reprints, you will find Gustave
+Brunet's 'Imprimeurs Imaginaires et Libraires Suppos&eacute;s' of
+value. It is a catalogue of books printed with fictitious
+indication of place or with wrong dates, an octavo volume
+published in 1866.</p>
+
+<p>These things, however, cannot be learnt at once, and it is
+only by the continual study of catalogues and bibliographies
+that one comes to know them. Needless to say, however,
+all reputable booksellers will take back a work which is
+discovered to be imperfect, provided that the volume be
+returned without delay.</p>
+
+<p>Books, like those who gave them birth, are of all conditions;
+but from the collector's point of view they may be divided
+conveniently into five classes. To the First Class belong
+those volumes which are described by booksellers and
+auctioneers as 'fine copies.' Ever since their publication they
+have been in the possession of wealthy men, often peers, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>[<a href="./images/121.png">121</a>]</span>
+(sometimes like their owners!) have passed their lives for the
+most part undisturbed amid luxurious surroundings. They
+are invariably richly bound, often in historic bindings, and are
+clean and fresh inside. Frequently they are sumptuous works
+and presentation copies, and they always command high
+prices. In a word, they are aristocrats among books. They
+are not necessarily rare volumes, though frequently they are
+large-paper copies, and for the true collector they do not
+offer so much attraction as the Second Class, in which we
+place those books that are more eagerly sought after. These
+are generally rare books, such as incunabula and the higher
+class English literature of the seventeenth century, and are
+to be found in the libraries of wealthy collectors who are
+also learned men. They are always well bound and in good
+condition, though sometimes they have their headlines shaved,
+occasionally they are slightly imperfect, or have been cleaned
+and repaired. But they are always desirable books, and evoke
+spirited bidding whenever they appear in the auction-room.</p>
+
+<p>Class Three comprises the great army of what may be
+termed 'middle-class books.' They are bound usually in half-bindings,
+when they are not in the publisher's cloth, and are
+good, clean, <i>sound</i>, copies of such works as county histories,
+antiquarian books, sets of the learned societies' publications
+and of 'standard authors.' They are such stable and solid
+books as you will usually find in the libraries of the well-to-do
+middle classes. In short they are gilt-edged securities, and
+command a steady price in the market.</p>
+
+<p>To Class Four may be assigned the volumes contained in
+the average second-hand bookseller's shop in this country.
+They are the <ins class="grk" title="Greek: hoi polloi">&#8003;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#8055;</ins> among books, and for the most part
+they include the more frequent and more modern English
+works. Usually they are quite desirable copies, though
+frequently they lack a portrait or other plate, sometimes they
+have a torn or mounted title-page, or other imperfection.
+They are generally in cloth or calf bindings which are almost
+invariably somewhat decrepit, being either rubbed or perished,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>[<a href="./images/122.png">122</a>]</span>
+or cracked at the joints. They are dusty and rather unkempt,
+and fox-marks are common, for such volumes have passed
+through many hands and have not always been accorded the
+care that is due to good books. But it is here that one comes
+across books 'in the original boards uncut,' and, if expense
+be no object to you, you may often raise such purchases to a
+higher class.</p>
+
+<p>Books in Class Five are the outcasts of the book-world,
+being those decrepit volumes which stack the bookstalls and
+barrows in the larger towns. They are the weedings of auction
+sales and shops, books that are not worth cataloguing by the
+dealer. Like human beings they have drifted through life
+with all its vicissitudes, knowing many masters and earning
+the gratitude of none. And so at length, deprived even of a
+home, they find their way into the streets, where they are
+soon reduced to wreckage.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight it would seem that they owe their situation
+to their quality, both intrinsic and extrinsic&mdash;that they are
+valueless either as literature or as specimens of book-production,
+or that they are imperfect or odd volumes. In
+many cases this may be true, but in general it is not so. The
+wrecks of handsomely produced books of high-class literature
+are common on the bookstalls and barrows, as all collectors
+of modest means are aware. They owe their situation <i>chiefly
+to inconsiderate handling</i> and to the carelessness of their
+successive owners.</p>
+
+<p>As to the practice of inserting illustrations in books that
+are published without them, 'Grangerising,' as it is called,
+it is perhaps best left alone. At first sight there appears to
+be small harm in providing, let us say, a volume of travels or
+the description of a town with an appropriate engraved
+frontispiece, or adorning your biography of So-and-so with
+a portrait. But the temptation to overstep the bounds of
+seemliness is so great that it is seldom the collector stops at a
+mere frontispiece. In most cases the Grangerite soon loses
+his self-control, and develops an acute mania for embellishing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>[<a href="./images/123.png">123</a>]</span>
+his volume with all and every print upon which he can lay his
+hands, apposite in the slightest degree to the subject of the
+book. Every year the sale-rooms witness these monstrosities.
+Biographies issued in a single volume are 'extended'
+('rended asunder' would be a better term) to fifteen or
+twenty volumes by the insertion of hundreds of engravings
+depicting every place mentioned in the text and every man
+or woman that the subject of the biography ever met. I have
+seen an octavo volume multiplied into twenty-five folio ones
+in this fashion, the leaves being inlaid to suit the size of the
+huge portraits and views stuffed into the disjointed sections
+of the wretched book. Nor is it only engravings that are
+used. Play-bills, lottery-tickets, tradesmen's advertisements,
+autograph letters, maps, charts, broadsides, street ballads,
+bills even, all are grist for the Grangerite's mill.</p>
+
+<p>It is a singularly futile hobby, and it is certainly a pernicious
+form of bibliomania, for it is responsible for the destruction
+of many good books. Whether its devotee imagines that any
+one is ever going to wade through his twenty monstrosities,
+turning, perhaps, six illustrations between page and page of
+text, we have not discovered. His completed labours form a
+compilation about as valuable as a scrap-book. If it were
+possible to gather into one volume, or rather portfolio, every
+portrait, let us say, of a certain celebrity <i>that has ever been
+published</i>, one would possess a valuable storehouse for
+reference purposes; and such a volume, from its <i>completeness</i>,
+would be invaluable in the British Museum. But these limits
+are too narrow for the true Grangerite. He desires a wider
+field of action. So he embarks upon a task which he can
+never hope to complete. Though he labour all his life there
+will always be <i>some</i> one or more engravings that he has failed
+to secure; and so far from being 'invaluable,' his collection
+becomes merely of passing interest. As a book it is, of course,
+grotesque.</p>
+
+<p>The fate of most of these collections is probably the same.
+So long as the binding remains in good condition they are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>[<a href="./images/124.png">124</a>]</span>
+ensured a niche on some neglected shelf; but once the marks
+of age or wear and tear manifest themselves their fate is
+sealed. They come speedily into the hands of those booksellers
+who deal also in prints, and beneath such ruthless
+hands the labour of years is undone in a few minutes. At
+least it is pleasant to think that the poor pages, separated for
+so many years, come together again if only for a few hours
+before they reach the paper-mill!</p>
+
+<p>Whether the sober-minded collector whose pride is the
+well-being of his books is justified in adding a frontispiece
+and, say, half-a-dozen good engravings to a book that he
+appreciates, is a moot question. Doubtless the correct view
+is that books should not be meddled with by amateur book-producers,
+that both publisher and author know best what is
+most fitting for the volume they produce, that any book which
+has been tampered with internally in any way becomes a
+monster and is to be avoided. But this brings up again the
+old question, 'May we not do what we like with our own
+volumes?'</p>
+
+<p>Personally I am of opinion that the judicious and extremely
+moderate adornment of certain books is justified by the result.
+There is no doubt that the insertion in an <i>un</i>illustrated
+volume of travel of, let us say, six engraved plates depicting
+scenes mentioned in the text, adds a charm to the volume and
+enhances both its appearance and the pleasure of its perusal.
+Similarly the addition of an <i>authentic</i> portrait to a biography
+certainly lends an added interest, whilst the addition of a map
+is often of the greatest assistance to the reader. But that
+books should be mutilated, torn apart, and stuffed with
+play-bills, lottery-tickets, and the like, no sane book-lover
+will admit.</p>
+
+<p>There are some books that seem to ask for illustration.
+Who has handled the three folio volumes which comprise the
+first edition of Clarendon's 'History of the Rebellion' without
+feeling that by rights they should contain fine mezzotint
+portraits of the chief actors in that great drama? But they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>[<a href="./images/125.png">125</a>]</span>
+must be mezzotints, mark you&mdash;mere line engravings would
+be out of place among those bank-note paper leaves with their
+handsome great-primer type. This question of seemliness,
+too, must be considered carefully ere we add a single plate
+to any volume. Not every engraving, however beautiful in
+design and impression, is at once suitable to every book that
+treats of the subject it depicts. That the illustrations be
+contemporary with the text goes without saying. No one
+would be so foolish as to insert modern 'half-tone'
+illustrations in a seventeenth-century book.</p>
+
+<p>That heading 'Extra-illustrated,' so dear to certain booksellers,
+must send a shudder through many of the discerning
+readers of their catalogues. Books that are extra-illustrated
+should be avoided by the collector on principle. There is
+something foolishly egotistical in seeking (by those who
+have no knowledge of book-production) to 'improve' the
+work of other men whose business is the making of books.
+There can be no necessity for it; the author is quite sure to
+have added the illustrations that are requisite for the volume.
+It is only books that were published without illustrations that
+we are justified in attempting to embellish. Illustrations in a
+book are invariably a question of the author's and publisher's
+tastes; the cost of their production is not usually an
+all-important item: it is the setting up of the type, the paper,
+and the binding that count&mdash;not the illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>It was the fashion in the early decades of the last century
+to issue volumes of engravings suitable for illustrating the
+works of contemporary writers, such as Byron and Scott: and
+these illustrations can be used when you have your editions
+rebound. There is no particular merit about the greater part
+of them, but they depict incidents described in the text, so at
+least they are apposite. Each to his taste; our book-hunter for
+his part needs no second-rate illustrations to help him visualise
+the glories of Childe Harold or Don Juan; and he has long
+since confined his Grangerising to the sparing addition of
+finely engraved portraits to biographical volumes.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> With regard to these cases, the collector will use his own judgment as to
+whether they be of the 'slip-in' variety, by which means the binding is
+rubbed every time that he withdraws and inserts his volume; whether such
+cases be lined with velvet, and roomy enough to obviate this friction; or
+whether they shall open with a flap at the side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> If you are interested in the pedigrees of your volumes (by which we mean
+the identification of their previous owners) you will find M. Guigard's 'Nouvel
+Armorial du Bibliophile,' octavo, Paris, 1890, useful where armorial bindings
+are concerned. It is an interesting volume, and appeared first of all in four
+parts (large octavo, Paris), between 1870 and 1872. There are cuts of every
+coat of arms identified, but these are almost entirely French. Mr. Cyril
+Davenport's 'English Heraldic Book-stamps' was published in large octavo,
+in 1909. For early book-plates you must consult the numerous works upon
+this subject that have appeared in recent years. An excellent series of
+articles entitled "Books on Book-plates," by F.C.P., appeared in 'The
+Bookman's Journal and Print Collector' between February and July, 1920
+(Nos. 15-18, 20-23, 25, 34, and 40). There is also 'A Bibliography of Book-Plates,'
+by Messrs. Fincham and Brown, in which the plates are arranged
+chronologically. The Ex-Libris Society issues a journal, and there are
+numerous other volumes upon this subject, which you will find mentioned in
+Mr. Courtney's 'Register of National Bibliography.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Canto xviii.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>[<a href="./images/126.png">126</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-16.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-16_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h4>THE CARE OF BOOKS&mdash;(<i>Continued</i>)</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'In the name of Christ all men I pray,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">No wight this book doth carry away,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">By force or theft or any deceit.<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Why not? Because no treasure so sweet<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">As my books, which the grace of Christ display.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">(<i>Written in Latin hexameters at the end of</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i12">&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;<i>the Leechbook of Bald.</i>)</span>
+</div></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"> <a href="./images/ill-17.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-17_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">here</span> can be no subject of such prime
+importance to the collector as the housing
+of his books. In most cases the books
+themselves have small say in the matter,
+for a certain room in the house is allotted
+to them without any consideration as to its
+suitability for storing books, and there they must abide,
+making such shift as their possessor shall determine. This
+must always be the case where their owner is in lodgings or
+in any temporary abode, where it is not considered worth
+while going to the expense of putting up permanent shelves
+for his books. But, after careless handling, there is nothing
+that ruins books more quickly than an indifference to their
+well-being; and unless our volumes are constantly placed in
+their proper position, that is upon their <i>feet</i>, they will age
+speedily and visibly both inside and out.</p></div>
+
+<p>'The surest way to preserve your books in health is to treat
+them as you would your own children,' wrote that great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a>[<a href="./images/127.png">127</a>]</span>
+bibliophile, William Blades; and the care which should ever
+be bestowed upon ancient volumes cannot be too strongly
+emphasised. And it is not only 'ancient' volumes that
+require attention. Cloth bindings are hardly so durable as
+leather, and without proper care a library of modern books
+can be reduced to wreckage in a year. It is just as easy to
+provide proper accommodation for one's books, wherever one
+may be living, as it is to provide comforts for oneself. Treat
+your books well and they will last you all your life, giving
+pleasure every time that you may take them in your hands.
+Remember also that although one may judge the propensities
+of a collector from the titles of his volumes and his character
+from their contents, yet there is nothing which indicates his
+habits so surely as the external appearance of his books.
+Whenever our book-hunter enters the library of a fellow-bookman
+he can gauge at once the depths of his feelings
+towards books, let alone the extent of his bibliographical
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Surely no man is such a giant among his fellows that he
+may allow the life-works of the greatest geniuses of this
+world to be spurned underfoot? 'Take thou a book into
+thine hands,' wrote Thomas &agrave; Kempis, 'as Simeon the Just
+took the Child Jesus into his arms to carry him and kiss him.'</p>
+
+<p>What true book-lover could find it in his heart wantonly
+to injure a good book? '. . . as good almost kill a Man as
+kill a good Book,' wrote Milton in that oft-quoted passage in
+his Areopagitica; 'who kills a Man kills a reasonable creature,
+God's Image; but hee who destroyes a good Booke kills
+Reason itselfe, kills the Image of God, as it were in the eye.
+Many a man lives a burden to the Earth; but a good Booke
+is the pretious life-blood of a master spirit, imbalm'd and
+treasur'd up on purpose to a Life beyond Life.'</p>
+
+<p>It is not only the critic who destroys books, for neglect
+may approach dangerously near to wanton destruction. At
+the least, he who regards not the welfare of his books is an
+accessory before the fact of their destruction. 'Books,' says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a>[<a href="./images/128.png">128</a>]</span>
+that veteran bibliophile M. Octave Uzanne, 'are so many
+faithful and serviceable friends, gently teaching us everything
+through their persuasive and wise experience.' Surely if
+good books are so much to us, such a great part of our lives,
+it behoves us to respect them not a little. Have they not
+taught us, guided us, advised us, soothed us, and amused us
+from our youth up? And is it meet that we should repay their
+constant friendship with indignity?</p>
+
+<p>'Thou, whosoever thou art that studiest in this book,'
+wrote an unknown book-lover many centuries ago upon the
+margin of a favourite volume, 'take heed to turn the leaves
+lightly and smoothly, that thou mayest avoid tearing them
+on account of their thinness; and seek to imitate the example
+of Jesus Christ who, when He had gently opened the book of
+Isaiah and read it with attention, at length closed it reverently
+and returned it to the minister.'</p>
+
+<p>On this subject of shelving our book-hunter can speak from
+experience, for he has provided proper accommodation for a
+thousand to three thousand volumes in three temporary
+abodes.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> It takes a little time, a fair amount of trouble, and
+an outlay of three or four pounds; but when once accomplished
+such shelving is a thing of no small pride to oneself,
+and the object of a good deal of admiration by one's friends.
+Briefly, the plan he has always adopted is to erect shelves of
+pine or deal stained brown, nine inches wide and five-eighths
+or three-quarters of an inch thick, along the entire walls of his
+sanctum. It is firmly made and will last a lifetime, yet it can
+readily be taken to pieces in a few minutes.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-18.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-18_th.jpg" alt="THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY" title="THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY" /></a></p>
+<p class="figcenter">THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY</p>
+
+<p>In erecting such shelving the first thing to do is to estimate
+how many feet of it you will require. On an average one
+foot will contain ten octavo or quarto volumes or six folio
+ones. There should be ten inches between the shelves for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a>[<a href="./images/129.png">129</a>]</span>
+octavos, twelve inches for quartos, and fourteen inches for
+folios: while at the bottom you may have a shelf sixteen
+inches in height for such large folios as you may acquire or
+already possess. Should the huge folios (almost folissimos)
+published by the Record Commission in the early years of
+the nineteenth century fall within the category of your
+collecting activities, you will require one shelf at least no less
+than nineteen inches in height. If only for the sake of your
+peace of mind I would strongly advise you not to begin
+collecting early Spanish antiphonaries, such as you may see
+in the Escurial; for these are frequently six feet high and
+four feet wide, and are really out of place in the small domestic
+library. I forget for the moment their precise dimensions in
+millimetres.</p>
+
+<p>It is a mistake to have the top shelves too high. Not to
+speak of the inconvenience of having to stretch upon tip-toe
+or mount a chair in order to obtain a volume, your books will
+be subjected to a higher temperature the nearer they are to
+the ceiling. Blades, in his 'Enemies of Books,' is emphatic
+upon this point. 'Heat alone,' he says, 'without any noxious
+fumes is, if continuous, very injurious to books; and, without
+gas, bindings may be utterly destroyed by desiccation, the
+leather losing all its natural oils by long exposure to much
+heat. It is, therefore, a great pity to place books high up in
+a room where heat of any kind is used, for it must rise to
+the top, and if sufficient to be of comfort to the readers below
+is certain to be hot enough above to injure the bindings.'</p>
+
+<p>Gas is one of the greatest enemies of books, the sulphur
+in the gas fumes attacking the leather bindings readily, so
+that in time they are reduced to tinder. So if gas be the
+illuminant in your study, see to it that no volume of yours be
+above the level of the burner. In any case, if space will
+permit, the highest shelf should not be more than six feet
+from the ground. For similar reasons of temperature, the
+bottom shelves should be six inches above the floor.</p>
+
+<p>As to the actual length of the shelves, if constructed of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a>[<a href="./images/130.png">130</a>]</span>
+wood five-eighths of an inch thick <i>when planed</i>, they should
+not exceed two feet two inches in length between supports.
+If made longer they will gradually bend in the middle under
+the weight of the books and soon look unsightly. But if
+made of three-quarter-inch wood, they may well be three
+feet long.</p>
+
+<p>Now as to the actual construction of the cases. We will
+suppose that the entire case, that is shelves and uprights,
+is to be made of planks five-eighths of an inch thick when
+planed. The first thing to do is to estimate how many feet of
+timber you will require. Measure your wall space. In
+calculating the length of shelving remember that each <i>upright</i>
+is five-eighths of an inch thick; and in estimating the height
+of the uprights, don't forget to add the thicknesses of the
+shelves to the spaces between them. Perhaps the following
+example will be useful.</p>
+
+<p>To find height of upright:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dimensions of bookshelves">
+<tr><td align='left'>Top shelf space</td><td align='right'>9&frac12;in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2nd shelf space</td><td align='right'>10 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3rd shelf space</td><td align='right'>10 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4th shelf space</td><td align='right'>10 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5th shelf space</td><td align='right'>12 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6th shelf space</td><td align='right'>14 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Height of lowest shelf from floor</td><td align='right'>6 in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thickness of 6 shelves, each &#8541;in.</td><td align='right'>3&frac34;in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>Height of upright&mdash;6ft., 3&frac14;in.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>The top shelf will be 5ft. 5in. from the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The uprights must be two inches wider than the shelves
+in order that the latter may not rest against the wall. There
+must always be a space between shelves and wall to allow a
+free circulation of air about the books. Therefore, let your
+uprights be eleven inches and your shelves nine inches in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a>[<a href="./images/131.png">131</a>]</span>
+width. In estimating the amount of timber required, don't
+forget the top.</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which the shelves are supported by the
+uprights is as follows. Strips of wood five-eighths of an inch
+square and nine inches long are screwed across the uprights,
+and on these the shelves rest. So when you order the wood
+from your carpenter or timber merchant see that he sends
+you also a sufficiency of these strips, two for each shelf.</p>
+
+<p>The fixing of these strips will entail a certain amount of
+carpentry, and in addition to bradawl, screwdriver, and footrule
+you will need a hard pencil and a carpenter's square, as
+well as some stout iron screws one inch long. Two screws
+are sufficient for each strip. If you are anything of a
+carpenter you will countersink the holes for the heads of the
+screws; this will also prevent a possible splitting of the strip.</p>
+
+<p>When your carpentering is completed, the whole case must
+be stained to your taste. For this purpose our book-hunter
+has found nothing so good as the solution known as
+'Solignum,' which may be purchased at any ironmonger's.
+In addition to being a wood-preservative, it has the advantage
+of being obnoxious to insects. It dries a pleasing brown, not
+unlike old oak. The only objection to its use that he has
+discovered is that it smells strongly, though not unpleasantly,
+for about a fortnight. One coat is quite sufficient, and after
+a few days you may rub the shelves with an old duster to
+remove any of the solution that has not yet been absorbed.</p>
+
+<p>The case should now be put together, the tops (which are
+in one piece, the entire width of the case) and lowest shelves
+being screwed to the uprights. The other shelves are merely
+rested on the strips. You will find that if your floor be level,
+and you have sawn the bottoms of the uprights squarely,
+there will be no necessity to affix the case to the wall: the
+weight of the books alone will keep it in position. If the
+floor proves uneven, small wedges underneath the uprights
+will be sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>You will find it an advantage to cover the shelves and their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a>[<a href="./images/132.png">132</a>]</span>
+sides with green baize. This protects the bindings of the
+books considerably, and it is easily stuck on with glue. It
+has also the advantage of <i>holding</i> the dust which collects,
+and with the aid of a small 'vacuum-cleaner' such as most
+households possess nowadays, the cases may be cleaned
+thoroughly without removing a single shelf.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Felt would be
+better, but it is, of course, much more expensive. Sir John
+Cheke, tutor to Edward the Sixth, that learned man who, says
+Milton, 'taught Cambridge and King Edward Greek,' used
+buckram. 'Among other lacks,' he writes from Cambridge
+in 1549 to a friend in London, 'I lack painted bucram to lai
+betweyne bokes and bordes in mi studi, which I now have
+trimd. I have need of XXX yardes. Chuse you the color.'
+But the buckram of his day was probably a very different
+material from the cloth which we are accustomed to associate
+with the binding of books. At all events I certainly should
+not recommend its use when you trim your studi.</p>
+
+<p>On no account must you paint or varnish your shelves,
+unless, of course, you intend to cover them with baize or
+felt. However good the paint, however hard the varnish,
+heavy leather-bound books will adhere to them in course of
+time. So that when you come to remove a volume which you
+have treasured in its ancient calf, you will find that the leather
+at the bottom edges of the boards remains behind with the
+shelf. Therefore, unless you intend to line them, let your
+shelves be stained or sparingly polished only.</p>
+
+<p>Care must be taken not to place any volume near wet or
+even damp 'Solignum.' Make sure that it is thoroughly dry
+or covered with baize before you place a single volume on the
+shelves. Should you wish your work to look particularly neat,
+you may putty over the heads of the screws before you begin
+staining operations. An additional 'finish' is given by
+numbering the cases with Roman numerals in gold upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a>[<a href="./images/133.png">133</a>]</span>
+small stained blocks (about 2 inches by 1&frac14; inches) affixed to
+the top of each case. The shelves may also be lettered with
+letters of the alphabet cut out of gold paper.</p>
+
+<p>But perhaps you may prefer to designate the cases of your
+library by the names of ancient Rome, as was the practice
+followed notably in these days in the library of Sir Robert
+Cotton. It is a pleasant conceit, and there is certainly something
+more dignified about 'Vespasian, VII, 7,' or 'Cleopatra,
+IV<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '.'">,</ins> 26' than there is about a mere 'B, VI, 8,' or 'XIV, C, 16.'
+Asinius Pollio, that great warrior, historian, and book-lover of
+the Augustan age, is said to have been the first to adorn his
+library with portraits and busts of celebrated men as well as
+with statues of Minerva and the Muses, an example that was
+soon followed by others. Pollio was the first to found a public
+library at Rome, which he endowed with the money obtained
+in his Illyrian campaign, says Pliny: but in how many public
+libraries at the present day will you find a memorial of this
+great patron of Virgil and Horace?</p>
+
+<p>The effect of placing statuettes of marble or plaster, about
+sixteen inches high, on the top of one's book-cases is
+singularly pleasing; and there is an appropriateness about it
+to the eye that it is impossible to describe. One may have
+beautiful reproductions of all the most famous classical statues
+and busts for a few shillings. What can be more appropriate
+than for Calliope to preside over your case containing Homer
+and Virgil, Dante and Milton; or that Euterpe should be
+enthroned above Theocritus and Horace, Shelley and
+Swinburne? You may carry your fancy on these lines as far
+as you like, and you may include any figure that pleases you,
+from the well-known 'Discobolus' (over your case of sporting
+books!) to the exquisite statue which many still persist in
+calling the 'Venus de Milo.'<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a>[<a href="./images/134.png">134</a>]</span>
+A friend of our book-hunter has adopted a somewhat similar
+plan. Above each case in his library he has placed an oaken
+shield on which are emblazoned the arms of one of the ancient
+historic families of England, such as Warren, Clare, Mortimer,
+or Doyly. The effect is striking, and the bold colouring of
+fesses and chevrons lightens the sombre tone of the mahogany
+cases. The shields are chosen for their distinctive features,
+and, once learnt, it would be impossible in seeking 'Warr. C,
+21' to mistake the scarlet chevrons of Clare for the blue and
+white chess-board coat of Warren.</p>
+
+<p>On the matter of cases with glass doors we need not touch
+here; it has been thoroughly debated by such masters as
+Blades and Lang. For the storing of valuable books and
+bindings such cases are excellent, provided always that there
+is a free circulation of air about the volumes, or that the doors
+are opened every day. But for one who is at work continually
+in his library, and is referring constantly to his books, the
+repeated opening and closing of glass doors would be something
+more than irritating. Charles <span class="smcap">v</span>. of France had grilles
+of brass wire put in the windows of his library in the Louvre,
+to preserve the books from the attacks of 'birds and other
+beasts.' The document recording the payment for this work
+makes the sinister remark that the books were in the tower
+'devers la Fauconnerie.' Precisely what the clerk of the
+works thought we shall never know; possibly he pictured a
+goshawk pouncing upon the 'veluyau ynde' in which some
+chubby duodecimo was clothed. In the end, however, the
+'oyseaux et autres bestes' had to make room for the books;
+and the Tour de la Fauconnerie, known thenceforth as the
+Tour de la Librairie, was panelled throughout with 'bois
+d'Irlande,' carved and inlaid (as it seems) with cypress wood.
+However, this was so long ago as 1368.</p>
+
+<p>We must now turn to another important matter&mdash;perhaps
+the most important subject to the collector after the housing
+of his volumes&mdash;namely, the binding of his books. It is a
+subject that is naturally of the greatest moment to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a>[<a href="./images/135.png">135</a>]</span>
+bibliophile, for it is as essentially a part of his volumes as are
+their leaves and print. It is constantly before him, and will
+continue to occupy his thoughts to the end of his book-collecting
+career. So often, however, has it been treated, so
+many are the books upon it by skilled craftsmen, that it were
+needless (and, indeed, presumptuous for the writer) to enter
+into any details here concerning its methods. I would
+strongly urge every young collector, however, to make himself
+thoroughly acquainted with the craft so far as can be done
+without actually becoming apprentice to a bookbinder. Bookbinding
+is taught nowadays at most of the County Council
+Schools of Technics throughout the kingdom; and there are
+opportunities in this direction for the young bibliophile to-day
+which his elder brethren regard with envy.</p>
+
+<p>Even where such practical instruction is unobtainable it is
+possible to acquire a quite considerable knowledge of the craft
+by a diligent study of practical text-books and the scrutinous
+handling of volumes bound in all ages. As he reads each
+page, each section of his manual, the collector should examine
+repeatedly the volumes lying by his side. Our book-hunter
+began his study of bookbinding with a small and excellent
+text-book by Mr. Joseph Zaehnsdorf, a member of the well-known
+firm of binders (sm. 8vo, 3rd ed. 1897); but it has
+perhaps been superseded by the more recent work of Mr.
+Douglas Cockerell, namely, 'Bookbinding and the Care of
+Books,' a perfectly invaluable little book to the collector
+(sm. 8vo, 4th ed. 1915, published by Mr. John Hogg,
+Paternoster Row). A diligent application to this book and
+constant reference to bound volumes during his perusal will
+teach the collector sufficient about the binding of books for
+his purpose. He will be able to distinguish between a cased
+and a bound book, a well-bound and a badly-bound volume,
+good and bad sewing, tooling, etc.; and he will learn the
+advantages of the solid back.</p>
+
+<p>Now he may turn to the valuable work by Mr. H. P. Horne
+entitled 'The Binding of Books' (8vo, 1894) from which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a>[<a href="./images/136.png">136</a>]</span>
+will learn a great deal that is of interest concerning the
+history of binding. An excellent pamphlet on bookbinders
+and the history of their craft, by Mr. W. H. J. Weale, was
+issued in 1898 by the authorities of the Victoria and Albert
+Museum at South Kensington. It was published at one
+shilling, and consists of 130 pages with illustrations of binders'
+stamps and tools, and has an excellent index. At the time of
+writing it is still in print. But you will find valuable lists of
+works on the history and practice of bookbinding in Mr.
+Cyril Davenport's delightful volume 'The Book: its History
+and Development' (8vo, 1907, Messrs. Constable and Co.).
+And there are two small volumes on the qualities of the
+modern book-binding leathers which the collector will do well
+to read, mark, learn and inwardly digest at the outset of his
+bibliopegic studies. They are 'Leather for Libraries' (8vo,
+London 1905), by a committee of the Library Association,
+and the Report of the Committee of the Society of Arts on
+Leather for Bookbinding, also octavo, London 1905.</p>
+
+<p>Now as to the practical application of his knowledge of
+bookbinding. He will have realised at the outset of his
+career that unless a book be strongly bound in leather at the
+first, much use will quickly reduce it to the condition of a
+wreck. The British Museum authorities, recognising this,
+wisely rebind in leather certain volumes published in cloth
+covers which are to be placed on the shelves of the Reading
+Room. Where much use is accorded to the volumes doubtless
+the ideal way, if one were possessed of sufficient means, would
+be to purchase new books in quires only, and to have them
+bound in vellum, pigskin or morocco straight away. With
+regard to second-hand books (by which I mean old-time
+literature) these would be rebound, similarly, before they were
+assigned places on the shelves.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, however, in the private library our volumes
+are immune from that careless handling usually accorded to
+books by those who love not learning for learning's sake, but
+look upon it as a necessary part of their worldly education.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a>[<a href="./images/137.png">137</a>]</span>
+Usually there is no need to rebind these ancient tomes whose
+'joints' are so delicately described by the bookseller as
+'tender': their very infirmity will ensure that they be
+accorded careful handling. But there comes a time when
+the old fellow succumbs to his arthrodial trouble, and there
+is nothing for it but to send him to the binder that he may
+acquire a second youth. Then it is that the collector's
+learning in the art of binding will prove of the greatest use.
+He will take the patient in his hands, examine him minutely,
+and write a long prescription which he will slip into the
+volume opposite the title-page, before proceeding to wrap him
+up for the journey. It will run something like this:</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">M. Pasquier's</span> 'Recherches de la France'<br />
+Fo: Paris 1633.</h4>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>To be bound in full Niger, dark brown (as I usually have it).</li>
+<li>Solid back, big round bands.</li>
+<li>All edges untouched.</li>
+<li>Old marbled endpapers, cloth joints.</li>
+<li>Blind panel and lozenge tooling on sides (like the pattern you have of my big Menestrier).</li>
+<li>On the back a broad gold line either side of each band.</li>
+<li>Panels plain.</li>
+<li>To be lettered (thick fount)</li></ul>
+
+<h4>RECHERCHES<br />
+DE LA FRANCE</h4>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>and in the middle panel</li></ul>
+
+<h4>PASQUIER.</h4>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>The engraved portrait facing the title-page to be washed and sized.</li>
+<li>Tears on pp. 721, 723 to be mended.</li></ul>
+
+<p>Pigskin, vellum, and morocco (by which I intend goatskin):
+there are no alternatives if durability be our aim; calf,
+of course, we have learnt long ago to eschew. No leather,
+except Russia, perishes more quickly or more easily. Rather
+have a book bound in cloth than in calf any day. Buckram is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a>[<a href="./images/138.png">138</a>]</span>
+good and stands fairly rough handling; it is useful for binding
+catalogues and cheap books. See that your binder gives you
+good thick boards when he clothes your books in buckram.</p>
+
+<p>Years ago, when books were most commonly bound in calf,
+a custom arose of stamping the lettering on thin pieces of
+leather of a different colour from the binding, and these were
+stuck on to the back of the book. There is no doubt that
+these leather labels have <i>sometimes</i> a pleasing effect, and for
+a time the custom was very popular. But it is a bad habit.
+Besides the meretricious effect generally produced, the paste
+which holds the label to the back of the book perishes in
+time, and the label drops off. A visit to any large second-hand
+bookshop will afford an admirable illustration of the result
+of this habit. Here one may see sets of Shakespeare's works
+and other classics which present a most woebegone appearance
+owing to several of the volumes having shed their labels.
+The only excuse for this custom that I have ever heard urged,
+is that one always knows when to rebind volumes so adorned:
+it is when the labels begin to fall.</p>
+
+<p>As to the merits and demerits of the different coloured
+moroccos, you will find these fully dealt with in the bookbinding
+manuals. White and black we are warned against
+especially. The bookbinding authorities tell us that vellum,
+if exposed to a strong light, perishes and chips off like
+egg-shell; and we are warned to place vellum bound volumes
+with their backs to the wall, lettering the fore-edge with pen
+and ink, as was often done of old. But if kept away from the
+windows this precaution seems to be unnecessary. The
+beautiful brown vellum used for binding and repairing old
+books by Messrs. John Ramage and Son is very attractive
+and is, perhaps, as durable a binding as it is possible to have.
+Possibly other bookbinders use it, though I do not remember
+to have seen it used by any other firm. So far as I am aware
+this firm is the only one in London capable of executing work
+of the very highest class at a price within the means of the
+modest collector.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a>[<a href="./images/139.png">139</a>]</span>
+It has been said that there are only four bookbinders in
+London who may be trusted not to mutilate a book, and that
+there are only two who have any sense of design and harmony
+of colour. But this is not to be wondered at when we consider
+that the majority of the bookbinders' customers know nothing
+whatever of bookbinding good or bad, requiring only that
+their volumes shall present a gorgeous appearance to the eye.
+Consequently the ordinary binder is rarely called upon to pay
+those minute attentions to detail demanded by a hypercritical
+collector. Bibliophiles are born, not made, and it were foolish
+to expect that every bookbinder has the love of books at
+heart. In nine cases out of ten it is our own fault if the
+binder goes wrong, for it means that our instructions have
+been either too meagre or lacking in a knowledge of technical
+detail.</p>
+
+<p>When sending a book to the binder, definite instructions
+should always be enclosed. The details should be set forth
+clearly on a slip accompanying the volume. It should be
+stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(i) Whether the book is to be bound in pigskin, vellum, or
+morocco (Levant, Niger, smooth or rough grained).</p>
+
+<p>(ii) The colour.</p></div>
+
+<p>And here let me say that it is always better to choose the
+leather (the actual skin) oneself. The binder will make up
+two little books, lettered with the collector's name on the
+cover, containing moroccos of different hues; one he will give
+to the collector, the other he will retain. As every sample in
+these books is numbered, when ordering it is merely necessary
+to give the number (written <i>very distinctly</i>!). It is perhaps
+superfluous to add that, at the outset, the collector will have
+obtained a guarantee from his binder that only acid-free skins
+shall be used in binding his books. And he will also be
+careful to avoid selecting the very bright tints, such skins not
+being so durable as those of more sombre hue.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a>[<a href="./images/140.png">140</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(iii) Whether quarter, half, or whole binding.</p>
+
+<p>(iv) If quarter or half binding, whether the sides are to be
+covered with cloth (buckram or linen, and colour) or paper
+(marbled or plain, and colour).</p>
+
+<p>(v) Treatment of the edges: whether top edge gilt (t.e.g.), all
+edges gilt, gilt on red, gilt on the rough, marbled, sprinkled,
+yellow, red, or blue edges (the last two very effective on folio
+books bound in pigskin), edges trimmed or untrimmed, uncoloured,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>(vi) Round or square back.</p>
+
+<p>(vii) Solid or hollow back.</p>
+
+<p>(viii) Round or square raised bands, big or small, or 'no bands'
+(<i>i.e.</i> not showing).</p>
+
+<p>(ix) End-papers (white, plain coloured or marbled).</p>
+
+<p>(x) Whether, in the case of a large book, it is to have cloth
+joints (inside the covers).</p>
+
+<p>(xi) Design in gold or blind tooling on sides and back.</p>
+
+<p>(xii) Lettering on back. This should be given in capital letters
+precisely as it is desired to appear. If any lettering is required in
+a panel other than the title-panel (second from top), it should be
+stated which one; the number of the volume or the author's name
+is put sometimes in the third panel from the top and sometimes
+in the fourth.</p>
+
+<p>(xiii) Leaves to be mended, cleaned, or pressed; and any
+directions regarding illustrations, maps, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>A goodly list? Yes, but a necessary one unless one is
+content to leave these things to the binder's discretion. He
+<i>may</i> be one of the two who are said to possess 'a sense of
+design and harmony of colour'; but unless the collector has
+enclosed instructions as to all these points, if on its return
+the appearance of the book displease him he has only himself
+to blame.</p>
+
+<p>The care which the book-lover bestows upon his volumes
+should not end, however, when they return from the binder.
+Unless attended to from time to time a leather binding&mdash;however
+good the leather&mdash;will perish, probably, within a
+lifetime. Vellum, apparently, is everlasting, provided it be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a>[<a href="./images/141.png">141</a>]</span>
+kept away from the light and not exposed to great changes
+of weather or temperature. But pigskin, goatskin, and of
+course calf, in time lose by evaporation certain fats which are
+inherent in the leather. Some collectors use furniture-polish
+or brown boot-polish to brighten up dingy old bindings, and
+this certainly has a pleasing (and often surprising) effect. But
+it is a bad practice, for the polish hardens the leather, which
+soon cracks worse than before. 'It would add immensely to
+the life of old leather bindings,' writes Mr. Cockerell, 'if
+librarians would have them treated, say once a year, with
+some preservative.' And he goes on to recommend that the
+bindings be rubbed over with a solution of paraffin wax
+dissolved in castor oil. Our book-hunter has used a preparation
+of glycerine for some years with success, but the paraffin
+wax promises to evaporate less rapidly. Old calf bindings
+should be treated at least once every year.</p>
+
+<p>What shall we do with our volumes in 'original boards,
+uncut' when their paper backs become tattered, their labels
+illegible? Is there no other treatment for them than a visit
+to the binder's? That depends entirely upon one's energy,
+one's capacity for taking pains, one's neatness of finger, and
+the time at one's disposal. As I have said, the pleasure in
+handling volumes so attired is sufficient excuse for a desire
+to retain them in their original condition as long as possible.
+There is a facility in opening, a lightness in holding, and a
+simple charm in their appearance that is unknown to their
+more richly clad brethren. Our book-hunter for his part has
+long since given up sending such volumes to the binder's.
+Let the adept exercise his craft upon tomes in worn-out
+leather bindings; with the repairing of books in their original
+boards our amateur himself will deal.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a difficult matter, and it can be done by the
+bibliophile at home. The first requisites are some sheets of
+strong, tough paper, brown and coloured. These can be
+procured for a few pence from any paper-merchant or place
+where they sell wrapping-paper. A pot of 'Stickphast'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a>[<a href="./images/142.png">142</a>]</span>
+paste, a pencil, a ruler, a pocket-knife, and a pair of scissors
+are the accessories. Sometimes it is necessary only to re-back
+the volume. This is a simple matter. First of all the tattered
+paper on the back is scraped off, then a strip of brown or
+coloured paper is cut the required width and an inch and a half
+longer than the height of the volume. Cover the strip with
+paste, then take the volume in your left hand and paste
+the back and half an inch on to the sides, having first of all
+placed a sheet of clean paper, slightly larger than the book,
+inside the cover at each end (<i>i.e.</i> under the boards). This is
+to prevent soiling.</p>
+
+<p>Now press the back of the book on to the strip, lying on the
+table ready pasted, so that it adheres; and with your right
+hand press the sides of the strip over on to the sides of the
+book. Experience will quickly teach you that if you use
+too much paste you will make a mess; whilst if you use too
+little the strip will not stick. If the paper is very thick it is
+necessary to rub the paste well into it.</p>
+
+<p>Next put the back of the book upon the table (which we
+trust you have covered with a newspaper) and allow the boards
+to fall flat, holding the leaves upright. Now comes the tricky
+part of the business: you have got to fold the projecting ends
+of the new back <i>over</i> the top and bottom of the boards and
+<i>under</i> the body of the book. If this is not quite lucid, get
+a volume in boards and hold it as we have directed, you will
+soon see what is meant. It is a ticklish operation and the
+paper is easily torn if too thin <i>or too damp</i>. It also requires
+some patience, for probably you will find that the strip has
+come away from the sides during your manipulations. Press
+it down again and do the other end. Pressing and pulling
+gently and kneading are the secrets of success. A small
+rubber squeegee such as photographers use is useful here.
+With it you can press out the superfluous paste under the
+sides of the strip; but it must be used cautiously and not too
+hard.</p>
+
+<p>Now close the volume, not forgetting to insert sheets of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a>[<a href="./images/143.png">143</a>]</span>
+clean paper between boards and leaves at either end, take it
+up again in your left hand, and pat and finger it carefully
+till you are satisfied that all is well. Then remove a volume
+of similar thickness from a rather tightly packed shelf, and
+insert your patient in its place <i>as far as the strip</i>. Leave it
+here to dry for at least twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>If the original paper label is legible and intact, it can be
+easily soaked off the tattered back, though you may have to
+operate first of all with the pocket-knife to remove it entire
+from the book. Press it between blotting-paper and allow it
+to dry naturally. When the new back is dry (not before) the
+label may be pasted on to it. If, however, the label is missing
+or too tattered to be of service, there is nothing for it but to
+write another one with your best penmanship, copying the
+original, if you have it, in facsimile. Such labels should be
+written with Indian (<i>waterproof</i>) ink upon rather thin paper
+of a different colour from the back. Light buff is the most
+useful colour, though pale blue and light green can be used
+sometimes with advantage.</p>
+
+<p>Should you wish to make your work look extra neat, and
+to disguise the fact that the volume has been rebacked, it is
+possible sometimes to raise the end-papers at the inner corners
+of the boards, so that the projecting ends of the backing-strip
+may be tucked under. So much for rebacking.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes, however, the boards are too dirty or broken to
+be retained, or some of the boards in a set of volumes are
+missing. Then there is nothing for it but to provide new
+boards or patch up and re-cover the old ones. Here again the
+labour is not very great. New boards may be cut from a
+cardboard box of suitable size and thickness. Those used by
+dressmakers are not very suitable, the card being generally
+too soft. If your volume lacks one or both boards, paste the
+back with stickphast, and then press on to it a strip of very
+thin linen (a strip torn from an old cambric handkerchief
+serves admirably) about two inches wider than the back and
+an inch shorter than the height of the book. The linen will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a>[<a href="./images/144.png">144</a>]</span>
+project an inch on either side of the back. Now put the
+volume aside to dry.</p>
+
+<p>When the back is dry, having provided suitable boards,
+paste the linen sides on the underside of each board, <i>i.e.</i> so
+that when the book is shut, the linen is between leaves and
+board. The best way to do this is to take a volume of
+similar thickness, cover it with newspaper, and place it flat
+upon the table with its fore-edge to the back of the 'patient.'
+Then lay the board on the supporting volume, and so paste
+the linen to it. Do one side after the other, stand the book
+'ajar,' and allow to dry. Now you may proceed just as in
+re-backing, covering the boards first of all by pasting over
+them a rather thin but <i>opaque</i> paper. You will find the
+squeegee useful here. These side-papers are measured and
+cut one inch larger than the volume at head, foot, and fore-edge.
+The projecting edges are folded over the boards and
+rubbed down with the squeegee. The corners need some
+attention and pressing.</p>
+
+<p>When you have re-backed your book and all is dry, you will
+have to provide it with end-papers. Any opaque white paper
+will do, provided it is not too stiff. That used for lining chests
+of drawers will answer the purpose, though a paper of slightly
+better quality is preferable. Measure it carefully about
+one-eighth of an inch less at head and foot than the height of
+the book. You need not trouble about the width: so long
+as the free edge projects beyond the fore-edge when you close
+the book it can be cut level afterwards. Do not use too much
+paste, and crease the paper carefully along, and slightly into,
+the 'joint' with an ivory paperknife. Do not close the book
+until it is dry.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever you may have occasion to add new end-papers,
+remember to preserve all indications of the pedigree of your
+book, by which I mean traces of previous ownership. If
+there be a bookplate, soak it off, and when dry paste it inside
+the end cover. If there be autographs of interest on the
+boards, soak the paper off, cut out the writing and paste it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a>[<a href="./images/145.png">145</a>]</span>
+back again when you have finished the book.</p>
+
+<p>When you have provided your volume with new boards,
+however, you may prefer to clothe it in a 'whole binding';
+that is, to use a single piece of paper to cover both back and
+sides. This is slightly more difficult and some little patience
+is needed; but when successfully accomplished the effect
+repays one amply. Lay your book on a sheet of coloured
+paper, so that the boards are flat whilst you are holding the
+leaves perpendicularly; then pencil and rule lines all round,
+leaving a margin of about three-quarters of an inch. Cut out
+this piece, paste it, paste the back and boards, and lay the
+book down again on the paper just as you did to begin with.
+The book is held in this position with either hand whilst the
+edges are turned up over the boards. It takes a little practice,
+and one requires some experience in the shrinkage of the
+paper used. Old boards that have their corners broken can
+be easily repaired by the use of plenty of paste rubbed well
+into the breaks, and by using fairly strong covering paper.</p>
+
+<p>There is another matter of which mention must be made
+here, for it is a necessary adjunct to the binding of books, and
+that is cleaning, or washing, as it is generally called. Often
+one comes across leaves in a volume that are stained or spotted
+in such a manner as to spoil the appearance of the book which
+otherwise is perfect. Such blemishes can usually be removed
+when the volume is rebound. Either it is not such a difficult
+matter as many who have written of these things would have
+us believe, or else our book-hunter has been singularly
+fortunate. For he confesses to having achieved considerable
+success in this direction. Like all other matters involving
+care and thoroughness, it takes a good deal of time, and no
+small amount of trouble; but apart from these considerations
+there is no reason why any bibliophile endowed with patience
+and a capacity for taking pains, should not attend to the
+washing of his more 'grubby' volumes himself.</p>
+
+<p>It is not the writer's intention here to go into the various
+processes employed, for that has been done already by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a>[<a href="./images/146.png">146</a>]</span>
+experienced bookbinders; but perhaps the methods which he
+has employed successfully may be of interest and, possibly, of
+some use to beginners.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say that your first
+experiments should be made upon books of no value whatever,
+preferably volumes that have been picked out of the penny
+tub for this purpose. You will also have procured (if indeed
+you do not already possess) a copy of Mr. Douglas Cockerell's
+invaluable little book which I have already mentioned, and
+have studied it as has been suggested above. Mr. Zaehnsdorf's
+work also contains a chapter on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The paraphernalia required are not numerous or expensive,
+for they consist merely of three or four wide-mouthed glass-stoppered
+bottles in which to store your chemicals, and a few
+photographer's developing dishes (the <i>deep</i> ones, of white
+porcelain) of a suitable size for octavo, quarto, or folio leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously the first thing to do is to remove from the book
+the leaf or leaves that require cleaning. Unless, like Gerard
+de Leew, the Antwerp printer, you are 'a man of grete
+wysedom in all maner of kunnyng,' you will not attempt to
+clean the leaves of a book <i>in situ</i>. In fact he would be a
+very brave (or foolish) man who, without great experience,
+tried to remove any sort of stain from a page without removing
+the leaf first of all. Our own experience is that it is better
+to pull the whole book to pieces&mdash;or rather <i>take</i> it to pieces,
+for the word 'pull' in this connection makes one shudder.
+Carefully cut the threads that hold the quires to the bands,
+and little by little remove each quire. If the book is in an
+old leather binding, with a solid back, your task will be no
+easy one, for it is necessary to scrape away the glue from the
+back after it has been damped. A cloth dipped in very hot
+water and wrung out <i>tightly</i> is sometimes of use here, but
+you must use the greatest caution.</p>
+
+<p>Having removed the leaf, or rather sheet of four pages
+(we will suppose that the volume has been 'cut') that requires
+cleaning, you have now to diagnose its complaint and prescribe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a>[<a href="./images/147.png">147</a>]</span>
+the correct remedy, which you will have learnt from the text-books
+we have mentioned. But if the leaf is not merely
+stained in part, but altogether brown and discoloured, the
+following treatment probably will prove efficacious. Put half
+an ounce of permanganate of potash in a jug that holds about
+a pint and a half, and fill it up with hot water. Stir with a
+piece of wood until the permanganate is dissolved. Then lay
+your sheet in a developing dish and pour the hot solution in
+gently, taking care that there are no bubbles and that the
+leaf is completely covered. At the end of five minutes (or ten
+if the paper is thick and heavily sized) pour back the liquid
+into the jug, and, holding the dish over a sink, let cold water
+run across it in a gentle stream until <i>all</i> the permanganate is
+washed away.</p>
+
+<p>The leaf will now be stained a deep brown. Stand the
+dish on end (the leaf of course sticks to the bottom of the
+dish) to drain while you prepare the bleaching part of the
+operation. Now take a similar jug, put half an ounce of
+oxalic acid into it, and again fill up with hot water. Pour
+this (hot but not boiling) over the leaf as before. When the
+leaf is as white as the dish itself, which will take from five
+minutes to a quarter of an hour, pour off the solution and
+wash the surplus fluid away. Then let the leaf wash in gently
+running water for one hour. Our book-hunter always uses
+the bath for this purpose, but a tin foot-bath under a tap does
+excellently. The best way to dry the leaf is to press it gently
+between two sheets of unused blotting-paper, then remove the
+upper sheet and allow the leaf to dry naturally. Remember,
+however, that after any washing or bleaching, leaves must
+always be 'sized' to give back to the paper that substance
+which the washing has taken out. You will find full instructions
+for doing this in the text-books I have mentioned.
+It is quite a simple matter.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cockerell recommends that the permanganate bath
+be only 'warmed slightly,' and that the leaf be left in it for
+'about an hour.' Our book-hunter has found (fortunately not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a>[<a href="./images/148.png">148</a>]</span>
+to his cost, for the volumes which he used for experimental
+purposes were valueless) that this sometimes rots the paper,
+and on one occasion the leaves at the end of an hour came
+to pieces when the solution was poured off. If used hot and
+quickly it does not seem to injure the paper, but the water
+must never be so hot that you cannot bear your finger in it,
+and you must take care never to use a <i>stronger</i> solution. A
+strong solution of permanganate will reduce paper to pulp in
+a few minutes. For similar reasons our bookman prefers
+oxalic to sulphurous acid, but this too must never be used
+stronger than I have indicated. I hasten to add, however,
+in deference to such an excellent authority, that our
+book-hunter does not <i>recommend</i>, but merely states the
+methods with which he personally has been successful.</p>
+
+<p>The most difficult stains to remove that the writer has yet
+come across are those made by a child's paint-box. Some
+colours are easily removed, but seventeenth-century gamboge
+is a perfect beast. The only successful way to deal with
+these 'stains' is by studying the chemistry of the 'colours,'
+and the re-actions of the chemicals of which they are made.
+With a little experimenting there is no reason why any of
+these pigments should not be removed successfully, and at
+some future period of leisure our book-hunter hopes to record
+his own experiences in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>Here a word of warning. Do not handle permanganate of
+potash in the room where your bleached leaves are drying.
+If you do probably you will be annoyed to find small purple
+specks on the leaves where the fine permanganate dust has
+settled. It is unpleasant stuff to use, and stains everything
+with which it comes into contact. Undoubtedly it is at its
+best in a closely stoppered bottle. Rubber gloves would be
+useful, if they did not make one 'all thumbs.' Remember
+that oxalic acid will remove the stains from your hands just
+as well as from paper&mdash;also that it bleaches carpets. (Item,
+don't conduct your operations in the dining-room.) The best
+thing with which to handle the leaves when wet is a broad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a>[<a href="./images/149.png">149</a>]</span>
+flat bone paper-knife with smooth edges. On various
+occasions when our bookman has not had time to complete
+the bleaching process, he has dried the leaves in their brown
+state and put them aside for a week before bleaching. So far
+he has not found this to have any ill effect on the paper,
+though possibly if kept for a longer period&mdash;especially if they
+got damp&mdash;the permanganate might rot them.</p>
+
+<p>A very hot and strong solution of alum I have used with
+success for leaves that are more dirty than stained, and do
+not really require bleaching. Ether is excellent for stains of
+a greasy nature, though some may prefer the stains to the
+vapour which it gives off. With hydrochloric acid, so strongly
+recommended by some, I have never had any success. If
+used strong it destroys the paper, and if used weak the leaf
+has to be left in it for so long as to reduce the paper almost
+to a pulp. Remember that as a general rule, the shorter the
+process of washing the better. Long immersion tends to rot
+the fibres of the paper. With regard to staining the leaf so
+as to match the rest of the book, our book-hunter generally
+uses a solution of cigarettes (Virginians are quite the best).
+Possibly this is a very bad practice, but at least it is effective,
+the stain diffuses easily, and it can be regulated to any shade.
+Coffee is recommended by some.</p>
+
+<p>Thumb-marks and the stains of dirty fingers are best
+removed by rubbing them lightly (and very carefully) with
+one of those disc-shaped erasers used by typists. These
+erasers remove the surface of the paper, so they must be used
+with extreme caution.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is yet another byway of book-collecting which we
+must study before we may graduate in book-lore. To the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a>[<a href="./images/150.png">150</a>]</span>
+uninitiated the word 'bibliography' conveys little more than
+a mere writing about books. But it is a vast study, and, if
+we are to become proficient in it, one that will occupy us for
+many years.</p>
+
+<p>For the specialist there is no more delightful pursuit than
+the compilation of a bibliography upon the subject of his
+choice. Not only will it give him a sound bibliographical
+knowledge of the books which he desires and hopes ultimately
+to possess, but it will enable him to collate immediately every
+volume that he acquires. It will also open up a new field of
+interest for the young collector, for he will be constrained to
+study books from their material aspect; and with a knowledge
+of the 'natural history' of the book will come a regard for
+the well-being of his volumes. So also will he be brought
+into touch with modern methods of bibliography, and he will
+certainly find an additional interest in his books.</p>
+
+<p>The main objects of bibliography are, briefly, to determine</p>
+
+<p>(i) Whether a book is genuine.</p>
+
+<p>(ii) Whether it is complete and perfect.</p>
+
+<p>(iii) Whether it is in its original condition, <i>i.e.</i> as it issued
+from the press.</p>
+
+<p>(iv) Whether it has been made up by the insertion of leaves
+or quires from another copy or edition.</p>
+
+<p>(v) To provide a standard collation (<i>i.e.</i> an accurate
+description of the book in its original state) with which other
+copies may be compared. For the purpose of the specialist
+we may add</p>
+
+<p>(vi) To provide a bibliographical catalogue of those books
+in which he is especially interested.</p>
+
+<p>All this may sound very simple, but it must be borne in
+mind that where no standard collation is available, the only
+method of providing one is by a diligent, thorough, and
+precise study of the leaves, quires, watermarks and 'make up'
+of a number of copies. As these things frequently vary
+considerably in different copies of the same book, the task of
+standardising a collation is by no means an easy one. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a>[<a href="./images/151.png">151</a>]</span>
+difficulties that beset one in the case of early-printed books
+are immense; but with the inconstancies of incunabula we
+are not concerned here.</p>
+
+<p>It is easily begun, this making of a bibliography, and it is a
+delightful hobby, though necessarily it takes up a good deal
+of time. The plan which our book-hunter adopted is as
+follows, and it has been so successful and valuable to him that
+he has no hesitation in recommending it. First of all he
+procured a card-index box capable of holding about a thousand
+cards. Upon these he entered the books as he came across
+them in catalogues of all sorts, under the authors' names.
+Thus:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">DIAGO (FRANCISCO)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Historia de los Antiquos Condes de Barcelona<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fo: Barcelona, 1603.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>After each he generally pencils the price and bookseller,
+or other authority for the book's existence; but this is for
+his own guidance only, and is by the way. A fresh card is
+used for every book. This forms a rough index of every work
+upon his subject with which he is acquainted.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the bibliography proper. For this our bookman
+uses single sheets of paper, eight inches by five, ruled with
+feint lines. These are contained in a 'spring-back' portfolio,
+thus forming a handy volume in which pages can be
+inserted anywhere at will. At the top of the page he writes
+the author's name, just as for the index, and beneath this
+(leaving a line blank) he copies the title-page of the book
+<i>in extenso</i>, using red ink for red print, capitals where capitals
+occur, and underlining those words which are in italics. The
+end of each line is indicated by a vertical stroke. Then follows
+a complete collation of the book. The following illustration,
+however, will convey a better idea than can be given in words.
+It will be noticed that after the size (which is given in the
+English notation) the measurement <i>of the title-page</i> in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a>[<a href="./images/152.png">152</a>]</span>
+millimetres is added within parentheses. If more than one
+copy has been examined this measurement is of the largest.
+The reason why the form-notation is given as well as the
+actual size, is because it is easier to carry the form-notation in
+one's head.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="ul">BASNAGE (JACQUES)</p>
+
+<p>DISSERTATION | HISTORIQUE | SUR LES
+DUELS | ET LES ORDRES | DE | CHEVALERIE. |
+PAR MONSIEUR B... | (printer's device) | A AMSTER
+DAM, | chez PIERRE BRUNEL, sur le Dam | a la Bible
+d'or. | M.DCC.XX.</p>
+
+<p>12<sup>o</sup> (155 &times; 95), Amsterdam, 1720. pp: xvi, 163, x.</p>
+
+<p>Title. 'Avertissement' (10pp.). Contents (4pp.). Pp:
+1-163 Text. Then ten pages (unnumbered) containing the
+'Table des Mati&egrave;res,' which begins on page 163 (b). At the
+end is a blank leaf, completing quire L. Reg: Prelim:
+*&mdash;&mdash;* 8; Text and Index A&mdash;&mdash;L8, in eights. [A].</p>
+
+<p>The author, Jacques Basnage de Franquenet, was born at Rouen
+in 1653, studied at Saumur, Geneva, and Sedan, and became a
+Protestant minister in his native town. On the Revocation of the
+Edict of Nantes he retired to Rotterdam, where he devoted his
+life to literary researches. He died at the Hague in 1723. For
+his great reputation as a skilful diplomatist, see Voltaire's 'Age
+of Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span>'</p>
+
+<p>Another edition of this work was published in octavo at Basle
+in 1740.</p></div>
+
+<p>Whenever our book-hunter has an afternoon to spare,
+pocketing a handful of cards from the index he sets off for
+the British Museum (or wherever he may happen to be
+working at the time, where access may be had to the volumes
+he requires) and settles himself to collate and copy title-pages.
+But it must be borne in mind that the collation of any volume<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a>[<a href="./images/153.png">153</a>]</span>
+cannot be considered as 'standard' until at least three copies
+of the book have been examined, all of which are identical.
+The majority of the common books printed after the year
+1600 vary not at all in their make up; and having once
+collated such a volume, the comparison with it of other copies
+takes but a very few minutes. Sixteenth-century books,
+however, especially those printed in the first half of the
+century, vary sufficiently in their collations to demand a much
+more careful scrutiny. If the volume under examination is
+a book of which different copies vary considerably, you must
+naturally be exceedingly cautious in declaring that your
+collation represents the form in which the book was issued
+from the press. It is quite possible that you will find
+differences in each of six copies.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of each collation our book-hunter puts a letter
+or letters in brackets to denote the habitations of the copies
+he has examined, the tallest copy (of which the title-page's
+measurements are given) being distinguished by an asterisk;
+thus: A, B*, N. 'A' represents our book-hunter's own copy,
+'B' that in the Bodleian Library, 'N' that in the Biblioth&egrave;que
+Nationale; and so on. Mention, of course, from which
+copy the collation has been taken is made in the text; or,
+if you prefer it, you may denote this, so that it may be seen
+at a glance, by entering the necessary distinguishing letter
+in <i>red</i> ink.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said, it is a fascinating pursuit, but unless the
+subject in which you specialise is a narrow one, you may be
+overwhelmed by the magnitude of the task. Take heed that
+you do not undertake more than you have time or opportunity
+to complete; or else, embarking upon a labour of Hercules
+you may liken yourself to Sisyphus. Mazzuchelli began 'Gli
+Scrittori d'Italia,' but succeeded in finishing only the first
+two letters of the alphabet. The temptation to leave behind
+us some great work by which our name will become in time
+a household word, is doubtless a great one; but gigantic
+though our <i>magnum opus</i> may be in our own estimation, it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a>[<a href="./images/154.png">154</a>]</span>
+does not follow that others will set a like value upon it, or,
+indeed, upon the labours of its author. Jean de la Haye, the
+preacher in ordinary to Anne of Austria, published his <i>Biblia
+maxima</i> in nineteen folio volumes; but, says the bibliographer,
+'no part of it is esteemed except the <i>Prolegomena</i>, and even
+they are too diffuse.' Louis Barbier gained the confidence of
+the Duke of Orleans by his great tact (which probably
+amounted to servility) and skill in repeating the tales of
+Rabelais. Mazarin appointed him Bishop of Langres for
+having betrayed his master. When he died in 1670, he left
+a hundred crowns to whoever would write an epitaph worthy
+of him. So Bernard de la Monnoye wrote the following:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Ci git un tr&egrave;s grand personnage,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Qui fut d'un illustre lignage,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Qui posseda mille vertus,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Qui ne trompa jamais, qui fut toujours fort sage,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Je n'en dirai pas d'avantage,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">C'est trop mentir pour cent &eacute;cus.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But whether Bernard got the legacy history does not relate.</p>
+
+<p>It is astonishing, however, what can be accomplished in
+this direction by diligence. Le Clerc, not content with having
+produced a 'Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle et Historique,' laboured
+till he had given to the world a 'Biblioth&egrave;que Choisie' and
+a 'Biblioth&egrave;que Ancienne et Moderne,' in all eighty-two
+duodecimo volumes! Beausobre and L'Enfant compiled a
+'Biblioth&egrave;que Germanique,' comprising the period 1720-40;
+and published it in fifty volumes. Baillet's 'Catalogue des
+Mati&egrave;res' occupies thirty-five folio volumes. But of course
+all these were mere lists and criticisms of books, not detailed
+bibliographies of carefully collated works.</p>
+
+<p>It is a great gift, this gift of 'finding time.' 'When I see
+how much Varro wrote,' says St. Augustine in his 'De
+Civitate Dei,' 'I marvel much that ever he had any leisure
+to read; and when I perceive how many things he read, I
+marvel more that ever he had any leisure to write.' The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a>[<a href="./images/155.png">155</a>]</span>
+creation of opportunity is no lesser gift. 'A wise man,' says
+Bacon, 'will make more opportunities than he finds.'
+Tomaso de Andrada, a Portuguese Jesuit, wrote his <i>magnum
+opus</i> in a dungeon, in chains, without clothes, with little food,
+writing only in the middle of the day by the help of a faint
+light which he received through an air-hole.</p>
+
+<p>The compilation of bibliographies began early in the history
+of books, and doubtless grew out of the catalogues which the
+early printers put forth. Conrad von Gesner compiled a
+'Bibliotheca Universalis' which was printed at Zurich in four
+volumes between 1545 and 1555. Fran&ccedil;ois Grud&eacute; published
+a 'Biblioth&egrave;que Fran&ccedil;oise' in 1584. It is a catalogue of
+French authors and is not confined to any particular subject,
+but at least it is a step in the direction of classification. From
+that date the number of these invaluable works has steadily
+increased, and about the middle of the seventeenth century
+L'Abb&eacute; put forth the first (?) of those useful book-collector's
+aids, a 'Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum.' This interesting little
+volume is really a list of books (under their authors' names)
+which also contain lists of authors. As L'Abb&eacute; says in the
+preface to his volume, so pleasantly dedicated 'Lectoribus
+Philobiblis,' he designs his book to be a 'Bibliothecam
+Bibliothecarum, Catalogum Catalogorum, Nomenclatorem
+Nomenclatorum, Indicem Indicum, et quid non?' The only
+edition which I have seen was printed at Paris in 1664, but
+the licence is dated 1651. Another edition was printed at
+Rouen in 1672, a third at Leipzig in 1682, and a fourth some
+years later, all in duodecimo or small octavo.</p>
+
+<p>Grud&eacute;'s book is a choice one. It is entitled 'Le Premier
+Volume de La Biblioth&egrave;que du Sieur de la Croix-du-Maine:
+Qui est un catalogue g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de toutes sortes d'Autheurs, qui
+ont escrit en Fran&ccedil;ois depuis cinq cents ans et plus jusques
+&agrave; ce iourd'huy,' and was published at Paris 'Chez Abel
+L'Angelier' in 1584. It is one of those folio volumes printed
+in large pica on thick paper that delight the heart of the
+bibliophile and are a joy to handle. At the back of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a>[<a href="./images/156.png">156</a>]</span>
+title-page is an oval portrait of Henry of Navarre, dated 1581.
+He was not a handsome man, if one may judge by this portrait,
+in fact it would be difficult to draw a more repellent face; yet
+the book was dedicated to the king in a long 'Epistre au Roy'
+which ends with the author's quaint anagram 'Race du mans,
+si fidel a son Roy' (Fran&ccedil;ois de la Croix du Maine). But
+perhaps the portrait was omitted in the royal copy. The
+work was to have been completed in three volumes, of which
+the first two were to contain works published in the vernacular,
+and the third those printed in Latin. But alas! the author
+left only this first volume, which contains some three thousand
+authors, with short biographies of them. One hesitates to
+connect this premature end of the book (or, indeed, the
+author's assassination six years later) with the unlucky
+portrait! Altogether a very delightful volume.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays a bibliography that is not at once complete,
+detailed, and meticulously accurate is of no value. In this
+critical age when the methods of modern science are applied
+to books, it behoves the bibliographer to be careful, thorough,
+and precise. Unless he can bring these three attributes to
+bear upon his work, far better that he should never undertake
+it; for the result will be not only valueless but misleading, and
+he will certainly fail to obtain 'that lasting fame and
+perpetuity of praise which God and good men have consented
+shall be the reward of those whose published labours advance
+the good of mankind.'</p>
+
+<p>There is one small appendage of the private library which
+must be mentioned before we close the chapter. A list of the
+prices which he has paid for his books forms a record that is
+indispensable to the book-collector. It is impossible to carry
+all one's 'bargains' in one's head, and if pencilled inside the
+book itself it is exposed to that publicity which one naturally
+shuns. Such a record is of something more than curious
+interest, for a knowledge of the rise or fall in the price of
+those books in which he is interested is essential to the
+collector. Whenever he comes across, in a bookseller's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a>[<a href="./images/157.png">157</a>]</span>
+catalogue, a book that he already possesses, he will like to
+know how the present price compares with that which he gave
+for his copy.</p>
+
+<p>A convenient shape for this useful book is an ordinary
+folio account book (our book-hunter's measures 15 inches &times; 9&frac12;
+inches), and it should be ruled for 'cash,' with an inner margin.
+Between the inner margin and (outer) cash column he rules
+two lines, dividing the middle of the page into three columns,
+of which the left-hand one is the widest. The illustration over-page
+will show you precisely what is meant. At the top of
+each page is placed a letter of the alphabet, and, immediately
+beneath or alongside this, the date of a year. In the inner
+margin each line is numbered down the page. In the next
+column is written the author and short title of the book&mdash;sufficient
+to identify it&mdash;then the place where it was bought,
+then the date when purchased, and in the cash column the
+price which was paid for it.</p>
+
+<p>In our book-hunter's ledger the first few pages are headed</p>
+
+<h4><ins class="grk" title="Greek: Theta">&#920;</ins></h4>
+
+<h4>(<i>Books presented to me</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>and the next heading is</p>
+
+<h4><ins class="grk" title="Greek: Phi">&#934;</ins></h4>
+
+<h4>(<i>Books published by instalments, extending over several years</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>Then comes</p>
+
+<h4>A</h4>
+
+<h4>1900</h4>
+
+<p>and so on, each year having a letter assigned to it.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>Now for the practical use of this ledger. Inside the front
+cover of every one of his volumes our book-hunter affixes a
+book-plate; and in the left-hand bottom corner of this he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a>[<a href="./images/158.png">158</a>]</span>
+writes the year-letter and number of the book's entry in his
+ledger: <i>e.g.</i> A 24, L 7, etc. Thus supposing that one wishes
+to find out when and where one acquired a certain book and
+how much was paid for it, one has only to raise the front cover
+of the volume in question, and find its index mark. Suppose
+it to be 'E 28.' Turning to our ledger we find that E
+represents the year 1904, and No. 28 is the volume in question.
+Similarly A 24 signifies No. 24 of 1900, L 7 is No. 7 of 1911,
+and so on. If your library be a large one, and a search for
+the volume would entail trouble, you may conveniently pencil
+this index mark against the book's entry in your catalogue,
+but in such a way that it cannot be mistaken for the shelf-mark.</p>
+
+<p>It is as well to write the entries in the ledger upon the recto
+of the leaves only, so that the verso (being numbered like the
+<i>opposite</i> recto) may be used for recording the bindings,
+published prices, previous owners, etc., of the volumes opposite.
+When all the letters of the alphabet have been used up, they
+may be repeated doubled, as AA 4, DD 32, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a>[<a href="./images/159.png">159</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-19.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-19_th.jpg" alt="Ledger" title="Ledger" /></a></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">C 1902 C</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> It may be that you are contemplating the erection of shelves for your
+books? If so, perhaps the writer's experience may save you some little time
+and trouble. But if your treasures are already housed in a manner fitting,
+then he will claim your indulgence and ask that you be so good as to skip the
+next few pages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> But as the shelves are not fixed to the uprights, it is a simple matter to
+remove each shelf in turn from the room, and brush out the dust with a stiff
+clothes-brush.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> It does not represent the Roman Venus, and there is no place named
+'Milo.' Were the statue anywhere else than in the Louvre, probably it
+would be known generally (as it is to scholars) by its proper name&mdash;the
+Aphrodite of Melos.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The writer possesses a copy of the first edition of "Mr. Sponge's Sporting
+Tour," which is a perfect museum. At some period of its existence it was
+relegated to the harness-room; and its leaves bear the insignia of almost every
+known preparation used in dressing boots, harness, saddles, buckles, dogs,
+horses' hoofs, and human hair. Not for all the wealth of the Indies would
+he remove a single stain. Most of them have been identified by his friends
+(it is feared with more regard for humour than accuracy) in marginal notes.
+Sherlock Holmes would certainly have considered it worthy of a monograph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> I will not venture to suggest that you follow the example of a book-collecting
+acquaintance who has an extra heading for 'Books that I have
+<i>acquired</i>!'</p></div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a>[<a href="./images/160.png">160</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-20.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-20_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge and
+discretion.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Proverbs</span>, i. 4.</p></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-21.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-21_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">ust</span> as anyone who sets out to collect prints
+or antiques must provide himself at the
+outset with certain books necessary for
+obtaining a knowledge of the subject, so
+the book-collector must gather to himself
+those works which, if studied carefully, will
+enable him to become thoroughly conversant with the objects
+of his favourite pursuit. To the real collector there is no
+more delightful reading than the literature which deals with
+the subject he has made his own; and the more ample and
+specialised it be, the greater will be his delight.</p></div>
+
+<p>What bibliophile has not read, and read again, such delightful
+works as Burton's 'Book Hunter,' Blades' 'Enemies
+of Books' and 'Life and Typography of William Caxton,'
+'The Library' and 'Books and Bookmen' by Andrew Lang,
+Harrison's 'Choice of Books' and 'Among my Books,'
+Clark's 'Care of Books,' Edwards' 'Libraries and Founders
+of Libraries,' and many others of equal charm? Indeed,
+these volumes may well be among the first that he who
+embarks upon the peaceful sea of book-collecting gathers to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a>[<a href="./images/161.png">161</a>]</span>
+himself. Nor is there any less fascination in the more
+specialised works, such as Mr. Gordon Duff's 'Early Printed
+Books,'<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> 'English Provincial Printers,' and 'The Printers of
+Westminster and London to 1535,' Bradshaw's 'Collected
+Papers,' Mr. A. W. Pollard's 'Early Illustrated Books,'
+Wheatley's 'Prices of Books,' Professor Ferguson's 'Aspects
+of Bibliography,' and the publications of the Bibliographical
+Society. All these and many others are necessary if we are
+to acquire a thorough knowledge of old books. They are, or
+should be, in every large public library; and we may read
+them through and through at our leisure, learning more from
+each perusal.</p>
+
+<p>There are certain works, however, which the book-collector
+should himself possess, for he will have continual recourse to
+them throughout his book-collecting career. Doubtless some
+of them will make an inroad upon his purse, but it will be
+money well spent, and the knowledge which he will gain from
+them will save him many a shilling. Their acquisition must
+be looked upon in the same light as the shelves and fittings of
+the library.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">General Bibliographies.</div>
+
+<p>First of all we will take those bibliographies which deal
+with books published in the English language, and there are
+certain of these volumes that are indispensable
+to the book-collector. Among them are
+Lowndes' 'Bibliographer's Manual,' in six octavo volumes,
+last published in 1869<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> (alas! sadly deficient, but still of
+considerable use), which one can have for about a pound,
+and Hazlitt's valuable 'Bibliographical Collections and Notes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a>[<a href="./images/162.png">162</a>]</span>
+on Early English Literature,' complete in eight octavo
+volumes, published between 1867 and 1903. The Bibliographical
+Society's publications, from 1893 onwards, are of
+the greatest value, comprising lists of English printers, early
+editions of rare books, lists of early English plays, tales, and
+prose romances, with numerous bibliographies. For recourse
+to these, probably it will be necessary to visit the nearest
+important public library, though one may purchase individual
+numbers from time to time at the second-hand booksellers'.</p>
+
+<p>Arber's 'Term Catalogues,' published in three quarto
+volumes between 1903 and 1906, gives a complete list of
+works entered at Stationers' Hall from 1668 to 1709. It
+followed the same author's 'Transcripts of the Registers of
+the Worshipful Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640,'
+which was privately printed in five volumes between 1875 and
+1894. A second 'Transcript' of these registers, from 1640
+to 1708, was issued similarly in 1913-14, in three more volumes.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Egerton Brydges' 'British Bibliographer' (in which he
+was assisted by Joseph Haslewood) was published in four
+octavo volumes, 1810-14, and is an entertaining work, though
+not one which it is necessary that the collector should acquire.
+The second edition of his 'Censura Literaria' appeared in
+ten volumes in 1815, and the 'Restituta; or Titles, Extracts,
+and Characters of Old Books in English Literature revived,'
+was published in four volumes, 1814-16. All these afford
+interesting reading; but they are for the armchair and fireside
+rather than the desk: and the information that they contain
+must not always be regarded as infallible. Payne Collier's
+'Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language,'
+which appeared in two volumes in 1865, is rather more dull
+than its title suggests. Karslake's 'Notes from Sotheby's'
+is useful, being a compilation of 2032 notes from catalogues
+of book-sales between 1885 and 1909.</p>
+
+<p>Quaritch's 'General Catalogue of Books' is useful for
+reference. It comprises short descriptions of more than
+38,000 works, and was published in 1887 in six volumes. An<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a>[<a href="./images/163.png">163</a>]</span>
+additional volume containing an index to the whole was issued
+in 1892. The catalogue of the Huth Library, five large
+octavo volumes published in 1880, is also valuable. Then
+there is, of course, the British Museum catalogue, which was
+printed in 1884 under the title 'A Catalogue of Books in the
+Library of the British Museum, printed in England, Scotland,
+and Ireland, and of Books in English printed abroad, to the
+year 1640': three octavo volumes.</p>
+
+<p>For an actual list of the published works of all British
+authors of note, one must consult the 'Dictionary of National
+Biography': while the more detailed bibliographies to each
+volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature'
+are of great assistance, though they vary considerably, and
+do not pretend to be complete. Allibone's 'Critical
+Dictionary of English Literature and British and American
+Authors,' in three volumes, was published by Lippincott
+(Philadelphia) between 1859 and 1871. There is a supplement
+to it by J. F. Kirk, which appeared in two volumes in
+1891. It is a work of considerable value to the bibliographer.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the books printed abroad (as well as in
+England), it is essential that the collector procure a copy
+of Brunet's 'Manuel de Libraire et de l'Amateur de Livres,'
+a most valuable work dealing with the literature of all
+countries. The last (fifth) edition of this great work was
+published in six octavo volumes at Paris, 1860-65. In 1870
+a companion volume by Pierre Deschamps was issued, entitled
+'Dictionnaire de G&eacute;ographie Ancienne et Moderne &agrave; l'Usage
+du Libraire,' a dictionary of the Latin and Greek names of
+places with their modern equivalents and some account of the
+first presses at those places. There is a modern-ancient index.
+A supplement to the 'Manuel' was published by MM.
+P. Deschamps and Gustave Brunet in two volumes, 1878 and
+1880. The complete work, in all nine large octavo volumes,
+1860-1880, cost formerly about &pound;18; however, a reprint of the
+fifth edition&mdash;an exact facsimile in type and size&mdash;was issued
+by Brockhaus of Leipzig (at ten pounds the set) in 1920.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a>[<a href="./images/164.png">164</a>]</span>
+Graesse's 'Tr&eacute;sor de Livres Rares et Pr&eacute;cieux' is also
+valuable. It comprises books in all tongues and contains a
+mass of bibliographical information. Published in six quarto
+volumes (vol. 6 is in two parts) between 1859 and 1867, a
+supplement was issued in 1869: in all seven volumes.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of all the older general bibliographies, however, there are
+few that can compare with old David Clement's 'Biblioth&egrave;que
+Curieuse Historique et Critique, ou Catalogue Raisonn&eacute; de
+Livres Dificiles &agrave; Trouver.' Not, I hasten to add, for its
+accuracy or even the amount of information it contains. But
+there is a charm about these nine old quarto volumes with
+their handsome type and title-pages in red and black that
+appeals irresistibly to the collector. He was a true bibliophile,
+this worthy Lutheran pastor, and his gradations of
+rarity are delightfully expressive and concise. 'Rare,'
+'tr&egrave;s-rare,' 'fort-rare,' he describes his treasures, and
+occasionally 'peu-commun'; but he does not hesitate to
+condemn as 'rare et mauvaise' an edition that disturbs his
+bibliographical soul. Alas! his work was only carried as far
+as the letter H (Hesiod).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Early-Printed Books.</div>
+
+<p>For early-printed books the collector will require Ludwig
+Hain's 'Repertorium Bibliographicum . . . usque ad annum
+1500,' which was published at Stuttgart in four
+octavo volumes, 1826-38, and is still the standard
+work upon this subject. For those who collect fifteenth-century
+books this work is essential, for all catalogues and
+descriptions of books of that period refer to it. Generally
+the mere number of the work in Hain's monumental list is
+referred to, such as 'H 3234,' which means that the volume
+offered for sale is as described by Hain, number 3234 in the
+'Repertorium.' In 1891 Dr. Konrad Burger added an Index
+of Printers to this great work, while between 1898 and 1902
+Dr. W. Copinger published a supplement, adding some 7,000
+new entries to Hain's 16,299. Dr. Burger added a further<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a>[<a href="./images/165.png">165</a>]</span>
+supplement in 1908, and between 1905 and 1910 Dr. Dietrich
+Reichling published appendices, additions and emendations
+to all of these, adding an index thereto in 1911. For early
+German books, Panzer's 'Annalen der altern Deutschen
+Litteratur' to 1526, which appeared at N&uuml;rnberg in two
+volumes between 1788 and 1805, has not yet been entirely
+superseded; though considerable additions have been made
+by Mozler, Weller, and Petzholdt.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. E. Sayle's 'List of Early English Printed Books
+in the University Library at Cambridge, 1475 to 1640,' in
+four octavo volumes, was published by that university between
+1900 and 1907; while for books printed at Oxford from the
+establishment of the first press there in 1478 to 1640, you
+must consult Mr. Falconer Madan's 'The Early Oxford
+Press,' published in 1895.</p>
+
+<p>Blades' 'Life and Typography of William Caxton' I
+have already mentioned; and although many of us may never
+behold a Caxton save through a sheet of glass, yet every
+book-collector should be acquainted with the work of this
+great father of the English press. Blades' work first appeared
+in two quarto volumes, published respectively in 1861 and
+1863, and is much to be preferred to 'The Biography and
+Typography of William Caxton' which is practically a reprint
+in a cheaper form issued in one octavo volume in 1877. A
+second edition of this last appeared in 1882. In the Preface
+to the 1877 reprint, Blades states that 'only one additional
+fact of any importance has been added, viz. that Caxton was
+married . . .' and that 'the bibliography has been curtailed.'</p>
+
+<p>Proctor's 'Index to the Early Printed Books in the British
+Museum from the Invention of Printing to the Year MD.,'
+begun in 1898, was cut short by his untimely death. The
+Museum authorities have now in course of publication an
+important work entitled 'A Catalogue of Books printed in
+the Fifteenth Century now in the British Museum,' which is
+being compiled by Mr. A. W. Pollard and his assistants; it
+will be completed in six folio (really atlas quarto) volumes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a>[<a href="./images/166.png">166</a>]</span>
+Of these the first part, dealing with block-books and the
+productions of German presses, appeared in 1908; Part <span class="smcap">ii.</span>,
+also German-printed books, in 1912; Part <span class="smcap">iii.</span>, Germany,
+Switzerland, Austria and Hungary, in 1913: while Part <span class="smcap">iv.</span>,
+the productions of Italy, appeared in 1916. Parts <span class="smcap">v.</span> and <span class="smcap">vi.</span>
+will contain the works of England, France, and other countries,
+Part <span class="smcap">vi.</span> also containing a general index to the entire work.
+The Introduction to Part <span class="smcap">i.</span> gives a valuable r&eacute;sum&eacute; of the
+study of scientific bibliography from Panzer in 1793. Mr.
+Gordon Duff's great work on the English incunabula,
+'Fifteenth Century Books,' was issued by the Bibliographical
+Society in 1917. It contains fifty-three facsimiles, and records
+the existence of 439 books or fragments issued in English,
+or by the printers in this country, before the end of the year
+1500.</p>
+
+<p>In France much valuable work has been done on the early
+presses of that country. M. Anatole Claudin has put forth
+some extremely useful books on the early printers of Poitiers,
+Limoges, Rheims, and of many other towns; whilst for the
+Exposition Universelle of 1900 he prepared a monumental
+work upon the early printers of Paris. This sumptuous book,
+entitled 'Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France au XV<sup>e</sup> et au
+XVI<sup>e</sup> Si&egrave;cle,' was printed in two large quarto (atlas quarto)
+volumes, copiously adorned with illuminated and other illustrations.
+The chapter on Antoine Verard is delightful.</p>
+
+<p>There is a large number of books, too, on the incunabula
+of various European towns and districts, such as Augsburg,
+Bavaria, Belgium, Bohemia, Ferrara, Mainz, Lyons, Mantua,
+N&uuml;rnberg, Rome, Rouen, Toulouse, to mention only a few.
+For the incunabula printed with Greek characters Legrand's
+'Bibliographie hell&eacute;nique,' which appeared in two octavo
+volumes in 1885, is useful.</p>
+
+<p>For a description of the early 'block-books,' the prototype
+of printing, the collector must have recourse to Sotheby's
+beautiful work entitled 'Principia Typographica,' published
+in three large quarto volumes in 1858. It contains no less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a>[<a href="./images/167.png">167</a>]</span>
+than a hundred and twenty full-page facsimiles, some in colour,
+of block-books, early types, paper-marks, etc., and is one of
+the most important works on the history of printing that has
+ever been produced.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> He will do well also to acquire Bigmore
+and Wyman's 'Bibliography of Printing,' a valuable work
+which appeared in three quarto volumes, 1880-86; and there
+is an immense amount of information concerning individual
+printers and stationers with their productions in 'The
+Library' (in progress), the three large volumes of 'Bibliographica'
+published in twelve parts between 1895 and 1897,
+and the transactions of the Bibliographical Society.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engravings.</div>
+
+<p>If early wood-engravings interest you, there are several
+works to which you may turn for guidance. Lippman's
+'Wood Engraving in Italy in the Fifteenth
+Century,' of which an English edition was
+published in 1888, and Kristeller's 'Early Florentine
+Woodcuts' which appeared in 1897, treat of illustrated
+Italian books. Venetian books of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries are dealt with by Prince d'Essling in his 'Bibliographie
+des Livres &agrave; Figures V&eacute;nitiens 1469-1525,' of which
+a new edition appeared in 1906. The works of Dutch and
+Belgian artists are dealt with by Sir W. M. Conway in 'The
+Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century.'
+This was published in 1884. M. Claudin's 'Histoire de
+l'Imprimerie en France' contains many illustrations of early
+Parisian woodcuts and illuminations, while Muther's 'Die
+Deutsche B&uuml;cherillustration der Gothik und Fr&uuml;hrenaissance,'
+published in 1884, is also useful. For English engravers you
+will find Sir Sidney Colvin's 'Early Engraving and Engravers
+in England' (1905) useful, as well as Lewine's 'Bibliography<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a>[<a href="./images/168.png">168</a>]</span>
+of Eighteenth Century Art and Illustrated Books,' which
+appeared in 1898. A very delightful work on the eighteenth-century
+French engravers is M. H. Cohen's 'Guide de
+l'Amateur de Livres &agrave; Gravures du XVIII<sup>e</sup> Si&egrave;cle,' of which
+the fifth edition was published in 1886. Bewick's work has
+been dealt with by Mr. Austin Dobson in his 'Thomas Bewick
+and his Pupils,' octavo, 1884; and 'A Descriptive and Critical
+Catalogue of Works Illustrated by Thomas and John Bewick'
+was published by E. J. Selwyn in 1851. Mr. A. W. Pollard's
+'Early Illustrated Books,' of which a new edition appeared
+in 1917, is of value from the historical point of view.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Place-Names and Dates.</div>
+
+<p>Cotton's 'Typographical Gazetteer,' of which the second
+(and better) edition was printed at Oxford in 1831, is valuable
+for the identification of ancient Latin place-names.
+A second series was published in 1866.
+J. Hilton's 'Chronograms' (1882) and 'Chronograms
+Continued' (1885) are often of great assistance with regard
+to dates. In 1895 this indefatigable collector published a
+third volume, quarto, containing more than four thousand
+additional examples. For mere lists of works upon definite
+subjects one may consult Sargant and Whishaw's 'Guide-Book
+to Books' (1891) and 'The Best Books,' by W. S.
+Sonnenschein.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pseudonyms.</div>
+
+<p>For the identification of authors who wrote under a
+pseudonym you will find 'A Handbook of Fictitious Names,'
+by 'Olphar Hamst' (which was the pseudonym
+of Ralph Thomas) useful. It was published in
+1868. But this has been partly superseded by Cushing's
+'Initials and Pseudonyms,' large octavo, London, 1886; and
+the valuable work of Emil Weller, entitled 'Lexicon
+Pseudonymorum,' of which the second edition was published
+at Regensburg the same year, in octavo. This contains
+thousands of pseudonyms of all nations and all ages. Cushing
+also published 'A Dictionary of Revealed Authorship,' in two
+volumes, 1890. Then there is the valuable 'Dictionary of the
+Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain,'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a>[<a href="./images/169.png">169</a>]</span>
+by Halkett and Laing, which appeared in four octavo volumes
+between 1882 and 1888. Mr. F. Marchmont's 'Concise
+Handbook of Literature issued Anonymously under
+Pseudonyms or Initials,' appeared in 1896.</p>
+
+<p>Antoine Barbier's 'Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes
+et Pseudonymes' was published first in four octavo volumes
+at Paris so long ago as 1806-8. A second edition was put
+forth in 1822-27. But between 1869 and 1879 a third edition,
+revised and enlarged, was incorporated with 'Les Supercheries
+Litt&eacute;raires D&eacute;voil&eacute;es' of Joseph Marie Qu&eacute;rard (the
+second edition), the whole being edited by MM. Gustave
+Brunet and Olivier Barbier, and issued in seven large octavo
+volumes. The first three volumes (1869-70) appeared under
+the title of Qu&eacute;rard's work, the last four (1872-9) under that
+of Barbier. Qu&eacute;rard's work, which first appeared in four
+octavo volumes, 1847-52, is, as its title indicates, a dictionary
+of those books in French which have been published under
+fictitious names, are spurious, or have been wrongly ascribed.
+It is valuable for the identification of many fictitious memoirs
+and like books. Barbier's work deals with French anonymous
+and pseudonymous books. De Manne's 'Nouveau Dictionnaire
+des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes,' octavo, Lyon,
+1862, deals chiefly with contemporary French works. For
+pseudonymous books in Italian one must consult the work of
+Vincenzo Lancetti, which appeared at Milan, in octavo, 1836,
+as well as the 'Dizionario di Opere Anonime e Pseudonime
+di Scrittori Italiani,' by G. M. (Gaetano de' Conti Melzi),
+also published at Milan in three octavo volumes, 1848-59.
+A supplement, by G. Passano, was issued at Ancona in 1887.</p>
+
+<p>Dibdin's rather sumptuously produced works are perhaps
+of more interest than bibliographical value, though his edition
+(vols. 1-4, 1810-19) of the 'Typographical Antiquities,' begun
+by Ames (1749), and augmented by Herbert (3 vols., 1785-90),
+is useful, in spite of the fact that it was never completed. For
+illustrations of the early printers' devices you must still have
+recourse to the 'Bibliographical Decameron,' three large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a>[<a href="./images/170.png">170</a>]</span>
+octavo volumes, published in 1817. For the devices of French
+printers there is a more recent work entitled 'Marques
+Typographiques des Libraires et Imprimeurs de France,
+1470-1600,' by M. Silvestre, which was printed in two octavo
+volumes at Paris, 1853-1867. It contains illustrations of more
+than 1300 devices. Every year witnesses the production of
+these indispensable aids to book-collecting, and the modern
+trend of such works is towards a constricted specialism. By
+this means it is possible to realise a minuteness and accuracy
+unobtainable in wider fields. The 'Bibliografia Aragonesa
+del Siglo XVI' of Se&ntilde;or Sanchez, a sumptuous work with
+illustrations of title-pages, colophons, etc., which was
+published in two folio volumes in 1913-14, is a striking
+example of this.</p>
+
+<p>There are bibliographies of almost every class of books,
+and a great number dealing with the works of individual
+authors and printers of renown; but these are in the domain
+of the specialist. There are certain works, however, which
+will be of assistance to the collector in compiling a list of
+authorities upon his special subject. Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+'Bibliotheca Bibliographica' was published at Leipzig so
+long ago as 1866; Sabin's 'Bibliography of Bibliographies'
+appeared at New York in 1877; while Vall&eacute;e's 'Bibliographie
+des Bibliographies' (though neither very accurate nor
+complete) was published at Paris, in large octavo, in 1883.
+A supplement to this last was issued in 1887. For the large
+number of bibliographical works which have issued from the
+press since that date you must consult Mr. W. P. Courtney's
+invaluable 'Register of National Bibliography,' in three
+volumes, 1905 to 1912; which, indeed, for modern purposes
+has superseded the above-mentioned works. In passing we
+would remark that the 'national' of its title-page is in the
+wider sense of the term.</p>
+
+<p>And here a word of warning. Always make a point of
+entering the <i>errata</i> with a pencil in the margins of every
+reference-book that you acquire. Do this before you assign<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a>[<a href="./images/171.png">171</a>]</span>
+a place to the volume on the shelf; otherwise you may quote
+or condemn a passage or date which has been rendered
+wrongly owing to a clerical or printer's error, and has been
+put right in the <i>errata</i>.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> Need we say that this practice
+should not necessarily be confined to works of reference?
+One may even find some amusement here. Was it not Scarron
+who wrote a poem, 'A Guillemette, chienne de ma s&oelig;ur,'
+but quarrelling with his sister just as the volume was about
+to appear, put in the <i>errata</i>, 'For <i>chienne de ma s&oelig;ur</i> read
+<i>ma chienne de s&oelig;ur</i>'!</p>
+
+<p>All these works will assuredly impart to the book-collector
+much knowledge of ancient books and their attributes, but he
+will still be at sea with regard to that most necessary part of
+their collection, namely, their commercial value. There is
+only one way in which this knowledge may be obtained, and
+that is by the study of catalogues. To arrive at a proper
+estimate of a book's value from the purely financial point of
+view, a close study of booksellers' catalogues and auction-sale
+prices through many years is necessary. The divergence in
+price of identical works is somewhat disturbing at first to the
+novice, and it is only after some considerable experience and
+the actual handling of books that one is enabled to arrive at
+a proper estimate of their worth. 'Continual use gives men
+a judgment of things comparatively, and they come to fix on
+what is most proper and easy, which no man, upon cursory
+view, would determine.'<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before the writer are two catalogues, one from a country
+bookseller, the other from a well-known London house. Each
+contains a copy of the 'Thesaurus Cornucopi&aelig; et Horti<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a>[<a href="./images/172.png">172</a>]</span>
+Adonidis,' printed by Aldus Manutius in 1496. The former
+offers it for 25s., the latter for &pound;25. Why this extraordinary
+difference in price?</p>
+
+<p>The reasons are ample. The London copy has this
+description:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Fol.; 16th cent. English binding of brown calf,
+gilt borders and centre-pieces, g.e. (by <span class="smcap">Thomas
+Berthelet</span>, the Royal binder), in fine condition:
+beautiful copy, perfectly clean and large, 320 &times;
+215 m.m., enclosed in case.'</p></div>
+
+<p>The country bookseller's copy, on the other hand, is
+described as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Folio, russia (joints broken), has the 270 ll. of
+text complete, but wants the 10 ll. unnumbered, of
+preliminary matter.'</p></div>
+
+<p>In other words, one copy is a very choice specimen of the
+book, tall, clean, and perfect; while the other is an undesirable
+copy of ordinary size, imperfect, and in poor condition.</p>
+
+<p>There is another point also. The London dealer specialises
+in such books, in fact deals only in ancient and scarce works,
+and has a definite <i>client&egrave;le</i> of rich and well-known collectors.
+He can 'place' certain rare books at once, for he knows the
+<i>desiderata</i> of each of his customers and the deficiencies of
+their collections. The countryman, on the other hand, deals
+in all manner of books, ancient and modern, has few rich
+purchasers among his customers, and knows nothing whatever
+of their book-buying propensities. Any volume that he offers
+for sale may remain on his hands for an indefinite time.</p>
+
+<p>Then there are such volumes as 'association books,' by
+which is meant books possessing an additional interest by
+reason of their former association with some notability, such
+association being evident by autographs, corrections, annotations,
+additions, or binding. Such volumes often exceed
+enormously the price of ordinary copies. The first Edinburgh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a>[<a href="./images/173.png">173</a>]</span>
+edition (1787) of Burns' Poems is worth usually about &pound;5;
+but a copy realised &pound;75 at auction a few years ago. The
+reason for this extraordinary price was that in this volume
+all those lines in which asterisks occur were filled in with
+the full names in the handwriting of the poet. Moreover it
+contained an additional stanza on 'Tam Samson' in Burns'
+autograph. For such a jewel one cannot consider the figure
+excessive, and it will doubtless run well into three figures if
+it ever appear in the sale-room again. Similarly, each year
+witnesses the sale of certain of these 'association' volumes;
+and unless you are aware of the reasons causing these high
+prices to rule, such records will be worse than useless to you.
+A superficial study of all auction-sale prices is apt to be
+intensely misleading. Unless you are actually on the spot
+or have handled the volume in question, the price that it
+realises will tell you little as to the stable value of the work.
+A torn page, a shaved headline, the underlining of a line or
+two with ink, a 'mounted' frontispiece, a missing plate, or
+even a worn impression of it, all these things affect the price
+of a volume.</p>
+
+<p>Then there are considerations outside the book itself.
+A scarce volume included in a sale of unimportant books is
+unlikely to realise so high a price as it might have done had
+it appeared in a Huth or Ashburnham sale; for important
+books attract important bidders. The prices paid for poor
+copies at the Frere sale in 1896 were enormous; the reason
+being, probably, that this library had long been known to
+contain <i>desiderata</i> for which public and private collections
+alike had hitherto thirsted in vain; the sale was something
+of a <i>battue</i>, and the room was thronged with buyers from all
+parts of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>It is a ticklish question, this matter of the price which the
+collector pays, and should pay, for his books, and one that
+may not be resolved early in his career. In addition to
+exercising your memory when perusing the catalogues which
+reach you, you will do well to obtain and study 'Prices of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a>[<a href="./images/174.png">174</a>]</span>
+Books: an Enquiry into the Changes in the Price of Books
+which have occurred in England at Different Periods,' an
+interesting volume by that great connoisseur, Henry B.
+Wheatley. It was published in octavo in 1898.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the catalogues that one receives from the booksellers
+are of little use when read, and no useful purpose is
+served by preserving them. But there are certain dealers
+who specialise in a definite class of books, and their catalogues
+are always of value, for they contain only works upon a
+definite subject or of a definite class. Such catalogues form
+most useful reference works, and even bibliographies of that
+particular subject. By all means preserve them; you may
+have them plainly bound in buckram (when you have collected
+a sufficient number of them) at the cost of a shilling or two,
+or you may keep them in a small portfolio on your shelf.</p>
+
+<p>Sotheby's auction-sale catalogues are also valuable. They
+are nicely produced, and have fine margins for making notes.
+It is well worth obtaining these regularly, which one may
+do by paying a small subscription. Most of them contain a
+miscellaneous assortment of books, and are not worth keeping,
+but on the other hand most of the famous libraries that are
+dispersed in this country pass through the Bond Street house,
+and the catalogues of these are of the greatest value.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The history of booksellers' catalogues is an interesting one,
+and as yet we have no authoritative work upon this intermediary
+between publisher and reader. The earliest catalogue
+so far known was printed at Mainz by Peter Schoeffer in 1469.
+It was a catalogue of books for sale by himself or his agent,
+and consisted of a single sheet, probably intended to be used
+as a poster. It is in abbreviated Latin, and comprises the
+titles of twenty-one books, being headed&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Volentes sibi comparare infrascriptos libros
+magna cum diligentia correctos, ac in huiusmodi
+littera moguntie impressos, bene continuatos, veniant
+ad locum habitationis infrascriptum.'</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a>[<a href="./images/175.png">175</a>]</span>
+and at the foot is printed in large type&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'HEC EST LITTERA PSALTERII'</p></div>
+
+<p>&mdash;a specimen of the type with which the Psalter mentioned in
+the list was printed. Beneath this would be written the name
+of the place where the books could be obtained, this being
+the case with the only copy of this advertisement that has
+come down to us, Schoeffer's traveller having written at the
+foot, 'Venditor librorum repertibilis est in hospicio dicto zum
+willden mann'&mdash;'the bookseller is to be found at the sign of
+the Wild Man.'</p>
+
+<p>Caxton adopted the same expedient with regard to his
+<i>Sarum Ordinale</i>. This advertisement, which is in English,
+is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'If it plese ony man spirituel or temporal to bye
+ony pyes of two and thre comemoracions of salisburi
+use enpryntid after the forme of this present lettre
+whiche ben wel and truly correct, late hym come to
+Westmonester in to the almonesrye at the reed pale
+and he shal haue them good chepe.'</p></div>
+
+<p>At the foot of this was printed 'Supplico stet cedula'&mdash;Please
+don't tear down the bill. The 'pyes' of this advertisement
+(the English form of the Latin <i>Pica</i>) were the guides
+by which one might learn the proper combinations of collects
+and prayers for Saints' days, at certain epochs, according to
+the Salisbury Ritual. The 'reed pale,' or red pale, was the
+heraldic sign which Caxton adopted for his printing-house.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>Other printers soon followed Schoeffer's example; notably
+Johan Mentelin of Strasbourg. But these were mere lists of
+books, sometimes eulogies of an individual work, printed for
+the most part by one particular press and issued by the actual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a>[<a href="./images/176.png">176</a>]</span>
+printer. In 1480 Anton Koberger of N&uuml;rnberg issued a
+catalogue of the books which he had for sale, twenty-two in
+all, though not all of them were printed by himself. Koberger
+was perhaps the most important printer and publisher of the
+fifteenth century. He is said to have employed twenty-four
+presses at N&uuml;rnberg, besides having books printed for him
+in other towns.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> He it was who introduced the printing-press
+into N&uuml;rnberg in 1470. His enterprise, however, was not
+limited to the mere printing of books. He is said to have
+had sixteen shops where his books were sold, and agents in
+every city in Christendom! Truly he was the father of
+booksellers.</p>
+
+<p>Another German printer, Erhart Ratdolt, printed at Venice,
+before 1488, a handsome sheet in red and black in which he
+enumerates some forty-six books arranged under six headings,
+which he had for sale. They comprised the productions of
+several presses, the list being headed 'Libri venales Venetiis
+impressi.' Some thirty or more of these catalogues of German
+printers,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> produced before the end of the fifteenth century,
+are known.</p>
+
+<p>In 1485 Antoine Verard, one of the most important figures
+in the annals of French printing, began business at Paris by
+putting forth an edition of the Decameron. From this date
+he continued as a publisher, and has been called 'the most
+important Paris publisher of the fifteenth century.' So far
+as I am aware no catalogue of the books which he had for
+sale has yet been discovered; though from the fact that our
+King Henry <span class="smcap">vii.</span> purchased a number of his volumes it would
+seem that his agents or travellers were in possession of lists.</p>
+
+<p>Beckmann, in his 'History of Inventions and Discoveries,'
+says: 'It appears that the printers themselves first gave up
+the bookselling part of the business, and retained only that of
+printing; at least this is said to have been the case with that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a>[<a href="./images/177.png">177</a>]</span>
+well-known bookseller John Rainman, who was born at
+Oehringen and resided at Augsburg'; and goes on to say
+that he was at first a printer and letter-founder, and supplied
+Aldus with his types. But this offset of the main business of
+book-production began still earlier: witness the catalogues of
+Koberger and Ratdolt already quoted. Many other printers
+also there were, before 1490, who were acting as agents or
+'booksellers' to other firms. This was the case, too, with
+many of the Parisian houses.</p>
+
+<p>'Printing therefore gave rise<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> to a new and important
+branch of trade, that of bookselling, which was established in
+Germany chiefly at Frankfort-on-the-Main, where, at the time
+of the fairs particularly, there were several large booksellers'
+shops in that street which still retains the name of "book
+street."'<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> This ancient custom of having bookstalls in the
+streets (particularly about the church or cathedral) upon fair-days
+still survives in more than one old-world town upon the
+Continent. Indeed it is this very custom that gave rise to
+the term 'stationer.' The early booksellers were wont to
+erect their stalls or 'stations' against the very walls of the
+cathedrals, whence they were known as 'stacyoneres.'</p>
+
+<p>Beckmann mentions two other of these early booksellers
+at Augsburg&mdash;Joseph Burglin and George Diemar. 'Sometimes,'
+he continues, 'they were rich people of all conditions,
+particularly eminent merchants, who caused books which they
+sold to be printed at their own expense.' George Willer, a
+bookseller who kept a large shop at Augsburg, was the first,
+says, Beckmann, who hit upon the plan of causing a catalogue
+of all the new books to be printed, in which the size and
+printers' names were marked. His catalogues from 1564 to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a>[<a href="./images/178.png">178</a>]</span>
+1592 were printed by Nicholas Bass&eacute; at Frankfort. Beckmann
+relates that a collection of these sixteenth-century German
+book-catalogues was in the library of Professor Baldinger of
+G&ouml;ttingen; possibly it still reposes in the fine library of that
+university.</p>
+
+<p>'In all these catalogues, which are in quarto and not paged,'
+continues Beckmann, 'the following order is observed. The
+Latin books occupy the first place . . . and after these, books
+of jurisprudence, medicine, philosophy, poetry and music. The
+second place is assigned to German works, which are arranged
+in the same manner.'</p>
+
+<p>Bass&eacute;'s collection is entitled 'Collectio in unum corpus
+omnium librorum Hebraeorum, Graecorum, Latinorum necnon
+Germanice, Italice, Gallice, et Hispanice scriptorum, qui in
+nundinis Francofurtensibus ab anno 1564 usque ad nundinas
+Autumnales anni 1592 . . . . desumpta ex omnibus Catalogis
+Willerianis singularum nundinarum, &amp; in tres Tomos distincta
+. . . . Plerique in aedibus Georgij Willeri ciuis &amp; Bibliopole
+Augustani, venales habentur.' It was printed in quarto at
+Frankfort 'ex officina Typographica Nicolai Bassaei,
+MDXCII.' Part 2 (which has a separate pagination and
+title) is in German, and contains German books only. Part 3,
+also a distinct work, has a title-page in both Latin and French,
+and contains books in Italian, Spanish, and French. This
+title reads: 'Recueil en un corps des livres Italiens, Espagnols,
+et Fran&ccedil;ois, qui ont este exposez en vente en la boutique
+des Imprimeurs frequentans les foires de Francfort depuis
+l'an 1568 jusques &agrave; la foire de Septembre 1592. Extraict des
+Catalogues des dictes foires, et reduict en method conuenable,
+et tres utile.' An exceedingly interesting work, this last part.</p>
+
+<p>A priced catalogue of the books printed by Christian Wechel
+is extant. It was printed at Paris in 1543, a duodecimo of
+twelve leaves, containing about three hundred books. These
+are classed under the headings Grammatica, Dialectica,
+Rhetorica, Historica, Poetica, Moralia, Physica, et Mathematica,
+Theologia, Legalis, and Medica. Under each of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>[<a href="./images/179.png">179</a>]</span>
+these headings the books are divided into 'Graece' and
+'Latine,' but 'Grammatica' and 'Theologia' have each the
+additional subheading 'Hebraice.' The prices are interesting.
+They vary from twopence (the <i>Ars versificatoria</i> of Ulric von
+Hutten and a Nicholas Beroald) to 80s.&mdash;a <i>Hippiatria</i> in
+French. There are six at 3d., ten at 4d., forty-five at 6d.,
+none at 5d. or 7d., twenty-two at 8d., four at 9d., seventeen
+at 10d., and thirty-seven at 1s. There are ten at 1s. 3d.,
+twenty-three at 1s. 6d., and twelve at 1s. 8d.; whilst from 2s.
+to 6s. the prices rise by 6d. But only one volume is priced
+at 4s. 6d., and two each at 5s. 6d. and 6s. There are from two
+to four volumes at 7s., 8s., 12s., 15s., 16s., and 18s.; whilst
+six are priced at 10s., and five at 20s.</p>
+
+<p>The more expensive works are chiefly illustrated 'standard'
+authors, such as Modestus ('De Vocabulis Rei Militaris,'
+18s.), Vegetius (<i>gallice, cum picturis</i>, 16s., or in Latin
+<i>permultis picturis</i>, 20s.), and several medical works such as
+Galen (two at 20s.) and Jo. Tagaultius (20s.). A Vegetius
+'in minore forma' but also 'picturis' is priced at 4s. At the
+end is, in Latin: 'And these are the books, printed with our
+types, which we offer you. Moreover there are others of all
+kinds for sale in our shop (Taberna), both in Italian and
+German and French.' Then comes the announcement of a
+forthcoming edition of Eustathius' Commentary on the first
+book of Homer's Iliad.</p>
+
+<p>There is extant a list, printed in 1472, of books published
+at Subiaco and Rome by Sweynheim and Pannartz, the
+German printers who first established the printing-press in
+Italy. This list is contained in a letter written by the printers
+to Pope Sixtus <span class="smcap">iv.</span>, asking for assistance. It mentions
+twenty-eight works, and comprises 11,475 volumes,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> which
+looks as if the book-buyers of Rome had combined to procure
+a reduction in the price of books; and there were no book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a>[<a href="./images/180.png">180</a>]</span>sellers
+at that time to whom the publishers could dispose of
+their volumes as 'remainders.' No wonder that they described
+themselves as struggling '<i>sub tanto cartharum fasce</i>'&mdash;beneath
+so great a load of paper. It must have been circumstances
+such as these that induced the early publishers to put
+forth a 'bad seller' from time to time adorned with a fresh
+title-page. Notices of such cases abound, and they are not
+entirely confined to the <i>first</i> publishers. 'But,' invariably
+remarks the astute and relentless bibliographer, 'it is all the
+same edition.'</p>
+
+<p>In 1602 there appeared a compilation from all the catalogues
+published at the different fairs in Germany from 1500 to 1602,
+by Johann Cless, and it was published in quarto at Frankfort.
+Unfortunately the original form of the catalogues from which
+this compilation was made was neglected, so that the work
+presents merely a list of books catalogued under their
+subjects; and only occasionally is the name of the printer
+given. The first volume consists of those published in Latin,
+the second volume those which appeared in the German
+tongue. The books are entered under the Christian name of
+the author, which does not facilitate reference; but date,
+place, and size are given. Another writer, George Draud,
+produced in 1611 a 'Bibliotheca Librorum Germanicorum
+Classica'; but this also is merely a catalogue of all kinds of
+books printed in German up to 1610. This was republished
+in two quarto volumes at Frankfort in 1625. Beckmann
+remarks, however, that many books are mentioned by Draud
+which never were printed, and many titles, names, and dates
+are given incorrectly. Grud&eacute;'s work, published in 1584, has
+already been mentioned.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the same way other countries were putting forth
+catalogues throughout the sixteenth century. Occasionally
+one comes across them bound with various works, and sometimes,
+more commonly, beneath the calf or vellum covers of
+the books of that period.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[<a href="./images/181.png">181</a>]</span>
+In this country for many decades after the introduction of
+printing, the output of the English presses was not sufficiently
+large to keep pace with the demand for books; so that there
+grew up a considerable trade in the importation of books from
+abroad. In London Fran&ccedil;ois Regnault received a continuous
+supply of foreign-printed works from his Paris shop, while
+others such as the Birckmanns, who had shops in Cologne,
+Antwerp, and other large towns, kept up the number.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless these, and many others like them, issued
+catalogues of the books they had for sale. In 1595 Andrew
+Maunsell published his Catalogue of English Printed Books
+in two parts, and in April 1617 John Bill, a leading London
+bookseller, issued the first number of his 'Catalogus
+Universalis,' a translation of the half-yearly Frankfort
+<i>Mess-Katalog</i>, and continued this enterprise twice a year for
+eleven years at least. From October 1622 he added a
+supplement of books printed in English. A book-catalogue
+of William Jaggard of 1618 is also known. The title of this
+catalogue states that&mdash;like Bill's&mdash;it is 'to be continued for
+every half-year,' but so far no further issue has come to light.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>
+You will find a list of the catalogues published by English
+booksellers since 1595 in Mr. A. Growoll's 'Three Centuries
+of English Book-Trade Bibliography,' which was issued in
+octavo at New York in 1903.</p>
+
+<p>In 1628 Henry Fetherstone, another London stationer,
+published a catalogue of books which he had recently
+purchased in Italy. Among these was the famous library of
+Giacomo Barocci, a gentleman of Venice, consisting of two
+hundred and forty-two manuscript volumes, now in the
+Bodleian Library. Writing to the Archbishop of Armagh
+in 1629, Sir Henry Bourchier says, 'I doubt not but your
+Grace hath heard of the Greek Library brought from Venice
+by Mr. Fetherston, which the Earl of Pembroke hath bought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a>[<a href="./images/182.png">182</a>]</span>
+for the University Library of Oxford; it cost him &pound;700;
+there are of them two hundred and fifty volumes. Dr. Lindsell,
+now Dean of Litchfield, tells me that it is a great Treasure,
+far exceeding the catalogue.' As this collection formed but
+a part of the books which Fetherstone brought from Venice
+to this country, one cannot but marvel at such an intrepid
+stroke of business. Presumably the volumes were transported
+by ship.</p>
+
+<p>The history of booksellers has been attempted more than
+once,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> so I will content myself with remarking that in addition
+to being 'rich people of all conditions,' some at least of these
+early booksellers were&mdash;like the early printers&mdash;men of great
+learning. William Goeree, the bookseller of Amsterdam, was
+a student by nature, but it was his fortune to be brought up
+by a step-father to whom letters were unknown. His great
+desire, a university education, was denied him, and he was
+forced to choose some business. So he elected to embark
+upon a career where he would at least enjoy the conversation
+of the learned, and would be free to pursue his studies
+undisturbed by the strictures of his step-sire. As a bookseller
+he prospered, and profiting by the atmosphere of
+learning in which his paths lay, he found time between the
+hours of business to produce several valuable works upon
+such diverse subjects as Architecture, Sculpture, Painting,
+Engraving, Botany, Physic, and Antiquities!</p>
+
+<p>Fabert, the bookseller of Metz and author of 'Notes sur la
+Coutume de Lorraine,' which he published in folio in 1657,
+was esteemed so highly both for his learning and abilities,
+that his son Abraham Fabert was thought not unworthy of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a>[<a href="./images/183.png">183</a>]</span>
+being educated with the Duc d'Epernon. Abraham rose to
+be Marshal of France: but in spite of his great talents and
+still greater attainments, the bookseller's son ever retained
+that natural modesty inherent only in great minds. Offered
+the Order of the Holy Ghost by Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span> he refused it on
+the ground that it should be worn only by the ancient nobility.
+Whereupon the King wrote to him 'No person to whom I
+may give this Order will ever receive more honour from it
+than you have gained by your noble refusal, proceeding from
+so generous a principle.' One can only meditate <i>O si sic
+omnes</i>!</p>
+
+<p>There are two reference-books that will be of use to you
+if you are interested in this subject. Both were published
+by the Bibliographical Society. The first, by Mr. Gordon
+Duff, is entitled 'A Century of the English Book Trade,' and
+is a list of early English stationers. It appeared in 1905.
+The other, compiled by nine members of the Society under
+the editorship of Mr. R. B. McKerrow, was published in 1910,
+and is called 'A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in
+England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Foreign Printers of
+English Books, 1557-1640.'</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>To the collector all catalogues are interesting, and although
+one may not readily come across publishers' catalogues of the
+sixteenth century, yet seventeenth-century ones are not so
+rare, and those of the eighteenth century comparatively
+common. What interesting reading these old catalogues
+provide! Often it is worth while purchasing the flotsam of
+the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries from the penny
+tub merely for the sake of the catalogues which one frequently
+comes across bound at the end of such volumes. The
+desecration of a book is anathema to the bibliophile; but
+provided always that when you have paid your penny the
+volume proves to be but common trash and of no value
+whatever, you need not hesitate to remove the desired leaves
+and consign the wreckage to the waste-paper basket.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a>[<a href="./images/184.png">184</a>]</span>
+Perhaps nothing shows so clearly the change in manners
+and sentiments of each age as do these ancient catalogues.
+Doubtless many of the works therein described are to be
+found among the pages of any modern bookseller's list. But
+there they are scattered among works of all times, and strike
+the imagination as being merely the curiosities of a bygone
+age. Here, gathered together in one list, they are exhibited
+in company with their fellows, and there is little diversity of
+sentiment to distract one's attention. Though they treat of
+the most diverse subjects under the sun, yet there is a strange
+similitude about them which is characteristic of their age.
+And this impression is not due to the language in which their
+titles are couched; they are just the sort of books which we
+should expect our forefathers of that period to read. Whatever
+their subjects, whatever their titles, they are clearly all
+birds of a feather.</p>
+
+<p>Take the following, all of which occur in 'A Catalogue of
+some Books Printed for Henry Brome, since the Dreadful
+Fire of London.'</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li>The History of the Life of the Duke Espernon, the great Favourite of France. . . .</li>
+<li>Scarronides or Virgil Travesty . . by Charles Cotton, Esq.</li>
+<li>Elvira, a Comedy, or The worst not alwaies true, by the Earl of Bristol.</li>
+<li>Mr. Simpson's Division Viol, in folio, price 8s.</li>
+<li>A Treatise wherein is demonstrated, that the Church and State of England are in equal danger with the Trade, in quarto, by Roger Cook, Esq.</li>
+<li>Erasmus Colloquies, in English.</li>
+<li>The Fair One of Tuis, a new Piece of Gallantry.</li>
+<li>Elton's Art Military, in folio.</li>
+<li>Sir Kenelm Digby's two excellent Books of Receipts; one of Physick and Chirurgery; the other of Cookery and Drinks, with other Curiosities.</li>
+<li>The Exact Constable, price 8d., useful for all Gentlemen.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a>[<a href="./images/185.png">185</a>]</span>Toleration Discussed, by Mr. L'Estrange.</li>
+<li>The Lord Coke's Institutes, in four parts.</li>
+<li>Dr. Heylin on the Creed, in folio, price 15s.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Who could hesitate to assign a period to these? Is not
+'The Civil War and Restoration' writ big about them all?
+Plainer, indeed, would it be were we to analyse each separate
+item; for the tastes of the age and trend of men's thoughts
+as depicted in the pages of Master Pepys are amply reflected
+here.</p>
+
+<p>Beware, however, lest you come across a catalogue of some
+such rogue as Edmund Curll, that shameless rascal who gloried
+in the obscene productions of his minions, hesitating not to
+assign them to the greatest writers of the day. Though fined
+and pilloried for his scandalous publications, he regarded such
+'accidents' merely as a medium of advertisement, and had
+no hesitation in calling attention to the fact that he had
+suffered corporal punishment on account of a book that he
+wished to sell.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of his crooked career he fell foul of Pope by
+publishing a book entitled 'Court Poems,' which he ascribed
+to 'the laudable translator of Homer.' Pope promptly retorted
+by putting forth an essay with the delightful title 'A Full and
+True Account of a Horrid and Barbarous Revenge by Poison
+on the Body of Mr. Edmund Curll, Bookseller; with a faithful
+copy of his Last Will and Testament.' Neither words nor
+deeds, however, could repress a man so destitute of moral
+worth; and, later, he came once more under the poet's lash in
+the 'Dunciad,' where we read&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Obscene with filth the miscreant lies bewray'd.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Yet even the devil must have his due, and Curll certainly
+was concerned in the production of a number of works of
+general and abiding interest. Here is a curious example of
+his wares, from one of his catalogues dated 1726. It is a
+version of Sallengre's 'L'Elogie de l'Ivresse,' a humorous
+(and scarce) little volume first published in 1714.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a>[<a href="./images/186.png">186</a>]</span>Ebrietatis Encomium&mdash;or, The Praise of Drunkenness.
+Wherein is authentically and most evidently
+proved the Necessity of frequently getting drunk;
+and that the practice of getting drunk is most
+Ancient, Primitive, and Catholic. Confirm'd by the
+example of Heathens, Turks, Infidels, Primitive
+Christians, Saints, Popes, Bishops, Doctors,
+Philosophers, Poets, Free-Masons, and other Men
+of Learning in All Ages. By a Person of Honour,
+price 2s. 6d.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>How it intrigues one to know who were the Saints, Popes,
+and Bishops thus addicted to tippling! Truly a <i>chronique
+scandaleuse</i>, and one which would surely have appealed to
+Louis Maimbourg, that ingenious Jesuit historian, had it but
+appeared in his day. We are told that he never took up his
+pen till he had heated his imagination by wine, nor ever
+attempted to describe a battle till he had drunk two bottles&mdash;lest,
+as he said jestingly, the horrors of the combat should
+enfeeble his style! Perhaps this trait in his character also
+explains how it was that 'he signalised himself by strange
+descriptions and burlesque sallies of humour in the pulpit,'
+and that his works exhibit 'great fire and rapidity in their
+style.'<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> At all events he lived to be seventy-six, which is
+some consolation to those who seek to impart originality to
+their work by this means.</p>
+
+<p>Here is another volume that I should like to possess, from
+the same catalogue.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Court Gamester: Or, Full and Easy Instructions
+for playing the Games now in vogue, after the
+best Method, as they are Played at Court, and in the
+Assemblies, viz. Ombre, Picquet, and the Royal
+Game of Chess. Wherein the Frauds in Play are
+detected, and the Laws of each Game annex'd, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a>[<a href="./images/187.png">187</a>]</span>
+prevent Disputes. <i>Written for the Use of the young
+Princesses.</i><a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> By Richard Seymour, Esq. price 2s.</p></div>
+
+<p>Evidently Richard Seymour, Esq., had some experience of the
+young princesses' play. One wonders whether the disputes
+were frequent and heated, and whether Richard was the
+detector or detected with regard to the 'Frauds in Play'!</p>
+
+<p>Enough, however, of examples: you will find abundance in
+these old catalogues to keep you interested and amused for
+many an hour. Moreover, your natural inquisitiveness will
+enable you to discover a great deal about books and authors
+which you would otherwise never, perhaps, come across. For
+certain titles will excite your interest and curiosity, so that
+you will 'look up' the volume in your bibliography. Then
+you will turn to your biographical dictionary and find out all
+that you can about the author. So it is that your knowledge
+of books and their writers will grow. It is a pleasant pastime,
+this fireside book-hunting, and of the greatest value to the
+collector. Let me add, as a note, that you will find the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature' valuable for
+acquiring a <i>contemporary</i> knowledge of books.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to book-auctions (which seem to have been
+introduced into Europe by the Elzeviers) and sale-catalogues,
+you will find all the information that you may require upon
+this subject in so far as Great Britain is concerned, in Mr.
+John Lawler's excellent little volume 'Book Auctions in
+England in the Seventeenth Century,' of which a new edition
+was published in 1906. The fashion of selling books to the
+highest bidder is, in this country, of comparatively recent
+date; for the first auction of books held in London was
+presided over in 1676 by one William Cooper, an enterprising
+bookseller, who disposed in this manner of the library
+belonging to the Rev. Dr. Lazarus Seaman. With regard to
+the book-auctions held by the Elzeviers, you must consult
+that great authority, M. Alphonse Willems.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a>[<a href="./images/188.png">188</a>]</span>
+Before leaving this subject of catalogues I cannot forbear
+quoting from one to whom I am already indebted:</p>
+
+<p>'In perusing these old catalogues one cannot help being
+astonished at the sudden and great increase of books; and
+when one reflects that a great, perhaps the greater, part of
+them no longer exists, this perishableness of human labours
+will excite the same sensations as those which arise in the
+mind when one reads in a church-yard the names and titles
+of persons long since mouldered into dust. In the sixteenth
+century there were few libraries, and these, which did not
+contain many books, were in monasteries, and consisted
+principally of theological, philosophical, and historical works,
+with a few, however, on jurisprudence and medicine: while
+those which treated of agriculture, manufactures, and trade,
+were thought unworthy of the notice of the learned and of
+being preserved in large collections. The number of these
+works was, nevertheless, far from being inconsiderable; and
+at any rate many of them would have been of great use, as
+they would have served to illustrate the instructive history
+of the arts. Catalogues, which might have given occasion to
+inquiries after books that may be still somewhere preserved,
+have suffered the fate of tomb-stones, which, being wasted
+and crumbled to pieces by the destroying hand of time, become
+no longer legible. A complete series of them, perhaps, is now
+nowhere to be found.'<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There is yet another side of book-collecting with which it is
+essential that the bibliophile become acquainted, and that is
+a knowledge of the scarce and valuable editions of the more
+modern classic writers. By 'modern' I intend those authors
+who flourished during the nineteenth and latter part of the
+eighteenth centuries, and include such writers as Arnold, the
+Bront&euml;s, the Brownings, Burns, Byron, Carlyle, Coleridge,
+Dickens, Keats, Lamb, Shelley, Stevenson, Swinburne,
+Tennyson, Thackeray, and other famous contemporaries.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a>[<a href="./images/189.png">189</a>]</span>
+You may meet with their works continually, and many a prize
+may slip through your hands unless you are acquainted with
+the collector's <i>desiderata</i> regarding each of these authors.
+Many of them, perhaps the majority, published their earliest
+works anonymously or under a <i>nom de plume</i>, and when once
+you have become aware of the titles of such books or their
+writers' pseudonyms, you are not likely to forget them.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago (1911) Messrs. Hodgson the auctioneers
+discovered a thin folio consisting of an illustrated title-page
+and eight lithographed plates depicting scenes in the life of a
+ballet-girl, among a portfolio of engravings which had been
+sent to them for disposal. There was no letterpress, but the
+title ran 'Flore et Zephyr, Ballet Mythologique par
+Theophile Wagstaffe,' and it was published in London and
+Paris, 1836. The owner thought it unworthy of notice in a
+lengthy catalogue of his books, but in spite of its Gallic title
+its author was none other than Thackeray, and it was one of
+his first publications. On being offered for sale, it was
+knocked down at &pound;226.</p>
+
+<p>'Poems by Two Brothers,' a small octavo published at
+London in 1827, will bring you twenty pounds if you are so
+fortunate as to come across it. The brothers were Alfred and
+Charles Tennyson. Then there is a slim octavo of some 150
+pages which appeared at Newark in 1807, entitled 'Poems
+on Various Occasions.' It is by Lord Byron, and is worth
+fifty pounds at least; if in the original boards, more than
+double that amount. 'King Glumpus: an Interlude in one
+Act,' a pamphlet consisting of some twenty pages, was
+probably by John Barrow; but it was illustrated by
+Thackeray, and is usually to be found under the heading
+'Thackerayana.' It was printed in 1837, on blue writing
+paper, and issued privately in buff wrappers. Recently it has
+fetched &pound;153, but you may have a hundred for it any day.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p>Shelley's 'Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a>[<a href="./images/190.png">190</a>]</span>
+Keats' was first published at Pisa in 1821, a large quarto in
+blue wrappers. It has recently fetched 2,050 dollars in
+America, and you may have even more for a perfect copy, in
+the original state, of his 'Queen Mab,' printed by the author
+at 23, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square, in 1813. Both are
+exceedingly scarce. Another rare book of Shelley's is
+'Original Poetry,' by Victor and Cazire<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: extraneous quotation mark deleted">,</ins> which was put forth
+at Worthing in 1810. The poet wrote it in his youth, and
+although it was known that such a volume had been printed
+and that it had been suppressed by its author immediately
+before publication, it was considered a lost work until its
+rediscovery in 1897.</p>
+
+<p>Byron's 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers' one can
+purchase in the second, third, or fourth editions (all in octavo)
+in the original boards, for as many pence; though the first
+edition, in duodecimo, undated, is scarce. It was published
+in 1809, and has but fifty-four pages of verse. The fourth
+edition appeared in 1811, though some copies are dated 1810,
+and has one thousand and fifty-two lines of verse in eighty-five
+pages. But the next year another edition was put forth
+containing eighteen additional lines. For this (fifth) edition
+the title-page of the fourth edition was used. It was not
+merely rigidly suppressed by the author, but immediately
+prior to publication it was destroyed by him, and, so far as
+I am aware, only one copy has, till now, been recovered.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>For Burns' 'Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,'
+published at Kilmarnock in 1786, you may have two hundred
+pounds at least; if in the original boards, and perfect, considerably
+more. A copy has changed hands at a thousand. Of
+Shelley's 'Alastor: or the Spirit of Solitude, and other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a>[<a href="./images/191.png">191</a>]</span>
+Poems,' octavo 1816, Keats' 'Endymion,' 1818, Fitzgerald's
+'Omar Khayy&aacute;m,' published by Quaritch in 1859, and a
+large number of others, you will learn from time to time.
+Mr. J. H. Slater's 'Early Editions . . . of Modern Authors,'
+which appeared in 1894, will be of value to you, though like
+all works which deal with current prices it now needs revision.
+From the bibliographical standpoint it is excellent, but the
+safest guides to mere market values are the quarterly records
+of auction-sale prices entitled 'Book-Auction Records,' and
+the bi-monthly publication known as 'Book-Prices Current'
+issued by Mr. Elliot Stock. In addition there are bibliographies
+of almost all the greatest Victorian writers.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that the early editions of the English
+classics will get more and more valuable as time goes on. In
+the case of many it may be years before any decided rise
+in their sale-room price takes place; but as the number of
+book-collectors increases with the population, while the
+number of copies of these <i>desiderata</i> tends to become less
+owing to the absorption of certain of them in the public
+libraries, so it is only natural that increased competition
+should result in a corresponding increase in their value.</p>
+
+<p>The early editions of Massinger, Beaumont and Fletcher,
+and of the later Elizabethan and Stuart dramatists, which
+command but a few pounds to-day, will run, in all probability,
+well into three figures during the next half-century. A good
+copy of the first issue of Milton's 'Comus,' printed in 1637,
+could be had for &pound;36 in 1864. In 1898 one with the title-page
+mended brought &pound;150. Ten years later &pound;317 was not thought
+excessive for it, whilst in 1916 a fine and perfect copy made
+&pound;800. $14,250 was the ransom of a copy at New York
+in 1919.</p>
+
+<p>Other books there are which have had similar meteoric
+rises in value. The first edition of Walton and Cotton's
+'Compleat Angler' was published in 1653 at one and
+sixpence. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+average price for a fine copy seems to have been between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a>[<a href="./images/192.png">192</a>]</span>
+three and four pounds. In 1850 so much as fifteen pounds
+was paid for a copy in a similar state. Thirty years later it
+had risen to eighty-five pounds, and during the few years
+following, the demand for it seems to have increased its value
+considerably, for in 1887 a copy realised no less than &pound;200.
+But eight years later even this sum was easily doubled. Then
+came the Van Antwerp sale at Sotheby's. A perfect copy,
+in the original sheepskin binding, was offered; the hammer
+fell at the enormous figure of &pound;1,290. This sum has not yet
+(1921) been eclipsed; but that it was not a fancy price<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> is
+shown by the fact that in 1909 a copy <i>not</i> in the original
+binding realised no less than &pound;1,085.</p>
+
+<p>In the collection of these early impressions of the great
+writers, however, you must exercise considerable caution and
+judgment. The examples which I have quoted will show you
+that it is not always immediately, nor even within a lifetime
+from their death, that the works of our greatest authors become
+valuable. 'Fame is a revenue payable only to our ghosts,'
+wrote Sir George Mackenzie, and for literary fame Time is
+indeed the ordeal by fire. We may look upon the auction-room
+as a Court of Claims to Literary Fame, but it is public
+opinion, backing the authorities who sit round the table, that
+determines each claimant's case. It is the book that makes
+the price, not the price that makes the book. Doubtless those
+who, relying upon their own judgment alone, gave fifty pounds
+for Tennyson's 'Helen's Tower' (1861) some twenty years
+ago, thought they were safe in their investment. Yet twelve
+years later it could be had for thirty shillings. Fitzgerald's
+'Polonius,' 1852, was once thought cheap at five guineas.
+To-day you may buy it for little more than a sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>It is a risky business, this collecting of the early editions
+of authors dead but a generation ago; and he would be a
+bold man who ventured to assert that the present prices of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a>[<a href="./images/193.png">193</a>]</span>
+the first editions of the Victorian authors may be considered
+as stable. Bargains are bargains, and the temptation to buy
+is often great. But what constitutes a bargain from the
+collector's point of view? You cannot define it without
+reference to price, worth, or value; and if these be unstable
+it cannot constitute a bargain. 'An advantageous purchase'
+say the dictionaries; but if the price drop subsequently is it
+advantageous to <i>you</i>? You may think to play the wise man
+by collecting early editions of your own or your father's
+contemporaries, but it is odds on that you will burn your
+fingers. Yet the works of those great writers, those immortals</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>are stable in our affections as is the sun in the firmament.
+Whatever fortune may overtake the works of those ephemerals
+whom by mere fashion we applaud to-day and neglect
+to-morrow, the works of those great writers who have been
+accorded a niche in the hall of Fame will ever command our
+purses no less than our respect.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Of this book, published in octavo in 1893, it is impossible to speak too
+highly. Both as a text-book for the student and a reference book for the
+collector it is invaluable. The other two volumes by Mr. Duff are also of the
+greatest assistance. 'The Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders of Westminster
+and London from 1476 to 1535' was published in 1906, and 'The
+English Provincial Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders to 1557' in 1912&mdash;both
+by the Cambridge University Press. They are still (1921) in print, and
+cost six and five shillings respectively.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> A stereotyped reprint of the revised edition published between 1857 and
+1864. Each of the first five volumes is in two parts, often bound separately.
+Vol. 6 is an appendix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Brockhaus of Leipzig has also (1921) published a facsimile reprint of this
+work&mdash;price &pound;12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> The term <i>Incunabula</i> is now applied to all books printed before the
+year 1500. It is a vast study in itself, this bibliography of fifteenth-century
+books; and thanks to the labours of a small group of men who have devoted
+their lives to the subject, it is now upon a definite scientific basis. Carefully
+prepared monographs are issued from time to time, dealing with the different
+founts used by the early printers; but as this subject is unlikely to engage
+the attentions of those for whom this work is written (who, like the writer,
+are of modest means), I forbear to enter upon it in detail.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> It is a tedious game, but a very necessary one, and is a service due to an
+author. In entering a long list of errata in a folio book which has many
+lines to the page (Cotton's 'Monluc' has 62 lines, and the 1707 edition of
+Sandford's 'Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of England' has
+nearly 150 errata!) the following method saves a lot of time. Take a strip of
+paper about an inch wide, place it on a page, and make a dash on the strip
+at every fifth line of text, numbering the dashes 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. This
+measurer saves one counting the lines every time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Dr. John North.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> For Schoeffer's list, see Mr. E. G. Duff's 'Early Printed Books,' 1893,
+p. 31, where there is also an illustration of it. For Caxton's advertisement,
+see an excellent article upon these early catalogues, by Mr. A. W. Pollard,
+in 'The Bibliophile' for March 1908 (vol. 1. No. i, p. 22).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Mr. E. G. Duff, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 513.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> A collection of thirty-two facsimiles of these fifteenth-century book advertisements
+was published by Herr Konrad Burger in 1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> This is not strictly accurate, for there were agents or booksellers (call
+them what you will) who bought and sold manuscripts at Rome in very early
+times. A document dated 1349 (quoted by Laborde, 'Les Ducs de Bourgogne,'
+tom. 1, p. 459) mentions one Thomas de Maubeuge, 'bookseller at
+Paris,' who sold a volume to the Duke of Normandy for fourteen florins of
+gold.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Beckmann, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Mr. E. G. Duff, <i>op. cit.</i> Beckmann has 12,475, quoting Fabricius'
+'Bibliotheca Latina,' ed. 1772, vol. iii. p. 898, where the document is printed
+in full.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> For more upon this subject, with regard to this country, see The Camb.
+Hist. Eng. Lit. vol. iv. chap, xviii., 'The English Book-trade,' by Mr. H. G.
+Aldis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Curwen's 'History of Booksellers,' 8vo, 1873, deals chiefly with the later
+English houses; while Mr. E. Marston's 'Sketches of Booksellers of Other
+Days,' 12mo, 1901, is concerned only with eight London booksellers, from
+Tonson to Lackington. Mr. F. A. Mumby's 'The Romance of Bookselling,'
+8vo, 1910, contains a bibliography of the subject, but says little about the
+early continental book-marts. Mr. W. Roberts' 'Earlier History of English
+Bookselling,' 8vo, 1892, deals with London alone, and does not help us.
+There is a short article on the Frankfort Fairs, by Mr. G. Smith, in 'The
+Library,' 1900, pp. 167-179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This was one of the five publications on account of which Curll was set
+in the pillory in 1725.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> L'Advocat: Dict. Histor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> The italics are <span class="smcap">not</span> mine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Beckmann, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Like many of these <i>rarissima</i> it has been reprinted in facsimile&mdash;crown
+8vo, 100 copies only, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> The various editions and impressions of this book have given rise to confused
+accounts respecting them. The British Museum Catalogue gives five
+distinct impressions of the third edition and five of the fourth edition. Of
+the fourth edition, some large-paper copies were issued; they are scarce and
+worth thirty shillings or more. The first edition is undated, but the paper
+is water-marked '1805'. A copy of this last, in the original boards uncut,
+realised 205 dollars in New York in March, 1920. It usually fetches about
+&pound;5 in England.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The three copies which were sold between Dec. 1919 and June 1920,
+however, fetched 2,200 dollars, &pound;410, and &pound;600. The last was in the original
+sheepskin.</p></div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a>[<a href="./images/194.png">194</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-22.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-22_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h4>A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'The road lies plain before me; 'tis a theme<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Single and of determined bounds.'&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Wordsworth.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-23.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-23_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">ost</span> book-collectors embark upon their
+life-long hobby without any clearly defined
+scheme of collecting, buying just those books
+which take their fancy, and in many cases
+not realising that they have caught the dread
+contagion of bibliomania until they suddenly
+find that more shelf-room is required for their books, and
+that the expenditure upon their hobby is growing out of all
+proportion to their means. It is then generally too late to
+stop, and although they may avoid the book-stalls for some
+days, nay even weeks, the passion of collecting is only
+dormant, and will break out with renewed vigour either upon
+a sudden (though perhaps only temporary) condition of
+affluence, or upon the receipt of that most insidious of all
+temptations, a bookseller's catalogue&mdash;especially if it be a
+'clearance' one.</p></div>
+
+<p>This passion for collecting books resolves itself at length
+into two categories. Either the patient grows rapidly worse
+and plunges headlong into the vortex of auctions, catalogues,
+and bibliographies, amassing during the process a vast nonde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a>[<a href="./images/195.png">195</a>]</span>script
+collection of books; or else he improves slowly but
+surely, growing daily shrewder in his purchases. So that at
+length, having completely recovered his composure, he finds
+himself the possessor of a collection of books valuable alike
+from commercial and utilitarian standpoints.</p>
+
+<p>The former of these collectors is generally said to suffer
+from acute bibliomania. His knowledge of books is vast but
+of a general kind, and for practical purposes it cannot compare
+with that acquired by his fellow-collector who had seen the
+folly of a headlong course. His complaint is well known;
+indeed it was recognised in the first century of our era, when
+Seneca condemned the rage for mere book-collecting, and
+rallied those who were more pleased with the outsides than
+the insides of their volumes. Lucian, too, in the next century,
+employed his prolific pen in exposing this then common folly.</p>
+
+<p>Even the wise collector, however, runs some risk of being
+engulfed by his hobby and swept away by the flood of books.
+There is but one remedy, or rather alleviation, for book-collecting
+is quite incurable and follows a man to his grave
+(unless, of course, he be cast upon a desert island), and that
+is <i>specialism</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Every collector should become a specialist. It will give
+him a definite ambition, something to look for among other
+books, something to complete; and there is a thousand times
+more satisfaction in possessing a select collection of works
+of a definite class or upon a definite subject, than in the
+accumulation of a vast heterogeneous mass of books. He will
+get to know the greater part of the works upon his own
+subject, become an authority upon it in time, and perhaps
+will even attempt a bibliography if it be an out-of-the-way
+subject. He will know precisely what he wants, what to
+search for, and what price to pay. In short, he will be lifted
+out of the fog of miscellaneous books into the clear atmosphere
+of a definite and known class of works.</p>
+
+<p>It is such an easy step, and such an immensely important
+one, this determination to confine one's collecting activities<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a>[<a href="./images/196.png">196</a>]</span>
+to a certain class of books. 'What a blessing it is,' said a
+book-loving friend not long ago, 'not to have to worry about
+all sorts of books. I have never ceased congratulating myself
+that I took the resolution to confine myself entirely to Herbals.
+Before, I had a vast but untrustworthy knowledge of titles and
+editions which a bad memory did not assist. Now, thank
+goodness, I have forgotten all that, but I flatter myself that
+I really do know something about Herbals.'</p>
+
+<p>And what a profitless occupation is the aimless collecting
+of heterogeneous books. If bibliographical knowledge be our
+aim, their very diversity tends to confuse us. If recreation
+be our object, better far to join a circulating library than
+garner volumes which, once read, are never to be opened
+again. Learning and study cannot be intended, for the
+formation of a library of nondescript books collected upon
+no system or plan can, at best, endow us with but a smattering
+of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>There was once a certain bishop who used continually
+to collect useless luxuries. The Emperor Charlemagne,
+perceiving this, ordered a merchant who traded in rare and
+costly objects to paint a common mouse with different colours
+and to offer it to the bishop, as being a rare and curious animal
+which he had just brought from Palestine. The bishop is
+transported with delight at the sight of it, and immediately
+offers the merchant three silver pounds for such a treasure.
+But the merchant, acting on his instructions, bargains with
+the bishop, saying that he would rather throw it into the sea
+than sell it for so little. Finally the bishop offers twenty
+pounds for it. The merchant, wrapping up the 'ridiculus
+mus' in precious silk, is going away when the collector,
+unable to bear the thought of losing so great a curio, calls
+him back and says that he will give him a bushel of silver
+for it. This the merchant accepts: the money is paid; and
+the merchant returns to the Emperor to give him an account
+of the transaction.</p>
+
+<p>Then Charlemagne convokes the bishops and priests of all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a>[<a href="./images/197.png">197</a>]</span>
+the province, and placing before them the money which the
+mouse has fetched, reads them a homely lesson on the foolishness
+of collecting profitless trifles. Sternly he enjoins them
+in future to use their money in administering to the wants of
+the poor rather than to throw it away on such unprofitable
+baubles as a painted mouse. The guilty bishop, now become
+the laughing-stock of the province, is permitted to depart
+without punishment.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless the great majority of book-collectors are not
+specialists. They may set greater store by a certain class
+of works which appeals to them from some whimsical reason,
+but until they have grown middle-aged in their pursuit most
+of them are but <i>dilettanti</i>.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' I can hear you exclaim, 'but if your collecting
+propensities are to be curbed and countless books passed
+by, books which your very instinct urges you to acquire,
+surely you will lose most of the charm of collecting? How
+dull to be obliged to purchase only those works to which you
+have vowed to confine yourself.'</p>
+
+<p>Dull! No. I can assure you from my own experience that
+this restraint will but serve to redouble your eagerness, to
+sharpen an appetite in danger of becoming blunted by a
+plethora of <i>desiderata</i> and a shrinkage of your purse. So
+that whereas before, a short stroll about the book-shops would
+discover to you abundance, or at least plenty, of books that
+you would like casually to possess, now that you have become
+a specialist you must go further afield. Often you will return
+empty-handed from your rambles, and your sanctum (to the
+delight of the housemaid) will not be invaded quite so often
+by stacks of 'dirty old books.' Order will come out of chaos;
+many works bought upon impulse because they appealed to
+you at the moment will be weeded out and discarded.
+Moreover the shillings which this process yields will enable
+you to send that priceless gem, the <i>chef d'&oelig;uvre</i> of your
+collection, to the binder's, that its extrinsic appearance may
+be fashioned in keeping with its intrinsic worth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a>[<a href="./images/198.png">198</a>]</span>
+More important still, you will become a known man. The
+booksellers will remember you, and one day when you reach
+home from a long and barren ramble, you will find a postcard
+awaiting you, announcing the discovery of some book for
+which you have long sought.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I have found a copy of the Vitruvius fo.
+Venice, 1535, that you asked me for some time ago.
+You can have it for 10s. (vellum, clean copy). Shall
+I send it?&mdash;Yours respectfully, <span class="smcap">John Brown</span>.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Your ramble may have been on a cold winter's afternoon, it
+may have been raining and muddy underfoot, but will not this
+cheer you up and warm you better than any cup of tea? And
+what will be your sensations as you undo the parcel, take out
+the treasure (which you once saw in Johnson's catalogue for
+&pound;3), turn eagerly to its title-page, and collate it as gently as
+though you were handling some priceless work of art? Don't
+tell me! The specialist gets a thousand times more pleasure
+out of his hobby than ever did casual buyer. Besides, what
+rapture will be his whenever he chance upon some book for
+which he has long been searching, or upon some work on his
+very subject and yet unknown to him; for book-collecting
+is full of surprises.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the booksellers will ask you for a list of your wants.
+You may safely supply them with one, and it is not necessary
+to state the maximum price which you are prepared to pay for
+each. Should you do so, probably it will be taken to indicate
+that you are prepared to pay the price named, and the book
+when found will be offered to you at that price (or a few
+shillings less to give the idea of a bargain) when you might
+have had it at a considerably lower figure. Remember also
+that the very fact of a book being sought for enhances its
+price. Suppose that a country bookseller sees an advertisement
+in the trade journal asking for a copy of a certain
+obscure sixteenth-century work, and that he recollects he has
+a copy somewhere in stock. He finds it among his shelves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a>[<a href="./images/199.png">199</a>]</span>
+marked, possibly, five shillings. When he answers the
+advertisement it is more than likely that he will ask a pound
+or even two for it. At the same time, however, you must
+consider whether or not the book is worth as much to you.
+It may be a little known and, to the world at large, a valueless
+book, and you may have to wait some years before you are
+able to secure a copy; whereas by advertising for it you may
+procure a copy almost immediately. Do you prefer to take
+the chance of having to wait years for a book which you
+urgently want, or to pay a longish price and possess it at
+once?</p>
+
+<p>There is another point to be considered. Should you ever
+part with your collection <i>en bloc</i>, or should your executors
+dispose of it, this volume will be an item of the collection of
+works in which you specialise. As such it will be much more
+likely to realise the larger than the smaller price, especially
+as the disposal of a collection of books upon a definite subject
+attracts to the rostrum other collectors of a like class of works.</p>
+
+<p>Surely every book-collector is in his heart of hearts a
+specialist. Have you ever taken into your hands some choice
+gem of your collection without wishing that there were others
+in your library of the same genus? Is there not some one
+volume among your books that demands your first consideration
+when new shelving is put up, when your books are
+re-arranged; the volume to which you would fly first of all
+if a fire broke out in your sanctum? Brother bookman, I can
+almost hear you turn in your chair at the awful prospect of
+having to make choice between your beloved tomes! Indeed
+I am with you whole-heartedly, for there are two books,
+two priceless gems, rescued (the one from Austria, the
+other France) after years of patient search, two books
+which ever strive for the ascendancy in my bibliophilic
+affections. Far from me be it to make distinction between
+them. Granted, however, that you have made up your
+mind as to the identity of <i>the</i> treasure, do you not
+wish to possess other equally choice works of the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a>[<a href="./images/200.png">200</a>]</span>
+class, on the same subject? Suppose some distant relative
+of yours with great propriety should die, bequeathing you all
+unexpectedly far more worldly goods than you had ever hoped
+to possess; supposing also that you were 'without encumbrances'
+or ties of any description, and that your sole aim
+and ambition in this world was the collecting unto yourself
+of the choicest fruits of master minds: what would be your
+first act, in so far as your hobby is concerned?</p>
+
+<p>I know what our book-hunter would do under such
+conditions. He would take the next train to Paris, proceed
+to a certain shop not a great distance from the Rue St. Honor&eacute;,
+mount the step-ladder and hand down to the delighted Henri
+just precisely what he fancied <i>in his own particular line</i>.
+This process he would continue elsewhere until he had formed
+a goodly nucleus round which to amass still scarcer volumes
+as they came to hand. And I venture to think that you would
+do the same, though not necessarily in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>What is it that makes a man a specialist? Is it a particular
+knowledge of a certain subject? Do all book-collecting
+doctors garner only herbals and early medical works? Does
+the poet-collector specialise in poetry, the freemason in
+masonic books, the angler in works dealing only with his
+pastime?</p>
+
+<p>Not always, perhaps; but doubtless this is the case with the
+great majority of collectors. Sometimes a chance purchase
+may shape the entire course of a man's collecting, sometimes
+he is led to the subject to which he devotes his collecting
+energies by devious byways. Our book-hunter has a friend
+who began to collect old French books on Chivalry through a
+touch of influenza. When convalescent his doctor ordered
+him a sea-voyage. An hour after the advice was given he met
+a shipping friend, who offered him a cabin in a ship just about
+to start on a trading voyage in the Mediterranean. At Crete
+the ship was detained for some repairs, so he took the
+opportunity to visit Rhodes in a coasting vessel. He was
+much struck with the famous Street of the Knights and ancient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a>[<a href="./images/201.png">201</a>]</span>
+buildings of the great military Order that once owned the
+island, and regretted that he knew so little about it. Nor
+did his scanty knowledge of these things enable him to
+appreciate to the full the buildings of the Order at Malta.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to this country he spent some time at the
+British Museum, delving into these knightly records of the
+past, but was unable even then to discover all that he wished
+to know. So for a time he took up his abode in Paris, working
+daily at the Archives, the Arsenal Library, and Biblioth&egrave;que
+Nationale. Then came the Library of the Vatican. To-day
+his collection of ancient works on La Chevalerie, in most of
+the languages of Europe, is a thing to be proud of, and his
+sub-collection on the Hospitallers and their commanderies is
+especially rich. Probably there are few works upon this
+subject with which he is unacquainted, and the bibliography
+upon which he is at work bids fair to become the standard
+volume.</p>
+
+<p>What an immense part Chance plays in all our lives. Some
+of the most momentous events in the world's history have
+turned upon the most trivial happenings. Had not a wild
+boar run in a certain direction, probably there would have
+been no Norman Conquest of England! Robert of Normandy,
+out hunting with his friends, roused a boar which, running a
+certain course, necessitated the duke's return through the
+village street where he saw and fell in love with the burgess's
+daughter who became the mother of William the Conqueror.
+Had the boar run north instead of south, probably Robert
+would never have seen Arlette, and William would never have
+been born. Olaf of Norway, the great sea-king whose name
+was feared from Brittany to the Orkneys, was converted to
+Christianity by a chance landing at the Scilly Isles, where
+haply he visited the cell of a holy man that dwelt there.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now draw up a list of those subjects which generally
+engage the attention of specialists. The list is a lengthy one
+and offers an infinite variety. Each heading will comprise
+various sub-headings, and of these I shall speak more in detail.</p>
+
+<ul class="plain"><li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a>[<a href="./images/202.png">202</a>]</span>1. Arctic, Antarctic, Whaling.</li>
+<li>2. Africa.</li>
+<li>3. Americana.</li>
+<li>4. Architecture, Building Construction.</li>
+<li>5. Australasia.</li>
+<li>6. Bibles.</li>
+<li>7. Bibliography, Bookbinding, Printing.</li>
+<li>8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries.</li>
+<li>9. Celebrated Authors and Books.</li>
+<li>10. Celebrated Presses.</li>
+<li>11. Chapbooks, Ballads, Broadsides.</li>
+<li>12. Civil War and Commonwealth.</li>
+<li>13. Classics.</li>
+<li>14. Cookery Books.</li>
+<li>15. Costume.</li>
+<li>16. Crime and Prisons.</li>
+<li>17. Dictionaries, Etymology.</li>
+<li>18. Drama, the Stage.</li>
+<li>19. Early-printed books.</li>
+<li>20. Early Romances.</li>
+<li>21. Economics.</li>
+<li>22. Facetiae, Curiosa, Books on Gallantry.</li>
+<li>23. Fine Arts, including Technique, Theory, Criticism, History of the Arts, Furniture, Tapestries, Decorations, Gems, Ceramics, Plate.</li>
+<li>24. First Editions of Esteemed Authors.</li>
+<li>25. Folk-lore, Fables, Mysteries.</li>
+<li>26. Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, and Secret Societies.</li>
+<li>27. French Revolution.</li>
+<li>28. Gardening.</li>
+<li>29. Heraldry, Chivalry, Crusades, Genealogy, Peerages, Ceremonies, and books on Seals and Brasses.</li>
+<li>30. History and Chronicles.</li>
+<li>31. Husbandry, Agriculture.</li>
+<li>32. Illustrated Books, Books of Engravings.</li>
+<li>33. Legal.</li>
+<li>34. Liturgies, Mass and Prayer Books.</li>
+<li>35. Locally-printed books.</li>
+<li>36. Mathematical and Early Scientific.</li>
+<li>37. Medical (Early), including Herbals and Early Botanical.</li>
+<li>38. Military, including Archery, Arms, Armour, Fencing, and Duelling.</li>
+<li>39. Music.</li>
+<li>40. Napoleon.</li>
+<li>41. Natural History.</li>
+<li>42. Nautical and Naval.</li>
+<li>43. Numismatics, Medals.</li>
+<li>44. Occult, Astrology, Astronomy, Alchemy, Witchcraft, Magic.</li>
+<li>45. Pamphlets and Tracts.</li>
+<li>46. Philosophy.</li>
+<li>47. Poetry.</li>
+<li>48. Privately-printed books.</li>
+<li>49. School books.</li>
+<li>50. Sport, Games, Pastimes.</li>
+<li>51. Theology, Lives and Works of the Early Fathers, History of the Church, Inquisition, works on the Religious Sects.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a>[<a href="./images/203.png">203</a>]</span>52. Tobacco.</li>
+<li>53. Topography, including Atlases, Geography, and County Histories.</li>
+<li>54. Trades.</li>
+<li>55. Travels and Exploration.</li>
+<li>56. Voyages, Shipwrecks.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>From this list are purposely omitted books printed upon
+vellum, Books of Hours of the Virgin Mary, and illuminated
+books; for these are rarities within reach of the wealthy only.
+Nor is 'bindings' included, for the man who collects these
+is no book-lover in the truest sense of the word, and his
+hobby does not fall properly within the category of book-collecting,
+being classed rather under the heading Art and
+Vertu, Bric-&agrave;-Brac, or what you will. Naturally all book-collectors
+(save perhaps the 'original-boards-uncut' man) are
+sensible to the charm of a choicely bound copy, provided
+always that the binding be appropriate and that it is impossible
+to obtain the book in its original covers; but it is for something
+more than the mere outsides of his treasures that the real
+book-lover cares.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say, there are other subjects which have their
+devotees. Some collectors specialise in large-paper copies,
+some prefer certain editions which contain matter suppressed
+later. Others collect early children's books, gipsy literature,
+Egyptology, books on inventions, ballooning, etc. But most of
+these are more in the nature of sub-headings to the subjects
+in our list, and offer a more restricted field of collecting.
+Indeed I am in some doubt as to whether the large-paper
+collector should be included here, for his penchant is as far
+removed from true book-collecting as is that of the specialist
+in bindings. His hobby can have nothing to do with
+literature, since it is only the external characteristics of a book
+which appeal to him. He may be 'wise in his generation,'
+but his pursuit approaches closely to bibliomania. This
+objection may perhaps also be urged against one other subject
+in our list, namely, privately-printed books. But here there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a>[<a href="./images/204.png">204</a>]</span>
+is an ulterior interest beyond the mere singularity of their
+production; for there are very many books of great merit,
+chiefly memoirs and family histories, which their authors have
+designed, from personal and contemporary reasons, to come
+only into the hands of their own families and acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p>So here is your list, reader, take your choice. But perchance
+you are already numbered among the elect, one of those <i>magi</i>
+among bibliophiles who are at once the despair of the booksellers
+and the wise men of their generation? Is it not to the
+specialists that we owe the bulk of our knowledge of old
+books&mdash;for who else is it that produce the bibliographies,
+numerous but not nearly numerous enough, that delight the
+heart of the collector? All praise to them, and, brother
+bibliophile, if you are not yet of their number in heart at
+least, read through the foregoing list once more and put a
+mark with your pencil against the heading which is most to
+your taste. If you do not see your chosen subject at once,
+a scrutiny will probably discover it for you included in another
+and wider subject.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> For example, Astronomy and Astrology,
+inseparably bound up in the ancient works, are included in
+the heading 'Occult.' Herbals, which deal with the medicinal
+qualities of plants, you will find under 'Medical.'</p>
+
+<p>Is your purse a long one? Would you not like to garner
+folios and quartos with weird and heavy types that speak of
+a craft yet in its infancy; books that perchance have seen
+or even been handled by the actual combatants of Barnet or
+of Bosworth Field; books with monstrous crude yet wholly
+delightful woodcuts that bring before us the actual appearance
+of our forebears under the King-maker, Richard Crouchback,
+and Harry Richmond? Or would you like to gather to
+yourself as many examples as you may, in the finest possible
+condition, of the exquisite art of Aldo Manuccio the elder?
+But perhaps the following, from a recent catalogue, represents
+a class (20) more to your palate.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a>[<a href="./images/205.png">205</a>]</span>L'Histoire du tres fameux et tres redoute Palmerin
+d'Olive . . . . traduite de Castillan en Francoys
+reueue et derechef mise en son entier, selon nostre
+vulgaire moderne et usite, par Jean Maugin, dit
+l'Angeuin. <i>With</i> 45 <i>large spirited woodcuts (some
+being nearly full-page) representing duels, battles,
+etc., and</i> 132 <i>large ornamental initial letters</i>. Folio,
+Paris, 1553.</p></div>
+
+<p>Is your purse a light one? Then fifteenth-century books
+are denied you, as are all other esteemed works of the Middle
+Ages such as romances and classics. But there is hardly
+another heading in our list, save perhaps the first editions of
+the great authors, which you may not make your own. Almost
+every subject has its bibliography, and many fresh volumes
+are added yearly to the ever-increasing list of 'books about
+books.' You will find what bibliographies have appeared
+upon your particular subject, up to 1912, by referring to
+Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of National Bibliography,'
+which should be (if indeed it is not) in every public library
+throughout the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Some day an enterprising public body will purchase a
+building with fifty-five rooms (or thereabouts), each of which
+will contain a small and carefully selected collection of books
+on each one of these subjects. Each room will have its own
+catalogue and its own librarian, who will be an expert in the
+subject over which he presides. The rooms, of course, will
+vary in size according to the magnitude of the subject and
+the number of sub-headings which it comprises. Readers will
+have access to the shelves in almost every case, books of great
+value alone being kept under lock and key.</p>
+
+<p>How invaluable such a library would be, and what a vast
+amount of time would all readers be saved! We should know
+instantly to whom to turn for expert advice upon any subject&mdash;for
+the sub-librarians would naturally be acquainted with
+more than the mere outsides of the volumes in their charge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a>[<a href="./images/206.png">206</a>]</span>
+We should be able to handle the latest works upon our subject
+immediately; and we should have, ready to our hand, a history
+of its literature from the earliest times to the present day.</p>
+
+<p>As to whether the acquisition of knowledge by this method
+would not turn us all into journalists, however, is another
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>With the first heading in our list shall be included several
+others, namely (2) Africa; (5) Australasia; (55) Travels and
+Explorations (which heading includes every land under the
+sun not specially mentioned in our list), and (56) Voyages and
+Shipwrecks; in short, all those subjects which concern
+'foreign parts.' They are subjects which are most likely
+to engage the attentions of collectors who have been seafaring
+in their time, though, as has been shown in <a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II.</a>, it is
+not every traveller who has been far afield.</p>
+
+<p>Books on Arctic and Antarctic exploration, as well as
+whaling voyages, comprise much reading that is as interesting
+to the landsman as to the sailor. Most of its literature is
+within easy reach of the collector of modest means, though the
+earlier volumes are naturally increasing gradually in price.
+One of the hardest to obtain is William Scoresby's 'Account
+of the Arctic Regions,' which was published in two octavo
+volumes at Edinburgh in 1820. You will be lucky if you
+find a clean sound copy of it with the plates unspotted. It is
+now getting very scarce, as is Weddell's 'Voyage towards the
+South Pole in 1822-24' (octavo, London, 1825).</p>
+
+<p>Each of these headings can be subdivided according to your
+requirements. Africa you may divide conveniently into West,
+South, East, and Central; North Africa being best classified
+under the various countries which it contains, namely, Algiers,
+Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis. Egypt, of course, has a vast
+literature of its own. Similarly books on Australasia may be
+divided into those which deal with Polynesia, New Guinea,
+Australia (again divided into its states), Tasmania, and New
+Zealand; though, properly speaking, the first of these should
+be classified under the heading 'Voyages.'</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a>[<a href="./images/207.png">207</a>]</span>
+There is little doubt that those collectors who have devoted
+their energies during the past twenty-five years to the
+collecting of books on Africa, especially the South, will prove
+at no very distant date to have been wise in their purchases.
+Just as early Americana are so eagerly bought by our
+neighbours across the Atlantic at immense prices, far and
+away out of all proportion to their intrinsic worth as literature
+or history, so will the day come when those of our kin whose
+fathers sought a home in the 'great dark continent' will go
+to any length to procure works which deal with the early
+history of that newer world; and this will be the case, perhaps
+even sooner, with our Australasian friends.</p>
+
+<p>The early books on Australia are most interesting. Besides
+Governor Phillip's 'Voyage to Botany Bay' (1789) and his
+Letters therefrom (1791) there are such compilations as
+John Callander's version of the Comte de Tournay's 'Terra
+Australis Cognita,' or Voyages to the Southern Hemisphere
+during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries,
+three octavo volumes published at Edinburgh between 1766
+and 1768. Then there is Admiral Hunter's 'Historical
+Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk
+Island' (1793).<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> Hunter sailed with the first fleet in 1787
+under Arthur Phillip, the first governor of Botany Bay, as
+second in command of H.M.S. <i>Sirius</i>, and afterwards became
+governor-general of New South Wales in succession to
+Phillip. His journal gives a very valuable account of the early
+days of the Colony. Barrington's, Mitchell's, and Sturt's
+handsome volumes, all with fine plates, are still to be had for
+shillings. They seem a very good investment.</p>
+
+<p>Books on the South Seas have a peculiar interest, for the
+subject at once conjures up the name of the immortal Captain
+Cook; and the accounts of his remarkable voyages between
+1768 and 1779 are perhaps the most eagerly sought for of all
+books on Polynesia. The first voyage of discovery in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a>[<a href="./images/208.png">208</a>]</span>
+the great explorer took part was in the years 1768 to 1771.
+His ship, the <i>Endeavour</i>, was accompanied in the first part
+of the voyage by the <i>Dolphin</i> and <i>Swallow</i>; and an account
+of the <i>Endeavour's</i> voyage was published surreptitiously in
+1771 by, it is said, certain of the petty officers of Cook's
+vessel.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> But the compilation of an authentic account of the
+voyage, from the rough notes and diaries, was entrusted to
+Dr. Hawkesworth, and was published in 1773 in three quarto
+volumes. From this task Hawkesworth gleaned &pound;6000, and
+although we are told that the book 'was read with an avidity
+proportioned to the novelty of the adventures which it
+recorded,' yet the compiler so far offended against the canons
+of good taste as to cause considerable offence. Cook gained
+such credit for his intrepidity that he was promptly promoted
+from lieutenant to commander.</p>
+
+<p>A second expedition was soon planned, and in 1772 the
+<i>Resolution</i> and the <i>Adventure</i> set sail, the former returning
+to England in 1775. The results of this voyage were drawn
+up by Captain Cook himself, and published in 1777 in two
+quarto volumes. In 1776 he sailed once more in the
+<i>Resolution</i>, but was destined never to return, for on St.
+Valentine's Day, 1779, he met his death at the hands of the
+natives of Hawaii. The expedition returned the next year,
+and the official account of it was published in 1784, in three
+quarto volumes, of which the first two were from the pen of
+Cook, the third volume being written by James King. The
+following year a second edition appeared, also in three quarto
+volumes. All these works have maps, charts, and folding
+plates, which are sometimes bound up separately into folio
+volumes. A few of these somewhat crude plates were engraved
+by Bartolozzi. Admiral James Burney's 'Chronological
+History of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea,' was
+published in five quarto volumes between 1803 and 1817.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a>[<a href="./images/209.png">209</a>]</span>
+The author was one of Cook's officers, and the diary of the
+last voyage which he sailed in company with the great
+navigator is still (1921) in manuscript. His account of the
+death of Captain Cook, however, was published in the
+'Cornhill Magazine' so lately as November 1914.</p>
+
+<p>During the first half of the nineteenth century many
+handsome works upon these subjects issued from the press.
+For the most part they are sumptuous books, many of them
+having coloured plates and sometimes folding ones. They
+were published chiefly for subscribers at prices ranging from
+two guineas to fifteen; and during the last few years they
+have risen considerably in price. Until the decline of the
+coloured engraving in the 'fifties of last century they were
+legion in number, both quartos and octavos, and many are
+still to be had for a few shillings. But a study of booksellers'
+catalogues alone will give you an idea of their prices and
+values. Needless to say, works upon voyages, travels, and
+explorations issued in the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries are becoming increasingly scarce and valuable.</p>
+
+<p>Here a word of warning. Before you purchase any of these
+illustrated volumes, make sure (by referring to a bibliography
+or standard collation if possible) that it is intact. Frequently
+a plate or a map is missing, and sometimes an unscrupulous
+seller will go so far as to remove the 'list of plates' in order
+that the blemish may remain undetected. With such defects,
+books of travel are generally of little worth.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the byways included in these headings of Travel
+and Foreign Countries are of considerable interest for the
+bibliographer no less than for the traveller. Who has confined
+his attentions to the early Saracenic literature of North
+Africa? There is a number of works dealing with it, chiefly
+sixteenth-century Spanish books, and all are of considerable
+value. Luis del Marmol's 'Descripcion general del Affrica'
+is in three folio volumes, of which the first two were printed
+at Granada in 1573, the third volume being dated at Malaga,
+1599. But though Marmol affixed his own name to it, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a>[<a href="./images/210.png">210</a>]</span>
+work is little more than a translation of the 'Description of
+Africa,' by Leo Africanus, a fellow-countryman of Marmol,
+who composed his work in Arabic. Marmol was certainly
+well qualified for his task, for he was taken prisoner by the
+Moors in 1546, and was eight years in captivity in Africa.
+Curio's 'Sarracenicae Historiae' was first published in folio
+at Basel in 1567; but it was English'd by T. Newton in
+1575, quarto, black letter, London&mdash;if you are so lucky as to
+come across it. It is called 'A Notable Historie of the
+Saracens.' Dan's 'Histoire de la Barbarie,' folio, Paris,
+1649, appears in the sale-room from time to time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Americana.</div>
+
+<p>3. Americana&mdash;what a vast subject in itself! Its very
+definition signifies the inclusion of everything upon any
+subject whatsoever that has ever been written
+upon the Americas! But in the bibliographer's
+reading this term is generally taken to imply those early works
+relating to the discovery and settlement of the United States
+and Canada, though not necessarily in the English language.
+For the purposes of our list, however, we will confine its
+meaning solely to the United States; classifying books upon
+Canada, Alaska, and Mexico under the heading Travels and
+Exploration. Under the latter heading also, of course, will
+come the various countries of Central and South America.</p>
+
+<p>Many have been the collections upon the early history of
+New England, and you will do well to obtain the catalogues
+of the Huth, Church, Auchinleck, Winsor, Livingston,
+Grenville, and Hoe collections. The famous collection of
+Americana from the library at Britwell Court was to have been
+sold by auction at Sotheby's in August 1916; but it was
+purchased <i>en bloc</i> to go to New York, where it was dispersed
+by public auction the following January. The sale catalogue
+(Sotheby's) is an extremely good one, and contains a large
+number of works previously undescribed. The well-known
+library of Americana amassed by Dr. White Kennet, bishop
+of Peterborough during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, and entrusted by him in 1712 to the keeping of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a>[<a href="./images/211.png">211</a>]</span>
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 'for their perpetual
+use,' was sold by order of that Society at Sotheby's in August
+1917 and realised very high prices, though most of the items
+were in poor condition. The gem of the collection, 'New
+England Canaan,' 1632, and most of the other important
+volumes (seventy-nine in all) had been presented previously
+by the Society to the British Museum. The highest price
+realised was &pound;650, which was paid for 'A True Relation of
+the late Battell fought in New England between the English
+and the Salvages,' 1637, a small quarto of sixteen leaves, said
+to be by the Rev. Philip Vincent.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p>There are two valuable bibliographies upon this subject,
+both necessarily large and important works. They are Sabin's
+'Dictionary of Books relating to America,' in nineteen octavo
+volumes published at New York from 1868 to 1891, which,
+however, comprises only the headings from A to Simms: and
+Evans' 'American Bibliography,' privately printed in eight
+quarto volumes at Chicago, 1903 to 1914. Harrisse's
+'Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima' (New York, 1866)
+with its supplement (Paris, 1872) is a bibliography of the
+rarest books concerning America that appeared between 1492
+and 1551. Mr. W. H. Miner's 'The American Indians, North
+of Mexico,' published by the Cambridge University Press in
+1917, contains a bibliography of works on the aboriginals.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Architecture.</div>
+
+<p>4. Works upon Architecture are, <i>de natura</i>, for the greater
+part 'art books,' and comprise not only such large works as
+Furttenbach's massive tomes and the works of
+Britton and Billing, but the many beautifully
+illustrated books published by Ackermann at the beginning
+of last century. Most of them, English and foreign, are books
+of considerable value, for the plates were often produced by
+the great masters of engraving, and they readily command
+high prices whenever they appear in the market. But there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a>[<a href="./images/212.png">212</a>]</span>
+is a large and increasing number of smaller works which deal
+with buildings and designs, as well as those books concerning
+buildings of an historical interest. There does not seem to be
+any monumental bibliography of architectural books, but you
+will find useful lists in Mr. W. P. Courtney's volumes.</p>
+
+<p>The older books upon this subject are necessarily scarce:
+such as Alberti's 'Libri de Re &AElig;dificatoria Decem,' which
+appeared first at Florence in 1485. This work, however, was
+reprinted at Paris in 1512, and you may have a copy of it for
+a couple of pounds, though the first French translation
+'L'Architecture et Art de bien bastir, trad. par deffunct Jan
+Martin,' folio, Paris, 1553, with fine large woodcuts, will cost
+you four times as much. It is a fine book, and contains a
+portrait of the author as well as a three-page epitaph by
+Ronsard on the deffunct Jan Martin.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bibles.</div>
+
+<p>6. The collection of Bibles is perhaps one of the commonest
+subjects to engage the attention of specialists. There is a
+numerous bibliography, ranging from Anthony
+Johnson's little tract 'An Historical Account of
+the English Translations of the Bible,' printed in 1730, down
+to the Rev. J. L. Mombert's 'English Versions of the Bible,'
+of which a new edition appeared in 1907. You will find the
+volumes of Anderson, Cotton, Eadie, Loftie, Dore, Darlow
+and Moule, Stoughton, and Scrivener of assistance to you
+here, as well as Westcott's 'General View of the History of
+the English Bible,' of which a third and revised edition was
+published in 1905. It contains a useful list of English editions
+of the Holy Writ. The Huth Collection, that portion of it
+which was sold in 1911-12, was especially rich in Bibles, as
+was the Amherst Library, dispersed in 1908-09. This last
+contained editions from 1455 (the so-called 'Mazarin' Bible)
+to King Charles the First's own copy of the 1638 Cambridge
+edition. The sale catalogues of these will be of value
+to you.</p>
+
+<p>7. Bibliography is perhaps the subject nearest to the heart
+of every bibliophile. But since the collection of 'books about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a>[<a href="./images/213.png">213</a>]</span>
+books' must of necessity be the stepping-stone by which
+the book-lover attains his knowledge of the extrinsic attributes
+of his hobby, I have dealt with this subject at some
+length in the chapter wherein are treated the 'books of the
+collector.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Biography.</div>
+
+<p>8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries: what a flood of names and
+memories occur to one under this heading! Not only the
+immortal Boswell and Pepys, but Fanny Burney,
+Alexandre Dumas, Mary Wortley-Montague,
+Lord Herbert of Cherbury, <i>et permulti alii</i>. Also, this
+heading will comprise that great series of mysterious and
+'racy' books ycleped 'Court Memoirs,' and the somewhat
+less exciting but&mdash;to our book-hunter's mind at least&mdash;more
+interesting works which border on the domain of history,
+such as the Memoirs of Blaise de Montluc and Saint-Simon:
+works which bring home to us the everyday life of those
+far-off days more clearly than anything that has ever been
+written about them since.</p>
+
+<p>How meagre is the stock of valuable historical memoirs
+with which we may furnish our libraries to-day! There is
+abundance to be had&mdash;after long searching, but the great
+Memoirs which we may have to hand, such as Froissart and
+Monstrelet, Waurin and La Marche, must number scarce a
+couple of dozen. Perhaps some day a philanthropic publisher
+will give us good editions (unabridged) of Sir James Melvil,
+Sir Philip Warwick, Edmund Ludlow, Bulstrode Whitlock,
+Sir Thomas Herbert, Robert Cary, Denzil Lord Holles, and
+many other valuable contemporary evidences now scarcely
+to be had, and when found usually in ancient tattered calf.
+Why is it, too, that the great mass of French chroniclers who
+bear witness to English doings in the wars of Normandy,
+Brittany, Burgundy, Anjou and Touraine remain still
+untranslated and almost unprocurable?</p>
+
+<p>There are so many delightful Memoirs to which one would
+like to have access at will. Jean de Boucicault, Marshal of
+France, stands out as one of the most interesting figures in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a>[<a href="./images/214.png">214</a>]</span>
+medi&aelig;val France and, indeed, Europe. Nicknamed 'le
+meingre,' he was Vicomte de Turenne, and bore arms at the
+age of ten. His father<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> also was a Marshal of France. Few
+men have lived such a stirring life as this paragon of knightly
+prowess. At Rosebeque in 1382 (where Philip van Artevelde
+and 20,000 Flemings were slain), being then a page of honour
+to Charles <span class="smcap">vi.</span>, he fought at the King's side and acquitted
+himself so well that he received knighthood at the King's
+hands. Thenceforward he was fighting continually in
+Flanders, Normandy, Brittany, Languedoc&mdash;in short wherever
+there was fighting to be done. In 1396, marching with the
+flower of the French chivalry through Bulgaria against the
+Turks, he was one of the three thousand knights taken
+prisoner at the disastrous battle of Nicopoli; but was among
+the twenty-five whose lives were spared by the savage victor.
+Four years later he was defending Constantinople for the
+Emperor against his late captor, and here again he
+distinguished himself greatly by his bravery.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after this he was appointed Governor of Genoa.
+In command of the Genoese fleet he undertook to chastise the
+Cypriots for an outrage on some Genoese gentlemen. But
+calling at Rhodes on the way, the Grand Master of the
+Hospitallers persuaded him to try the effect of mediation first
+of all, and proceeded to Cyprus himself for that purpose.
+Whereupon the Marshal, 'to beguile the time, and give
+employment to the fiery spirits on board his squadron'
+(says a later chronicler) 'ran down at a venture to the Syrian
+city of Scanderoon, which place he carried by assault and
+plundered.' Encouraged by this success, on the Grand
+Master's return he persuaded that great personage to
+accompany him on a further expedition, and together they
+harried the whole coast of Syria, the Hospitaller confining
+his attention to the Infidels whilst the Marshal razed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a>[<a href="./images/215.png">215</a>]</span>
+factories which the Venetians (enemies to the Genoese) had
+established at Baruth and other places. Thus passing a very
+pleasant summer.</p>
+
+<p>In Italy he took an active part in the turmoil betwixt
+Guelphs and Ghibellines, and seized Milan for the former
+(1409). At Agincourt in 1415 he commanded the vanguard
+of the French army, and was taken prisoner. Being sent to
+England, he remained there until his death six years later.
+This great soldier was a man of many accomplishments, an
+ardent musician as well as a poet; and his leisure was passed
+chiefly in composing ballads, rondeaux, and virelays. Yet his
+'Livre des Faicts' remains unenglish'd.</p>
+
+<p>Another truly great man of a later period was that great
+warrior of saintly life and death, Henri, Duc de Montmorency.
+After a long and noble career of arms in the service of his
+king no less than of his countrymen, he fell a victim to the
+jealousy of Cardinal de Richelieu. 'Dieu vouloit que sa
+mort fust aussi admirable que sa vie,' writes his biographer;
+'que ses dernieres actions couronnassent toutes les autres;
+et que ses vertus Chrestiennes jettassent encor plus d'eclat
+que n'avoient fait les Heroiques.' Brought to the scaffold
+he refused to avail himself of the indulgence of having his
+hands at liberty. 'So great a sinner as I,' he said, 'cannot
+die with too much ignominy.' Of his own accord he took
+off his splendid dress. 'How can I,' said he, 'being so
+great a sinner go to my death in such attire when my
+guiltless Saviour died naked upon the Cross.' Yet save
+we are contented to turn to a poorly printed seventeenth-century
+edition of his Life, there is no place (to my knowledge
+at least) where we can read of this truly great man,
+and, of course, no version other than that in the French
+tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is that great and vivacious chronicle of the house
+of Burgundy during the fifteenth century, the Memoirs of
+Messire Olivier, Sieur de la Marche. No historian would
+write of the Flemish wars, from the Peace of Arras in 1435<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a>[<a href="./images/216.png">216</a>]</span>
+to the taking of Ghent by the Archduke Maximilian in 1491,
+without constant reference to this invaluable work, for
+la Marche was often an eye-witness of the events which he
+records. Yet so far it has not been rendered in English, and
+I know of no complete edition in modern French. It is the
+same with the memorials of Bouchet, Chartier, de Coussy,
+Crillon, Olivier de Clisson, and many other great soldiers,
+all of whom have much to say of the wars 'contre les Anglois.'
+The famous history of Bertrand du Guesclin<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> contained in
+'Le Triomphe des Neuf Preux' does not seem to have been
+reprinted after its second appearance in Spanish at Barcelona
+in 1586, and there is no English version.</p>
+
+<p>Why is it that biography has such a peculiar fascination
+for most men? Is it but curiosity to know how others have
+passed their lives, mere idle inquisitiveness? Or is it that we
+may store up in our minds what these great ones said and
+did upon occasions that may occur to us some day? This is,
+perhaps the more likely; for women dislike biographies, and
+women, we are told, care not a fig for examples, but act upon
+their native intuition. Be the reason what it may, the fact
+remains that for one man who looks to the future there are
+fifty who look to the past. Moreover the sages of all times
+encourage us to seek examples in the lives of other men, and
+examples are certainly of more value than idle speculations.
+'With what discourses should we feed our souls?' asked one
+of that pleasant philosopher Maximus of Tyre. 'With those
+that lead the mind <ins class="grk" title="Greek: epi ton prosthen chronon">&#7952;&#960;&#8054; &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#8057;&#963;&#952;&#949;&#957; &#967;&#961;&#8057;&#957;&#959;&#957;</ins>&mdash;towards former<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a>[<a href="./images/217.png">217</a>]</span>
+times,' replied the sage&mdash;those that exhibit the deeds of
+past ages.</p>
+
+<p>Possibly it would be better to include biographical
+dictionaries under this heading than under 'Dictionaries.'
+Oettinger's 'Bibliographie Biographique Universelle,' published
+first in quarto at Leipzig, 1850, describes some 26,000
+biographies, under their subjects' names. A second edition
+appeared in two octavo volumes at Brussels four years later.
+There is a useful catalogue of 174 biographical dictionaries
+in all languages at the end of the third volume of John
+Gorton's 'General Biographical Dictionary,' the 1833 edition.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Famous Authors and Books.</div>
+
+<p>9. Celebrated Authors and Books. How interesting it
+would be to know which individual work, after the Bible,
+has passed through the greatest number of
+editions. 'The Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Robinson
+Crusoe,' 'The Decameron,' 'The Compleat
+Angler,' 'Paradise Lost,' all these must have been reprinted
+an immense number of times; while others such as 'Gil Blas'
+and 'Don Quixote' would not be so very far behind. Then
+there are the ancients, such as Homer, Horace, Virgil, with the
+great host of classics of the old world. Perhaps, however, the
+palm would be awarded to the 'Imitatio Christi' of the saintly
+Thomas &agrave; Kempis. The editions of it, from the presses of
+almost every country in the old and the new worlds, run well
+into four figures. An English collector, Edmund Waterton,
+succeeded in amassing no less than thirteen hundred, and at
+his death the British Museum acquired all those of his treasures
+which were not already upon its shelves.</p>
+
+<p>There is another name to couple with this, though (I hasten
+to add) from a purely bibliographical standpoint&mdash;that of the
+great Dominican Giacomo di Voraggio, or Jacobus de
+Voragine. Except to the student of Early Fathers, the
+hagiologist, and the bibliophile, his very name has almost
+sunk into oblivion; but to these savants he stands forth as
+the compiler of that marvellous collection of the Lives of the
+Saints, known as The Golden Legend. The first Latin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a>[<a href="./images/218.png">218</a>]</span>
+edition of his great work was printed in folio at Cologne in
+1470, and six years later it appeared in French at Lyons and
+in Italian at Venice. Caxton translated and published an
+English version, and from that time to the middle of the
+sixteenth century it is said to have undergone more
+impressions than any other contemporary work.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not only editions of individual works, however, that
+this heading comprises. Upon reading a book which pleases
+us greatly it is but natural to seek other works by the same
+author; and with the book-collector this tendency often
+becomes the basis of a definite plan of campaign. Who has
+yet formed a complete collection of the works and editions
+of Defoe, of Alexandre Dumas, or even of that indefatigable
+Jesuit antiquary Claude Fran&ccedil;ois Menestrier? There are
+bibliographies of all three, but I do not know of any library
+that possesses a complete collection of either. Every year
+sees the addition of bibliographies upon this subject, and we
+have now excellent accounts of the publications of Bunyan,
+Cervantes, Defoe, Milton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Isaac
+Newton, Isaac Walton, and many other famous men.</p>
+
+<p>Under this heading also is included the collection of books
+dealing with a particular author or book, such, for example,
+as the many published works upon the authorship of the
+'Imitatio Christi,' the 'Eikon Basilike,' or the Letters of
+Junius, and&mdash;commonest sub-heading of all&mdash;'Shakespeareana.'
+The British Museum authorities have issued a bibliography
+(large quarto, 1897), of books in that library relating
+to Shakespeare, which you may have for a few shillings. If
+this be your hobby, however, perhaps the first book which
+you will acquire, at the very outset of your career, will be
+Sir Sidney Lee's monumental 'Life of William Shakespeare,'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a>[<a href="./images/219.png">219</a>]</span>
+which has become a classic in itself. Of this, the first edition
+appeared in 1898, but a new edition (the seventh) rewritten
+and greatly enlarged, was published in 1915. It is, at the
+time of writing, the fullest and best, so is much to be preferred.
+It contains a full account of the earliest and subsequent
+editions and editors of the immortal writer. Mr. A. W.
+Pollard published in 1909 a bibliographical account of
+'Shakespeare Folios and Quartos,' and you will find a lengthy
+list of books upon this subject in Appendix I of Sir Sidney
+Lee's work (1915). Mr. William Jaggard's 'Shakespeare
+Bibliography' purports to be 'a dictionary of every known
+issue of the writings of our national poet and of recorded
+opinion thereon in the English language.' It was published
+at Stratford-on-Avon in 1911, a thick octavo volume of more
+than 700 pages. The fifth volume of the 'Cambridge History
+of English Literature' contains some 47 pages of Shakespeareana
+in the bibliographies to Chapters VIII. to XII.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Famous Presses.</div>
+
+<p>10. Celebrated Presses. Of all the famous printers this
+world has seen, there are two in particular whose productions
+have engaged the attentions of collectors continually,
+namely, the Manuccios ('Aldines') and
+the Elzeviers. The reason for this is not far to seek. Unlike
+the productions of Caxton or de Worde (whose works, mostly
+in the vernacular, have usually engaged the attentions of
+English collectors only), the volumes issued by these two
+great foreign houses stand out for their conspicuous merit
+both as specimens of book-production and as examples of
+scholarly editing. Should you decide, however, to confine
+your attention to some other of the great printers, then a
+delightful hobby will be yours; for the field is narrow, and
+your collecting must take the form of a personal inspection
+of each volume purchased. It will be book-hunting with a
+vengeance; the booksellers' catalogues (which rarely give the
+printers) will be of little use to you except as regards certain
+specimens with which you are acquainted, and each volume
+that you acquire will have been unearthed by your own hands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a>[<a href="./images/220.png">220</a>]</span>
+It is a subject which has been chosen so frequently by
+specialists that there are bibliographies of almost all the
+well-known printers, most of them, it were needless to add,
+in French. For a list of them, you must consult the work
+of Bigmore and Wyman, as well as that of Mr. W. P. Courtney.</p>
+
+<p>There is a chance here, also, for the public librarian. How
+many of the public libraries in this country possess a collection
+of books illustrating the history and progress of printing in
+their particular towns? Most provincial public libraries now
+possess collections of books relating to the history and
+topography of their localities; and it should not be difficult
+to form similar collections of locally-printed books. It would
+be an interesting hobby for the private collector too, and such
+a collection would be of the greatest interest and value from
+the bibliographical standpoint. Similarly it would not be
+difficult to form a small collection of books printed by, say,
+the French or German or Italian printers before 1500, or the
+Paris or Venetian printers up to 1600. There is a considerable
+field for the collector here.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ballads and Broadsides.</div>
+
+<p>11. Chapbooks, Broadsides, and Ballads: a curious byway
+of book-collecting this, for the knowledge to be gleaned from
+these <i>curiosa</i> is not probably of great value.
+Nor can a great deal be said in favour of their
+utility. Perhaps, however, the first two would be classed more
+properly with No. 22&mdash;Facetiae and Curiosa, leaving Ballads
+only under this heading. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres'
+'Bibliotheca Lindesiana: a Catalogue of a Collection of
+English Ballads of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,
+printed for the most part in Black Letter' was printed
+privately in small quarto in 1890. It is undoubtedly the
+finest collection of this kind in the world. Ritson's 'Ancient
+Songs and Ballads' was revised by Hazlitt in 1877. Then
+there are such volumes as Payne Collier's 'Illustrations of
+English Popular Literature,' published in 1863-66, Huth's
+'Ancient Ballads and Broadsides published in England in
+the Sixteenth Century' (1867), and others which will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a>[<a href="./images/221.png">221</a>]</span>
+mentioned when discussing Facetiae (22) and Pamphlets and
+Tracts (45). Lemon's 'Catalogue of a Collection of Printed
+Broadsides in the Possession of the Society of Antiquaries
+of London' (1866) and Lilly's 'Black Letter Ballads and
+Broadsides,' (1867) will also be of use to you here, as will the
+publications of the Percy, Ballad, and Philobiblon Societies.
+In 1856 J. Russell Smith, the antiquarian publisher of Soho
+Square, issued a 'Catalogue of a Unique Collection of Four
+Hundred Ancient English Broadside Ballads, Printed Entirely
+in the Black Letter' which he had for sale&mdash;a small octavo
+volume with notes and facsimiles. It is a valuable little book
+and somewhat hard to obtain. For other reference-books
+upon this subject, you must turn to the headings 'Ballads'
+and 'Broadsides' in Mr. W. P. Courtney's valuable 'Register
+of National Bibliography.'</p>
+
+<p>This heading also includes the collection of proclamations
+and single sheet posters of all kinds. There is a fine collection
+of Royal Proclamations in the Library of the Society of
+Antiquaries, probably the most perfect in existence. 'Bookes'
+of Proclamations were issued by R. Grafton in 1550 (8vo),
+R. Barker in 1609 (folio), Norton and Bill in 1618 (folio)&mdash;all
+in black letter&mdash;and by several other the king's printers during
+the seventeenth century. For the purposes of the historian
+they are simply invaluable. The (26th) Earl of Crawford and
+Balcarres has printed a bibliography of proclamations, vols.
+v. and vi. of his 'Bibliotheca Lindesiana.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Civil War and Commonwealth.</div>
+
+<p>12. Civil War and Commonwealth is properly speaking a
+sub-heading of No. 30&mdash;History; but it is a favourite subject
+with book-collectors, and the volumes issued
+during this period are <i>sui generis</i> and mostly of
+considerable interest. With the abolition of the
+Star Chamber in 1641 the drastic repression of the printers
+disappeared, and, freed from all control, the presses now
+poured forth political tracts and volumes of every description.
+Needless to say a great number of the books thus issued were
+anonymous publications. But two years later an Order for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a>[<a href="./images/222.png">222</a>]</span>
+the Regulating of Printing came into force, and Cromwell's
+censorship was reinforced by a further Act in 1649. Nevertheless
+a large mass of political matter continued, throughout
+the interregnum, to make its appearance on the stalls and in
+the shops. What would not Cromwell have given to suppress
+'Killing no Murder'! Edwards' 'Catalogue of the Great
+Rebellion Tracts in the British Museum' was included in his
+'Memoirs of Libraries,' which appeared in 1859. George
+Thomason's famous collection of Royalist tracts will be dealt
+with under the heading 'Pamphlets.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Classics.</div>
+
+<p>13. Of all the subjects in our list perhaps none comprises
+volumes of greater beauty and printed with greater distinction
+than this&mdash;the Classics of the Old World. It is
+a rare field for the scholar to-day, for the time
+when no library could be considered complete without editions
+of most of the old masters of Greece and Italy is long past;
+and there is nothing like the competition nowadays to secure
+the well-known editions which formerly adorned the shelves
+of our grandfathers. Not long ago our book-hunter witnessed
+the sale of a sixteenth-century folio Isocrates, bound in ancient
+green morocco, for seven and sixpence; and similar volumes
+are described continually in the modern booksellers'
+catalogues. There is more scope here for the collection of
+masterpieces of typography than in any other heading in our
+list. Aldines, Estiennes, Elzeviers, Plantins, Baskervilles,
+Barbous&mdash;all are within the reach of the most modest purse.
+You need not trouble to study Dibdin's 'Introduction to the
+Knowledge of Rare and Valuable Editions of the Greek and
+Latin Classics': if you are sufficiently fond of immortal books
+and beautiful printing to make this subject your hobby, your
+own eyes and hands will guide you in the choice of editions&mdash;from
+the bibliographical standpoint.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cookery Books.</div>
+
+<p>14. The Collection of Cookery Books offers a wider field
+for the book-collector's activities than would appear at first
+sight. Besides the considerable number of works of a purely
+culinary nature, there are many sources whence we can learn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a>[<a href="./images/223.png">223</a>]</span>
+much concerning the dietary and table customs of our
+ancestors. Caxton's (or rather de Worde's) 'Book of
+Curtesye' is a primer of good manners for a small
+boy at table and elsewhere, and it may well find
+a place, in modern shape, on the shelf beside other volumes
+on household economy. 'Don't dip your meat in the salt-cellar,'
+the wise man tells Master Jackie, 'lest folk apoynte
+you of unconnyngnesse.' He must be careful, also, not to
+expectorate across the table,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'ne at the borde ye shall no naylis pare<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">ne pyke your teth with knyf.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Injunctions that are, perhaps, unnecessary nowadays; but all
+must agree with the great printer that</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'it is a tedyous thynge<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For to here a chylde multeplye talkyng.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Are books on table-manners published nowadays? The
+latest I remember to have seen is Trusler's 'The Honours of
+the Table, or Rules for Behaviour during Meals, with the
+Whole Art of Carving,' which appeared in 1788. It has
+woodcuts by Bewick, and is a curious and scarce little volume.</p>
+
+<p>Even such unlikely volumes as Dugdale's 'Origines
+Juridiciales' (folio, London 1680), the Egerton and Rutland
+Papers, and other volumes of household accounts issued by the
+learned societies contain menus and long lists of foodstuffs
+and drinks consumed at various feasts. W. C. Hazlitt's
+account of some 'Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine'
+appeared in 12mo in 1886. It has a list of some of the older
+works. There is also a bibliography of books upon this
+subject in Dr. A. W. Oxford's 'Notes from a Collector's
+Catalogue' which appeared in 1909. His 'English Cookery
+Books to the Year 1850' was published in 1913. You will
+find a useful paper upon old English cookery in the 'Quarterly
+Review' for January 1894. M. Georges Vicaire's 'Bibliographie
+Gastronomique,' a handsome octavo volume with
+facsimiles, appeared at Paris in 1890.</p>
+
+<p>Then there are such books on dieting as Cornaro's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a>[<a href="./images/224.png">224</a>]</span>
+'Discorsi della Vita Sobria' and Lessius on the Right Course
+of Preserving Health, both english'd in 1634 and printed at
+Cambridge in a tiny volume entitled 'Hygiasticon'; also
+Tryon's 'Way to Health,' Sir Thomas Elyot's 'Castel of
+Helth,' and other works of this nature. 'The Forme of Cury,'
+compiled about 1390 by the master cook of Richard <span class="smcap">ii.</span>, was
+published by Samuel Pegge in 1780; and the 'Libre Cure
+Cocorum,' about 1440, was issued by the Philological Society
+in 1862. The 'Boke of Cookery' printed by Pynson in 1500,
+and Buttes' 'Dyets Dry Dinner,' 1599, you will probably have
+to go without unless your purse be a deep one; indeed so far
+as I am aware no duplicate is known of the first-mentioned!</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Costume.</div>
+
+<p>15. Books on Costume, like works on Architecture and the
+Fine Arts, are <i>de natura</i> 'art books.' During the first few
+decades of the nineteenth century there were
+published a number of folio volumes containing
+fine coloured plates, depicting the costumes of various foreign
+countries. Numerous books of travels issued during the same
+period also were embellished with similar plates; whilst of
+late years monographs have appeared on the history of various
+articles of attire, such as shoes, gloves, hats, etc. It is not a
+large field for the specialist, and at present I am unaware
+of any modern bibliography upon this subject. There are
+lists of costume books in Fairholt's 'Costume in England'
+(1896 edition), 'The Heritage of Dress' by Mr. W. M. Webb
+(1907), and a paper on them by Mr. F. W. B. Haworth in the
+Quarterly Record of the Manchester Public Library for 1903
+(vol. vii. pp. 69-72).</p>
+
+<p>Some of the older works on costume are extremely
+interesting for their curious engravings. For the most part
+they are valuable works. 'Le Recueil de la diversite des
+Habits, qui sont de present en usage, tant es pays d'Europe,
+Asie, Afrique et Isles Sauvages, le tout fait apres le naturel'
+was put forth by Richard Breton, a Paris printer, in 1564,
+octavo. It contains 121 full-page wood-engravings of
+costume; it is a little difficult, however, to see why the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a>[<a href="./images/225.png">225</a>]</span>
+'sauvages' should be included in a book of costume. But
+perhaps they are covered by the phrase 'apres le naturel.'
+Beneath each engraving is a rhyming and punning quatrain.
+Here is the one beneath the portrait of a young lady of demure
+appearance, entitled 'L'Espous&eacute;e de France':</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'L'espous&eacute;e est coiff&eacute;e, aussi vestue<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Comme voyez, quant elle prent mary,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">A demonstrer sa beaut&eacute; s'esuertue,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">En ce iour la, n'ayant le cueur marry.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There are other interesting sixteenth-century works by
+Abraham de Bruyn, Nicolas de Nicolay, Cesare Vecellio,
+Pietro Bertelli, Ferdinand Bertelli, and others, all with copper
+and wood engravings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Crime.</div>
+
+<p>16. Books dealing with Crimes and Prisons are classed
+generally under the heading <i>Curiosa</i> (22); but accounts of
+murders, rogueries, piracies, etc., are so common
+and so frequently engage the attentions of
+specialists that I have thought fit to place this subject
+in a class by itself. Needless to say the majority of
+works on this subject are in the shape of pamphlets or tracts,
+though some (such as the 'Trial of Queen Caroline') run to
+more than one thick volume. You must not expect to come
+across many of Samuel Rowlands' tracts on roguery, (1600-1620),
+for they are worth literally their weight in gold, and
+more. Many of them, however, have been reprinted by the
+Hunterian Club (1872-86). Nor will you find readily 'The
+Blacke Dogge of Newgate' by Luke Hutton, which appeared
+first about 1600, though 'The Life and Death of Gamaliel
+Ratsey, a Famous Thief of England,' was reprinted by Payne
+Collier. Mr. F. W. Chandler's two volumes on 'The
+Literature of Roguery,' published in 1907, will be of great
+assistance to you here; whilst Payne Collier's 'Illustrations
+of Early English Popular Literature' contains several murder
+pamphlets. The Newgate Calendar is well known and may
+be had, in varying states of completeness, of the booksellers
+from time to time, together with the many accounts of famous
+murders and trials.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dictionaries.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a>[<a href="./images/226.png">226</a>]</span>17. Dictionaries and Etymologies are subjects which
+generally engross the attentions of 'curious antiquaries.'
+Some of the older dictionaries are of great
+interest. A few years ago our book-hunter
+purchased in London for half a crown a copy of Cooper's
+'Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britanniae,' a thick folio
+printed at London by Henry Bynneman in 1584. It is bound
+in the original sheepskin, a portion of a vellum psalter having
+been used to strengthen the joints. The worthy bishop's text
+is delightful (Cooper died bishop of Winchester in 1594), the
+interpretations being in black letter, and it is full of quaint
+conceits. At the end is a biographical dictionary which
+certainly contains some startling statements. Baret's
+'Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie,' 1573, and Rider's
+'Bibliotheca Scholastica,' 1589, you may still come across,
+but do not set your heart upon acquiring a copy of Huloet's
+'Abcedarium Anglico-Latinum' put forth at London in 1552.
+Perhaps the finest collection of dictionaries amassed by any
+one collector in this country was that of the reverend Dr.
+Skeat of Cambridge; but alas! at his death it was partly
+dispersed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Drama.</div>
+
+<p>18. Shakespeareana has already been dealt with under
+heading No. 9, and the bibliography of the Drama is a
+voluminous one. You will find the following
+works of value to you at the outset, if this be
+the subject of your choice. Hazlitt's 'Manual for the
+Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays' was issued in
+1892, whilst Mr. F. E. Schelling's 'Elizabethan Drama, 1558-1642,'
+appeared in two volumes, New York, in 1908. The
+second volume contains a useful bibliography. Mr. W. W.
+Greg's 'List of English Plays written before 1643 and printed
+before 1770' was published by the Bibliographical Society
+in 1900. There is a supplementary volume which deals with
+Masques, Pageants, and some additional plays; it appeared
+in 1902. The bibliography to Chapter IV. in the tenth
+volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a>[<a href="./images/227.png">227</a>]</span>
+contains useful lists of works on the drama. The office-book
+of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623 to 1673,
+was edited by Professor Quincy Adams and published by
+the Yale University Press ('Cornell Studies in English,'
+vol. iii.) in 1917. It is the chief source of information about
+English plays and playwrights from 1623 until the Civil War,
+and the documents of the period 1660-73 are important to
+students of the Restoration Drama.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Early-Printed Books.</div>
+
+<p>19. By the term 'early-printed books' the bookseller
+generally means fifteenth-century works, or <i>incunabula</i> as
+they are now called. You must needs be a rich
+man if this be your hobby, for every volume issued
+prior to the year 1500&mdash;however worthless as literature or
+useless from a bibliographical standpoint&mdash;is now worth at
+least a couple of pounds, provided it is complete and in good
+condition. You <i>may</i> pick up an example or two of early
+printing for a few shillings on your rambles, but every day
+the chance of a bargain in this direction is smaller. There
+is not a bookseller throughout the kingdom who is not aware
+of the minimum value of <i>any</i> volume printed in the fifteenth
+century, and a private purchase and treasure trove are the
+only sources available to the 'incunabulist' to-day. As
+regards works of reference on this subject, such books have
+already been dealt with in the chapter on the Books of the
+Collector.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Early Romances.</div>
+
+<p>20. Early Romances, too, will tax your exchequer somewhat
+heavily, for these glorious folio and quarto examples of early
+woodcut engraving are eagerly snapped up
+whenever they appear in the market. One of the
+finest collections of these fascinating volumes in recent times
+was that amassed by Baron Achille Seilli&egrave;re. A portion of it
+was sold at Sotheby's in February 1887. Most of these
+treasures were exquisitely bound by the great French masters
+of book-binding, and the sale of 1147 lots realised &pound;14,944,
+an average of about &pound;13 a volume. Yet it is safe to assert
+that the same collection to-day would fetch more than double<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a>[<a href="./images/228.png">228</a>]</span>
+that amount.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> The first folio edition (<i>Lyon</i>, 1477) of Honor&eacute;
+Bonnor's 'L'Arbre des Batailles' realised only &pound;30. At the
+Fairfax Murray sale in 1918 the quarto Lyons edition (1510)
+made &pound;130. The Lisbon edition of 'Le Triomphe des Neuf
+Preux' (1530) brought &pound;83. The same copy at the Fairfax
+Murray sale realised &pound;135. A second portion of this fine
+collection afterwards came under the hammer in Paris, and
+realised similar prices.</p>
+
+<p>There is a numerous bibliography. Mr. A. Esdaile's 'List
+of English Tales and Prose Romances' was published by the
+Bibliographical Society in 1912, as was Mr. F. W. Bourdillon's
+'Early Editions of the Roman de la Rose.' The second
+edition of W. J. Thom's 'Early English Prose Romances'
+appeared in three small octavo volumes in 1858, whilst
+Quaritch's 'Catalogue of Medi&aelig;val Literature, especially the
+Romances of Chivalry' was issued&mdash;large octavo&mdash;in 1890.
+Mr. H. L. D. Ward's 'Catalogue of Medi&aelig;val Romances in
+the British Museum,' in three volumes, was completed in 1910.
+For foreign Romances Lenglet du Fresnoy's 'Biblioth&egrave;que
+des Romans,' is useful. The Comte de Tressan's 'Corps
+d'Extraits des Romans de Chevalerie,' published in twelve
+volumes in 1787, has exquisite plates by Marillier. It is an
+interesting compendium of all the most famous romances of
+chivalry. The Early English Text Society has published a
+large number of old English romances both in verse and prose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Facetiae, Curiosa.</div>
+
+<p>22. Facetiae, Curiosa&mdash;a somewhat broad subject which
+would include Chapbooks, Broadsides, Jest Books, as well as
+those works which treat of 'Gallantry' and subjects
+generally not alluded to in polite society! The literature upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a>[<a href="./images/229.png">229</a>]</span>
+all these topics is so large that it is impossible to attempt a
+r&eacute;sum&eacute; of it here, but you will find a very useful bibliography
+in the fourth volume of the 'Cambridge History
+of English Literature,' pages 514 to 536.
+Carew Hazlitt's 'Fugitive Tracts' (1875) and 'Studies in
+Jocular Literature' (1890) are both useful; and Mr. G. F.
+Black has recently (1909) printed a bibliography of <i>Gipsies</i>.
+Witchcraft, sometimes classed under this heading, shall be
+dealt with when we consider the Occult.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fine Arts.</div>
+
+<p>23. Works upon the Fine Arts are, like books on
+Architecture, chiefly illustrated. Doubtless such books are
+collected generally by students and craftsmen,
+but under this heading must be included books
+on gems, ancient statuary, and ceramics, cameos, rings, and
+the like. There is a large number of works which treat of
+these from the sixteenth century onwards, and many are to
+be had for a few shillings.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Or turn to the index.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Quarto. It was abridged in octavo the same year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Similarly, a quarto volume containing an account of the second voyage,
+'Drawn up from Authentic Papers,' appeared anonymously in 1776; an
+octavo 'Journal' having appeared, also anonymously, the previous year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> It was a cropped copy. The one in the Wilton Park library, sold at
+Sotheby's in March, 1920, lacked two blank leaves and was unbound; but
+it was a fine large copy and fetched &pound;660.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> He was a contemporary of Geoffroi de La Tour Landry, who relates a
+pleasing story of his amours in Chapter xxiii. of the book which he wrote
+for the delectation of his three daughters.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Du Guesclin gave striking proofs of courage in his childhood, and at 16
+won a prize at a tournament (where he was unknown and against his father's
+will). He spent most of his life fighting the English, gained several victories
+over them, and recovered Poitou, Limousin, and many towns in Normandy
+and Brittany. Charles V. created him Constable of France in 1370, and he
+died in 1380 in harness, at the ripe age of 66, while besieging a town in
+Languedoc. He was buried in the Abbey of St. Denis, at the feet of the
+royal master whom he had served so well. It is said that he could neither
+read nor write (which is probably incorrect), but his life and deeds were
+recorded shortly after his death (as in the case of Bayard) by a 'loyal serviteur'&mdash;folio,
+Gothic letter, printed by Guillaume Le Roy at Lyons about 1480.
+Of this there does not appear to be any English version. (See also footnote
+on page <a href="#Footnote_34_34">92</a>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Melchior Cano, a later Provincial of his Order, is reported to have said
+concerning this book, 'The author of this Legend had surely a mouth of iron,
+a heart of lead, and but little wisdom or soundness of judgment'; for it
+abounds with the most puerile and ridiculous fables and absurdities. But
+of course 'Voragine' wrote in accordance with the fashion and beliefs of his
+time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The portion of the Sudbury Hall Library sold at Sotheby's in June 1918
+realised &pound;20,201, 10s. There were 526 lots, an average of more than &pound;38 a
+volume. The prices realised at the sale of that part of the Britwell Court
+Library dispersed at Sotheby's in December 1919, however, far exceeded any
+hitherto obtained. 108 lots brought &pound;110,356&mdash;an average of nearly &pound;1,022
+a volume. But in this case every book was <i>rarissimus</i>. A small volume
+containing the only known copy of the fourth edition of Shakespeare's 'Venus
+and Adonis' (1599), the first edition of 'The Passionate Pilgrim' (1599&mdash;one
+other copy known), and 'Epigrammes and Elegies' by Davies and Marlow
+(<i>circa</i> 1598), realised &pound;15,100&mdash;and departed forthwith to the United States.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a>[<a href="./images/230.png">230</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/ill-24.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-24_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h4>A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM&mdash;(<i>Continued</i>)</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Like ships before whose keels, full long embayed<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">In polar ice, propitious winds have made<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Unlooked-for outlet to an open sea.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Wordsworth.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">First Editions.</div>
+<div class="clearfix"><div class="figleft"><a href="./images/ill-25.jpg"><img src="./images/ill-25_th.jpg" alt="Decoration" title="Decoration" /></a></div>
+<p><span class="smcap">o</span> most of us it matters but little what becomes
+of our books when we are dead. We garner
+them for our own use and benefit absolutely,
+and when we are gone they may well be
+distributed among other book-lovers for
+aught we care. No doubt a considerable
+zest is added to collecting in the case of those lucky ones
+who, being established in the land, purpose to 'lay down'
+a library for their posterity. In such cases almost
+invariably there must be a thought of future
+value. It is but natural. Whether he lay down wine or
+books no man is so foolish as to lay down trash. Such
+schemes, however, do not always result in that success which
+their owner intended. Like wine, the value of books may
+'go off.'</p></div>
+
+<p>There are two classes of books, however, that he who is
+wealthy enough to lay down a library may acquire with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a>[<a href="./images/231.png">231</a>]</span>
+perfect assurance. They are, in fact, gilt-edged securities.
+One is the original editions of <i>famous</i> Elizabethan and early
+Stuart authors, the other, the more estimable <i>incunabula</i>.
+Just as the population of the world increases yearly, so every
+year there are more and more book-collectors, and, consequently,
+more competition to acquire rarities. Every day, too,
+the chances of further copies coming to light are more remote.
+Books are not everlasting, and there will come a time when
+the only fifteenth-century volumes in existence will be those
+treasured in velvet-lined boxes and glass cases.</p>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt that in fifty years' time a collection
+of Beaumont and Fletcher's or Massinger's plays in the
+original quartos will be worth not merely double its present
+value, but quadruple and more. Then there are the famous
+prose authors of the early Stuart period, such as Bacon,
+Barclay, Robert Burton, Daniel, Donne, Drayton, Shelton,
+and even the prolific Gervase Markham, to mention only a
+few. All these are good investments, as regards their first
+editions, <i>for your children's children</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the first editions of more modern authors we
+are on much more delicate ground. First editions of really
+great men, such as Milton, Pope, or Dryden, probably will
+always command a high price not only on account of their
+scarcity but because they are sought for by all students who
+make a study of those authors. But when we come to those
+more modern writers concerning whose merits tastes differ,
+then the collector's activity becomes a gamble. The first
+editions of Thomas Hardy or Rudyard Kipling <i>may</i> be worth
+more than their weight in gold in a hundred years, but it is
+also quite possible that succeeding generations will find in
+them more of the sentiments of the day than of those innate
+characteristics of the human mind which make a book really
+great, and will pass them by. This matter, however, has been
+dealt with in the chapter on the Books of the Collector, and
+with regard to bibliographies of the writings of the chief
+nineteenth-century authors, you will find mention of these in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a>[<a href="./images/232.png">232</a>]</span>
+the appendices to the later volumes of the 'Cambridge
+History of English Literature.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Folk-Lore, Mysteries.</div>
+
+<p>25. Folk-lore, Fables, Fairy-Tales, Accounts of Mysteries
+and Miracle-Plays, Mummers, Minstrels and Troubadours,
+Pageants, Masques and Moralities: an interesting medley.
+Books of fables, whether by &AElig;sop, Bidpai, La Fontaine, Gay,
+or Kriloff, would form an interesting collection by
+themselves, and it would be amusing to trace the
+pedigree of some of the tales. Our national jokes are said
+to be very ancient in origin; possibly some day the Curate's
+Egg will be traced to a budding priest of Amen-Ra, lunching
+with the Hierophant. Then there are books of proverbs&mdash;more
+than one would think&mdash;and the folk-lore of all countries
+that provides fairy-tales more entertaining than ever came
+out of the head of Perrault or Andersen. Altogether a
+heading which contains some fascinating literature.</p>
+
+<p>It is doubtful whether such books as the 'Arabian Nights,'
+Le Grand's collections of ancient Norman tales, and Balzac's
+'Contes Dr&ocirc;latiques' should be included here; perhaps
+<i>de natura</i> they should be classed rather with 'Facetiae and
+Curiosa.' The literature upon this subject is a large one,
+and there is an excellent list of writings upon Minstrels,
+Mysteries, Miracle Plays, and Moralities in the fifth volume
+of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 385
+to 394; as well as in Mr. Courtney's invaluable work.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Freemasonry, etc.</div>
+
+<p>26. Freemasonry is another of those subjects (like Architecture,
+Law, and Early Science) which usually engage the
+attentions of those whose businesses lead, or have
+at one time led, them to those things. Some of
+the booksellers specialise in such works, and the older books
+on Freemasonry cannot be said to be of frequent occurrence
+in the ordinary booksellers' catalogues. The finest extant
+library of Masonic books in the English tongue is said to be
+at the Freemasons' Hall, in London, but it is accessible only
+to Freemasons. A catalogue of it was privately printed by
+H. W. Hemsworth in 1869, and more recently by W. J.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a>[<a href="./images/233.png">233</a>]</span>
+Hughan in 1888; a supplement to this last appeared in 1895.
+The Masonic books at No. 33 Golden Square were also
+catalogued by Hemsworth (1870), and more recently by Mr.
+Edward Armitage&mdash;quarto, 1900.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">French Revolution.</div>
+
+<p>27. The mention of books on the French Revolution at
+once conjures up the name of that indefatigable collector and
+cabinet minister, John Wilson Croker. During
+his period of office at the Admiralty he amassed
+there more than ten thousand Revolutionary books, tracts, and
+writings; and when the accession of the Whigs drove him
+from his home there, he sold his entire library to the British
+Museum. But neither change of government nor loss of
+income could cure the fever of collecting and six years later
+he had amassed another collection as large as the first. This
+also was purchased by the Museum authorities. Before he
+died he had garnered a third collection as large as the two
+previous ones put together, and this also found a home in
+Bloomsbury. A 'List of the Contents' of these three collections
+was published by the Museum authorities in 1899.
+Croker's magnificent collection of letters and writings on the
+same period was sold for only &pound;50 at his death; it went
+<i>en bloc</i> to the library of Sir Thomas Phillips at Middle Hill.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gardens.</div>
+
+<p>28. What book-lover does not love a garden? 'God first
+planted a garden: and indeed it is the purest of human
+pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the
+spirits of man,' wrote Bacon. Whether it be the
+tranquil beauty of an old-world pleasaunce or the peaceful
+occupation of gardening that appeals to the temperament of
+the bibliophile, certain it is that the book-lover is invariably
+a lover of the garden also. To him the very mention of
+stone moss-grown walks, a sundial, roses, and green lawn
+conjures up a vision of delight. To talk of those who wrote
+of gardens would be to mention the literature of all time; for
+gardens are as old as the human race. Indeed, 'Gardens
+were before gardeners, and but some hours after the Earth,'
+says Sir Thomas Browne in that most delightful of discourses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a>[<a href="./images/234.png">234</a>]</span>
+'The Garden of Cyrus.' A History of Gardening in England
+has been compiled by the Hon. Miss Alicia Amherst; a
+second edition was published in 1896, and an enlarged edition
+in 1910. Hazlitt's 'Gleanings in Old Garden Literature'
+(which contains a bibliography) appeared in 1887. The
+famous library of old gardening literature, said to be the
+most complete and extensive of its kind, amassed by
+M. Krelage, a bulb merchant of Haarlem, has recently been
+incorporated in the State Agricultural Library of Wageningen,
+Holland.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Heraldry, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<p>29. Heraldry is the next subject which claims our attention;
+and under this head we will include all those works which
+treat of La Chevalerie and Noblesse, the Orders
+of Knighthood, the Templars and Hospitallers,
+the Crusades, Peerages, Genealogical Works, Family
+Histories, books on Parliament and Ceremonies, Pomps,
+Festivals, Pageants, Processions, works on Brasses and Seals,
+as well as those which treat of the science of Blazon proper.
+Here, at all events, is a variety of sub-headings.</p>
+
+<p>The first English bibliography of works upon this subject
+which our book-hunter has come across so far is a thin quarto
+volume entitled 'Catalogus plerumque omnium Authorum qui
+de Re Heraldica scripserunt,' by Thomas Gore, and it
+appeared first in 1668. A second edition was published in
+1674: both are now very scarce. This work contains a list
+of writers, both English and foreign, upon Chivalry, Nobility,
+and such kindred subjects. But a quarto volume, which
+appeared in 1650, entitled 'The Art of Making Devises,'
+translated by T. B[lount] from the French of H. Estienne,
+contains, in the preliminary matter, a list of writers on
+Nobility. Dallaway's 'Inquiries into the Origin and Progress
+of the Science of Heraldry in England,' large quarto,
+Gloucester, 1793, contains a list of English heraldic writers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a>[<a href="./images/235.png">235</a>]</span>
+with their works; and Sir Egerton Brydges published a more
+copious list in the third volume of his 'Censura Literaria.'
+Moule's 'Bibliotheca Heraldica Magnae Britanniae' appeared
+in 1822, a large octavo. He gives descriptions of 817 English
+works on Heraldry, Genealogy, Regal Descents and
+Successions, Coronations, Royal Progresses and Visits, the
+Laws and Privileges of Honour, Titles of Honour, Precedency,
+Peerage Cases, Orders of Knighthood, Baptismal, Nuptial,
+and Funeral Ceremonies, and Chivalry generally. At the end
+is a short list of 211 foreign writers upon these subjects&mdash;out
+of many thousands. There is an interleaved copy, containing
+many additions, in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>More recently Mr. G. Gatfield has put forth a valuable work,
+entitled 'A Guide to Printed Books and Manuscripts relating
+to English and Foreign Heraldry and Genealogy,' an octavo
+volume of which a limited edition was printed in 1892.
+Guigard's 'Biblioth&egrave;que H&eacute;raldique de la France' appeared
+at Paris in 1861. It has a useful bibliography of French
+books upon all the subjects chosen by Moule. The Henry
+Bradshaw Society also has published rare Coronation tracts
+and Coronation service books.</p>
+
+<p>Few classes in our list contain more sumptuous volumes
+than those comprised under this heading. In our own tongue
+we have Anstis' and Ashmole's handsome folios on the Garter,
+the latter with its beautiful folding plates; Jaggard's edition
+(1623) of Favyn's 'Theatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie' by
+an unknown translator, Sandford's 'Genealogical History of
+the Kings and Queens of England' (Stebbing's edition, 1707,
+please), Milles' 'Catalogue of Honor or Treasury of the
+Nobility peculiar and proper to the Isle of Great Britaine,' not
+forgetting Gwillim (the sixth edition, 1724) and, of course,
+Master Nicholas Upton. All these are handsome folios with
+copperplate engravings.</p>
+
+<p>The French books on Noblesse are equally sumptuous.
+'Le Vray Theatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie ou le Miroir
+Heroique de la Noblesse,' by Marc de Vulson, Sieur de la<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a>[<a href="./images/236.png">236</a>]</span>
+Colombi&egrave;re, appeared at Paris in two folio volumes in 1648.
+It is a magnificent book, and a classic in this department of
+literature. The same author's 'La Science Heroique' was
+published first, also in folio at Paris, in 1644; but in 1669 a
+second edition, considerably augmented, was put forth. Of
+the author I find nothing further memorable than that, having
+surprised his wife with a gallant, he slew them both, and then
+took a post-chaise to Paris to solicit the King's pardon, which
+he immediately obtained. There are many other equally fine
+works in French, but it were tedious to catalogue them here.
+Two handsome volumes on jousting and tournaments have
+recently been put forth. 'The History of the Tournament
+in England and France,' by Mr. F. H. Cripps-Day, was issued
+by Quaritch in 1919, whilst 'The Tournament: its Periods
+and Phases,' by Mr. R. C. Clephan, was published the same
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Books on seals are much less numerous, though none the
+less ornate; for engravings are practically essential here.
+They are, generally, scarce; for the circle of readers to which
+such volumes appeal can never have been a wide one; so it is
+improbable that large impressions of any of them were printed.
+The 'Sigilla Comitum Flandriae' of Oliver Vredius, a small
+folio, with nearly three hundred engravings of medi&aelig;val seals,
+was printed first at Bruges in 1639. It is a beautiful volume,
+the seals being drawn to scale and exquisitely engraved by
+four Bruges engravers&mdash;Samuel Lommelin, Adrian his son,
+Francis Schelhaver, and Francis his son. Unfortunately the
+plates became worn after printing off a few copies (especially
+those on pages 138, 213, 246), and the early impressions are
+much to be preferred. A good test is to turn to the engraved
+genealogical tree on the recto of leaf Cc6. In the later-printed
+copies the foot of this engraving is most indistinct. A French
+translation appeared at Bruges in 1643.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the scarcest English books upon seals were
+compiled by clergymen. The first, a thin quarto of 31 pages,
+is entitled 'A Dissertation upon the Antiquity and Use of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a>[<a href="./images/237.png">237</a>]</span>
+Seals in England. Collected by * * * * 1736,' and
+was printed for William Mount and Thomas Page on Tower
+Hill in 1740. Its author was the Rev. John Lewis, a former
+curate at Margate, who died in 1746. There is an engraved
+frontispiece of seals, and several copperplates in the text. It is
+very, very scarce, and it was some years before our book-hunter
+succeeded in obtaining a copy. The other authority was the
+Rev. George Henry Dashwood, of Stowe Bardolph. From
+his private press he produced, in 1847, a quarto volume
+consisting of fourteen engraved plates (by W. Taylor) of seals,
+with descriptions opposite. It is entitled 'Engravings from
+Ancient Seals attached to Deeds and Charters in the Muniment
+Room of Sir Thomas Hare, Baronet, of Stowe Bardolph,'
+and is common enough. Copies on large paper are not
+infrequent. But in 1862 a 'second series' appeared. This
+consists of eight plates and descriptions, and at the end are two
+leaves of notes to both series. Our book-hunter has not yet
+come across a duplicate (even in the British Museum or at the
+Antiquaries) of this second volume, which he was so fortunate
+as to find a week after receiving the first.</p>
+
+<p>A publication containing a fine collection of armorial seals
+was produced at Brussels between 1897 and 1903. It was
+published in fifteen parts, large octavo, and is entitled 'Sceaux
+Armoiries des Pays-bas et des Pays avoisinants.' Lechaud&eacute;-d'Anisy's
+'Recueil des Sceaux Normands,' an oblong quarto
+which appeared at Caen in 1834, is another of these handsome
+books; but we have already lingered too long over this
+fascinating heading.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">History.</div>
+
+<p>30. History is a somewhat wide subject, for it comprises
+descriptions of any epoch or sequence of events in the
+existence of anything! We can read histories of
+the Glacial Age or of Charles II, of the Quakers
+or Tasmania, of the life of a cabbage or the Crimean War.
+Even a dissertation on the development of the inkpot would
+be deemed history nowadays. For the present, however, we
+will confine ourselves to that branch of it which treats of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a>[<a href="./images/238.png">238</a>]</span>
+human element, nations and communities, and events in their
+development. We must include travels, politics, diaries,
+memoirs, and biographies, for all of these are indispensable
+adjuncts. The voyages of Columbus, the Greville Papers, the
+Memoirs of Fezensac, and the Paston Letters are no less
+history than Freeman's 'Norman Conquest,' Froude's
+'Armada,' or Napier's 'Peninsular War.' It is a student's
+subject, and as rational a branch of book-collecting as there
+be. The collecting of early editions of the chroniclers,
+English or foreign, is an interesting by-way. The series of
+British Chronicles issued under the direction of the Master of
+the Rolls is a fairly complete one, and the works of many
+other early historians have been published from time to time
+by the learned societies. A lengthy list of bibliographies is
+given in Mr. Courtney's work, and there are useful bibliographies
+at the end of each volume of the 'Cambridge Modern
+History.'</p>
+
+<p>Under this heading we will include 'Events'; such as the
+Armada, the Great Fire of London, the Gordon Riots, the
+'45, but not, I think, the French Revolution or the Napoleonic
+Era, the literatures of which are of such magnitude as to
+demand separate headings. There are collections of books
+on all these subjects and many similar ones which fall naturally
+under the heading 'History.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Husbandry.</div>
+
+<p>31. The word 'husbandry' has an old-world flavour now:
+the classical 'agriculture' is preferred. It is a change,
+however, that we bookworms and curious
+antiquaries in nowise relish. The old English
+or Scandinavian term which came to us from our forefathers
+is more seemly to our mind than the modern Latin importation.
+Nowadays any word is better than one drawn from our
+old English tongue. We may not speak of anything so
+indelicate as a belly, but we can mention an abdomen in the
+politest society. Provided we denote them by their Latin or
+Greek names, we may even mention any parts of our viscera
+(I may not say bowels) without raising a blush. Mention them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a>[<a href="./images/239.png">239</a>]</span>
+in English, and we are at once boors and churls. But the
+husbandman's occupation has changed with the language.
+Originally he was merely a hus-bondi, or house-inhabitor,
+though probably he had more to do with agriculture than the
+farmer who ousted him. The 'fermor' farmed or rented
+certain land from his overlord, making what he could out of
+the tenants on it. And in time even the word 'farmer' will
+pass out of use. Just as the charwoman to-day insists upon
+a fictitious gentility, so in years to come the farmer will denote
+himself an agriculturist, possibly with the epithet 'scientific.'
+We no longer talk of villeins and carles; both have become
+sadly perverted in their meaning, although the dictionary still
+allows the latter to mean 'a strong man.' But, it hastens to
+add, vindictively, 'generally an old or a rude-mannered one.'
+So is our language changing.</p>
+
+<p>They are quaint volumes, the older treatises on husbandry,
+and for the most part they contain an extraordinary medley of
+information. There is a charm about their titles and language
+that few other classes of books possess. Poultry, we know,
+can be obstinate wildfowl, but who nowadays would write
+of their 'husbandlye ordring and governmente'? Such was
+the title of Mascall's work put forth in 1581. Pynson printed
+an interesting book on estate management in 1523 for,
+probably, John Fitzherbert: 'Here begynneth a ryght
+frutefull mater; and hath to name the boke of surveying and
+improuvements.' It is full of curious conceits, even concerning
+the good housewife who, says Gervase Markham in
+his 'Country Contentments,' 'must bee cleanly both in body
+and garments, she must have a quicke eye, a curious nose, a
+perfect taste, and ready eare.' But these volumes are not
+easy to find, even though the book-hunter's nose be as curious
+as a housewife's, and, when perfect, are of considerable value.
+Tusser's curious rhyming 'Hundred good pointes of
+husbandrie,' enlarged later to 'Five Hundred Pointes,' is
+perhaps the commonest of these earlier works. Between 1557
+and 1599 it went through eight editions, though the first is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a>[<a href="./images/240.png">240</a>]</span>
+known only by the unique copy in the British Museum. A
+useful list of writers upon agricultural subjects from 1200 to
+1800 appeared in 1908. It is by Mr. D. McDonald.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Illustrated Books.</div>
+
+<p>32. Illustrated Books and Books of Engravings might
+perhaps have been included as a sub-heading to 'the Fine
+Arts'; but they form a distinct class and so
+frequently engage the attention of specialists,
+that our book-hunter has thought fit to put them in a class
+by themselves. Some will have only those volumes illustrated
+by one of the Cruikshank brothers, others prefer Blake's or
+Bewick's designs, and so on. Some again cleave to the
+volumes illustrated by Paul Avril or Adolf Lalauze, Kate
+Greenaway or Randolph Caldecott. With regard to the early
+book-illustrators, several text-books that will be useful to
+those who specialise in this subject have been mentioned in
+the chapter dealing with the Books of the Collector. An
+excellent conspectus of book illustration, from the earliest
+times to the present day, is contained in the fifth chapter of
+'The Book: its History and Development,' by Mr. Cyril
+Davenport (octavo, 1907). At the end is a useful list of
+English and foreign works on book-illustration and its various
+methods. 'A Descriptive Bibliography of Books in English
+relating to Engraving and the Collection of Prints' by Mr.
+Howard C. Levis, was put forth in 1912.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Legal.</div>
+
+<p>33. Law need not detain us. Its literature has not merely
+kept pace with, but has far outstripped, the growth of English
+Law; and it extends back at least to the
+'Tractatus de Legibus' of Ranulf de Glanville,
+the great Justiciar under Henry <span class="smcap">ii.</span> The collector of ancient
+law books will probably be a member of one of the four great
+London seats of law, or at least have access to their famous
+libraries; there are printed catalogues of all of them. The
+Advocates' Library at Edinburgh, too, possesses a magnificent
+collection of ancient law books. A catalogue of it was
+published by David Irving in 1831, and more recently in seven
+quarto volumes, 1867 to 1879. If you collect old French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a>[<a href="./images/241.png">241</a>]</span>
+'coutumiers,' Cooper's 'Catalogue of Books on the Laws
+and Jurisprudence of France' may be useful to you. It was
+printed in octavo, 1849.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Liturgies.</div>
+
+<p>34. The collection of Liturgies is a subject that usually
+goes hand in hand with the collection of Bibles and theological
+works. But it is for all that a distinct subject,
+and may well engage the undivided attention of
+the collector. 'A New History of the Book of Common
+Prayer,' by Messrs. Proctor and Frere, is perhaps at present
+the standard work upon the history of our English prayer
+book. The latest edition is dated 1914, and it is published
+by the house of Macmillan. The Rev. W. H. J. Weale's
+'Bibliographia Liturgica, Catalogus Missalium, Ritus Latini
+ab anno 1475 impressorum' appeared in 1886. The Henry
+Bradshaw Society was founded in 1890 for the publication of
+rare liturgical tracts; whilst Maskell's 'Ancient Liturgy of
+the Church of England' (third edition, octavo, 1882) contains
+a collection of the service books in use in England before the
+Reformation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Locally-printed Books.</div>
+
+<p>35. Locally-printed books is a heading of considerable
+interest from the bibliographical point of view. The term is
+a wide one, for the volumes it includes range from
+those printed in a particular country to those
+produced in an individual town. Has anyone yet attempted
+to form a collection of books printed in Barbadoes or Java,
+in Donegal or Dover? Probably; but I am unaware of any
+attempts at bibliographies. With the growth of the public
+library in every town of importance throughout the kingdom,
+there are increasing opportunities for valuable work in this
+direction; and every year should see the issue of bibliographies
+by those institutions, works which would contain
+not merely a list of books printed in each particular town,
+but a history of printing in that place.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Falconer Madan's 'Oxford Books' may well serve as
+a model for such works. It was published in two octavo
+volumes at Oxford in 1895 and 1912 respectively, the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a>[<a href="./images/242.png">242</a>]</span>
+volume being concerned with the productions of the early
+presses of that town. There are useful lists of books which
+issued from the early presses of Scotland by Mr. H. G. Aldis,
+and Ireland by Mr. E. R. McC. Dix. 'The Annals of Scottish
+Printing,' a large quarto by R. Dickson and J. P. Edmond,
+was printed at Cambridge in 1890. A model for the county
+bibliography is the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis' of Messrs.
+G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, produced in three octavo
+volumes, between 1874 and 1882; and there are accounts of
+the early presses in several English counties, as well as at
+Cambridge, York, Birmingham and other important towns.
+But a considerable amount of work has still to be done in this
+direction. A valuable little book appeared in 1912 issued
+by the Cambridge University Press. It is entitled 'The
+English Provincial Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders, to
+1557,' and is by Mr. E. Gordon Duff. There are accounts
+of the early presses at Oxford, St. Albans, Hereford, Exeter,
+York, Cambridge, Tavistock, Abingdon, Ipswich, Worcester
+and Canterbury; and it is a volume that should find a place
+on the shelf of every bibliophile.</p>
+
+<p>There is an interesting byway in connection with this
+heading: the collection of English books printed abroad.
+Is there anywhere a collection of books in the English tongue
+printed at Paris? One constantly comes across such volumes,
+especially those issued during the first half of the nineteenth
+century. After that time, Bernhard Tauchnitz of Leipzig
+appears to have gathered into his hands the trade of English
+books printed abroad. Recently our book-hunter came across
+a curious example of these peregrine volumes. It is a narrow
+octavo of some three hundred pages, entitled 'An Introduction
+to the Field Sports of France,' and was printed by Auguste
+Lemaire at St. Omer (Pas de Calais) in 1846. At the end is
+the following note: 'The reader will make due allowance for
+any misprints he may discover, when apprised that the printer
+knows nothing of the english language, and they chiefly occur
+in the commencement of the work.' Evidently M. Lemaire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a>[<a href="./images/243.png">243</a>]</span>
+warmed to his task as he went on. But the 'Dame of our
+Ladie of Comfort of the Order of S. Bennett in Cambray'
+who translated St. Francis de Sales' 'Delicious Entertainment
+of the Soule' was even more modest. Her version was
+printed at Douai by Gheerart Pinson in 1632, and apparently
+neither printer nor translator was very proud of the work, for
+in the 'Apology for Errors' we are told that 'the printer was
+a Wallon who understood nothing at all English, and the
+translatresse a woman that had not much skille in the French.'
+Still, imperfect though typography and translation be, between
+them they produced a book that is eagerly sought by collectors
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>This is a topic, however, that is full of pitfalls. Hundreds
+of European-printed books now bear Asiatic imprints;
+thousands of seventeenth and eighteenth century works
+printed at Paris bear the imprint of The Hague or some
+other Dutch town. Our English publishers have not been
+innocent of this charge either. Many a volume printed in
+Holland and Germany bears the London imprint. The
+original edition of Burton's translation of the 'Arabian
+Nights,' issued by him in London, claims to have been
+produced at Benares.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mathematical and Early Scientific.</div>
+
+<p>36. 'The seconde parte of the catalogue of English printed
+bookes' for sale by Andrew Maunsell in 1595, concerned, we
+are told, 'the sciences mathematicall, as arithmetick,
+geometrie, astronomie, astrologie, musick,
+the arte of warre, and navigation.' But it is not
+my intention to include musick and the arte of
+warre here, this heading comprising those works which deal
+with mathematics and physics only, with their dependent
+subjects, such as (in addition to those mentioned by Master
+Maunsell) geodesy, mensuration of all kinds, meteorology,
+seismography, and books on chance and probabilities.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Henry Billingsley's edition of Euclid's 'Elements'
+(1570) is naturally a rare book, as is John Blagrave's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a>[<a href="./images/244.png">244</a>]</span>
+'Mathematical Jewel,' a folio issued in 1585. It is one of the
+earliest English books upon mathematics. Blagrave<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> was the
+author of a number of works on Geometry, Navigation,
+Dialling, etc.</p>
+
+<p>For a history of mathematics you must turn to the four
+quarto volumes of that ingenious Frenchman, M. Jean Etienne
+Montucla. This work, the 'Histoire de Mathematiques,' first
+appeared in two volumes in 1758; but the author devoted the
+later years of his life to enlarging it and the new edition was
+published at Paris in 1799. It was reprinted in 1810. This
+mathematician is said to have written a treatise on squaring
+the circle, but our book-hunter has not yet come across a copy.
+'A History of Ancient Astronomy' appeared at Paris (quarto)
+in 1775: it was by that great man who presided over the
+memorable assembly at the Tennis Court on the 20th June
+1789, Jean Sylvain Bailly. Four years later he produced a
+history of Modern Astronomy from the foundation of the
+Alexandrian School to 1730 (three vols. quarto, Paris,
+1779-82): and in 1787 came the History of Indian and
+Oriental Astronomy from the same pen. All these contain
+interesting details of the origin and progress of astronomical
+science, with the lives, writings, and discoveries of astronomers.
+With regard to our own great mathematician, Sir Isaac
+Newton, a bibliography of his works has been published by
+Mr. G. J. Gray; the second edition appeared at Cambridge
+in 1907.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. D. E. Smith's 'Rara Arithmetica,' a catalogue of
+arithmetical works which appeared prior to the year 1601,
+was printed, in a limited edition, at Boston (United States)
+in 1908. It is a sumptuously produced work in two large
+octavo volumes, copiously illustrated. Professor de Morgan's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a>[<a href="./images/245.png">245</a>]</span>
+'Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the
+Present Time' contains brief notices of a large number of
+works 'drawn up from actual inspection.' It was published&mdash;a
+thin octavo of 124 pages&mdash;in 1847, and the books are
+arranged chronologically; but there is an index of authors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Medical.</div>
+
+<p>37. The collection of early medical books is a hobby that
+must appeal chiefly to the chirurgeon. Its sub-headings are
+not numerous, and each comprises volumes of
+considerable bibliographical interest. There are
+curious books on 'poysons' as well as upon the commoner
+branches of surgery, and there are glorious editions of all the
+ancient &AElig;sculapians, such as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen,
+and Avicenna. Herbals are doubtless collected by many who
+are not possessed of medical knowledge, and a number of
+them treat more of simples and housewifery than leechcraft,
+which is probably one reason of their attraction for the non-medical
+collector. But as these volumes in general are so
+inextricably bound up with the science of healing, I have
+thought fit to include them here. There is no denying that
+the fascination of these curious volumes, often (as in Fuch's
+magnificent tome) containing woodcuts that are a sheer delight
+to the bibliographer no less than to the botanist, is a strong
+one.</p>
+
+<p>It is a moot point whether works on Early Chemistry or
+Alchemy should be included here or under the heading
+'Occult,' seeing that they usually centre about the Elixir of
+Life and the Philosopher's Stone. Perhaps they would be
+classed more accurately with Early Scientific. But for the
+purposes of our list I have reserved that heading for those
+books which treat of mathematics and physics only. With the
+early works upon astrology we need not concern ourselves
+here: they have more to do with divination and horoscopes
+than the craft of healing, so their appeal is chiefly to the
+student of the occult. It is impossible, however, to classify
+under one heading all those early works which treat of the
+beginnings of scientific knowledge. The star-gazer, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a>[<a href="./images/246.png">246</a>]</span>
+herbalist, the necromancer, and the leech, must be content
+to share among themselves a class of books which deals
+generally with the search into the Great Unknown.</p>
+
+<p>A useful catalogue of books on Alchemy was printed in two
+large quarto volumes at Glasgow in 1906. It is by Professor
+John Ferguson, and is entitled 'Bibliotheca Chemica,' being
+a list of the hermetic books in the library of Mr. James Young.
+The three volumes entitled 'Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and
+Starcraft of Early England' by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne,
+published in the 'Rolls' series, 1864-66, contain a valuable
+contribution to the early medical science of this country.
+Dr. J. F. Payne's 'English Medicine in the Anglo-Saxon
+Times' (the Fitz-Patrick Lectures for 1903) is for the most
+part a dissertation on that work.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the prescriptions of these early leeches are rather
+quaint. 'If a man's head burst . . . let him take roots of this
+same wort, and bind them on his neck. Then cometh to him
+good benefit.' The following is an excellent remedy for
+toothache: 'Sing this for toothache after the sun hath gone
+down&mdash;"Caio Laio quaque voaque ofer saeloficia sleah manna
+wyrm." Then name the man and his father, then say:
+"Lilimenne, it acheth beyond everything; when it lieth low
+it cooleth; when on earth it burneth hottest; finit. Amen."'
+If after this the tooth still continues to ache beyond everything,
+it is evident that there is a wyrm in it. For stomach-ache,
+you must press the left thumb upon the stomach and
+say 'Adam bedam alam betar alam botum.' This is
+infallible.</p>
+
+<p>Collections of medical authors began at an early date. Van
+der Linden's 'De Scriptis Medicis, libri duo' appeared first
+at Amsterdam in 1637, octavo&mdash;a valuable list of authors and
+the editions of their works. But it was reprinted with
+additions several times during the author's lifetime (he died
+in 1664); and in 1686 appeared at N&uuml;rnberg as a thick quarto
+entitled 'Lindenius Renovatus.' Dr. E. T. Withington's
+'Medical History from the Earliest Times,' octavo, 1894, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a>[<a href="./images/247.png">247</a>]</span>
+useful for reference; whilst Dr. Norman Moore has recently
+produced (Oxford, 1908) a 'History of the Study of Medicine
+in the British Isles.' Dr. E. J. Waring's 'Bibliotheca
+Therapeutica' was published in two octavo volumes by the
+New Sydenham Society in 1878-79. It is a list of the books
+which have been written on each individual drug, classes of
+medicines, and general therapeutics. There is an index of
+authors. The first volume of Albrecht von Haller's 'Bibliotheca
+Anatomica' was published at London 'in vico vulgo
+dicto The Strand' in 1774; the second volume at Zurich in
+1777. Both are in quarto, and are biographical as well as
+bibliographical. The same author published a 'Bibliotheca
+Chirurgica' and a 'Bibliotheca Medicinae Practicae' at Berne
+and Basel between 1774 and 1788. His 'Bibliotheca
+Botanica,' two quarto volumes, appeared at Zurich in 1771-72.
+For other writers upon Botany you must consult Curtius
+Sprengel's 'Historia Rei Herbariae,' two octavo volumes
+which appeared at Amsterdam in 1807 and 1808. 'A Guide
+to the Literature of Botany' by B. D. Jackson was issued by
+the Index Society in 1881. Jean Jacques Manget, a Geneva
+physician who died in 1742 at the age of ninety-one, was
+another voluminous compiler of bibliographies upon medical
+subjects.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military.</div>
+
+<p>38. Under the heading 'Military' are included not only
+historical accounts of military operations but those works which
+treat of the military art and the progress of its
+development. Obviously it is a subject that is as
+old as mankind, and dissertations on drill with the stone battle-axe
+must find a place here. Many of the books on Arms and
+Armour (such as Sir Samuel Meyrick's beautiful folio volumes)
+are fine works, and some of the earlier publications on
+Castramentation and Siege operations are interesting. We
+must not forget to mention the beautiful little Elzevier
+'C&aelig;sar' of 1536. It is a wide heading, for such books as
+the Commentaries of Blaise de Montluc and the Memoirs of
+Olivier de la Marche must be included, as they deal in large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a>[<a href="./images/248.png">248</a>]</span>
+part with military operations. Books on Archery, Fencing,
+and Duelling are also comprised by this heading.</p>
+
+<p>If this be your subject, our book-hunter trusts that you have
+been more successful than he has in your quest for the 'Traict&eacute;
+de l'Esp&eacute;e Fran&ccedil;oise, par Maistre Jean Savaron' (small octavo,
+Paris, 1610). He narrowly missed a copy in Paris some years
+ago, and so far this scarce little volume of fifty-six pages has
+eluded him as successfully as the 'Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois.'
+Probably, on account of its slimness, it is usually bound up
+with more substantial works, and thus escapes the eyes of
+book-hunters and cataloguers. Savaron also wrote a
+'Traict&eacute; contre les Duels,' which is equally scarce. Works
+on duelling are legion, and range from Carafa's rather large
+folio entitled 'De Monomachia seu de Duello,' Rome, 1647,
+down to the little 'Dissertation Historique sur les Duels et
+les Ordres de Chevalerie: Par Monsieur B * * * *,' which
+is by Master Jacques Basnage&mdash;a duodecimo produced first
+at Amsterdam in 1720. An Italian bibliography of this
+subject by J. Gelli and G. E. Levi appeared in 1903. For the
+most part they are uncommon works and not easy to find. It is
+a subject that borders closely on the Chivalry of our list, for
+of course that subject was (like Heraldry) entirely military in
+origin. A 'Bibliography of English Military Books up to
+1642, and of Contemporary Foreign Works' was compiled
+by Captain M. J. D. Cockle and published in quarto in 1900.
+Mr. Carl Thimm's 'Art of Fence: a Complete Bibliography'
+appeared in 1891; an enlarged edition was put forth in 1896.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Music.</div>
+
+<p>39. Books on Music may be divided conveniently into the
+numerous sub-headings which treat of particular instruments,
+songs, printed music generally, and accounts of
+the early musicians and their works. Treatises
+upon the violin are fairly numerous;<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> but I do not remember
+having come across many works on the Jew's harp or ocarina.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a>[<a href="./images/249.png">249</a>]</span>
+There are interesting old books on the virginals, harpsichord,
+and spinet. Before the end of the fifteenth century a number
+of Missalia, Gradualia, Psalteria, and Libri Cantionum ('quas
+vulgo Mutetas appellant') had appeared from the press. The
+'Theoricum Opus Musice Disciplina' of Franchino Gafori, or
+Gaffurius (which, by the way, is merely an abridgment of
+Boethius), is said to be the earliest printed treatise on music.
+It was printed first at Naples in 1480. Antiphonals and
+Troparies must also be included here.</p>
+
+<p>A new edition of Grove's 'Dictionary of Music and
+Musicians,' by Mr. J. A. Fuller-Maitland, appeared in 1904.
+Dr. Charles Burney's 'General History of Music' occupied
+that great English musician between 1776 and 1789&mdash;four
+quarto volumes. 'The Literature of Music,' an octavo by
+Mr. J. E. Matthew, was put forth in the series known as the
+Booklovers' Library in 1896; whilst the 'Oxford History of
+Music,' edited by Dr. W. H. Hadow, appeared in six volumes
+between 1901 and 1905. M. Henry de Curzon's valuable
+work, 'Guide de l'Amateur d'Ouvrages sur la Musique,' was
+printed at Paris in 1901. For a bibliography of operas you
+must turn to the 'Dictionnaire des Op&eacute;ras,' of MM. Clement
+and Larousse. Rimbault's 'Bibliotheca Madrigaliana,' which
+is a bibliographical account of the musical and poetical works
+published in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth
+centuries, appeared in 1847; and you will find a list of early
+songs, madrigals, and 'ayres' in the fourth volume of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 463-6.
+Hazlitt's 'Catalogue of Early English Music in the Harleian
+Library,' was published in 1862. There are useful articles
+on early music printing, by Mr. R. Steele, in the Bibliographical
+Society's Journal for 1903, and by Mr. Barclay
+Squire in the third volume of 'Bibliographica.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Napoleon.</div>
+
+<p>40. The collector of books dealing with Napoleon <span class="smcap">i.</span> has a
+somewhat narrow field to range in. There is a large number
+of English tracts and pamphlets that deal with the great man
+and his proposed invasion of England, as well as biographies,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a>[<a href="./images/250.png">250</a>]</span>
+memoirs, and diaries concerning him. A collection of
+such works was formed in the later years of the nineteenth
+century by an insatiable Grangerite named
+Broadley, and in due time his library came
+under the hammer at Hodgson's. It was a remarkable
+collection: anything that concerned 'Boney,' however
+remotely, was grist to this collector's mill. A catalogue of
+his library was compiled and published by Mr. W. V. Daniel
+in 1905. M. Gustave Davois' 'Bibliographie Napol&eacute;onienne
+Fran&ccedil;aise' to 1908 was printed in three octavo volumes at
+Paris, 1909-11. Of M. Kircheisen's 'Bibliographie du Temps
+de Napol&eacute;on,' two quarto volumes, published at Geneva in
+1908 and 1912, have appeared up to the time of writing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Natural History.</div>
+
+<p>41. The early books on Natural History would probably be
+regarded by the modern zoologist as bibliographical curiosities
+rather than intelligent text-books; and truly the
+accounts of even the larger mammals given by
+these early observers of nature are extraordinary. Most of
+us will remember reading Caesar's description of the elks
+in the Hercynian forest, which slept leaning up against the
+trees because they had no joints in their legs. The
+inhabitants, cunning fellows, sought out the favoured trees
+and sawed them nearly through; so that when the unfortunate
+elks settled themselves to sleep, the booby-traps came into
+operation. Having no joints in their legs, the poor beasts
+were unable to rise, and so became an easy prey to the savage
+Teuton. Herodotus, too, was somewhat credulous in the
+matter of animals; Sir John Mandeville was not always to
+be trusted; and even Bernard von Breydenbach, who made a
+journey to the Holy Land about 1485, beheld strange beasts,
+like Spenser's giaunts, 'hard to be beleeved.' But perhaps
+the palm among these medi&aelig;val monsters is held by the eale,
+or, as it became later, the yale or jall; that strange beast
+which has survived&mdash;in effigy at least&mdash;unto our own times.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that Pliny was the first to discover this singular
+animal, and his description of it is recorded in many of those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a>[<a href="./images/251.png">251</a>]</span>
+quaint medi&aelig;val natural history volumes known as 'Bestiaries.'
+The Reverend Edward Topsell, in his 'Historie of
+Foure-footed Beasts' (folio, 1607) thus describes it:</p>
+
+<p>'There is bred in Ethiopia a certain strange beast about the
+bignesse of a sea-horse, being of colour blacke or brownish:
+it hath the cheeks of a Boare, the tayle of an Elephant, and
+hornes above a cubit long, which are moveable upon his head
+at his owne pleasure like eares; now standing one way, and
+anone moving another way, as he needeth in fighting with
+other Beastes, for they stand not stiffe but bend flexibly, and
+when he fighteth he always stretcheth out the one, and holdeth
+in the other, for purpose as it may seeme, that if one of them
+may be blunted or broken, then hee may defend himselfe with
+the other. It may well be compared to a sea-horse, for above
+all other places it loveth best the waters.'</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately no specimen has been seen by travellers
+for some years now, so probably it is quite extinct. Certainly
+you will not find a jall in the Zoo, or even at South
+Kensington, though you may see a very excellent statue of
+him on King Henry <span class="smcap">viii.</span>'s bridge at Hampton Court.</p>
+
+<p>There are numerous bibliographies of works upon all classes
+of animals, fish, flesh, and fowl&mdash;even the good red herring.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>
+For these you must turn to Mr. W. P. Courtney's invaluable
+work. The 'Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae, a General
+Catalogue of all Books on Zoology and Geology,' was compiled
+by L. Agassiz and H. E. Strickland for the Ray Society&mdash;four
+octavo volumes, published between 1848 and 1854.
+A 'Bibliotheca Entomologica,' by H. A. Hagen, appeared at
+Leipzig, two octavo volumes, in 1862-63.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nautical and Naval.</div>
+
+<p>42. The next subject, Nautical and Naval, will comprise
+chiefly borrowings from other headings; for it will necessarily
+include books of voyages and discoveries, works on navigation,
+meteorology, and oceanography, as well as geographical
+books, and such purely nautical volumes as dictionaries of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a>[<a href="./images/252.png">252</a>]</span>
+marine, the history of ships and shipping, and accounts of the
+navy and mercantile fleet. There is a number of early works
+on the astrolabe and globes, but you must not expect easily to
+come across 'The Rutter of the Sea,' printed by
+Robert Copland and Richard Bankes in 1528.
+It is the first English printed book on Navigation, being a
+translation of 'Le Grand Routier' of Pierre Garcie.</p>
+
+<p>The Society for Nautical Research was founded in 1910,
+and it issues a monthly journal known as 'The Mariner's
+Mirror,' wherein are treated those subjects which pertain to
+the history of ships, sails, and rigging; in fact, everything
+that has to do with the evolution of the ship. The original
+'Mariner's Mirrour' was a translation (by Anthony Ashley
+in 1588) of Wagenaar's 'Speculum Nauticum,' first published
+in 1583. Needless to say, it is a scarce work, as are all these
+Elizabethan volumes upon seafaring. In volume <span class="smcap">iv.</span> of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature' you will find
+two chapters on the literature of the sea from the pens of those
+great authorities Commander C. N. Robinson and Mr. John
+Leyland. If this be your subject, they will amply repay
+perusal. There is an excellent list of early works, pages
+453 to 462.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Numismatics.</div>
+
+<p>43. Numismatics is one of those subjects which generally
+engage the attentions of students rather than book-collectors,
+for the volumes upon coins and medals are
+necessarily text-books for the collector of these
+things. Such works are, of course, for the most part illustrated;
+and some of the older ones are of considerable interest
+on account of their engravings.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only to the collector and 'curious antiquary,'
+however, that some of these works are valuable, for in them
+occasionally the historian is able to unearth matter scarcely
+obtainable elsewhere. Menestrier's 'Histoire du Roy Louis
+le Grand par les Medailles, Emblemes, Deuises, Jettons,
+Inscriptions, Armoiries, et autres Monumens Publics' (folio,
+Paris, 1693) is one of many such works. It not only contains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a>[<a href="./images/253.png">253</a>]</span>
+engravings of every medal struck to commemorate the birth,
+life, marriage, actions, victories, processions, and entertainments
+of the Roi-Soleil (among them one commemorating
+the Siege of Londonderry in 1689), but it has a very fine
+folding plate of the Place des Victoires as it was in 1686.
+This engraving not only shows the famous monument erected
+to the glory of Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span>, and destroyed at the Revolution,
+but gives the details of the panels and a very full description
+of it. Thus we may have to hand all the inscriptions,
+mottoes, and dates which were graven upon that historic
+monument.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Occult.</div>
+
+<p>44. Civilisation mates but ill with Romance, and for the
+passing of Superstition (the child of Imagination and
+Romance) none can shed a tear. Yet at least
+it served to raise our daily lives out of the rut
+of commonplace. Our pulses are no longer stirred at the
+mere mention of the word <span class="smcap">magic</span>, and even <span class="smcap">black magic</span> is
+coldly discussed where not so very long ago none would have
+dared to speak it save with 'bated breath.' Yet we are all
+mystics by birth, and scarce one of us there is who as a child
+has not experienced the fear of darkness. We cannot explain
+it, and though the child may soon be taught to laugh at his
+fear, yet none the less was he endowed with this unaccountable
+dread of the <span class="smcap">unknown</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Among real book-collectors probably this particular branch
+of specialism attracts but few; for the greater part of those
+who collect such works are students of the occult (whether
+serious or idle) and have no true love for their books qu&acirc;
+books. Seemingly it is an absorbing hobby, for those who
+devote their attention to necromancy soon become known
+among their friends.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Philosophy is odious and obscure;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Both Law and Physic are for petty wits;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Divinity is basest of the three,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible, and vile;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">'Tis magic, magic, that hath ravish'd me.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a>[<a href="./images/254.png">254</a>]</span>Thus Doctor Faustus, the Gamaliel of those whose study are
+the arcana of nature and the world of shadows. Yet whether
+we be mystics or materialists what would not each one of us
+(not necessarily bibliophiles) give to possess the volume which
+Faustus had at the hands of Mephistophilis?</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Meph.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Hold, take this book, peruse it thoroughly:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The iterating of these lines brings gold;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The framing of this circle on the ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Brings whirlwinds, tempests, thunder, and lightning;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Pronounce this thrice devoutly to thyself,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And men in armour shall appear to thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Ready to execute what thou desir'st.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Faust.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Thanks, Mephistophilis; yet fain would I have a book<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">wherein I might behold all spells and incantations, that I<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">might raise up spirits when I please.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Meph.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Here they are in this book.'&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;[<i>Turns to them.</i>]<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Faust.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Now would I have a book where I might see all characters<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">and planets of the heavens, that I might know their<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">motions and dispositions.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Meph.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Here they are too.'&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;[<i>Turns to them.</i>]<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Faust.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Nay, let me have one book more&mdash;and then I have done&mdash;wherein<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">I might see all plants, herbs, and trees, that<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">grow upon the earth.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Meph.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Here they be.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Faust.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Oh, thou art deceived.'<br /></span></div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Meph.</i>&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;'Tut, I warrant thee.'&ensp;&ensp;&ensp;[<i>Turns to them.</i>]<br /></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Truly a marvellous volume. The astronomical and herbal
+portions of it we can understand, and herein doubtless the
+'Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica' could give it points, though
+possibly in a less handy shape. But even Wecker's 'De
+Secretis' fails lamentably when it comes to producing whirlwinds
+or men in armour. As it is to be presumed, however,
+that the doctor returned the volume at length to the owner
+in person, it is unlikely that the book-collector will ever behold
+it&mdash;at least in this world.</p>
+
+<p>It is a wide subject, this heading 'Occult,' and includes
+works on Alchemy, Apparitions, Astrology, Cheiromancy,
+Demonology, Devil Lore, Evil Spirit Possession, the Evil Eye,
+Hermetic Philosophy, Magic white and black, Phrenology,
+Physiognomy, Prophecy, Sorcery and Divination, Popular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a>[<a href="./images/255.png">255</a>]</span>
+Superstitions, Vampires, and Witchcraft. We can even
+include Conjuring! Early-printed books on all these subjects
+are legion, and the numerous works on Lycanthropy or Werewolves,
+must also find a place under this heading. Claude
+Prieur's curious work is rare though not particularly valuable;
+it is a duodecimo printed at Louvain in 1596, and is entitled
+'Dialogue de la Lycantropie ou transformation d'hommes en
+loups, vulgairement dit Loups-garous . . . .' Books on
+Monsters must also be included here. Dr. Ernest Martin's
+'Histoire des Monstres,' octavo, Paris, 1879, contains a bibliography
+of this curious subject. The Rev. Timothy Harley's
+'Moon Lore'&mdash;another out-of-the-way heading&mdash;also contains
+twenty-five pages of bibliography. It was printed in 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Savonarola's 'Compendium Revelationum,' the work which
+probably hastened him to the stake, you will come across
+most easily in the anonymous 'Mirabilis Liber,' which
+appeared at Paris first in 1522. This curious work also
+contains the prophecies of Methodius (Bemechobus), the
+Sibyls, Augustinus, Birgitta, Lichtenberger, Joachim, Antonio,
+Catherine of Siena, Severus, J. de Vatiguerro, G. Baug&eacute;, and
+J. de la Rochetaill&eacute;e. Indagine, the author of a curious book
+on cheiromancy, physiognomy, and astrology, was really
+Johann of Hagen, a German Carthusian who died in 1475.</p>
+
+<p>There is a list of some books on Witchcraft, Demonology,
+and Astrology in the seventh volume of the 'Cambridge
+History of English Literature,' pages 503 to 511; though
+curiously it omits one of the most interesting and best-known
+works on demon-lore&mdash;the 'De Natura Daemonum' of
+Jean Laurent Anania, a small octavo produced by Aldus at
+Venice in 1589. It is an interesting little work which treats
+of the origin of demons and their influence on men. The first
+volume of Mr. F. Leigh Gardner's valuable 'Catalogue
+Raisonn&eacute; of Works on the Occult Sciences' appeared in
+1903. It contains books on the Rosicrucians. The second
+volume, dealing with astrological works, was issued in 1911;
+and the third, books on Freemasonry, in 1912&mdash;three slim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a>[<a href="./images/256.png">256</a>]</span>
+octavo volumes. Professor John Ferguson's 'Witchcraft
+Literature of Scotland' appeared at Edinburgh in 1897. A
+scarce anonymous work was put forth at London in 1815,
+with the title 'The Lives of Alchemistical Philosophers; with
+a critical catalogue of books in occult chemistry, and a
+selection of the most celebrated treatises on the theory and
+practice of the Hermetic Art.' It contains (pp. 95-112) a list
+of 751 alchemical books. J. J. Manget's 'Bibliotheca Chemica
+Curiosa, seu rerum ad Alchemiam pertinentium Thesaurus,'
+was printed in two folio volumes at Geneva in 1702.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pamphlets and Tracts.</div>
+
+<p>45. The collecting of Pamphlets and Tracts is an interesting
+byway of book-collecting. They are of almost every description
+under the sun. Some collectors will have
+those that deal with Parliamentary proceedings,
+some specialise in the Marprelate and No Popery tracts, some
+in the Satires of the Restoration journalists, whilst others will
+gather Pasquinades, Mazarinades, and Political pamphlets,
+as well as those that deal with some particular social or
+historical event. It is a subject that, perhaps, comprises more
+grotesque titles than any heading in our list. Knox's famous
+'First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment
+of Women' must certainly have been rather startling to
+Queen Bess, and Attersoll's 'God's Trumpet sounding the
+Alarme' (quarto, 1632) is vigorous; but the personal invective
+displayed by some of the Elizabethan and early Stuart
+pamphleteers is hard to beat. 'An Olde Foxe Tarred and
+Feathered,' 'A New Gag for an Old Goose,' 'A Whip for an
+Ape,' and 'An Almond for a Parrat,' are all curious, but surely
+the palm is carried by the following effort of John Lyly
+(against Martin Marprelate), put forth in 1589:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Pappe with an Hatchet. Alias A figge for my
+Godsonne. Or Cracke me this nut. Or A Countrie
+cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the eare, for the
+idiot Martin to hold his peace, seeing the patch
+will take no warning. Written by one that dares
+call a dog, a dog, and made to prevent Martin's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a>[<a href="./images/257.png">257</a>]</span>
+dog daies. Imprinted by John Anoke, and John
+Astile, for the Baylive of Withernam, cum privilegio
+perennitatis, and are to bee sold at the signe
+of the crab tree cudgell in thwackcoate lane.'</p></div>
+
+<p>In 1523 Richard Bankes printed a curious little tract with
+the following title: 'Here begynneth a lytell newe treatyse
+or mater intytuled and called The IX. Drunkardes, which
+treatythe of dyuerse and goodly storyes ryght plesaunte and
+frutefull for all parsones to pastyme with.' I hasten to add
+that the 'parsones' of Mr. Bankes' day were not necessarily
+in holy orders. It was printed in octavo, black letter, and the
+only copy that seems to be known is in the Douce collection
+at the Bodleian.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Edward Arber's 'Introductory Sketch to the
+Martin Marprelate Controversy,' which appeared in 1895,
+contains a list of the more important tracts connected with
+that subject; and you will find Mr. W. Pierce's 'Historical
+Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts' (1908) useful. There
+are valuable lists of, and information upon, pamphlets of most
+descriptions and of all periods in the volumes of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature.' Mr. A. F.
+Pollard's 'Tudor Tracts, 1532-1588' appeared in 1903.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most remarkable collections of pamphlets ever
+formed was that amassed during the Commonwealth by an
+enterprising London bookseller named George Thomason.
+He succeeded in gathering together<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> more than 22,000
+pamphlets and tracts relating to the times; and being an
+ardent Royalist, was at great pains to prevent the collection
+from becoming known to the authorities. When the Royalist
+cause was scotch'd by the execution of King Charles, the
+collection was transferred to Oxford, and lodged in the
+Bodleian Library for safety; and although Thomason died
+in 1666, his collection remained at Oxford until nearly a
+century later, when it was purchased by King George <span class="smcap">iii.</span> for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a>[<a href="./images/258.png">258</a>]</span>
+&pound;300, and presented by him to the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>It is, of course, quite priceless now, and contains a large
+number of tracts not otherwise known. A catalogue of the
+collection was printed by the Museum authorities in 1908,
+two demy octavo volumes with the title: 'A Catalogue of the
+Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts relating to
+the Civil War, the Commonwealth, and Restoration, collected
+by G. Thomason, 1640-1661.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philosophy.</div>
+
+<p>46. 'A farmer should be a philosopher,' said Mr. Jorrocks;
+and although most book-collectors who specialise in philosophical
+works would disclaim any connection
+between the two subjects, yet it is not easy to
+say where philosophy either begins or ends. The dictionaries
+are very cautious, contenting themselves with the assertion
+that any 'application of pure thought' or rational explanation
+of 'things' comes under this heading. Perhaps Mr. Jorrocks
+was more correct than most of his hearers imagined, for
+farming in this country certainly requires a deal of pure
+thought&mdash;if it is to be made to pay. For our purpose, however,
+we will narrow this heading down to those books which
+deal with the moral aspects of mental influences, and those
+which centre about the science of metaphysics.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Poetry.</div>
+
+<p>47. Poetry is another heading over which we need not
+linger. He who specialises in this class of literature may be
+either a student of English poesy or a lover of
+prosody. If the former, the following volumes
+will be of assistance to him.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Warton's 'History of English Poetry' first
+appeared in three quarto volumes issued between 1774 and
+1781; but a new edition, edited by W. C. Hazlitt in four
+octavo volumes, was published in 1871. Professor W. J.
+Courthope's work of the same title was issued in six volumes
+between 1895 and 1910; whilst Professor G. Saintsbury's
+'History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to
+the Present Day,' begun in 1906, was completed in 1910, three
+octavo volumes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Privately-printed.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a>[<a href="./images/259.png">259</a>]</span>48. Privately-printed Books. A curious byway of collecting,
+this; for although it comprises books upon every
+subject under the sun, yet it will not help the
+collector to acquire knowledge upon any single
+subject. For some there is doubtless a certain attraction
+about books that have been put forth surreptitiously, as it
+were; yet to the ordinary book-collector such volumes seem
+to partake rather of the nature of pariahs. They are among
+books, but not of them, lacking the credentials of their
+companions. They are of three species only: (1) Personal
+Books; of interest only to a family and its relations; (2) Books
+refused by the publishing houses as being unlikely to appeal
+to the general public; (3) Improper books, which, if issued
+publicly, would most likely incur an action by the Public
+Prosecutor. Some years ago Bertram Dobell, a London
+bookseller, collected upwards of a thousand volumes issued in
+this manner, and published a catalogue of his collection, with
+interesting notes. This collection was finally sold <i>en bloc</i> to
+the Library of Congress at Washington, U.S.A., in 1913.
+J. Martin's 'Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately Printed
+Books' was published first in 1834, two volumes; but a second
+edition appeared twenty years later.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">School Books.</div>
+
+<p>49. The collecting of old School Books is a branch of our
+hobby that seldom engages the bibliophile's attention.
+Doubtless the recollection of many painful hours
+spent in their company is responsible for their
+neglect. Yet there is a charm about the early-printed Mentors
+of our youth which it is impossible to deny, and there is a
+growing demand for them&mdash;as the booksellers will tell you.
+The number that has disappeared from the ken of bibliographer
+must be large, for it is difficult to imagine a more
+unpopular type of book&mdash;at least with those who are obliged
+to use them; and if your taste has altered to such an extent
+that you now desire them above all things, you may reasonably
+hope to unearth many a curio.</p>
+
+<p>Our earliest printers were concerned with such works. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a>[<a href="./images/260.png">260</a>]</span>
+1483 John Anwykyll's Latin Grammar was printed at Oxford,
+and we must not forget Caxton's 'Stans Puer ad Mensam,' put
+forth in 1478. Pynson issued a 'Promptorium Puerorum sive
+Medulla Grammatic&aelig;' in 1499, and De Worde printed others.
+Most of the productions of the famous St. Albans press were
+school books, to the annoyance of the boys at the Grammar
+School there. Hoole's 'New Discovery of the Old Art of
+Teaching School' is understood to have been a most
+unpopular discovery among his scholars. It was first printed
+at London in 1660, and was reprinted in facsimile at the
+University Press, Liverpool, in 1913. At the end of this
+reprint is a useful bibliography of ancient school books, from
+the fifteenth to the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Hoole's pupils must have been somewhat out of the
+ordinary. 'N.B.,' he remarks in 'The Usher's Duty,' 'Those
+children that are more industriously willing to thrive, may
+advantage themselves very much by perusal of <i>Gerards
+Meditations</i>, <i>Thomas de Kempis</i>, <i>St. Augustins Soliloquies</i>, or
+his <i>Meditations</i>, or the like pious and profitable Books, which
+they may buy both in English and Latine, and continually
+bear about in their pockets, to read on at spare times.' Upon
+enquiry at one of our larger public schools, however, I find
+that the number of children&mdash;even those who are more
+industriously willing to thrive&mdash;who advantage themselves by
+continually bearing these pious books in their pockets is
+not large.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sport.</div>
+
+<p>50. The next heading in our list, Sports, Games, and
+Pastimes, naturally comprises a large number of sub-headings.
+The term 'sport' may be confined<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> conveniently
+to those subjects which have to do with animals,
+such as Angling, Coaching, Cock-fighting, Coursing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a>[<a href="./images/261.png">261</a>]</span>
+Falconry, Hunting, Horses, Racing, Steeplechasing, and
+Shooting. Other subjects, chiefly of an outdoor nature, may
+be classed as Pastimes, such as Archery, Boxing, Fencing,
+Mountaineering, Skating, and Yachting. Then there are the
+diversions of short duration governed by rules, which we
+call games, such as Cricket, Curling, Bowls, Football, Cards,
+Chess, etc. There are bibliographies of almost all these,
+which you will find in Mr. Courtney's work. If you are fond
+of hunting you will enjoy Mr. Baillie-Grohman's edition of
+the famous 'Livre de Chasse' of Gaston Ph&oelig;bus, Comte de
+Foix. It was translated into English by Edward, Duke of
+York, between 1406 and 1413, under the title 'The Master
+of Game'; and to this reprint of 1909 is added a list of old
+hunting books, and a valuable glossary of ancient hunting
+terms and phrases. 'La Chasse de Loup,' a small quarto
+printed at Paris in 1576, is a scarce work. It consists of but
+22 folios, and has 14 large woodcuts, and it is by Jean de
+Clamorgan, Seigneur de Saane. But you will find this treatise
+in <i>La Maison Rustique</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Books on cock-fighting are not very numerous, nor of
+frequent occurrence. A number of such works are mentioned
+by Mr. Harrison Weir in that part of 'Our Poultry' which
+deals with game-fowl. 'The Royal Pastime of Cockfighting,'
+by R. H. (<i>i.e.</i> Robert Howlet), a duodecimo printed at London
+in 1709, is now very scarce and valuable; but a facsimile
+reprint (100 copies) was issued in 1899. 'The Cocker,' by
+'W. Sketchly, gent.,' is of fairly frequent appearance, though
+a copy will cost you four or five pounds. But it has been
+reprinted at least twice. A small volume entitled 'Cocking
+and its Votaries' by S. A. T[aylor] was put forth in 1880,
+but our book-hunter has not yet been so fortunate as to come
+across a copy.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> It was, I believe, privately printed. Old
+Roger Ascham was a keen devotee of this sport, and wrote a
+volume entitled 'The Book of the Cockpit'; but no copy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a>[<a href="./images/262.png">262</a>]</span>
+of this work is known (at least to bibliographers) to exist at
+the present day. 'But of all kinds of pastimes fit for a
+Gentleman,' he writes in 'The Scholemaster,' 'I will, God
+willing, in a fitter place more at large declare fully, in my
+<i>Book of the Cockpit</i>; which I do write to satisfy some.' From
+which it seems that he was actually engaged upon the book.
+Apparently there is no record of its publication, though an
+old devotee of the sport once told Mr. Harrison Weir that he
+had seen a copy. 'The Commendation of Cockes and Cock-fighting;
+Wherein is shewed, that Cocke-fighting was before
+the comming of Christ,' by George Wilson, the sporting Vicar
+of Wretton, was printed in black letter by Henry Tomes
+'over against Graies Inne Gate, in Holbourne,' in 1607. I
+wish you luck, brother collector, but I cannot be sanguine
+that you will ever come across a copy though it was many
+times reprinted. The tenth edition is dated 1655.</p>
+
+<p>Under this heading also are included books on Dogs, Cats
+and Bees (!) though the inclusion of the latter reminds one
+of the story of the imported tortoise, which the customs officials
+(after much debate) decided was an insect, and therefore not
+liable to quarantine! Then there are books of sporting
+memoirs, sporting dictionaries, sport in particular countries,
+as well as works which treat of Maypoles and Mumming,
+Festivals, and old English pastimes.</p>
+
+<p>Books upon Dancing, Cards, Chess, and other games all
+have their devotees. 'A Bibliography of Works in English
+on Playing Cards and Gaming,' by Mr. Frederic Jessel,
+appeared in 1905, octavo. The library of M. Preti of Paris,
+a well-known chess-player who devoted his attention to the
+history of the game, was sold at Sotheby's early in 1909. It
+included 362 lots, comprising some 1600 volumes; but the
+entire collection realised only &pound;355. The sale catalogue is a
+useful one&mdash;if you are so fortunate as to come across it. But
+there is a numerous bibliography and you will find a list of
+such volumes in Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of National
+Bibliography.'</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theology.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a>[<a href="./images/263.png">263</a>]</span>51. Theology and the Lives of the Fathers of the Early
+Christian Church is a field of such magnitude that we may
+divide it conveniently into periods or countries
+or controversies. Books on the Council of Trent
+engage the attentions of some, others are attracted by the
+history of the Waldenses or the Byzantine Churches. Some
+again specialise in the writings of certain great characters,
+such as Bonaventura, Augustine, or Erasmus. A 'Bibliotheca
+Erasmiana, ou Repertoire des &OElig;uvres d'Erasme' appeared
+at Ghent in 1893 and was followed four years later by a new
+edition. Similarly there are now accounts of the writings of
+almost all the great Churchmen, such as Cranmer, Latimer,
+Tindale, Laud, Ken, etc. The only bibliography of Knox
+with which I am acquainted is that appended to the six
+volumes of Laing's edition of his works, published at Edinburgh
+1846-64.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tobacco.</div>
+
+<p>52. Tobacco is a cheery subject for the book-collector,
+and somehow the very word conjures up a vision of warmth
+and comfort.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'My pipe is lit, my grog is mix'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">My curtains drawn and all is snug;<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">Old Puss is in her elbow-chair,<br /></span>
+<span class="ihalf">And Tray is sitting on the rug.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>What book-collector, I do not mean book-speculator, does
+not smoke a pipe? I refuse to believe that any book-lover
+could possibly sit in an easy chair before the fire
+and pore over Browne's 'Hydriotaphia,' Sidney's
+'Arcadia,' More's 'Utopia,' or Cotton's 'Montluc' (all in
+folio, please) without a pipe in his mouth. Why, it is unthinkable.
+Yet the books which treat of tobacco are not all couched
+in that tranquil tone which is induced by the soothing weed.
+'The whole output of literature on tobacco,' writes Professor
+Routh, 'is eminently characteristic of the age in its elaborate
+titles, far-fetched conceits, and bitter invective. The spirit of
+criticism is so strong that even the partisans of the weed
+satirise the habits of the smoker.' King James's 'Counter
+Blaste to Tobacco,' first issued in 1604, Braithwaite's 'The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a>[<a href="./images/264.png">264</a>]</span>
+Smoaking Age,' 1617, and Barclay's 'Nepenthes, or, the
+Vertues of Tobacco,' 1614, have all been reprinted of late
+years. Bragge's 'Bibliotheca Nicotiana' was printed at
+Birmingham in 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Topography.</div>
+
+<p>53. Topography and County Histories need not detain us.
+Anderson's 'Book of British Topography' is a list of County
+Histories, etc., that had appeared up to 1881;
+and Mr. A. L. Humphrey's 'Handbook to
+County Bibliography' amplifies and carries the record down
+to 1917. With this heading we can include the collection of
+Atlases and Maps. Sir H. G. Fordham's 'Studies in Carto-Bibliography,
+British and French, and in the Bibliography of
+Itineraries and Road Books' contains a useful bibliography
+of this subject. It was published by the Clarendon Press
+in 1914.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trades.</div>
+
+<p>54. Books on Trades should form an interesting series for
+the collector. Works on 'Dialling' and Clock-making are
+frequent enough, but I do not remember to have
+come across very many books which treat of the
+locksmith's art or coach-making, though such volumes appear
+from time to time in the catalogues. There must be treatises
+on almost every trade under the sun; our book-hunter
+possesses a small volume which deals with the making of
+sealing-wax and wafers. Old treatises on brewing must be
+plentiful, as doubtless are volumes on all the larger and more
+important industries; but are there manuals for the loriner,
+the patten-maker, the umbrella-manufacturer? Doubtless
+there are, though they must be few in number, and scarce too,
+since those for whom they were intended probably would not
+be the best preservers of books. Only about a century ago
+a small manual was put forth for the use of those whose
+business was the heraldic decoration of carriage-panels. It
+was very popular in the trade, but is now scarcely to be had,
+and when found is invariably filthy and dilapidated. Like the
+little 'Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois,' such practical treatises soon go
+the way of all superseded books.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Travels and Voyages.</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a>[<a href="./images/265.png">265</a>]</span>55 and 56. Travel books and Voyages have already been
+discussed under the heading 'Foreign Parts'&mdash;the first
+subject with which I have dealt in detail. Most
+globe-trotters nowadays are members of the
+Royal Geographical Society, and the Library Catalogue of
+that institution is a valuable one for reference. It was printed
+in 1895, under the care of Mr. H. R. Mill.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>And so I bid you farewell, brother book-hunter. There is
+no subject with which I have dealt but could have had a
+volume to itself: my aim throughout has been to strike the
+happy medium between a tedious list of titles and editions
+and a description too brief to be of interest. Thank you for
+your patience and sympathy (of the latter indeed I was
+assured at the outset, for we book-hunters are a class that
+knows no other feeling when reading about our beloved
+books), and allow me to express the sincere wish that good
+fortune may attend you on your expeditions. May your
+'finds' be frequent, cheap, clean, tall, perfect, and broad of
+margin, and may you never suffer from borrowers, bookworms,
+acid-tanned leathers, clumsy letterers and insecure
+shelf-fastenings. May good scribbling paper, sharp pencils,
+uncrossed nibs, clean ink and blotting-paper be ever at your
+hand, and may your days be passed in wholesome leisure, in
+the divine fellowship of books. <i>Vale.</i></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Msr. F. C. Wieder, the librarian, writing to the 'Times Literary Supplement'
+of 6th February 1919 (p. 70), states that 'the catalogue is in preparation,
+and arrangements will be made that the books of this library can be
+sent on loan to foreign students through the intermediary of public libraries.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See note on p. <a href="#Footnote_29_29">78</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The moated manor-house (Southcote, near Reading) which he built provides
+an excellent example of the way in which learned men (especially
+mathematicians!) go astray when they insist upon being their own architects.
+A more unhandy house it is difficult to conceive; and in winter-time the
+dinner must invariably have been cold by the time it reached the dining-room.
+The writer of these lines prospected it from attics to cellars some years ago,
+but as usual "drew blank."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Mr. E. Heron-Allen's 'De Fidiculis Bibliographia' was issued in parts,
+and forms two small quarto volumes, 1890 and 1894; but only about sixty
+complete sets are known to exist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Dodd's 'Essay towards a Natural History of the Herring,' 1752, contains
+a chapter of bibliography.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> You will find the whole tale&mdash;a most interesting one&mdash;in 'Bibliographica,'
+vol. iii., p. 291, from the pen of Mr. Falconer Madan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Lord Lovat's definition of 'Sport' was as follows: 'Sport is the fair,
+difficult, exciting, perhaps dangerous pursuit of a wild animal that has the
+odds in its favour, whose courage, speed, strength and cunning are more or
+less a match for our own, and whose death, being of service, is justifiable.'
+But this seems to apply more to hunting than anything else; it certainly
+precludes coaching, cock-fighting, racing, and steeplechasing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> The copy in the Pittar sale at Sotheby's in November 1918 was extra-illustrated
+and finely bound. It fetched &pound;9, 15s.</p></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a>[<a href="./images/266.png">266</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a>[<a href="./images/267.png">267</a>]</span></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Achademios</i>, Skelton's, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Aeschylus, translations of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Aesop, the <i>Fabulous Tales of</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Aethiopica</i>, the, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Africa</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+<li>Agincourt Expedition, the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Agriculture</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+<li>A Kempis, Thomas, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+<li>Alaric's grave, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Alchemy</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li>Alfred, king, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his tomb, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Allibone's <i>Critical Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Americana</span>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+<li>Ames' <i>Typographical Antiquities</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+<li>Amyot, <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'p&egrave;re'">P&egrave;re</ins>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+<li>Ancillon, Charles, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+<li>Andrada, Tomaso de, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+<li>Anjou, Ren&eacute; duc d', <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+<li>Antiphonaries, Spanish, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
+<li>Aquinas, Thomas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Arabian Nights</i>, the, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+<li>Arber's <i>Term Catalogues</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Architecture</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Arctic</span> and <span class="smcap">Antarctic</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristophanes, translations of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Armorial bindings, <a href="#Footnote_45_45">115 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Arthur, King, his character, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+<li>Ascham, Roger, on books of Chivalry, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on Cambridge, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Book of the Cockpit</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Association books, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Astrology</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Astronomy</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
+<li>Attic Theatre, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Auctions, the history of book-, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Auction Records, Book-</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+<li>Augustine, St., on Varro, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>Austen, Jane, her <i>Mansfield Park</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on novels, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Australia</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Aymon, the Four Sons of</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Balin and Balan, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ballads</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Ballatis, Gude and Godlie</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li>Bankes's <i>IX. Drunkardes</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Barbary</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+<li>Barbier's <i>Ouvrages Anonymes</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+<li>Barbier, Louis, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>Barclay's <i>Euphormionis</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Barocci, Giacomo, his library, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Barrow, a desecrated, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+<li>Barton, Elizabeth, her book, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li>Bass&eacute;, Nicholas of Frankfort, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+<li>Beckmann, Johann, on catalogues, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+<li>Belvedere, motto at, <a href="#Footnote_16_16">38 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernard, Dr. Francis, <a href="#Footnote_4_4">13 n</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bewick</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bibles</span>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Bibliographica</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+<li>Bibliographies of Bibliographies, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; some early, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; compiling a, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; examples of great industry in, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the objects of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Bibliography</i>, Mr. Courtney's <i>Register of National</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Growoll's <i>English Book Trade</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a>[<a href="./images/268.png">268</a>]</span>Bigmore and Wyman's <i>Bibliography of Printing</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+<li>Bill, John, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Binding</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Bookbinding</span>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Biographies</span>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Dictionaries of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bishop, a Tudor, his town house, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+<li>Black Prince, the, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his household book, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Blackie, Professor, quoted, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li>Blades' <i>Life of Caxton</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+<li>Blagrave's Manor-house, <a href="#Footnote_84_84">244 n</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Block-Books</span>, Sotheby on, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+<li>Boccaccio, on translating, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Bonaventura, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Book-Auction Records</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Book of Curtesye</i>, the <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Book of Good Manners</i>, the, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Bookhunter</i>, Burton's, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Book-Prices Current</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Books Printed Abroad, English</span>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+<li>Books, the care of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the charm of old, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; cleaning, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; English printed abroad, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the five classes of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; imperfect, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; lost, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; repairing, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Bookbinding</span>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; travel far afield, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bookbinders, London, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bookbinding</span>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; books on, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; leathers, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; prescription for, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bookbindings</span>, Armorial, <a href="#Footnote_45_45">115 n</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; collecting, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; old, their value, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; paper, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; polishing old, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; preservative for, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; repairing, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bookcases</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Book-collectors</span>, the Doctor, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the Genealogist, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the Sailor, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the Soldier, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the Traveller, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bookplates</span>, works on, <a href="#Footnote_45_45">115 n</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Booksellers</span>, books upon, <a href="#Footnote_66_66">182 n</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Mr. McKerrow's <i>Dictionary of</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Bookshelves</span>, making, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; staining, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Botany</span>, early, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+<li>Boucicault, Marshal Jean, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouillon, Godfrey de, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+<li>Bourchier, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Box, an old, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+<li>British Museum Catalogue, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; talking in the Reading Room of the, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brittany, old books in, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; old hostel in, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Britwell Court Library, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Broadsides</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Browne, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; quoted, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bruce, King Robert, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunet, J. C., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Manuel de Libraire</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brydges' <i>British Bibliographer</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+<li>Buckram for shelves, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+<li>Bunyan's <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+<li>Burney, Admiral James, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+<li>Burns' <i>Poems</i>, value of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; a unique copy of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Burton, John Hill, quoted, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Bookhunter</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Burton's <i>Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="#Footnote_29_29">78 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Bury, Richard of, quoted, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+<li>Byron's <i>English Bards</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Poems</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Byron, J., <i>Wreck of the Wager</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>C&aelig;sar, the Elzevier, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+<li>Calderon, translations of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a>[<a href="./images/269.png">269</a>]</span>Cambridge and Roger Ascham, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; books, Mr. Sayle on, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Camelot, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Card Games</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+<li>Castiglione, Baldassare, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+<li>Cataloguer, an Abbey, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Catalogues</span>, bound at the end of books, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; early booksellers', <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; a Restoration one, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; of Nicholas Bass&eacute;, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;John Bill, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;Johan Cless, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;George Draud, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;William Jaggard, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;Andrew Maunsell, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;Sweynheim and Pannartz, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;&ensp;&ensp;Christian Wechel, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Caxton, his advertisement, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; binding by, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; book by, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Book of Good Manners</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on Chivalry, quoted, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Four Sons of Aymon</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>The Life of</i>, by Blades, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; a lost book by, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; and Malory, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Metamorphoses of Ovid</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on rebinding a, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Recueil des Histoires</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Speculum</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Cervantes' <i>Don Quixote</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+<li>'Chafynghowys,' the, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+<li>Chance, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chapbooks</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Charlemagne, a story of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Chasse de Loup, La</i>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaucer, quotations from, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+<li>Cheke, Sir John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chess</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chivalry</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; a collector of books on, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; England the home of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; romances of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; and 'Sport,' <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Chronograms</i>, Hilton's, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Civil War</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Classics</span>, the, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; collecting the, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Claudin, M. Anatole, works by, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+<li>Cleaning books, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement's <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Curieuse</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
+<li>Clerkenwell, books bought in, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+<li>Cless, Johan of Frankfort, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cockfighting</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Collating</span>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
+<li>Collectors, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Book-collectors</span>.</li>
+<li>Collins, William, of Chichester, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+<li>Colombi&egrave;re, La, books by, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-<a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Commonplace Books</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Commonwealth</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Companions to Greek</i> and <i>Latin Studies</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Conon, lost books by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, Captain, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cookery Books</span>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+<li>Cooper's <i>Thesaurus</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Coronation Books</span>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Cortigiano, Il</i>, <a href="#Footnote_10_10">19 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Corvinus, Matthias, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Costume</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+<li>Cotton, Sir Robert, his library, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
+<li>Cotton's <i>Typographical Gazetteer</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+<li>Courtney's <i>Register of National Bibliography</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
+<li>Crabbe, quotation from, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+<li>Cranmer on the Maid of Kent, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li>Crawford, the Earl of, his <i>Bibliotheca Lindesiana</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Crimes</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+<li>Croix du Maine, F. de la, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+<li>Croker's French Revolution collections, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a>[<a href="./images/270.png">270</a>]</span>Cromwell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Curiosa</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Curll, Edmund, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his edition of Prior, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Curtesye</i>, the <i>Book of</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dante, translations of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li>David's book-stall, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Defence of Women</i>, the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+<li><i>De Gloria et Nobilitate</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Demonology</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li><i>De Re Heraldica</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+<li>Despeisses, Anthony, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+<li><i>De Studio Militari</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+<li>Dibdin's works, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dictionaries</span>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li>Digressions, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+<li>Disraeli, Isaac, quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li>Don, story of a, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Don Quixote</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Drama</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li>Draud, George of Frankfort, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Dress</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+<li>Drinking-horns, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+<li>Dryden's <i>Aeneid</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Duelling</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+<li>Duff, Mr. E. G., books by, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; quoted, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Du Fresnoy, Lenglet, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+<li>Du Guesclin, Bertrand, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Footnote_79_79">216 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Dumas, Alexandre, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Eale, the, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Early-Printed Books</span>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; authorities on, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Early Romances</span>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Ebrietatis Encomium</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+<li>Editions good and bad, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Elks, the Hercynian, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Elzeviers</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> <i>seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Engravers</span> and <span class="smcap">Engraving</span>, authorities on, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; books on, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Entomology</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Epic&oelig;ne or the Silent Woman</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Epitaph of the King of Scotland</i>, the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Errata, on, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
+<li>Este, Alfonso d', <a href="#Footnote_16_16">38 n</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Etymologies</span>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Euphormionis Lusinini Sat.</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Euripides, translations of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Extra-illustrating</span>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fabert, Abraham, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Fabulous Tales of Esope</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Faceti&aelig;</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Farringdon Road, <i>the</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Faust</i>, translations of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li>Faustus his book, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li>
+<li>Fenn, Sir John, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetherstone, Henry, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Fitzgerald's <i>Polonius</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; translations, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Flore et Zephyr</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+<li>Forgeries, book, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Four Sons of Aymon</i>, the <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Freemasonry</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">French Revolution</span>, the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Croker's Collections on the, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Gairdner, James, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gardens</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+<li>Gavaudan, quoted, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+<li>Genealogist, the, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Genealogy</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Geology</i>, books on, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+<li>Gibbon, Edward, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gipsies</span>, book on, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+<li>Giunta Terence, a, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>Goeree, William, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe, translations of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Golden Legend</i>, the, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Goste of Guido</i>, the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Graesse's <i>Tr&eacute;sor de Livres Rares</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a>[<a href="./images/271.png">271</a>]</span>Grail, the Holy, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; appears to the Knights, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Grangerising</span>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+<li>Graves, the desecration of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+<li>Greek, aids to reading, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Incunabula, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; theatre, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Growoll's <i>Book-Trade Bibliography</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Grud&eacute;, Fran&ccedil;ois, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hain's <i>Repertorium</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamerton, P. G., on Interruptions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on reading the classics, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Harrison, Mr. Frederic, on reading, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on the classics, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>The Choice of Books</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hazlitt, W. C., on lost books, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Bibliographical Collections</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Health, books on preserving, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+<li>Heine, translations of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+<li>Heinz, quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+<li>Heliodorus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+<li>Henry <span class="smcap">vii.</span> and Winchester, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Heraldry</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Herbals</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+<li>Herbert, George, his <i>Jacula Prudentum</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Herbert, Sir Henry, <i>Office Book of</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+<li>Herbert, William, lost books described by, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+<li>Hilton's <i>Chronograms</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+<li>Hinard, Damas, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Historie of Judith</i>, the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">History</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+<li>Hoccleve, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>Homer, translations of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li>Hoole's <i>New Discovery</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; his pupils, <i>ib.</i></li>
+<li>Horace, on translating, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li>Hospitallers, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+<li>Hotel du Lion d'Or, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+<li>Housewife, the perfect, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+<li>Hozier, Pierre d', <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+<li>Humphrey, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>Humphreys, Mr. A. L., quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Husbandry</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyde Abbey, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+<li>Hy&egrave;res, the monk illuminator at, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Hygiasticon</i>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Illuminator of St. Honorat, the, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li>Illuminators, the Winchester, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Illustrated Books</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Imitatio Christi</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+<li>Incunabula, definition of, <a href="#Footnote_55_55">167 n</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Early-Printed Books</span>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Interruptions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Jacula Prudentum</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Jaggard, William, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Jall, the, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Jest Books</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; some early, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Jonson, Ben, lost works of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Judith, the Famous Historie of</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Karslake's <i>Notes from Sotheby's</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+<li>Keats' <i>Endymion</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
+<li>Keeper of the Abbey muniments, <a href="#Footnote_17_17">54 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Kempis, Thomas &agrave;, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+<li>Kennet, Bishop White, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+<li><i>King Glumpus</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+<li>Koberger, Anton, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>L'Abb&eacute;'s <i>Bibliotheca</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+<li>La Colombi&egrave;re, books by, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-<a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+<li>La Fontaine, Jean de, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+<li>La Marche, Olivier de, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+<li>La Monnoye, Bernard de, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>Lang, Andrew, on Elzeviers, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his imperfect books, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Large Copper, story of a, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a>[<a href="./images/272.png">272</a>]</span>Large Paper copies, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Law</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+<li>Lawler's <i>Book-Auctions</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Library, the</i>, by A. Lang, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>Library, 'laying down a,' <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+<li>Libraries, two old country, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>Lion d'Or, the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Liturgies</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Locally-Printed Books</span>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+<li>London, books hidden in, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+<li>Londonderry, medal of the siege of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Long Meg of Westminster</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+<li>Lost books, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>Louis <span class="smcap">ix</span> (St.) and the Saracens, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>Louis <span class="smcap">xiv.</span>, his monument, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+<li>Louvre library, the, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+<li>Lovelace's <i>Lucasta</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li>
+<li>Lowndes' <i>Bibliographer's Manual</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Lycanthropy</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Mackenzie, Sir G., quoted, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Magic</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li>Maid of Kent, the, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li>Maimbourg, Louis, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+<li>Malory, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; and Caxton, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Malta, the Knights of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Manners</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Manners, the Book of Good</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Mansfield Park</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
+<li>Margaret of Scotland, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+<li>Markham's housewife, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Thyrsis and Daphne</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mariner's Mirror, the, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
+<li>Marmol, Luis del, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+<li>Marprelate Tracts, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mathematics</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Masques</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+<li>Maunsell, Andrew, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Medical Books</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; a collector of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Meg of Westminster</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+<li>Melanchthon, Philip, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Memoirs</span>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+<li>Menestrier's <i>Louis le Grand</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Military Books</span>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+<li>Milton, quotations from, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Comus</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Minstrels</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Miracle Plays</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Modern Authors</span>, valuable works of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; bibliographies of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Monastic rules, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Monsters</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li>Montluc, Blaise de, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+<li>Montmorency, Henri, duc de, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moon Lore</span>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Moralities</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+<li>More's <i>Defence of Women</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+<li>Morte d'Arthur, <i>see</i> Malory.</li>
+<li>Mouse, the painted, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Music</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Myriobiblon</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mysteries</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><span class="smcap">Napoleon</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>-<a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Natural History</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Nautical Books</span>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Neuf Preux, le Triomphe des</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li><i>New England Canaan</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+<li>Newspapers, on reading, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+<li>Newton, Sir I., bibliography of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
+<li>Nightingale, Miss, on interruptions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+<li>Night working, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Nigramansir</i>, the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Normandy, Robert of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+<li>Notes, editors', <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Novels, on reading, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; the first, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Numismatics</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a>[<a href="./images/273.png">273</a>]</span>Occleve, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Occult</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+<li>Olaf, King, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Optimates</i>, by L. Humphrey, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>Ordnance, medi&aelig;val, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+<li>Ormsby, John, on romances, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+<li>Osorio's <i>De Gloria</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i>, by Caxton, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Oxford Books</i>, by Mr. F. Madan, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><span class="smcap">Pageants</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li>Painted Mouse, a, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Palmerin d'Olive</i>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
+<li>Palsgrave, John, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pamphlets</span> and <span class="smcap">Tracts</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li>Panzer's <i>Annalen</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Pappe with an Hatchet</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Passionate Pilgrim, the</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Pastissier Fran&ccedil;ois, le</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; prices of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Paston Letters, the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>Pedigree hunting, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+<li>'Pegs,' <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Perceforest</i>, quotation from, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; description of, <a href="#Footnote_35_35">93 n</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>'Peregrine' volumes, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+<li>Peron, the, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Philosophy</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+<li>Photius, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Pilgrim's Progress, the</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+<li>Pinson, Gheerart, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+<li>Place des Victoires, monument in the, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Plays</span>, books on old, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+<li>Pliny on Seclusion, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Poetry</span>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Poems by Two Brothers</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>on Various Occasions</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pollard, Mr. A. W.'s <i>Fifteenth-Century Books</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+<li>Pollio, Asinius, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
+<li>Pope on Curll, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; quotation from, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Portugal, a convent in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prayer Books</span>, works on, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+<li>Precentor, the, <a href="#Footnote_14_14">33 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Prescriptions, some early, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Presses, celebrated</span>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prices of Books</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; some early, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; on determining, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Prices of Books</i>, Wheatley's, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Printers' marks</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+<li>Printers, Mr. McKerrow's <i>Dictionary of</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+<li>Prior, his pirated <i>Poems</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prisons</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Privately-printed Books</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Proclamations</span>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+<li>Proctor's <i>Early Printed Books</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+<li>Prophecies, a book of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li>Provence, a monk of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pseudonyms</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+<li>Pynson, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Quaritch's <i>General Catalogue</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+<li>Qu&eacute;rard's <i>Supercheries</i> <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Litteraires'"><i>Litt&eacute;raires</i></ins>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+<li>Quotations, doubtful origin of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; wrongly assigned, <a href="#Footnote_19_19">57 n</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Rabelais, translations of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+<li>Racine and Heliodorus, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+<li>Rainman, John, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+<li>Ratdolt, Erhart, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Reading</span>, the art of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; wide, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rebellion Tracts</span>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rebinding</span>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+<li>Recommending books, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li>Regnault, Fran&ccedil;ois, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+<li>Ren&eacute; d'Anjou, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Revolution, the French</span>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+<li>Rigging, an authority upon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a>[<a href="./images/274.png">274</a>]</span><span class="smcap">Roguery</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Romances of Chivalry</span>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Romance, the spirit of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rosicrucians</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li>Rouen, an old inn at, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+<li>Round Table at Winchester, the, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+<li>Rowlands' Tracts, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+<li>Roydon Hall, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>St. Amand, Gerard de, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Augustine on Varro, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Bernard on Solitude, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Honorat, the monk of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Katherin of Siena, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Louis and the Saracens, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Margaret's <i>Devotional</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; <i>Life</i>, by Pynson, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sallengre's <i>L'Elogie de l'Ivresse</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanchez's <i>Bibliografia Aragonesa</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Saracenic</span> literature, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+<li>Savaron, Jean, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+<li>Savonarola's Compendium, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Sawyer, Tom, The Adventures of</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+<li>Sayle's <i>Books at Cambridge</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+<li>Schiller, translations of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+<li>Schoeffer's catalogue, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">School Books, Old</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+<li>Scipio Africanus, quoted, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Footnote_19_19">57 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Scott, Dr. E. J. L., <a href="#Footnote_17_17">54 n</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Scott's Last Expedition</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sea</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>-<a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Seals</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+<li>Seilli&egrave;re, Baron A., the library of, <a href="#Footnote_11_11">22 n</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+<li>Seymour, Richard, Esq., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shakespeareana</span>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare's <i>Passionate Pilgrim</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Footnote_81_81">228 n</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Plays, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Titus Andronicus</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sharon Turner on digressions, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on Romances, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shelley, quotation from, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Adonais</i> and <i>Queen Mab</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Original Poetry</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Shelves</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+<li>Ships, an authority upon old, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+<li>'Shorn lamb' proverb, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Skelton, John, lost books by, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Slater's <i>Early Editions</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+<li>Solitude, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+<li>Sophocles, translations of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Sotheby on block-books, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">South Seas</span>, books on the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+<li>Southcote Manor-house, <a href="#Footnote_84_84">244 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Spanish folios, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Specialism</span>, the advantages of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> <i>seq.</i></li>
+<li>Specialists, subjects of, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Speculum</i>, Caxton's, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Speculum Principis</i>, Skelton's, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li>Spenser, quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sport</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; definition of, <a href="#Footnote_88_88">260 n</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sta&euml;l, Madame de, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+<li>Staining bookshelves, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; leaves of books, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Stains</span>, removing, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+<li>'Stationers,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+<li>Sterne, Laurence, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Sweynheim and Pannartz, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+<li>Syon College library, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Taylor, Bayard, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li>Tennyson, A. and C., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Helen's Tower</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Terence, a Giunta, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+<li>Thackeray's <i>Flore et Zephyr</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; King Glumpus, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Theagenes and Chariclea, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Theology</span>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Thesaurus Cornucopi&aelig;</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomas Aquinas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomas &agrave; Kempis, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a>[<a href="./images/275.png">275</a>]</span>Thomason, George, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Thyrsis and Daphne</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+<li>Titles, some curious, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>-<a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Titus Andronicus</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tobacco</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+<li>Tombs, the desecration of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Topography</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tracts</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trades</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+<li>Traveller, the library, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Trials</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Triomphe des Neuf Preux, le</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+<li>Tristram on a white horse, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+<li>Trunk, an old, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+<li>Trusler's <i>Honours of the Table</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+<li>Turner, Sharon, on Digressions, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; on Romances, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>University Don, a widely read, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+<li>Upton, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+<li>Urquhart, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Varro, St. Augustine on, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaughan, Stephen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+<li>Vellum, brown, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; perishable, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Venus and Adonis</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Footnote_81_81">228 n</a>.</li>
+<li>'Venus de Milo,' <a href="#Footnote_49_49">133 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Verard, Antoine, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+<li>'Victor and Cazire,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+<li>Vincent's <i>True Relation</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+<li>Virgil, translations of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li>Voragine, Jacobus de, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Wace, quoted, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Wager</i>, H.M.S., the loss of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+<li>'Wagstaffe, Theophile,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+<li>Walloon printer, a, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+<li>Walton's <i>Compleat Angler</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+<li>'Wargus,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+<li>Warton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Washing and cleaning</span>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+<li>Wechel, Christian, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Werewolves</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li>Westminster Abbey muniments, <a href="#Footnote_17_17">54 n</a>.</li>
+<li>Wheatley's <i>Prices of Books</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+<li>Willems, Alphonse, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+<li>Willer, George, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+<li>William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+<li>Winchester, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<ul class="plain">
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; ancient customs of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; Castle hall at, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Witchcraft</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+<li>Wolvesey Castle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+<li>Worde, Wynkyn de, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>Wordsworth, quoted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li></ul>
+
+<ul><li>Ximenes, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li></ul>
+
+<ul><li>Yale, the, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li></ul>
+
+<ul><li><span class="smcap">Zoology</span>, books on, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li></ul>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+<p>Corrections which have been made are indicated by dotted lines under
+the corrected text.
+Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins class="err"
+title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Greek text transliterations are indicated by dashed lines under the Greek text.
+Scroll the mouse over the word and the transliterated Greek text will appear. e.g. <ins class="grk" title="Greek: hoi polloi">&#8003;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#8055;</ins>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book-Hunter at Home
+
+Author: P. B. M. Allan
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22716]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes and the booksmiths
+at http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME.
+
+_Of this edition 500 copies have been printed, and 50 upon fine paper._
+
+[Illustration: THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME (JAN SIX, BY REMBRANDT)]
+
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME
+
+BY P. B. M. ALLAN
+
+THE SECOND EDITION, REVISED
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON
+PHILIP ALLAN & CO.
+QUALITY COURT, CHANCERY LANE
+
+_First Edition_--1920
+
+_Second Edition_--1922
+
+PRINTED BY WHITEHEAD BROTHERS, WOLVERHAMPTON.
+
+
+
+
+THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY
+
+TO THE HONOURABLE AND VERTUOUS LADY MISTRESS E. K. A.
+
+     MADAM,
+
+     It would be churlish indeed were I to send this book into the
+     world without some acknowledgment of the share which you have had
+     in its making. Indeed, I feel that you are chiefly responsible
+     for it: without your encouragement, your active help, your
+     patience with me at all times (at which I marvel constantly), it
+     would never have arrived at completion. Truly it is your name,
+     not mine, that should appear upon the title-page; for although
+     mine may have been the hand that penned the words, certain it is
+     that yours was the mind that guided my pen throughout. It is to
+     your sympathy, your judgment, your excellent taste, that I am
+     indebted for every good thing that I have penned; and where I
+     have put down aught that is trite or insipid, it is due to my
+     own natural obstinacy in refusing, or carelessness in neglecting,
+     to defer the matter to your better judgment. Thus it is only
+     right that whatever praise may be bestowed upon this book should
+     be accorded to you; my shoulders alone must bear the censure of
+     the discerning reader.
+
+                                      I am, Madam, your very dutiful,
+                                                  and loving husband,
+                                                          THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+     In placing this second edition before his fellow book-lovers, the
+     author would like to take the opportunity of thanking the
+     numerous correspondents who have written to him from all parts of
+     the world. In truth book-collecting establishes a bond between
+     its devotees that is effected by no other pursuit.
+
+     The first edition was put forth only after much hesitation, and
+     with a good deal of fear and trembling: that a second edition
+     would ever be required was unthinkable. But since the book has so
+     obviously been the means of bringing pleasure to so many, the
+     author feels that it is his duty to bring this second edition 'up
+     to date,' to make it as perfect as his poor skill allows.
+     Accordingly the volume has been revised throughout, a number of
+     additions have been made, both to the text and in the matter of
+     footnotes, and the prices of books have been amended according to
+     present conditions. Three illustrations have been added.
+     QUALITY COURT,
+     July, 1921.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAP                                           PAGE
+   I. ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS                      1
+  II. THE LIBRARY                                31
+ III. BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY               58
+  IV. CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE                       84
+   V. THE CARE OF BOOKS                         106
+  VI. THE CARE OF BOOKS (_Continued_)           126
+ VII. BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR                    160
+VIII. A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM                     194
+  IX. A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM (_Continued_)       230
+      INDEX                                     267
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+THE BOOK-HUNTER AT HOME        _frontispiece_
+THE PERON                            page  96
+THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS               "   104
+THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY                 "   128
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ADVENTURES AMONG BOOKS
+
+    'Thou shalt make castels thanne in Spayne.'
+
+CHAUCER.
+
+
+IT is a sad truth that bargains are met with more frequently in our youth
+than in our age. The sophist may argue that age begets philosophy, and
+that philosophy contemns all worldly things; yet certain it is that the
+book-hunter, one of the most philosophical of beings, remains on the
+look-out for bargains to the very end of his career. Nevertheless, it is
+a fact that in youth alone do we make those great bargains which lay the
+foundations of our careers as book-hunters.
+
+It is this sad truth which fosters in most of us the belief that we live
+in a decadent age, and that the days of our youth were infinitely more
+seemly than those which we now endure. But it is we who have changed: the
+bargains are still there, and may still be had at the cost of youthful
+energy and enthusiasm.
+
+'Ah, but you can't get the bargains nowadays that you could when I was a
+young man,' says the elderly bookseller, with a knowing shake of his
+head. Can't you! Then mankind must have changed strangely since the
+period of this sage's youth. Bargains, and rich ones too, in everything
+that is bought and sold, are made every day and will continue to be made
+so long as human nature endures, bargains in books no less among them.
+
+The rich finds of which the aged bookseller dreams are bargains only in
+the light of present-day prices. As a matter of fact, the great majority
+of them were not really bargains at all. He may bitterly lament having
+parted with a copy of the first edition of the 'Compleat Angler,' in the
+'sixties for twenty guineas, but he overlooks the fact that that was then
+its market value. Had he asked a thousand pounds for it, his sanity would
+certainly have been open to question. 'Why, when I was a boy,' he says,
+'you could buy first editions of Shelley, Keats, or Scott for pence.'
+Precisely: which was their current value; by no stretch of the
+imagination can they be considered bargains. His business is, and has
+always been, to buy and sell; not to hoard books on the chance that they
+will become valuable 'some day.' Neither can it be urged that 'people'
+(by which he means collectors) 'did not know so much about books fifty
+years ago.' Collectors know, and have ever known, all that they need for
+the acquisition of their particular _desiderata_. If they were ignorant
+of the prices which volumes common in their day would realise at some
+future period, why, so were the dealers and every one else concerned!
+Judging by analogy, we have every reason to believe that many volumes
+which we come across almost daily on the bookstalls, marked, perhaps, a
+few pence, will be fought for one day across the auction-room table.
+
+The chief reason why the elderly bookseller no longer comes across these
+advantageous purchases is that he has passed the age (though he does not
+know it) at which bargains are to be had. But bargains are not
+encountered, they are made. It is the youthful vigour and enthusiasm of
+the young collector, prompting him into the byways and alleys of
+book-land, that bring bargains to his shelves.
+
+So, if you are young and enthusiastic, and not to be deterred by a series
+of wild-goose chases, happy indeed will be your lot. For over the
+post-prandial pipe you will be able to hand such and such a treasure to
+your admiring fellow-spirit, saying: 'This I picked up for _n_-pence in
+Camden Town; this one cost me _x_-shillings at Poynder's in Reading:
+Iredale of Torquay let me have this for a florin; I found this on the
+floor in a corner of Commin's shop at Bournemouth; this was on David's
+stall at Cambridge, and I nearly lost it to the fat don of King's'; and
+so on and so on.
+
+Bargains, forsooth! Our book-hunter was once outbid at Sotheby's for a
+scarce volume which he found, a week later, on a barrow in Clerkenwell
+for fourpence! The same year he picked up for ten shillings, in London,
+an early sixteenth-century folio, rubricated and with illuminated
+initials. It was as fresh as when it issued from the press, and in the
+original oak and pig-skin binding. He failed to trace the work in any of
+the bibliographies, nor could the British Museum help him to locate
+another copy. David's stall at Cambridge once yielded to him a scarce
+Defoe tract for sixpence. But this being, as Master Pepys said, 'an idle
+rogueish book,' he sold it to a bookseller for two pounds, 'that it might
+not stand in the list of books, nor among them, to disgrace them, if it
+should be found.' A copy has recently fetched twenty guineas.
+
+Doubtless every bibliophile is perpetually on the look-out for treasures,
+and it is essential that he learn, early in his career, to make up his
+mind at once concerning an out-of-the-way book. He who hesitates is lost,
+and this is doubly true of the book-collector. More than once in his
+early days of collecting has our book-hunter hesitated and finally left a
+book, only to dash back--perhaps a few hours later, perhaps next day--and
+find it gone.
+
+Once upon a time a spotlessly clean little square octavo volume of
+Terence, printed in italics, caught his eye upon a bookstall. One
+shilling was its ransom, but it was not the price that deterred him so
+much as the fact that every available nook and corner of his sanctum was
+already filled to overflowing with books. 'A nice clean copy of an
+early-printed book,' he mused. But early-printed books were not in his
+line--then; had they been in those early days of book-hunting, his
+library would have been slow indeed of growth. So he passed on and left
+it.
+
+All that evening the memory of the little square volume would keep
+recurring most absurdly. He didn't want it, it was not in his line, he
+would never read it, and so on and so on. But over his pipe that evening
+the colophon '. . . . _studio & impensis Philippi de Giunta florentini
+. . ., 1505_,' came back to his memory; he must have been mad not to have
+bought it at that price, and such a fine copy too. And so to bed, sorely
+harassed in his bibliophilic mind.
+
+Next morning he awoke sane and conscious of his folly. An early visit to
+the bookstall followed, but the little volume had gone; and it was not
+comforting to learn that it had been sold shortly after our bookman saw
+it, to a man who 'knew a lot about that kind of books.' Let us hope that
+the purchaser treasures the little square volume, printed in italics, as
+much as our friend would.
+
+What poignant memories they are, these memories of rare books which we
+have found and failed to secure! Two prominent instances of our bookman's
+folly stand out with bitter clearness, ever fresh in his memory as a
+reminder of the criminal stupidity of procrastination. One was an
+exceedingly scarce work by Lawrence Humphrey, entitled 'Optimates sive De
+Nobilitate eiusque Antiqua Origine,' printed in small octavo at Basle in
+1560, which he once saw in a catalogue for five shillings. He sent for it
+three days after the receipt of the catalogue, and of course it had gone.
+The other was an unknown, or at least undescribed, edition of Osorio's
+'De Gloria et Nobilitate,' printed at Barcelona in the early part of the
+sixteenth century. He lost this in the same manner, at two shillings!
+Perhaps, however, you too have been guilty of these lapses, reader?
+_Semel insanivimus omnes._ Experience is better than advice, and for his
+part our book-hunter will not be caught napping again. The following
+incident will show you, moreover, that it is not always safe to order
+books from a catalogue even by return of post.
+
+For many years he had searched in vain for that rarest of all English
+heraldry books (though not properly English, for it is in the Latin
+tongue), the 'De Studio Militari, Libri Quatuor' of Master Nicholas
+Upton. It was edited by Sir Edward Bysshe, and printed in folio at London
+in 1654. The numerous booksellers in London and the country from whom he
+sought it had never seen it; indeed, most of them were unaware of its
+existence, though it is well known to all heralds.
+
+At length, coming home late one night, our book-hunter found on his table
+a catalogue from a bookseller who seems to garner more out-of-the-way
+books than any of his fellows. His catalogues are issued very frequently,
+for he has a large and quick sale, pricing most of his wares at less than
+five shillings. Moreover, the fact that the books described therein are
+thrown together without any attempt at classification, even alphabetical,
+serves but to add a zest to the repast. But our book-hunter was tired,
+and his evil star was in the ascendant, for he went to bed leaving the
+catalogue unopened.
+
+Reading it over a late breakfast next morning, upon the last page he came
+across the following entry:--
+
+     Uptoni (Nich.) De Studio Militari. Johan de Bado Aureo, Tractatus
+     de Armis. Henrici Spelmanni Aspilogia. Folio, calf. _Scarce._ 8s.
+     6d.
+
+Scarce, indeed! In less than five minutes he was driving hot-haste to the
+shop.
+
+Of course it was sold: sold by _telegram dispatched the night before_. He
+was allowed to see it, even to handle it, and he frankly confesses that
+murderous thoughts rose within him as he held it in his hands. . . . The
+bookseller was an old man . . . the shop was very dark . . . just a push,
+and perhaps one firm application _super caput_ of a large-paper copy of
+Camden's 'Britannia' which lay handy upon the table. . . . But I am glad
+to say that our bookman's better nature prevailed, and sorrowfully he
+returned the volume to the dealer's hands. Did he know the customer, and
+if so would he try to buy it back? Certainly he would. A week later came
+a letter saying that the customer was also a collector of these things,
+but that he was willing to part with it 'at a price.' Unfortunately his
+price was not our book-hunter's, and he failed to secure the
+treasure--then.
+
+Now comes the more pleasant sequel. About a year later, coming home in
+the small hours from a dance, our bookman found a catalogue from this
+same bookseller on his table. Although tired out, his previous bitter
+experience had taught him a lesson; so pulling up a chair before the
+remains of the fire he proceeded to skim through the catalogue. He had
+reached the last page, and was already beginning to nod, when suddenly
+his weariness vanished in a flash: he was wide awake and on his feet in
+an instant, for his eyes had met the same entry that had thrilled him a
+year ago. This time it was described as 'very scarce,' and the price was
+considerably enhanced; but he had his coat on and was in the street
+almost immediately.
+
+The nearest telegraph office likely to be open at such an hour was a mile
+away, and it was a miserable night, snowing and blowing; but no weather
+would have deterred him. So the telegram was safely dispatched, and he
+returned to bed, pinning a notice on the bedroom door to the effect that
+he was to be called, without fail, at seven o'clock.
+
+That night he was obsessed by Uptons of all shapes and sizes. Some he
+beheld with agony, cut down by the ruthless binder to duodecimo size;
+others there were no larger than Pickering's Diamond Classics; some (on
+his chest) were of a size which I can only describe as 'Atlas,' or,
+perhaps more appropriately, 'Elephant Folio,' large-paper copies with
+hideous margins.
+
+Next morning our bookman was at the shop betimes. Yes! his wire had
+arrived; Upton was his at last! Should the dealer send it for him by
+carrier? Carrier, forsooth! As well entrust the Koh-i-noor to a messenger
+boy. Of course it was the same copy that our friend had missed
+previously, the owner having sold his books _en bloc_ in the meantime.
+
+Why Upton is so scarce it is hard to say; perhaps very few copies were
+printed, or perhaps a fire at the printer's destroyed most of them.
+Certain it is that the premises of James Allestry and Roger Norton, who
+published the book, were both burnt in the great fire twelve years after
+its publication. Besides the two copies in the British Museum, there are
+examples of it in several of the ancient libraries throughout the
+kingdom; but it is very rarely indeed to be met with in the London
+salerooms.[1] Dallaway mentions two copies as being, in 1793, in the
+library of Lord Carlisle at Naworth; and probably there are examples in
+some of the libraries of our older nobility. There would seem to be
+copies, also, in France; for several writers upon chivalry, such as La
+Roque and Sainte Marie, make mention of it. The writer bought a portion
+of it, some forty-eight pages, a few years ago for four shillings. But
+take heart, brother bibliophile; it is quite possible that you may
+unearth a copy some day--if indeed the book be in your line--long buried
+in the dust of some old country bookshop.
+
+Upton died in 1457, and his work was so popular that numerous copies of
+the manuscript were made. The treatise on coat-armour, or 'cootarmuris,'
+as it is quaintly spelt, which comprises the third part of the 'Book of
+Saint Albans' (first printed in 1486), is, for the greater part, a
+literal translation of the second half of the fourth book of the 'De
+Studio Militari' as printed by Bysshe. Ames, in his 'Typographical
+Antiquities,' asserts that Upton's work was reprinted from the St.
+Albans book in folio, 1496, 'with the King's Arms and Caxton's mark
+printed in red ink.' But he gives no authority for his assertion, and it
+seems doubtful whether such a volume ever existed. At all events there
+does not appear to be any trace of such a book beyond this mention, and
+Herbert, editing Ames, omitted the whole passage. Hain,[2] probably
+copying Ames, calls this supposititious work 'De Re Heraldica,' and
+states that it was printed at Westminster in 1496 'Anglice.' So much for
+worthy Master Nicholas, Canon of Salisbury and protege of the 'good duke
+Humfrey.'
+
+There is a curious phenomenon of not infrequent occurrence among
+book-collectors, and that is the enforced acquisition of certain volumes
+solely by means of the passive persuasion of their presence. In other
+words, it is possible to bully the bibliophile into purchasing a book
+merely by obtruding it continually before his gaze, till at length its
+very presence becomes a source of annoyance to him. To escape from this
+incubus he purchases the volume.
+
+In nine cases out of ten, books so acquired never attain the same status
+as their fellow-volumes. They are invariably assigned either to the
+lowest or topmost shelves of the library, and are, in fact, pariahs.
+Their owner did not really want them, and he can never quite forgive
+their presence on his shelves. Generally their stay in any one home is
+not a long one, for they are weeded out at the first opportunity, and
+find no permanent rest until they come finally to that ultimate goal of
+books, the paper mills. I confess that in my early days of
+collecting this phenomenon was of not infrequent occurrence, being
+associated, probably, with the indecision of youth. And in this
+connection a bookseller once told me an interesting story.
+
+A certain young man of the working class, on his way to work every day,
+used to pass a bookstall situated in a narrow alley. Every day he glanced
+at the books, and as custom was scanty he would notice what books were
+sold and with what works the bookseller filled the empty places on the
+shelves. In this way all of the books which the young man had first
+noticed gradually disappeared, with one exception. This was a volume
+bound in calf, containing some rather curious poems, and no one seemed to
+want it. At length, after some weeks, the young man could stand it no
+longer. He approached the bookseller, and for sixpence the volume became
+his.
+
+The verses seemed to him rather poor, though one entitled 'Hans Carvel'
+amused him rather. The title-page bore the date 1707, and he wondered who
+was the 'E. Curll at the Peacock without Temple-Bar,' for whom the work
+was printed. Some time afterwards he read in the newspaper that a certain
+book had been sold for a large sum because of a misprint in it. This set
+him wondering . . . 'at the Peacock _without_ Temple-Bar . . .'
+Temple-Bar without a peacock he could imagine: surely this was a
+misprint! Perhaps the book was valuable, and others had not 'spotted' the
+error!
+
+And now he bethought him of an acquaintance who kept a bookshop in the
+West End of the town, a man who knew a lot about old books. He would take
+it to him and ask his advice. So, one Saturday afternoon he carried his
+'treasure' to the shop in question. Inside, an elderly man was examining
+a calf-bound volume.
+
+'. . . the first authentic edition, seventeen hundred and nine,' he was
+saying.
+
+The young man glanced at the volume under discussion, and as a page was
+turned he caught sight of the heading 'Hans Carvel.' Good gracious; this
+volume was the same as his! Just then the elderly man looked up, and the
+young fellow handed his volume to the bookseller, saying: 'Here's another
+one, same as that, but mine's got something wrong on the front page.'
+
+The bookseller opened the newcomer's volume, looked at the title-page,
+and handed it without a word to his customer, who took it with a look of
+surprise.
+
+'Something wrong?' said he, 'why, bless me, what's this--1707--that
+rascal Curll's edition--where did you get this?'
+
+The young man told him, adding that he gave sixpence for it.
+
+'Sixpence, did you?' said the connoisseur; 'well, I'll give you six
+guineas for it': which he did, there and then.
+
+It was a copy of the rare 'pirated' collection of his poems, published
+without Matt Prior's knowledge, some two years before the first authentic
+edition appeared. Some years later, when the elderly collector died, this
+volume came to the saleroom with the rest of his books. It realised forty
+pounds! So much for the ugly duckling.
+
+What an absorbing topic is that of 'lost books'! There is a fascination
+about the subject that every bibliophile must have experienced. 'Hope
+springs eternal in the human breast,' and it is impossible to read of
+books long lost without making a mental note of their titles in the hope
+that some day we may come across them. Perhaps it is these memories,
+pigeon-holed in our mind, that add a zest to anticipation whenever we go
+book-hunting on our travels. But alas! the reward for the bibliophile's
+hope in this direction is rare as the blossoming of the aloe.
+
+It is curious to think of the thousands of books that have completely
+disappeared. Nowadays the Act which assures the preservation in our
+greater libraries of every book published in this country will doubtless
+prevent the disappearance of a good many English books of lesser
+importance, such as school books and other works that are quickly
+superseded. But before the passing of this Act there was nothing to
+prevent an unpopular or useless work from becoming extinct, and vast
+numbers must have disappeared in this country alone. There are many
+books, however, important books even, and books which we know to have
+been immensely popular in their day, of which so much as a glimpse has
+been denied us. The 1606 octavo of 'The Passionate Pilgrim,' the first
+issue of John Barclay's satirical romance 'Euphormionis Lusinini
+Satyricon,' published at London in 1603, the 'Famous Historie of the
+Vertuous and Godly Woman Judith,' London, 1565 (of which a title-page has
+been preserved), what would not every book-collector give for copies of
+these?
+
+Then there are such early-printed works as Caxton's translation of the
+Metamorphoses of Ovid, probably published by him about 1480, 'The Life of
+St. Margaret' (known by three leaves preserved in the Bodleian), the
+'goste of guido' or Ghost of Guy, and the Epitaph of the King of
+Scotland, all printed by Pynson, as well as that mysterious volume
+ycleped 'The Nigramansir,' said to be by John Skelton the poet-laureate
+who lived under five kings and died in 1529. Many of Skelton's works,
+perhaps even the majority of his writings, are known to us by title and
+hearsay alone; but who shall say that his 'Speculum Principis,' or 'the
+Commedy Achademios callyd by name,' which he himself mentions, are lost
+beyond all hope of recovery? 'The Nigramansir' was actually seen by
+Thomas Warton, the poet-laureate, in the 'fifties of the eighteenth
+century, and is described by him in some detail. His account is so
+interesting that it deserves quoting.
+
+'I cannot quit Skelton,' he writes, 'without restoring to the public
+notice a play, or MORALITY, written by him, not recited in any catalogue
+of his works, or annals of English typography; and, I believe, at present
+totally unknown to the antiquarians in this sort of literature. It is,
+_The_ NIGRAMANSIR, _a morall_ ENTERLUDE _and a pithie written by Maister_
+SKELTON _laureate and plaid before the king and other estatys at
+Woodstock on Palme Sunday._ It was printed by Wynkin de Worde in a thin
+quarto, in the year 1504.'
+
+Against this Warton makes the following note: 'My lamented friend Mr.
+William Collins . . . . shewed me this piece at Chichester, not many
+months before his death (Collins died in 1759), and he pointed it out as
+a very rare and valuable curiosity. He intended to write the History of
+the Restoration of Learning under Leo the Tenth, and with a view to that
+design had collected many scarce books. Some few of these fell into my
+hands at his death. The rest, among which, I suppose, was this Interlude,
+were dispersed.'
+
+Warton then goes on to describe the book in detail, and this
+circumstance, together with the fact that he quotes one of the stage
+directions ('_enter Balsebub with a Berde_') seems to point to the fact
+that he actually had the volume in his hands. It concerned the trial of
+Simony and Avarice, with the Devil as Judge. 'The characters are a
+Necromancer or Conjurer, the Devil, a Notary Public, Simonie, and
+Philargyria or Avarice. . . . There is no sort of propriety in calling
+this play the Necromancer: for the only business and use of this
+character is to open the subject in a long prologue.'[3] Unfortunately
+there is no other mention of this interesting work, and of recent years
+its very existence has been doubted.
+
+'It was at Chichester,' wrote Hazlitt, 'that the poet Collins brought
+together a certain number of early books, some of the first rarity; his
+name is found, too, in the sale catalogues of the last century as a buyer
+of such; and the strange and regrettable fact is that two or three items
+which Thomas Warton actually saw in his hands, and of which there are no
+known duplicates, have not so far been recovered.' Mr. Gordon Duff, in
+his 'English Provincial Printers,' mentions seventeen books described by
+Herbert at the end of the eighteenth century, of which no copies are now
+known to exist. Another rare volume is known to have existed about the
+same time. A copy, the only one known, of 'The Fabulous Tales of Esope
+the Phrygian' by Robert Henryson, published at London in 1577, was
+formerly in the library of Syon College; for it is included in Reading's
+catalogue of that college library, compiled in 1724. But its whereabouts
+is now unknown. Fortunately in this case a later edition has survived.
+
+Another mysterious volume is the treatise concerning Elizabeth Barton,
+the Maid of Kent, who was burnt at Tyburn in 1534. Cranmer, describing
+her story to a friend, writes: 'and a boke (was) written of all the hole
+storie thereof, and putt into prynte, which euer syns that tyme hath byn
+comonly sold and goone abrod amongs all people.' From the confession of
+John Skot, the printer of this work, at the trial, it seems that seven
+hundred copies were printed; but no copy is now known to exist.
+
+Other works there are as yet unseen by bibliographer, such as Markham's
+'Thyrsis and Daphne,' a poem printed in 1593, and the 1609 and 1612
+quartos of Ben Jonson's 'Epicoene or the Silent Woman.' This last was
+seen by William Gifford a century ago, but neither is now known to exist.
+Or is a copy extant of Horace's 'Art of Poetry' english'd by Jonson and
+published so late as 1640. Alas! the list of works by 'rare Ben Jonson'
+now lost to us, it is feared, for ever, is quite a lengthy one. Who has
+seen the original issue of 'Gude and Godlie Ballatis,' printed at
+Edinburgh in 1546? Of this book it has been said that, after the Bible,
+it did more for the spread of Reformation doctrines in Scotland than any
+other volume; so presumably a fairly large edition was printed.
+
+That the editions of some of these early-printed books, now with us no
+more, were of considerable size may be judged from contemporary evidence
+of their widespread popularity. Speaking of the 'Morte d'Arthur,' Mr. E.
+G. Duff remarks: 'Of the popularity of the book we have striking
+evidence. Of Caxton's edition two copies are known, of which one is
+imperfect.[4] The second edition, printed by Wynkin de Worde in 1498, is
+known from one copy only, which is imperfect; while the third edition,
+also printed by de Worde is, again, only known from one imperfect copy.
+It may well be, considering these facts, that there were other
+intervening editions which have entirely disappeared.'
+
+Of the thirteen early editions of Shakespeare's 'Venus and Adonis' only
+twenty-two copies have so far been traced. Yet if each of these editions
+comprised only 250 copies, the tale of survivors is not large out of a
+total of 3,250. 'Printers and publishers . . . strained their resources
+to satisfy the demands of eager purchasers,' remarks Sir Sidney Lee; so
+presumably the estimate of 250 per edition is a conservative one.
+
+Where are these volumes now? It is difficult to believe they have been
+utterly destroyed, leaf by leaf, so that no vestige of them any longer
+exists. Surely they will turn up at an auction sale some day, for they
+may well be safely ensconced, at this very moment, on the shelves of some
+neglected country library. Mr. Duff himself records the discovery
+recently of a copy of Caxton's 'Speculum,' 'amongst some rubbish in the
+offices of a solicitor at Birkenhead.'
+
+What a vast number of books there is, also, of which only one copy is
+known to exist. Of the early editions of Shakespeare's plays alone, more
+than a dozen are known by solitary examples. Of such books Hazlitt
+remarks that he 'has met in the course of a lengthened career with
+treasures which would make a small library, and has beheld no
+duplicates.' Probably many of these _incognita_ and _rarissima_ perished
+in the great fire of London; others again met their fate solely through
+their own popularity, being 'thumbed' to pieces. In 1494 Pynson thought
+well enough to reprint Caxton's 'Book of Good Manners'; but of this once
+popular book one copy only--that which was formerly in the Amherst
+Library--now survives.
+
+Then there is that ancient romance of European popularity 'The four Sons
+of Aymon.' One of the great cycle of Charlemagne romances, such was its
+popularity that by the end of the thirteenth century it had penetrated
+even to Iceland. Many and various were the editions that issued from the
+early presses. Caxton printed it about 1489, but of this thick quarto
+impression one imperfect copy only has survived. A second edition, as we
+learn from the colophon of the third edition, was 'imprinted at London by
+Wynken de Worde, the viii daye of Maye, and the year of our lorde
+M.CCCCC. iiii'; but a solitary leaf, discovered in the binding of an
+ancient book, is the sole representative of an edition that ran probably
+into several hundreds.
+
+In the case of some at least of these early books there is another reason
+for their disappearance and scarcity. Stephen Vaughan, the indefatigable
+agent of Mr. Secretary Cromwell, writing to his master from Antwerp,
+mentions that he is 'muche desirous t'atteyne the knowlage of the Frenche
+tonge,' but that he is unable to obtain a copy of the only primer which
+he knows to exist. This volume, called 'L'Esclarcissement de la Langue
+Francoyse,' was 'compose par Maistre Jehan Palsgraue, Angloys, natyf de
+Londres et gradue de Paris,' and was printed by Pynson, though it was
+finished and published by Hawkins in 1530.
+
+Palsgrave, the author, seems to have been determined that his book should
+not fall into the hands of other teachers of French (he was 'scolemaster'
+to the Princess Mary, sister of Henry VIII., in 1513, at a stipend of L6
+13s. 4d.); and although Vaughan writes that he 'made not a letle labour
+to Mr. Palsgrave to have one of his books,' yet 'in no wise he wolde
+graunt for no price.' So Vaughan entreats Thomas Cromwell to obtain a
+copy for him, 'not doubtyng but though he unkyndly denyd me one, he will
+not denye youe one.'
+
+Apparently Palsgrave had entered into some kind of arrangement with the
+printer, for Vaughan writes that he 'hathe willed Pynson to sell none of
+them to any other person than to suche as he shall comaunde to have them,
+lest his proffit by teching the Frenche tonge myght be mynished by the
+sale of the same to suche persons as, besids hym, wern disposed to studye
+the sayd tongue.'
+
+From this premise it is easy to understand why 'L'Esclarcissement' is
+such a rare book. Very few copies indeed are known to exist. Yet one
+cannot help wondering what became of the copies that had not been
+disposed of at the author's death. Possibly a very small number was
+printed, and perhaps 'Johan Haukyns,' faithful to his pact, destroyed
+those on hand. That the book was in high esteem may be gathered from the
+fact that, in spite of his rebuff, Vaughan says: 'If I had one, I wolde
+no less exteme it then a Jewell.' The letter ends with a delightful burst
+of ingenuousness. 'Syr, I remember Mr. Palsgrave gave youe one of his
+books, which if it please you to geve me I wer muche bounde to youe.'
+Whether he obtained a copy in the end history does not relate; but if our
+book-hunter is ever so fortunate as to come across one, like Vaughan he
+will certainly 'no less exteme it then a Jewell.'
+
+Very many, indeed the vast majority, of the popular jest-books which
+appeared in such numbers during Queen Elizabeth's reign are now lost to
+us. Some are known by later quotation of their titles, others by later
+editions, such as 'The Life of Long Meg of Westminster,' 'A Lytle and
+Bryefe Treatyse called the Defence of Women,'[5] etc. But these were
+small volumes of few pages, and were doubtless considered as little
+worthy of preservation as is the modern 'penny dreadful.' 'But, when we
+consider how very many of these early books have come down to our time
+only in single copies or even fragments out of an edition of some
+hundreds, it is only natural to suppose that a great number must have
+utterly disappeared.'[6]
+
+It is not for want of enterprise that so many of these books have not so
+far been recovered. The smaller and more remote towns, even villages, of
+these islands and the Continent have been, and are being, ransacked by
+dealers as well as collectors. The number of works hitherto undescribed
+that has been brought to light during the last sixty years must be
+considerable; and one still hears every now and then of some rich trover
+that has been unearthed. In 1887 a small octavo manuscript volume, in a
+worn brown binding, was offered at the end of a sale at Sotheby's. It had
+stood, for how long no man knows, on the shelf of a small parish library
+in Suffolk; and it was offered for sale 'presumably as being unreadable
+to country folk, and capable of being turned into hard cash wherewith a
+few works of fiction might be purchased.' Acquired by the Bodleian
+Library for L6, it proved, by perhaps one of the most romantic chains of
+evidence ever attached to a book,[7] to be the favourite devotional
+volume and constant companion of Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland, who
+died in 1093. It was not until 1905 that the original quarto edition
+(1594) of Shakespeare's 'Titus Andronicus' was known to exist, when a
+copy was discovered and sold for L2000.
+
+Books travel far afield. At the dissolution of the monasteries the rich
+libraries that many of them possessed were scattered far and wide. One of
+these religious houses was famed for its rich store of books; and that
+the report was not exaggerated we know from its ancient library
+catalogue, still extant. In this case some of the books were taken by the
+inmates with them into exile in Flanders; and when the small community
+migrated thence to Portugal, the precious tomes were carried reverently
+with them. A fire at their convent in 1651 destroyed a large number of
+the volumes, and when some of the nuns returned to England in 1809 they
+brought the remaining books with them. Some were sold, but three cases of
+these ancient books were sent back to the nuns who stayed behind in
+Portugal, and of these cases two were lost in transit.
+
+London, however, has always been the centre of book production in this
+country, and it is there that any existing copies of these forgotten
+books are most likely to re-appear. Was not a priceless manuscript, a
+Household Book of the Black Prince, discovered only a few years ago in
+the office of a city lawyer? Once, in the course of his rambles by the
+bookstalls of the Farringdon Road,[8] our book-hunter caught a glimpse of
+an old box almost covered by books and prints on one of the stalls. Being
+unearthed, it proved to be a veritable gem of a trunk, about two feet by
+one, and nine inches deep. It had a convex lid, and was covered with
+shaggy horsehide, bound with heavily studded leather. The proprietor
+stated that he had found it in a cellar, full of old books, most of which
+had already been sold (his listener promptly pictured Caxtons among
+them); and he was amused to think that any one could be so foolish as to
+offer him two shillings for such a dirty old box. However, it was carried
+home in triumph, regardless of the great interest shown by
+fellow-travellers in the train. A year or two ago the same vender
+produced a similar trunk, rather larger, which was full of ancient deeds
+relating to property in Clerkenwell. These he sold for a shilling or two
+shillings apiece, according to size and seals. The box was larger than
+our bookman wanted, but apparently it soon found a purchaser.
+
+Surely such instances must be common in this great city, and many a trunk
+must yet linger in cellars and attics in the old parts of the town. Not
+many years ago our book-hunter chanced to visit an ancient house at the
+end of a small court off Fleet Street. Inside, it seemed to be entirely
+lined with oak planking, and it was occupied, or at least that part into
+which he penetrated was, by a printer in a small way of business. The
+staircase was magnificent, of massive coal-black oak; and when our
+book-hunter remarked upon it, the printer informed him he had discovered
+that the house had once been the town residence of a famous bishop of
+Tudor times.[9] How the occupant discovered this fact our bookman does
+not remember; possibly the house is well known to antiquaries, and the
+occupier may have read about it or have been told by the previous tenant.
+But it is also within the bounds of possibility that he unearthed some
+deed or papers relating to the premises. It is strange, too, that one of
+the few letters of this bishop which have been preserved refers to books.
+'Ye promised unto me, long agone,' he writes to Secretary Cromwell, 'the
+Triumphes of Petrarche in the Ytalion tonge. I hartely pray you at this
+tyme by this beyrer, . . . to sende me the said Boke with some other at
+your deuotion; and especially, if it please you, the boke called
+Cortigiano in Ytalion.'[10]
+
+There must be many such houses still extant in London, and who knows what
+there may be in their long-disused attics? Hidden away in the darkness
+beneath their tiles, between joists and under the eaves, it is possible
+that books till now unknown to us, by sight at least, may still exist. Or
+who has explored the lumber accumulated in many a disused cellar within a
+quarter of a mile of the Mansion House? The very existence of the trunks
+which we have mentioned proves that such things do still linger in the
+nooks and crannies of this great city.
+
+And I would not confine my surmise in this direction to London alone. Two
+ancient libraries there are, one in the North Countrie, the other in the
+West, that to my certain knowledge have never been explored by modern
+bibliographer. The latter is spurned and neglected, the books are deep in
+dust and even mildew; the former is also neglected, but at least the
+house is inhabited. The owner, an old, old woman, will never permit of
+any volume being disturbed. It is said that her father collected the
+books many years ago, and that she still guards them jealously for him.
+
+Perhaps one day a copy of the 'Nigramansir' will emerge from its long
+sleep in some such house as these. Indeed, it is not so much a matter of
+surprise that such books should have disappeared, as that they should
+have remained hidden for so long. In 1909 an ancient volume was
+accidentally discovered in an old manor-house in the North of England,
+where it had lain undisturbed for generations. It proved to consist of no
+less than five of Caxton's publications bound up together. Moreover, it
+was in the original binding, and was bound, probably, by one of Caxton's
+workmen, whose initials it bore. On being put up for sale at Sotheby's,
+it changed hands at L2,600.
+
+The account which Gairdner gives in the Introduction to his last edition
+of the Paston letters, of the loss and rediscovery of those historic
+documents, is also a striking example of the manner in which books may
+lie hidden for years. For nearly a century the originals of Sir John
+Fenn's compilation were utterly lost. 'Even Mr. Serjeant Frere who edited
+the fifth volume . . . declared that he had not been able to find the
+originals of that volume any more than those of the others. Strange to
+say, however, the originals of that volume were in his house all the
+time. . . .' Gairdner then applied to the owner of Roydon Hall for the
+remainder of the manuscripts, but received answer 'that he did not see
+how such MSS. should have found their way to Roydon.' Yet there they were
+discovered (with many others) eight years later! Even then the
+whereabouts of the letters forming Fenn's first and second volumes, which
+he had presented in 1787 to King George III., was still unknown. 'The
+late Prince Consort . . . caused a careful search to be made for them,
+but it proved quite ineffectual.' No wonder, for in 1889 they came to
+light in a Suffolk manor-house!
+
+It is difficult to portray in words the sensations of the book-collector
+when engaged in searching some ancient building or library--especially if
+he be upon a 'hot scent.' The thrills that he experiences as he handles
+some rich volume that has lain hid for years, the delicious excitement
+that pervades him while exploring some huge charter chest or ancient
+oaken press, these are feelings not to be described in words. 'It was
+discovered in the library at such and such a place,' we read, and we
+barely stop to picture the scene of its finding or to imagine the
+sensations of its finder. The very finding at Syon by 'Master Richard
+Sutton, Esq.,' of the manuscript containing the 'revelacions' of St.
+Katherin of Siena, from which de Worde printed his edition, conjures up a
+whole romance in itself; yet in his eulogy of the work Wynkyn dismisses
+the matter briefly, merely stating that it was found 'in a corner by
+itself.' 'We were shipwrecked,' says the mariner, relating his
+adventures; and in those three words what a world of incident and
+sensations is comprised!
+
+Our book-hunter confesses frankly to having had much good luck in book
+collecting. Some years ago he made up his mind to start collecting
+Elzeviers, more with the intention of gathering a representative
+collection of books printed by that great family of printers than with
+any idea of specialising in them. Probably he was urged thereto by
+reading that wholly delightful book 'The Library' by Andrew Lang, wherein
+the author discourses so pleasantly on these rare pygmies of the book
+world. 'The Pastissier Francois,' we read, 'has lately fetched L600 at a
+sale'; and the 'Caesar' of 1635 seemed nearly as rare, provided it were a
+copy of that impression wherein the 149th page is misprinted '153.' A
+little later our bookman was dipping, for the _n_-th time, into that
+bibliophile's bible 'The Book Hunter,' by John Hill Burton, whose opinion
+of the Caesar seemed even higher, for he devotes nearly half a page to
+the little volume which Brunet describes as 'une des plus jolies et plus
+rares de la collection des Elsevier.'
+
+That decided our friend. He would collect Elzeviers. Moreover, he would
+continue to collect them until he had acquired both the 'Pastissier
+Francois' and the 1635 'Caesar.' Such was the confidence of youth! So he
+sallied forth straight away, determined to ransack the nooks and corners
+of certain shops of his acquaintance.
+
+He didn't find the 'Pastissier Francois' that afternoon, but he found the
+1635 'Caesar' in Charing Cross Road for _two shillings_. Moreover, it had
+the requisite misprint and certain other distinctions which proclaim it
+to be of the rare impression, and it is no less than 126 millimetres in
+height! He has not yet come across the Pastissier, but doubtless he will
+find a copy one day, provided his luck holds good.
+
+The little 'Pastissier' is a far more interesting volume than the
+'Caesar.' The latter is a dainty book, beautifully printed upon fine
+paper, with folding maps and plans of castramentation. The 'Pastissier,'
+on the other hand, is a disappointing little book in appearance, for it
+is but indifferently printed upon poor paper. It cannot even claim the
+merit of originality, being merely a pirated reprint of a volume that
+appeared in Paris some two years previously.[11] But it is very, very
+rare, and it has been celebrated by many distinguished pens.
+
+'"Monsieur," said I, "pray forgive me if my question seems impertinent,
+but are you extremely fond of eggs?"'
+
+Such were the words with which Alexandre Dumas first addressed Charles
+Nodier, the famous dramatist and bibliophile, whom he found sitting next
+to him at the Theatre Porte-Saint-Martin. Dumas' curiosity as to the
+little volume that was engrossing his neighbour's attention more than
+the play was at length allayed, and it was a view of the title-page that
+prompted his unusual question. Looking over his neighbour's shoulder, he
+read, opposite the engraved frontispiece, as follows:--
+
+[Illustration: LE PASTISSIER FRANCOIS
+Ou est enseigne la maniere de
+faire toute sorte de Pastisserie,
+tres-utile a toute sorte
+de personnes.
+_ENSEMBLE_
+_Le moyen d'aprester toutes sortes d'oeufs_
+_pour les jours maigres & autres,_
+_en plus de soixante facons._
+_A AMSTERDAM_
+Chez Louys & Daniel Elzevier
+_A M DC LV._]
+
+But Nodier was far from being the gourmet that Dumas supposed him to be.
+He was merely a bookhunter devouring a rare 'find'; and the little book,
+he explained to Dumas, was one of those tiny volumes published in the
+seventeenth century by the house of the Elzeviers at Leyden and
+Amsterdam; and of all the many productions of that press, this was the
+most sought for by collectors.
+
+Elzeviers, however, are no longer fashionable, in this country at least.
+The Caesar might possibly bring five pounds if it came to the notice of an
+Elzevier specialist, but I doubt it.[12] Only the Pastissier has retained
+its exalted price, probably on account of its notoriety. A copy, in
+modern calf binding, sold recently (1917) at Sotheby's for so much as
+L130; but Lord Vernon's copy, choicely bound by Cape, realised only L70
+at the Sudbury sale in June 1918. However, it was a poor copy and much
+cut down.
+
+Railway-trains, among other things, have killed Elzeviers. Nothing could
+be more convenient for saddle-bag or knapsack, or the restricted luggage
+which one could stow in the boot of a coach. But who makes a practice
+nowadays of putting books into his suit-case or gladstone-bag?[13]
+Besides, before the advent of railways, there was not the same facility
+for distributing books, and one might travel many leagues and visit many
+villages without coming to a place where there would be a bookshop. In
+travelling nowadays one is continually in the presence of cheap books.
+
+The fate of the little Pastissier was probably that of many popular
+books. There must have been thousands of copies of it printed. Dumas, in
+that delightful chapter of 'Mes Memoires' which we have just quoted,
+makes Nodier say, 'Techener declares that there were five thousand five
+hundred copies issued, and I maintain that there were more than ten
+thousand printed'; and he goes on to declare that 'there are probably
+only ten examples of it left in Europe.' Willems, however, in his
+bibliography of the Elzeviers published in 1880, enumerates some thirty
+copies, and states that the highest price yet paid for the Pastissier
+was 10,000 francs. But that was for a quite exceptional copy. From 4,500
+francs to 5,500 francs seems to have been the average value of the book
+in Willems' time, and, enthusiast as he is, he hesitates not to describe
+it as a 'bouquin insignifiant et mediocrement imprime.'
+
+Its scarcity at the present day is, perhaps, not surprising; for, from
+the very nature of its contents, its habitat must always have been the
+kitchen rather than the library. How long would such a tiny volume, with
+its 130 thin paper leaves, bear the rough and greasy handling of chefs
+and 'pastissiers'? Book-shelves are rare in kitchens, and the little book
+must have been continually moved from pillar to post. Besides, it is
+unlikely that copies for kitchen use would be strongly bound in morocco.
+The very printing and paper of the book sufficiently indicate the use to
+which its producers at least expected it to be put. So the little 'French
+pastrycook' gradually disappeared. Those for whose benefit it had been
+written would soon learn its secrets by heart and confide them verbally
+to their apprentices; and it would not be long ere the tattered and
+greasy booklet found its way into the dustbin.
+
+Of all the _rarae aves_ sought by book-collectors this little volume is
+perhaps the most widely known. That copies may still exist in this
+country is shown to be possible by the fact (recorded by Willems) that
+one was sold at an auction in Belfast. Another was found at Brighton, and
+occasionally one appears in the London salerooms, as we have shown. It
+requires little imagination to picture merchants and travellers, whose
+paths led through the Low Countries at that time, slipping copies into
+their pockets or holsters for use in the household across the water. Many
+a courtly exile during the Protectorate, glancing through the bookshops
+of Amsterdam, must have chanced upon the little volume as a gift for wife
+or daughter.
+
+Numbers, also, must have found their way to France. Some years ago our
+book-hunter happened to stay at an ancient hostel in Rouen. From the
+outside the building was everything that could possibly be desired by
+bibliophile or antiquary. It was situated in one of those quaint narrow
+back streets that lead towards the Place Henri Quatre; and the courtyard
+was so small as scarcely to allow a baker's cart to turn round in it.
+Like many of the houses in this ancient town, its crookedness was such
+that it seemed impossible for it to remain standing much longer.
+Misgivings arose within him as he ascended the staircase, which seemed to
+sway as he avoided the broken treads. But the sight of the bedroom he was
+to occupy, furnished with such furniture and such a bed, all spotlessly
+clean and polished, sent him into the seventh heaven of delight. Here he
+could read and write undisturbed for as long as he chose to stay. Surely
+pleasant surprises must be in store for one in every way in such
+surroundings as these!
+
+It was not long before he got one.
+
+'Will Monsieur require anything to be cooked for him to-night?' inquired
+the trim hostess.
+
+It was rather late and our bookman was disinclined to seek a restaurant.
+Besides, he was anxious to explore his lodging before it got too dark. An
+omelette would be delicious, provided she could make one properly.
+
+'Eggs, perhaps, and tea, with bread and butter'--could she turn the eggs
+into an omelette?
+
+'Why certainly,' with a merry laugh, 'of course--_I can prepare eggs in
+more than sixty ways._'
+
+To say that our book-hunter started would be to put it mildly. A certain
+title-page instantly rose before his eyes. There was only one way in
+which anybody could possibly learn to cook eggs in sixty different ways,
+and that was by studying the 'Pastissier Francois.' Without the slightest
+doubt the hostess possessed a copy, and he was at last to look upon the
+tiny volume that he had sought for so long. But as she seemed so proud of
+her achievement, could she be induced to part with the precious tome?
+These and many other kindred thoughts passed rapidly through his mind as
+he repeated slowly 'en plus de soixante facons?'
+
+She laughed again. Ah yes, but she couldn't repeat them _d'abord_, she
+would have to _refer to her book_.
+
+He had difficulty in controlling his voice sufficiently to inquire what
+her book was.
+
+Oh, it was just a little book which her mother had given her, a little
+book of _la cuisine_. Could he see it? Why certainly, but it could not
+possibly interest monsieur, it was only a common little book, and dirty.
+
+Ah, as usual it would be soiled, perhaps badly, for it was evidently
+still in constant use; but so long as it were complete one might possibly
+be able to clean it. What delightful thoughts and anticipations passed
+through his mind as the hostess slowly descended the rickety stairs to
+fetch her treasure! At last he had found it, and just in the very sort of
+house and town where he had always expected to come across it. Well,
+well, if you make up your mind to have a thing and search eagerly enough
+for it, you are bound to obtain it in the long run.
+
+Then another thought entered his mind: how much should he offer her for
+it? Probably she would not part with it unless he named a sum which she
+could not resist; yet if the sum were at all large she might suspect the
+book's value and refuse. Ten francs, twenty-five, a hundred? While he was
+deliberating this important point she was ascending the stairs. Should he
+turn his back to her, shut his eyes, and tell her to place the volume on
+the middle of the table, then suddenly turn about and gloat upon the
+little treasure?
+
+Before he could make up his mind she came in and he got his second
+surprise that day. It was not as pleasant as the first, for in her hands
+she held a thick octavo volume bound in shiny black leather. Heavens!
+. . . a large-paper copy? . . . No, no, impossible. . . .
+
+'Le voici, m'sieu.'
+
+Our poor book-hunter's feelings almost overcame him, and he opened the
+dirty manuscript volume mechanically, feebly muttering 'tres
+interessant.' She watched him closely, and from that moment considered
+him slightly mad. However, the book certainly did contain sixty-two
+recipes for cooking eggs as well as receipts for making fancy pastry and
+cakes. Whether it was copied out of the 'Pastissier' I know not; but
+certain it is that the hostess had no knowledge of, nor had ever seen,
+that volume.
+
+There must be many book-treasures lying hid in all these ancient towns of
+Northern France, towns also that lie far off the restless tourist's
+track, small country towns in which the majority of the houses are
+slipshod timbered relics of a bygone age. No striking or unusual feature
+can they offer to the curious, and so for the most part they are
+dismissed in brief by the guide book. Yet there is many an aged building
+in Brittany where old books do still lie hid, as our bookman knows from
+the library of a friend who lives in Finisterre. St. Brieuc, Guingamp,
+Morlaix, Quimper, even Brest, all these must harbour long-forgotten
+books.
+
+But there are other towns which no power on earth shall force our
+book-hunter to disclose. One there is far off the beaten track, where the
+houses, painted with bright colours, lean all askew, supporting each
+other and sometimes almost toppling across the narrow winding streets. So
+that, entering it, one seems to have stepped suddenly into some such
+fairy town as exists in the pages of Grimm or Hans Andersen; and, half
+ashamed, one peers curiously at the dwellers in this goblin town, as
+though expecting to find that they have pointed ears and narrow elfin
+feet. They never seem to move about, and, sitting at almost every
+doorstep, watch one intently from weird nooks and crannies. Hurry and
+bustle are here unknown, and though they will reply to you in the best of
+French, yet to each other the townsfolk speak a strange and uncouth
+tongue.
+
+Once, rambling in the narrow alleys about the ancient church, our
+book-hunter ventured through a gothic doorway along a broad passage that
+was guarded by a huge and ancient iron grille and presently he found
+himself in a small courtyard paved with moss-grown cobbles. About it was
+a timbered gallery, roofed, once doubtless level, now gently and
+gracefully undulating so that it seemed about to fall from off the wall
+to which it was attached. But the walls had also subsided with the
+gallery, so that the whole still showed a symmetry that was pleasing to
+the eye. Above the gallery and across the front of the building had been
+painted the legend HOTEL DU LION D'OR, and a dim weatherbeaten shield
+above the doorway still bore the trace of a rampant lion. It seemed a
+large building, judging by the number of its windows, far larger than its
+present-day custom could possibly warrant.
+
+The place was curiously still, for the noise of carts and footsteps could
+never penetrate into that silent court, and it must have been many years
+since chaise or horseman clattered across its now mossy _pave_. The
+stillness was almost uncanny, forbidding, and our book-hunter hesitated
+to cross the courtyard lest the sound of his footsteps should disturb the
+slumber of the ancient building. Presently a rat squealed somewhere along
+the gallery, and a voice called out sharply within. The spell was broken,
+and entering the house he called for a 'petit verre' preparatory to
+finding out something of the inn's history.
+
+Yes, it was very old, and madame had been born in it; but now that she
+was left alone with Jeanne it was very lonely, and there was little
+custom. Did they have many travellers there? Oh no, not for a long time,
+the house was not easy to find, and as the old customers died none came
+to fill their places. But sometimes Messieurs So and So came in of an
+evening and took a 'petit verre,' and then the neighbours were very
+friendly, so it was not so bad.
+
+So the hostess prattled on, only too pleased to impart the news of her
+little world to a newcomer from the greater one, while all the time
+fantastic visions rose before him. He pictured old hide-bound trunks
+that had been left behind by travellers who had never returned, trunks
+which, opened, would prove to contain priceless black-letter books:
+boxes, stored in attics and cellars and in concealed presses, which would
+contain ancient apparel with copies of the 'Pastissier' in the pockets:
+small travelling bags, tendered by needy scholars in lieu of payment,
+which he would find stuffed with rare Elzeviers: rusty iron-bound chests
+enclosing missals, books of hours and antiphonals: in short to such
+heights did his imagination soar that he resolved to sojourn there till
+he had explored the old house from attic to cellar.
+
+Then a rat squealed again, near at hand. Oh yes, they were everywhere,
+ever since Monsieur Gautier rented the left wing of the house to store
+grain in; and they were _so_ tame and _so_ large that Madame was obliged
+to keep miou-miou in her bedroom every night.
+
+That decided our book-hunter. Enthusiasm can be carried too far. Even the
+possibilities of a rich trover would not compensate for having rats
+running about one's bed at night. Moreover the vermin would surely have
+gnawed, if not devoured, any copies of the 'Pastissier' that might have
+been lying about, even if these were innocent of bacon-grease stains. And
+so consoling himself, he took another 'petit verre' and departed, casting
+more than one regretful glance backwards at the old Lion d'Or.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Apparently there is only one copy of Upton's work in the United
+States at present--that which was formerly in the Huth Library. It was
+purchased at Sotheby's in July, 1920, by a well-known New York dealer,
+Mr. G. D. Smith, for ten guineas, the writer of these lines being the
+underbidder. Mr. Smith had sent "an unlimited commission" to secure it.
+An announcement in _The Bookman's Journal_ (1920) asking for information
+respecting other copies elicited but one response.
+
+Since writing the above, the author has secured the splendid presentation
+copy given by Upton's editor (Bysshe) to the great Parliamentary leader,
+Sir Humphrey Mackworth, of Neath, in Glamorganshire. It had remained at
+Glen Uske until the dispersal of the Mackworth Library in 1920.
+
+[2] No. 16096. See page 164.
+
+[3] Possibly the title was _Nigromanser_, from _niger_, black, and
+_manser_, a bastard.
+
+[4] The perfect copy was purchased by Mr. Pierpont Morgan at the sale of
+the Hoe Library, in 1911, for L8,560. It formed originally one of the
+twenty-two Caxtons which were dispersed in 1698 with the library of Dr.
+Francis Bernard, Physician to King James the Second, when it realised two
+and tenpence! It became the property of the great Robert Harley, Earl of
+Oxford, and was acquired later by the Countess of Jersey for two and a
+half guineas. Passing thus into the Osterley Park collection, it was
+purchased, when that library was sold in 1885, by Bernard Quaritch for
+L1,950, becoming the property, the same year, of Mrs. Abby E. Pope, of
+Brooklyn, U.S.A.
+
+[5] By Edward More of Hambledon, Bucks.
+
+[6] Mr. E. G. Duff.
+
+[7] For this romantic story see _Books in Manuscript_, by Mr. Falconer
+Madan, 8vo, 1893, p. 107 _et seq._
+
+[8] Book-collectors always speak of _The_ Farringdon Road; why, I know
+not, but the definite article certainly gives it an old-world tang.
+
+[9] Alas for romance! Truth compels me to add that as the Great Fire
+swept across this very court, the existing house must date at earliest
+from King Charles' reign. But the site and tradition as to its former
+owner may well be true.
+
+[10] _The Courtier_, by Baldassare Castiglione, was first printed at
+Venice in 1528, folio. This letter was written by the fearless churchman,
+then of Wolsey's household, on the great Cardinal's 'last lingering
+journey north.' There is, perhaps, a certain significance in his wish to
+study a volume which treats of the art of living in courts, and of
+becoming useful and agreeable to princes, for he was shortly to transfer
+his services to a royal master.
+
+[11] At the sale of Baron Seilliere's books in 1887, a copy of this
+prototype of the Elzevier volume, printed at Paris 'chez Jean Gaillard,'
+1653, brought only L6, 10s. It was described as 'a beautiful copy, red
+morocco, super extra, gilt edges, by Petit.' It is exceedingly rare,
+but--it is not an Elzevier.
+
+[12] A recent (1920) catalogue offers a copy for thirty-five shillings.
+
+[13] I confess that I do, but then I am hopelessly out of date, or I
+shouldn't be fond of Elzeviers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE LIBRARY
+
+      'Unto their lodgings then his guestes he riddes:
+    Where when all drownd in deadly sleepe he findes,
+    He to his studie goes.'--SPENSER.
+
+
+WHAT magic there is for the book-lover in that word 'library'! Does it
+not instantly conjure up a vision of happy solitude, a peaceful seclusion
+where we may lie hidden from our fellow-creatures, an absence of idle
+chatter to distract our thoughts, and countless books about us on either
+hand? No man with any pretensions to learning can possibly fail to be
+impressed when he enters an ancient library, older perhaps by generations
+than the art of printing itself.
+
+    'With awe, around these silent walks I tread,
+     These are the lasting mansions of the dead:
+     "The dead!" methinks a thousand tongues reply,
+     "These are the tombs of such as cannot die!"
+     Crowned with eternal fame, they sit sublime,
+     And laugh at all the little strife of time.'
+
+They are delicious retreats, abodes of seasoned thought and peaceful
+meditation, these ancient homes of books. 'I no sooner come into the
+library,' wrote Heinz, that great literary counsellor of the Elzeviers,
+'than I bolt the door, excluding Lust, Ambition, Avarice, and all such
+vices, whose nurse is Idleness, the mother of Ignorance and Melancholy.
+In the very lap of Eternity, among so many divine souls, I take my seat
+with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all great men and
+rich to whom this happiness is unknown.'
+
+Happy indeed are those days when the book-lover has been accorded the
+freedom of some ancient library. A delicious feeling of tranquillity
+pervades him as he selects some nook and settles himself to read.
+Presently the mood takes him to explore, and he wanders about from case
+to case, now taking down some plump folio and glancing at the title-page
+and type, now counting the engravings of another and collating it in his
+mind, now comparing the condition of a third with the copy which he has
+at home, now searching through the text of some small duodecimo to see
+whether it contains the usual blanks or colophon. But presently he will
+chance upon some tome whose appeal is irresistible. So he retires with it
+to his nook, and is soon absorbed once more with that tranquillity which
+is better than great riches.
+
+Dearly, however, though we may treasure the benefits and conveniences
+which these libraries of ancient foundation afford, for most of us there
+is another library that is nearer to our hearts; that cosy chamber with
+which we are accustomed to associate warmth, comfort, soft chairs and
+footrests, a wide writing-table that we may pile high with books, with
+scribbling-paper, foolscap and marking-slips in plenty. In short, a room
+so far removed from earthly cares and noise, that the dim occasional
+sounds of the outside world serve but to accentuate our absolute
+possession of ease. Here we may labour undisturbed though surrounded by a
+thousand friends. Or, if the mood take us, we may abandon ourselves to
+idle meditation
+
+    'Where glowing embers through the room
+     Teach light to counterfeit a gloom,'
+
+and, lying back at our ease, may gaze contentedly upon the faithful
+companions of our crowded solitude, gathering inspiration from their
+silent sympathy.
+
+Each to his taste. Whether we be student, book-hunter, librarian, or
+precentor,[14] no earthly abode can be compared with that garden of our
+choice wherein we labour so contentedly. It may be a small room in our
+own house, it may be an ancient university or college library, but it is
+all one: it is a library, that haven of refuge from our worldly cares,
+where troubles are forgotten and sorrows lightened by the gently
+persuasive experience of the wise men that have gone before us.
+
+But, mark you, it must be literally removed from cares and noise, for it
+is impossible to study at all deeply while exposed to interruption. How
+terribly most of us have suffered from this form of mental torture, for
+it is little else! What trains of lucid thought, what word-pictures have
+been destroyed by thoughtless breakings of the chain of sequence! 'I have
+never known persons who exposed themselves for years to constant
+interruption who did not muddle away their intellects by it at last,'
+wrote Miss Florence Nightingale. Hamerton, quoting her, is equally
+emphatic upon this point.
+
+'If,' he writes, 'you are reading in the daytime in a house where there
+are women and children, or where people can fasten upon you for pottering
+details of business, you may be sure that you will _not_ be able to get
+to the end of the passage without in some way or other being rudely
+awakened from your dream, and suddenly brought back into the common
+world. The loss intellectually is greater than any one who had not
+suffered from it could imagine. People think that an interruption is
+merely the unhooking of an electric chain, and that the current will
+flow, when the chain is hooked on again, just as it did before. To the
+intellectual and imaginative student an interruption is not that; it is
+the destruction of a picture.'
+
+Who has not suffered from the idle chatter, or even worse--the lowered
+voice, that often assails the ear when working in our larger public
+libraries? Some innocent-looking individual will be reading quietly some
+paces away, so quietly and decorously in fact that one's heart goes out
+to him as a sympathetic fellow-bookman. Then enters some one whom he
+knows. In a flash he becomes a fiend incarnate. A word or two of greeting
+spoken in an ordinary voice one would pardon; but a long conversation is
+carried on in a monotonous forced undertone, terrible in its intensity.
+It is impossible to read so long as the conversation lasts, and murder
+surges in one's heart. O for the power to drop ten atlas folios in a pile
+upon their heads! People do not realise the carrying power of a strained
+and lowered voice. Generally the volume of sound is the same as when
+speaking aloud, for the tone is merely lowered and the same amount of
+breath is used. But often more force is required to vibrate the slackened
+vocal chords, and the maddening sound reaches to every corner of the
+building.
+
+In the Reading Room of the British Museum one is constantly aware of this
+buzzing going on all over the room. Would that the rule enforced at one
+of our older monasteries were applied: 'In the Chafynghowys al brethren
+schal speke latyn or els keep silence.' This would indeed ensure
+quietness nowadays. The rule for nuns, however (who, presumably, were not
+so well acquainted with Latin) would be better still. They were not to
+speak at all.[15]
+
+So, if it be possible, see to it that your library, study, sanctum, or
+whatever you may call that one room in the house which is sacred to the
+daughters of Mnemosyne, is really your own: that it be a close closet to
+which you (and you alone) may retire at all seasons, certain in the
+knowledge that by closing the door you may shut out effectually all
+earthly cares and interruptions. Whether you are engaged in research
+merely for the gratification of your desire to possess knowledge, or
+whether literary production be your aim, unless you may study undisturbed
+your labours will never bear their full fruit. Interrupted, your
+knowledge will be scanty, diverse, and generally inapplicable, your
+literary output sketchy, incoherent, and disconnected.
+
+Perhaps it is this incubus of interruption that drives so many men to
+working late at night. Doubtless those whose habit it is to work at that
+season produce just as good work in those hours as at any other time;
+possibly better, for habit may have accustomed them to put forth their
+finest intellectual efforts at that time of day. But the mind that has
+been brought up to rise at seven and go to bed at ten, is undoubtedly at
+its best before noon. Night working is not a natural tendency, it is an
+acquired habit; and though the expression 'burning the midnight oil' is
+taken to be synonymous with the acquisition of learning, yet in the long
+run it is but a poor economy of time, for the wisdom so acquired is often
+obtained at the cost of health and eyesight.
+
+And what is freedom from interruption but another name for solitude? It
+may be temporary, it may be prolonged, it may be permanent, but for the
+intellectual man it is absolutely essential. No one would be so foolish
+as to deny that literary work of the highest rank can be, and has been
+frequently, accomplished amid the bustle and noise of cities; witness the
+works of those literary giants who have passed their lives as
+town-dwellers. Doubtless they obtained the necessary solitude by
+spiritual detachment. But on the other hand, for intense and prolonged
+meditation, for the communing with one's innermost soul on the immense
+principles of life and nature, for the production of such deep
+soul-searching work as we see in the compositions of a Kempis, Dante,
+Milton, and Wordsworth, absolute solitude for some seasons is essential.
+There must be complete freedom from the daily distractions caused by
+one's fellow-beings.
+
+'Believe me, upon my own experience,' wrote St. Bernard, 'you will find
+more in the woods than in books; the forests and rocks will teach you
+what you cannot learn of the greatest masters.' It is not necessary,
+however, for us to take up our abode in a cave that we may meditate
+undisturbed. Let us rather follow Wordsworth's example when he pours
+forth gratitude
+
+    'For my own peaceful lot and happy choice;
+     A choice that from the passions of the world
+     Withdrew, and fixed me in a still retreat;
+     Sheltered, but not to social duties lost,
+     Secluded, but not buried; and with song
+     Cheering my days, and with industrious thought;
+     With the ever-welcome company of books;
+     With virtuous friendship's soul-sustaining aid,
+     And with the blessings of domestic love.'
+
+It is sufficient if we can withdraw at will into the solitudes. The
+younger Pliny, moralising to his friend Minutius (I should like to think
+him the progenitor of Aldo Manuccio), describes the delights of seclusion
+at his villa on the shore of the Adriatic. 'At such a season,' says he,
+in a retrospect of the day's work, 'one is apt to reflect _how much of my
+life has been lost in trifles_! At least it is a reflection that
+frequently comes across me at Laurentum, after I have been employing
+myself in my studies, or even in the necessary care of the animal
+machine; for the body must be repaired and supported if we would preserve
+the mind in all its vigour. In that peaceful retreat I neither hear nor
+speak anything of which I have occasion to repent. I suffer none to
+repeat to me the whispers of malice; nor do I censure any man, unless
+myself, when I am dissatisfied with my compositions. There I live
+undisturbed by rumour, and free from the anxious solicitudes of hope or
+fear, conversing only with myself and my books. True and genuine life!
+Pleasing and honourable repose! More, perhaps, to be desired than the
+noblest employments! Thou solemn lea and solitary shore, best and most
+retired scene for contemplation, with how many noble thoughts have you
+inspired me! Snatch then, my friend, as I have, the first occasion of
+leaving the noisy town with all its very empty pursuits, and devote your
+days to study, or even resign them to ease. For, as my ingenious friend
+Attilius pleasantly said, 'It is better to do nothing than to be doing
+nothings!''
+
+The great Cardinal Ximenes, in the zenith of his power, built with his
+own hands a hut in a thick unfrequented wood, where he could retire
+occasionally from the busy world. Here he used to pass a few days, every
+now and then, in meditation and study. These he was wont to describe as
+the happiest days of his life, and declared that he would willingly
+exchange all his dignities for his hut in the chestnut wood. Thomas
+Aquinas, coming to visit the learned Bonaventura, asked him to point out
+the books which he used in his studies. The monk led him into his cell
+and showed him a few common volumes upon his table. Thomas explained that
+the books he wished to see were those from which the learned master drew
+so many wonders. Thereupon Bonaventura showed him a small oratory.
+'There,' he said, 'are my books; that is the principal book from which I
+draw all that I teach and write.'
+
+To the thoughtless and those of shallow intellect solitude is inseparable
+from loneliness. There is, for them, something terrible in the thought of
+being debarred, even temporarily, from the society of their
+fellow-beings. 'Retirement,' says Disraeli, 'to the frivolous is a vast
+desert; to the man of genius it is the enchanted garden of Armida.' And
+for 'man of genius' I would substitute 'man of literary pursuits.'
+
+There is a pleasant story told of a monk who lived in the monastery of
+St. Honorat, which is situated on one of the Lerine Islands, off the
+coast of Provence. Possessed of a mind which, in the larger world, would
+indubitably have become an influence in the artistic progress of mankind,
+he found the sole outlet for its expression in the painting of those
+exquisite miniatures which are at once the delight and the despair of a
+more modern age. But it was not in the scriptorium nor was it in the
+bestiaries or the examples of his predecessors that he acquired his art.
+Every year, in the spring and autumn, he would go alone to one of the
+delicious islands of Hyeres, where there was a small hermitage. Here he
+would spend the weeks, not altogether in prayer and fasting, but in
+making friends with the birds and small animals that resorted there;
+studying their gestures, plumage, and colours, that he might reproduce
+them faithfully on the vellum of his missals and devotional books. Surely
+he learnt more on this deserted island than was possible at that time in
+the richest library in France.
+
+There is another kind of solitude, however, which can afford consolation
+to the soul as deep and as lasting as that afforded by the woods, the
+hills, the moors, the islands, those
+
+                             'Waste
+    And solitary places; where we taste
+    The pleasure of believing what we see
+    Is boundless, as we wish our souls to be'--
+
+and that is, the solitude engendered by a deep communion with books. For,
+if our paths lie amid the toil and turmoil of the world, and if it be
+impossible for us to seek seclusion amid the wastes, where else than in a
+library can we obtain that mental solitude so necessary for the
+nourishing of our literary spirit?
+
+Roger Ascham, sick at heart with long parting from his beloved books,
+writes to Sir William Cecil from Brussels in 1553, to beg that 'libertie
+to lern, and leysor to wryte,' which his beloved Cambridge alone could
+afford him. 'I do wel perceyve,' he says, 'their is no soch quietnesse in
+England, nor pleasur in strange contres, as even in S. Jons Colledg, to
+kepe company with the Bible, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, and Tullie.'
+And he goes on to say, 'Thus I, first by myn own natur, . . . lastly
+caulled by quietnesse, thought it good to couche myself in Cambridge
+ageyn.'
+
+Yet although we may seek solitude among our books, how far removed are we
+from being really alone! 'A man is never less alone than when he is
+alone,' said the noble Scipio[16]; and this is especially true of the
+book-lover. What bibliophile does not prefer the companionship of his
+books to that of all other friends? What friends so steadfast, so
+reliable in their friendship, so helpful in our difficulties, so apt upon
+all occasions, as the books which form our library? They are never elated
+at our mistakes, they are never 'superior' when we display ignorance.
+Human friendships are limited; but to the number of our most intimate
+acquaintances in cloth, vellum, and morocco, there is no end.
+
+It is this universal sympathy afforded by our books that makes our
+sanctum such a delicious retreat. Here we need never be bored, for we can
+put aside the tedious or insipid at will, and turn to whatever subject or
+companion our fancy indicates. We are not bound to talk with persons or
+on themes that have no interest for us. There is no clashing of ideas,
+and complete harmony reigns amid our comfort.
+
+To the man of literary tastes there are few things more depressing than
+the conversations of 'small-talk' which an exacting society occasionally
+demands. Who has not suffered from their enervating effects? We are not
+all possessed of that mental abstraction which La Fontaine succeeded in
+carrying with him throughout life, forming a buffer from which all idle
+talk rebounded. He was once asked to dinner by a 'fermier-general' to
+amuse the guests. Thoroughly bored, La Fontaine ate much and said little,
+and rising very early from the table said that he had to go to the
+Academy. 'Oh,' said his host, 'but you are much too early for it.' 'Oh
+well,' replied Jean, '_I shall go the longest way to it._' Poor Jean was
+really very absent-minded. He had a son whom he confided at the age of
+fourteen to a friend to educate. Not having seen the youth for a long
+time, he met him one day at the house of a savant without knowing him.
+Afterwards he happened to mention that he thought him a youth of wit and
+taste. Some one told him that the lad was his own son. 'Is he indeed,'
+said Jean, 'well I'm very glad to hear it.'
+
+There is no end to the delightful hobbies that we may cultivate in a
+library. Here we may go fishing or whaling, fighting battles or exploring
+new countries, tracing pedigrees or going on crusade, cutting our way
+through virgin forests or filling herbaceous borders in our mind, or we
+may even descend into the pyramid of Cheops.
+
+Our book-hunter has a friend whose hobby takes the form of tracing the
+parentage and posterity of men who lived long years ago. They are mostly
+unknown to fame, and their names are only to be found in ancient peerages
+and suchlike books. Whether they were good or bad, religious or wicked,
+useful to their country or indifferent, handsome or ugly, is immaterial
+to him. In some cases they founded families that have endured, in others
+they perished with all their kindred within a century of the Norman
+Conquest. But to our genealogist they are very living people. He is
+intimately acquainted with the most of them, no less than with their
+wives and children, their fathers and grandfathers, their uncles and
+their aunts. As to the personal characteristics of Reginald Fitz-Ranulf
+lord of Bosham Castle in Com. Ebor, or his deeds or memorable actions
+(if, indeed, he ever perpetrated any) this student is unable to enlighten
+us. But that his wife was called Gunnora and that she was a daughter and
+co-heir of Richard de Tourville, he is quite positive. Apparently they
+had two sons, Fulk and Waleran, but our friend is strongly of opinion
+that Hamon FitzReginald (who had a moiety of the manor of Worthleys and
+was co-parcener with Payn FitzGeoffrey lord of Buncombe) was really a son
+of Reginald by a former wife.
+
+The memory of this eager student is little short of marvellous. He can
+remember not only names and marriages, but at least several of the
+families which owned any manor that you like to mention. He would
+certainly have put to the blush Pierre d'Hozier, the great French
+genealogist whose memory was so wonderful that it was said he must surely
+have been present at all the marriages and baptisms in Christendom!
+
+The library of this genealogist is a most interesting room. Many of the
+books necessary for his researches are of folio size and must be ready to
+hand; so they are ranged round the apartment at the level of one's waist.
+On entering the room one is struck by this belt of massive volumes, the
+more so when their owner takes them up casually and turns to page after
+page without ever troubling to refer to the index.
+
+An evening spent with him is quite exciting. He asks the book-hunter's
+assistance over a knotty point. Several huge sheets of paper are laid
+upon the table, and each step in the pedigree is debated graphically.
+Volume after volume is referred to. At the slightest hitch out come
+Patent Rolls, Close Rolls, Fine Rolls, Pipe Rolls, and records of almost
+every description. Presently the room has the appearance of having been
+struck by a tornado. Volumes are lying about everywhere, and in every
+conceivable position. The floor is covered with them, all the chairs are
+in use, three Patent Rolls are lying open and face downwards on the
+mantelpiece, there are several on the hearthrug. In fact it is now
+impossible to move. Yet our host, accustomed to these things, in his
+search for a volume jumps from spot to spot with the agility of an
+antelope. The book-shelves are half-emptied, some of the remaining
+volumes have fallen down. My coffee cup lies on a pile composed of
+_Rotuli Hundredorum_, a _Placita Abbreviatio_, and a _Testa de Nevil_.
+But it is good fun, if exhausting, and a sovereign cure for insomnia. Our
+book-hunter usually leaves him about one o'clock in the morning, and the
+genealogist is genuinely sorry when he goes.
+
+But to tell the truth our bookman is not a bit the wiser as to Reginald
+FitzRanulf!
+
+One day friend Brown (for so he is called) came to see the book-hunter in
+great distress. He had but lately become a parent, and was still slightly
+excited about it.
+
+''Pon my word,' said he, 'I don't know what to do. You know how proud I
+am of my family, and how I hoped all along that it would be a boy so that
+I could give it the name that generations of my ancestors possessed. And
+now Mary says she won't hear of it.'
+
+The bookman sympathised with him, but asked what was the proposed name.
+
+'Turchetil,' said he; 'they were all called that for generations. But of
+course the name wasn't Brown then, Le Brun was the family name in the
+twelfth century.'
+
+'A fine lofty name,' replied his friend, 'but wouldn't Turchetil Brown
+sound rather funny nowadays?'
+
+'I don't see why,' said he stiffly; 'they're both good old names.'
+
+The bookman assented, though inwardly he could not but agree with Mrs.
+Brown. Turchetil Le Brun was one thing, and Turchetil Brown quite
+another. Perhaps, however, a compromise might be reached.
+
+'Is there no other ancient name in your family that would do?' he
+suggested.
+
+'Yes,' said the genealogist, 'there are two others, but not so good as
+Turchetil. They are Baldric and Bigod . . .'
+
+Truly the study of genealogy has its disadvantages. There must have been
+great bitterness in the Brown household before its mistress obtained her
+own way, and even more in the heart of our poor friend as he stood at the
+font and heard his firstborn son irrevocably named--George.
+
+Another friend and brother collector with whom our book-hunter sometimes
+passes an evening is a medical man of no small talent. But attached as he
+is to his profession, archaeology is for ever striving with medicine for
+the first place in his affections, and his knowledge of herbals and the
+literature of alchemy is immense. His collection of works dealing with
+these subjects is well known to the booksellers, and the book-hunter
+sometimes receives a line from him asking him to pay a visit for the
+purpose of examining some recently acquired treasure.
+
+Of late his hobby has taken a curious turn. A chance conversation induced
+him to inquire into the death of Queen Anne. He professed to discover, in
+the accounts of her demise, certain symptoms which indicated a different
+disease from that usually assigned to her. So now he must needs hold an
+inquest upon the death of each one of our sovereigns, from the time of
+King William the Conqueror. He is exceedingly enthusiastic about it, and
+is preparing a paper to read before the local antiquarian society. In
+this he hopes to prove conclusively the impossibility of lampreys having
+had any share in the death of Henry the First, which was clearly due to
+appendicitis.
+
+Sometimes when the book-hunter visited his medical friend he would find
+another collector there already, deep in bookish or scientific talk. Like
+the doctor, the biologist was a specialist in books no less than in
+science, and his hobby comprised a field till recent times untilled. Keen
+though he was in his pursuit, it was the sea that claimed his every day
+of leisure. An active mind, eager in the elucidation of the more abstruse
+problems of physiology, yet his alert bearing, his quickness of movement
+and springy step, spoke more of the quarterdeck than the laboratory.
+Denied the sea as a profession, his heart was for ever in ships; and when
+at length preferment took him inland to one of the ancient seats of
+learning, the ordered training of his mind turned his hobby towards the
+history and evolution of all craft that sail upon the waters.
+
+He is a great authority upon all matters pertaining to the rigging of
+mediaeval ships. The history of their hulls he leaves to the attention of
+the important societies of nautical research. But on the evolution of the
+sky-topsail or fore-top-gallant-backstays his word carries much weight.
+He will travel a hundred miles in a week-end to see an illumination or
+carving of a ship, and his vacations he spends touring France and
+Flanders in search of stained glass windows that may throw some light
+upon his hobby. His collection of seals incised with ancient ships is a
+fine one, and the proceedings of more than one society are the richer for
+his researches.
+
+Not long ago I came across another example of the manifold uses to which
+a private library can be put. A friend had given me a letter of
+introduction to a collector with whom he desired me to become
+acquainted. I was given to understand that the fellow-spirit was an
+exceedingly well-read man, and something of a wanderer.
+
+'He's a great traveller,' said my friend with a laugh, 'there's hardly a
+country in the world that he has not visited.'
+
+'What an interesting man he must be,' I replied, 'but why do you laugh?'
+
+'Oh, you'll see all right presently,' said he; 'but go and spend an
+evening with him; you will certainly be entertained--provided you are
+sympathetic and content to let him do all the talking.'
+
+So a few days later I called at the house of the traveller. He welcomed
+me in his study, a fine large room yet possessed of that cosiness
+imparted by the presence of many books. The walls were entirely covered
+with bookcases to a height of about eight feet; and these contained, he
+told me, about three thousand volumes. At the end of this long room was a
+wide bay window, and here was placed a comfortable easy chair with twin
+oak tables, very strong and low, at either arm. Close at hand were a
+revolving bookcase and a stand containing five or six japanned cylinders
+about three feet long, and some six inches across, such as are used to
+contain nautical charts.
+
+'You are fond of travel, are you not?' I remarked, as soon as I was
+settled. 'Jones told me that there are few countries with which you are
+unacquainted.'
+
+'That is so,' he replied; 'travel has always been my passion from my
+youth up, and of all the volumes which you see around you, there are
+scarcely a hundred that do not treat of some foreign country or voyage.'
+
+'How interesting,' I replied; 'it is a wise old dictum that there is
+nothing like travel to broaden one's mind. Unless we acquaint ourselves
+with the opinions held by men of other nations, men whose everyday life
+differs so widely from our own, who see things consequently from a
+different standpoint, how can we expect to regard any subject from all
+its various aspects, which is essential if we are to pronounce an
+opinion which----'
+
+'Quite so,' he interrupted, eyeing me suspiciously, and obviously fearing
+from my verbiage that he was about to be beset by a bore. (To tell the
+truth, I was rather glad of his interruption, for the sentence was
+beginning to get out of hand.) 'As you say, there's nothing like travel
+to broaden the mind. Why,' he went on hurriedly, 'before I was eighteen I
+had been up Aconcagua with Conway.'
+
+'Really?' I said, trying to associate the two with a country and a date.
+(Of course I knew where Aconcagua was--it was one of the most familiar
+names in my geography, only for the moment memory was a little
+refractory. Obviously it was a mountain, because he spoke of having been
+'up' it. The name had a Spanish ending--of course! now I knew.) 'A
+wonderful country, Mexico,' I went on.
+
+'Mexico?' said he; 'yes, I know Mexico too. Been right through it, from
+Chihuahua to Tehuentepec and Campeachy.' (This was unfortunate, but
+apparently he didn't notice the mistake, for he went on at once.) 'But as
+I was saying, I'd been up Aconcagua before I left school.'
+
+'Good gracious,' I replied, amazed at his intrepidity, 'that must have
+been an experience!'
+
+'Rather,' said he: 'Haven't you read Conway's book? Published in '02, I
+think.' He strode across the room and brought back a volume. 'Yes, 1902:
+capital book; well worth reading. But Mexico,' he continued, without
+giving me time to display the knowledge that I suddenly recollected as I
+turned the pages of the book, 'Ah! there's a country for you! How I
+enjoyed my first visit! Ever been there?'
+
+'Alas! no,' I replied; 'but one of my fondest dreams has been to visit
+the ancient cities of the new world.' (I thought that was rather nicely
+put.)
+
+'Charnay,' he said; 'you know Charnay, then? It was he who took me there
+first. Early 'eighties, I think.' He pulled out another volume and turned
+to the title-page. 'Here we are, "The Ancient Cities of the New World,"
+'87. My copy is only the translation, published two years after the
+original appeared.'
+
+This puzzled me rather. If he had been eighteen in 1902, he must have
+been a mere babe in 1885.
+
+'Rather young, were you not, when you were there?' I ventured.
+
+'Young? Why?' he replied.
+
+'Oh, only because you said that you were eighteen when you ascended
+Aconcagua in 1902, so I thought that you must have been rather young when
+you were in Mexico in 1885.'
+
+He stood still and stared at me, a puzzled look on his face.
+
+'Good gracious,' he said, 'didn't Jones tell you? Didn't he explain to
+you about me and my travels?'
+
+'Oh yes,' I hastened to reassure him, fearful that I had given offence;
+'he told me that you were a widely-travelled man; and, if you will permit
+me to say so, I think he understated----'
+
+'Yes, yes,' he went on, 'but didn't he tell you _how_ I travelled? Didn't
+he tell you that I had never been out of Europe? This is my world,' he
+continued, waving his arm round the bookcases; 'here are my Americas, my
+Africa, my Asia, my Europe, and my Australia. There (pointing to a case
+by the window) is my West Indies, here (indicating another one) is my
+Polynesia, there my Arctic and Antarctic. Here (patting the back of the
+big easy chair) is my steamboat, my mule, and my camel. No weather can
+delay me, no storm prevent my setting out. Though it snow a blizzard,
+still can I cross the very summits of the Andes: be there a year-old
+drought, still may I journey from Sydney to Port Darwin overland.'
+
+I could only marvel at the man. No world-wide traveller could have been
+prouder or have found greater satisfaction in the contemplation of his
+travels. And a further conversation assured me that, assisted by a good
+memory, he knew more, far more, of the countries about which he had read
+so many books than did ninety-nine out of a hundred of the tourists who
+had actually visited those lands.
+
+'Don't think,' he said, 'that I merely pass my time reading promiscuously
+all manner of books of travel. I do nothing of the sort. At the beginning
+of each year I map out the countries I intend to visit during that year.
+So much time is allotted to each, according to the size of the country
+and that of its travel literature. Then I compile a list of the books
+that I intend to read, and the order in which they should be read. I have
+a fine collection of maps, and those tin cylinders over there contain
+charts, by means of which I am enabled to follow more accurately and
+minutely the different journeys and voyages that I make.
+
+'Let me give you an example.' Here he took a thin octavo book from one of
+the cases. 'This is Commodore John Byron's narrative of the loss of
+H.M.S. _Wager_, one of Anson's squadron, on the coast of Chili, in 1740.
+It was published in 1768, and is, in my opinion, one of the most
+thrilling tales of shipwreck and suffering that has ever been written. I
+dare say you remember Campbell's beautiful lines in "The Pleasures of
+Hope"; they are pencilled on the fly-leaf of my copy:--
+
+    '"And such thy strength-inspiring aid that bore
+     The hardy Byron to his native shore--
+     In horrid climes, where Chiloe's tempests sweep
+     Tumultuous murmurs o'er the troubled deep,
+     'Twas his to mourn misfortune's rudest shock,
+     Scourg'd by the winds, and cradled on the rock,
+     To wake each joyless morn and search again
+     The famish'd haunts of solitary men."
+
+'There is no map in the volume, much less a chart, to show where the ship
+struck, though we are told that the land was "on the larboard beam,
+bearing N.W.," and that they landed "in the latitude of between 47 and
+48 deg. South." But without charts and maps how can one possibly follow the
+journey of the four poor sufferers along the coast on that terrible march
+from Mount Misery (as they named the inhospitable promontory where they
+landed) to civilisation on the island of Chiloe? With my maps I can
+follow their every footstep, with my chart I may visit each inlet that
+their frail canoe entered. Nor need I refer to these aids whenever I may
+turn to the volume again, for here (he unfolded a beautifully drawn map
+bound at the end of the volume) I have copied a chart which shows with a
+red line the whole of their terrible journey. I have done this with
+several of the older works on travel which I possess, books that were
+published without maps.'
+
+To me at least it was a new aspect of book-collecting, and an interesting
+one. But I confess to having been impressed more by its originality and
+the patient perseverance of its devotee than by the knowledge which it
+had enabled him to accumulate. His was a vast knowledge, yet limited; for
+it was confined almost entirely to the topography and early exploration
+of the countries which he studied, together with such sociology as he
+would glean midst travellers' accounts of adventures and sport.
+Development, resources, industry, had little place in it. He was
+thoroughly conversant with the early history of Australia, could recite
+the names of all the early pioneers, and could plot Burke's expedition or
+Phillip's voyage to Botany Bay. But of Melbourne or Sydney to-day, their
+size, commerce, exports, the principal industries or railways, of these
+he knew nothing. On the other hand, with those countries which have come
+less quickly under the hand of civilisation, such as New Guinea or West
+Africa, he was well acquainted. He had followed the history of this last
+down to fairly modern times, knew the story of every settlement from
+Bathurst to the Bight and to Benguela, with their principal exports; and
+could talk interestedly with any dweller on 'the Coast.'
+
+He is still comparatively a young man. If ever he sets out to see the
+world for himself, his pleasures will far exceed those of the ordinary
+tourist. Wherever he may go, he will need no guide-book to instruct him,
+in history at least. And he will visit out-of-the-way spots unnoticed by
+these authorities, but dear to him by reason of their mention in the
+pages of his fireside Mentors, their association with some thrilling
+though unimportant event of which he has read. Harbours, villages,
+buildings, will be familiar to him through some old print or coloured
+engraving; and he will eagerly compare the actual appearance with the
+mental picture he has borne for so long. Disappointment sometimes there
+will be, but a delightful anticipation always.
+
+I hope, however, that I shall never be his travelling companion!
+
+And here I cannot forbear to mention one other book-collecting
+acquaintance. A bosom friend of the genealogist, he was at one time a
+fellow-worker, and they would sit closeted for hours debating the
+parentage of Henry ap John. But he lacked that determination which
+prevented his friend from being constantly side-tracked, and the minutiae
+of history had a fatal attraction for him. As to whether Hugo de
+Beauchamp of _Com. Wigorn._ (which was their pleasant way of saying that
+he lived in Worcestershire) held his manor by serjeanty of the
+_condimentum_ was of small moment to him compared with the price which
+King Edward paid him for a couple of goshawks or a greyhound; and he
+wondered of what sort was the tun of wine which he had from that
+sovereign as a Christmas present. And so his book-buying became more and
+more confined, for it was restricted now to those curious and uncommon
+works which treat of the byways of history; such as the Accounts of the
+Wardrobe and Hanaper, the reports of the lords marchers of the realm,
+books on feudal customs and offices, and the like.
+
+During the great war our friend busied himself with His Majesty's
+ordnance. Hitherto he had always associated the term with cast-iron
+cannon, and had vague recollections of the number of 'ordnance' carried
+by the Great Harry or fired from the Tower of London during Sir Thomas
+Wyatt's insurrection. But even when these dreams were dispelled, his
+thoughts still harped on mediaeval equipment and harness while checking
+cases of boots or mess-tins; and he wondered how such things were managed
+before the days of railways. Released at length from this employ, his
+interest increased with leisure to pursue his investigations.
+
+His passion now is the method in which the ancient campaigns of this
+country were conducted. He is quite an authority upon mediaeval transport,
+by sea as well as by land, and he can tell you at once the quantities of
+bowstrings and quarrels 'indented for' during the Crecy and Poictiers
+campaigns. Not long ago, poring over an ancient roll of parchment in the
+Record Office, he came across a list of the ships requisitioned for the
+Agincourt expedition, with their names, ports, and tonnage, inscribed on
+the back of one of the membranes. Great was his delight, and it will be
+some time before his friends will be allowed to forget this important
+discovery.
+
+How valuable are these researches of our book-collecting friends! Do they
+not add a zest to those delightful evenings when, with curtains drawn and
+blazing fire, our favourite pipe aglow, a tall glass at our elbow, we
+hunt our treasures o'er again in comfort, roaming the bookstalls of our
+fancy? It is well, however, that our humours in book-lore are not all
+alike, else how tedious would some of these conferences become. Elation
+and jealousy would be hard to banish at times when we held some coveted
+volume in our hands. But with divergence of tastes such feelings cannot
+exist, and we eagerly share our friends' enthusiasm in their treasures
+and their delight in some newly-found gem.
+
+It is a very serious business, this book-collecting. Whether we are
+contented now to let our library be slow of growth, or whether we are
+still imbued with the ardour of our early youth, we are none the less
+under the spell of books. Our paths may lie outside the pale of book-land
+for years, but the chance handling of a valuable or scarce volume will
+instantly awaken all our bibliophilic desires. Book-collecting is not
+like other pursuits. In after years we may realise that many of our
+hobbies are but vanities, but the love of good books is something far
+beyond all these ephemeral pursuits.
+
+Doubtless few of us realised at the outset of our careers as book
+collectors how completely we should be mastered by this love of books.
+Who did not think that it comprised but occasional visits to the
+book-shops and bookstalls, perhaps even to an auction-room, and the
+reading of nondescript catalogues? But it is like all other hobbies:
+ridden at first with too little restraint, it soon gets the upper hand,
+and off it goes, bit between teeth, carrying its rider ever farther and
+farther afield. And no man of spirit would think of seeking to curb his
+hobby's gallop. We have mounted of our own free will, determined to
+pursue the chase, and never shall it be said that we were too timid to
+face the difficulties of the country ahead. The greater the difficulties
+the greater the sport, and in our enthusiasm we are determined to
+overcome all obstacles. So that, though our hobby may at length become
+our master, so enthralled are we in the pursuit that there is little
+danger of it assuming the semblance of a nightmare.
+
+The farther we go, the wider the fields which open to our view, and there
+is interest for us in all of them. We roam at our pleasure over vast
+fields of literature, digressing here and there just as our fancy takes
+us. There is no danger, moreover, in being side-tracked, for such
+divagations in the realms of bibliography as we may make will serve but
+to increase our knowledge of books in the right direction. The only risk
+that we shall incur is that of becoming specialists, which is precisely
+what we should most desire.
+
+And how delightful are these digressions in the world of books! There is
+no other occupation in which one may wander so innocuously. In most of
+the learned professions digressions are fatal to success. Anthony
+Despeisses was a lawyer who used frequently to digress. Beginning one day
+in Court to talk of Ethiopia, an attorney who sat behind him remarked
+'Heavens! He is got into Ethiopia, he will never come back.' Despeisses,
+we are told, was so abashed with the ridicule that he chose rather to
+leave off pleading than to correct himself of this unfortunate habit,
+and quitted the Bar for ever. Doubtless he found solace among his books,
+for here at least he could digress to his heart's content.
+
+Although, from a worldly point of view, side-tracks are fatal to success,
+yet they are as necessary a part of our literary education as is the
+application to study itself. Without digressing as we applied ourselves
+to books, narrow indeed would be the views that we acquired. Of what
+value is a vast acquaintance with the material details of a war, if we
+are ignorant as to the causes which brought it about, or the reasons why
+the nations were warring? 'Ah yes,' perhaps you may exclaim, 'but
+politics and history are all one, for the former creates the latter.'
+Precisely: so that in order to obtain a knowledge of the one, we must
+deviate to the other. Sharon Turner in his 'History of England during the
+Middle Ages' passes abruptly from the death of King Henry the Second to
+the military spirit of Mohammedanism, from the Troubadours to the early
+dissipations of King John, and devotes two of his five volumes to the
+Literature of England with copious examples of early poetry. It is all
+history, yet how indispensable are the side-tracks.
+
+It is a subtle art, however, this knowledge of how and when to digress,
+and not easy to be learnt. Gerard de St. Amand died of grief in his
+middle age because Louis XIV. could not bear his reading of a poem on the
+Moon, in which he praised the King for his skill in swimming. On the
+other hand Madame de Stael obtained almost all the material for her
+literary work by a consummate skill in directing the digressions of
+conversation. Upon whatever subject her pen was engaged, that was the
+theme to which she led all talk.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne's famous letter 'To a friend upon occasion of the death
+of his intimate friend' is a masterpiece of the art of digressing. Surely
+it is one of the quaintest letters of condolence ever written, if indeed
+it were ever intended to be such, for it has that stamp of careful
+literary composition which is usually so apparent in all letters written
+with a view to publication. The friend in question died of a consumption,
+and Sir Thomas recapitulates his disease, symptoms and death; contrasting
+each feature with the celebrated examples of history; moralising and
+discussing the opinions of the ancients upon these points as he goes
+along; and showing by his own experience that a man 'after a cough of
+almost fifty years, in whom all the lobes adhered unto the Pleura,' might
+yet die of stone in the bladder. Doubtless the friend to whom the letter
+was indited was highly edified by the aged doctor's learning, yet one
+cannot conceive that he would be greatly consoled by being informed, when
+discussing the patient's cough, that 'in cetaceous Fishes, who have large
+and strong lungs, the same is not observed; nor yet in oviparous
+Quadrupeds.' Digressing in this manner is a risky business, and if the
+grief were still fresh, it is more than likely that the bereaved one
+would exclaim 'A fig for your fishes, Sir.' But Sir Thomas was a wise and
+worldly man, and would know from experience precisely when to administer
+his soothing draught.
+
+The attractions of digressing are far more insidious than would appear at
+first sight. It is so easy, one finds such delightful things, it is all
+in the daily task of gathering knowledge, it may be useful to us some
+day, and so on. But, unwisely employed, it is a more terrible thief of
+time even than Young's 'procrastination.' Worse still, it is a _waster_;
+for the scrappy knowledge so often acquired by this means becomes
+invariably the 'little learning' which is so dangerous--and useless--a
+thing. So that unless we are strongly imbued with the spirit of scholarly
+research, determined that we will not deviate one iota from the
+particular side-track which we are exploring, we are in grave danger of
+becoming lost in the maze of paths. Digressions in conversation and books
+can be of immense value, but he must be a man of iron will who can
+utilise to permanent advantage his resources in this direction. Constant
+and purposeless digressions, in reading no less than in talk, are just as
+injurious as interruptions. The mind is switched from one subject to
+another, and an entire sequence of reasoning which we may have been
+building up by the study of some days is destroyed in a few moments by
+the opening up of an unexplored tract of thought.
+
+For many years there was a learned man at work in one of our ancient
+abbey libraries, cataloguing the manuscripts and monastic charters of the
+ancient foundation. Their number runs into many thousands, and at the
+outset the Keeper[17] realised that if this task of providing an index
+and precis of the entire collection (which would be of incalculable value
+to the historical students who came after him) were to be accomplished in
+his lifetime, it would be necessary to adhere rigidly to his plan. Any
+deviation, however slight, would mean the loss of valuable time. To the
+historian and antiquary such a determination must have cost more than we
+can imagine; for every now and again he came across some charter of great
+historical interest. 'Ah,' he would sigh, reading it through, 'and now I
+suppose you must go back again into the obscurity in which you have lain
+for eight hundred years.' He quietly made his precis, indexed the
+document, and replaced it in the oaken press. There, thanks to his
+labours, it will be turned to at some future date to add laurels to the
+'researches' of another man.
+
+Perhaps the most innocuous way in which we may digress is by compiling
+one of those delectable literary hotch-potches known as 'commonplace
+books.' Here, with careful selection, we may garner those delightful
+thoughts, those gay conceits or pithy stories, that strike our fancy as
+we read. And though perhaps it may be urged that such collections
+resemble a casket of loose jewels plucked from their settings, yet they
+are jewels none the less. We may store all our collections within one
+cover, or we may preserve separately our extracts from the poets, our
+biographies, our meditations, or our anecdotes.
+
+The first 'commonplacer' of whom I have seen mention was one Photius, a
+colonel in the Life Guards at Constantinople during the ninth century,
+or--as he was then called--Protospatharius. Later he became ambassador to
+the court of Baghdad, and amused himself by compiling a volume which he
+called _Myriobiblon_, a collection of extracts of the authors which he
+had read. He was a man, we are told, of extraordinary vigour of mind, and
+of encyclopaedical knowledge, and he was so devoted to reading that he
+passed whole nights without sleep. Accordingly we are not surprised to
+find that the Myriobiblon, with its Latin translation, forms a folio
+volume of some 1500 pages. When on an embassy to Assyria, he carried his
+library--some 300 rolls--with him, presumably on camels. Thus, we
+suppose, he could bestride his dramatic camel, his poetic camel, or his
+theological camel as the mood took him. The Myriobiblon was compiled
+merely as a handbook for his brother Tarasius, that the latter might
+enjoy a brief synopsis of what the ambassador read on his travels.
+Several authors are now known only by the extracts in this book; and
+among them may be mentioned a writer named Conon, who is said to have
+written fifty novels, which Photius condensed to his liking. All this, of
+course, was merely _pour passer le temps_; the really important works of
+this bookworm being a lexicon and a number of books on theology. Needless
+to say in due course he became Patriarch of Constantinople.
+
+Who nowadays keeps a commonplace book? Doubtless a good many readers of
+to-day have neither time nor inclination to indulge this pleasing
+fashion, at one time so popular; but to anyone whose delight is the
+reading of good books as opposed to modern novels, there can be no more
+interesting amusement.
+
+It can be a risky thing, however, this commonplacing, and he would be a
+bold man who dared to assign unto any one writer a popular phrase for no
+other reason than that this one has first expressed it in writing. There
+is no new thing under the sun, and by continued expression a familiar
+maxim becomes at last a proverb. Ask at a dinner-table who first wrote
+'God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.' The knowing ones will puzzle
+their brains in silence; some lady with religious tendencies will claim
+it for the Holy Writ, inclining towards Isaiah; but the quiet bookish man
+at the end of the table will smile in a superior way, and offer to wager
+that he can name the author. You may safely accept his bet, for it is a
+hundred pounds to a penny that he will proclaim Laurence Sterne to have
+written it--he may even quote the context. Granted that Sterne did write
+it, but Sterne was a widely-read man and a plagiarist of no mean ability.
+So you may ask the bookish man how he doth account for this saying
+occurring in that quaint collection of 'Outlandish Proverbs' entitled
+'Jacula Prudentum,' by Master George Herbert, compiled _from ancient
+sources_ full a hundred years before the birth of the 'Sentimental
+Journey.'[18]
+
+Sometimes in ancient literature one comes across an expression which is
+in the vocabulary of everybody to-day, and one realises how very ancient
+some of these popular aphorisms must be. 'It is not alle golde that
+glareth,' wrote Chaucer, and the same theme was sung in Provencal by
+Amanieu des Escas near a hundred years before. But, like 'A bird in the
+hand,' it is so applicable to the failings to which mankind is prone,
+that its origin must surely have been far beyond even the classics of the
+old world, back in the dim ages of man's history. Common also to all
+nations must some at least of these primitive sayings be, for there is a
+primaeval simplicity about them that knows nothing of race or
+civilisation. 'A soft answer turns away wrath,' 'Pride goes before a
+fall,' 'Spare the rod and spoil the child,' are not all these and many
+others, collected by King Solomon from the wisdom of the East, as
+applicable to our everyday life in this age as they have ever been in the
+whole history of mankind?[19] Enough of moralising, however; or else,
+convinced of the futility of attempting to assign originality to any man,
+you will come to agree with the young lady of fifteen who, priding
+herself on the possession of a literary _flair_, once remarked to the
+writer: 'In fact there is little doubt that Junius never wrote the
+letters attributed to him at all!'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Usually the precentor was also archivist and librarian.
+
+[15] In one monastery, however, they were allowed to speak 'passing
+soft.' We know that 'passing soft!'
+
+[16] 'Nunquam minus solus quam cum solus.' Alfonso d'Este (born 1476) had
+it carved on the mantelpiece of his study at Belvedere.
+
+[17] Dr. E. J. L. Scott of Westminster Abbey, sometime Egerton Librarian
+of the British Museum. He calendared no less than 57,000 documents at the
+Abbey, but alas! a long life was insufficient to enable him to complete
+his task. The whole working portion of his latter years was spent in the
+muniment room, and it was there that he was seized with the illness which
+ended his life the same day (1918). The work which he accomplished (now
+being ably continued, on the lines which he laid down, by his successor,
+the present Custodian of the Abbey) has been utilized by scholars from
+universities all over the world. However busily employed, he was always
+ready instantly to lay aside his work in order to assist a student over
+some difficult point, whether of history or palaeography.
+
+[18] Edition of 1651, 12mo, page 52. 'To a close shorne sheep, God gives
+wind by measure.' First printed in _Witts Recreations_, 1640. Sterne
+might have reflected that it is not usually the custom to shear _lambs_.
+
+Since the above was written, a correspondent has brought to the writer's
+notice a sixteenth century French version:--_Au brebis tondue, dieu donne
+le vent par mesure._
+
+[19] It is curious to note how some of these famous sayings have been
+wrongly assigned. A recently published _Dictionary of Quotations_,
+assigns Scipio's famous dictum, 'A man is never less alone than when he
+is alone,' to Swift--a slight error of some nineteen centuries. W. C.
+Hazlitt in his _Book-Collector_ makes an even more delightful howler,
+tracing the well-known verse in Ecclesiastes (xii. 12): 'Of making many
+books there is no end . . .' etc., 'back at least to the reign of
+Elizabeth' (_sic_), assigning it to a preacher at Paul's Cross in 1594.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+BOOKS WHICH FORM THE LIBRARY.
+
+    'He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.'--
+                                  PROVERBS xiii. 20.
+
+
+IT is one of the tragedies of the book-collector's life that he is made
+aware continually of the deficiencies of his collection. Every
+bookseller's catalogue that he takes up reveals these lacunae; and even
+after many years of diligent book-hunting, when he can look upon his
+library with no small pride and has come to regard it as being more or
+less complete (for his own purposes, that is), some intimate friend to
+whom he is displaying his treasures will ask to see some well-known book,
+and he will be obliged to confess that he does not possess a copy. The
+reason probably is either that he has collected books upon no definite
+system, or that he has lost sight of the many works which his library
+should contain, through having confined himself too rigidly to
+specialism.
+
+Both practices are bad, though the former is infinitely the worse. To
+collect books indiscriminately tends to develop the dread bibliomania. To
+specialise in a particular class of books should be the object of every
+collector; but to adhere so rigidly to that one class of literature as to
+exclude from our library the great books of the world, is to deprive
+ourselves of all the advantages which a library can offer. 'There are
+some books, as Homer, Virgil, Horace, Milton, Shakespeare, and Scott,
+which every man should read who has the opportunity; should read, mark,
+learn and inwardly digest. To neglect the opportunity of becoming
+familiar with them, is deliberately to sacrifice the position in the
+social scale which an ordinary education enables its possessor to
+reach.'[20] What a number of famous names one can add, without which no
+library worthy the name can be complete! We are not all such sages as
+that great man Philip Melanchthon, whose library is said to have
+consisted of four authors only, namely, Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and
+Ptolemy the geographer. But then, these are whole libraries in
+themselves.
+
+Who, beside ourselves, shall decide what we shall read? 'A man's reading,
+to be of any value,' wrote Professor Blackie, 'must depend upon his power
+of association; and that again depends upon his tendencies, his
+capacities, his surroundings, and his opportunities.' But there are some
+authors whom the world has decided are great, whom we cannot possibly
+afford to neglect in the course of our literary education. There can be
+no doubt as to our decision here; and although it has been said truly
+that 'a lifetime will hardly suffice to know, as they ought to be known,
+these great masterpieces of man's genius,'[21] yet these great classics
+should form the nucleus of our library, and to them we may add the other
+famous and approved books of the world as opportunities occur.
+
+It is not without diffidence that I venture to approach this important
+question as to what we should read. Perhaps there is nothing more
+irritating to the real book-lover than to be told, usually by some
+well-meaning person, that he or she should read this or that. In nine
+cases out of ten the book or author recommended is one that we can safely
+afford to neglect. It is one of the commonest of human failings to
+imagine that a book which pleases us must necessarily please all others
+too, and we recommend it blindly to the first friend we come across,
+regardless of age, disposition, intellectual capacity, opportunity,
+surroundings, or even sex. It never even occurs to us to consider these
+matters, these vital qualities upon which the whole question of like or
+dislike depends.
+
+'To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under
+heaven'; and again, 'A wise man's heart discerneth both time and
+judgment,' wrote the Preacher of Judah. Yet mindful though we be of these
+ancient words of wisdom, how rarely do we apply them to our everyday
+reading! If we be in the mood for reading we pick up any book at random;
+if it please us at the moment, we continue to read it. If it be
+distasteful to us, we put it aside immediately. Possibly we recollect,
+next time that our eyes light upon a volume so discarded, that it was
+once displeasing, and we never take it up again. So, it may be urged, our
+mind exercises the power of selection for us: we can only absorb at any
+given time the class of literary food for which our mind then happens to
+be hungry.
+
+But the truth is far otherwise. If we take up and read a book at random,
+in nine cases out of ten we continue to read it simply because it entails
+no mental effort. We do not have to think of what we are reading; our
+eyes gallop over sentence after sentence, and so long as the language is
+colloquial and the facts are bald, all is well, and we can go on and on.
+It is not only the body that, unchecked, is inclined to be slothful.
+Unless we have as complete a control over our minds as we have over our
+limbs, it is quite impossible that our reading shall benefit us to its
+full extent.
+
+There is another point of view also. 'Every book that we take up without
+a purpose is an opportunity lost of taking up a book with a purpose.'[22]
+And this does not mean that we should always be reading 'improving'
+books, that we must never read for recreation alone; for, I repeat,
+'there is a time to every purpose under heaven.' But it does insist most
+emphatically that there should be a rhyme and a reason for reading any
+book at any time. There is a time for work and a time for play in reading
+no less than in the daily cycle of our lives. As to what shall constitute
+recreative reading, that is a matter which every man must decide for
+himself. I will venture to prophesy, however, that, by judicious
+selection and thoughtful reading, there will come a time when he will
+consider the reading of the great books to constitute the finest mental
+recreation in the world.
+
+To return, however, to the great writers, those giants of whom we have
+said that it behoves us all to know something at least. Must we read them
+all? Let us leave 'must' out of the question; for our lifetime, however
+long it may be, will be scarcely sufficient to know and appreciate to the
+full these great masters of human thought. Yet at least it can be our aim
+ever to feed our minds only upon food of the finest quality and of a
+permanent nutritive value. But alas! How terribly limited are our
+capacities both as regards time and opportunity! How narrow the bounds
+which confine our reading abilities! Though a list of the great writers
+contain all the constituents of an Epicurean feast, yet to most of us it
+resembles the menu of a Gargantuan banquet.
+
+As to the classics of the old world, surely, it may be urged, in such an
+essentially practical age we can afford to neglect books so hopelessly
+out of date? Yet there can be no greater mistake than to imagine that the
+wisdom of the old world can ever be out of date, for it is the wisdom
+that has created the civilisation of the newer world. Countless
+generations of men may pass away and be utterly forgotten, but the
+principles of morality inherent in man's nature will endure for ever. And
+it is these great principles of all that is good and noble in our nature
+that is brought out and developed insensibly by the study of the classics
+in our youth. Moreover they are books that have been accepted by all the
+nations of Europe as containing the bases of human thought. Something at
+least we should all know of these great writers common to all civilised
+nations.
+
+To most of us, however, there is an insurmountable barrier surrounding
+them, the matter of language. The knowledge of Greek and Latin that we
+acquired at school has become painfully rusty. Is it worth while slogging
+away laboriously with grammar and dictionary at the expense of valuable
+time which might otherwise be devoted to the more modern classics in our
+own tongue? Candidly, it is not. If we have retained sufficient of our
+Greek and Latin to read it at sight with but an occasional reference to
+the dictionary well and good; but otherwise it is a painful waste of
+time. Hamerton recommends that we read the ancients with the help of
+literal translations beside the original, in which way, he says, we 'may
+attain a closer acquaintance with ancient literature than would be
+possible by translation alone.' But to many, an English version must be
+the only door by which they may enter Attica and Rome.
+
+After all, it is for each one of us to decide how widely our time and
+opportunities shall permit us to wander on the slopes of Mount Parnassus.
+'The best time-savers are the love of soundness in all we learn to do,
+and a cheerful acceptance of inevitable limitations.'[23] Yet it is
+better to have wandered on the lowermost slopes of the mountain than
+never to have entered ancient Greece at all.
+
+Who nowadays, outside the universities, reads these ancient classics?
+Where will you find a business man of thirty years of age whose delight
+in his leisure time is the reading of Horace or Homer? Here and there,
+perhaps, you may come across a man of classical education who still
+retains the love of ancient Greece and Rome, instilled into him in his
+youth, sufficiently to influence the course of his reading; but he is a
+rarity indeed. Among the many thousands of young men employed in business
+in the great cities, most of whom have learnt something at least of the
+classics in their youth, scarcely will you find one who will confess to
+having time for such literature. Yet all these thousands read many books
+each year, and can always find time to devour the latest popular novel.
+
+It is chiefly a question of recreation _versus_ education. Tired and
+jaded with the day's business, the young man of to-day has little
+inclination to devote his leisure time to study. Light frothy literature
+removes his thoughts from worldly cares, and by a complete change of
+subject stimulates a mind that has been enervated by concentration for
+hours on one particular theme. No effort is required, and, more important
+still, _it does not make one think_.
+
+For daily reading in the train or over meals, with this purpose always in
+view, so far so good. But what of the many hours of leisure in every
+man's life, when no mental recreation is needed? What does the average
+man read then? It must be confessed that in nine cases out of ten his
+literature remains precisely the same. Doubtless the reason is simply
+because, having always been accustomed to reading the same kind of books,
+he knows no other sort. Mention Shakespeare, Milton, Shelley, and he
+stares at you aghast. 'Good gracious,' he exclaims, 'I'm not going to
+read stuff like that; I should get the hump for a week; give me something
+cheerful.' And he picks up 'The Bauble,' by Mrs. Risquet Trashe.
+
+And he is quite right. To anyone whose literature has consisted for years
+of nothing but novels of the circulating library type, a sudden
+application to the great writers would indeed be depressing. Is it
+necessary, however, or indeed wise, that any man's mental pabulum should
+consist entirely of novels? Nothing is further from my mind than to decry
+the taste for novel-reading; for, wisely employed, novels can become one
+of the joys of life. One can but agree with Miss Austen when she
+inveighs, in 'Northanger Abbey,' against those who belittle the
+productions of the novelist. But would she have been so emphatic had she
+lived to witness the printing-presses spouting forth that frothy flood
+which effervesces round the more serious writings of to-day? Would that
+every novel we take up had the delightful 'genius, wit, and taste' of
+Jane Austen to recommend it. How few and far between are the really good
+novels that we read!
+
+There can be no finer recreation for a tired mind than a good novel.
+There is, however, one habit of reading which has become almost a social
+evil; and that is the habit of reading newspapers which many indulge in,
+morning, noon, and night. It is difficult to imagine anything more
+calculated to destroy consecutive and considered thought than the
+enormous variety of inconsequential topics that assails one every time
+one opens a newspaper. The mind becomes completely fuddled with the
+heterogeneous patchwork of entirely useless information. The only method
+I have discovered by which one can acquire the important news and yet
+retain the serenity of one's mind is that of having such news only as she
+knows will be of use read out by one's wife at breakfast. And this does
+not mean that the mental discomforts of the newspaper are relegated to
+one's better-half, for women are usually interested in the smaller
+details of everyday life.
+
+No wonder that a large number of 'city men' live out their lives without
+ever opening a book that is worth reading meditatively; for
+newspaper-reading in course of time must completely undermine one's
+mental stability. After a few years, a book that is not composed of
+headlines, short chapters, small paragraphs and ejaculatory sentences, is
+unreadable without mental effort. So that long before he is middle-aged
+the city man has acquired the habit of 'glancing at' a news-sheet or
+magazine whenever he has nothing to do for a few minutes: a kind of
+reading that is about as advantageous to the mind as that which we
+indulge in when fingering the antique periodicals in the dentist's
+waiting-room. In later years he may or he may not overcome the repugnance
+he has acquired to anything deep or 'solid' (by which he generally means
+'unparagraphed'): but I venture to think that, having once taken the
+plunge, there must be moments when he marvels at his foolishness in not
+having entered, years before, the City of the golden streets.
+
+Perhaps it is unwise to use the word 'education' in speaking of the
+benefits to be derived from reading the great books, for to many people
+the term is synonymous with 'school,' where one is obliged frequently to
+do things against one's will. Good books, that is the books that 'live,'
+are no mere education, they are steps up the path of civilisation itself.
+They are just as necessary for the advancement of knowledge as are the
+letters and numerals which we learnt at school. The greatest books of the
+world do _not_ teach us; _they help us to teach ourselves_, a very
+different matter. 'They are masters who instruct us without rod or
+ferule,' wrote an early book-lover[24]; 'if you approach them they are
+not asleep; if you inquire of them they do not withdraw themselves; they
+never chide when you make mistakes; they never laugh if you are
+ignorant.' And the books which would be available to him would be chiefly
+the works of the Early Fathers, professedly books of moral instruction.
+But the books of our library 'are so many faithful and serviceable
+friends, gently teaching us everything through their persuasive and wise
+experience.'[25]
+
+And that is precisely the point. Good books do not instruct us so much as
+they persuade us; so that we come to be of the same mind as the great man
+who had deliberated and debated the matter so thoroughly for us.
+Perchance we disagree and take a different standpoint. Then can one
+almost see the spirit of the sage chuckling with delight at having found
+someone with whom to cross swords. '_I have made him think, I have made
+him think_,' he repeats gleefully; and, sure of his point, he delights in
+having held our attention so intently as to cause us to debate the issue
+with ourselves.
+
+It were foolish, however, to suppose that _all_ the great books of the
+world are at once suitable to every reader. Time, above all other
+considerations, decides what we shall read; and the book which makes its
+greatest impression upon one man at thirty will fail to appeal to his
+neighbour till he be fifty or more. 'A man loves the meat in his youth
+that he cannot endure in his age,' says Benedick, and the converse is
+equally true. What a mistaken notion it is that puts into the hands of
+boys such classics as 'The Pilgrim's Progress' and 'Don Quixote'; for
+they are books which a knowledge of the world and of human nature alone
+can enable us to appreciate to the full. Their very foundations are built
+upon the rock of experience, every page exhibits the thoughts and deeds
+of men. No wonder that nine boys out of ten grow up with a dislike of
+Bunyan and all his works, and a contempt for the adventures of the
+immortal Don. Generally, however, all recollection of Quixote, except
+that he had a rotten old horse and charged some windmills, has
+(mercifully) disappeared long before the reader has attained his
+eighteenth year.
+
+In later life, perhaps, we take up these books again, and are surprised
+to find that they have completely changed. There is hardly an incident in
+them that we remember, and we marvel how such and such a glorious passage
+could possibly have escaped us before. Our book-hunter's experience must
+have been that of many others. Long after his school-days were ended he
+took up, for the first time, 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.' How
+wistfully he thought of the enjoyment that would have been his when at
+school, had but some kind chance put into his hands this and similar
+books in which boys, and real human boys, played the principal parts, not
+strange outlandish men, the like of whom he had never met.
+
+This unwise reading, this plunging, as it were, _in medias res_, is, I am
+inclined to think, the reason why to so many men the library of great
+authors is for ever locked. After a lengthy course of 'light' reading,
+they take up, all at once, some such work as 'Bacon's Essays' or the
+'Paradise Lost,' determined 'to give the classics a chance.' They wade
+conscientiously through a good many pages, and then retire beaten, simply
+because they have failed to recognise that in reading, as in every other
+business, profession, craft, or pursuit, PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT. Who is
+there, outside Olympus, that can master any of these at sight? It is only
+by a continuous and continual course of reading that one comes at length
+to appreciate these great masters. 'The proper appreciation of the great
+books of the world is the reward of lifelong study. You must work up to
+them, and unconsciously you will become trained to find great qualities
+in what the world has decided is great.'[26]
+
+'That's all very well,' says the newspaper-reader, taking the word
+'study' in its first dictionary sense; 'but I, for one, haven't got
+time--or inclination--for this lifelong application.' And yet, I reply,
+you have both time and inclination to apply yourself assiduously to
+newspapers, magazines, and suchlike reading. If you read at all, why not
+read good healthy stuff, which will be of permanent use to you in your
+journey through the world? Why devour garbage when rich meats are
+constantly about you? 'To stuff our minds with what is simply trivial,
+simply curious, or that which at best has but a low nutritive power, this
+is to close our minds to what is solid and enlarging and spiritually
+sustaining.'[27] Look at it which way you will, the man who purposely
+neglects the great books deliberately closes the channels of knowledge
+flowing to his brain, sentences himself to intellectual exile, bolts and
+bars in his own face the only door which can lead him into the society of
+the wisest and greatest men this world has known.
+
+And what are the great books of the world? They are those which, from
+their native excellences, have been approved by generations of wise men
+as beneficial _for mankind_--not for their generation alone. Times change
+and manners with them, but countless centuries are powerless to effect
+the slightest change in man's essence. Do not the characters in the
+oldest book in the world still live in our everyday life, and are not
+they possessed of the very thoughts and reasonings that are our portion
+to-day? Tastes may change vastly in even a short period, but it is only
+fashion, the constant craving for something new:--
+
+    'Manners with fortunes, humours turn with climes,
+     Tenets with books, and principles with times.'
+
+But the books which by common consent have been assigned places in the
+library of the immortals can never be out of fashion: for they contain
+the essences of human nature.
+
+How then shall we start to make acquaintance with these classics? With
+what books shall we begin, with what continue? These are questions which
+it is impossible to answer without a knowledge of those qualities so
+necessary in recommending books. But at least it is possible to indicate
+the general line to be followed. It would be foolish, for example, for
+the man whose reading hitherto has consisted entirely of the modern
+novels of a circulating library, to turn at once to the Paradise Lost,
+Bacon's Essays, or the poems of Wordsworth. He would probably acquire a
+distaste for good literature which might never be overcome.
+
+It is like everything else that counts: we set the greatest store by
+those things that we have come by through difficulties. The longer the
+journey and the more beautiful the scenes we pass through, the greater
+our pleasure and subsequent recollection of it. Let us begin our
+systematic reading by turning at first to those books which we shall
+appreciate immediately. Have novels been our reading hitherto? Then let
+us turn at once to some of the greater novelists, both living and dead.
+Here the field is wide, and we may quickly find writers to our taste.
+Thus we shall gradually work up to some name or names in the list of the
+immortals. In the same way we shall approach, step by step, the
+essayists, the moralists, the dramatists and (lastly) the poets.
+
+It cannot be emphasised too strongly that Time above all other
+considerations decides what we shall read. Moreover, there are passages
+in many of the greatest writers that appeal to a man before he has really
+arrived at the time of their understanding. So that, reading some such
+passage (_e.g._ Addison's description of the Widows' Club in the
+'Spectator') as this, and finding the remainder not to his taste, he
+concludes that he has discovered the kernel and that the rest can be cast
+aside. Practice alone makes perfect: _macte nova virtute, puer, sic itur
+ad astra_.
+
+With regard to editions, it were needless to specify them; the great
+books of the world are reprinted and re-edited every few years. But our
+editions should be _good_ ones. 'A good edition should be a complete
+edition, ungarbled and unabridged.'[28] Perchance you may prefer to have
+them, if it be possible, in the original editions? If so, you will be
+wise in your generation, but your purse will need to be a long one
+indeed.
+
+Remember that the first edition is not necessarily the best. It
+may be, but in the great majority of cases it is not. In addition to the
+inevitable clerical mistakes and printer's errors which are almost always
+corrected in the second and subsequent editions, the author or editor
+frequently interpolates matter which the publication _de ipso_ has
+brought to his notice by reviews or correspondence. This is notably the
+case in large and important works. 'Scott's Last Expedition,' published
+in two large octavo volumes in 1914, rapidly passed through five editions
+the same year, corrections being incorporated in each successive edition
+(thereby distinguishing them from mere 'impressions'); so that the fifth
+edition remains the best, being the most correct. On the other hand, in
+the second edition an author sometimes omits passages or makes drastic
+emendations from prudential reasons. Then it is that the first edition is
+to be sought for in preference to all others, for this alone contains the
+author's true opinions on certain subjects. Such instances the
+book-lover gradually learns in his journey through the world of books.
+
+But I repeat that, apart from this question of first or later issue, our
+editions should be good ones. Good editions are not merely luxuries. The
+better the type and paper, the greater our ease in reading, and--most
+important of all--the consequent safeguarding of our eyesight.
+
+It is not only type and paper, however, that constitute a good edition.
+In addition to these requisites it must contain the recognised text
+complete, it must be in a seemly and convenient shape, neither
+extravagant nor blatant, and it must not contain a long list of errata.
+Of the many qualities that go to make up a good edition, after paper and
+print, these are perhaps the most important. But there is another
+immediate consideration: _shall it have notes?_ And this raises such a
+momentous point that I almost hesitate to approach it. The answer must be
+qualified. Provided always that the edition has been superintended (I use
+the word advisedly) by a _recognised_ scholar, and that the notes are
+few, short, and concise, it is well. But who has not suffered under the
+tedious and tiresome verbosity of editors? The writer possesses an
+edition of Pope in which page after page contains two lines of the poet
+and thirty-four lines of editor. Reed's Shakespeare (1813) frequently
+contains a solitary line of text with forty of notes. Fortunately,
+however, such things are now numbered with the past.
+
+As to our editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, whether we can read
+them in the original tongue or whether we must have recourse to
+translations, we have already debated. But without wishing to discourage
+the book-lover in any possible way from making (or renewing, as the case
+may be) acquaintance with these great writers, it must be borne in mind
+that few indeed are the translations from any language that are wholly in
+the spirit of the original. In recommending the following translations of
+some of the greater world-classics, literary and animate qualities have
+been had in view no less than scholarly translation.
+
+Aeschylus and Sophocles have been admirably rendered in English verse by
+Mr. E. D. A. Morshead. Of the first, 'The House of Atreus' (being the
+'Agamemnon,' 'Libation-Bearers,' and 'Furies') was first published by him
+in 1881, an octavo volume which was reprinted in 1890 and 1901. 'The
+Suppliant Maidens,' 'The Persians,' 'The Seven against Thebes,' and
+'Prometheus Bound' were collected in one octavo volume in 1908. His
+version of Sophocles' 'Oedipus the King' was published in 1885, while the
+'Ajax' and 'Electra' were printed in prose, 1895.
+
+The Plays of Aristophanes are, perhaps, best known to English readers by
+Hookham Frere's excellent translations. His first volume, containing the
+'Acharnians,' the 'Knights,' and the 'Birds,' was originally printed at
+Malta in 1839, in which year a similar quarto volume containing the
+'Frogs' was also issued. But there are several later editions of both
+these volumes, and almost any bookseller can provide one. In addition to
+these plays, the 'Clouds' and the 'Wasps' were included in Thomas
+Mitchell's version first published in two octavo volumes dated 1820 and
+1822. But we may have a complete set of the eleven plays which have come
+down to us, in Mr. B. B. Rogers' scholarly translation in verse. This
+beautiful edition in eleven small quarto volumes was published by Messrs.
+George Bell and Sons between 1902 and 1916, and has the Greek and English
+on opposite pages. For the plays of Euripides we must turn to the
+metrical versions of Professor Gilbert Murray, published by Mr. George
+Allen between 1905 and 1915. Perhaps it is not too much to say that this
+great scholar-poet has done more than any other to bring the Greeks of
+old before those to whom a classical education has been denied.
+
+Needless to say, the translation into English of the immortal Homeric
+cycle has tempted many pens. Among the best known versions are those of
+Pope, Chapman, and Cowper. But this matter has been so thoroughly
+debated by Mr. Frederic Harrison in his delightful volume 'The Choice of
+Books,' that I will refrain from poaching upon his preserve, and will
+content myself by remarking that the recommendations of this excellent
+judge are the 'Iliad' of Lord Derby and the 'Odyssey' of Philip Worsley.
+This last is a beautiful translation in the Spenserian stanza, of which a
+second edition appeared in 1868, in two octavo volumes. But if you are
+not already acquainted with Mr. Harrison's work you will do well to
+obtain it, and to read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest all that he has
+to say therein upon 'The Poets of the Old World.'
+
+With regard to the Latin classics, if we are unacquainted with the
+language there is greater difficulty; for it is next to impossible to
+render in English the light and vivacious lilt of the Italian poets. Our
+translations may be fine, scholarly, dignified and the rest of it, but
+they bear little semblance to the originals. Dryden's version of the
+'Aeneid' may be read, not as a translation but as an epic in the English
+of a great poet; and to those who are masters of sufficient Latin to
+explore the ancients by the help of commentaries, Conington's translation
+will be of assistance. Horace is utterly untranslatable, and prose
+translations afford little clue to the music of his songs.
+
+Perhaps it goes without saying that in reading these ancient classics we
+shall necessarily lose much of their sentiment and allusion unless our
+memory has retained that atmosphere of classic times which we obtained by
+constant intercourse with these ancients during our years at school. We
+may refresh our memory, however, and at the same time glean the most
+modern thought upon those times, by having recourse to certain useful
+volumes, companions to our study of these classic writers.
+
+J. A. St. John's 'Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece,' three octavo
+volumes which appeared in 1842, is a perfect encyclopaedia in itself. Of
+Mr. Leonard Whibley's 'Companion to Greek Studies' a third edition, with
+more than 200 illustrations and maps, was published by the Cambridge
+University Press in 1916. The fellow volume is by Sir J. E. Sandys, and
+is entitled 'A Companion to Latin Studies.' The second edition, very
+fully illustrated, appeared in 1913--a large octavo also published at a
+guinea by the same press. Professor Mahaffy's 'Social Life in Greece from
+Homer to Menander' has gone through a number of editions. For the theatre
+of the Greeks we must turn to 'The Attic Theatre' by A. E. Haigh. The
+third edition, edited by Mr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, was issued by the
+Clarendon Press, 1907. It is the standard work upon this subject; and
+therein one can find all about everything pertaining to the Greek theatre
+and the actual presentation of the play. A useful little guide to the
+study of ancient Greece and Italy is Dr. J. B. Mayer's 'Guide to the
+Choice of Classical Books,' a small octavo of which a third edition
+appeared in 1885. In 1896 a 'new supplement' was published, and this
+contains fifty pages of 'Helps to the Study of Ancient Authors'--the best
+books which had appeared up to 1896 on the Art, Coins, Law, History,
+Philosophy, Religion, Science, Domestic Life, Amusements, and almost
+every aspect of life in ancient Rome and Athens. Copies of this
+invaluable reference book are probably in most of the public libraries
+throughout the kingdom.
+
+With regard to some of the other great world-classics, Boccaccio has been
+attempted by many translators, none of whom can be said to have
+succeeded, and I forbear to recommend any English version. He is
+straightforward and not difficult to read in the original, and it is well
+worth learning sufficient Italian to enable one to explore his rich charm
+for oneself.
+
+As to Calderon, eight of his plays have been rendered in English by that
+prince of translators Edward Fitzgerald, though his version is not, nor
+did he pretend it to be, a close translation. Yet it is more in the
+spirit of the dramatist than one would deem possible in an English
+version of a Spanish author. Six of these plays were first published by
+Fitzgerald in 1853, and this volume was reprinted in the series known as
+'The King's Classics' in 1903. The complete set of eight may be obtained
+in one small octavo volume, in the beautiful 'Eversley' series published
+by Macmillan. But you may read seventeen of Calderon's plays, in the
+French of Damas Hinard, in the 'Chef d'oeuvre du Theatre Espagnol,'
+1841-3, which also includes the works of Lope de Vega: in all five small
+octavo volumes--if you are so lucky as to find them.
+
+With regard to Don Quixote, as a boy our book-hunter made more than one
+attempt to explore 'the ingenious gentleman' but always gave it up after
+proceeding less than half-way through the first volume. It was all so dry
+and outlandish, and the version he possessed was written in such stilted
+language. There were no notes to his edition, and whole passages and
+allusions were beyond his comprehension. Looking back now I more than
+suspect that they were beyond the comprehension of the translator as
+well. 'Rocinante,' spelt 'Rosinante,' he thought was rather a pretty name
+for the Don's charger; but he saw no humour in it until he discovered,
+many years later, that _rocin_ means a 'cart-horse' and _ante_,
+'previously.' Nor could he see anything amusing in the landlord's boast
+that he too had been a knight-errant in his time, roaming the Isles of
+Riaran in quest of adventures--until he learnt that this was a city slum,
+the resort of thieves and cut-throats. The whole work abounds with local
+and topical allusions, and it is essential that our edition be well
+supplied with notes. There is one which fulfils this condition and in
+addition provides a most scholarly text, more closely approaching the
+original than any other which has appeared hitherto. This is the masterly
+translation of John Ormsby, which appeared in four octavo volumes in
+1885. It contains a valuable history of the work, together with a life of
+Cervantes, and the appendices to the last volume contain a bibliography
+of the immortal book.
+
+Dante must be read in the original tongue. There is a lofty and spiritual
+grandeur in the language of the three great epics which one can never
+hope to realise in reading translations, be they never so good.
+Nevertheless those versions which are most in favour among students are
+of considerable value as commentaries, and are of great assistance in
+reading the original. One cannot do better at the outset of one's
+acquaintance with the great poet than to procure Dr. J. A. Carlyle's
+excellent version of the 'Inferno.' A third edition was published in
+1882. It has explanatory notes and a prose translation, in measured,
+dignified language, above the text of the original; forming in all
+respects a handy and convenient volume. Dr. A. J. Butler's versions of
+the 'Purgatory' and 'Paradise' were issued, in octavo, in 1880 and 1885
+respectively. Aids to the study of Dante are legion. The fourth edition
+of Professor J. Addington Symond's 'Introduction to the Study of Dante'
+appeared in 1899; whilst Lord Vernon's 'Readings in Dante,' six octavo
+volumes, is said to have occupied that great scholar for more than
+twenty-five years of his life.
+
+Goethe is known to English readers chiefly by the immortal _Faust_; and
+this work alone has engaged the attention of numerous scholars. A volume
+containing seven of Goethe's plays in English was published in Bohn's
+Standard Library in 1879. It included Sir Walter Scott's version of
+'Goetz von Berlichingen,' the remainder being translated by Miss Swanwick
+and E. A. Bowring. Miss Swanwick's 'Faust' is well known and has often
+been reprinted; a beautiful edition illustrated by Mr. Gilbert James
+appeared in 1906. There is a version, however, which stands far above the
+rest, a version which the writer for his part has always considered to
+rank with the greatest translations. This is the 'Faust' of Bayard
+Taylor, which indeed may be read as a poem in itself. But then Taylor had
+advantages possessed by few translators. An American by birth, his mother
+was a German, and he spent a part of his life in Germany. From his birth
+he was bilinguous; and added to this linguistic advantage were his
+profound scholarship and poetic gift. There are numerous editions of his
+work, but only one--so far as I am aware, in this country at
+least--worthy of its great merit, namely, that which appeared in two
+octavo volumes in 1871. It is an edition somewhat hard to obtain.
+
+For Schiller's dramatic works we must have recourse to Coleridge, who has
+given us versions of both parts of the 'Wallenstein' and 'William Tell.'
+The Poems and Ballads were rendered in English by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton
+(Lord Lytton): two volumes, 1844. Heine's short four-line verses do not
+lend themselves to translating and though many have attempted it, the
+results are almost always a jingle, often approaching doggerel. The prose
+works have recently been translated by Mr. C. G. Leland, and the 'Atta
+Troll' by Miss Armour, both forming part of a twelve volume edition
+published between 1892 and 1905.
+
+The mention of Rabelais conjures up one of those extremely rare instances
+where a translation constitutes as great a classic as the original work.
+Whether it was the difficulty of translation, or the despair of eclipsing
+so notable a success as had been achieved by their predecessor, that
+deterred other scholars from making the attempt, we know not; but certain
+it is that the version put forth by Sir Thomas Urquhart in 1653 has
+remained, and seems likely to remain, the standard representation of the
+fantastic 'Doctor in Physick' in this language. Urquhart, that polished
+and gifted Scottish d'Artagnan, translated the first three books only;
+the last two were added by Motteux, a French refugee, in 1694. Urquhart's
+work, 'precise, elegant, and very faithful,' comes as near perfection as
+any translation can hope to be. Motteux's rendering was revised by Ozell;
+but unfortunately it falls far short of the version of Sir Thomas, who,
+with a longer life, might perhaps have undertaken these last two books as
+well.
+
+Of these five books of Master Francis Rabelais thus english'd, there
+have been, of course, numerous editions. Our book-hunter prefers that
+which appeared in three quarto volumes in 1904, with photogravure
+illustrations by M. Louis Chalon. Both from a scholarly and a
+bibliographical standpoint it is all that can be desired, and one can
+have a copy for less than a pound.
+
+Why is it that we all have some acquaintance at least with the Arabian
+Nights? What have these purely Eastern tales to do with us? Both
+questions may be answered at once. It is because they contain the very
+essence of oriental thought, manners, customs, habits, speech, and deeds:
+because we can learn from them more of the everyday life of the orient,
+both of to-day and of a thousand years ago, than an entire library of
+travels can teach us. Surely it is more than mere curiosity that urges us
+to know something at least of the manner in which so many millions of our
+fellow-beings live.
+
+Who has not read at least some of these glorious tales? Who has not heard
+of Sinbad or the Roc, of Scheherazade or of Haroun al Raschid? Truly they
+are
+
+    'The tales that charm away the wakeful night
+     In Araby, romances';
+
+Wordsworth himself came early under their spell. He tells how as a young
+child
+
+    'A precious treasure had I long possessed,
+     A little yellow, canvas-covered book,
+     A slender abstract of the Arabian tales;
+     And, from companions in a new abode,
+     When first I learnt that this dear prize of mine
+     Was but a block hewn from a mighty quarry--
+     That there were four large volumes, laden all
+     With kindred matter, 'twas to me, in truth,
+     A promise scarcely earthly.'
+
+And so he makes a covenant 'with one not richer than myself' that each
+should save up until their joint savings were sufficient to purchase the
+complete work. But alas!
+
+                      'Through several months,
+    In spite of all temptation, we preserved
+    Religiously that vow; but firmness failed,
+    Nor were we ever masters of our wish.'
+
+There must be few books in the world from which we may learn so much
+while being so rapturously entertained. Burton's edition is perhaps the
+best known to English readers, though Lane's version is much to be
+preferred. Of the latter there are many editions.[29]
+
+How much has been written on the Art of Reading, and what scanty
+knowledge of that art have the most industrious of readers! Outside the
+Universities, reading is apt nowadays to be looked upon as a light form
+of recreation, generally to be indulged in on a rainy day. 'There's
+nothing to do but sit indoors and read,' one frequently hears remarked in
+country houses when the weather is too inclement to permit of motoring.
+Novel-reading has indeed become a part of our fashionable life.
+
+How often, too, does one come across readers of both sexes who possess,
+seemingly, a wide knowledge of books, even of the great books of the
+world. Yet in nine cases out of ten such knowledge is of the most
+superficial kind, acquired by 'dipping into' such and such an author to
+ascertain whether he be to his or her taste. Frankly, the great author is
+almost invariably _not_ to the modern reader's taste; but the scanty
+knowledge acquired by perusing the first chapter, the headings of the
+remaining chapters, and the last chapter, enables the reader (save the
+mark!) to discourse at large on this particular writer among his own
+_coterie_. Perchance one of his friends has similarly insulted the great
+author, and they are enabled to discuss the book for nearly a minute by
+the clock, each thinking the other a devilish well-read fellow. Truly it
+has been said that 'just as profligacy is easy within the strict limits
+of the law, a boundless knowledge of books may be found with a narrow
+education.'[30]
+
+More rarely one comes across a man who, being the fortunate possessor of
+a truly wonderful memory, is enabled to retain the bulk of the
+information which he has acquired by wide reading. There is a story told
+of a certain don at one of our older universities who, being possessed of
+an insatiable thirst for knowledge coupled with an excellent memory and
+an inexhaustible capacity for work, passed as a well-read if not a very
+learned man. There seemed to be few topics upon which he could not
+discourse on equal terms even with those who had made that subject their
+own.
+
+Now it happened that there were two young Fellows at the same college
+who, wearied of his constant superiority in conversation, determined to
+take Brown (for such was his name) 'down a peg or two.' So each night at
+dinner in hall they skilfully turned the conversation to unusual topics,
+hoping to light upon some chink in the redoubtable Brown's intellectual
+armour. Once they tried him on the rarer British hemipterous homoptera,
+but soon discovered that he was a very fair entomologist. Next evening
+the conversation veered to ancient Scandinavian burial rites, but here
+again he could give them points. The Byzantine coinage of Cyprus was, of
+course, well known to him while he had himself worked on the oolitic
+foraminifera of the blue marl at Biarritz. His experiments on the red
+colouring matter of _drosera rotundifolia_ had formed the subject of a
+monograph, and he was particularly interested in the hagiological
+folk-lore of Lower Brittany.
+
+It seemed almost hopeless. Try as they would they could find no subject
+with which he was unacquainted. Every night some fresh outlandish topic
+was introduced. Brown looked very bored, and proceeded to tell them all
+there was to be said upon the subject. But one night a casual remark put
+them on the right track. Someone happened to ask Brown a question about
+Indian music. He answered shortly, and remarked that it was a subject
+upon which a good deal of work was yet to be done. The conspirators
+looked across the table at each other, left the common-room early, and
+retired to Jones's rooms.
+
+'Did you notice?' said Jones.
+
+'Yes,' said Smith; 'he evidently doesn't know much about oriental music.'
+
+'But he will by to-morrow,' replied the astute Jones. 'As soon as ever he
+gets to his rooms to-night, he'll read up everything he possibly can on
+Indian music, and he'll continue in the Library to-morrow. By dinner-time
+he'll be stuffed full of tom-toms and shawms and dulcimers, or whatever
+they play in India.'
+
+'We must ride him off,' said Smith. 'How about Chinese music? He won't
+know anything about that.'
+
+This seemed such a promising topic that they got out the encyclopaedia and
+found to their joy that there was quite a lengthy and learned
+disquisition on the subject. So they read it again and again, even
+learning the more abstruse sentences by heart. Next day they were
+observed to chuckle whenever they caught each other's eye, and at lunch
+they were unusually cheerful and more than ordinarily attentive to the
+unsuspecting Brown.
+
+That night at dinner they could hardly restrain their impatience, and
+Smith introduced the topic, rather clumsily, as soon as the fish
+appeared. Brown stared at them and said nothing. Jones, plucking up
+courage, presently asked him a question about the dominant fifth of the
+scale used by the natives of Quang-Tung. He answered evasively. They
+could hardly conceal their delight, and their voices rose so that
+presently the whole table was looking at them. At some of their recondite
+utterances Brown fairly winced, and it soon became evident to all what
+was afoot. Upstairs in the common-room they pursued their unhappy victim.
+The senior tutor and the dean, secretly enjoying the fun, stood near. At
+last, flushed with victory, Jones proceeded to administer
+the _coup de grace_.
+
+'You really ought to read something about Chinese music, Brown, it's a
+most interesting topic, and I'm sure you'd like to be able to talk about
+it. There are quite a number of good books on the subject. For a start
+you couldn't do better than study the article in the "Encyclopaedia
+Academica." It's clear and concise, evidently written by a man who knows
+what he's talking about.'
+
+'I _have_ read it,' said Brown patiently; 'in fact I--er--_wrote_ it,
+_but I'm afraid it's quite out of date now_.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We are not all the lucky possessors of such a capacity for acquiring
+knowledge. Wide reading may be good from an educational point of view,
+but unless we are able to assimilate what we read better a thousand times
+to restrict our reading. Gibbon's advice is bad, for it indicates merely
+the system he employed in compiling his monumental work. 'We ought not,'
+he remarks, 'to attend to the order of our books so much as (to the
+order) of our thoughts.' So, in the midst of Homer he would skip to
+Longinus; a passage in Longinus would send him to Pliny, and so on.
+General reading upon this plan, with no idea of collection in view, would
+in time reduce most of us to idiocy.
+
+Let our reading be, above all things, well ordered and systematic. Let us
+imitate Ancillon rather than Gibbon. Ancillon never read a book
+throughout without reading in his progress many others of an exegetic
+nature; so that 'his library table was always covered with a number of
+books for the most part open.'[31] An excellent habit, provided that we
+can resist the temptation to be side-tracked. The list of books by this
+industrious student, however, shows by their curious variety that he at
+least was not sufficiently strong-minded to resist wandering, during the
+compilation of his historical works, in the byways of literature.
+
+If we read the good solid books at all, let us at least read them with
+the aim of acquiring the maximum amount of information they afford. To
+read sketchily and diversely is not only a most painful waste of time,
+but it abuses our brains. Suppose now that our bookman has decided to
+'read up' the French Revolution, a subject to which we all turn at some
+period of our lives. He has been led thereto, perhaps, by having lighted
+upon a translation of someone's memoirs, the recollections of some
+insignificant valet-de-chambre or dissolute cure (for such memoirs
+abound), more interesting by reason of its piquancy than its historical
+accuracy. He reads of persons and events that he recollects vaguely to
+have heard of before, and so he goes on and on.
+
+At the end, he has an ambiguous and temporary knowledge of names and
+events. He has become acquainted with certain facts that he may possibly
+remember; such as that the name of the French King was Louis and that his
+Queen was Marie Antoinette, that they tried to escape and got as far as
+Varennes (_wherever that may be_), but were brought back and executed;
+that there were various politicians named Mirabeau, Danton, Robespierre,
+Desmoulins, and a curious party called the Girondins, et cetera. As to
+the causes which led up to the Revolution, the condition of the country
+and people, the ministry of Turgot, the characters of the King and Queen,
+Necker's policy, the Abbe Sieyes, the Tennis Court, the composition of
+the Assembly, and the host of essential facts, his knowledge is precisely
+_nil_. The terms Right Centre, Extreme Left, the Jacobins, the White
+Terror, Assignats, Hebertists and Dantonists, the Montagnards, the Old
+Cordelier, are so much 'Hebrew-Greek' to him. At the end of six months he
+will not be at all sure whether it was Louis XIV., XV., or XVI. who was
+beheaded.
+
+Surely his reading of these dubious memoirs has been a most mistaken
+course and a lamentable waste of time? He has gained nothing that has
+benefited him intellectually, and he has loaded his mind with an
+indigestible hotch-potch of unclassified information. How then should he
+have approached the subject? Obviously he should have begun at the
+threshold, or rather at the outer gate. To plunge straight away into
+Louis Blanc's twelve volumes or Lamartine's 'History of the Girondins'
+would be as great a mistake as the reading of the unprofitable memoirs. A
+good beginning is half done. So, having prepared the way by a short study
+of the economic condition of France immediately prior to the Revolution,
+that he may readily understand the causes of that event, let our reader
+begin with some elementary school text-book which will give him a short
+and concise view of the Revolution as a whole. Having laid the
+foundations he will confine himself at the outset to works in his own
+tongue; choosing his literature for each succeeding phase of the
+Revolution in turn. But until he has obtained a thorough groundwork and
+has acquired sufficient knowledge to enable him to explore the more
+famous works in French, it were profitless to devour the scraps afforded
+by dubious memoir writers.
+
+If we read three books consecutively on any one subject, we know not
+merely three times as much as if we had read one only, but thirty times.
+And our knowledge of the subject will not be vague, inaccurate and
+fleeting, but it will be concise, accurate and permanent. To acquire a
+correct and lasting knowledge of any subject, whether it be an event or
+an epoch of history, a science or an art or craft, it is essential that
+we read consecutively and comparatively as many books upon that subject
+as our opportunities and time allow. It should also be borne in mind that
+if we are content to read one volume only, it is quite possible that we
+may chance upon an author who is inaccurate or biased, or whose work does
+not represent the latest stage of our knowledge upon that subject.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] J. H. Burton.
+
+[21] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[22] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[23] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[24] Richard of Bury (lived 1281-1345).
+
+[25] M. Octave Uzanne.
+
+[26] Mr. A. L. Humphreys.
+
+[27] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[28] Mr. A. L. Humphreys.
+
+[29] There is no doubt that Burton was largely indebted to Payne for his
+'translation'; indeed he is said merely to have paraphrased and
+rearranged the version which Payne had just previously prepared for the
+Villon Society, adding explanatory notes of a character which renders it
+essential that his edition be kept under lock and key. It was issued to
+subscribers by Burton himself in London (though ostensibly 'by the
+Kamashastra Society at Benares'), being printed, and probably bound, by
+Brill at Leyden. The Kamashastra Society was a myth. The ten volumes
+(1885-6) were sold to the subscribers at ten guineas the set, and the
+entire edition (1000) was subscribed for before publication. (_Ex
+inform_: E. H.-A., one of the original subscribers and a friend of
+Burton.) Six volumes of _Supplemental Nights_ were issued by Burton
+between 1886 and 1888. A set of the sixteen volumes now costs about forty
+pounds. It was reprinted (by H. S. Nichols) in 1894, in twelve volumes,
+only slightly expurgated, the present price being about twelve pounds. A
+supplementary volume of illustrations was issued with this last edition.
+
+[30] Mr. Frederic Harrison.
+
+[31] Isaac Disraeli.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+CHIVALRY AND ROMANCE
+
+    'Mekely, lordynges gentyll and fre,
+     Lysten awhile and herken to me.'
+                          HUE DE ROTELANDE.
+
+
+ONCE upon a time, long long before the Venerable Bede had completed that
+famous last chapter in his cell at Jarrow, there lived in the ancient
+capital of Sampsiceramus, a holy man named Heliodorus. Now in his youth
+Heliodorus (as is not uncommon with the young) had turned his thoughts to
+worldly things; and being of a romantic nature, wearied by the eternal
+sameness of the books available to him, had conceived the extraordinary
+notion of writing an untrue book, a book that should never instruct or
+point a moral or show you where you are wrong, but should be all
+joyousness and enchantment. Possessed with this great idea, timidly yet
+sure of himself, he set to work.
+
+The very first thing he did was sufficiently startling for those days.
+Instead of selecting some great man for his central figure and putting
+his dialogue into the mouths of learned men, fathers of the church,
+philosophers, orators, or famous poets, he chose deliberately a young and
+handsome man of no particular learning, and--a woman! It was unheard of!
+A book, a voluminous roll closely written, containing nothing but the
+adventures of a pair of lovers! Monstrous! Yet it was done at last, and
+the roll, finding favour in the eyes of a bosom friend, was quickly
+passed from hand to hand. All were entranced by it. Here was a book that
+had characters one could understand, for whom one could even feel
+affection. The loves of dashing young Theagenes and his dear Chariclea
+found an echo in many a youthful breast.
+
+Meanwhile Heliodorus disappears from view, and for many years we hear
+nothing of him until suddenly he reappears as a bishop in Thessaly! Now
+comes the sequel to his audacious design, but for which it is doubtful if
+we should ever have heard of him. A synod was convened, and Heliodorus
+was condemned _because in his youth he had written a novel_. He was given
+his choice between bishopric and book, to retain the one he must destroy
+the other by word as well as by deed.
+
+At first sight the choice appears not difficult to make, for although so
+laical and original a work had proved to be popular, yet such popularity
+was hardly of a nature to appeal to so devout a Christian as one who had
+already attained episcopal rank. But to Heliodorus his work (which may
+well have been the employment of some years) stood for all that he held
+most dear. It was his conception of the ideal in worldly--as opposed to
+spiritual--life. Less austere, perhaps, than many of the fathers of the
+early Church whose works had seemed so tedious to him in his youth, his
+devoutness was tempered largely with a charity and forgiveness that were
+not unworthy of his creed. It was impossible to deny those principles of
+chivalric virtue and chastity which his novel preached, so he chose to
+stand by his book rather than by his benefice, and quitted Thessaly.
+
+So runs the pleasing tale of Nicephorus. But alas! the relentless voice
+of modern research will have it that the real author was not the bishop
+at all, but a Sophist who lived in the third century of our era. Be it as
+it may, I for my part shall go on believing the old romantic tale until
+a better one is invented for the Sophist.
+
+The work itself is called 'Ten Books of Aethiopian History,' for the
+first and last scenes are laid in Egypt, but it is better known by the
+name of its hero and heroine. Its popularity was immense, and it was soon
+translated into 'almost all languages.' Later Pere Amyot published a
+version in French for Francis I., who was so delighted with the result
+that he made the translator abbe of Belozane. Racine tells us it was this
+ancient romance that first fired his imagination with the desire to
+write. His tutor discovered him absorbed in its contents, and snatching
+it from his hand angrily consigned it to the fire. Racine bought another
+copy, which suffered a like fate. But so strong a hold upon him had the
+story, that he purchased a third, and devoured it in secret, offering it
+to his master with a smile when he had thoroughly mastered its contents.
+
+It seems that this ancient Greek romance was lost for many centuries. At
+the sack of Buda in 1526, however, a manuscript of it was discovered in
+the royal library, where it had once formed part of the vast library
+amassed by Matthias Corvinus, the great King of Hungary. Matthias is said
+to have 'spoken almost all the European languages,' so doubtless he had
+passed many a pleasant hour with the tale. This manuscript (others have
+since been discovered) was printed at Basel 'in officina Ioan Hervagii'
+in 1534, a small quarto printed with Greek types.[32]
+
+That the early romances of chivalry possess a charm for the
+book-collector it is impossible to deny. They are 'a series of books,'
+writes Mr. John Ormsby, 'which, complete, would be a glory to any library
+in the world; which, in first editions, would now probably fetch a sum
+almost large enough to endow a college; and which . . . . is perhaps
+. . . . as worthless a set of books as could be made up out of the refuse
+novels of a circulating library.' Times without number they have been
+derided and decried, even in the days when they were popular. The curate
+of La Mancha was not the only one who disapproved of them. 'In our
+fathers tyme,' wrote old Roger Ascham, judging the flock by a few black
+sheep, 'nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a man by
+redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely to manslaughter and
+baudrye.' Possevino, a learned Jesuit and famous preacher of the
+sixteenth century, used to complain that for the last five hundred years
+the princes of Europe had read nothing but romances. Rene d'Anjou
+listened to his chaplain inveighing against Launcelot, Amadis, and the
+romances of which he was particularly fond; but, says Villeneuve, while
+respecting the preacher for his boldness, the king continued to read
+them, and even composed new volumes in imitation of them.[33]
+
+Full of monstrous fictions some of these ancient stories undoubtedly are.
+It were foolish to expect that all of them should attain the high level
+of those great legends which centre about the Holy Grail. Good things
+have ever been imitated indifferently; and it was only the later series
+of tales which had to do chiefly with enchantments and fairies and
+'giaunts, hard to be beleeved.' But alas! all alike have come under the
+ban of those who decry reading for recreation's sake. Good and bad have
+been damn'd indifferently. One cannot help wondering however that so much
+has been written against them, and that so many have been at pains to
+point out their unreasonableness. One would have thought that the very
+fact of them _all_ abounding with incidents that are not only impossible
+but preposterous, would have given these critics pause, and have urged
+them to ask themselves why and wherefore such things were repeated.
+
+To anyone possessed of imagination the answer, of course, is obvious. The
+better tales all had the exaltation of the chivalric spirit in view, and
+sought to achieve this end by allegory as well as by parable. He must be
+a dullard indeed who fails to understand their symbolism. Malory,
+describing the entry of Tristram into the field, wishes to impress upon
+us the fact that he was indeed a 'preux chevalier, sans peur et sans
+reproche,' the model of a Christian knight; so he mounts him on a white
+horse and arrays him in white harness, and he rides out at a postern,
+'and soo he came in to the feld as it had ben a bryght angel.' Doubtless
+those to whom understanding has been denied would argue hotly as to
+whether there is any authority for a knight painting his armour white.
+What sane man, reading 'The Faerie Queene,' could think that it purported
+to depict actual scenes or incidents? Yet time and again the 'sheer
+impossibility' of these stories has been urged in condemnation of them.
+Truly it is not every man who should turn to these ancient books which
+
+    'In sage and solemn tunes have sung
+     Of Turneys and of Trophies hung,
+     Of Forests, and inchantments drear,
+     _Where more is meant than meets the ear_.'
+
+Gavaudan, a troubadour of the twelfth century, meets the undiscerning
+critic more than half-way. Let none judge, he writes, till he be capable
+of separating the grain from the chaff; 'for the fool makes haste to
+condemn, and the ignorant only pretends to know all things, and muses on
+the wonders that are too mighty for his comprehension.'
+
+'Romances,' says Sharon Turner, 'are so many little Utopias, in which the
+writer tries to paint or to inculcate something which he considers to be
+more useful, more happy or more delightful, more excellent or more
+interesting, than the world he lives in, than the characters he surveys,
+or the events or evils which he experiences.' Yet Dunlop, who examined
+the romances of chivalry at some length in his 'History of Fiction,'
+seems never to have suspected that these tales were written with any
+other intention than to amuse or that the events which they related were
+looked upon by their readers as other than facts. For Arthur he has scant
+respect, 'nor,' says he, 'as we advance, do we find him possessed of a
+single quality, except strength and courage, to excite respect or
+interest.' Surely the remark of one who must have been dead to all sense
+of imagination and romance--although purporting to be an authority upon
+them! The teaching of the whole Arthurian cycle of romances was 'that
+noble men may see and lerne the noble actes of chyualrye, the Ientyl and
+vertuous dedes that somme Knyghtes vsed in tho dayes, by whyche they came
+to honour; and how they that were vycious were punysshed and ofte put to
+shame and rebuke.' The quest of the Holy Grail, motive of the most
+exquisite series of mystic tales that has ever been written, was, we are
+expressly informed, 'the hygh way of our Lord Jhesu Cryst, and the way of
+a true good lyver, not that of synners and of mysbelievers.' Godfrey de
+Bouillon, the hero of another cycle, was 'moult preudhomme et sage et
+moult aymant Dieu et gens d'esglise,' as we read in 'Le Triomphe des Neuf
+Preux' (folio, Abbeville 1487). Preposterous tales? Perhaps; yet, as
+regards their moral side, not suffering greatly by comparison with our
+modern fiction.
+
+Those whose reading is confined to the literature of to-day can have no
+idea of the influence which these romances had upon the lives of our
+forefathers. It was not merely a system of morality which they taught, it
+was a civilisation of a very high order. When we are inclined to mock at
+these 'preposterous tales' we should never forget that to them we owe a
+debt so immense that we are lost in the contemplation of it. It cannot be
+gainsaid that it was as much by the study and teaching of these romances
+as it was by the spirit which gave them birth, that our ancestors came to
+mould their lives in such a sort as to influence the civilisation of the
+whole of the western world.
+
+That the romances were the outcome of chivalry cannot be urged, though
+doubtless in a later age they helped to keep the spirit of knighthood
+alive. Edward the Black Prince, the very model of mediaeval chivalry,
+avowedly studied the ancient romances for patterns. When Pedro the Cruel
+had prevailed upon the prince to defend his cause, the princess bitterly
+bewailed her husband's decision. 'I see well,' said the prince, to whom
+her expressions were related, 'that she wishes me to be always at her
+side and never to leave her chamber. But a prince must be ready to win
+renown and to expose himself to all kinds of danger, as in days of old
+did Roland, Oliver, Ogier, the four sons of Aimon, Charlemagne, the great
+Leon de Bourges, Juan de Tournant, Lancelot, Tristan, Alexander, Arthur
+and Godfrey whose courage, bravery, and fearlessness, both warlike and
+heroic, all the romances extoll. And by Saint George, I will restore
+Spain to the rightful heir.'
+
+Occleve, a little later, has no doubt as to the beneficial effects of
+perusing the romances. Indeed he goes so far as to exhort his friend, Sir
+John Oldcastle, to leave off studying Holy Writ, and to read 'Lancelot de
+lake, Vegece, or the Siege of Troie or Thebes.' 'What do ye now,' says
+Caxton in 'The Order of Chivalry,' 'but go to the baynes and playe atte
+dyse? . . . Leve this, leve it, and rede the noble volumes of Saynt
+Graal, of Lancelot, of Galaad, of Trystram, of Perseforest, of Percyval,
+of Gawayn, and many mo. Ther shalle ye see manhode, curtosye, and
+gentylnesse.'
+
+What other system in this world could have bestowed that absolute
+serenity of mind which those who practised chivalry retained amid the
+tumults of their life? The Saracens, abashed by the tranquil spirit of
+their royal prisoner, Louis IX., mistook his humility for pride. In vain
+did they threaten him with torture: the king only replied 'Je suis
+prisonnier du Sultan, il peut faire de moi a son vouloir.' And when at
+last the Sultan's murderer rushed into his prison, his hands dripping
+with blood, and crying, 'What will you give me for having destroyed him
+who would have put you to death?' the king was more struck with horror at
+the crime than with fear for his own safety, and remained motionless,
+disdaining to answer. Thereupon the Saracen, maddened by a tranquillity
+which he rightly attributed to the immense power of Christian chivalry,
+presented the point of his blood-stained sword to the king's breast,
+crying, 'Fais moi chevalier, ou je te tue.' 'Fais toi Chrestien,' replied
+the intrepid king, 'et je te ferai chevalier.'
+
+We are accustomed nowadays to look upon chivalry merely as a knightly
+institution which had to do solely with tournaments, banquets,
+knight-errantry, and the rescuing of encastled maidens. The modern
+acceptance of the term omits all those gentle qualities of mind which go
+to make the true chivalric disposition. We associate chivalry with 'fair
+play' combined with 'manliness'; and humility has no part in it. Indeed
+it never enters into our mind that it was a system of 'humanyte,
+curtosye, and gentylnesse.' More, it was a religion deeply ingrained in
+the hearts of men, a religion which spread through all grades of society,
+and one which consisted in the beatifying of the noblest qualities of
+human nature; and it has left an indelible mark upon our national
+character. Chivalry is not dead to-day as thoughtless people so often
+exclaim; it will never die so long as our national characteristics
+endure, though to-day it passes under a different name. 'Sport' we call
+it now, and we pride ourselves in being 'sporting' even in the hour of
+death--witness the countless instances brought about by the late great
+war.
+
+Bertrand du Guesclin, one of the greatest and most fearless exponents of
+the chivalric spirit, and the Black Prince's most redoubtable enemy, fell
+at last into the hands of the English. One day at Bordeaux the Prince
+summoned him from his prison, and asked him how he fared. 'Par may foy,
+monseigneur,' replied Bertrand, 'il m'ennuye de n'entendre que le chant
+des Souris de Bourdeaux; je voudrois bien ouyr les Rossignols de nostre
+pais'; but he added that he loved honour better than aught else and never
+had anything brought him more glory than his prison, seeing that, as all
+the other prisoners had been ransomed, he was kept there only through
+fear of his prowess. The Prince of Wales, touched in his honour (or
+rather pride) at du Guesclin's words, agreed to liberate Bertrand upon
+payment of seventy thousand florins of gold.[34] 'But what was more
+extraordinary in this adventure,' says a French chronicler, 'was that the
+Princess of Wales gave him thirty thousand, and Sir John Chandos, who had
+taken him prisoner, took upon himself to pay what was wanting to make the
+sum complete.' 'Sporting,' was it not? Truly we are a marvellous race,
+and it is not to be wondered that other nations, from whom this spirit
+has long passed away, despair of ever being able to understand us.
+
+England has always been the home of chivalry. La Colombiere in his 'Vray
+Theatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie ou le Miroir Heroique de la Noblesse'
+remarks that the greatest number of the old romances have been more
+particularly employed in celebrating the valour of the knights of this
+kingdom than that of any other; because, in fact, they have always loved
+such exercises in an especial manner. 'The city of London,' writes
+Francisco de Moraes in the 'Palmerin de Inglaterra,' 'contained in those
+days all, or the greater part, of the chivalry of the world.' In
+Perceforest a damozel says to his companion 'Sire chevalier, I will
+gladly parley with you because you come from Great Britain; it is a
+country which I love well, for there habitually (coustumierement) is the
+finest chivalry in the world; c'est le pays au monde, si comme je croy,
+le plus remply des bas et joyeulx passetemps pour toutes gentilles
+pucelles et jeunes bacheliers qui pretendent a honneur de
+chevalerie.'[35]
+
+The entire cycle of legends which has the Holy Grail for its centre is
+concerned with Britain and Britain alone. Caerleon and Winchester,
+Tintagel and Glastonbury, these are the chief stages in this great
+romance of perfect knighthood; and whether related by a scribe of
+Hainault in the thirteenth century or sung by a Welsh bard before the
+Norman Conquest or praised at the court at Paris by the favourite
+troubadour of Philip Augustus, it is all one as regards the setting and
+the chief characters. 'Whether for goodly men or for chivalrous deeds,
+for courtesy or for honour,' wrote the Norman chronicler Wace in the
+middle of the twelfth century, 'in Arthur's day England bore the flower
+from all the lands near by, yea from every other land whereof we know.
+The poorest peasant in his smock was a more courteous and valiant
+gentleman than was a belted knight beyond the sea.'
+
+There is a pleasing story which relates how Robert Bruce, marching with
+his army in the mountains of Ireland, heard a woman crying during one of
+the halts. He inquired immediately what was the matter, and was told that
+it was a camp-follower, a poor laundress, who was taken in child-bed; and
+as it was impossible to take her with them, she bemoaned her fate in
+being left behind to die. The king replied that he is no man who will not
+pity a woman then. He ordered that a tent should be pitched for her
+immediately, and that she should be attended at once by the other women;
+and there he tarried his host until she had been delivered and could be
+carried along with them. 'This,' says the Chronicler, 'was a full great
+courtesy.' Chivalry? In the very highest sense of the word.
+
+We must be careful lest, losing sight of the many attributes of chivalry,
+we incline towards the erroneous view that it was confined entirely to
+the upper classes. That the manuscript volumes of the romantic tales
+which were so eagerly purchased and treasured by the educated classes
+could never possibly come into the hands of the rude illiterate peasants
+is a fallacious argument. Scanty indeed would be our folk-lore had it all
+been transmitted graphically. Chaucer bears evidence of the widespread
+popularity of these heroic tales in his day:
+
+    'Alexaundres storie is so commune
+     That every wight that hath discrecioune
+     Hath herde somewhat or al of his fortune.'
+
+The incidents of these immortal tales were as well known to the humblest
+as to the highest in the land. We have abundant evidence of their
+popularity when recounted in front of the fire in hostel or homestead.
+Even so late as Milton's day it was the custom to recount knightly
+adventures and fairy tales about the evening fireside. When
+
+                    the live-long daylight fail
+    Then to the Spicy Nut-brown Ale,
+    With stories told of many a feat,
+    How _Faery Mab_ the junkets eat,
+    .       .       .       .       .       .
+    Where throngs of Knights and Barons bold,
+    In weeds of Peace high triumphs hold,
+    With store of Ladies, whose bright eyes
+    Rain influence, and judge the prise,
+
+until at length
+
+    Thus done the Tales, to bed they creep,
+    By whispering Winds soon lull'd asleep.
+
+How great a part of the pleasures of this world have they missed whose
+pulses are never stirred by the Spirit of Romance! Content and Peace of
+Mind may be had by all who will offer up sacrifices to obtain them; but
+Imagination is not to be had at any price unless it be a part of our
+birthright. Content may yield a tranquillity of mind that refreshes the
+soul, but it is Imagination alone that can produce that spiritual
+exaltation which takes our minds from worldly things, carries us
+backwards or forwards through countless ages of the past or aeons of
+futurity, and enables us to ride in the chariot of Phoebus. It is a
+vast library in itself.
+
+    'He had small need of books; for many a tale
+     Traditionary round the mountains hung,
+     And many a legend, peopling the dark woods,
+     Nourished Imagination in her growth.'
+
+It was the fortune of our book-hunter once to spend an afternoon in June
+upon the downs near Winchester. To southward of the old town there is a
+deep grassy hollow, crescent-shaped, its southern slope fringed with
+wood; and here in the shade he lay reading the 'Morte d'Arthur' of old
+Malory. Coming at length to the Noble Tale of the Sangreal, he read how
+King Arthur, having come 'unto Camelot by the houre of undorn on
+Whytsonday,' and feasting with the fellowship of the Round Table, was
+told of the marvel wrought unto Balin's sword by Merlin.
+
+You will remember that Balin fought unbeknown with his brother Balan,
+that each wounded the other unto death, and that they were buried by
+Merlin in the same tomb. Then Merlin 'lete make by his subtylyte that
+Balyn's swerd was put in a marbel stone standyng up ryght as grete as a
+mylle stone, and the stone hoved alweyes above the water, and dyd many
+yeres, and so by adventure it swam doun the streme to the Cyte of Camelot
+that is in Englysshe Wynchestre.'
+
+To the west the downs slope steeply into the river valley, and set in the
+rich green meadows like a skein of silver threads the book-hunter could
+discern the Itchen with its attendant rivulets. So he gazed across to the
+stream and pondered over this marvellous stone which 'hoved' always above
+the water, a sword set in it so that the pommel alone could be seen, 'and
+in the pomel therof were precyous stones wrought with subtyle letters of
+gold.' It was the symbol which was to prove the youthful Galahad the
+_haut prince_ who should achieve the Sangreal.
+
+That same evening, wandering along the river's bank below the city, his
+head full of the wondrous tale, an adventure befell him. It was dusk, and
+he had crossed the stream at a ford, when suddenly he saw the stone. It
+was lying upon its side, not a dozen paces from the water. There was no
+doubt whatever about it. It was roughly five feet long, about half as
+wide and thick, and of a curious reddish-brown--the colour of dried
+blood.
+
+'Sir,' said the squire who brought the news to the King and his Knights,
+'there is here bynethe at the Ryver a grete stone which I saw flete above
+the water, and therin I sawe styckyng a swerd. The Kynge sayde, I wille
+see that marveill. Soo all the Knyghtes went with hym. And whanne they
+came unto the ryver they fonde there a stone fletyng, _as hit were of
+reed marbel_, and therin stack a fair ryche swerd.'
+
+I confess that not a little awe was mingled with delight as our
+book-hunter gazed upon the stone, walked round it, touched it! Then
+suddenly away in the old city a bell tolled, and he recollected that it
+was Whitsun Eve! That walk home in the twilight was something not easily
+to be forgotten, and neither supper nor a pipe could bring him back to
+earth and the twentieth century again. Next morning he was up early,
+anxious to see if any trace were left of the spot where this marvel had
+occurred, for it was scarcely possible that the whole adventure was other
+than a dream. But the spot was soon found, and sure enough there was the
+stone or peron,[36] and he could examine it in the sunshine at his
+leisure. How it got there or whence it came it were impossible to guess;
+the chalk for miles around contains nothing but flints, and the peron was
+smooth and polished 'as a mill-stone.'
+
+[Illustration: THE PERON]
+
+That Winchester is not Camelot antiquaries have told us often enough. The
+city of the Knights may have been in the West Country or in Wales for
+aught our bookman cares; but until they can produce a likelier site and a
+better peron he will continue to take Sir Thomas's word for it.
+
+One other point. I have said that the stone lay some few paces from the
+water. You will notice when you pay a pilgrimage to the stone (it lies at
+the ford, hard by a church) that the ground about it is almost level with
+the water, so that when the river is in flood the stone must be almost
+submerged: in other words, it would then _hove above the water_. It is
+easy to see from the bank on the other side that the river has changed
+its course by a few yards, leaving the stone now high and dry. If you
+dispute this, why then I can only say that the stone, as 'by adventure it
+swam down the stream,' must have been cast there by the river when in
+flood. That there is a cleft in the stone whence Galahad withdrew the
+sword I can neither affirm nor deny; it _may_ have closed up, for with
+perons of this nature all things are possible, or the stone itself _may_
+have got turned over.[37] At all events I for one shall not be so rash as
+to cast suspicion upon so historic a relic.
+
+For those materialists who doubt that such an event ever took place, I
+will propound a theory. That the first twelve books of the 'Morte
+d'Arthur' were translated from the French by Sir Thomas Malory seems
+probable. Caxton says as much in his Preface, and the Epilogue to Book
+XII. reads, 'Here endeth the second book of Syr Tristram that was drawen
+oute of Frensshe in to Englysshe. But here is no rehersal of the thyrd
+book. And here foloweth the noble tale of the Sancgreal that called is
+the hooly vessel.' It has been shown[38] that the stories of the Holy
+Grail are probably of Welsh origin, and--Sir Thomas is said to have been
+a Welshman. Is it possible that he was ever at Winchester, that he
+wandered on Whitsun Eve (as did our book-hunter) along the Itchen, that
+he came to and roused over the stone (smooth and polished as a
+mill-stone), so different from any to be seen hereabout, and that as he
+wandered back to Camelot he wove the delicious romance about it? At all
+events, if he were ever there, it is at least possible that the spot was
+in his mind when adapting the Welsh legends for his book. Mark how well
+the events which I relate accord with the topography of the spot. The
+stone was 'beneath at the river,' the damozel who comes to view the
+marvel 'came rydynge doune the ryver . . . . on a whyte palfroy toward
+them,' and there is mention of the river meads. It is hard to believe
+that Sir Thomas would definitely assert that Camelot 'is in English
+Winchester,' and make it the chief scene of his romance, had he never
+visited the town.
+
+The book was finished, Caxton tells us, 'the ix yere of the reygne of
+king edward the fourth,' 1469; but was not 'chapytred and emprynted and
+fynysshed in th'abbey Westmestre' until 'the last day of July the yere of
+our lord M.CCCC.LXXXV.,' 1485. Three weeks later a fateful battle was
+fought--that of Bosworth, which placed the crown upon Harry Tudor's head.
+The facts that the new king was a great benefactor to Winchester, that he
+held the castle to have been built by King Arthur, and that he brought
+hither his queen to be delivered of his first-born (whom he named
+Arthur), point to something more than a chance connection between the
+city and the book.
+
+Henry Tudor was also a Welshman, and possibly Malory was of the king's
+acquaintance, if not actually of his retinue. Bale asserts that Malory
+was occupied with affairs of state. But conclusions are dangerous things.
+The preface to the 'Morte d'Arthur' ascribes the ordering of the book to
+Edward the Fourth. '. . . I made a book unto th'excellent prynce and kyng
+of noble memorye kyng Edward the fourth. The sayd noble Ientylmen
+instantly requyred me t'emprynte thystorye of the sayd noble kyng and
+conquerour king Arthur and of his knyghtes, _wyth thystorye of the saynt
+greal_, and of the deth and endynge of the sayd Arthur; Affermyng that
+. . . there ben in frensshe dyvers and many noble volumes of his actes and
+also of his knyghtes.'[39] Which looks rather as if Edward the Fourth
+(who had no reason to love the Welsh--you will remember that he had
+beheaded Owen Tudor, Richmond's grandfather) had heard of or read
+Malory's work, and was anxious to possess it in print, though unwilling
+to credit it to a follower of the Lancastrian party. It is a pleasant
+field for surmise, and, however wrongly, it is good to picture old Sir
+Thomas strolling along those pleasant meads beside the river, weaving his
+immortal cycle of tales.
+
+There is a connection somewhere between Malory and Caxton too. In 1469
+Malory finished his book, and in March of that year Caxton began to
+translate le Fevre's 'Recueil des Histoires de Troyes.' Where and when
+did Malory meet Caxton, who lived for some years about that time at
+Bruges, discovering that they possessed the same literary tastes? Did
+Malory hand the manuscript of his work to Caxton, in the service of the
+Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Edward the Fourth, and did the great
+printer (or the Duchess) show it to that king? We shall never know, and
+only Imagination can fill the gap.
+
+But to continue. It was Whitsunday, and as the last notes of the
+voluntary echoed away among those 'antick pillars massy proof' of the
+great church, our book-hunter's thoughts turned once more to King Arthur
+and his knights. For was it not upon this very day that the vision of the
+Holy Grail was vouchsafed to them as they sat at meat within the castle
+hall?
+
+'And thenne the kynge and al estates wente home unto Camelot, and soo
+wente to evensonge to the grete mynster. And soo after upon that to
+souper. . . . Thenne anone they herd crakynge and cryenge of thonder,
+that hem thought the place shold alle to dryve. . . . Not for thenne
+there was no knyght myghte speke one word a grete whyle. . . . Thenne
+ther entred in to the halle the holy graile coverd with whyte samyte, but
+ther was none myghte see hit,[40] nor who bare hit. . . . And whan the
+holy grayle had be borne thurgh the halle thenne the holy vessel departed
+sodenly, that they wyste not where hit becam: thenne had they alle brethe
+to speke.'
+
+So the man of books climbed the hill and presently stood within the
+beautiful hall with its glorious black marble pillars, sole remnant of
+the ancient stronghold. The round table (barbarously painted) now hangs
+upon the western wall, but it needed little imagination to picture it set
+down in the midst, covered with a fair silken cloth ('the Kynge yede unto
+the syege Peryllous and lyfte vp the clothe, and fonde there the name of
+Galahad'), and on it set rich flagons and dishes, strangely wrought and
+worked with precious stones, and all about the table the famous knights
+in costumes strange to our eyes. . . . Launcelot upon the king's
+left,[41] now glancing with fatherly pride upon the youthful Galahad
+(occupying the Siege Perilous), now smiling up at Queen Guenevere seated
+in the gallery with her maidens . . . . the walls hung with coarse
+dull-red cloth and bundles of sweet-smelling herbs hanging here and
+there, the floor strewn with fresh green rushes, gathered early that
+morning in the meadows below . . . . by the king's side a snow-white
+brachet, a golden collar about its neck . . . . and so on and so on.
+Imagination forsooth! He must be dull indeed who, reading the book and
+standing in the hall, cannot picture the scene for himself.
+
+It is useless to declaim that the great hall of the castle was not
+completed until the time of Henry the Third, that it did not exist at all
+before the Norman Conquest, that the castle occupied by King Arthur is
+more likely to have been on the site of the more ancient one which stood
+near the river (now known as Wolvesey), and that the great round table
+(eighteen feet in diameter, of stout old English oak, cunningly bolted
+together) was made during the former king's reign and was never used by
+Arthur at all. What are such crude exactitudes to us? As well object to
+the heavy plate-armour worn by the knights--everybody knows this to be an
+anachronism of nigh a thousand years. Romantic phantasy and scientific
+data are as far apart as the poles, and none but a fool would try to
+reconcile them. King Arthur feasted in the castle hall, says Malory, and
+so far as our book-hunter is concerned he shall feast there as often and
+as long as he likes.
+
+There is a romance, too, about the name of this older castle. _Wolvesey_
+its scanty ruins are called to-day, and the antiquarians tell us that
+this was originally WULF'S EY, or 'the wolf's isle.' Was it once the
+scene of a battue by the young bloods of the tribe to drive out some
+wolves that had established themselves there, a fierce fight with axes
+and spears at close quarters whilst the rest of the tribe lined the
+opposite banks and prevented any escape? Or was it the scene of some
+homeric combat _seul a seul_? Perhaps some day a wolf's skull
+will be dug up there, with a stone axe sticking in it. But the history of
+it has gone for ever, had gone, probably, long centuries before King
+Kynegils found it a strong site for his castle.
+
+It was at Wolvesey that King Alfred himself is said to have penned some
+part of the Saxon Chronicle now treasured in the library of Corpus
+Christi College, Cambridge. He was a true book-lover, this great English
+king, and it is to the school of illuminators which arose later in the
+'new minster' by St. Swithun's that we are indebted for some of the most
+beautiful examples of mediaeval art that have come down to us. The Golden
+Book of Edgar, Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History'--in the Cathedral
+library--and the exquisitely illuminated 'benedictional' of St. AEthelwold
+possessed by the Duke of Devonshire, all these were produced before the
+end of the tenth century by the artists who laboured so patiently in the
+Scriptorium beside those peaceful meadows. For two centuries the
+Winchester school of illuminators was renowned throughout the western
+world.
+
+It is a pleasant spot, this ancient city of Camelot, and I like to read
+that among the aldermen who assembled at the Tun Moot in bygone days were
+a pinder, a mole-catcher, and an ale-conner. A stout fellow, this last,
+for without his permission not a single barrel of beer could be broached.
+The business transacted at the Moot, we are told, was little more than to
+receive taxes, provide for the defence of the city, and settle disputes.
+After which the aldermen (with the permission of the ale-conner, it is to
+be presumed) proceeded to consume the ale allowed to them by custom
+immemorial at the rate of two gallons a man at each sitting. _O tempora,
+O mores!_
+
+At one time, however, that kill-joy Edgar came near to causing an
+insurrection, for he ordained that all drinking-horns should have pegs
+set in them at regular intervals and that no man might drink below his
+peg. Thus were practically abolished those friendly drinking-bouts
+between Danes and English that did so much to rid the town of its
+northern intruders. _Floreat Wintonia_, and may it stand for ever to
+book-lovers and lovers of romance as the ideal of all that is knightly
+and kingly and romantic--and hospitable.
+
+It is to be feared, however, that the Spirit of Romance is now
+moribund--if, indeed, it has not already passed away; and with it we are
+losing one of the most ennobling qualities in our nature. We pride
+ourselves nowadays in living in a 'matter-of-fact' age, by which we mean
+a practical, unromantic age. But is it a matter for so much pride after
+all? Granted that the benefits which have accrued to mankind during the
+past century and a half are worth all the Romance in the world; but is
+the relegation of Romance to the domain of History a _sine qua non_ so
+far as progress is concerned? In our haste to get on we have tried to
+drive Romance and Progress in tandem, with steady-going Progress in the
+shafts; but having found that together they need skilful handling, we
+have unharnessed the leader and hitched him on behind, to be dragged
+along anyhow in our wake.
+
+There must be many who regard the loss of romantic ideals as a matter for
+more than passing regret. Reverence, too, not only for our elders and
+betters but even for the great works of our predecessors, is going the
+way of its cousin, Romance. Recently, rambling over the Hampshire downs,
+our bookman toiled up the grassy bosom of this rolling land to a still
+loftier height whence on a clear day the Isle of Wight, nigh thirty miles
+away, can be distinguished. As he neared the top a mound came into view,
+one of those unmistakable monuments raised o'er the graves of the great
+chieftains of our ancient race. It was a most impressive spot, the
+highest point for many miles round, and the book-hunter wondered who he
+was that lay there in solemn majesty keeping watch through the long
+centuries over the land that once was his. On approaching closer the
+wayfarer was horrified to see that on the top of the mound, in the
+centre, there was a deep hole. Its import was obvious. The mortal remains
+of one who had lain for centuries in a grandeur befitting his lordly rank
+had been torn from their sepulchre, probably by some irreverent commoner,
+and were now doubtless exhibited to the vulgar gaze, in a glass case.
+
+Doubtless the ghoul (for he that rifles tombs is none other) who
+perpetrated this enormity described himself as an archaeologist. Possibly
+he was of gentle birth and had received a University education. If so, so
+much the greater his crime, for he could not plead ignorance. Surely no
+seriously minded person can urge that the knowledge thus gained as to
+ancient methods of burial, age of the remains, and so on, warranted such
+sacrilege.[42] We can only hope that the chieftain was granted five
+minutes with the archaeologist when that individual at length entered the
+land of shadows. Doubtless the archaeologist had no qualms whatever, and
+slept soundly in the belief that by his 'researches' he had wrought great
+things for mankind; but when he encountered the chieftain it is unlikely
+that they would see eye to eye. 'Happy are they who deal so with men in
+this world that they are not afraid to meet them in the next,' and
+happier still are they who deal so reverently with the earthly memorials
+of the dead, that there may be many to speak in their favour when they
+approach the Great Tribunal.
+
+[Illustration: THE HALL OF THE KNIGHTS]
+
+This particular form of irreverence, however, has been a byword
+throughout all the ages; civilisation and education have done little to
+check it, possibly because the romantic spirit which forbids such crimes
+is born, not made. King Arthur's bones were dug up in the twelfth
+century. 'Mummie is become Merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharoah
+is sold for balsoms,' wrote Sir Thomas Browne five hundred years later.
+In 1788 the massive stone coffin which held the remains of our
+illustrious King Alfred was discovered facing the High Altar at Hyde
+Abbey, Winchester, whither they had been translated in 1110. The coffin
+was broken in pieces, the bones found in it were scattered, and the lead
+enveloping the remains was sold by the workmen. A stone from the wrecked
+tomb, bearing the name AELFRED, was carried off to Cumberland as a curio.
+Hyde Abbey was razed to make way for a county Bridewell. 'At almost every
+stroke of the mattock,' relates an eye-witness, 'some antient sepulchre
+or other was violated.' Examples of such desecrations can be multiplied
+without number. The Great Alaric was wise indeed when he had the course
+of a river changed so that his bones, when lying at the bottom of it,
+might never be disturbed.
+
+Our ancient laws dealt sternly with this matter. 'If any man shall dig up
+a body that has already been buried,' ruled Henry the First, 'he shall be
+WARGUS,' that is, banished from his district as a rogue. 'Malice
+provoketh not to dig up tombes and graves,' wrote an unknown Elizabethan
+scholar, commenting on this; 'and though it should, yet religion doth now
+restraine it, by reason it is counted sacriledge to violate anythinge in
+churches or churchyards. Covetousness made some to dig up the dead,
+because ornaments, jewels, or money, were in times past buried with many;
+but now that custome seasing, no man for desire of gaine is invited to
+commit this offence, and it now being generally reputed a most vile acte,
+no man will presume to transgresse these lawes, and every man is a law to
+himself therein.' But in this 'enlightened' age, when we are held to be
+above the need of such legislation, there is nothing to prevent the
+archaeologist from practising his hobby where and when he please--so long
+as he avoids the churchyards. 'Tush,' he cries, 'here lies an ancient
+heathen who was not even buried in consecrated ground. We may find some
+curious relics buried with him. Up with his bones.'
+
+'Freedom for all men' may be a glorious motto, yet when we view these
+crimes (and the carved initials which deface so many of our most sacred
+monuments) we cannot but muse that there are many who should never be
+free--at least from the restraint of discipline. 'None can love freedom
+heartily, but good men: the rest love not freedom, but licence.'[43]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[32] There are 242 pages in this editio princeps, after which should come
+a leaf with (_a_) blank (_b_) device of John Hervey or Hervagius. It was
+english'd by Thomas Underdowne, and published in small octavo by Frauncis
+Coldocke, at the sign of the greene Dragon in Paules churchyeard, in
+1587.
+
+[33] "Il estoit bon musicien, tres-bon Poete Francois et Italien, se
+delectant singulierement a lire les belles et naifues rithmes de nos
+Poetes Prouencaux . . . . . . . tellement qu'il a compose en son temps
+plusieurs beaux et gracieux Romans comme _La conqueste de la douce mercy,
+et Le mortifiement de vaine plaisance_ . . . . . Mais sur toutes choses
+aimoit il d'un amour passionnez la peinture . . . . . qu'il estoit en
+bruit et reputation entre les plus excellents Peintres et Enlumineurs de
+son temps." (Nostradamus). He had a fine library which contained all the
+most celebrated compositions of the Provencal poets and troubadours.
+
+[34] It was quite a dramatic scene. Bertrand taunted the Prince until the
+latter named a sum; and to his surprise De Guesclin at once cried "Done!"
+and all at the table sprang to their feet. "Oh Sir," they cried to the
+Prince, "what have you done!" "I hold you to your word," cried Du
+Guesclin--and so it was. See Hay du Chastelet, Claude Menard, and other
+biographers, also the Inventaire des Chartres, tome VI. (See also
+footnote on page 216.)
+
+[35] This great romance does not appear ever to have been translated into
+English, which is somewhat strange, for its hero, Perceforest, was King
+of England, and we are told at the outset that the volume had an English
+origin. Philippe Comte de Hainault having accompanied Marguerite daughter
+of Philippe III. (_le hardi_) to England in order to be present at her
+nuptials with Edward I. (1299), the Count made an excursion to the north
+of England. Chancing to harbour at a monastery 'on the banks of the
+Humber,' he was shown an ancient manuscript which had been discovered in
+a vault under the ancient (? Saxon) part of the building. One of the
+monks had translated it into Latin. Philippe borrowed it and took it back
+with him to Hainault, where it was reduced into French. It is every whit
+as good as the Morte d'Arthur, and still awaits its Malory. The 1531
+Paris edition consists of six folio volumes, the page in double columns
+of black letter type, with 53 lines to the column. The whole book
+contains rather more than six hundred thousand words. Here is a chance
+for some enthusiast! At the least he would learn patience,
+carefulness--and a deal of mediaeval French.
+
+[36] O. Fr. _pierron_.
+
+[37] That there is a distinct crack on its upper side, you may see from
+the photograph here reproduced.
+
+[38] Sir J. Rhys, 'Studies in the Arthurian Legend,' Oxford, 1891, pp.
+300-327.
+
+[39] In the list of books at the Louvre belonging to Charles V. of
+France, drawn up by Gilles Malet, his librarian, in 1373, there is a
+volume 'Du roy Artus, de la Table Ronde, et de la Mort dudit roy, tres
+bien escript et enlumine.' It would be interesting to compare this
+manuscript (if it is still in existence) with Malory's work, and to see
+whether the incident of the _peron_ is described therein.
+
+[40] _i.e._ the golden vessel, because of the samite (silken) covering.
+
+[41] As the table is painted at present, 'S. Galahallt' is upon the
+King's immediate left.
+
+[42] Of one of these enterprising antiquaries (a clergyman) it is proudly
+related that in the course of _three years_ "he opened no less than a
+hundred and six tumuli and graves, and obtained from them a large
+proportion of that valuable collection of antiquities now in possession
+of Mr. Meyer, of Liverpool." See _A Corner of Kent_, by J. R. Planche,
+1864, page 115.
+
+[43] Milton.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE CARE OF BOOKS
+
+    'Wher so ever y be come over all
+     I belonge to the Chapell of gunvylle hall;
+     He shal be cursed by the grate sentens
+     That felonsly faryth and berith me thens.
+     And whether he bere me in pooke or sekke
+     For me he shall be hanged by the nekke,
+     (I am so well beknown of dyverse men)
+     But I be restored theder agen.'
+              (_Written in a breviary in the Library
+                    of Gonville and Caius College._)
+
+
+WHEREIN lies the charm of an old book? In its contents? Not altogether,
+for then would the reprint be just as acceptable; perhaps more so, for it
+would be possibly more legible, probably cleaner, certainly in a more
+convenient shape. In its scarcity, then? Partly, perhaps; yet not
+necessarily, for there are many 'old' books that are always eagerly
+bought up by collectors, though quite frequent in occurrence. Then
+wherein lies the old book's charm? It is chiefly in its appearance.
+
+It is the spiritual appearance rather than the material aspect of a book,
+however, that draws the book-lover to it. To the true bibliophile there
+is an intangible _something_ about an old book which it is impossible to
+describe. That this feeling is closely akin to the impressive influence
+of antiquity there can be no doubt; for you may prove it by taking your
+book-lover successively to a modern free library and to a collection of
+ancient books, and noting carefully his expression in each. Though he be
+surrounded by thousands of volumes issued from the press during the last
+half-century, rich and luxurious works even, yet the probability is that
+he will be merely bored. But watch him as he stands before the thick oak
+shelves eagerly scrutinising the dim lettering on ancient calf and vellum
+back! See how his eye flashes as he takes down an ancient quarto, gently
+and reverently lest the headband be grown weak with age, and, carefully
+blowing the dust from its top edge, turns eagerly to title-page and
+colophon!
+
+And this feeling is not influenced by the surroundings which one is
+accustomed to associate with old books. Whether they be in a cathedral or
+college library, in a bookshop or the most modern of cases, it is all one
+to your true collector. It is the books and the books only about which he
+cares. No sooner does he feel the ancient tome within his hands than his
+soul is borne rapidly away upon the wings of fancy, far far back into the
+dim ages, high above all worldly considerations; caring, understanding,
+feeling, in tune with the magic so wondrously locked up in this ancient
+volume, to which his love of books alone has provided the key.
+
+It is no wonder that he is impressed, for the soul of the true
+book-collector is ever in communion with the _manes_ of those who gave
+birth to his books. He is brother to author, paper-maker, compositor,
+publisher, and binder, understanding all their hopes, doubts, and fears,
+in sympathy with all the thoughts that gave his volumes their shape,
+size, and appearance. Have you not often realised, brother collector, the
+_spirit_ that is hidden in every old book, the concentrated thoughts that
+have been materialised in giving it birth? Surely thoughts never die.
+'Our thoughts are heard in heaven' wrote a neglected poet, and are not
+books 'sepulchres of thought'?
+
+Happier is the book-collector than he who acquires ancient pieces of
+furniture, old vases, or pewter mugs. For, unlike the old book, these
+things can be reproduced in facsimile so that you may not tell the
+difference between old and new, and the reproduction may be stronger and
+more serviceable than the original. Moreover he is not troubled with
+qualms as to their genuineness, undergoing agonies of apprehension while
+each treasure--or otherwise--is submitted to the scrutiny of friends and
+experts.
+
+There is a lasting charm about a book of our choice which the
+antique-collector can never hope to experience. His treasure may be
+grotesque or it may be beautiful, in either case it may please the eye
+every time that he behold it, through many years. But beyond pleasure to
+the eye and perhaps a smug complacency in its possession, there is
+nothing else. He knows it inside-out, as it were, within a few minutes of
+its acquisition. Very different, however, is the case with a book. After
+the attraction exercised by its ancient appearance, the exterior aspect
+is in reality but a secondary consideration, and when we have expressed
+ourselves as to whether it be a fine or a poor copy, we turn at once to
+its contents. The very wording of the title-page gives us an inkling of
+the writer's character, places us upon his plane, and tunes our thoughts
+in harmony with his.
+
+What book-lover does not sympathise with that great man Lenglet du
+Fresnoy? Perhaps few men have come so completely under the spell of
+books; for he devoted a long life entirely to consuming the fruits of the
+master minds that had gone before him. In spite of the gossip concerning
+him, not always to his credit, that has come down to us, it is undeniable
+that by sheer love and knowledge of books he piled up a monument that
+will ever keep his name in memory among bibliophiles for he is numbered
+with such giants as Hain, Brunet, and Lowndes. The 'Methode pour etudier
+l'Histoire' alone is sufficient to show his extraordinary knowledge of
+books; indeed, they were the very inspirers of his being and though his
+paths led him to high places, 'a passion for study for ever crushed the
+worm of ambition.' Having spent the greater part of his eighty-two years
+among old books, it was a modern one which caused his end; for,
+slumbering over its dulness, he fell into the fire and was burned to
+death!
+
+It is said of him that he refused all the conveniences offered by a rich
+sister, that he might not endure the restraint of a settled dinner-hour;
+preferring to browse undisturbed among his beloved tomes. His immense
+knowledge of ancient books is shown by the vast number of diverse works
+which he wrote and edited; but so forcible and controversial were his
+writings that he was sent to the Bastille some ten or twelve times. It is
+even related of him that he got to know the prison so well, that when
+Tapin (one of the guards who usually conducted him thither) entered his
+chamber, he did not wait to hear his commission but began himself by
+saying 'Ah! Bonjour, Monsieur Tapin,' then turning to the woman who
+waited on him, 'Allons vite, mon petit paquet, du linge et du tabac,' and
+went along gaily with M. Tapin to the Bastille. Verily the true
+bibliophile is not as other men, and a modern world looks upon him
+askance. Yet his portion is a happiness that riches cannot purchase, for
+his soul has found lasting comfort and contentment in a knowledge of the
+innermost recesses of human thought. There is no aspect or phase of the
+human mind with which he is unacquainted; and it is a knowledge that
+books alone can impart.
+
+Yet our true book-lover is not of those whose very religion is the
+preservation of the pristine appearance of their books, who deem it
+sacrilege to destroy one jot of the contemporary leather in which their
+treasures are clothed: liking rather to glue, varnish, and patch,
+preferring even a grotesque effect rather than sacrifice an inch of
+decayed calf. Their point of view is wholly admirable: that the only form
+in which we are justified in possessing a book is that in which it was
+originally issued to the world: that the men who bestowed great thought
+in giving it birth, to wit, author and publisher, know better what is
+meet and seemly for it than can any man of a different age: that one
+man's choice is another man's abhorrence: and so on, and so on. Granted
+these things are so; but surely he who possesses the volume may have some
+say in its appearance, since it exists upon his shelf solely for his own
+delight and for no other man's?
+
+'It is mine,' says Praktikos, 'may I not clothe it in the colours of the
+rainbow if it please me?'
+
+'Then you are a vandal,' replies Phulax, 'for you will ruin your book,
+and it will not be worth ten shillings when it returns from the binder.'
+
+And there's the rub: rebind your book and--in nine cases out of ten--_you
+will lower its market value_. Therefore, if the book-collector have any
+eye to the purely commercial value of his library, he will do well to
+become an 'original-boards-uncut' man at once. Handsome his library will
+never be, for here there will be a whole set of paper-bound volumes
+lacking backs, here a folio strangely patched and mended, there a book in
+rather dirty vellum somewhat cockled by damp, and so on. But he will have
+the satisfaction of knowing that his volumes retain, in their appearance
+at least, something of the spirit of the time in which they first saw
+light. Perhaps they will create for him the more easily that stimulating
+yet peaceful atmosphere imparted by a collection of old books.
+
+Is there not, then, any alternative to preserving one's volumes in a
+disreputable condition? Assuredly there is--there are two alternatives.
+Either the collector will be so wise (and, incidentally, so wealthy) as
+never to purchase a dilapidated book, or else he must exercise great
+common sense and much good taste, putting fancy entirely to one side.
+
+You possess a copy of Cotton's translation of the Commentaries of Messire
+Blaize de Montluc, folio 1674. It is a good, clean, tall copy, but
+clothed in tattered contemporary brown calf. Half of the back is missing,
+two of the corners are badly broken, and a piece of the leather upon the
+under cover is torn off. Perchance you elect to send it to your binder,
+with strict instructions that it is to be repaired with plain calf. In
+due course the volume is returned to you, and it now presents a fearful
+and marvellous appearance. It is the proud possessor of a new back,
+nearly but not quite matching the sides in colour, and upon this the
+remaining upper half of the original back has been pasted. The corners
+bulge strangely, and you can discern new leather underneath the old and
+wherever the old was deficient. The sides shine with polishing, and a
+patch--again not quite matching the original, for it is next to
+impossible to do this--has been inserted on the under cover. The whole
+volume shines unnaturally, and has rather a piebald appearance. In short,
+it reminds one of Bardolph's face--'all bubukles and whelks and knobs.'
+
+But perchance you possess another copy in precisely the same condition
+inside and out, and this you have decided must be rebound. It goes to
+your binder, always with your very definite instructions, and in due
+course returns, modestly attired in morocco of, let us say, a dark
+sage-green hue. On each side there is a plain double panel, 'blind'
+tooled; the back is simply lettered
+
+
+ BLAIZE
+   DE
+MONTLUC
+
+and there are 'blind' lines at the sides of each band; but, beyond the
+lettering, there is no gilding whatever on the back. The edges have not
+been trimmed, much less cut, but have been left precisely as they were
+originally.
+
+Suppose now for an instant that you do _not_ possess either copy, but
+that both are offered to you by a bookseller at precisely the same price.
+What will be your feelings as you handle the repaired copy? It is more
+than probable that you will sigh '_Poor thing_' as you open it gently for
+fear of cracking the old piece pasted on to the back. But, '_What a nice
+clean copy_' you will say as you take up the other; and it is improbable
+that you will hesitate long in making choice.
+
+The repairing of moderately old bindings is an excellent thing so long as
+it is not carried to extremes. Obviously there are many cases where it
+would be sheer foolishness to rebind the volume, slight repairs _at the
+hands of an experienced binder_ being all that is necessary to enable the
+book to be described as a _fine, tall, clean copy, in the original
+binding, neatly repaired_. And this is where one's carefully considered
+judgment and good taste must be exercised.
+
+But advice is easier to give than to follow. If our purse be a slender
+one, it is next to impossible to confine our purchases to perfect copies
+in choice condition. And so it is unavoidable that a certain number of
+our volumes should be in a more or less dilapidated state. A book that we
+have long sought for crops up; it is a perfect copy, more or less clean
+inside, but in a sad state of decay as regards the binding. On this
+account it is offered to us at one-half the price which a sound copy
+would fetch, perhaps even less. Of course we buy it, and many others like
+it; so that at length we are faced with the choice between a formidable
+binder's bill and the alternative of harbouring a collection of wrecks.
+
+This temptation to acquire imperfect books and poor copies is a most
+insidious one, and few collectors can withstand it altogether. Andrew
+Lang, than whom there was never a more genuine book-lover, seems to have
+been as susceptible as most of us. 'I believe no man,' he writes in
+'Books and Bookmen,' 'has a library so rich in imperfect works as the
+author of these pages.' Yet although the purchasing of a volume in a
+state of decay (externally, that is) is sometimes unavoidable, it should
+be every collector's endeavour, however modest his means, to avoid buying
+dilapidated books. If a book be at all frequent in occurrence it is far
+better to bide our time until a better copy turns up, even though we may
+have to pay a few shillings more for it, than to rest content with the
+possession of a sorry example in which we can take no pride, and one that
+will never be worth a penny more than we gave for it until it has passed
+through the binder's hands. Remember also that although the choicest
+binder in Europe may lavish his art upon our volume, yet a taller and
+cleaner copy _in the original, or contemporary, binding_, and in perfect
+condition, will ever command a better price in the sale-room. Our choice
+in binding--however appropriate to the book--may not be the choice of him
+who next possesses the volume.
+
+As an example of this discretion which one must exercise in rebinding
+one's volumes, here is an incident that occurred in a London sale-room a
+few years ago. A copy of Jane Austen's 'Mansfield Park' in three volumes,
+1814, was put up for auction and realised L20. It was bound in boards and
+was entirely uncut. Nevertheless it was not in the original binding, but
+it had been rebound in precisely the same style as that in which it was
+originally published. The paper labels had been reprinted in facsimile,
+and the edges had not been tampered with in any respect, not even
+'trimmed.' The best price that had been realised previously for an uncut
+copy in the original boards was L18 10s.
+
+The owner was indeed wise in his generation. Had he sent the volumes to
+his binder to be bound in full morocco 'extra,' at a cost of, perhaps,
+twenty shillings apiece, the work would have realised, probably, seven or
+eight pounds. But by good judgment (and, in the writer's opinion at
+least, good taste) his expenditure would not exceed fifteen shillings for
+the three, his profit being four times as great. Not long ago two copies
+of the first edition of Keats' 'Endymion' appeared at an auction-sale in
+London. Both were 'uncut,' but one was in the original form in which it
+issued from the press, the other was bound in morocco. The former
+realised L41, the latter L17, 5s. _Dictum sapienti sat est._
+
+Old books, by which I intend sixteenth and early seventeenth century
+volumes, are always best left alone as regards the binding. If they be at
+all dilapidated, it is as well to have a case[44] made for them which can
+be lettered on the back, and they can then stand upon the shelf among
+one's other books. Nothing is more unseemly and incongruous than an
+ancient volume in a modern cover, and, try as the most skilful binder
+may, it is impossible to imitate an ancient binding so closely as to
+deceive the eye even momentarily. Do not seek to make them presentable by
+patching and repairing, unless they be too far gone for their value to be
+of any consideration.
+
+In the case of early-printed books and works of great rarity, never, upon
+any account, tamper with your copy or seek to improve it in any way. Not
+only, as I have said, is it quite impossible to impart a contemporary
+appearance to a fifteenth-century book however famous and skilful the
+binder, but age leaves its mark upon the constitutions of books as surely
+as it does upon mankind. No volume of that age will stand the handling of
+a casual reader, still less the pulling, patting, and pressing that
+re-sewing and re-covering necessitate, however gently such processes be
+carried out.
+
+There is a terrible story (I hope it is untrue) told of a certain peer
+who decided to send to the auction-room the six or seven Caxtons which
+had descended to him with a noble library from his ancestors. As,
+however, the volumes were bound in fifteenth-century sheepskin (probably
+in Caxton's house) he thought that their appearance would be rendered
+rather more attractive if they were rebound first of all. So he sent them
+forthwith to the local binder; and on their return, now gorgeously
+clothed in 'calf gilt extra' (a la school prize), he despatched them to
+the London sale-room. The result may be imagined. His foolishness must
+have robbed him of a sum running well into four figures!
+
+There is another point also to be considered, and that is the _pedigree_
+of a volume. The solitary impression of a binder's tool upon a fragment
+of binding may identify a volume and its previous owners. Some years ago
+the writer purchased an ancient folio without title-page and colophon,
+bound in tattered fragments of ancient calf covering stout oak boards.
+There was, apparently, nothing to indicate when, where, or by whom the
+volume was printed or bound, or whence it came. But from a certain
+peculiarity in the type (which he noticed when studying the early
+printers of Nuernberg) he now knows the name of the printer and the town
+in which he plied his trade; while from a certain woodcut which that
+printer used also in two other _dated_ works only, _both printed the same
+year_, he discovered when the volume in all probability was printed.
+
+A scrutiny of the remains of the binding revealed the blind impressions
+of four different stamps. As these occur frequently in conjunction upon
+the bindings executed by the monks at a certain monastery in Germany in
+the sixteenth century, there is little difficulty in assigning a
+_provenance_ to the volume. Furthermore the initial H in a heart-shaped
+impression identifies the binder as a monk whose initials H.G. (on two
+heart-shaped tools) are of frequent occurrence on contemporary volumes at
+that time in the possession of the monastery.
+
+Needless to say, it has _not_ been rebound. The tattered pieces of skin
+have been carefully pasted down, and a case--lettered on the back--now
+contains the book upon his shelf.[45]
+
+In the case, however, of more recent books bound in tattered or perished
+calf, books of which one may obtain duplicates at any time, except they
+be works of extreme value there is no reason why they should not be
+re-bound. Even here, however, the collector must tread warily; for
+should he send his copy of Tim Bobbin's Lancashire dialogue of _Tummus
+and Meary_ to the binders with brief instruction that it is to be bound
+in full morocco, it may be returned to him in all the splendour of a
+sixteenth-century Florentine binding.
+
+With regard to books published in cardboard covers with paper backs and
+paper labels, what is to be done with these when the backs are dirty or
+torn off, the labels of some volumes missing? Must they be re-bound in
+leather or cloth? Not necessarily, and I for my part maintain that the
+delightful ease which one experiences in handling them when reading the
+early editions of Byron, Scott, or Irving, and those writers who
+flourished in the first few decades of the nineteenth century when books
+were commonly issued in this form, is sufficient excuse for retaining
+them in their original shape. Such volumes may easily be made presentable
+at the cost of a little time and trouble, as I shall presently show.
+
+An appearance of antiquity is never a _desideratum_ to the honest
+book-collector. I say 'honest' advisedly, for there have been--and
+doubtless are--persons so misguided as to stoop to the fabrication of
+certain small and excessively valuable books. To such, an appearance of
+age is no doubt indispensable in their wares. But these are torments
+which afflict the wealthy only; and for this I at least am sincerely
+thankful.
+
+There is no doubt, however, that in the collection of many things
+antiquity in appearance is desirable: witness the modern fabrication of
+'antique' furniture and pottery. Our book-hunter was once acquainted with
+a certain country gentleman, a learned man and most excellent companion,
+whose passion for rare things once got the better of his judgment. It was
+not books that he collected, but butterflies; and he was inordinately
+proud of a rather seedy-looking 'Large Copper' which his cabinet
+contained. For the benefit of his admiring entomological friends he would
+recite how his grandfather had caught it with his hat when on a holiday
+in the Fens. It grew to be quite an exciting tale. One day, however, in
+the course of a country ramble they fell to discussing the romancer, or
+man who resorts to fiction that his adventures may be the more
+interesting. And as (for the sake of argument) the man of books affected
+to praise him, remarking that any soulless fool can tell the bald truth
+whereas it requires an artistic temperament to adorn a tale with
+realistic embellishment (!), his friend turned to him eagerly. Being
+encouraged, he confessed that his Large Copper was not all that it
+appeared to be. In short, the bookman discovered that he had secured it
+himself while on a summer tour in Switzerland, and with the aid of a
+camel's-hair brush had succeeded in reducing it to a venerable state.
+
+'Of course,' the entomologist hastened to explain, 'no one could possibly
+tell that it was not my grandfather's. He had a very fine collection, and
+probably there was more than one Large Copper in it, though there was
+only the one in the cabinet that came to me. I shall never forget my
+feelings when it happened. I had taken it out of the drawer to show to a
+friend, when we both saw, outside the window, what we thought was an
+_Antiopa_. We rushed out, and when we came back we found that the
+cat. . . . Dear me; I was quite overcome. . . . But that summer I caught
+the one you have seen in Switzerland; and as my dear friend was no more
+and nobody else knew of the catastrophe, I thought there would be no harm
+in merely restoring a specimen to my grandfather's collection.'
+
+But the bookman pointed out to him that when he died and his collection
+was sold his family would benefit by some pounds through his
+indiscretion; for it was now known to all his friends as a genuine
+English specimen. This troubled the entomologist greatly, for it was a
+point of view that had never occurred to him, and, like the rich young
+man, 'he went away grieved.'
+
+So it is sometimes in book-collecting: there is a temptation to 'restore'
+an incomplete book. Should the collector find that his copy of a certain
+work lacks a portrait, what is more natural than to go to the print-shop
+and purchase a portrait of the same individual for insertion in his copy?
+And in this there may be little harm, provided that the book is of no
+value _and that he makes a note in ink inside the front cover as to what
+he has done_. But occasionally some unscrupulous book-fiend--he is, of
+course, no true book-collector--substitutes for a damaged page a page
+from another copy, or perhaps of a later edition; sometimes he supplies
+his volume with a spurious title-page or other leaf; and, worst of all,
+substitutes in his copy of the second edition, whereof the title-page is
+damaged, the title-page of a first edition, of which he possesses an
+incomplete copy.
+
+And here let me utter a word of warning. Apparently it is the practice of
+certain cheap second-hand booksellers to abstract the engraved plates
+from folio books, occasionally also removing the 'List of Plates' that
+the theft may remain undiscovered, and to sell the works thus mutilated
+as sound and perfect copies. Needless to say to the print collector such
+plates are invariably worth a shilling or two apiece, if portraits
+considerably more. I know to my cost one London bookseller who habitually
+removes the engraved portraits with which certain seventeenth-century
+folios, especially historical ones, are wont to be embellished. How many
+rare volumes this ghoul has ruined it is impossible to say, probably some
+hundreds. Our book-hunter confesses to having been caught by him three
+times, discovering the reason for the cheapness of his bargains (!) some
+time later. A friend has also suffered from his attentions. I need hardly
+add that his shop is now avoided, by two book-hunters at least, as
+something unclean.
+
+Occasionally, also, one comes across scarce volumes bereft of
+title-pages, these having been torn out by some vampire to adorn his
+scrapbook. Surely no fate can be too bad for the man who dismembers
+books. His proper place is certainly in the Inferno, where, in company
+with Bertrand de Born, he will be condemned for ever to carry his own
+head, after it has been separated from his body, in the shape of a
+lantern.[46]
+
+As soon as ever you reach home with your purchases from a ramble along
+the bookstalls, and whenever you receive books that you have ordered
+through a bookseller's catalogue, collate your acquisitions carefully.
+Whenever it is possible refer to a bibliography to see that your copy is
+all that it should be. Nothing is more annoying than to discover, perhaps
+years afterwards, that your copy of a rare book, which you fondly
+imagined to be a fine one in every respect, lacks a page or so, or a leaf
+of index or errata, or a plate. It is a good plan to make a point of
+keeping books upon your table until they have been properly collated and
+catalogued, when--and not before--they may be placed upon the shelves.
+
+Frequently you will discover that a second book, or even a third, has
+been bound up with your volume, and you would have overlooked these but
+for collating. It was a common practice at one time (as, indeed, it is
+with some collectors nowadays) to bind up thin books with thicker ones to
+save the expense of binding. Probably this is the reason why certain
+sixteenth and seventeenth century works which consist of but fifty or
+sixty leaves are so hard to find, being bound at the end of larger works
+and thus commonly escaping the cataloguer's eye.
+
+It is necessary for the collector to exercise the greatest caution in
+acquiring a valuable old book from any but a reputable bookseller. The
+fabrication of a page or so--especially a title-page--is a comparatively
+small matter to the nefarious dealer who hopes by this means to obtain
+for his copy the price which a perfect one would command. 'Perfect'
+copies of rare fifteenth-century works are made up from two or more
+imperfect ones, title-pages and leaves are reproduced in facsimile, blank
+leaves and engravings are inserted: for all these the collector must be
+continually upon his guard. Other books there are which have certain
+passages frequently mutilated, or a genealogical tree or a table
+generally missing.
+
+Hazlitt gives two examples of this species of knavery. One, in which a
+reproduction of the scarce portrait of Milton usually attached to the
+first edition of his 'Poems,' 1645, had been actually split and laid down
+on old paper to make it resemble the original print: the other, a case in
+which a copy of Lovelace's 'Lucasta,' 1649, lacked a plate representing
+Lucy Sacheverell (which makes a good deal of the value of the book), and
+a copy of the modern reproduction of this plate to be found in Singer's
+'Select Poets' had been soaked off and 'lined' to give it the appearance
+of a genuine impression mounted, and then bound in.
+
+And these mutilations are not the only things of which the collector must
+beware. Early in the history of books, the reputation that hall-marked
+the publications of certain famous presses became a source of envy to
+less fortunate printers. Type and imprints were soon counterfeited, and
+the fine editions of the Classics printed at Venice by the great Aldine
+press were reproduced at Lyons and elsewhere. In this matter of forgery
+and pirated reprints, you will find Gustave Brunet's 'Imprimeurs
+Imaginaires et Libraires Supposes' of value. It is a catalogue of books
+printed with fictitious indication of place or with wrong dates, an
+octavo volume published in 1866.
+
+These things, however, cannot be learnt at once, and it is only by the
+continual study of catalogues and bibliographies that one comes to know
+them. Needless to say, however, all reputable booksellers will take back
+a work which is discovered to be imperfect, provided that the volume be
+returned without delay.
+
+Books, like those who gave them birth, are of all conditions; but from
+the collector's point of view they may be divided conveniently into five
+classes. To the First Class belong those volumes which are described by
+booksellers and auctioneers as 'fine copies.' Ever since their
+publication they have been in the possession of wealthy men, often peers,
+and (sometimes like their owners!) have passed their lives for the most
+part undisturbed amid luxurious surroundings. They are invariably richly
+bound, often in historic bindings, and are clean and fresh inside.
+Frequently they are sumptuous works and presentation copies, and they
+always command high prices. In a word, they are aristocrats among books.
+They are not necessarily rare volumes, though frequently they are
+large-paper copies, and for the true collector they do not offer so much
+attraction as the Second Class, in which we place those books that are
+more eagerly sought after. These are generally rare books, such as
+incunabula and the higher class English literature of the seventeenth
+century, and are to be found in the libraries of wealthy collectors who
+are also learned men. They are always well bound and in good condition,
+though sometimes they have their headlines shaved, occasionally they are
+slightly imperfect, or have been cleaned and repaired. But they are
+always desirable books, and evoke spirited bidding whenever they appear
+in the auction-room.
+
+Class Three comprises the great army of what may be termed 'middle-class
+books.' They are bound usually in half-bindings, when they are not in the
+publisher's cloth, and are good, clean, _sound_, copies of such works as
+county histories, antiquarian books, sets of the learned societies'
+publications and of 'standard authors.' They are such stable and solid
+books as you will usually find in the libraries of the well-to-do middle
+classes. In short they are gilt-edged securities, and command a steady
+price in the market.
+
+To Class Four may be assigned the volumes contained in the average
+second-hand bookseller's shop in this country. They are the [Greek: hoi
+polloi] among books, and for the most part they include the more frequent
+and more modern English works. Usually they are quite desirable copies,
+though frequently they lack a portrait or other plate, sometimes they
+have a torn or mounted title-page, or other imperfection. They are
+generally in cloth or calf bindings which are almost invariably somewhat
+decrepit, being either rubbed or perished, or cracked at the joints.
+They are dusty and rather unkempt, and fox-marks are common, for such
+volumes have passed through many hands and have not always been accorded
+the care that is due to good books. But it is here that one comes across
+books 'in the original boards uncut,' and, if expense be no object to
+you, you may often raise such purchases to a higher class.
+
+Books in Class Five are the outcasts of the book-world, being those
+decrepit volumes which stack the bookstalls and barrows in the larger
+towns. They are the weedings of auction sales and shops, books that are
+not worth cataloguing by the dealer. Like human beings they have drifted
+through life with all its vicissitudes, knowing many masters and earning
+the gratitude of none. And so at length, deprived even of a home, they
+find their way into the streets, where they are soon reduced to wreckage.
+
+At first sight it would seem that they owe their situation to their
+quality, both intrinsic and extrinsic--that they are valueless either as
+literature or as specimens of book-production, or that they are imperfect
+or odd volumes. In many cases this may be true, but in general it is not
+so. The wrecks of handsomely produced books of high-class literature are
+common on the bookstalls and barrows, as all collectors of modest means
+are aware. They owe their situation _chiefly to inconsiderate handling_
+and to the carelessness of their successive owners.
+
+As to the practice of inserting illustrations in books that are published
+without them, 'Grangerising,' as it is called, it is perhaps best left
+alone. At first sight there appears to be small harm in providing, let us
+say, a volume of travels or the description of a town with an appropriate
+engraved frontispiece, or adorning your biography of So-and-so with a
+portrait. But the temptation to overstep the bounds of seemliness is so
+great that it is seldom the collector stops at a mere frontispiece. In
+most cases the Grangerite soon loses his self-control, and develops an
+acute mania for embellishing his volume with all and every print upon
+which he can lay his hands, apposite in the slightest degree to the
+subject of the book. Every year the sale-rooms witness these
+monstrosities. Biographies issued in a single volume are 'extended'
+('rended asunder' would be a better term) to fifteen or twenty volumes by
+the insertion of hundreds of engravings depicting every place mentioned
+in the text and every man or woman that the subject of the biography ever
+met. I have seen an octavo volume multiplied into twenty-five folio ones
+in this fashion, the leaves being inlaid to suit the size of the huge
+portraits and views stuffed into the disjointed sections of the wretched
+book. Nor is it only engravings that are used. Play-bills,
+lottery-tickets, tradesmen's advertisements, autograph letters, maps,
+charts, broadsides, street ballads, bills even, all are grist for the
+Grangerite's mill.
+
+It is a singularly futile hobby, and it is certainly a pernicious form of
+bibliomania, for it is responsible for the destruction of many good
+books. Whether its devotee imagines that any one is ever going to wade
+through his twenty monstrosities, turning, perhaps, six illustrations
+between page and page of text, we have not discovered. His completed
+labours form a compilation about as valuable as a scrap-book. If it were
+possible to gather into one volume, or rather portfolio, every portrait,
+let us say, of a certain celebrity _that has ever been published_, one
+would possess a valuable storehouse for reference purposes; and such a
+volume, from its _completeness_, would be invaluable in the British
+Museum. But these limits are too narrow for the true Grangerite. He
+desires a wider field of action. So he embarks upon a task which he can
+never hope to complete. Though he labour all his life there will always
+be _some_ one or more engravings that he has failed to secure; and so far
+from being 'invaluable,' his collection becomes merely of passing
+interest. As a book it is, of course, grotesque.
+
+The fate of most of these collections is probably the same. So long as
+the binding remains in good condition they are ensured a niche on some
+neglected shelf; but once the marks of age or wear and tear manifest
+themselves their fate is sealed. They come speedily into the hands of
+those booksellers who deal also in prints, and beneath such ruthless
+hands the labour of years is undone in a few minutes. At least it is
+pleasant to think that the poor pages, separated for so many years, come
+together again if only for a few hours before they reach the paper-mill!
+
+Whether the sober-minded collector whose pride is the well-being of his
+books is justified in adding a frontispiece and, say, half-a-dozen good
+engravings to a book that he appreciates, is a moot question. Doubtless
+the correct view is that books should not be meddled with by amateur
+book-producers, that both publisher and author know best what is most
+fitting for the volume they produce, that any book which has been
+tampered with internally in any way becomes a monster and is to be
+avoided. But this brings up again the old question, 'May we not do what
+we like with our own volumes?'
+
+Personally I am of opinion that the judicious and extremely moderate
+adornment of certain books is justified by the result. There is no doubt
+that the insertion in an _un_illustrated volume of travel of, let us say,
+six engraved plates depicting scenes mentioned in the text, adds a charm
+to the volume and enhances both its appearance and the pleasure of its
+perusal. Similarly the addition of an _authentic_ portrait to a biography
+certainly lends an added interest, whilst the addition of a map is often
+of the greatest assistance to the reader. But that books should be
+mutilated, torn apart, and stuffed with play-bills, lottery-tickets, and
+the like, no sane book-lover will admit.
+
+There are some books that seem to ask for illustration. Who has handled
+the three folio volumes which comprise the first edition of Clarendon's
+'History of the Rebellion' without feeling that by rights they should
+contain fine mezzotint portraits of the chief actors in that great drama?
+But they must be mezzotints, mark you--mere line engravings would be out
+of place among those bank-note paper leaves with their handsome
+great-primer type. This question of seemliness, too, must be considered
+carefully ere we add a single plate to any volume. Not every engraving,
+however beautiful in design and impression, is at once suitable to every
+book that treats of the subject it depicts. That the illustrations be
+contemporary with the text goes without saying. No one would be so
+foolish as to insert modern 'half-tone' illustrations in a
+seventeenth-century book.
+
+That heading 'Extra-illustrated,' so dear to certain booksellers, must
+send a shudder through many of the discerning readers of their
+catalogues. Books that are extra-illustrated should be avoided by the
+collector on principle. There is something foolishly egotistical in
+seeking (by those who have no knowledge of book-production) to 'improve'
+the work of other men whose business is the making of books. There can be
+no necessity for it; the author is quite sure to have added the
+illustrations that are requisite for the volume. It is only books that
+were published without illustrations that we are justified in attempting
+to embellish. Illustrations in a book are invariably a question of the
+author's and publisher's tastes; the cost of their production is not
+usually an all-important item: it is the setting up of the type, the
+paper, and the binding that count--not the illustrations.
+
+It was the fashion in the early decades of the last century to issue
+volumes of engravings suitable for illustrating the works of contemporary
+writers, such as Byron and Scott: and these illustrations can be used
+when you have your editions rebound. There is no particular merit about
+the greater part of them, but they depict incidents described in the
+text, so at least they are apposite. Each to his taste; our book-hunter
+for his part needs no second-rate illustrations to help him visualise the
+glories of Childe Harold or Don Juan; and he has long since confined his
+Grangerising to the sparing addition of finely engraved portraits to
+biographical volumes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] With regard to these cases, the collector will use his own judgment
+as to whether they be of the 'slip-in' variety, by which means the
+binding is rubbed every time that he withdraws and inserts his volume;
+whether such cases be lined with velvet, and roomy enough to obviate this
+friction; or whether they shall open with a flap at the side.
+
+[45] If you are interested in the pedigrees of your volumes (by which we
+mean the identification of their previous owners) you will find M.
+Guigard's 'Nouvel Armorial du Bibliophile,' octavo, Paris, 1890, useful
+where armorial bindings are concerned. It is an interesting volume, and
+appeared first of all in four parts (large octavo, Paris), between 1870
+and 1872. There are cuts of every coat of arms identified, but these are
+almost entirely French. Mr. Cyril Davenport's 'English Heraldic
+Book-stamps' was published in large octavo, in 1909. For early
+book-plates you must consult the numerous works upon this subject that
+have appeared in recent years. An excellent series of articles entitled
+"Books on Book-plates," by F.C.P., appeared in 'The Bookman's Journal and
+Print Collector' between February and July, 1920 (Nos. 15-18, 20-23, 25,
+34, and 40). There is also 'A Bibliography of Book-Plates,' by Messrs.
+Fincham and Brown, in which the plates are arranged chronologically. The
+Ex-Libris Society issues a journal, and there are numerous other volumes
+upon this subject, which you will find mentioned in Mr. Courtney's
+'Register of National Bibliography.'
+
+[46] Canto xviii.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE CARE OF BOOKS--(_Continued_)
+
+    'In the name of Christ all men I pray,
+     No wight this book doth carry away,
+     By force or theft or any deceit.
+     Why not? Because no treasure so sweet
+     As my books, which the grace of Christ display.'
+              (_Written in Latin hexameters at the end of
+                                  the Leechbook of Bald._)
+
+
+THERE can be no subject of such prime importance to the collector as the
+housing of his books. In most cases the books themselves have small say
+in the matter, for a certain room in the house is allotted to them
+without any consideration as to its suitability for storing books, and
+there they must abide, making such shift as their possessor shall
+determine. This must always be the case where their owner is in lodgings
+or in any temporary abode, where it is not considered worth while going
+to the expense of putting up permanent shelves for his books. But, after
+careless handling, there is nothing that ruins books more quickly than an
+indifference to their well-being; and unless our volumes are constantly
+placed in their proper position, that is upon their _feet_, they will age
+speedily and visibly both inside and out.
+
+'The surest way to preserve your books in health is to treat them as you
+would your own children,' wrote that great bibliophile, William Blades;
+and the care which should ever be bestowed upon ancient volumes cannot be
+too strongly emphasised. And it is not only 'ancient' volumes that
+require attention. Cloth bindings are hardly so durable as leather, and
+without proper care a library of modern books can be reduced to wreckage
+in a year. It is just as easy to provide proper accommodation for one's
+books, wherever one may be living, as it is to provide comforts for
+oneself. Treat your books well and they will last you all your life,
+giving pleasure every time that you may take them in your hands. Remember
+also that although one may judge the propensities of a collector from the
+titles of his volumes and his character from their contents, yet there is
+nothing which indicates his habits so surely as the external appearance
+of his books. Whenever our book-hunter enters the library of a
+fellow-bookman he can gauge at once the depths of his feelings towards
+books, let alone the extent of his bibliographical knowledge.
+
+Surely no man is such a giant among his fellows that he may allow the
+life-works of the greatest geniuses of this world to be spurned
+underfoot? 'Take thou a book into thine hands,' wrote Thomas a Kempis,
+'as Simeon the Just took the Child Jesus into his arms to carry him and
+kiss him.'
+
+What true book-lover could find it in his heart wantonly to injure a good
+book? '. . . as good almost kill a Man as kill a good Book,' wrote Milton
+in that oft-quoted passage in his Areopagitica; 'who kills a Man kills a
+reasonable creature, God's Image; but hee who destroyes a good Booke
+kills Reason itselfe, kills the Image of God, as it were in the eye. Many
+a man lives a burden to the Earth; but a good Booke is the pretious
+life-blood of a master spirit, imbalm'd and treasur'd up on purpose to a
+Life beyond Life.'
+
+It is not only the critic who destroys books, for neglect may approach
+dangerously near to wanton destruction. At the least, he who regards not
+the welfare of his books is an accessory before the fact of their
+destruction. 'Books,' says that veteran bibliophile M. Octave Uzanne,
+'are so many faithful and serviceable friends, gently teaching us
+everything through their persuasive and wise experience.' Surely if good
+books are so much to us, such a great part of our lives, it behoves us to
+respect them not a little. Have they not taught us, guided us, advised
+us, soothed us, and amused us from our youth up? And is it meet that we
+should repay their constant friendship with indignity?
+
+'Thou, whosoever thou art that studiest in this book,' wrote an unknown
+book-lover many centuries ago upon the margin of a favourite volume,
+'take heed to turn the leaves lightly and smoothly, that thou mayest
+avoid tearing them on account of their thinness; and seek to imitate the
+example of Jesus Christ who, when He had gently opened the book of Isaiah
+and read it with attention, at length closed it reverently and returned
+it to the minister.'
+
+On this subject of shelving our book-hunter can speak from experience,
+for he has provided proper accommodation for a thousand to three thousand
+volumes in three temporary abodes.[47] It takes a little time, a fair
+amount of trouble, and an outlay of three or four pounds; but when once
+accomplished such shelving is a thing of no small pride to oneself, and
+the object of a good deal of admiration by one's friends. Briefly, the
+plan he has always adopted is to erect shelves of pine or deal stained
+brown, nine inches wide and five-eighths or three-quarters of an inch
+thick, along the entire walls of his sanctum. It is firmly made and will
+last a lifetime, yet it can readily be taken to pieces in a few minutes.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME-MADE LIBRARY]
+
+In erecting such shelving the first thing to do is to estimate how many
+feet of it you will require. On an average one foot will contain ten
+octavo or quarto volumes or six folio ones. There should be ten inches
+between the shelves for octavos, twelve inches for quartos, and
+fourteen inches for folios: while at the bottom you may have a shelf
+sixteen inches in height for such large folios as you may acquire or
+already possess. Should the huge folios (almost folissimos) published by
+the Record Commission in the early years of the nineteenth century fall
+within the category of your collecting activities, you will require one
+shelf at least no less than nineteen inches in height. If only for the
+sake of your peace of mind I would strongly advise you not to begin
+collecting early Spanish antiphonaries, such as you may see in the
+Escurial; for these are frequently six feet high and four feet wide, and
+are really out of place in the small domestic library. I forget for the
+moment their precise dimensions in millimetres.
+
+It is a mistake to have the top shelves too high. Not to speak of the
+inconvenience of having to stretch upon tip-toe or mount a chair in order
+to obtain a volume, your books will be subjected to a higher temperature
+the nearer they are to the ceiling. Blades, in his 'Enemies of Books,' is
+emphatic upon this point. 'Heat alone,' he says, 'without any noxious
+fumes is, if continuous, very injurious to books; and, without gas,
+bindings may be utterly destroyed by desiccation, the leather losing all
+its natural oils by long exposure to much heat. It is, therefore, a great
+pity to place books high up in a room where heat of any kind is used, for
+it must rise to the top, and if sufficient to be of comfort to the
+readers below is certain to be hot enough above to injure the bindings.'
+
+Gas is one of the greatest enemies of books, the sulphur in the gas fumes
+attacking the leather bindings readily, so that in time they are reduced
+to tinder. So if gas be the illuminant in your study, see to it that no
+volume of yours be above the level of the burner. In any case, if space
+will permit, the highest shelf should not be more than six feet from the
+ground. For similar reasons of temperature, the bottom shelves should be
+six inches above the floor.
+
+As to the actual length of the shelves, if constructed of wood
+five-eighths of an inch thick _when planed_, they should not exceed two
+feet two inches in length between supports. If made longer they will
+gradually bend in the middle under the weight of the books and soon look
+unsightly. But if made of three-quarter-inch wood, they may well be three
+feet long.
+
+Now as to the actual construction of the cases. We will suppose that the
+entire case, that is shelves and uprights, is to be made of planks
+five-eighths of an inch thick when planed. The first thing to do is to
+estimate how many feet of timber you will require. Measure your wall
+space. In calculating the length of shelving remember that each _upright_
+is five-eighths of an inch thick; and in estimating the height of the
+uprights, don't forget to add the thicknesses of the shelves to the
+spaces between them. Perhaps the following example will be useful.
+
+To find height of upright:--
+Top shelf space                               91/2in.
+2nd shelf space                              10 in.
+3rd shelf space                              10 in.
+4th shelf space                              10 in.
+5th shelf space                              12 in.
+6th shelf space                              14 in.
+Height of lowest shelf from floor             6 in.
+Thickness of 6 shelves, each 5/8in.           33/4in.
+                                             ------
+                     Height of upright--6ft., 31/4in.
+                                             ------
+
+The top shelf will be 5ft. 5in. from the ground.
+
+The uprights must be two inches wider than the shelves in order that the
+latter may not rest against the wall. There must always be a space
+between shelves and wall to allow a free circulation of air about the
+books. Therefore, let your uprights be eleven inches and your shelves
+nine inches in width. In estimating the amount of timber required, don't
+forget the top.
+
+The manner in which the shelves are supported by the uprights is as
+follows. Strips of wood five-eighths of an inch square and nine inches
+long are screwed across the uprights, and on these the shelves rest. So
+when you order the wood from your carpenter or timber merchant see that
+he sends you also a sufficiency of these strips, two for each shelf.
+
+The fixing of these strips will entail a certain amount of carpentry, and
+in addition to bradawl, screwdriver, and footrule you will need a hard
+pencil and a carpenter's square, as well as some stout iron screws one
+inch long. Two screws are sufficient for each strip. If you are anything
+of a carpenter you will countersink the holes for the heads of the
+screws; this will also prevent a possible splitting of the strip.
+
+When your carpentering is completed, the whole case must be stained to
+your taste. For this purpose our book-hunter has found nothing so good as
+the solution known as 'Solignum,' which may be purchased at any
+ironmonger's. In addition to being a wood-preservative, it has the
+advantage of being obnoxious to insects. It dries a pleasing brown, not
+unlike old oak. The only objection to its use that he has discovered is
+that it smells strongly, though not unpleasantly, for about a fortnight.
+One coat is quite sufficient, and after a few days you may rub the
+shelves with an old duster to remove any of the solution that has not yet
+been absorbed.
+
+The case should now be put together, the tops (which are in one piece,
+the entire width of the case) and lowest shelves being screwed to the
+uprights. The other shelves are merely rested on the strips. You will
+find that if your floor be level, and you have sawn the bottoms of the
+uprights squarely, there will be no necessity to affix the case to the
+wall: the weight of the books alone will keep it in position. If the
+floor proves uneven, small wedges underneath the uprights will be
+sufficient.
+
+You will find it an advantage to cover the shelves and their sides with
+green baize. This protects the bindings of the books considerably, and it
+is easily stuck on with glue. It has also the advantage of _holding_ the
+dust which collects, and with the aid of a small 'vacuum-cleaner' such as
+most households possess nowadays, the cases may be cleaned thoroughly
+without removing a single shelf.[48] Felt would be better, but it is, of
+course, much more expensive. Sir John Cheke, tutor to Edward the Sixth,
+that learned man who, says Milton, 'taught Cambridge and King Edward
+Greek,' used buckram. 'Among other lacks,' he writes from Cambridge in
+1549 to a friend in London, 'I lack painted bucram to lai betweyne bokes
+and bordes in mi studi, which I now have trimd. I have need of XXX
+yardes. Chuse you the color.' But the buckram of his day was probably a
+very different material from the cloth which we are accustomed to
+associate with the binding of books. At all events I certainly should not
+recommend its use when you trim your studi.
+
+On no account must you paint or varnish your shelves, unless, of course,
+you intend to cover them with baize or felt. However good the paint,
+however hard the varnish, heavy leather-bound books will adhere to them
+in course of time. So that when you come to remove a volume which you
+have treasured in its ancient calf, you will find that the leather at the
+bottom edges of the boards remains behind with the shelf. Therefore,
+unless you intend to line them, let your shelves be stained or sparingly
+polished only.
+
+Care must be taken not to place any volume near wet or even damp
+'Solignum.' Make sure that it is thoroughly dry or covered with baize
+before you place a single volume on the shelves. Should you wish your
+work to look particularly neat, you may putty over the heads of the
+screws before you begin staining operations. An additional 'finish' is
+given by numbering the cases with Roman numerals in gold upon small
+stained blocks (about 2 inches by 11/4 inches) affixed to the top of each
+case. The shelves may also be lettered with letters of the alphabet cut
+out of gold paper.
+
+But perhaps you may prefer to designate the cases of your library by the
+names of ancient Rome, as was the practice followed notably in these days
+in the library of Sir Robert Cotton. It is a pleasant conceit, and there
+is certainly something more dignified about 'Vespasian, VII, 7,' or
+'Cleopatra, IV, 26' than there is about a mere 'B, VI, 8,' or
+'XIV, C, 16.' Asinius Pollio, that great warrior, historian, and
+book-lover of the Augustan age, is said to have been the first to adorn
+his library with portraits and busts of celebrated men as well as with
+statues of Minerva and the Muses, an example that was soon followed by
+others. Pollio was the first to found a public library at Rome, which he
+endowed with the money obtained in his Illyrian campaign, says Pliny: but
+in how many public libraries at the present day will you find a memorial
+of this great patron of Virgil and Horace?
+
+The effect of placing statuettes of marble or plaster, about sixteen
+inches high, on the top of one's book-cases is singularly pleasing; and
+there is an appropriateness about it to the eye that it is impossible to
+describe. One may have beautiful reproductions of all the most famous
+classical statues and busts for a few shillings. What can be more
+appropriate than for Calliope to preside over your case containing Homer
+and Virgil, Dante and Milton; or that Euterpe should be enthroned above
+Theocritus and Horace, Shelley and Swinburne? You may carry your fancy on
+these lines as far as you like, and you may include any figure that
+pleases you, from the well-known 'Discobolus' (over your case of sporting
+books!) to the exquisite statue which many still persist in calling the
+'Venus de Milo.'[49]
+
+A friend of our book-hunter has adopted a somewhat similar plan. Above
+each case in his library he has placed an oaken shield on which are
+emblazoned the arms of one of the ancient historic families of England,
+such as Warren, Clare, Mortimer, or Doyly. The effect is striking, and
+the bold colouring of fesses and chevrons lightens the sombre tone of the
+mahogany cases. The shields are chosen for their distinctive features,
+and, once learnt, it would be impossible in seeking 'Warr. C, 21' to
+mistake the scarlet chevrons of Clare for the blue and white chess-board
+coat of Warren.
+
+On the matter of cases with glass doors we need not touch here; it has
+been thoroughly debated by such masters as Blades and Lang. For the
+storing of valuable books and bindings such cases are excellent, provided
+always that there is a free circulation of air about the volumes, or that
+the doors are opened every day. But for one who is at work continually in
+his library, and is referring constantly to his books, the repeated
+opening and closing of glass doors would be something more than
+irritating. Charles V. of France had grilles of brass wire put in the
+windows of his library in the Louvre, to preserve the books from the
+attacks of 'birds and other beasts.' The document recording the payment
+for this work makes the sinister remark that the books were in the tower
+'devers la Fauconnerie.' Precisely what the clerk of the works thought we
+shall never know; possibly he pictured a goshawk pouncing upon the
+'veluyau ynde' in which some chubby duodecimo was clothed. In the end,
+however, the 'oyseaux et autres bestes' had to make room for the books;
+and the Tour de la Fauconnerie, known thenceforth as the Tour de la
+Librairie, was panelled throughout with 'bois d'Irlande,' carved and
+inlaid (as it seems) with cypress wood. However, this was so long ago as
+1368.
+
+We must now turn to another important matter--perhaps the most important
+subject to the collector after the housing of his volumes--namely, the
+binding of his books. It is a subject that is naturally of the greatest
+moment to the bibliophile, for it is as essentially a part of his
+volumes as are their leaves and print. It is constantly before him, and
+will continue to occupy his thoughts to the end of his book-collecting
+career. So often, however, has it been treated, so many are the books
+upon it by skilled craftsmen, that it were needless (and, indeed,
+presumptuous for the writer) to enter into any details here concerning
+its methods. I would strongly urge every young collector, however, to
+make himself thoroughly acquainted with the craft so far as can be done
+without actually becoming apprentice to a bookbinder. Bookbinding is
+taught nowadays at most of the County Council Schools of Technics
+throughout the kingdom; and there are opportunities in this direction for
+the young bibliophile to-day which his elder brethren regard with envy.
+
+Even where such practical instruction is unobtainable it is possible to
+acquire a quite considerable knowledge of the craft by a diligent study
+of practical text-books and the scrutinous handling of volumes bound in
+all ages. As he reads each page, each section of his manual, the
+collector should examine repeatedly the volumes lying by his side. Our
+book-hunter began his study of bookbinding with a small and excellent
+text-book by Mr. Joseph Zaehnsdorf, a member of the well-known firm of
+binders (sm. 8vo, 3rd ed. 1897); but it has perhaps been superseded by
+the more recent work of Mr. Douglas Cockerell, namely, 'Bookbinding and
+the Care of Books,' a perfectly invaluable little book to the collector
+(sm. 8vo, 4th ed. 1915, published by Mr. John Hogg, Paternoster Row). A
+diligent application to this book and constant reference to bound volumes
+during his perusal will teach the collector sufficient about the binding
+of books for his purpose. He will be able to distinguish between a cased
+and a bound book, a well-bound and a badly-bound volume, good and bad
+sewing, tooling, etc.; and he will learn the advantages of the solid
+back.
+
+Now he may turn to the valuable work by Mr. H. P. Horne entitled 'The
+Binding of Books' (8vo, 1894) from which he will learn a great deal that
+is of interest concerning the history of binding. An excellent pamphlet
+on bookbinders and the history of their craft, by Mr. W. H. J. Weale, was
+issued in 1898 by the authorities of the Victoria and Albert Museum at
+South Kensington. It was published at one shilling, and consists of 130
+pages with illustrations of binders' stamps and tools, and has an
+excellent index. At the time of writing it is still in print. But you
+will find valuable lists of works on the history and practice of
+bookbinding in Mr. Cyril Davenport's delightful volume 'The Book: its
+History and Development' (8vo, 1907, Messrs. Constable and Co.). And
+there are two small volumes on the qualities of the modern book-binding
+leathers which the collector will do well to read, mark, learn and
+inwardly digest at the outset of his bibliopegic studies. They are
+'Leather for Libraries' (8vo, London 1905), by a committee of the Library
+Association, and the Report of the Committee of the Society of Arts on
+Leather for Bookbinding, also octavo, London 1905.
+
+Now as to the practical application of his knowledge of bookbinding. He
+will have realised at the outset of his career that unless a book be
+strongly bound in leather at the first, much use will quickly reduce it
+to the condition of a wreck. The British Museum authorities, recognising
+this, wisely rebind in leather certain volumes published in cloth covers
+which are to be placed on the shelves of the Reading Room. Where much use
+is accorded to the volumes doubtless the ideal way, if one were possessed
+of sufficient means, would be to purchase new books in quires only, and
+to have them bound in vellum, pigskin or morocco straight away. With
+regard to second-hand books (by which I mean old-time literature) these
+would be rebound, similarly, before they were assigned places on the
+shelves.
+
+Fortunately, however, in the private library our volumes are immune from
+that careless handling usually accorded to books by those who love not
+learning for learning's sake, but look upon it as a necessary part of
+their worldly education. Usually there is no need to rebind these
+ancient tomes whose 'joints' are so delicately described by the
+bookseller as 'tender': their very infirmity will ensure that they be
+accorded careful handling. But there comes a time when the old fellow
+succumbs to his arthrodial trouble, and there is nothing for it but to
+send him to the binder that he may acquire a second youth. Then it is
+that the collector's learning in the art of binding will prove of the
+greatest use. He will take the patient in his hands, examine him
+minutely, and write a long prescription which he will slip into the
+volume opposite the title-page, before proceeding to wrap him up for the
+journey. It will run something like this:
+
+    M. PASQUIER'S 'Recherches de la France'
+          Fo: Paris 1633.
+    To be bound in full Niger, dark brown (as I usually have it).
+    Solid back, big round bands.
+    All edges untouched.
+    Old marbled endpapers, cloth joints.
+    Blind panel and lozenge tooling on sides
+      (like the pattern you have of my big Menestrier).
+    On the back a broad gold line either side of each band.
+    Panels plain.
+    To be lettered (thick fount)
+      RECHERCHES
+      DE LA FRANCE
+    and in the middle panel
+      PASQUIER.
+    The engraved portrait facing the title-page to be washed and sized.
+    Tears on pp. 721, 723 to be mended.
+
+Pigskin, vellum, and morocco (by which I intend goatskin): there are no
+alternatives if durability be our aim; calf, of course, we have learnt
+long ago to eschew. No leather, except Russia, perishes more quickly or
+more easily. Rather have a book bound in cloth than in calf any day.
+Buckram is good and stands fairly rough handling; it is useful for
+binding catalogues and cheap books. See that your binder gives you good
+thick boards when he clothes your books in buckram.
+
+Years ago, when books were most commonly bound in calf, a custom arose of
+stamping the lettering on thin pieces of leather of a different colour
+from the binding, and these were stuck on to the back of the book. There
+is no doubt that these leather labels have _sometimes_ a pleasing effect,
+and for a time the custom was very popular. But it is a bad habit.
+Besides the meretricious effect generally produced, the paste which holds
+the label to the back of the book perishes in time, and the label drops
+off. A visit to any large second-hand bookshop will afford an admirable
+illustration of the result of this habit. Here one may see sets of
+Shakespeare's works and other classics which present a most woebegone
+appearance owing to several of the volumes having shed their labels. The
+only excuse for this custom that I have ever heard urged, is that one
+always knows when to rebind volumes so adorned: it is when the labels
+begin to fall.
+
+As to the merits and demerits of the different coloured moroccos, you
+will find these fully dealt with in the bookbinding manuals. White and
+black we are warned against especially. The bookbinding authorities tell
+us that vellum, if exposed to a strong light, perishes and chips off like
+egg-shell; and we are warned to place vellum bound volumes with their
+backs to the wall, lettering the fore-edge with pen and ink, as was often
+done of old. But if kept away from the windows this precaution seems to
+be unnecessary. The beautiful brown vellum used for binding and repairing
+old books by Messrs. John Ramage and Son is very attractive and is,
+perhaps, as durable a binding as it is possible to have. Possibly other
+bookbinders use it, though I do not remember to have seen it used by any
+other firm. So far as I am aware this firm is the only one in London
+capable of executing work of the very highest class at a price within the
+means of the modest collector.
+
+It has been said that there are only four bookbinders in London who may
+be trusted not to mutilate a book, and that there are only two who have
+any sense of design and harmony of colour. But this is not to be wondered
+at when we consider that the majority of the bookbinders' customers know
+nothing whatever of bookbinding good or bad, requiring only that their
+volumes shall present a gorgeous appearance to the eye. Consequently the
+ordinary binder is rarely called upon to pay those minute attentions to
+detail demanded by a hypercritical collector. Bibliophiles are born, not
+made, and it were foolish to expect that every bookbinder has the love of
+books at heart. In nine cases out of ten it is our own fault if the
+binder goes wrong, for it means that our instructions have been either
+too meagre or lacking in a knowledge of technical detail.
+
+When sending a book to the binder, definite instructions should always be
+enclosed. The details should be set forth clearly on a slip accompanying
+the volume. It should be stated:
+
+     (i) Whether the book is to be bound in pigskin, vellum, or
+     morocco (Levant, Niger, smooth or rough grained).
+
+     (ii) The colour.
+
+And here let me say that it is always better to choose the leather (the
+actual skin) oneself. The binder will make up two little books, lettered
+with the collector's name on the cover, containing moroccos of different
+hues; one he will give to the collector, the other he will retain. As
+every sample in these books is numbered, when ordering it is merely
+necessary to give the number (written _very distinctly_!). It is perhaps
+superfluous to add that, at the outset, the collector will have obtained
+a guarantee from his binder that only acid-free skins shall be used in
+binding his books. And he will also be careful to avoid selecting the
+very bright tints, such skins not being so durable as those of more
+sombre hue.
+
+     (iii) Whether quarter, half, or whole binding.
+
+     (iv) If quarter or half binding, whether the sides are to be
+     covered with cloth (buckram or linen, and colour) or paper
+     (marbled or plain, and colour).
+
+     (v) Treatment of the edges: whether top edge gilt (t.e.g.), all
+     edges gilt, gilt on red, gilt on the rough, marbled, sprinkled,
+     yellow, red, or blue edges (the last two very effective on folio
+     books bound in pigskin), edges trimmed or untrimmed, uncoloured,
+     etc.
+
+     (vi) Round or square back.
+
+     (vii) Solid or hollow back.
+
+     (viii) Round or square raised bands, big or small, or 'no bands'
+     (_i.e._ not showing).
+
+     (ix) End-papers (white, plain coloured or marbled).
+
+     (x) Whether, in the case of a large book, it is to have cloth
+     joints (inside the covers).
+
+     (xi) Design in gold or blind tooling on sides and back.
+
+     (xii) Lettering on back. This should be given in capital letters
+     precisely as it is desired to appear. If any lettering is
+     required in a panel other than the title-panel (second from top),
+     it should be stated which one; the number of the volume or the
+     author's name is put sometimes in the third panel from the top
+     and sometimes in the fourth.
+
+     (xiii) Leaves to be mended, cleaned, or pressed; and any
+     directions regarding illustrations, maps, etc.
+
+A goodly list? Yes, but a necessary one unless one is content to leave
+these things to the binder's discretion. He _may_ be one of the two who
+are said to possess 'a sense of design and harmony of colour'; but unless
+the collector has enclosed instructions as to all these points, if on its
+return the appearance of the book displease him he has only himself to
+blame.
+
+The care which the book-lover bestows upon his volumes should not end,
+however, when they return from the binder. Unless attended to from time
+to time a leather binding--however good the leather--will perish,
+probably, within a lifetime. Vellum, apparently, is everlasting, provided
+it be kept away from the light and not exposed to great changes of
+weather or temperature. But pigskin, goatskin, and of course calf, in
+time lose by evaporation certain fats which are inherent in the leather.
+Some collectors use furniture-polish or brown boot-polish to brighten up
+dingy old bindings, and this certainly has a pleasing (and often
+surprising) effect. But it is a bad practice, for the polish hardens the
+leather, which soon cracks worse than before. 'It would add immensely to
+the life of old leather bindings,' writes Mr. Cockerell, 'if librarians
+would have them treated, say once a year, with some preservative.' And he
+goes on to recommend that the bindings be rubbed over with a solution of
+paraffin wax dissolved in castor oil. Our book-hunter has used a
+preparation of glycerine for some years with success, but the paraffin
+wax promises to evaporate less rapidly. Old calf bindings should be
+treated at least once every year.
+
+What shall we do with our volumes in 'original boards, uncut' when their
+paper backs become tattered, their labels illegible? Is there no other
+treatment for them than a visit to the binder's? That depends entirely
+upon one's energy, one's capacity for taking pains, one's neatness of
+finger, and the time at one's disposal. As I have said, the pleasure in
+handling volumes so attired is sufficient excuse for a desire to retain
+them in their original condition as long as possible. There is a facility
+in opening, a lightness in holding, and a simple charm in their
+appearance that is unknown to their more richly clad brethren. Our
+book-hunter for his part has long since given up sending such volumes to
+the binder's. Let the adept exercise his craft upon tomes in worn-out
+leather bindings; with the repairing of books in their original boards
+our amateur himself will deal.
+
+It is not a difficult matter, and it can be done by the bibliophile at
+home. The first requisites are some sheets of strong, tough paper, brown
+and coloured. These can be procured for a few pence from any
+paper-merchant or place where they sell wrapping-paper. A pot of
+'Stickphast' paste, a pencil, a ruler, a pocket-knife, and a pair of
+scissors are the accessories. Sometimes it is necessary only to re-back
+the volume. This is a simple matter. First of all the tattered paper on
+the back is scraped off, then a strip of brown or coloured paper is cut
+the required width and an inch and a half longer than the height of the
+volume. Cover the strip with paste, then take the volume in your left
+hand and paste the back and half an inch on to the sides, having first of
+all placed a sheet of clean paper, slightly larger than the book, inside
+the cover at each end (_i.e._ under the boards). This is to prevent
+soiling.
+
+Now press the back of the book on to the strip, lying on the table ready
+pasted, so that it adheres; and with your right hand press the sides of
+the strip over on to the sides of the book. Experience will quickly teach
+you that if you use too much paste you will make a mess; whilst if you
+use too little the strip will not stick. If the paper is very thick it is
+necessary to rub the paste well into it.
+
+Next put the back of the book upon the table (which we trust you have
+covered with a newspaper) and allow the boards to fall flat, holding the
+leaves upright. Now comes the tricky part of the business: you have got
+to fold the projecting ends of the new back _over_ the top and bottom of
+the boards and _under_ the body of the book. If this is not quite lucid,
+get a volume in boards and hold it as we have directed, you will soon see
+what is meant. It is a ticklish operation and the paper is easily torn if
+too thin _or too damp_. It also requires some patience, for probably you
+will find that the strip has come away from the sides during your
+manipulations. Press it down again and do the other end. Pressing and
+pulling gently and kneading are the secrets of success. A small rubber
+squeegee such as photographers use is useful here. With it you can press
+out the superfluous paste under the sides of the strip; but it must be
+used cautiously and not too hard.
+
+Now close the volume, not forgetting to insert sheets of clean paper
+between boards and leaves at either end, take it up again in your left
+hand, and pat and finger it carefully till you are satisfied that all is
+well. Then remove a volume of similar thickness from a rather tightly
+packed shelf, and insert your patient in its place _as far as the strip_.
+Leave it here to dry for at least twenty-four hours.
+
+If the original paper label is legible and intact, it can be easily
+soaked off the tattered back, though you may have to operate first of all
+with the pocket-knife to remove it entire from the book. Press it between
+blotting-paper and allow it to dry naturally. When the new back is dry
+(not before) the label may be pasted on to it. If, however, the label is
+missing or too tattered to be of service, there is nothing for it but to
+write another one with your best penmanship, copying the original, if you
+have it, in facsimile. Such labels should be written with Indian
+(_waterproof_) ink upon rather thin paper of a different colour from the
+back. Light buff is the most useful colour, though pale blue and light
+green can be used sometimes with advantage.
+
+Should you wish to make your work look extra neat, and to disguise the
+fact that the volume has been rebacked, it is possible sometimes to raise
+the end-papers at the inner corners of the boards, so that the projecting
+ends of the backing-strip may be tucked under. So much for rebacking.
+
+Sometimes, however, the boards are too dirty or broken to be retained, or
+some of the boards in a set of volumes are missing. Then there is nothing
+for it but to provide new boards or patch up and re-cover the old ones.
+Here again the labour is not very great. New boards may be cut from a
+cardboard box of suitable size and thickness. Those used by dressmakers
+are not very suitable, the card being generally too soft. If your volume
+lacks one or both boards, paste the back with stickphast, and then press
+on to it a strip of very thin linen (a strip torn from an old cambric
+handkerchief serves admirably) about two inches wider than the back and
+an inch shorter than the height of the book. The linen will project an
+inch on either side of the back. Now put the volume aside to dry.
+
+When the back is dry, having provided suitable boards, paste the linen
+sides on the underside of each board, _i.e._ so that when the book is
+shut, the linen is between leaves and board. The best way to do this is
+to take a volume of similar thickness, cover it with newspaper, and place
+it flat upon the table with its fore-edge to the back of the 'patient.'
+Then lay the board on the supporting volume, and so paste the linen to
+it. Do one side after the other, stand the book 'ajar,' and allow to dry.
+Now you may proceed just as in re-backing, covering the boards first of
+all by pasting over them a rather thin but _opaque_ paper. You will find
+the squeegee useful here. These side-papers are measured and cut one inch
+larger than the volume at head, foot, and fore-edge. The projecting edges
+are folded over the boards and rubbed down with the squeegee. The corners
+need some attention and pressing.
+
+When you have re-backed your book and all is dry, you will have to
+provide it with end-papers. Any opaque white paper will do, provided it
+is not too stiff. That used for lining chests of drawers will answer the
+purpose, though a paper of slightly better quality is preferable. Measure
+it carefully about one-eighth of an inch less at head and foot than the
+height of the book. You need not trouble about the width: so long as the
+free edge projects beyond the fore-edge when you close the book it can be
+cut level afterwards. Do not use too much paste, and crease the paper
+carefully along, and slightly into, the 'joint' with an ivory paperknife.
+Do not close the book until it is dry.
+
+Whenever you may have occasion to add new end-papers, remember to
+preserve all indications of the pedigree of your book, by which I mean
+traces of previous ownership. If there be a bookplate, soak it off, and
+when dry paste it inside the end cover. If there be autographs of
+interest on the boards, soak the paper off, cut out the writing and paste
+it back again when you have finished the book.
+
+When you have provided your volume with new boards, however, you may
+prefer to clothe it in a 'whole binding'; that is, to use a single piece
+of paper to cover both back and sides. This is slightly more difficult
+and some little patience is needed; but when successfully accomplished
+the effect repays one amply. Lay your book on a sheet of coloured paper,
+so that the boards are flat whilst you are holding the leaves
+perpendicularly; then pencil and rule lines all round, leaving a margin
+of about three-quarters of an inch. Cut out this piece, paste it, paste
+the back and boards, and lay the book down again on the paper just as you
+did to begin with. The book is held in this position with either hand
+whilst the edges are turned up over the boards. It takes a little
+practice, and one requires some experience in the shrinkage of the paper
+used. Old boards that have their corners broken can be easily repaired by
+the use of plenty of paste rubbed well into the breaks, and by using
+fairly strong covering paper.
+
+There is another matter of which mention must be made here, for it is a
+necessary adjunct to the binding of books, and that is cleaning, or
+washing, as it is generally called. Often one comes across leaves in a
+volume that are stained or spotted in such a manner as to spoil the
+appearance of the book which otherwise is perfect. Such blemishes can
+usually be removed when the volume is rebound. Either it is not such a
+difficult matter as many who have written of these things would have us
+believe, or else our book-hunter has been singularly fortunate. For he
+confesses to having achieved considerable success in this direction. Like
+all other matters involving care and thoroughness, it takes a good deal
+of time, and no small amount of trouble; but apart from these
+considerations there is no reason why any bibliophile endowed with
+patience and a capacity for taking pains, should not attend to the
+washing of his more 'grubby' volumes himself.
+
+It is not the writer's intention here to go into the various processes
+employed, for that has been done already by experienced bookbinders; but
+perhaps the methods which he has employed successfully may be of interest
+and, possibly, of some use to beginners.
+
+Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say that your first experiments should
+be made upon books of no value whatever, preferably volumes that have
+been picked out of the penny tub for this purpose. You will also have
+procured (if indeed you do not already possess) a copy of Mr. Douglas
+Cockerell's invaluable little book which I have already mentioned, and
+have studied it as has been suggested above. Mr. Zaehnsdorf's work also
+contains a chapter on this subject.
+
+The paraphernalia required are not numerous or expensive, for they
+consist merely of three or four wide-mouthed glass-stoppered bottles in
+which to store your chemicals, and a few photographer's developing dishes
+(the _deep_ ones, of white porcelain) of a suitable size for octavo,
+quarto, or folio leaves.
+
+Obviously the first thing to do is to remove from the book the leaf or
+leaves that require cleaning. Unless, like Gerard de Leew, the Antwerp
+printer, you are 'a man of grete wysedom in all maner of kunnyng,' you
+will not attempt to clean the leaves of a book _in situ_. In fact he
+would be a very brave (or foolish) man who, without great experience,
+tried to remove any sort of stain from a page without removing the leaf
+first of all. Our own experience is that it is better to pull the whole
+book to pieces--or rather _take_ it to pieces, for the word 'pull' in
+this connection makes one shudder. Carefully cut the threads that hold
+the quires to the bands, and little by little remove each quire. If the
+book is in an old leather binding, with a solid back, your task will be
+no easy one, for it is necessary to scrape away the glue from the back
+after it has been damped. A cloth dipped in very hot water and wrung out
+_tightly_ is sometimes of use here, but you must use the greatest
+caution.
+
+Having removed the leaf, or rather sheet of four pages (we will suppose
+that the volume has been 'cut') that requires cleaning, you have now to
+diagnose its complaint and prescribe the correct remedy, which you will
+have learnt from the text-books we have mentioned. But if the leaf is not
+merely stained in part, but altogether brown and discoloured, the
+following treatment probably will prove efficacious. Put half an ounce of
+permanganate of potash in a jug that holds about a pint and a half, and
+fill it up with hot water. Stir with a piece of wood until the
+permanganate is dissolved. Then lay your sheet in a developing dish and
+pour the hot solution in gently, taking care that there are no bubbles
+and that the leaf is completely covered. At the end of five minutes (or
+ten if the paper is thick and heavily sized) pour back the liquid into
+the jug, and, holding the dish over a sink, let cold water run across it
+in a gentle stream until _all_ the permanganate is washed away.
+
+The leaf will now be stained a deep brown. Stand the dish on end (the
+leaf of course sticks to the bottom of the dish) to drain while you
+prepare the bleaching part of the operation. Now take a similar jug, put
+half an ounce of oxalic acid into it, and again fill up with hot water.
+Pour this (hot but not boiling) over the leaf as before. When the leaf is
+as white as the dish itself, which will take from five minutes to a
+quarter of an hour, pour off the solution and wash the surplus fluid
+away. Then let the leaf wash in gently running water for one hour. Our
+book-hunter always uses the bath for this purpose, but a tin foot-bath
+under a tap does excellently. The best way to dry the leaf is to press it
+gently between two sheets of unused blotting-paper, then remove the upper
+sheet and allow the leaf to dry naturally. Remember, however, that after
+any washing or bleaching, leaves must always be 'sized' to give back to
+the paper that substance which the washing has taken out. You will find
+full instructions for doing this in the text-books I have mentioned. It
+is quite a simple matter.
+
+Mr. Cockerell recommends that the permanganate bath be only 'warmed
+slightly,' and that the leaf be left in it for 'about an hour.' Our
+book-hunter has found (fortunately not to his cost, for the volumes
+which he used for experimental purposes were valueless) that this
+sometimes rots the paper, and on one occasion the leaves at the end of an
+hour came to pieces when the solution was poured off. If used hot and
+quickly it does not seem to injure the paper, but the water must never be
+so hot that you cannot bear your finger in it, and you must take care
+never to use a _stronger_ solution. A strong solution of permanganate
+will reduce paper to pulp in a few minutes. For similar reasons our
+bookman prefers oxalic to sulphurous acid, but this too must never be
+used stronger than I have indicated. I hasten to add, however, in
+deference to such an excellent authority, that our book-hunter does not
+_recommend_, but merely states the methods with which he personally has
+been successful.
+
+The most difficult stains to remove that the writer has yet come across
+are those made by a child's paint-box. Some colours are easily removed,
+but seventeenth-century gamboge is a perfect beast. The only successful
+way to deal with these 'stains' is by studying the chemistry of the
+'colours,' and the re-actions of the chemicals of which they are made.
+With a little experimenting there is no reason why any of these pigments
+should not be removed successfully, and at some future period of leisure
+our book-hunter hopes to record his own experiences in this matter.
+
+Here a word of warning. Do not handle permanganate of potash in the room
+where your bleached leaves are drying. If you do probably you will be
+annoyed to find small purple specks on the leaves where the fine
+permanganate dust has settled. It is unpleasant stuff to use, and stains
+everything with which it comes into contact. Undoubtedly it is at its
+best in a closely stoppered bottle. Rubber gloves would be useful, if
+they did not make one 'all thumbs.' Remember that oxalic acid will remove
+the stains from your hands just as well as from paper--also that it
+bleaches carpets. (Item, don't conduct your operations in the
+dining-room.) The best thing with which to handle the leaves when wet is
+a broad flat bone paper-knife with smooth edges. On various occasions
+when our bookman has not had time to complete the bleaching process, he
+has dried the leaves in their brown state and put them aside for a week
+before bleaching. So far he has not found this to have any ill effect on
+the paper, though possibly if kept for a longer period--especially if
+they got damp--the permanganate might rot them.
+
+A very hot and strong solution of alum I have used with success for
+leaves that are more dirty than stained, and do not really require
+bleaching. Ether is excellent for stains of a greasy nature, though some
+may prefer the stains to the vapour which it gives off. With hydrochloric
+acid, so strongly recommended by some, I have never had any success. If
+used strong it destroys the paper, and if used weak the leaf has to be
+left in it for so long as to reduce the paper almost to a pulp. Remember
+that as a general rule, the shorter the process of washing the better.
+Long immersion tends to rot the fibres of the paper. With regard to
+staining the leaf so as to match the rest of the book, our book-hunter
+generally uses a solution of cigarettes (Virginians are quite the best).
+Possibly this is a very bad practice, but at least it is effective, the
+stain diffuses easily, and it can be regulated to any shade. Coffee is
+recommended by some.
+
+Thumb-marks and the stains of dirty fingers are best removed by rubbing
+them lightly (and very carefully) with one of those disc-shaped erasers
+used by typists. These erasers remove the surface of the paper, so they
+must be used with extreme caution.[50]
+
+There is yet another byway of book-collecting which we must study before
+we may graduate in book-lore. To the uninitiated the word 'bibliography'
+conveys little more than a mere writing about books. But it is a vast
+study, and, if we are to become proficient in it, one that will occupy us
+for many years.
+
+For the specialist there is no more delightful pursuit than the
+compilation of a bibliography upon the subject of his choice. Not only
+will it give him a sound bibliographical knowledge of the books which he
+desires and hopes ultimately to possess, but it will enable him to
+collate immediately every volume that he acquires. It will also open up a
+new field of interest for the young collector, for he will be constrained
+to study books from their material aspect; and with a knowledge of the
+'natural history' of the book will come a regard for the well-being of
+his volumes. So also will he be brought into touch with modern methods of
+bibliography, and he will certainly find an additional interest in his
+books.
+
+The main objects of bibliography are, briefly, to determine
+
+(i) Whether a book is genuine.
+
+(ii) Whether it is complete and perfect.
+
+(iii) Whether it is in its original condition, _i.e._ as it issued from
+the press.
+
+(iv) Whether it has been made up by the insertion of leaves or quires
+from another copy or edition.
+
+(v) To provide a standard collation (_i.e._ an accurate description of
+the book in its original state) with which other copies may be compared.
+For the purpose of the specialist we may add
+
+(vi) To provide a bibliographical catalogue of those books in which he is
+especially interested.
+
+All this may sound very simple, but it must be borne in mind that where
+no standard collation is available, the only method of providing one is
+by a diligent, thorough, and precise study of the leaves, quires,
+watermarks and 'make up' of a number of copies. As these things
+frequently vary considerably in different copies of the same book, the
+task of standardising a collation is by no means an easy one. The
+difficulties that beset one in the case of early-printed books are
+immense; but with the inconstancies of incunabula we are not concerned
+here.
+
+It is easily begun, this making of a bibliography, and it is a delightful
+hobby, though necessarily it takes up a good deal of time. The plan which
+our book-hunter adopted is as follows, and it has been so successful and
+valuable to him that he has no hesitation in recommending it. First of
+all he procured a card-index box capable of holding about a thousand
+cards. Upon these he entered the books as he came across them in
+catalogues of all sorts, under the authors' names. Thus:
+
+    DIAGO (FRANCISCO)
+    Historia de los Antiquos Condes de Barcelona
+    Fo: Barcelona, 1603.
+
+After each he generally pencils the price and bookseller, or other
+authority for the book's existence; but this is for his own guidance
+only, and is by the way. A fresh card is used for every book. This forms
+a rough index of every work upon his subject with which he is acquainted.
+
+Now for the bibliography proper. For this our bookman uses single sheets
+of paper, eight inches by five, ruled with feint lines. These are
+contained in a 'spring-back' portfolio, thus forming a handy volume in
+which pages can be inserted anywhere at will. At the top of the page he
+writes the author's name, just as for the index, and beneath this
+(leaving a line blank) he copies the title-page of the book _in extenso_,
+using red ink for red print, capitals where capitals occur, and
+underlining those words which are in italics. The end of each line is
+indicated by a vertical stroke. Then follows a complete collation of the
+book. The following illustration, however, will convey a better idea than
+can be given in words. It will be noticed that after the size (which is
+given in the English notation) the measurement _of the title-page_ in
+millimetres is added within parentheses. If more than one copy has been
+examined this measurement is of the largest. The reason why the
+form-notation is given as well as the actual size, is because it is
+easier to carry the form-notation in one's head.
+
+     BASNAGE (JACQUES)
+
+     DISSERTATION | HISTORIQUE | SUR LES DUELS | ET LES ORDRES | DE |
+     CHEVALERIE. | PAR MONSIEUR B... | (printer's device) | A AMSTER
+     DAM, | chez PIERRE BRUNEL, sur le Dam | a la Bible d'or. |
+     M.DCC.XX.
+
+     12^o (155 x 95), Amsterdam, 1720. pp: xvi, 163, x.
+
+     Title. 'Avertissement' (10pp.). Contents (4pp.). Pp: 1-163 Text.
+     Then ten pages (unnumbered) containing the 'Table des Matieres,'
+     which begins on page 163 (b). At the end is a blank leaf,
+     completing quire L. Reg: Prelim: *----* 8; Text and Index
+     A----L8, in eights. [A].
+
+     The author, Jacques Basnage de Franquenet, was born at Rouen in
+     1653, studied at Saumur, Geneva, and Sedan, and became a
+     Protestant minister in his native town. On the Revocation of the
+     Edict of Nantes he retired to Rotterdam, where he devoted his
+     life to literary researches. He died at the Hague in 1723. For
+     his great reputation as a skilful diplomatist, see Voltaire's
+     'Age of Louis XIV.'
+
+     Another edition of this work was published in octavo at Basle in
+     1740.
+
+Whenever our book-hunter has an afternoon to spare, pocketing a handful
+of cards from the index he sets off for the British Museum (or wherever
+he may happen to be working at the time, where access may be had to the
+volumes he requires) and settles himself to collate and copy title-pages.
+But it must be borne in mind that the collation of any volume cannot be
+considered as 'standard' until at least three copies of the book have
+been examined, all of which are identical. The majority of the common
+books printed after the year 1600 vary not at all in their make up; and
+having once collated such a volume, the comparison with it of other
+copies takes but a very few minutes. Sixteenth-century books, however,
+especially those printed in the first half of the century, vary
+sufficiently in their collations to demand a much more careful scrutiny.
+If the volume under examination is a book of which different copies vary
+considerably, you must naturally be exceedingly cautious in declaring
+that your collation represents the form in which the book was issued from
+the press. It is quite possible that you will find differences in each of
+six copies.
+
+At the end of each collation our book-hunter puts a letter or letters in
+brackets to denote the habitations of the copies he has examined, the
+tallest copy (of which the title-page's measurements are given) being
+distinguished by an asterisk; thus: A, B*, N. 'A' represents our
+book-hunter's own copy, 'B' that in the Bodleian Library, 'N' that in the
+Bibliotheque Nationale; and so on. Mention, of course, from which copy
+the collation has been taken is made in the text; or, if you prefer it,
+you may denote this, so that it may be seen at a glance, by entering the
+necessary distinguishing letter in _red_ ink.
+
+As I have said, it is a fascinating pursuit, but unless the subject in
+which you specialise is a narrow one, you may be overwhelmed by the
+magnitude of the task. Take heed that you do not undertake more than you
+have time or opportunity to complete; or else, embarking upon a labour of
+Hercules you may liken yourself to Sisyphus. Mazzuchelli began 'Gli
+Scrittori d'Italia,' but succeeded in finishing only the first two
+letters of the alphabet. The temptation to leave behind us some great
+work by which our name will become in time a household word, is doubtless
+a great one; but gigantic though our _magnum opus_ may be in our own
+estimation, it does not follow that others will set a like value upon
+it, or, indeed, upon the labours of its author. Jean de la Haye, the
+preacher in ordinary to Anne of Austria, published his _Biblia maxima_ in
+nineteen folio volumes; but, says the bibliographer, 'no part of it is
+esteemed except the _Prolegomena_, and even they are too diffuse.' Louis
+Barbier gained the confidence of the Duke of Orleans by his great tact
+(which probably amounted to servility) and skill in repeating the tales
+of Rabelais. Mazarin appointed him Bishop of Langres for having betrayed
+his master. When he died in 1670, he left a hundred crowns to whoever
+would write an epitaph worthy of him. So Bernard de la Monnoye wrote the
+following:
+
+    'Ci git un tres grand personnage,
+     Qui fut d'un illustre lignage,
+     Qui posseda mille vertus,
+     Qui ne trompa jamais, qui fut toujours fort sage,
+     Je n'en dirai pas d'avantage,
+     C'est trop mentir pour cent ecus.'
+
+But whether Bernard got the legacy history does not relate.
+
+It is astonishing, however, what can be accomplished in this direction by
+diligence. Le Clerc, not content with having produced a 'Bibliotheque
+Universelle et Historique,' laboured till he had given to the world a
+'Bibliotheque Choisie' and a 'Bibliotheque Ancienne et Moderne,' in all
+eighty-two duodecimo volumes! Beausobre and L'Enfant compiled a
+'Bibliotheque Germanique,' comprising the period 1720-40; and published
+it in fifty volumes. Baillet's 'Catalogue des Matieres' occupies
+thirty-five folio volumes. But of course all these were mere lists and
+criticisms of books, not detailed bibliographies of carefully collated
+works.
+
+It is a great gift, this gift of 'finding time.' 'When I see how much
+Varro wrote,' says St. Augustine in his 'De Civitate Dei,' 'I marvel much
+that ever he had any leisure to read; and when I perceive how many things
+he read, I marvel more that ever he had any leisure to write.' The
+creation of opportunity is no lesser gift. 'A wise man,' says Bacon,
+'will make more opportunities than he finds.' Tomaso de Andrada, a
+Portuguese Jesuit, wrote his _magnum opus_ in a dungeon, in chains,
+without clothes, with little food, writing only in the middle of the day
+by the help of a faint light which he received through an air-hole.
+
+The compilation of bibliographies began early in the history of books,
+and doubtless grew out of the catalogues which the early printers put
+forth. Conrad von Gesner compiled a 'Bibliotheca Universalis' which was
+printed at Zurich in four volumes between 1545 and 1555. Francois Grude
+published a 'Bibliotheque Francoise' in 1584. It is a catalogue of French
+authors and is not confined to any particular subject, but at least it is
+a step in the direction of classification. From that date the number of
+these invaluable works has steadily increased, and about the middle of
+the seventeenth century L'Abbe put forth the first (?) of those useful
+book-collector's aids, a 'Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum.' This interesting
+little volume is really a list of books (under their authors' names)
+which also contain lists of authors. As L'Abbe says in the preface to his
+volume, so pleasantly dedicated 'Lectoribus Philobiblis,' he designs his
+book to be a 'Bibliothecam Bibliothecarum, Catalogum Catalogorum,
+Nomenclatorem Nomenclatorum, Indicem Indicum, et quid non?' The only
+edition which I have seen was printed at Paris in 1664, but the licence
+is dated 1651. Another edition was printed at Rouen in 1672, a third at
+Leipzig in 1682, and a fourth some years later, all in duodecimo or small
+octavo.
+
+Grude's book is a choice one. It is entitled 'Le Premier Volume de La
+Bibliotheque du Sieur de la Croix-du-Maine: Qui est un catalogue general
+de toutes sortes d'Autheurs, qui ont escrit en Francois depuis cinq cents
+ans et plus jusques a ce iourd'huy,' and was published at Paris 'Chez
+Abel L'Angelier' in 1584. It is one of those folio volumes printed in
+large pica on thick paper that delight the heart of the bibliophile and
+are a joy to handle. At the back of the title-page is an oval portrait
+of Henry of Navarre, dated 1581. He was not a handsome man, if one may
+judge by this portrait, in fact it would be difficult to draw a more
+repellent face; yet the book was dedicated to the king in a long 'Epistre
+au Roy' which ends with the author's quaint anagram 'Race du mans, si
+fidel a son Roy' (Francois de la Croix du Maine). But perhaps the
+portrait was omitted in the royal copy. The work was to have been
+completed in three volumes, of which the first two were to contain works
+published in the vernacular, and the third those printed in Latin. But
+alas! the author left only this first volume, which contains some three
+thousand authors, with short biographies of them. One hesitates to
+connect this premature end of the book (or, indeed, the author's
+assassination six years later) with the unlucky portrait! Altogether a
+very delightful volume.
+
+Nowadays a bibliography that is not at once complete, detailed, and
+meticulously accurate is of no value. In this critical age when the
+methods of modern science are applied to books, it behoves the
+bibliographer to be careful, thorough, and precise. Unless he can bring
+these three attributes to bear upon his work, far better that he should
+never undertake it; for the result will be not only valueless but
+misleading, and he will certainly fail to obtain 'that lasting fame and
+perpetuity of praise which God and good men have consented shall be the
+reward of those whose published labours advance the good of mankind.'
+
+There is one small appendage of the private library which must be
+mentioned before we close the chapter. A list of the prices which he has
+paid for his books forms a record that is indispensable to the
+book-collector. It is impossible to carry all one's 'bargains' in one's
+head, and if pencilled inside the book itself it is exposed to that
+publicity which one naturally shuns. Such a record is of something more
+than curious interest, for a knowledge of the rise or fall in the price
+of those books in which he is interested is essential to the collector.
+Whenever he comes across, in a bookseller's catalogue, a book that he
+already possesses, he will like to know how the present price compares
+with that which he gave for his copy.
+
+A convenient shape for this useful book is an ordinary folio account book
+(our book-hunter's measures 15 inches x 91/2 inches), and it should be
+ruled for 'cash,' with an inner margin. Between the inner margin and
+(outer) cash column he rules two lines, dividing the middle of the page
+into three columns, of which the left-hand one is the widest. The
+illustration over-page will show you precisely what is meant. At the top
+of each page is placed a letter of the alphabet, and, immediately beneath
+or alongside this, the date of a year. In the inner margin each line is
+numbered down the page. In the next column is written the author and
+short title of the book--sufficient to identify it--then the place where
+it was bought, then the date when purchased, and in the cash column the
+price which was paid for it.
+
+In our book-hunter's ledger the first few pages are headed
+
+[Greek: Theta]
+(_Books presented to me_)
+
+and the next heading is
+
+[Greek: Phi]
+(_Books published by instalments, extending over several years_)
+
+Then comes
+
+A
+
+1900
+
+and so on, each year having a letter assigned to it.[51]
+
+Now for the practical use of this ledger. Inside the front cover of every
+one of his volumes our book-hunter affixes a book-plate; and in the
+left-hand bottom corner of this he writes the year-letter and number of
+the book's entry in his ledger: _e.g._ A 24, L 7, etc. Thus supposing
+that one wishes to find out when and where one acquired a certain book
+and how much was paid for it, one has only to raise the front cover of
+the volume in question, and find its index mark. Suppose it to be 'E 28.'
+Turning to our ledger we find that E represents the year 1904, and No. 28
+is the volume in question. Similarly A 24 signifies No. 24 of 1900, L 7
+is No. 7 of 1911, and so on. If your library be a large one, and a search
+for the volume would entail trouble, you may conveniently pencil this
+index mark against the book's entry in your catalogue, but in such a way
+that it cannot be mistaken for the shelf-mark.
+
+It is as well to write the entries in the ledger upon the recto of the
+leaves only, so that the verso (being numbered like the _opposite_ recto)
+may be used for recording the bindings, published prices, previous
+owners, etc., of the volumes opposite. When all the letters of the
+alphabet have been used up, they may be repeated doubled, as AA 4, DD 32,
+etc.
+
+C 1902 C
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|1.  | Fuller's 'Holy Warre,' 1647        | Thorp, Guildford | 17th January |  9 | 0 |
+|2.  | Vredius--'Sigilla Com. Flandriae'  | Poynder, Reading | 23rd January | 12 | 6 |
+|3.  | Anstis--'Observations on the Bath' | Harding, London  | 3rd February |  2 | 0 |
+|4.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|5.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|6.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|7.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|8.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|9.  |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|10. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|11. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|12. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|13. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|14. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|15. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|16. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|17. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|18. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|19. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|20. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|21. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|22. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|23. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|24. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|25. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|26. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|27. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|28. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|29. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|30. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|31. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|32. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|33. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|34. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|35. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
+|36. |                                    |                  |              |    |   |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[47] It may be that you are contemplating the erection of shelves for
+your books? If so, perhaps the writer's experience may save you some
+little time and trouble. But if your treasures are already housed in a
+manner fitting, then he will claim your indulgence and ask that you be so
+good as to skip the next few pages.
+
+[48] But as the shelves are not fixed to the uprights, it is a simple
+matter to remove each shelf in turn from the room, and brush out the dust
+with a stiff clothes-brush.
+
+[49] It does not represent the Roman Venus, and there is no place named
+'Milo.' Were the statue anywhere else than in the Louvre, probably it
+would be known generally (as it is to scholars) by its proper name--the
+Aphrodite of Melos.
+
+[50] The writer possesses a copy of the first edition of "Mr. Sponge's
+Sporting Tour," which is a perfect museum. At some period of its
+existence it was relegated to the harness-room; and its leaves bear the
+insignia of almost every known preparation used in dressing boots,
+harness, saddles, buckles, dogs, horses' hoofs, and human hair. Not for
+all the wealth of the Indies would he remove a single stain. Most of them
+have been identified by his friends (it is feared with more regard for
+humour than accuracy) in marginal notes. Sherlock Holmes would certainly
+have considered it worthy of a monograph.
+
+[51] I will not venture to suggest that you follow the example of a
+book-collecting acquaintance who has an extra heading for 'Books that I
+have _acquired_!'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+BOOKS OF THE COLLECTOR
+
+     'To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge and
+     discretion.'--PROVERBS, i. 4.
+
+
+JUST as anyone who sets out to collect prints or antiques must provide
+himself at the outset with certain books necessary for obtaining a
+knowledge of the subject, so the book-collector must gather to himself
+those works which, if studied carefully, will enable him to become
+thoroughly conversant with the objects of his favourite pursuit. To the
+real collector there is no more delightful reading than the literature
+which deals with the subject he has made his own; and the more ample and
+specialised it be, the greater will be his delight.
+
+What bibliophile has not read, and read again, such delightful works as
+Burton's 'Book Hunter,' Blades' 'Enemies of Books' and 'Life and
+Typography of William Caxton,' 'The Library' and 'Books and Bookmen' by
+Andrew Lang, Harrison's 'Choice of Books' and 'Among my Books,' Clark's
+'Care of Books,' Edwards' 'Libraries and Founders of Libraries,' and many
+others of equal charm? Indeed, these volumes may well be among the first
+that he who embarks upon the peaceful sea of book-collecting gathers to
+himself. Nor is there any less fascination in the more specialised works,
+such as Mr. Gordon Duff's 'Early Printed Books,'[52] 'English Provincial
+Printers,' and 'The Printers of Westminster and London to 1535,'
+Bradshaw's 'Collected Papers,' Mr. A. W. Pollard's 'Early Illustrated
+Books,' Wheatley's 'Prices of Books,' Professor Ferguson's 'Aspects of
+Bibliography,' and the publications of the Bibliographical Society. All
+these and many others are necessary if we are to acquire a thorough
+knowledge of old books. They are, or should be, in every large public
+library; and we may read them through and through at our leisure,
+learning more from each perusal.
+
+There are certain works, however, which the book-collector should himself
+possess, for he will have continual recourse to them throughout his
+book-collecting career. Doubtless some of them will make an inroad upon
+his purse, but it will be money well spent, and the knowledge which he
+will gain from them will save him many a shilling. Their acquisition must
+be looked upon in the same light as the shelves and fittings of the
+library.
+
+[Sidenote: General Bibliographies.]
+
+First of all we will take those bibliographies which deal with books
+published in the English language, and there are certain of these volumes
+that are indispensable to the book-collector. Among them are Lowndes'
+'Bibliographer's Manual,' in six octavo volumes, last published in
+1869[53] (alas! sadly deficient, but still of considerable use), which
+one can have for about a pound, and Hazlitt's valuable 'Bibliographical
+Collections and Notes on Early English Literature,' complete in eight
+octavo volumes, published between 1867 and 1903. The Bibliographical
+Society's publications, from 1893 onwards, are of the greatest value,
+comprising lists of English printers, early editions of rare books, lists
+of early English plays, tales, and prose romances, with numerous
+bibliographies. For recourse to these, probably it will be necessary to
+visit the nearest important public library, though one may purchase
+individual numbers from time to time at the second-hand booksellers'.
+
+Arber's 'Term Catalogues,' published in three quarto volumes between 1903
+and 1906, gives a complete list of works entered at Stationers' Hall from
+1668 to 1709. It followed the same author's 'Transcripts of the Registers
+of the Worshipful Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640,' which was
+privately printed in five volumes between 1875 and 1894. A second
+'Transcript' of these registers, from 1640 to 1708, was issued similarly
+in 1913-14, in three more volumes.
+
+Sir Egerton Brydges' 'British Bibliographer' (in which he was assisted by
+Joseph Haslewood) was published in four octavo volumes, 1810-14, and is
+an entertaining work, though not one which it is necessary that the
+collector should acquire. The second edition of his 'Censura Literaria'
+appeared in ten volumes in 1815, and the 'Restituta; or Titles, Extracts,
+and Characters of Old Books in English Literature revived,' was published
+in four volumes, 1814-16. All these afford interesting reading; but they
+are for the armchair and fireside rather than the desk: and the
+information that they contain must not always be regarded as infallible.
+Payne Collier's 'Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language,'
+which appeared in two volumes in 1865, is rather more dull than its title
+suggests. Karslake's 'Notes from Sotheby's' is useful, being a
+compilation of 2032 notes from catalogues of book-sales between 1885 and
+1909.
+
+Quaritch's 'General Catalogue of Books' is useful for reference. It
+comprises short descriptions of more than 38,000 works, and was published
+in 1887 in six volumes. An additional volume containing an index to the
+whole was issued in 1892. The catalogue of the Huth Library, five large
+octavo volumes published in 1880, is also valuable. Then there is, of
+course, the British Museum catalogue, which was printed in 1884 under the
+title 'A Catalogue of Books in the Library of the British Museum, printed
+in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Books in English printed
+abroad, to the year 1640': three octavo volumes.
+
+For an actual list of the published works of all British authors of note,
+one must consult the 'Dictionary of National Biography': while the more
+detailed bibliographies to each volume of the 'Cambridge History of
+English Literature' are of great assistance, though they vary
+considerably, and do not pretend to be complete. Allibone's 'Critical
+Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors,' in
+three volumes, was published by Lippincott (Philadelphia) between 1859
+and 1871. There is a supplement to it by J. F. Kirk, which appeared in
+two volumes in 1891. It is a work of considerable value to the
+bibliographer.
+
+With regard to the books printed abroad (as well as in England), it is
+essential that the collector procure a copy of Brunet's 'Manuel de
+Libraire et de l'Amateur de Livres,' a most valuable work dealing with
+the literature of all countries. The last (fifth) edition of this great
+work was published in six octavo volumes at Paris, 1860-65. In 1870 a
+companion volume by Pierre Deschamps was issued, entitled 'Dictionnaire
+de Geographie Ancienne et Moderne a l'Usage du Libraire,' a dictionary of
+the Latin and Greek names of places with their modern equivalents and
+some account of the first presses at those places. There is a
+modern-ancient index. A supplement to the 'Manuel' was published by MM.
+P. Deschamps and Gustave Brunet in two volumes, 1878 and 1880. The
+complete work, in all nine large octavo volumes, 1860-1880, cost formerly
+about L18; however, a reprint of the fifth edition--an exact facsimile in
+type and size--was issued by Brockhaus of Leipzig (at ten pounds the set)
+in 1920. Graesse's 'Tresor de Livres Rares et Precieux' is also
+valuable. It comprises books in all tongues and contains a mass of
+bibliographical information. Published in six quarto volumes (vol. 6 is
+in two parts) between 1859 and 1867, a supplement was issued in 1869: in
+all seven volumes.[54]
+
+Of all the older general bibliographies, however, there are few that can
+compare with old David Clement's 'Bibliotheque Curieuse Historique et
+Critique, ou Catalogue Raisonne de Livres Dificiles a Trouver.' Not, I
+hasten to add, for its accuracy or even the amount of information it
+contains. But there is a charm about these nine old quarto volumes with
+their handsome type and title-pages in red and black that appeals
+irresistibly to the collector. He was a true bibliophile, this worthy
+Lutheran pastor, and his gradations of rarity are delightfully expressive
+and concise. 'Rare,' 'tres-rare,' 'fort-rare,' he describes his
+treasures, and occasionally 'peu-commun'; but he does not hesitate to
+condemn as 'rare et mauvaise' an edition that disturbs his
+bibliographical soul. Alas! his work was only carried as far as the
+letter H (Hesiod).
+
+[Sidenote: Early-Printed Books.]
+
+For early-printed books the collector will require Ludwig Hain's
+'Repertorium Bibliographicum . . . usque ad annum 1500,' which was
+published at Stuttgart in four octavo volumes, 1826-38, and is still the
+standard work upon this subject. For those who collect fifteenth-century
+books this work is essential, for all catalogues and descriptions of
+books of that period refer to it. Generally the mere number of the work
+in Hain's monumental list is referred to, such as 'H 3234,' which means
+that the volume offered for sale is as described by Hain, number 3234 in
+the 'Repertorium.' In 1891 Dr. Konrad Burger added an Index of Printers
+to this great work, while between 1898 and 1902 Dr. W. Copinger published
+a supplement, adding some 7,000 new entries to Hain's 16,299. Dr. Burger
+added a further supplement in 1908, and between 1905 and 1910 Dr.
+Dietrich Reichling published appendices, additions and emendations to all
+of these, adding an index thereto in 1911. For early German books,
+Panzer's 'Annalen der altern Deutschen Litteratur' to 1526, which
+appeared at Nuernberg in two volumes between 1788 and 1805, has not yet
+been entirely superseded; though considerable additions have been made by
+Mozler, Weller, and Petzholdt.
+
+Mr. C. E. Sayle's 'List of Early English Printed Books in the University
+Library at Cambridge, 1475 to 1640,' in four octavo volumes, was
+published by that university between 1900 and 1907; while for books
+printed at Oxford from the establishment of the first press there in 1478
+to 1640, you must consult Mr. Falconer Madan's 'The Early Oxford Press,'
+published in 1895.
+
+Blades' 'Life and Typography of William Caxton' I have already mentioned;
+and although many of us may never behold a Caxton save through a sheet of
+glass, yet every book-collector should be acquainted with the work of
+this great father of the English press. Blades' work first appeared in
+two quarto volumes, published respectively in 1861 and 1863, and is much
+to be preferred to 'The Biography and Typography of William Caxton' which
+is practically a reprint in a cheaper form issued in one octavo volume in
+1877. A second edition of this last appeared in 1882. In the Preface to
+the 1877 reprint, Blades states that 'only one additional fact of any
+importance has been added, viz. that Caxton was married . . .' and that
+'the bibliography has been curtailed.'
+
+Proctor's 'Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum from
+the Invention of Printing to the Year MD.,' begun in 1898, was cut short
+by his untimely death. The Museum authorities have now in course of
+publication an important work entitled 'A Catalogue of Books printed in
+the Fifteenth Century now in the British Museum,' which is being compiled
+by Mr. A. W. Pollard and his assistants; it will be completed in six
+folio (really atlas quarto) volumes. Of these the first part, dealing
+with block-books and the productions of German presses, appeared in 1908;
+Part II., also German-printed books, in 1912; Part III., Germany,
+Switzerland, Austria and Hungary, in 1913: while Part IV., the
+productions of Italy, appeared in 1916. Parts V. and VI. will contain the
+works of England, France, and other countries, Part VI. also containing a
+general index to the entire work. The Introduction to Part I. gives a
+valuable resume of the study of scientific bibliography from Panzer in
+1793. Mr. Gordon Duff's great work on the English incunabula, 'Fifteenth
+Century Books,' was issued by the Bibliographical Society in 1917. It
+contains fifty-three facsimiles, and records the existence of 439 books
+or fragments issued in English, or by the printers in this country,
+before the end of the year 1500.
+
+In France much valuable work has been done on the early presses of that
+country. M. Anatole Claudin has put forth some extremely useful books on
+the early printers of Poitiers, Limoges, Rheims, and of many other towns;
+whilst for the Exposition Universelle of 1900 he prepared a monumental
+work upon the early printers of Paris. This sumptuous book, entitled
+'Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France au XV^e et au XVI^e Siecle,' was
+printed in two large quarto (atlas quarto) volumes, copiously adorned
+with illuminated and other illustrations. The chapter on Antoine Verard
+is delightful.
+
+There is a large number of books, too, on the incunabula of various
+European towns and districts, such as Augsburg, Bavaria, Belgium,
+Bohemia, Ferrara, Mainz, Lyons, Mantua, Nuernberg, Rome, Rouen, Toulouse,
+to mention only a few. For the incunabula printed with Greek characters
+Legrand's 'Bibliographie hellenique,' which appeared in two octavo
+volumes in 1885, is useful.
+
+For a description of the early 'block-books,' the prototype of printing,
+the collector must have recourse to Sotheby's beautiful work entitled
+'Principia Typographica,' published in three large quarto volumes in
+1858. It contains no less than a hundred and twenty full-page
+facsimiles, some in colour, of block-books, early types, paper-marks,
+etc., and is one of the most important works on the history of printing
+that has ever been produced.[55] He will do well also to acquire Bigmore
+and Wyman's 'Bibliography of Printing,' a valuable work which appeared in
+three quarto volumes, 1880-86; and there is an immense amount of
+information concerning individual printers and stationers with their
+productions in 'The Library' (in progress), the three large volumes of
+'Bibliographica' published in twelve parts between 1895 and 1897, and the
+transactions of the Bibliographical Society.
+
+[Sidenote: Engravings.]
+
+If early wood-engravings interest you, there are several works to which
+you may turn for guidance. Lippman's 'Wood Engraving in Italy in the
+Fifteenth Century,' of which an English edition was published in 1888,
+and Kristeller's 'Early Florentine Woodcuts' which appeared in 1897,
+treat of illustrated Italian books. Venetian books of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries are dealt with by Prince d'Essling in his
+'Bibliographie des Livres a Figures Venitiens 1469-1525,' of which a new
+edition appeared in 1906. The works of Dutch and Belgian artists are
+dealt with by Sir W. M. Conway in 'The Woodcutters of the Netherlands in
+the Fifteenth Century.' This was published in 1884. M. Claudin's
+'Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France' contains many illustrations of early
+Parisian woodcuts and illuminations, while Muther's 'Die Deutsche
+Buecherillustration der Gothik und Fruehrenaissance,' published in 1884, is
+also useful. For English engravers you will find Sir Sidney Colvin's
+'Early Engraving and Engravers in England' (1905) useful, as well as
+Lewine's 'Bibliography of Eighteenth Century Art and Illustrated Books,'
+which appeared in 1898. A very delightful work on the eighteenth-century
+French engravers is M. H. Cohen's 'Guide de l'Amateur de Livres a
+Gravures du XVIII^e Siecle,' of which the fifth edition was published in
+1886. Bewick's work has been dealt with by Mr. Austin Dobson in his
+'Thomas Bewick and his Pupils,' octavo, 1884; and 'A Descriptive and
+Critical Catalogue of Works Illustrated by Thomas and John Bewick' was
+published by E. J. Selwyn in 1851. Mr. A. W. Pollard's 'Early Illustrated
+Books,' of which a new edition appeared in 1917, is of value from the
+historical point of view.
+
+[Sidenote: Place-Names and Dates.]
+
+Cotton's 'Typographical Gazetteer,' of which the second (and better)
+edition was printed at Oxford in 1831, is valuable for the identification
+of ancient Latin place-names. A second series was published in 1866. J.
+Hilton's 'Chronograms' (1882) and 'Chronograms Continued' (1885) are
+often of great assistance with regard to dates. In 1895 this
+indefatigable collector published a third volume, quarto, containing more
+than four thousand additional examples. For mere lists of works upon
+definite subjects one may consult Sargant and Whishaw's 'Guide-Book to
+Books' (1891) and 'The Best Books,' by W. S. Sonnenschein.
+
+[Sidenote: Pseudonyms.]
+
+For the identification of authors who wrote under a pseudonym you will
+find 'A Handbook of Fictitious Names,' by 'Olphar Hamst' (which was the
+pseudonym of Ralph Thomas) useful. It was published in 1868. But this has
+been partly superseded by Cushing's 'Initials and Pseudonyms,' large
+octavo, London, 1886; and the valuable work of Emil Weller, entitled
+'Lexicon Pseudonymorum,' of which the second edition was published at
+Regensburg the same year, in octavo. This contains thousands of
+pseudonyms of all nations and all ages. Cushing also published 'A
+Dictionary of Revealed Authorship,' in two volumes, 1890. Then there is
+the valuable 'Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of
+Great Britain,' by Halkett and Laing, which appeared in four octavo
+volumes between 1882 and 1888. Mr. F. Marchmont's 'Concise Handbook of
+Literature issued Anonymously under Pseudonyms or Initials,' appeared in
+1896.
+
+Antoine Barbier's 'Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes' was
+published first in four octavo volumes at Paris so long ago as 1806-8. A
+second edition was put forth in 1822-27. But between 1869 and 1879 a
+third edition, revised and enlarged, was incorporated with 'Les
+Supercheries Litteraires Devoilees' of Joseph Marie Querard (the second
+edition), the whole being edited by MM. Gustave Brunet and Olivier
+Barbier, and issued in seven large octavo volumes. The first three
+volumes (1869-70) appeared under the title of Querard's work, the last
+four (1872-9) under that of Barbier. Querard's work, which first appeared
+in four octavo volumes, 1847-52, is, as its title indicates, a dictionary
+of those books in French which have been published under fictitious
+names, are spurious, or have been wrongly ascribed. It is valuable for
+the identification of many fictitious memoirs and like books. Barbier's
+work deals with French anonymous and pseudonymous books. De Manne's
+'Nouveau Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes,' octavo,
+Lyon, 1862, deals chiefly with contemporary French works. For
+pseudonymous books in Italian one must consult the work of Vincenzo
+Lancetti, which appeared at Milan, in octavo, 1836, as well as the
+'Dizionario di Opere Anonime e Pseudonime di Scrittori Italiani,' by G.
+M. (Gaetano de' Conti Melzi), also published at Milan in three octavo
+volumes, 1848-59. A supplement, by G. Passano, was issued at Ancona in
+1887.
+
+Dibdin's rather sumptuously produced works are perhaps of more interest
+than bibliographical value, though his edition (vols. 1-4, 1810-19) of
+the 'Typographical Antiquities,' begun by Ames (1749), and augmented by
+Herbert (3 vols., 1785-90), is useful, in spite of the fact that it was
+never completed. For illustrations of the early printers' devices you
+must still have recourse to the 'Bibliographical Decameron,' three large
+octavo volumes, published in 1817. For the devices of French printers
+there is a more recent work entitled 'Marques Typographiques des
+Libraires et Imprimeurs de France, 1470-1600,' by M. Silvestre, which was
+printed in two octavo volumes at Paris, 1853-1867. It contains
+illustrations of more than 1300 devices. Every year witnesses the
+production of these indispensable aids to book-collecting, and the modern
+trend of such works is towards a constricted specialism. By this means it
+is possible to realise a minuteness and accuracy unobtainable in wider
+fields. The 'Bibliografia Aragonesa del Siglo XVI' of Senor Sanchez, a
+sumptuous work with illustrations of title-pages, colophons, etc., which
+was published in two folio volumes in 1913-14, is a striking example of
+this.
+
+There are bibliographies of almost every class of books, and a great
+number dealing with the works of individual authors and printers of
+renown; but these are in the domain of the specialist. There are certain
+works, however, which will be of assistance to the collector in compiling
+a list of authorities upon his special subject. Dr. Julius Petzholdt's
+'Bibliotheca Bibliographica' was published at Leipzig so long ago as
+1866; Sabin's 'Bibliography of Bibliographies' appeared at New York in
+1877; while Vallee's 'Bibliographie des Bibliographies' (though neither
+very accurate nor complete) was published at Paris, in large octavo, in
+1883. A supplement to this last was issued in 1887. For the large number
+of bibliographical works which have issued from the press since that date
+you must consult Mr. W. P. Courtney's invaluable 'Register of National
+Bibliography,' in three volumes, 1905 to 1912; which, indeed, for modern
+purposes has superseded the above-mentioned works. In passing we would
+remark that the 'national' of its title-page is in the wider sense of the
+term.
+
+And here a word of warning. Always make a point of entering the _errata_
+with a pencil in the margins of every reference-book that you acquire. Do
+this before you assign a place to the volume on the shelf; otherwise you
+may quote or condemn a passage or date which has been rendered wrongly
+owing to a clerical or printer's error, and has been put right in the
+_errata_.[56] Need we say that this practice should not necessarily be
+confined to works of reference? One may even find some amusement here.
+Was it not Scarron who wrote a poem, 'A Guillemette, chienne de ma
+soeur,' but quarrelling with his sister just as the volume was about to
+appear, put in the _errata_, 'For _chienne de ma soeur_ read _ma
+chienne de soeur_'!
+
+All these works will assuredly impart to the book-collector much
+knowledge of ancient books and their attributes, but he will still be at
+sea with regard to that most necessary part of their collection, namely,
+their commercial value. There is only one way in which this knowledge may
+be obtained, and that is by the study of catalogues. To arrive at a
+proper estimate of a book's value from the purely financial point of
+view, a close study of booksellers' catalogues and auction-sale prices
+through many years is necessary. The divergence in price of identical
+works is somewhat disturbing at first to the novice, and it is only after
+some considerable experience and the actual handling of books that one is
+enabled to arrive at a proper estimate of their worth. 'Continual use
+gives men a judgment of things comparatively, and they come to fix on
+what is most proper and easy, which no man, upon cursory view, would
+determine.'[57]
+
+Before the writer are two catalogues, one from a country bookseller, the
+other from a well-known London house. Each contains a copy of the
+'Thesaurus Cornucopiae et Horti Adonidis,' printed by Aldus Manutius in
+1496. The former offers it for 25s., the latter for L25. Why this
+extraordinary difference in price?
+
+The reasons are ample. The London copy has this description:
+
+     'Fol.; 16th cent. English binding of brown calf, gilt borders and
+     centre-pieces, g.e. (by THOMAS BERTHELET, the Royal binder), in
+     fine condition: beautiful copy, perfectly clean and large, 320 x
+     215 m.m., enclosed in case.'
+
+The country bookseller's copy, on the other hand, is described as
+follows:
+
+     'Folio, russia (joints broken), has the 270 ll. of text complete,
+     but wants the 10 ll. unnumbered, of preliminary matter.'
+
+In other words, one copy is a very choice specimen of the book, tall,
+clean, and perfect; while the other is an undesirable copy of ordinary
+size, imperfect, and in poor condition.
+
+There is another point also. The London dealer specialises in such books,
+in fact deals only in ancient and scarce works, and has a definite
+_clientele_ of rich and well-known collectors. He can 'place' certain
+rare books at once, for he knows the _desiderata_ of each of his
+customers and the deficiencies of their collections. The countryman, on
+the other hand, deals in all manner of books, ancient and modern, has few
+rich purchasers among his customers, and knows nothing whatever of their
+book-buying propensities. Any volume that he offers for sale may remain
+on his hands for an indefinite time.
+
+Then there are such volumes as 'association books,' by which is meant
+books possessing an additional interest by reason of their former
+association with some notability, such association being evident by
+autographs, corrections, annotations, additions, or binding. Such volumes
+often exceed enormously the price of ordinary copies. The first
+Edinburgh edition (1787) of Burns' Poems is worth usually about L5; but
+a copy realised L75 at auction a few years ago. The reason for this
+extraordinary price was that in this volume all those lines in which
+asterisks occur were filled in with the full names in the handwriting of
+the poet. Moreover it contained an additional stanza on 'Tam Samson' in
+Burns' autograph. For such a jewel one cannot consider the figure
+excessive, and it will doubtless run well into three figures if it ever
+appear in the sale-room again. Similarly, each year witnesses the sale of
+certain of these 'association' volumes; and unless you are aware of the
+reasons causing these high prices to rule, such records will be worse
+than useless to you. A superficial study of all auction-sale prices is
+apt to be intensely misleading. Unless you are actually on the spot or
+have handled the volume in question, the price that it realises will tell
+you little as to the stable value of the work. A torn page, a shaved
+headline, the underlining of a line or two with ink, a 'mounted'
+frontispiece, a missing plate, or even a worn impression of it, all these
+things affect the price of a volume.
+
+Then there are considerations outside the book itself. A scarce volume
+included in a sale of unimportant books is unlikely to realise so high a
+price as it might have done had it appeared in a Huth or Ashburnham sale;
+for important books attract important bidders. The prices paid for poor
+copies at the Frere sale in 1896 were enormous; the reason being,
+probably, that this library had long been known to contain _desiderata_
+for which public and private collections alike had hitherto thirsted in
+vain; the sale was something of a _battue_, and the room was thronged
+with buyers from all parts of the kingdom.
+
+It is a ticklish question, this matter of the price which the collector
+pays, and should pay, for his books, and one that may not be resolved
+early in his career. In addition to exercising your memory when perusing
+the catalogues which reach you, you will do well to obtain and study
+'Prices of Books: an Enquiry into the Changes in the Price of Books
+which have occurred in England at Different Periods,' an interesting
+volume by that great connoisseur, Henry B. Wheatley. It was published in
+octavo in 1898.
+
+Most of the catalogues that one receives from the booksellers are of
+little use when read, and no useful purpose is served by preserving them.
+But there are certain dealers who specialise in a definite class of
+books, and their catalogues are always of value, for they contain only
+works upon a definite subject or of a definite class. Such catalogues
+form most useful reference works, and even bibliographies of that
+particular subject. By all means preserve them; you may have them plainly
+bound in buckram (when you have collected a sufficient number of them) at
+the cost of a shilling or two, or you may keep them in a small portfolio
+on your shelf.
+
+Sotheby's auction-sale catalogues are also valuable. They are nicely
+produced, and have fine margins for making notes. It is well worth
+obtaining these regularly, which one may do by paying a small
+subscription. Most of them contain a miscellaneous assortment of books,
+and are not worth keeping, but on the other hand most of the famous
+libraries that are dispersed in this country pass through the Bond Street
+house, and the catalogues of these are of the greatest value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The history of booksellers' catalogues is an interesting one, and as yet
+we have no authoritative work upon this intermediary between publisher
+and reader. The earliest catalogue so far known was printed at Mainz by
+Peter Schoeffer in 1469. It was a catalogue of books for sale by himself
+or his agent, and consisted of a single sheet, probably intended to be
+used as a poster. It is in abbreviated Latin, and comprises the titles of
+twenty-one books, being headed--
+
+     'Volentes sibi comparare infrascriptos libros magna cum
+     diligentia correctos, ac in huiusmodi littera moguntie impressos,
+     bene continuatos, veniant ad locum habitationis infrascriptum.'
+
+and at the foot is printed in large type--
+
+     'HEC EST LITTERA PSALTERII'
+
+--a specimen of the type with which the Psalter mentioned in the list was
+printed. Beneath this would be written the name of the place where the
+books could be obtained, this being the case with the only copy of this
+advertisement that has come down to us, Schoeffer's traveller having
+written at the foot, 'Venditor librorum repertibilis est in hospicio
+dicto zum willden mann'--'the bookseller is to be found at the sign of
+the Wild Man.'
+
+Caxton adopted the same expedient with regard to his _Sarum Ordinale_.
+This advertisement, which is in English, is as follows:
+
+     'If it plese ony man spirituel or temporal to bye ony pyes of two
+     and thre comemoracions of salisburi use enpryntid after the forme
+     of this present lettre whiche ben wel and truly correct, late hym
+     come to Westmonester in to the almonesrye at the reed pale and he
+     shal haue them good chepe.'
+
+At the foot of this was printed 'Supplico stet cedula'--Please don't tear
+down the bill. The 'pyes' of this advertisement (the English form of the
+Latin _Pica_) were the guides by which one might learn the proper
+combinations of collects and prayers for Saints' days, at certain epochs,
+according to the Salisbury Ritual. The 'reed pale,' or red pale, was the
+heraldic sign which Caxton adopted for his printing-house.[58]
+
+Other printers soon followed Schoeffer's example; notably Johan Mentelin
+of Strasbourg. But these were mere lists of books, sometimes eulogies of
+an individual work, printed for the most part by one particular press and
+issued by the actual printer. In 1480 Anton Koberger of Nuernberg issued
+a catalogue of the books which he had for sale, twenty-two in all, though
+not all of them were printed by himself. Koberger was perhaps the most
+important printer and publisher of the fifteenth century. He is said to
+have employed twenty-four presses at Nuernberg, besides having books
+printed for him in other towns.[59] He it was who introduced the
+printing-press into Nuernberg in 1470. His enterprise, however, was not
+limited to the mere printing of books. He is said to have had sixteen
+shops where his books were sold, and agents in every city in Christendom!
+Truly he was the father of booksellers.
+
+Another German printer, Erhart Ratdolt, printed at Venice, before 1488, a
+handsome sheet in red and black in which he enumerates some forty-six
+books arranged under six headings, which he had for sale. They comprised
+the productions of several presses, the list being headed 'Libri venales
+Venetiis impressi.' Some thirty or more of these catalogues of German
+printers,[60] produced before the end of the fifteenth century, are
+known.
+
+In 1485 Antoine Verard, one of the most important figures in the annals
+of French printing, began business at Paris by putting forth an edition
+of the Decameron. From this date he continued as a publisher, and has
+been called 'the most important Paris publisher of the fifteenth
+century.' So far as I am aware no catalogue of the books which he had for
+sale has yet been discovered; though from the fact that our King Henry
+VII. purchased a number of his volumes it would seem that his agents or
+travellers were in possession of lists.
+
+Beckmann, in his 'History of Inventions and Discoveries,' says: 'It
+appears that the printers themselves first gave up the bookselling part
+of the business, and retained only that of printing; at least this is
+said to have been the case with that well-known bookseller John Rainman,
+who was born at Oehringen and resided at Augsburg'; and goes on to say
+that he was at first a printer and letter-founder, and supplied Aldus
+with his types. But this offset of the main business of book-production
+began still earlier: witness the catalogues of Koberger and Ratdolt
+already quoted. Many other printers also there were, before 1490, who
+were acting as agents or 'booksellers' to other firms. This was the case,
+too, with many of the Parisian houses.
+
+'Printing therefore gave rise[61] to a new and important branch of trade,
+that of bookselling, which was established in Germany chiefly at
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, where, at the time of the fairs particularly,
+there were several large booksellers' shops in that street which still
+retains the name of "book street."'[62] This ancient custom of having
+bookstalls in the streets (particularly about the church or cathedral)
+upon fair-days still survives in more than one old-world town upon the
+Continent. Indeed it is this very custom that gave rise to the term
+'stationer.' The early booksellers were wont to erect their stalls or
+'stations' against the very walls of the cathedrals, whence they were
+known as 'stacyoneres.'
+
+Beckmann mentions two other of these early booksellers at
+Augsburg--Joseph Burglin and George Diemar. 'Sometimes,' he continues,
+'they were rich people of all conditions, particularly eminent merchants,
+who caused books which they sold to be printed at their own expense.'
+George Willer, a bookseller who kept a large shop at Augsburg, was the
+first, says, Beckmann, who hit upon the plan of causing a catalogue of
+all the new books to be printed, in which the size and printers' names
+were marked. His catalogues from 1564 to 1592 were printed by Nicholas
+Basse at Frankfort. Beckmann relates that a collection of these
+sixteenth-century German book-catalogues was in the library of Professor
+Baldinger of Goettingen; possibly it still reposes in the fine library of
+that university.
+
+'In all these catalogues, which are in quarto and not paged,' continues
+Beckmann, 'the following order is observed. The Latin books occupy the
+first place . . . and after these, books of jurisprudence, medicine,
+philosophy, poetry and music. The second place is assigned to German
+works, which are arranged in the same manner.'
+
+Basse's collection is entitled 'Collectio in unum corpus omnium librorum
+Hebraeorum, Graecorum, Latinorum necnon Germanice, Italice, Gallice, et
+Hispanice scriptorum, qui in nundinis Francofurtensibus ab anno 1564
+usque ad nundinas Autumnales anni 1592 . . . . desumpta ex omnibus
+Catalogis Willerianis singularum nundinarum, & in tres Tomos distincta .
+. . . Plerique in aedibus Georgij Willeri ciuis & Bibliopole Augustani,
+venales habentur.' It was printed in quarto at Frankfort 'ex officina
+Typographica Nicolai Bassaei, MDXCII.' Part 2 (which has a separate
+pagination and title) is in German, and contains German books only. Part
+3, also a distinct work, has a title-page in both Latin and French, and
+contains books in Italian, Spanish, and French. This title reads:
+'Recueil en un corps des livres Italiens, Espagnols, et Francois, qui ont
+este exposez en vente en la boutique des Imprimeurs frequentans les
+foires de Francfort depuis l'an 1568 jusques a la foire de Septembre
+1592. Extraict des Catalogues des dictes foires, et reduict en method
+conuenable, et tres utile.' An exceedingly interesting work, this last
+part.
+
+A priced catalogue of the books printed by Christian Wechel is extant. It
+was printed at Paris in 1543, a duodecimo of twelve leaves, containing
+about three hundred books. These are classed under the headings
+Grammatica, Dialectica, Rhetorica, Historica, Poetica, Moralia, Physica,
+et Mathematica, Theologia, Legalis, and Medica. Under each of these
+headings the books are divided into 'Graece' and 'Latine,' but
+'Grammatica' and 'Theologia' have each the additional subheading
+'Hebraice.' The prices are interesting. They vary from twopence (the _Ars
+versificatoria_ of Ulric von Hutten and a Nicholas Beroald) to 80s.--a
+_Hippiatria_ in French. There are six at 3d., ten at 4d., forty-five at
+6d., none at 5d. or 7d., twenty-two at 8d., four at 9d., seventeen at
+10d., and thirty-seven at 1s. There are ten at 1s. 3d., twenty-three at
+1s. 6d., and twelve at 1s. 8d.; whilst from 2s. to 6s. the prices rise by
+6d. But only one volume is priced at 4s. 6d., and two each at 5s. 6d. and
+6s. There are from two to four volumes at 7s., 8s., 12s., 15s., 16s., and
+18s.; whilst six are priced at 10s., and five at 20s.
+
+The more expensive works are chiefly illustrated 'standard' authors, such
+as Modestus ('De Vocabulis Rei Militaris,' 18s.), Vegetius (_gallice, cum
+picturis_, 16s., or in Latin _permultis picturis_, 20s.), and several
+medical works such as Galen (two at 20s.) and Jo. Tagaultius (20s.). A
+Vegetius 'in minore forma' but also 'picturis' is priced at 4s. At the
+end is, in Latin: 'And these are the books, printed with our types, which
+we offer you. Moreover there are others of all kinds for sale in our shop
+(Taberna), both in Italian and German and French.' Then comes the
+announcement of a forthcoming edition of Eustathius' Commentary on the
+first book of Homer's Iliad.
+
+There is extant a list, printed in 1472, of books published at Subiaco
+and Rome by Sweynheim and Pannartz, the German printers who first
+established the printing-press in Italy. This list is contained in a
+letter written by the printers to Pope Sixtus IV., asking for assistance.
+It mentions twenty-eight works, and comprises 11,475 volumes,[63] which
+looks as if the book-buyers of Rome had combined to procure a reduction
+in the price of books; and there were no booksellers at that time to
+whom the publishers could dispose of their volumes as 'remainders.' No
+wonder that they described themselves as struggling '_sub tanto cartharum
+fasce_'--beneath so great a load of paper. It must have been
+circumstances such as these that induced the early publishers to put
+forth a 'bad seller' from time to time adorned with a fresh title-page.
+Notices of such cases abound, and they are not entirely confined to the
+_first_ publishers. 'But,' invariably remarks the astute and relentless
+bibliographer, 'it is all the same edition.'
+
+In 1602 there appeared a compilation from all the catalogues published at
+the different fairs in Germany from 1500 to 1602, by Johann Cless, and it
+was published in quarto at Frankfort. Unfortunately the original form of
+the catalogues from which this compilation was made was neglected, so
+that the work presents merely a list of books catalogued under their
+subjects; and only occasionally is the name of the printer given. The
+first volume consists of those published in Latin, the second volume
+those which appeared in the German tongue. The books are entered under
+the Christian name of the author, which does not facilitate reference;
+but date, place, and size are given. Another writer, George Draud,
+produced in 1611 a 'Bibliotheca Librorum Germanicorum Classica'; but this
+also is merely a catalogue of all kinds of books printed in German up to
+1610. This was republished in two quarto volumes at Frankfort in 1625.
+Beckmann remarks, however, that many books are mentioned by Draud which
+never were printed, and many titles, names, and dates are given
+incorrectly. Grude's work, published in 1584, has already been
+mentioned.[64]
+
+In the same way other countries were putting forth catalogues throughout
+the sixteenth century. Occasionally one comes across them bound with
+various works, and sometimes, more commonly, beneath the calf or vellum
+covers of the books of that period.
+
+In this country for many decades after the introduction of printing, the
+output of the English presses was not sufficiently large to keep pace
+with the demand for books; so that there grew up a considerable trade in
+the importation of books from abroad. In London Francois Regnault
+received a continuous supply of foreign-printed works from his Paris
+shop, while others such as the Birckmanns, who had shops in Cologne,
+Antwerp, and other large towns, kept up the number.
+
+Doubtless these, and many others like them, issued catalogues of the
+books they had for sale. In 1595 Andrew Maunsell published his Catalogue
+of English Printed Books in two parts, and in April 1617 John Bill, a
+leading London bookseller, issued the first number of his 'Catalogus
+Universalis,' a translation of the half-yearly Frankfort _Mess-Katalog_,
+and continued this enterprise twice a year for eleven years at least.
+From October 1622 he added a supplement of books printed in English. A
+book-catalogue of William Jaggard of 1618 is also known. The title of
+this catalogue states that--like Bill's--it is 'to be continued for every
+half-year,' but so far no further issue has come to light.[65] You will
+find a list of the catalogues published by English booksellers since 1595
+in Mr. A. Growoll's 'Three Centuries of English Book-Trade Bibliography,'
+which was issued in octavo at New York in 1903.
+
+In 1628 Henry Fetherstone, another London stationer, published a
+catalogue of books which he had recently purchased in Italy. Among these
+was the famous library of Giacomo Barocci, a gentleman of Venice,
+consisting of two hundred and forty-two manuscript volumes, now in the
+Bodleian Library. Writing to the Archbishop of Armagh in 1629, Sir Henry
+Bourchier says, 'I doubt not but your Grace hath heard of the Greek
+Library brought from Venice by Mr. Fetherston, which the Earl of Pembroke
+hath bought for the University Library of Oxford; it cost him L700;
+there are of them two hundred and fifty volumes. Dr. Lindsell, now Dean
+of Litchfield, tells me that it is a great Treasure, far exceeding the
+catalogue.' As this collection formed but a part of the books which
+Fetherstone brought from Venice to this country, one cannot but marvel at
+such an intrepid stroke of business. Presumably the volumes were
+transported by ship.
+
+The history of booksellers has been attempted more than once,[66] so I
+will content myself with remarking that in addition to being 'rich people
+of all conditions,' some at least of these early booksellers were--like
+the early printers--men of great learning. William Goeree, the bookseller
+of Amsterdam, was a student by nature, but it was his fortune to be
+brought up by a step-father to whom letters were unknown. His great
+desire, a university education, was denied him, and he was forced to
+choose some business. So he elected to embark upon a career where he
+would at least enjoy the conversation of the learned, and would be free
+to pursue his studies undisturbed by the strictures of his step-sire. As
+a bookseller he prospered, and profiting by the atmosphere of learning in
+which his paths lay, he found time between the hours of business to
+produce several valuable works upon such diverse subjects as
+Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Engraving, Botany, Physic, and
+Antiquities!
+
+Fabert, the bookseller of Metz and author of 'Notes sur la Coutume de
+Lorraine,' which he published in folio in 1657, was esteemed so highly
+both for his learning and abilities, that his son Abraham Fabert was
+thought not unworthy of being educated with the Duc d'Epernon. Abraham
+rose to be Marshal of France: but in spite of his great talents and still
+greater attainments, the bookseller's son ever retained that natural
+modesty inherent only in great minds. Offered the Order of the Holy Ghost
+by Louis XIV. he refused it on the ground that it should be worn only by
+the ancient nobility. Whereupon the King wrote to him 'No person to whom
+I may give this Order will ever receive more honour from it than you have
+gained by your noble refusal, proceeding from so generous a principle.'
+One can only meditate _O si sic omnes_!
+
+There are two reference-books that will be of use to you if you are
+interested in this subject. Both were published by the Bibliographical
+Society. The first, by Mr. Gordon Duff, is entitled 'A Century of the
+English Book Trade,' and is a list of early English stationers. It
+appeared in 1905. The other, compiled by nine members of the Society
+under the editorship of Mr. R. B. McKerrow, was published in 1910, and is
+called 'A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in England, Scotland,
+and Ireland, and of Foreign Printers of English Books, 1557-1640.'
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To the collector all catalogues are interesting, and although one may not
+readily come across publishers' catalogues of the sixteenth century, yet
+seventeenth-century ones are not so rare, and those of the eighteenth
+century comparatively common. What interesting reading these old
+catalogues provide! Often it is worth while purchasing the flotsam of the
+seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries from the penny tub merely for
+the sake of the catalogues which one frequently comes across bound at the
+end of such volumes. The desecration of a book is anathema to the
+bibliophile; but provided always that when you have paid your penny the
+volume proves to be but common trash and of no value whatever, you need
+not hesitate to remove the desired leaves and consign the wreckage to the
+waste-paper basket.
+
+Perhaps nothing shows so clearly the change in manners and sentiments of
+each age as do these ancient catalogues. Doubtless many of the works
+therein described are to be found among the pages of any modern
+bookseller's list. But there they are scattered among works of all times,
+and strike the imagination as being merely the curiosities of a bygone
+age. Here, gathered together in one list, they are exhibited in company
+with their fellows, and there is little diversity of sentiment to
+distract one's attention. Though they treat of the most diverse subjects
+under the sun, yet there is a strange similitude about them which is
+characteristic of their age. And this impression is not due to the
+language in which their titles are couched; they are just the sort of
+books which we should expect our forefathers of that period to read.
+Whatever their subjects, whatever their titles, they are clearly all
+birds of a feather.
+
+Take the following, all of which occur in 'A Catalogue of some Books
+Printed for Henry Brome, since the Dreadful Fire of London.'
+
+   The History of the Life of the Duke Espernon,
+       the great Favourite of France. . . .
+   Scarronides or Virgil Travesty . . by Charles Cotton, Esq.
+   Elvira, a Comedy, or The worst not alwaies true, by the Earl of Bristol.
+   Mr. Simpson's Division Viol, in folio, price 8s.
+   A Treatise wherein is demonstrated, that the Church and State of England
+       are in equal danger with the Trade, in quarto, by Roger Cook, Esq.
+   Erasmus Colloquies, in English.
+   The Fair One of Tuis, a new Piece of Gallantry.
+   Elton's Art Military, in folio.
+   Sir Kenelm Digby's two excellent Books of Receipts; one of Physick and
+       Chirurgery; the other of Cookery and Drinks, with other Curiosities.
+   The Exact Constable, price 8d., useful for all Gentlemen.
+   Toleration Discussed, by Mr. L'Estrange.
+   The Lord Coke's Institutes, in four parts.
+   Dr. Heylin on the Creed, in folio, price 15s.
+
+Who could hesitate to assign a period to these? Is not 'The Civil War and
+Restoration' writ big about them all? Plainer, indeed, would it be were
+we to analyse each separate item; for the tastes of the age and trend of
+men's thoughts as depicted in the pages of Master Pepys are amply
+reflected here.
+
+Beware, however, lest you come across a catalogue of some such rogue as
+Edmund Curll, that shameless rascal who gloried in the obscene
+productions of his minions, hesitating not to assign them to the greatest
+writers of the day. Though fined and pilloried for his scandalous
+publications, he regarded such 'accidents' merely as a medium of
+advertisement, and had no hesitation in calling attention to the fact
+that he had suffered corporal punishment on account of a book that he
+wished to sell.
+
+In the course of his crooked career he fell foul of Pope by publishing a
+book entitled 'Court Poems,' which he ascribed to 'the laudable
+translator of Homer.' Pope promptly retorted by putting forth an essay
+with the delightful title 'A Full and True Account of a Horrid and
+Barbarous Revenge by Poison on the Body of Mr. Edmund Curll, Bookseller;
+with a faithful copy of his Last Will and Testament.' Neither words nor
+deeds, however, could repress a man so destitute of moral worth; and,
+later, he came once more under the poet's lash in the 'Dunciad,' where we
+read--
+
+    'Obscene with filth the miscreant lies bewray'd.'
+
+Yet even the devil must have his due, and Curll certainly was concerned
+in the production of a number of works of general and abiding interest.
+Here is a curious example of his wares, from one of his catalogues dated
+1726. It is a version of Sallengre's 'L'Elogie de l'Ivresse,' a humorous
+(and scarce) little volume first published in 1714.
+
+     Ebrietatis Encomium--or, The Praise of Drunkenness. Wherein is
+     authentically and most evidently proved the Necessity of
+     frequently getting drunk; and that the practice of getting drunk
+     is most Ancient, Primitive, and Catholic. Confirm'd by the
+     example of Heathens, Turks, Infidels, Primitive Christians,
+     Saints, Popes, Bishops, Doctors, Philosophers, Poets,
+     Free-Masons, and other Men of Learning in All Ages. By a Person
+     of Honour, price 2s. 6d.[67]
+
+How it intrigues one to know who were the Saints, Popes, and Bishops thus
+addicted to tippling! Truly a _chronique scandaleuse_, and one which
+would surely have appealed to Louis Maimbourg, that ingenious Jesuit
+historian, had it but appeared in his day. We are told that he never took
+up his pen till he had heated his imagination by wine, nor ever attempted
+to describe a battle till he had drunk two bottles--lest, as he said
+jestingly, the horrors of the combat should enfeeble his style! Perhaps
+this trait in his character also explains how it was that 'he signalised
+himself by strange descriptions and burlesque sallies of humour in the
+pulpit,' and that his works exhibit 'great fire and rapidity in their
+style.'[68] At all events he lived to be seventy-six, which is some
+consolation to those who seek to impart originality to their work by this
+means.
+
+Here is another volume that I should like to possess, from the same
+catalogue.
+
+     The Court Gamester: Or, Full and Easy Instructions for playing
+     the Games now in vogue, after the best Method, as they are Played
+     at Court, and in the Assemblies, viz. Ombre, Picquet, and the
+     Royal Game of Chess. Wherein the Frauds in Play are detected, and
+     the Laws of each Game annex'd, to prevent Disputes. _Written for
+     the Use of the young Princesses._[69] By Richard Seymour, Esq.
+     price 2s.
+
+Evidently Richard Seymour, Esq., had some experience of the young
+princesses' play. One wonders whether the disputes were frequent and
+heated, and whether Richard was the detector or detected with regard to
+the 'Frauds in Play'!
+
+Enough, however, of examples: you will find abundance in these old
+catalogues to keep you interested and amused for many an hour. Moreover,
+your natural inquisitiveness will enable you to discover a great deal
+about books and authors which you would otherwise never, perhaps, come
+across. For certain titles will excite your interest and curiosity, so
+that you will 'look up' the volume in your bibliography. Then you will
+turn to your biographical dictionary and find out all that you can about
+the author. So it is that your knowledge of books and their writers will
+grow. It is a pleasant pastime, this fireside book-hunting, and of the
+greatest value to the collector. Let me add, as a note, that you will
+find the 'Cambridge History of English Literature' valuable for acquiring
+a _contemporary_ knowledge of books.
+
+With regard to book-auctions (which seem to have been introduced into
+Europe by the Elzeviers) and sale-catalogues, you will find all the
+information that you may require upon this subject in so far as Great
+Britain is concerned, in Mr. John Lawler's excellent little volume 'Book
+Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century,' of which a new edition
+was published in 1906. The fashion of selling books to the highest bidder
+is, in this country, of comparatively recent date; for the first auction
+of books held in London was presided over in 1676 by one William Cooper,
+an enterprising bookseller, who disposed in this manner of the library
+belonging to the Rev. Dr. Lazarus Seaman. With regard to the
+book-auctions held by the Elzeviers, you must consult that great
+authority, M. Alphonse Willems.
+
+Before leaving this subject of catalogues I cannot forbear quoting from
+one to whom I am already indebted:
+
+'In perusing these old catalogues one cannot help being astonished at the
+sudden and great increase of books; and when one reflects that a great,
+perhaps the greater, part of them no longer exists, this perishableness
+of human labours will excite the same sensations as those which arise in
+the mind when one reads in a church-yard the names and titles of persons
+long since mouldered into dust. In the sixteenth century there were few
+libraries, and these, which did not contain many books, were in
+monasteries, and consisted principally of theological, philosophical, and
+historical works, with a few, however, on jurisprudence and medicine:
+while those which treated of agriculture, manufactures, and trade, were
+thought unworthy of the notice of the learned and of being preserved in
+large collections. The number of these works was, nevertheless, far from
+being inconsiderable; and at any rate many of them would have been of
+great use, as they would have served to illustrate the instructive
+history of the arts. Catalogues, which might have given occasion to
+inquiries after books that may be still somewhere preserved, have
+suffered the fate of tomb-stones, which, being wasted and crumbled to
+pieces by the destroying hand of time, become no longer legible. A
+complete series of them, perhaps, is now nowhere to be found.'[70]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is yet another side of book-collecting with which it is essential
+that the bibliophile become acquainted, and that is a knowledge of the
+scarce and valuable editions of the more modern classic writers. By
+'modern' I intend those authors who flourished during the nineteenth and
+latter part of the eighteenth centuries, and include such writers as
+Arnold, the Brontes, the Brownings, Burns, Byron, Carlyle, Coleridge,
+Dickens, Keats, Lamb, Shelley, Stevenson, Swinburne, Tennyson, Thackeray,
+and other famous contemporaries. You may meet with their works
+continually, and many a prize may slip through your hands unless you are
+acquainted with the collector's _desiderata_ regarding each of these
+authors. Many of them, perhaps the majority, published their earliest
+works anonymously or under a _nom de plume_, and when once you have
+become aware of the titles of such books or their writers' pseudonyms,
+you are not likely to forget them.
+
+A few years ago (1911) Messrs. Hodgson the auctioneers discovered a thin
+folio consisting of an illustrated title-page and eight lithographed
+plates depicting scenes in the life of a ballet-girl, among a portfolio
+of engravings which had been sent to them for disposal. There was no
+letterpress, but the title ran 'Flore et Zephyr, Ballet Mythologique par
+Theophile Wagstaffe,' and it was published in London and Paris, 1836. The
+owner thought it unworthy of notice in a lengthy catalogue of his books,
+but in spite of its Gallic title its author was none other than
+Thackeray, and it was one of his first publications. On being offered for
+sale, it was knocked down at L226.
+
+'Poems by Two Brothers,' a small octavo published at London in 1827, will
+bring you twenty pounds if you are so fortunate as to come across it. The
+brothers were Alfred and Charles Tennyson. Then there is a slim octavo of
+some 150 pages which appeared at Newark in 1807, entitled 'Poems on
+Various Occasions.' It is by Lord Byron, and is worth fifty pounds at
+least; if in the original boards, more than double that amount. 'King
+Glumpus: an Interlude in one Act,' a pamphlet consisting of some twenty
+pages, was probably by John Barrow; but it was illustrated by Thackeray,
+and is usually to be found under the heading 'Thackerayana.' It was
+printed in 1837, on blue writing paper, and issued privately in buff
+wrappers. Recently it has fetched L153, but you may have a hundred for it
+any day.[71]
+
+Shelley's 'Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats' was first
+published at Pisa in 1821, a large quarto in blue wrappers. It has
+recently fetched 2,050 dollars in America, and you may have even more for
+a perfect copy, in the original state, of his 'Queen Mab,' printed by the
+author at 23, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square, in 1813. Both are
+exceedingly scarce. Another rare book of Shelley's is 'Original Poetry,'
+by Victor and Cazire, which was put forth at Worthing in 1810. The poet
+wrote it in his youth, and although it was known that such a volume had
+been printed and that it had been suppressed by its author immediately
+before publication, it was considered a lost work until its rediscovery
+in 1897.
+
+Byron's 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers' one can purchase in the
+second, third, or fourth editions (all in octavo) in the original boards,
+for as many pence; though the first edition, in duodecimo, undated, is
+scarce. It was published in 1809, and has but fifty-four pages of verse.
+The fourth edition appeared in 1811, though some copies are dated 1810,
+and has one thousand and fifty-two lines of verse in eighty-five pages.
+But the next year another edition was put forth containing eighteen
+additional lines. For this (fifth) edition the title-page of the fourth
+edition was used. It was not merely rigidly suppressed by the author, but
+immediately prior to publication it was destroyed by him, and, so far as
+I am aware, only one copy has, till now, been recovered.[72]
+
+For Burns' 'Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,' published at
+Kilmarnock in 1786, you may have two hundred pounds at least; if in the
+original boards, and perfect, considerably more. A copy has changed hands
+at a thousand. Of Shelley's 'Alastor: or the Spirit of Solitude, and
+other Poems,' octavo 1816, Keats' 'Endymion,' 1818, Fitzgerald's 'Omar
+Khayyam,' published by Quaritch in 1859, and a large number of others,
+you will learn from time to time. Mr. J. H. Slater's 'Early Editions
+. . . of Modern Authors,' which appeared in 1894, will be of value to you,
+though like all works which deal with current prices it now needs
+revision. From the bibliographical standpoint it is excellent, but the
+safest guides to mere market values are the quarterly records of
+auction-sale prices entitled 'Book-Auction Records,' and the bi-monthly
+publication known as 'Book-Prices Current' issued by Mr. Elliot Stock. In
+addition there are bibliographies of almost all the greatest Victorian
+writers.
+
+There is no doubt that the early editions of the English classics will
+get more and more valuable as time goes on. In the case of many it may be
+years before any decided rise in their sale-room price takes place; but
+as the number of book-collectors increases with the population, while the
+number of copies of these _desiderata_ tends to become less owing to the
+absorption of certain of them in the public libraries, so it is only
+natural that increased competition should result in a corresponding
+increase in their value.
+
+The early editions of Massinger, Beaumont and Fletcher, and of the later
+Elizabethan and Stuart dramatists, which command but a few pounds to-day,
+will run, in all probability, well into three figures during the next
+half-century. A good copy of the first issue of Milton's 'Comus,' printed
+in 1637, could be had for L36 in 1864. In 1898 one with the title-page
+mended brought L150. Ten years later L317 was not thought excessive for
+it, whilst in 1916 a fine and perfect copy made L800. $14,250 was the
+ransom of a copy at New York in 1919.
+
+Other books there are which have had similar meteoric rises in value. The
+first edition of Walton and Cotton's 'Compleat Angler' was published in
+1653 at one and sixpence. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+average price for a fine copy seems to have been between three and four
+pounds. In 1850 so much as fifteen pounds was paid for a copy in a
+similar state. Thirty years later it had risen to eighty-five pounds, and
+during the few years following, the demand for it seems to have increased
+its value considerably, for in 1887 a copy realised no less than L200.
+But eight years later even this sum was easily doubled. Then came the Van
+Antwerp sale at Sotheby's. A perfect copy, in the original sheepskin
+binding, was offered; the hammer fell at the enormous figure of L1,290.
+This sum has not yet (1921) been eclipsed; but that it was not a fancy
+price[73] is shown by the fact that in 1909 a copy _not_ in the original
+binding realised no less than L1,085.
+
+In the collection of these early impressions of the great writers,
+however, you must exercise considerable caution and judgment. The
+examples which I have quoted will show you that it is not always
+immediately, nor even within a lifetime from their death, that the works
+of our greatest authors become valuable. 'Fame is a revenue payable only
+to our ghosts,' wrote Sir George Mackenzie, and for literary fame Time is
+indeed the ordeal by fire. We may look upon the auction-room as a Court
+of Claims to Literary Fame, but it is public opinion, backing the
+authorities who sit round the table, that determines each claimant's
+case. It is the book that makes the price, not the price that makes the
+book. Doubtless those who, relying upon their own judgment alone, gave
+fifty pounds for Tennyson's 'Helen's Tower' (1861) some twenty years ago,
+thought they were safe in their investment. Yet twelve years later it
+could be had for thirty shillings. Fitzgerald's 'Polonius,' 1852, was
+once thought cheap at five guineas. To-day you may buy it for little more
+than a sovereign.
+
+It is a risky business, this collecting of the early editions of authors
+dead but a generation ago; and he would be a bold man who ventured to
+assert that the present prices of the first editions of the Victorian
+authors may be considered as stable. Bargains are bargains, and the
+temptation to buy is often great. But what constitutes a bargain from the
+collector's point of view? You cannot define it without reference to
+price, worth, or value; and if these be unstable it cannot constitute a
+bargain. 'An advantageous purchase' say the dictionaries; but if the
+price drop subsequently is it advantageous to _you_? You may think to
+play the wise man by collecting early editions of your own or your
+father's contemporaries, but it is odds on that you will burn your
+fingers. Yet the works of those great writers, those immortals
+
+    'On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled'
+
+are stable in our affections as is the sun in the firmament. Whatever
+fortune may overtake the works of those ephemerals whom by mere fashion
+we applaud to-day and neglect to-morrow, the works of those great writers
+who have been accorded a niche in the hall of Fame will ever command our
+purses no less than our respect.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[52] Of this book, published in octavo in 1893, it is impossible to speak
+too highly. Both as a text-book for the student and a reference book for
+the collector it is invaluable. The other two volumes by Mr. Duff are
+also of the greatest assistance. 'The Printers, Stationers, and
+Bookbinders of Westminster and London from 1476 to 1535' was published in
+1906, and 'The English Provincial Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders
+to 1557' in 1912--both by the Cambridge University Press. They are still
+(1921) in print, and cost six and five shillings respectively.
+
+[53] A stereotyped reprint of the revised edition published between 1857
+and 1864. Each of the first five volumes is in two parts, often bound
+separately. Vol. 6 is an appendix.
+
+[54] Brockhaus of Leipzig has also (1921) published a facsimile reprint
+of this work--price L12.
+
+[55] The term _Incunabula_ is now applied to all books printed before the
+year 1500. It is a vast study in itself, this bibliography of
+fifteenth-century books; and thanks to the labours of a small group of
+men who have devoted their lives to the subject, it is now upon a
+definite scientific basis. Carefully prepared monographs are issued from
+time to time, dealing with the different founts used by the early
+printers; but as this subject is unlikely to engage the attentions of
+those for whom this work is written (who, like the writer, are of modest
+means), I forbear to enter upon it in detail.
+
+[56] It is a tedious game, but a very necessary one, and is a service due
+to an author. In entering a long list of errata in a folio book which has
+many lines to the page (Cotton's 'Monluc' has 62 lines, and the 1707
+edition of Sandford's 'Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of
+England' has nearly 150 errata!) the following method saves a lot of
+time. Take a strip of paper about an inch wide, place it on a page, and
+make a dash on the strip at every fifth line of text, numbering the
+dashes 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. This measurer saves one counting the lines
+every time.
+
+[57] Dr. John North.
+
+[58] For Schoeffer's list, see Mr. E. G. Duff's 'Early Printed Books,'
+1893, p. 31, where there is also an illustration of it. For Caxton's
+advertisement, see an excellent article upon these early catalogues, by
+Mr. A. W. Pollard, in 'The Bibliophile' for March 1908 (vol. 1. No. i, p.
+22).
+
+[59] Mr. E. G. Duff, _op. cit._, p. 513.
+
+[60] A collection of thirty-two facsimiles of these fifteenth-century
+book advertisements was published by Herr Konrad Burger in 1908.
+
+[61] This is not strictly accurate, for there were agents or booksellers
+(call them what you will) who bought and sold manuscripts at Rome in very
+early times. A document dated 1349 (quoted by Laborde, 'Les Ducs de
+Bourgogne,' tom. 1, p. 459) mentions one Thomas de Maubeuge, 'bookseller
+at Paris,' who sold a volume to the Duke of Normandy for fourteen florins
+of gold.
+
+[62] Beckmann, _op. cit._
+
+[63] Mr. E. G. Duff, _op. cit._ Beckmann has 12,475, quoting Fabricius'
+'Bibliotheca Latina,' ed. 1772, vol. iii. p. 898, where the document is
+printed in full.
+
+[64] See p. 155.
+
+[65] For more upon this subject, with regard to this country, see The
+Camb. Hist. Eng. Lit. vol. iv. chap, xviii., 'The English Book-trade,' by
+Mr. H. G. Aldis.
+
+[66] Curwen's 'History of Booksellers,' 8vo, 1873, deals chiefly with the
+later English houses; while Mr. E. Marston's 'Sketches of Booksellers of
+Other Days,' 12mo, 1901, is concerned only with eight London booksellers,
+from Tonson to Lackington. Mr. F. A. Mumby's 'The Romance of
+Bookselling,' 8vo, 1910, contains a bibliography of the subject, but says
+little about the early continental book-marts. Mr. W. Roberts' 'Earlier
+History of English Bookselling,' 8vo, 1892, deals with London alone, and
+does not help us. There is a short article on the Frankfort Fairs, by Mr.
+G. Smith, in 'The Library,' 1900, pp. 167-179.
+
+[67] This was one of the five publications on account of which Curll was
+set in the pillory in 1725.
+
+[68] L'Advocat: Dict. Histor.
+
+[69] The italics are NOT mine.
+
+[70] Beckmann, _op. cit._
+
+[71] Like many of these _rarissima_ it has been reprinted in
+facsimile--crown 8vo, 100 copies only, 1898.
+
+[72] The various editions and impressions of this book have given rise to
+confused accounts respecting them. The British Museum Catalogue gives
+five distinct impressions of the third edition and five of the fourth
+edition. Of the fourth edition, some large-paper copies were issued; they
+are scarce and worth thirty shillings or more. The first edition is
+undated, but the paper is water-marked '1805'. A copy of this last, in
+the original boards uncut, realised 205 dollars in New York in March,
+1920. It usually fetches about L5 in England.
+
+[73] The three copies which were sold between Dec. 1919 and June 1920,
+however, fetched 2,200 dollars, L410, and L600. The last was in the
+original sheepskin.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM
+
+    'The road lies plain before me; 'tis a theme
+     Single and of determined bounds.'--WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+MOST book-collectors embark upon their life-long hobby without any
+clearly defined scheme of collecting, buying just those books which take
+their fancy, and in many cases not realising that they have caught the
+dread contagion of bibliomania until they suddenly find that more
+shelf-room is required for their books, and that the expenditure upon
+their hobby is growing out of all proportion to their means. It is then
+generally too late to stop, and although they may avoid the book-stalls
+for some days, nay even weeks, the passion of collecting is only dormant,
+and will break out with renewed vigour either upon a sudden (though
+perhaps only temporary) condition of affluence, or upon the
+receipt of that most insidious of all temptations, a bookseller's
+catalogue--especially if it be a 'clearance' one.
+
+This passion for collecting books resolves itself at length into two
+categories. Either the patient grows rapidly worse and plunges headlong
+into the vortex of auctions, catalogues, and bibliographies, amassing
+during the process a vast nondescript collection of books; or else he
+improves slowly but surely, growing daily shrewder in his purchases. So
+that at length, having completely recovered his composure, he finds
+himself the possessor of a collection of books valuable alike from
+commercial and utilitarian standpoints.
+
+The former of these collectors is generally said to suffer from acute
+bibliomania. His knowledge of books is vast but of a general kind, and
+for practical purposes it cannot compare with that acquired by his
+fellow-collector who had seen the folly of a headlong course. His
+complaint is well known; indeed it was recognised in the first century of
+our era, when Seneca condemned the rage for mere book-collecting, and
+rallied those who were more pleased with the outsides than the insides of
+their volumes. Lucian, too, in the next century, employed his prolific
+pen in exposing this then common folly.
+
+Even the wise collector, however, runs some risk of being engulfed by his
+hobby and swept away by the flood of books. There is but one remedy, or
+rather alleviation, for book-collecting is quite incurable and follows a
+man to his grave (unless, of course, he be cast upon a desert island),
+and that is _specialism_.
+
+Every collector should become a specialist. It will give him a definite
+ambition, something to look for among other books, something to complete;
+and there is a thousand times more satisfaction in possessing a select
+collection of works of a definite class or upon a definite subject, than
+in the accumulation of a vast heterogeneous mass of books. He will get to
+know the greater part of the works upon his own subject, become an
+authority upon it in time, and perhaps will even attempt a bibliography
+if it be an out-of-the-way subject. He will know precisely what he wants,
+what to search for, and what price to pay. In short, he will be lifted
+out of the fog of miscellaneous books into the clear atmosphere of a
+definite and known class of works.
+
+It is such an easy step, and such an immensely important one, this
+determination to confine one's collecting activities to a certain class
+of books. 'What a blessing it is,' said a book-loving friend not long
+ago, 'not to have to worry about all sorts of books. I have never ceased
+congratulating myself that I took the resolution to confine myself
+entirely to Herbals. Before, I had a vast but untrustworthy knowledge of
+titles and editions which a bad memory did not assist. Now, thank
+goodness, I have forgotten all that, but I flatter myself that I really
+do know something about Herbals.'
+
+And what a profitless occupation is the aimless collecting of
+heterogeneous books. If bibliographical knowledge be our aim, their very
+diversity tends to confuse us. If recreation be our object, better far to
+join a circulating library than garner volumes which, once read, are
+never to be opened again. Learning and study cannot be intended, for the
+formation of a library of nondescript books collected upon no system or
+plan can, at best, endow us with but a smattering of knowledge.
+
+There was once a certain bishop who used continually to collect useless
+luxuries. The Emperor Charlemagne, perceiving this, ordered a merchant
+who traded in rare and costly objects to paint a common mouse with
+different colours and to offer it to the bishop, as being a rare and
+curious animal which he had just brought from Palestine. The bishop is
+transported with delight at the sight of it, and immediately offers the
+merchant three silver pounds for such a treasure. But the merchant,
+acting on his instructions, bargains with the bishop, saying that he
+would rather throw it into the sea than sell it for so little. Finally
+the bishop offers twenty pounds for it. The merchant, wrapping up the
+'ridiculus mus' in precious silk, is going away when the collector,
+unable to bear the thought of losing so great a curio, calls him back and
+says that he will give him a bushel of silver for it. This the merchant
+accepts: the money is paid; and the merchant returns to the Emperor to
+give him an account of the transaction.
+
+Then Charlemagne convokes the bishops and priests of all the province,
+and placing before them the money which the mouse has fetched, reads them
+a homely lesson on the foolishness of collecting profitless trifles.
+Sternly he enjoins them in future to use their money in administering to
+the wants of the poor rather than to throw it away on such unprofitable
+baubles as a painted mouse. The guilty bishop, now become the
+laughing-stock of the province, is permitted to depart without
+punishment.
+
+Doubtless the great majority of book-collectors are not specialists. They
+may set greater store by a certain class of works which appeals to them
+from some whimsical reason, but until they have grown middle-aged in
+their pursuit most of them are but _dilettanti_.
+
+'Yes,' I can hear you exclaim, 'but if your collecting propensities are
+to be curbed and countless books passed by, books which your very
+instinct urges you to acquire, surely you will lose most of the charm of
+collecting? How dull to be obliged to purchase only those works to which
+you have vowed to confine yourself.'
+
+Dull! No. I can assure you from my own experience that this restraint
+will but serve to redouble your eagerness, to sharpen an appetite in
+danger of becoming blunted by a plethora of _desiderata_ and a shrinkage
+of your purse. So that whereas before, a short stroll about the
+book-shops would discover to you abundance, or at least plenty, of books
+that you would like casually to possess, now that you have become a
+specialist you must go further afield. Often you will return empty-handed
+from your rambles, and your sanctum (to the delight of the housemaid)
+will not be invaded quite so often by stacks of 'dirty old books.' Order
+will come out of chaos; many works bought upon impulse because they
+appealed to you at the moment will be weeded out and discarded. Moreover
+the shillings which this process yields will enable you to send that
+priceless gem, the _chef d'oeuvre_ of your collection, to the binder's,
+that its extrinsic appearance may be fashioned in keeping with its
+intrinsic worth.
+
+More important still, you will become a known man. The booksellers will
+remember you, and one day when you reach home from a long and barren
+ramble, you will find a postcard awaiting you, announcing the discovery
+of some book for which you have long sought.
+
+     'SIR,--I have found a copy of the Vitruvius fo. Venice, 1535,
+     that you asked me for some time ago. You can have it for 10s.
+     (vellum, clean copy). Shall I send it?--Yours respectfully, JOHN
+     BROWN.'
+
+Your ramble may have been on a cold winter's afternoon, it may have been
+raining and muddy underfoot, but will not this cheer you up and warm you
+better than any cup of tea? And what will be your sensations as you undo
+the parcel, take out the treasure (which you once saw in Johnson's
+catalogue for L3), turn eagerly to its title-page, and collate it as
+gently as though you were handling some priceless work of art? Don't tell
+me! The specialist gets a thousand times more pleasure out of his hobby
+than ever did casual buyer. Besides, what rapture will be his whenever he
+chance upon some book for which he has long been searching, or upon some
+work on his very subject and yet unknown to him; for book-collecting is
+full of surprises.
+
+Some of the booksellers will ask you for a list of your wants. You may
+safely supply them with one, and it is not necessary to state the maximum
+price which you are prepared to pay for each. Should you do so, probably
+it will be taken to indicate that you are prepared to pay the price
+named, and the book when found will be offered to you at that price (or a
+few shillings less to give the idea of a bargain) when you might have had
+it at a considerably lower figure. Remember also that the very fact of a
+book being sought for enhances its price. Suppose that a country
+bookseller sees an advertisement in the trade journal asking for a copy
+of a certain obscure sixteenth-century work, and that he recollects he
+has a copy somewhere in stock. He finds it among his shelves marked,
+possibly, five shillings. When he answers the advertisement it is more
+than likely that he will ask a pound or even two for it. At the same
+time, however, you must consider whether or not the book is worth as much
+to you. It may be a little known and, to the world at large, a valueless
+book, and you may have to wait some years before you are able to secure a
+copy; whereas by advertising for it you may procure a copy almost
+immediately. Do you prefer to take the chance of having to wait years for
+a book which you urgently want, or to pay a longish price and possess it
+at once?
+
+There is another point to be considered. Should you ever part with your
+collection _en bloc_, or should your executors dispose of it, this volume
+will be an item of the collection of works in which you specialise. As
+such it will be much more likely to realise the larger than the smaller
+price, especially as the disposal of a collection of books upon a
+definite subject attracts to the rostrum other collectors of a like class
+of works.
+
+Surely every book-collector is in his heart of hearts a specialist. Have
+you ever taken into your hands some choice gem of your collection without
+wishing that there were others in your library of the same genus? Is
+there not some one volume among your books that demands your first
+consideration when new shelving is put up, when your books are
+re-arranged; the volume to which you would fly first of all if a fire
+broke out in your sanctum? Brother bookman, I can almost hear you turn in
+your chair at the awful prospect of having to make choice between your
+beloved tomes! Indeed I am with you whole-heartedly, for there are two
+books, two priceless gems, rescued (the one from Austria, the other
+France) after years of patient search, two books which ever strive for
+the ascendancy in my bibliophilic affections. Far from me be it to make
+distinction between them. Granted, however, that you have made up your
+mind as to the identity of _the_ treasure, do you not wish to possess
+other equally choice works of the same class, on the same subject?
+Suppose some distant relative of yours with great propriety should die,
+bequeathing you all unexpectedly far more worldly goods than you had ever
+hoped to possess; supposing also that you were 'without encumbrances' or
+ties of any description, and that your sole aim and ambition in this
+world was the collecting unto yourself of the choicest fruits of master
+minds: what would be your first act, in so far as your hobby is
+concerned?
+
+I know what our book-hunter would do under such conditions. He would take
+the next train to Paris, proceed to a certain shop not a great distance
+from the Rue St. Honore, mount the step-ladder and hand down to the
+delighted Henri just precisely what he fancied _in his own particular
+line_. This process he would continue elsewhere until he had formed a
+goodly nucleus round which to amass still scarcer volumes as they came to
+hand. And I venture to think that you would do the same, though not
+necessarily in Paris.
+
+What is it that makes a man a specialist? Is it a particular knowledge of
+a certain subject? Do all book-collecting doctors garner only herbals and
+early medical works? Does the poet-collector specialise in poetry, the
+freemason in masonic books, the angler in works dealing only with his
+pastime?
+
+Not always, perhaps; but doubtless this is the case with the great
+majority of collectors. Sometimes a chance purchase may shape the entire
+course of a man's collecting, sometimes he is led to the subject to which
+he devotes his collecting energies by devious byways. Our book-hunter has
+a friend who began to collect old French books on Chivalry through a
+touch of influenza. When convalescent his doctor ordered him a
+sea-voyage. An hour after the advice was given he met a shipping friend,
+who offered him a cabin in a ship just about to start on a trading voyage
+in the Mediterranean. At Crete the ship was detained for some repairs, so
+he took the opportunity to visit Rhodes in a coasting vessel. He was much
+struck with the famous Street of the Knights and ancient buildings of
+the great military Order that once owned the island, and regretted that
+he knew so little about it. Nor did his scanty knowledge of these things
+enable him to appreciate to the full the buildings of the Order at Malta.
+
+On his return to this country he spent some time at the British Museum,
+delving into these knightly records of the past, but was unable even then
+to discover all that he wished to know. So for a time he took up his
+abode in Paris, working daily at the Archives, the Arsenal Library, and
+Bibliotheque Nationale. Then came the Library of the Vatican. To-day his
+collection of ancient works on La Chevalerie, in most of the languages of
+Europe, is a thing to be proud of, and his sub-collection on the
+Hospitallers and their commanderies is especially rich. Probably there
+are few works upon this subject with which he is unacquainted, and the
+bibliography upon which he is at work bids fair to become the standard
+volume.
+
+What an immense part Chance plays in all our lives. Some of the most
+momentous events in the world's history have turned upon the most trivial
+happenings. Had not a wild boar run in a certain direction, probably
+there would have been no Norman Conquest of England! Robert of Normandy,
+out hunting with his friends, roused a boar which, running a certain
+course, necessitated the duke's return through the village street where
+he saw and fell in love with the burgess's daughter who became the mother
+of William the Conqueror. Had the boar run north instead of south,
+probably Robert would never have seen Arlette, and William would never
+have been born. Olaf of Norway, the great sea-king whose name was feared
+from Brittany to the Orkneys, was converted to Christianity by a chance
+landing at the Scilly Isles, where haply he visited the cell of a holy
+man that dwelt there.
+
+Let us now draw up a list of those subjects which generally engage the
+attention of specialists. The list is a lengthy one and offers an
+infinite variety. Each heading will comprise various sub-headings, and of
+these I shall speak more in detail.
+
+    1. Arctic, Antarctic, Whaling.
+    2. Africa.
+    3. Americana.
+    4. Architecture, Building Construction.
+    5. Australasia.
+    6. Bibles.
+    7. Bibliography, Bookbinding, Printing.
+    8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries.
+    9. Celebrated Authors and Books.
+    10. Celebrated Presses.
+    11. Chapbooks, Ballads, Broadsides.
+    12. Civil War and Commonwealth.
+    13. Classics.
+    14. Cookery Books.
+    15. Costume.
+    16. Crime and Prisons.
+    17. Dictionaries, Etymology.
+    18. Drama, the Stage.
+    19. Early-printed books.
+    20. Early Romances.
+    21. Economics.
+    22. Facetiae, Curiosa, Books on Gallantry.
+    23. Fine Arts, including Technique, Theory, Criticism, History of the
+        Arts, Furniture, Tapestries, Decorations, Gems, Ceramics, Plate.
+    24. First Editions of Esteemed Authors.
+    25. Folk-lore, Fables, Mysteries.
+    26. Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, and Secret Societies.
+    27. French Revolution.
+    28. Gardening.
+    29. Heraldry, Chivalry, Crusades, Genealogy, Peerages, Ceremonies,
+        and books on Seals and Brasses.
+    30. History and Chronicles.
+    31. Husbandry, Agriculture.
+    32. Illustrated Books, Books of Engravings.
+    33. Legal.
+    34. Liturgies, Mass and Prayer Books.
+    35. Locally-printed books.
+    36. Mathematical and Early Scientific.
+    37. Medical (Early), including Herbals and Early Botanical.
+    38. Military, including Archery, Arms, Armour, Fencing, and Duelling.
+    39. Music.
+    40. Napoleon.
+    41. Natural History.
+    42. Nautical and Naval.
+    43. Numismatics, Medals.
+    44. Occult, Astrology, Astronomy, Alchemy, Witchcraft, Magic.
+    45. Pamphlets and Tracts.
+    46. Philosophy.
+    47. Poetry.
+    48. Privately-printed books.
+    49. School books.
+    50. Sport, Games, Pastimes.
+    51. Theology, Lives and Works of the Early Fathers, History of the
+        Church, Inquisition, works on the Religious Sects.
+    52. Tobacco.
+    53. Topography, including Atlases, Geography, and County Histories.
+    54. Trades.
+    55. Travels and Exploration.
+    56. Voyages, Shipwrecks.
+
+From this list are purposely omitted books printed upon vellum, Books of
+Hours of the Virgin Mary, and illuminated books; for these are rarities
+within reach of the wealthy only. Nor is 'bindings' included, for the man
+who collects these is no book-lover in the truest sense of the word, and
+his hobby does not fall properly within the category of book-collecting,
+being classed rather under the heading Art and Vertu, Bric-a-Brac, or
+what you will. Naturally all book-collectors (save perhaps the
+'original-boards-uncut' man) are sensible to the charm of a choicely
+bound copy, provided always that the binding be appropriate and that it
+is impossible to obtain the book in its original covers; but it is for
+something more than the mere outsides of his treasures that the real
+book-lover cares.
+
+Needless to say, there are other subjects which have their devotees. Some
+collectors specialise in large-paper copies, some prefer certain editions
+which contain matter suppressed later. Others collect early children's
+books, gipsy literature, Egyptology, books on inventions, ballooning,
+etc. But most of these are more in the nature of sub-headings to the
+subjects in our list, and offer a more restricted field of collecting.
+Indeed I am in some doubt as to whether the large-paper collector should
+be included here, for his penchant is as far removed from true
+book-collecting as is that of the specialist in bindings. His hobby can
+have nothing to do with literature, since it is only the external
+characteristics of a book which appeal to him. He may be 'wise in his
+generation,' but his pursuit approaches closely to bibliomania. This
+objection may perhaps also be urged against one other subject in our
+list, namely, privately-printed books. But here there is an ulterior
+interest beyond the mere singularity of their production; for there are
+very many books of great merit, chiefly memoirs and family histories,
+which their authors have designed, from personal and contemporary
+reasons, to come only into the hands of their own families and
+acquaintances.
+
+So here is your list, reader, take your choice. But perchance you are
+already numbered among the elect, one of those _magi_ among bibliophiles
+who are at once the despair of the booksellers and the wise men of their
+generation? Is it not to the specialists that we owe the bulk of our
+knowledge of old books--for who else is it that produce the
+bibliographies, numerous but not nearly numerous enough, that delight the
+heart of the collector? All praise to them, and, brother bibliophile, if
+you are not yet of their number in heart at least, read through the
+foregoing list once more and put a mark with your pencil against the
+heading which is most to your taste. If you do not see your chosen
+subject at once, a scrutiny will probably discover it for you included in
+another and wider subject.[74] For example, Astronomy and Astrology,
+inseparably bound up in the ancient works, are included in the heading
+'Occult.' Herbals, which deal with the medicinal qualities of plants, you
+will find under 'Medical.'
+
+Is your purse a long one? Would you not like to garner folios and quartos
+with weird and heavy types that speak of a craft yet in its infancy;
+books that perchance have seen or even been handled by the actual
+combatants of Barnet or of Bosworth Field; books with monstrous crude yet
+wholly delightful woodcuts that bring before us the actual appearance of
+our forebears under the King-maker, Richard Crouchback, and Harry
+Richmond? Or would you like to gather to yourself as many examples as you
+may, in the finest possible condition, of the exquisite art of Aldo
+Manuccio the elder? But perhaps the following, from a recent catalogue,
+represents a class (20) more to your palate.
+
+     L'Histoire du tres fameux et tres redoute Palmerin d'Olive . . . .
+     traduite de Castillan en Francoys reueue et derechef mise en
+     son entier, selon nostre vulgaire moderne et usite, par Jean
+     Maugin, dit l'Angeuin. _With_ 45 _large spirited woodcuts (some
+     being nearly full-page) representing duels, battles, etc., and_
+     132 _large ornamental initial letters_. Folio, Paris, 1553.
+
+Is your purse a light one? Then fifteenth-century books are denied you,
+as are all other esteemed works of the Middle Ages such as romances and
+classics. But there is hardly another heading in our list, save perhaps
+the first editions of the great authors, which you may not make your own.
+Almost every subject has its bibliography, and many fresh volumes are
+added yearly to the ever-increasing list of 'books about books.' You will
+find what bibliographies have appeared upon your particular subject, up
+to 1912, by referring to Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of National
+Bibliography,' which should be (if indeed it is not) in every public
+library throughout the kingdom.
+
+Some day an enterprising public body will purchase a building with
+fifty-five rooms (or thereabouts), each of which will contain a small and
+carefully selected collection of books on each one of these subjects.
+Each room will have its own catalogue and its own librarian, who will be
+an expert in the subject over which he presides. The rooms, of course,
+will vary in size according to the magnitude of the subject and the
+number of sub-headings which it comprises. Readers will have access to
+the shelves in almost every case, books of great value alone being kept
+under lock and key.
+
+How invaluable such a library would be, and what a vast amount of time
+would all readers be saved! We should know instantly to whom to turn for
+expert advice upon any subject--for the sub-librarians would naturally be
+acquainted with more than the mere outsides of the volumes in their
+charge. We should be able to handle the latest works upon our subject
+immediately; and we should have, ready to our hand, a history of its
+literature from the earliest times to the present day.
+
+As to whether the acquisition of knowledge by this method would not turn
+us all into journalists, however, is another matter.
+
+With the first heading in our list shall be included several others,
+namely (2) Africa; (5) Australasia; (55) Travels and Explorations (which
+heading includes every land under the sun not specially mentioned in our
+list), and (56) Voyages and Shipwrecks; in short, all those subjects
+which concern 'foreign parts.' They are subjects which are most likely to
+engage the attentions of collectors who have been seafaring in their
+time, though, as has been shown in Chapter II., it is not every traveller
+who has been far afield.
+
+Books on Arctic and Antarctic exploration, as well as whaling voyages,
+comprise much reading that is as interesting to the landsman as to the
+sailor. Most of its literature is within easy reach of the collector of
+modest means, though the earlier volumes are naturally increasing
+gradually in price. One of the hardest to obtain is William Scoresby's
+'Account of the Arctic Regions,' which was published in two octavo
+volumes at Edinburgh in 1820. You will be lucky if you find a clean sound
+copy of it with the plates unspotted. It is now getting very scarce, as
+is Weddell's 'Voyage towards the South Pole in 1822-24' (octavo, London,
+1825).
+
+Each of these headings can be subdivided according to your requirements.
+Africa you may divide conveniently into West, South, East, and Central;
+North Africa being best classified under the various countries which it
+contains, namely, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis. Egypt, of course,
+has a vast literature of its own. Similarly books on Australasia may be
+divided into those which deal with Polynesia, New Guinea, Australia
+(again divided into its states), Tasmania, and New Zealand; though,
+properly speaking, the first of these should be classified under the
+heading 'Voyages.'
+
+There is little doubt that those collectors who have devoted their
+energies during the past twenty-five years to the collecting of books on
+Africa, especially the South, will prove at no very distant date to have
+been wise in their purchases. Just as early Americana are so eagerly
+bought by our neighbours across the Atlantic at immense prices, far and
+away out of all proportion to their intrinsic worth as literature or
+history, so will the day come when those of our kin whose fathers sought
+a home in the 'great dark continent' will go to any length to procure
+works which deal with the early history of that newer world; and this
+will be the case, perhaps even sooner, with our Australasian friends.
+
+The early books on Australia are most interesting. Besides Governor
+Phillip's 'Voyage to Botany Bay' (1789) and his Letters therefrom (1791)
+there are such compilations as John Callander's version of the Comte de
+Tournay's 'Terra Australis Cognita,' or Voyages to the Southern
+Hemisphere during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries,
+three octavo volumes published at Edinburgh between 1766 and 1768. Then
+there is Admiral Hunter's 'Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port
+Jackson and Norfolk Island' (1793).[75] Hunter sailed with the first
+fleet in 1787 under Arthur Phillip, the first governor of Botany Bay, as
+second in command of H.M.S. _Sirius_, and afterwards became
+governor-general of New South Wales in succession to Phillip. His journal
+gives a very valuable account of the early days of the Colony.
+Barrington's, Mitchell's, and Sturt's handsome volumes, all with fine
+plates, are still to be had for shillings. They seem a very good
+investment.
+
+Books on the South Seas have a peculiar interest, for the subject at once
+conjures up the name of the immortal Captain Cook; and the accounts of
+his remarkable voyages between 1768 and 1779 are perhaps the most eagerly
+sought for of all books on Polynesia. The first voyage of discovery in
+which the great explorer took part was in the years 1768 to 1771. His
+ship, the _Endeavour_, was accompanied in the first part of the voyage by
+the _Dolphin_ and _Swallow_; and an account of the _Endeavour's_ voyage
+was published surreptitiously in 1771 by, it is said, certain of the
+petty officers of Cook's vessel.[76] But the compilation of an authentic
+account of the voyage, from the rough notes and diaries, was entrusted to
+Dr. Hawkesworth, and was published in 1773 in three quarto volumes. From
+this task Hawkesworth gleaned L6000, and although we are told that the
+book 'was read with an avidity proportioned to the novelty of the
+adventures which it recorded,' yet the compiler so far offended against
+the canons of good taste as to cause considerable offence. Cook gained
+such credit for his intrepidity that he was promptly promoted from
+lieutenant to commander.
+
+A second expedition was soon planned, and in 1772 the _Resolution_ and
+the _Adventure_ set sail, the former returning to England in 1775. The
+results of this voyage were drawn up by Captain Cook himself, and
+published in 1777 in two quarto volumes. In 1776 he sailed once more in
+the _Resolution_, but was destined never to return, for on St.
+Valentine's Day, 1779, he met his death at the hands of the natives of
+Hawaii. The expedition returned the next year, and the official account
+of it was published in 1784, in three quarto volumes, of which the first
+two were from the pen of Cook, the third volume being written by James
+King. The following year a second edition appeared, also in three quarto
+volumes. All these works have maps, charts, and folding plates, which are
+sometimes bound up separately into folio volumes. A few of these somewhat
+crude plates were engraved by Bartolozzi. Admiral James Burney's
+'Chronological History of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea,' was
+published in five quarto volumes between 1803 and 1817. The author was
+one of Cook's officers, and the diary of the last voyage which he sailed
+in company with the great navigator is still (1921) in manuscript. His
+account of the death of Captain Cook, however, was published in the
+'Cornhill Magazine' so lately as November 1914.
+
+During the first half of the nineteenth century many handsome works upon
+these subjects issued from the press. For the most part they are
+sumptuous books, many of them having coloured plates and sometimes
+folding ones. They were published chiefly for subscribers at prices
+ranging from two guineas to fifteen; and during the last few years they
+have risen considerably in price. Until the decline of the coloured
+engraving in the 'fifties of last century they were legion in number,
+both quartos and octavos, and many are still to be had for a few
+shillings. But a study of booksellers' catalogues alone will give you an
+idea of their prices and values. Needless to say, works upon voyages,
+travels, and explorations issued in the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries are becoming increasingly scarce and valuable.
+
+Here a word of warning. Before you purchase any of these illustrated
+volumes, make sure (by referring to a bibliography or standard collation
+if possible) that it is intact. Frequently a plate or a map is missing,
+and sometimes an unscrupulous seller will go so far as to remove the
+'list of plates' in order that the blemish may remain undetected. With
+such defects, books of travel are generally of little worth.
+
+Some of the byways included in these headings of Travel and Foreign
+Countries are of considerable interest for the bibliographer no less than
+for the traveller. Who has confined his attentions to the early Saracenic
+literature of North Africa? There is a number of works dealing with it,
+chiefly sixteenth-century Spanish books, and all are of considerable
+value. Luis del Marmol's 'Descripcion general del Affrica' is in three
+folio volumes, of which the first two were printed at Granada in 1573,
+the third volume being dated at Malaga, 1599. But though Marmol affixed
+his own name to it, the work is little more than a translation of the
+'Description of Africa,' by Leo Africanus, a fellow-countryman of Marmol,
+who composed his work in Arabic. Marmol was certainly well qualified for
+his task, for he was taken prisoner by the Moors in 1546, and was eight
+years in captivity in Africa. Curio's 'Sarracenicae Historiae' was first
+published in folio at Basel in 1567; but it was English'd by T. Newton in
+1575, quarto, black letter, London--if you are so lucky as to come across
+it. It is called 'A Notable Historie of the Saracens.' Dan's 'Histoire de
+la Barbarie,' folio, Paris, 1649, appears in the sale-room from time to
+time.
+
+[Sidenote: Americana.]
+
+3. Americana--what a vast subject in itself! Its very definition
+signifies the inclusion of everything upon any subject whatsoever that
+has ever been written upon the Americas! But in the bibliographer's
+reading this term is generally taken to imply those early works relating
+to the discovery and settlement of the United States and Canada, though
+not necessarily in the English language. For the purposes of our list,
+however, we will confine its meaning solely to the United States;
+classifying books upon Canada, Alaska, and Mexico under the heading
+Travels and Exploration. Under the latter heading also, of course, will
+come the various countries of Central and South America.
+
+Many have been the collections upon the early history of New England, and
+you will do well to obtain the catalogues of the Huth, Church,
+Auchinleck, Winsor, Livingston, Grenville, and Hoe collections. The
+famous collection of Americana from the library at Britwell Court was to
+have been sold by auction at Sotheby's in August 1916; but it was
+purchased _en bloc_ to go to New York, where it was dispersed by public
+auction the following January. The sale catalogue (Sotheby's) is an
+extremely good one, and contains a large number of works previously
+undescribed. The well-known library of Americana amassed by Dr. White
+Kennet, bishop of Peterborough during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, and entrusted by him in 1712 to the keeping of the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel 'for their perpetual use,' was sold by
+order of that Society at Sotheby's in August 1917 and realised very high
+prices, though most of the items were in poor condition. The gem of the
+collection, 'New England Canaan,' 1632, and most of the other important
+volumes (seventy-nine in all) had been presented previously by the
+Society to the British Museum. The highest price realised was L650, which
+was paid for 'A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England
+between the English and the Salvages,' 1637, a small quarto of sixteen
+leaves, said to be by the Rev. Philip Vincent.[77]
+
+There are two valuable bibliographies upon this subject, both necessarily
+large and important works. They are Sabin's 'Dictionary of Books relating
+to America,' in nineteen octavo volumes published at New York from 1868
+to 1891, which, however, comprises only the headings from A to Simms: and
+Evans' 'American Bibliography,' privately printed in eight quarto volumes
+at Chicago, 1903 to 1914. Harrisse's 'Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima'
+(New York, 1866) with its supplement (Paris, 1872) is a bibliography of
+the rarest books concerning America that appeared between 1492 and 1551.
+Mr. W. H. Miner's 'The American Indians, North of Mexico,' published by
+the Cambridge University Press in 1917, contains a bibliography of works
+on the aboriginals.
+
+[Sidenote: Architecture.]
+
+4. Works upon Architecture are, _de natura_, for the greater part 'art
+books,' and comprise not only such large works as Furttenbach's massive
+tomes and the works of Britton and Billing, but the many beautifully
+illustrated books published by Ackermann at the beginning of last
+century. Most of them, English and foreign, are books of considerable
+value, for the plates were often produced by the great masters of
+engraving, and they readily command high prices whenever they appear in
+the market. But there is a large and increasing number of smaller works
+which deal with buildings and designs, as well as those books concerning
+buildings of an historical interest. There does not seem to be any
+monumental bibliography of architectural books, but you will find useful
+lists in Mr. W. P. Courtney's volumes.
+
+The older books upon this subject are necessarily scarce: such as
+Alberti's 'Libri de Re AEdificatoria Decem,' which appeared first at
+Florence in 1485. This work, however, was reprinted at Paris in 1512, and
+you may have a copy of it for a couple of pounds, though the first French
+translation 'L'Architecture et Art de bien bastir, trad. par deffunct Jan
+Martin,' folio, Paris, 1553, with fine large woodcuts, will cost you four
+times as much. It is a fine book, and contains a portrait of the author
+as well as a three-page epitaph by Ronsard on the deffunct Jan Martin.
+
+[Sidenote: Bibles.]
+
+6. The collection of Bibles is perhaps one of the commonest subjects to
+engage the attention of specialists. There is a numerous bibliography,
+ranging from Anthony Johnson's little tract 'An Historical Account of the
+English Translations of the Bible,' printed in 1730, down to the Rev. J.
+L. Mombert's 'English Versions of the Bible,' of which a new edition
+appeared in 1907. You will find the volumes of Anderson, Cotton, Eadie,
+Loftie, Dore, Darlow and Moule, Stoughton, and Scrivener of assistance to
+you here, as well as Westcott's 'General View of the History of the
+English Bible,' of which a third and revised edition was published in
+1905. It contains a useful list of English editions of the Holy Writ. The
+Huth Collection, that portion of it which was sold in 1911-12, was
+especially rich in Bibles, as was the Amherst Library, dispersed in
+1908-09. This last contained editions from 1455 (the so-called 'Mazarin'
+Bible) to King Charles the First's own copy of the 1638 Cambridge
+edition. The sale catalogues of these will be of value to you.
+
+7. Bibliography is perhaps the subject nearest to the heart of every
+bibliophile. But since the collection of 'books about books' must of
+necessity be the stepping-stone by which the book-lover attains his
+knowledge of the extrinsic attributes of his hobby, I have dealt with
+this subject at some length in the chapter wherein are treated the 'books
+of the collector.'
+
+[Sidenote: Biography.]
+
+8. Biography, Memoirs, Diaries: what a flood of names and memories occur
+to one under this heading! Not only the immortal Boswell and Pepys, but
+Fanny Burney, Alexandre Dumas, Mary Wortley-Montague, Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury, _et permulti alii_. Also, this heading will comprise that great
+series of mysterious and 'racy' books ycleped 'Court Memoirs,' and the
+somewhat less exciting but--to our book-hunter's mind at least--more
+interesting works which border on the domain of history, such as the
+Memoirs of Blaise de Montluc and Saint-Simon: works which bring home to
+us the everyday life of those far-off days more clearly than anything
+that has ever been written about them since.
+
+How meagre is the stock of valuable historical memoirs with which we may
+furnish our libraries to-day! There is abundance to be had--after long
+searching, but the great Memoirs which we may have to hand, such as
+Froissart and Monstrelet, Waurin and La Marche, must number scarce a
+couple of dozen. Perhaps some day a philanthropic publisher will give us
+good editions (unabridged) of Sir James Melvil, Sir Philip Warwick,
+Edmund Ludlow, Bulstrode Whitlock, Sir Thomas Herbert, Robert Cary,
+Denzil Lord Holles, and many other valuable contemporary evidences now
+scarcely to be had, and when found usually in ancient tattered calf. Why
+is it, too, that the great mass of French chroniclers who bear witness to
+English doings in the wars of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Anjou and
+Touraine remain still untranslated and almost unprocurable?
+
+There are so many delightful Memoirs to which one would like to have
+access at will. Jean de Boucicault, Marshal of France, stands out as one
+of the most interesting figures in mediaeval France and, indeed, Europe.
+Nicknamed 'le meingre,' he was Vicomte de Turenne, and bore arms at the
+age of ten. His father[78] also was a Marshal of France. Few men have
+lived such a stirring life as this paragon of knightly prowess. At
+Rosebeque in 1382 (where Philip van Artevelde and 20,000 Flemings were
+slain), being then a page of honour to Charles VI., he fought at the
+King's side and acquitted himself so well that he received knighthood at
+the King's hands. Thenceforward he was fighting continually in Flanders,
+Normandy, Brittany, Languedoc--in short wherever there was fighting to be
+done. In 1396, marching with the flower of the French chivalry through
+Bulgaria against the Turks, he was one of the three thousand knights
+taken prisoner at the disastrous battle of Nicopoli; but was among the
+twenty-five whose lives were spared by the savage victor. Four years
+later he was defending Constantinople for the Emperor against his late
+captor, and here again he distinguished himself greatly by his bravery.
+
+Not long after this he was appointed Governor of Genoa. In command of the
+Genoese fleet he undertook to chastise the Cypriots for an outrage on
+some Genoese gentlemen. But calling at Rhodes on the way, the Grand
+Master of the Hospitallers persuaded him to try the effect of mediation
+first of all, and proceeded to Cyprus himself for that purpose. Whereupon
+the Marshal, 'to beguile the time, and give employment to the fiery
+spirits on board his squadron' (says a later chronicler) 'ran down at a
+venture to the Syrian city of Scanderoon, which place he carried by
+assault and plundered.' Encouraged by this success, on the Grand Master's
+return he persuaded that great personage to accompany him on a further
+expedition, and together they harried the whole coast of Syria, the
+Hospitaller confining his attention to the Infidels whilst the Marshal
+razed the factories which the Venetians (enemies to the Genoese) had
+established at Baruth and other places. Thus passing a very pleasant
+summer.
+
+In Italy he took an active part in the turmoil betwixt Guelphs and
+Ghibellines, and seized Milan for the former (1409). At Agincourt in 1415
+he commanded the vanguard of the French army, and was taken prisoner.
+Being sent to England, he remained there until his death six years later.
+This great soldier was a man of many accomplishments, an ardent musician
+as well as a poet; and his leisure was passed chiefly in composing
+ballads, rondeaux, and virelays. Yet his 'Livre des Faicts' remains
+unenglish'd.
+
+Another truly great man of a later period was that great warrior of
+saintly life and death, Henri, Duc de Montmorency. After a long and noble
+career of arms in the service of his king no less than of his countrymen,
+he fell a victim to the jealousy of Cardinal de Richelieu. 'Dieu vouloit
+que sa mort fust aussi admirable que sa vie,' writes his biographer; 'que
+ses dernieres actions couronnassent toutes les autres; et que ses vertus
+Chrestiennes jettassent encor plus d'eclat que n'avoient fait les
+Heroiques.' Brought to the scaffold he refused to avail himself of the
+indulgence of having his hands at liberty. 'So great a sinner as I,' he
+said, 'cannot die with too much ignominy.' Of his own accord he took off
+his splendid dress. 'How can I,' said he, 'being so great a sinner go to
+my death in such attire when my guiltless Saviour died naked upon the
+Cross.' Yet save we are contented to turn to a poorly printed
+seventeenth-century edition of his Life, there is no place (to my
+knowledge at least) where we can read of this truly great man, and, of
+course, no version other than that in the French tongue.
+
+Then there is that great and vivacious chronicle of the house of Burgundy
+during the fifteenth century, the Memoirs of Messire Olivier, Sieur de la
+Marche. No historian would write of the Flemish wars, from the Peace of
+Arras in 1435 to the taking of Ghent by the Archduke Maximilian in 1491,
+without constant reference to this invaluable work, for la Marche was
+often an eye-witness of the events which he records. Yet so far it has
+not been rendered in English, and I know of no complete edition in modern
+French. It is the same with the memorials of Bouchet, Chartier, de
+Coussy, Crillon, Olivier de Clisson, and many other great soldiers, all
+of whom have much to say of the wars 'contre les Anglois.' The famous
+history of Bertrand du Guesclin[79] contained in 'Le Triomphe des Neuf
+Preux' does not seem to have been reprinted after its second appearance
+in Spanish at Barcelona in 1586, and there is no English version.
+
+Why is it that biography has such a peculiar fascination for most men? Is
+it but curiosity to know how others have passed their lives, mere idle
+inquisitiveness? Or is it that we may store up in our minds what these
+great ones said and did upon occasions that may occur to us some day?
+This is, perhaps the more likely; for women dislike biographies, and
+women, we are told, care not a fig for examples, but act upon their
+native intuition. Be the reason what it may, the fact remains that for
+one man who looks to the future there are fifty who look to the past.
+Moreover the sages of all times encourage us to seek examples in the
+lives of other men, and examples are certainly of more value than idle
+speculations. 'With what discourses should we feed our souls?' asked one
+of that pleasant philosopher Maximus of Tyre. 'With those that lead the
+mind [Greek: epi ton prosthen chronon]--towards former times,' replied
+the sage--those that exhibit the deeds of past ages.
+
+Possibly it would be better to include biographical dictionaries under
+this heading than under 'Dictionaries.' Oettinger's 'Bibliographie
+Biographique Universelle,' published first in quarto at Leipzig, 1850,
+describes some 26,000 biographies, under their subjects' names. A second
+edition appeared in two octavo volumes at Brussels four years later.
+There is a useful catalogue of 174 biographical dictionaries in all
+languages at the end of the third volume of John Gorton's 'General
+Biographical Dictionary,' the 1833 edition.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Authors and Books.]
+
+9. Celebrated Authors and Books. How interesting it would be to know
+which individual work, after the Bible, has passed through the greatest
+number of editions. 'The Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Robinson Crusoe,' 'The
+Decameron,' 'The Compleat Angler,' 'Paradise Lost,' all these must have
+been reprinted an immense number of times; while others such as 'Gil
+Blas' and 'Don Quixote' would not be so very far behind. Then there are
+the ancients, such as Homer, Horace, Virgil, with the great host of
+classics of the old world. Perhaps, however, the palm would be awarded to
+the 'Imitatio Christi' of the saintly Thomas a Kempis. The editions of
+it, from the presses of almost every country in the old and the new
+worlds, run well into four figures. An English collector, Edmund
+Waterton, succeeded in amassing no less than thirteen hundred, and at his
+death the British Museum acquired all those of his treasures which were
+not already upon its shelves.
+
+There is another name to couple with this, though (I hasten to add) from
+a purely bibliographical standpoint--that of the great Dominican Giacomo
+di Voraggio, or Jacobus de Voragine. Except to the student of Early
+Fathers, the hagiologist, and the bibliophile, his very name has almost
+sunk into oblivion; but to these savants he stands forth as the compiler
+of that marvellous collection of the Lives of the Saints, known as The
+Golden Legend. The first Latin edition of his great work was printed in
+folio at Cologne in 1470, and six years later it appeared in French at
+Lyons and in Italian at Venice. Caxton translated and published an
+English version, and from that time to the middle of the sixteenth
+century it is said to have undergone more impressions than any other
+contemporary work.[80]
+
+It is not only editions of individual works, however, that this heading
+comprises. Upon reading a book which pleases us greatly it is but natural
+to seek other works by the same author; and with the book-collector this
+tendency often becomes the basis of a definite plan of campaign. Who has
+yet formed a complete collection of the works and editions of Defoe, of
+Alexandre Dumas, or even of that indefatigable Jesuit antiquary Claude
+Francois Menestrier? There are bibliographies of all three, but I do not
+know of any library that possesses a complete collection of either. Every
+year sees the addition of bibliographies upon this subject, and we have
+now excellent accounts of the publications of Bunyan, Cervantes, Defoe,
+Milton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Isaac Newton, Isaac Walton, and many
+other famous men.
+
+Under this heading also is included the collection of books dealing with
+a particular author or book, such, for example, as the many published
+works upon the authorship of the 'Imitatio Christi,' the 'Eikon
+Basilike,' or the Letters of Junius, and--commonest sub-heading of
+all--'Shakespeareana.' The British Museum authorities have issued a
+bibliography (large quarto, 1897), of books in that library relating to
+Shakespeare, which you may have for a few shillings. If this be your
+hobby, however, perhaps the first book which you will acquire, at the
+very outset of your career, will be Sir Sidney Lee's monumental 'Life of
+William Shakespeare,' which has become a classic in itself. Of this, the
+first edition appeared in 1898, but a new edition (the seventh) rewritten
+and greatly enlarged, was published in 1915. It is, at the time of
+writing, the fullest and best, so is much to be preferred. It contains a
+full account of the earliest and subsequent editions and editors of the
+immortal writer. Mr. A. W. Pollard published in 1909 a bibliographical
+account of 'Shakespeare Folios and Quartos,' and you will find a lengthy
+list of books upon this subject in Appendix I of Sir Sidney Lee's work
+(1915). Mr. William Jaggard's 'Shakespeare Bibliography' purports to be
+'a dictionary of every known issue of the writings of our national poet
+and of recorded opinion thereon in the English language.' It was
+published at Stratford-on-Avon in 1911, a thick octavo volume of more
+than 700 pages. The fifth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English
+Literature' contains some 47 pages of Shakespeareana in the
+bibliographies to Chapters VIII. to XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Famous Presses.]
+
+10. Celebrated Presses. Of all the famous printers this world has seen,
+there are two in particular whose productions have engaged the attentions
+of collectors continually, namely, the Manuccios ('Aldines') and the
+Elzeviers. The reason for this is not far to seek. Unlike the productions
+of Caxton or de Worde (whose works, mostly in the vernacular, have
+usually engaged the attentions of English collectors only), the volumes
+issued by these two great foreign houses stand out for their conspicuous
+merit both as specimens of book-production and as examples of scholarly
+editing. Should you decide, however, to confine your attention to some
+other of the great printers, then a delightful hobby will be yours; for
+the field is narrow, and your collecting must take the form of a personal
+inspection of each volume purchased. It will be book-hunting with a
+vengeance; the booksellers' catalogues (which rarely give the printers)
+will be of little use to you except as regards certain specimens with
+which you are acquainted, and each volume that you acquire will have been
+unearthed by your own hands. It is a subject which has been chosen so
+frequently by specialists that there are bibliographies of almost all the
+well-known printers, most of them, it were needless to add, in French.
+For a list of them, you must consult the work of Bigmore and Wyman, as
+well as that of Mr. W. P. Courtney.
+
+There is a chance here, also, for the public librarian. How many of the
+public libraries in this country possess a collection of books
+illustrating the history and progress of printing in their particular
+towns? Most provincial public libraries now possess collections of books
+relating to the history and topography of their localities; and it should
+not be difficult to form similar collections of locally-printed books. It
+would be an interesting hobby for the private collector too, and such a
+collection would be of the greatest interest and value from the
+bibliographical standpoint. Similarly it would not be difficult to form a
+small collection of books printed by, say, the French or German or
+Italian printers before 1500, or the Paris or Venetian printers up to
+1600. There is a considerable field for the collector here.
+
+[Sidenote: Ballads and Broadsides.]
+
+11. Chapbooks, Broadsides, and Ballads: a curious byway of
+book-collecting this, for the knowledge to be gleaned from these
+_curiosa_ is not probably of great value. Nor can a great deal be said in
+favour of their utility. Perhaps, however, the first two would be classed
+more properly with No. 22--Facetiae and Curiosa, leaving Ballads only
+under this heading. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres' 'Bibliotheca
+Lindesiana: a Catalogue of a Collection of English Ballads of the
+Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, printed for the most part in Black
+Letter' was printed privately in small quarto in 1890. It is undoubtedly
+the finest collection of this kind in the world. Ritson's 'Ancient Songs
+and Ballads' was revised by Hazlitt in 1877. Then there are such volumes
+as Payne Collier's 'Illustrations of English Popular Literature,'
+published in 1863-66, Huth's 'Ancient Ballads and Broadsides published in
+England in the Sixteenth Century' (1867), and others which will be
+mentioned when discussing Facetiae (22) and Pamphlets and Tracts (45).
+Lemon's 'Catalogue of a Collection of Printed Broadsides in the
+Possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London' (1866) and Lilly's
+'Black Letter Ballads and Broadsides,' (1867) will also be of use to you
+here, as will the publications of the Percy, Ballad, and Philobiblon
+Societies. In 1856 J. Russell Smith, the antiquarian publisher of Soho
+Square, issued a 'Catalogue of a Unique Collection of Four Hundred
+Ancient English Broadside Ballads, Printed Entirely in the Black Letter'
+which he had for sale--a small octavo volume with notes and facsimiles.
+It is a valuable little book and somewhat hard to obtain. For other
+reference-books upon this subject, you must turn to the headings
+'Ballads' and 'Broadsides' in Mr. W. P. Courtney's valuable 'Register of
+National Bibliography.'
+
+This heading also includes the collection of proclamations and single
+sheet posters of all kinds. There is a fine collection of Royal
+Proclamations in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, probably the
+most perfect in existence. 'Bookes' of Proclamations were issued by R.
+Grafton in 1550 (8vo), R. Barker in 1609 (folio), Norton and Bill in 1618
+(folio)--all in black letter--and by several other the king's printers
+during the seventeenth century. For the purposes of the historian they
+are simply invaluable. The (26th) Earl of Crawford and Balcarres has
+printed a bibliography of proclamations, vols. v. and vi. of his
+'Bibliotheca Lindesiana.'
+
+[Sidenote: Civil War and Commonwealth.]
+
+12. Civil War and Commonwealth is properly speaking a sub-heading of No.
+30--History; but it is a favourite subject with book-collectors, and the
+volumes issued during this period are _sui generis_ and mostly of
+considerable interest. With the abolition of the Star Chamber in 1641 the
+drastic repression of the printers disappeared, and, freed from all
+control, the presses now poured forth political tracts and volumes of
+every description. Needless to say a great number of the books thus
+issued were anonymous publications. But two years later an Order for the
+Regulating of Printing came into force, and Cromwell's censorship was
+reinforced by a further Act in 1649. Nevertheless a large mass of
+political matter continued, throughout the interregnum, to make its
+appearance on the stalls and in the shops. What would not Cromwell have
+given to suppress 'Killing no Murder'! Edwards' 'Catalogue of the Great
+Rebellion Tracts in the British Museum' was included in his 'Memoirs of
+Libraries,' which appeared in 1859. George Thomason's famous collection
+of Royalist tracts will be dealt with under the heading 'Pamphlets.'
+
+[Sidenote: Classics.]
+
+13. Of all the subjects in our list perhaps none comprises volumes of
+greater beauty and printed with greater distinction than this--the
+Classics of the Old World. It is a rare field for the scholar to-day, for
+the time when no library could be considered complete without editions of
+most of the old masters of Greece and Italy is long past; and there is
+nothing like the competition nowadays to secure the well-known editions
+which formerly adorned the shelves of our grandfathers. Not long ago our
+book-hunter witnessed the sale of a sixteenth-century folio Isocrates,
+bound in ancient green morocco, for seven and sixpence; and similar
+volumes are described continually in the modern booksellers' catalogues.
+There is more scope here for the collection of masterpieces of typography
+than in any other heading in our list. Aldines, Estiennes, Elzeviers,
+Plantins, Baskervilles, Barbous--all are within the reach of the most
+modest purse. You need not trouble to study Dibdin's 'Introduction to the
+Knowledge of Rare and Valuable Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics':
+if you are sufficiently fond of immortal books and beautiful printing to
+make this subject your hobby, your own eyes and hands will guide you in
+the choice of editions--from the bibliographical standpoint.
+
+[Sidenote: Cookery Books.]
+
+14. The Collection of Cookery Books offers a wider field for the
+book-collector's activities than would appear at first sight. Besides the
+considerable number of works of a purely culinary nature, there are many
+sources whence we can learn much concerning the dietary and table
+customs of our ancestors. Caxton's (or rather de Worde's) 'Book of
+Curtesye' is a primer of good manners for a small boy at table and
+elsewhere, and it may well find a place, in modern shape, on the shelf
+beside other volumes on household economy. 'Don't dip your meat in the
+salt-cellar,' the wise man tells Master Jackie, 'lest folk apoynte you of
+unconnyngnesse.' He must be careful, also, not to expectorate across the
+table,
+
+    'ne at the borde ye shall no naylis pare
+     ne pyke your teth with knyf.'
+
+Injunctions that are, perhaps, unnecessary nowadays; but all must agree
+with the great printer that
+
+        'it is a tedyous thynge
+    For to here a chylde multeplye talkyng.'
+
+Are books on table-manners published nowadays? The latest I remember to
+have seen is Trusler's 'The Honours of the Table, or Rules for Behaviour
+during Meals, with the Whole Art of Carving,' which appeared in 1788. It
+has woodcuts by Bewick, and is a curious and scarce little volume.
+
+Even such unlikely volumes as Dugdale's 'Origines Juridiciales' (folio,
+London 1680), the Egerton and Rutland Papers, and other volumes of
+household accounts issued by the learned societies contain menus and long
+lists of foodstuffs and drinks consumed at various feasts. W. C.
+Hazlitt's account of some 'Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine'
+appeared in 12mo in 1886. It has a list of some of the older works. There
+is also a bibliography of books upon this subject in Dr. A. W. Oxford's
+'Notes from a Collector's Catalogue' which appeared in 1909. His 'English
+Cookery Books to the Year 1850' was published in 1913. You will find a
+useful paper upon old English cookery in the 'Quarterly Review' for
+January 1894. M. Georges Vicaire's 'Bibliographie Gastronomique,' a
+handsome octavo volume with facsimiles, appeared at Paris in 1890.
+
+Then there are such books on dieting as Cornaro's 'Discorsi della Vita
+Sobria' and Lessius on the Right Course of Preserving Health, both
+english'd in 1634 and printed at Cambridge in a tiny volume entitled
+'Hygiasticon'; also Tryon's 'Way to Health,' Sir Thomas Elyot's 'Castel
+of Helth,' and other works of this nature. 'The Forme of Cury,' compiled
+about 1390 by the master cook of Richard II., was published by Samuel
+Pegge in 1780; and the 'Libre Cure Cocorum,' about 1440, was issued by
+the Philological Society in 1862. The 'Boke of Cookery' printed by Pynson
+in 1500, and Buttes' 'Dyets Dry Dinner,' 1599, you will probably have to
+go without unless your purse be a deep one; indeed so far as I am aware
+no duplicate is known of the first-mentioned!
+
+[Sidenote: Costume.]
+
+15. Books on Costume, like works on Architecture and the Fine Arts, are
+_de natura_ 'art books.' During the first few decades of the nineteenth
+century there were published a number of folio volumes containing fine
+coloured plates, depicting the costumes of various foreign countries.
+Numerous books of travels issued during the same period also were
+embellished with similar plates; whilst of late years monographs have
+appeared on the history of various articles of attire, such as shoes,
+gloves, hats, etc. It is not a large field for the specialist, and at
+present I am unaware of any modern bibliography upon this subject. There
+are lists of costume books in Fairholt's 'Costume in England' (1896
+edition), 'The Heritage of Dress' by Mr. W. M. Webb (1907), and a paper
+on them by Mr. F. W. B. Haworth in the Quarterly Record of the Manchester
+Public Library for 1903 (vol. vii. pp. 69-72).
+
+Some of the older works on costume are extremely interesting for their
+curious engravings. For the most part they are valuable works. 'Le
+Recueil de la diversite des Habits, qui sont de present en usage, tant es
+pays d'Europe, Asie, Afrique et Isles Sauvages, le tout fait apres le
+naturel' was put forth by Richard Breton, a Paris printer, in 1564,
+octavo. It contains 121 full-page wood-engravings of costume; it is a
+little difficult, however, to see why the 'sauvages' should be included
+in a book of costume. But perhaps they are covered by the phrase 'apres
+le naturel.' Beneath each engraving is a rhyming and punning quatrain.
+Here is the one beneath the portrait of a young lady of demure
+appearance, entitled 'L'Espousee de France':
+
+    'L'espousee est coiffee, aussi vestue
+     Comme voyez, quant elle prent mary,
+     A demonstrer sa beaute s'esuertue,
+     En ce iour la, n'ayant le cueur marry.'
+
+There are other interesting sixteenth-century works by Abraham de Bruyn,
+Nicolas de Nicolay, Cesare Vecellio, Pietro Bertelli, Ferdinand Bertelli,
+and others, all with copper and wood engravings.
+
+[Sidenote: Crime.]
+
+16. Books dealing with Crimes and Prisons are classed generally under the
+heading _Curiosa_ (22); but accounts of murders, rogueries, piracies,
+etc., are so common and so frequently engage the attentions of
+specialists that I have thought fit to place this subject in a class by
+itself. Needless to say the majority of works on this subject are in the
+shape of pamphlets or tracts, though some (such as the 'Trial of Queen
+Caroline') run to more than one thick volume. You must not expect to come
+across many of Samuel Rowlands' tracts on roguery, (1600-1620), for they
+are worth literally their weight in gold, and more. Many of them,
+however, have been reprinted by the Hunterian Club (1872-86). Nor will
+you find readily 'The Blacke Dogge of Newgate' by Luke Hutton, which
+appeared first about 1600, though 'The Life and Death of Gamaliel Ratsey,
+a Famous Thief of England,' was reprinted by Payne Collier. Mr. F. W.
+Chandler's two volumes on 'The Literature of Roguery,' published in 1907,
+will be of great assistance to you here; whilst Payne Collier's
+'Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature' contains several
+murder pamphlets. The Newgate Calendar is well known and may be had, in
+varying states of completeness, of the booksellers from time to time,
+together with the many accounts of famous murders and trials.
+
+[Sidenote: Dictionaries.]
+
+17. Dictionaries and Etymologies are subjects which generally engross the
+attentions of 'curious antiquaries.' Some of the older dictionaries are
+of great interest. A few years ago our book-hunter purchased in London
+for half a crown a copy of Cooper's 'Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et
+Britanniae,' a thick folio printed at London by Henry Bynneman in 1584.
+It is bound in the original sheepskin, a portion of a vellum psalter
+having been used to strengthen the joints. The worthy bishop's text is
+delightful (Cooper died bishop of Winchester in 1594), the
+interpretations being in black letter, and it is full of quaint conceits.
+At the end is a biographical dictionary which certainly contains some
+startling statements. Baret's 'Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie,' 1573, and
+Rider's 'Bibliotheca Scholastica,' 1589, you may still come across, but
+do not set your heart upon acquiring a copy of Huloet's 'Abcedarium
+Anglico-Latinum' put forth at London in 1552. Perhaps the finest
+collection of dictionaries amassed by any one collector in this country
+was that of the reverend Dr. Skeat of Cambridge; but alas! at his death
+it was partly dispersed.
+
+[Sidenote: Drama.]
+
+18. Shakespeareana has already been dealt with under heading No. 9, and
+the bibliography of the Drama is a voluminous one. You will find the
+following works of value to you at the outset, if this be the subject of
+your choice. Hazlitt's 'Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old
+English Plays' was issued in 1892, whilst Mr. F. E. Schelling's
+'Elizabethan Drama, 1558-1642,' appeared in two volumes, New York, in
+1908. The second volume contains a useful bibliography. Mr. W. W. Greg's
+'List of English Plays written before 1643 and printed before 1770' was
+published by the Bibliographical Society in 1900. There is a
+supplementary volume which deals with Masques, Pageants, and some
+additional plays; it appeared in 1902. The bibliography to Chapter IV. in
+the tenth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature'
+contains useful lists of works on the drama. The office-book of Sir Henry
+Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623 to 1673, was edited by Professor
+Quincy Adams and published by the Yale University Press ('Cornell Studies
+in English,' vol. iii.) in 1917. It is the chief source of information
+about English plays and playwrights from 1623 until the Civil War, and
+the documents of the period 1660-73 are important to students of the
+Restoration Drama.
+
+[Sidenote: Early-Printed Books.]
+
+19. By the term 'early-printed books' the bookseller generally means
+fifteenth-century works, or _incunabula_ as they are now called. You must
+needs be a rich man if this be your hobby, for every volume issued prior
+to the year 1500--however worthless as literature or useless from a
+bibliographical standpoint--is now worth at least a couple of pounds,
+provided it is complete and in good condition. You _may_ pick up an
+example or two of early printing for a few shillings on your rambles, but
+every day the chance of a bargain in this direction is smaller. There is
+not a bookseller throughout the kingdom who is not aware of the minimum
+value of _any_ volume printed in the fifteenth century, and a private
+purchase and treasure trove are the only sources available to the
+'incunabulist' to-day. As regards works of reference on this subject,
+such books have already been dealt with in the chapter on the Books of
+the Collector.
+
+[Sidenote: Early Romances.]
+
+20. Early Romances, too, will tax your exchequer somewhat heavily, for
+these glorious folio and quarto examples of early woodcut engraving are
+eagerly snapped up whenever they appear in the market. One of the finest
+collections of these fascinating volumes in recent times was that amassed
+by Baron Achille Seilliere. A portion of it was sold at Sotheby's in
+February 1887. Most of these treasures were exquisitely bound by the
+great French masters of book-binding, and the sale of 1147 lots realised
+L14,944, an average of about L13 a volume. Yet it is safe to assert that
+the same collection to-day would fetch more than double that amount.[81]
+The first folio edition (_Lyon_, 1477) of Honore Bonnor's 'L'Arbre des
+Batailles' realised only L30. At the Fairfax Murray sale in 1918 the
+quarto Lyons edition (1510) made L130. The Lisbon edition of 'Le Triomphe
+des Neuf Preux' (1530) brought L83. The same copy at the Fairfax Murray
+sale realised L135. A second portion of this fine collection afterwards
+came under the hammer in Paris, and realised similar prices.
+
+There is a numerous bibliography. Mr. A. Esdaile's 'List of English Tales
+and Prose Romances' was published by the Bibliographical Society in 1912,
+as was Mr. F. W. Bourdillon's 'Early Editions of the Roman de la Rose.'
+The second edition of W. J. Thom's 'Early English Prose Romances'
+appeared in three small octavo volumes in 1858, whilst Quaritch's
+'Catalogue of Mediaeval Literature, especially the Romances of Chivalry'
+was issued--large octavo--in 1890. Mr. H. L. D. Ward's 'Catalogue of
+Mediaeval Romances in the British Museum,' in three volumes, was completed
+in 1910. For foreign Romances Lenglet du Fresnoy's 'Bibliotheque des
+Romans,' is useful. The Comte de Tressan's 'Corps d'Extraits des Romans
+de Chevalerie,' published in twelve volumes in 1787, has exquisite plates
+by Marillier. It is an interesting compendium of all the most famous
+romances of chivalry. The Early English Text Society has published a
+large number of old English romances both in verse and prose.
+
+[Sidenote: Facetiae, Curiosa.]
+
+22. Facetiae, Curiosa--a somewhat broad subject which would include
+Chapbooks, Broadsides, Jest Books, as well as those works which treat of
+'Gallantry' and subjects generally not alluded to in polite society! The
+literature upon all these topics is so large that it is impossible to
+attempt a resume of it here, but you will find a very useful bibliography
+in the fourth volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature,'
+pages 514 to 536. Carew Hazlitt's 'Fugitive Tracts' (1875) and 'Studies
+in Jocular Literature' (1890) are both useful; and Mr. G. F. Black has
+recently (1909) printed a bibliography of _Gipsies_. Witchcraft,
+sometimes classed under this heading, shall be dealt with when we
+consider the Occult.
+
+[Sidenote: Fine Arts.]
+
+23. Works upon the Fine Arts are, like books on Architecture, chiefly
+illustrated. Doubtless such books are collected generally by students and
+craftsmen, but under this heading must be included books on gems, ancient
+statuary, and ceramics, cameos, rings, and the like. There is a large
+number of works which treat of these from the sixteenth century onwards,
+and many are to be had for a few shillings.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[74] Or turn to the index.
+
+[75] Quarto. It was abridged in octavo the same year.
+
+[76] Similarly, a quarto volume containing an account of the second
+voyage, 'Drawn up from Authentic Papers,' appeared anonymously in 1776;
+an octavo 'Journal' having appeared, also anonymously, the previous year.
+
+[77] It was a cropped copy. The one in the Wilton Park library, sold at
+Sotheby's in March, 1920, lacked two blank leaves and was unbound; but it
+was a fine large copy and fetched L660.
+
+[78] He was a contemporary of Geoffroi de La Tour Landry, who relates a
+pleasing story of his amours in Chapter xxiii. of the book which he wrote
+for the delectation of his three daughters.
+
+[79] Du Guesclin gave striking proofs of courage in his childhood, and at
+16 won a prize at a tournament (where he was unknown and against his
+father's will). He spent most of his life fighting the English, gained
+several victories over them, and recovered Poitou, Limousin, and many
+towns in Normandy and Brittany. Charles V. created him Constable of
+France in 1370, and he died in 1380 in harness, at the ripe age of 66,
+while besieging a town in Languedoc. He was buried in the Abbey of St.
+Denis, at the feet of the royal master whom he had served so well. It is
+said that he could neither read nor write (which is probably incorrect),
+but his life and deeds were recorded shortly after his death (as in the
+case of Bayard) by a 'loyal serviteur'--folio, Gothic letter, printed by
+Guillaume Le Roy at Lyons about 1480. Of this there does not appear to be
+any English version. (See also footnote on page 92.)
+
+[80] Melchior Cano, a later Provincial of his Order, is reported to have
+said concerning this book, 'The author of this Legend had surely a mouth
+of iron, a heart of lead, and but little wisdom or soundness of
+judgment'; for it abounds with the most puerile and ridiculous fables and
+absurdities. But of course 'Voragine' wrote in accordance with the
+fashion and beliefs of his time.
+
+[81] The portion of the Sudbury Hall Library sold at Sotheby's in June
+1918 realised L20,201, 10s. There were 526 lots, an average of more than
+L38 a volume. The prices realised at the sale of that part of the
+Britwell Court Library dispersed at Sotheby's in December 1919, however,
+far exceeded any hitherto obtained. 108 lots brought L110,356--an average
+of nearly L1,022 a volume. But in this case every book was _rarissimus_.
+A small volume containing the only known copy of the fourth edition of
+Shakespeare's 'Venus and Adonis' (1599), the first edition of 'The
+Passionate Pilgrim' (1599--one other copy known), and 'Epigrammes and
+Elegies' by Davies and Marlow (_circa_ 1598), realised L15,100--and
+departed forthwith to the United States.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+A PLEA FOR SPECIALISM--(_Continued_)
+
+    'Like ships before whose keels, full long embayed
+     In polar ice, propitious winds have made
+     Unlooked-for outlet to an open sea.'
+                                      WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+[Sidenote: First Editions.]
+
+TO most of us it matters but little what becomes of our books when we are
+dead. We garner them for our own use and benefit absolutely, and when we
+are gone they may well be distributed among other book-lovers for aught
+we care. No doubt a considerable zest is added to collecting in the case
+of those lucky ones who, being established in the land, purpose to 'lay
+down' a library for their posterity. In such cases almost invariably
+there must be a thought of future value. It is but natural. Whether he
+lay down wine or books no man is so foolish as to lay down trash. Such
+schemes, however, do not always result in that success which their owner
+intended. Like wine, the value of books may 'go off.'
+
+There are two classes of books, however, that he who is wealthy enough to
+lay down a library may acquire with perfect assurance. They are, in
+fact, gilt-edged securities. One is the original editions of _famous_
+Elizabethan and early Stuart authors, the other, the more estimable
+_incunabula_. Just as the population of the world increases yearly, so
+every year there are more and more book-collectors, and, consequently,
+more competition to acquire rarities. Every day, too, the chances of
+further copies coming to light are more remote. Books are not
+everlasting, and there will come a time when the only fifteenth-century
+volumes in existence will be those treasured in velvet-lined boxes and
+glass cases.
+
+There can be little doubt that in fifty years' time a collection of
+Beaumont and Fletcher's or Massinger's plays in the original quartos will
+be worth not merely double its present value, but quadruple and more.
+Then there are the famous prose authors of the early Stuart period, such
+as Bacon, Barclay, Robert Burton, Daniel, Donne, Drayton, Shelton, and
+even the prolific Gervase Markham, to mention only a few. All these are
+good investments, as regards their first editions, _for your children's
+children_.
+
+As regards the first editions of more modern authors we are on much more
+delicate ground. First editions of really great men, such as Milton,
+Pope, or Dryden, probably will always command a high price not only on
+account of their scarcity but because they are sought for by all students
+who make a study of those authors. But when we come to those more modern
+writers concerning whose merits tastes differ, then the collector's
+activity becomes a gamble. The first editions of Thomas Hardy or Rudyard
+Kipling _may_ be worth more than their weight in gold in a hundred years,
+but it is also quite possible that succeeding generations will find in
+them more of the sentiments of the day than of those innate
+characteristics of the human mind which make a book really great, and
+will pass them by. This matter, however, has been dealt with in the
+chapter on the Books of the Collector, and with regard to bibliographies
+of the writings of the chief nineteenth-century authors, you will find
+mention of these in the appendices to the later volumes of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature.'
+
+[Sidenote: Folk-Lore, Mysteries.]
+
+25. Folk-lore, Fables, Fairy-Tales, Accounts of Mysteries and
+Miracle-Plays, Mummers, Minstrels and Troubadours, Pageants, Masques and
+Moralities: an interesting medley. Books of fables, whether by AEsop,
+Bidpai, La Fontaine, Gay, or Kriloff, would form an interesting
+collection by themselves, and it would be amusing to trace the pedigree
+of some of the tales. Our national jokes are said to be very ancient in
+origin; possibly some day the Curate's Egg will be traced to a budding
+priest of Amen-Ra, lunching with the Hierophant. Then there are books of
+proverbs--more than one would think--and the folk-lore of all countries
+that provides fairy-tales more entertaining than ever came out of the
+head of Perrault or Andersen. Altogether a heading which contains some
+fascinating literature.
+
+It is doubtful whether such books as the 'Arabian Nights,' Le Grand's
+collections of ancient Norman tales, and Balzac's 'Contes Drolatiques'
+should be included here; perhaps _de natura_ they should be classed
+rather with 'Facetiae and Curiosa.' The literature upon this subject is a
+large one, and there is an excellent list of writings upon Minstrels,
+Mysteries, Miracle Plays, and Moralities in the fifth volume of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 385 to 394; as well as
+in Mr. Courtney's invaluable work.
+
+[Sidenote: Freemasonry, etc.]
+
+26. Freemasonry is another of those subjects (like Architecture, Law, and
+Early Science) which usually engage the attentions of those whose
+businesses lead, or have at one time led, them to those things. Some of
+the booksellers specialise in such works, and the older books on
+Freemasonry cannot be said to be of frequent occurrence in the ordinary
+booksellers' catalogues. The finest extant library of Masonic books in
+the English tongue is said to be at the Freemasons' Hall, in London, but
+it is accessible only to Freemasons. A catalogue of it was privately
+printed by H. W. Hemsworth in 1869, and more recently by W. J. Hughan in
+1888; a supplement to this last appeared in 1895. The Masonic books at
+No. 33 Golden Square were also catalogued by Hemsworth (1870), and more
+recently by Mr. Edward Armitage--quarto, 1900.
+
+[Sidenote: French Revolution.]
+
+27. The mention of books on the French Revolution at once conjures up the
+name of that indefatigable collector and cabinet minister, John Wilson
+Croker. During his period of office at the Admiralty he amassed there
+more than ten thousand Revolutionary books, tracts, and writings; and
+when the accession of the Whigs drove him from his home there, he sold
+his entire library to the British Museum. But neither change of
+government nor loss of income could cure the fever of collecting and six
+years later he had amassed another collection as large as the first. This
+also was purchased by the Museum authorities. Before he died he had
+garnered a third collection as large as the two previous ones put
+together, and this also found a home in Bloomsbury. A 'List of the
+Contents' of these three collections was published by the Museum
+authorities in 1899. Croker's magnificent collection of letters and
+writings on the same period was sold for only L50 at his death; it went
+_en bloc_ to the library of Sir Thomas Phillips at Middle Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: Gardens.]
+
+28. What book-lover does not love a garden? 'God first planted a garden:
+and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest
+refreshment to the spirits of man,' wrote Bacon. Whether it be the
+tranquil beauty of an old-world pleasaunce or the peaceful occupation of
+gardening that appeals to the temperament of the bibliophile, certain it
+is that the book-lover is invariably a lover of the garden also. To him
+the very mention of stone moss-grown walks, a sundial, roses, and green
+lawn conjures up a vision of delight. To talk of those who wrote of
+gardens would be to mention the literature of all time; for gardens are
+as old as the human race. Indeed, 'Gardens were before gardeners, and but
+some hours after the Earth,' says Sir Thomas Browne in that most
+delightful of discourses, 'The Garden of Cyrus.' A History of Gardening
+in England has been compiled by the Hon. Miss Alicia Amherst; a second
+edition was published in 1896, and an enlarged edition in 1910. Hazlitt's
+'Gleanings in Old Garden Literature' (which contains a bibliography)
+appeared in 1887. The famous library of old gardening literature, said to
+be the most complete and extensive of its kind, amassed by M. Krelage, a
+bulb merchant of Haarlem, has recently been incorporated in the State
+Agricultural Library of Wageningen, Holland.[82]
+
+[Sidenote: Heraldry, &c.]
+
+29. Heraldry is the next subject which claims our attention; and under
+this head we will include all those works which treat of La Chevalerie
+and Noblesse, the Orders of Knighthood, the Templars and Hospitallers,
+the Crusades, Peerages, Genealogical Works, Family Histories, books on
+Parliament and Ceremonies, Pomps, Festivals, Pageants, Processions, works
+on Brasses and Seals, as well as those which treat of the science of
+Blazon proper. Here, at all events, is a variety of sub-headings.
+
+The first English bibliography of works upon this subject which our
+book-hunter has come across so far is a thin quarto volume entitled
+'Catalogus plerumque omnium Authorum qui de Re Heraldica scripserunt,' by
+Thomas Gore, and it appeared first in 1668. A second edition was
+published in 1674: both are now very scarce. This work contains a list of
+writers, both English and foreign, upon Chivalry, Nobility, and such
+kindred subjects. But a quarto volume, which appeared in 1650, entitled
+'The Art of Making Devises,' translated by T. B[lount] from the French of
+H. Estienne, contains, in the preliminary matter, a list of writers on
+Nobility. Dallaway's 'Inquiries into the Origin and Progress of the
+Science of Heraldry in England,' large quarto, Gloucester, 1793, contains
+a list of English heraldic writers, with their works; and Sir Egerton
+Brydges published a more copious list in the third volume of his 'Censura
+Literaria.' Moule's 'Bibliotheca Heraldica Magnae Britanniae' appeared in
+1822, a large octavo. He gives descriptions of 817 English works on
+Heraldry, Genealogy, Regal Descents and Successions, Coronations, Royal
+Progresses and Visits, the Laws and Privileges of Honour, Titles of
+Honour, Precedency, Peerage Cases, Orders of Knighthood, Baptismal,
+Nuptial, and Funeral Ceremonies, and Chivalry generally. At the end is a
+short list of 211 foreign writers upon these subjects--out of many
+thousands. There is an interleaved copy, containing many additions, in
+the British Museum.
+
+More recently Mr. G. Gatfield has put forth a valuable work, entitled 'A
+Guide to Printed Books and Manuscripts relating to English and Foreign
+Heraldry and Genealogy,' an octavo volume of which a limited edition was
+printed in 1892. Guigard's 'Bibliotheque Heraldique de la France'
+appeared at Paris in 1861. It has a useful bibliography of French books
+upon all the subjects chosen by Moule. The Henry Bradshaw Society also
+has published rare Coronation tracts and Coronation service books.
+
+Few classes in our list contain more sumptuous volumes than those
+comprised under this heading. In our own tongue we have Anstis' and
+Ashmole's handsome folios on the Garter, the latter with its beautiful
+folding plates; Jaggard's edition (1623) of Favyn's 'Theatre d'Honneur et
+de Chevalerie' by an unknown translator, Sandford's 'Genealogical History
+of the Kings and Queens of England' (Stebbing's edition, 1707, please),
+Milles' 'Catalogue of Honor or Treasury of the Nobility peculiar and
+proper to the Isle of Great Britaine,' not forgetting Gwillim (the sixth
+edition, 1724) and, of course, Master Nicholas Upton. All these are
+handsome folios with copperplate engravings.
+
+The French books on Noblesse are equally sumptuous. 'Le Vray Theatre
+d'Honneur et de Chevalerie ou le Miroir Heroique de la Noblesse,' by Marc
+de Vulson, Sieur de la Colombiere, appeared at Paris in two folio
+volumes in 1648. It is a magnificent book, and a classic in this
+department of literature. The same author's 'La Science Heroique' was
+published first, also in folio at Paris, in 1644; but in 1669 a second
+edition, considerably augmented, was put forth. Of the author I find
+nothing further memorable than that, having surprised his wife with a
+gallant, he slew them both, and then took a post-chaise to Paris to
+solicit the King's pardon, which he immediately obtained. There are many
+other equally fine works in French, but it were tedious to catalogue them
+here. Two handsome volumes on jousting and tournaments have recently been
+put forth. 'The History of the Tournament in England and France,' by Mr.
+F. H. Cripps-Day, was issued by Quaritch in 1919, whilst 'The Tournament:
+its Periods and Phases,' by Mr. R. C. Clephan, was published the same
+year.
+
+Books on seals are much less numerous, though none the less ornate; for
+engravings are practically essential here. They are, generally, scarce;
+for the circle of readers to which such volumes appeal can never have
+been a wide one; so it is improbable that large impressions of any of
+them were printed. The 'Sigilla Comitum Flandriae' of Oliver Vredius, a
+small folio, with nearly three hundred engravings of mediaeval seals, was
+printed first at Bruges in 1639. It is a beautiful volume, the seals
+being drawn to scale and exquisitely engraved by four Bruges
+engravers--Samuel Lommelin, Adrian his son, Francis Schelhaver, and
+Francis his son. Unfortunately the plates became worn after printing off
+a few copies (especially those on pages 138, 213, 246), and the early
+impressions are much to be preferred. A good test is to turn to the
+engraved genealogical tree on the recto of leaf Cc6. In the later-printed
+copies the foot of this engraving is most indistinct. A French
+translation appeared at Bruges in 1643.
+
+Two of the scarcest English books upon seals were compiled by clergymen.
+The first, a thin quarto of 31 pages, is entitled 'A Dissertation upon
+the Antiquity and Use of Seals in England. Collected by * * * * 1736,'
+and was printed for William Mount and Thomas Page on Tower Hill in 1740.
+Its author was the Rev. John Lewis, a former curate at Margate, who died
+in 1746. There is an engraved frontispiece of seals, and several
+copperplates in the text. It is very, very scarce, and it was some years
+before our book-hunter succeeded in obtaining a copy. The other authority
+was the Rev. George Henry Dashwood, of Stowe Bardolph. From his private
+press he produced, in 1847, a quarto volume consisting of fourteen
+engraved plates (by W. Taylor) of seals, with descriptions opposite. It
+is entitled 'Engravings from Ancient Seals attached to Deeds and Charters
+in the Muniment Room of Sir Thomas Hare, Baronet, of Stowe Bardolph,' and
+is common enough. Copies on large paper are not infrequent. But in 1862 a
+'second series' appeared. This consists of eight plates and descriptions,
+and at the end are two leaves of notes to both series. Our book-hunter
+has not yet come across a duplicate (even in the British Museum or at the
+Antiquaries) of this second volume, which he was so fortunate as to find
+a week after receiving the first.
+
+A publication containing a fine collection of armorial seals was produced
+at Brussels between 1897 and 1903. It was published in fifteen parts,
+large octavo, and is entitled 'Sceaux Armoiries des Pays-bas et des Pays
+avoisinants.' Lechaude-d'Anisy's 'Recueil des Sceaux Normands,' an oblong
+quarto which appeared at Caen in 1834, is another of these handsome
+books; but we have already lingered too long over this fascinating
+heading.
+
+[Sidenote: History.]
+
+30. History is a somewhat wide subject, for it comprises descriptions of
+any epoch or sequence of events in the existence of anything! We can read
+histories of the Glacial Age or of Charles II, of the Quakers or
+Tasmania, of the life of a cabbage or the Crimean War. Even a
+dissertation on the development of the inkpot would be deemed history
+nowadays. For the present, however, we will confine ourselves to that
+branch of it which treats of the human element, nations and communities,
+and events in their development. We must include travels, politics,
+diaries, memoirs, and biographies, for all of these are indispensable
+adjuncts. The voyages of Columbus, the Greville Papers, the Memoirs of
+Fezensac, and the Paston Letters are no less history than Freeman's
+'Norman Conquest,' Froude's 'Armada,' or Napier's 'Peninsular War.' It is
+a student's subject, and as rational a branch of book-collecting as there
+be. The collecting of early editions of the chroniclers, English or
+foreign, is an interesting by-way. The series of British Chronicles
+issued under the direction of the Master of the Rolls is a fairly
+complete one, and the works of many other early historians have been
+published from time to time by the learned societies. A lengthy list of
+bibliographies is given in Mr. Courtney's work, and there are useful
+bibliographies at the end of each volume of the 'Cambridge Modern
+History.'
+
+Under this heading we will include 'Events'; such as the Armada, the
+Great Fire of London, the Gordon Riots, the '45, but not, I think, the
+French Revolution or the Napoleonic Era, the literatures of which are of
+such magnitude as to demand separate headings. There are collections of
+books on all these subjects and many similar ones which fall naturally
+under the heading 'History.'
+
+[Sidenote: Husbandry.]
+
+31. The word 'husbandry' has an old-world flavour now: the classical
+'agriculture' is preferred. It is a change, however, that we bookworms
+and curious antiquaries in nowise relish. The old English or Scandinavian
+term which came to us from our forefathers is more seemly to our mind
+than the modern Latin importation. Nowadays any word is better than one
+drawn from our old English tongue. We may not speak of anything so
+indelicate as a belly, but we can mention an abdomen in the politest
+society. Provided we denote them by their Latin or Greek names, we may
+even mention any parts of our viscera (I may not say bowels) without
+raising a blush. Mention them in English, and we are at once boors and
+churls. But the husbandman's occupation has changed with the language.
+Originally he was merely a hus-bondi, or house-inhabitor, though probably
+he had more to do with agriculture than the farmer who ousted him. The
+'fermor' farmed or rented certain land from his overlord, making what he
+could out of the tenants on it. And in time even the word 'farmer' will
+pass out of use. Just as the charwoman to-day insists upon a fictitious
+gentility, so in years to come the farmer will denote himself an
+agriculturist, possibly with the epithet 'scientific.' We no longer talk
+of villeins and carles; both have become sadly perverted in their
+meaning, although the dictionary still allows the latter to mean 'a
+strong man.' But, it hastens to add, vindictively, 'generally an old or a
+rude-mannered one.' So is our language changing.
+
+They are quaint volumes, the older treatises on husbandry, and for the
+most part they contain an extraordinary medley of information. There is a
+charm about their titles and language that few other classes of books
+possess. Poultry, we know, can be obstinate wildfowl, but who nowadays
+would write of their 'husbandlye ordring and governmente'? Such was the
+title of Mascall's work put forth in 1581. Pynson printed an interesting
+book on estate management in 1523 for, probably, John Fitzherbert: 'Here
+begynneth a ryght frutefull mater; and hath to name the boke of surveying
+and improuvements.' It is full of curious conceits, even concerning the
+good housewife who, says Gervase Markham in his 'Country Contentments,'
+'must bee cleanly both in body and garments, she must have a quicke eye,
+a curious nose, a perfect taste, and ready eare.' But these volumes are
+not easy to find, even though the book-hunter's nose be as curious as a
+housewife's, and, when perfect, are of considerable value. Tusser's
+curious rhyming 'Hundred good pointes of husbandrie,' enlarged later to
+'Five Hundred Pointes,' is perhaps the commonest of these earlier works.
+Between 1557 and 1599 it went through eight editions, though the first
+is known only by the unique copy in the British Museum. A useful list of
+writers upon agricultural subjects from 1200 to 1800 appeared in 1908. It
+is by Mr. D. McDonald.
+
+[Sidenote: Illustrated Books.]
+
+32. Illustrated Books and Books of Engravings might perhaps have been
+included as a sub-heading to 'the Fine Arts'; but they form a distinct
+class and so frequently engage the attention of specialists, that our
+book-hunter has thought fit to put them in a class by themselves. Some
+will have only those volumes illustrated by one of the Cruikshank
+brothers, others prefer Blake's or Bewick's designs, and so on. Some
+again cleave to the volumes illustrated by Paul Avril or Adolf Lalauze,
+Kate Greenaway or Randolph Caldecott. With regard to the early
+book-illustrators, several text-books that will be useful to those who
+specialise in this subject have been mentioned in the chapter dealing
+with the Books of the Collector. An excellent conspectus of book
+illustration, from the earliest times to the present day, is contained in
+the fifth chapter of 'The Book: its History and Development,' by Mr.
+Cyril Davenport (octavo, 1907). At the end is a useful list of English
+and foreign works on book-illustration and its various methods. 'A
+Descriptive Bibliography of Books in English relating to Engraving and
+the Collection of Prints' by Mr. Howard C. Levis, was put forth in 1912.
+
+[Sidenote: Legal.]
+
+33. Law need not detain us. Its literature has not merely kept pace with,
+but has far outstripped, the growth of English Law; and it extends back
+at least to the 'Tractatus de Legibus' of Ranulf de Glanville, the great
+Justiciar under Henry II. The collector of ancient law books will
+probably be a member of one of the four great London seats of law, or at
+least have access to their famous libraries; there are printed catalogues
+of all of them. The Advocates' Library at Edinburgh, too, possesses a
+magnificent collection of ancient law books. A catalogue of it was
+published by David Irving in 1831, and more recently in seven quarto
+volumes, 1867 to 1879. If you collect old French 'coutumiers,' Cooper's
+'Catalogue of Books on the Laws and Jurisprudence of France' may be
+useful to you. It was printed in octavo, 1849.
+
+[Sidenote: Liturgies.]
+
+34. The collection of Liturgies is a subject that usually goes hand in
+hand with the collection of Bibles and theological works. But it is for
+all that a distinct subject, and may well engage the undivided attention
+of the collector. 'A New History of the Book of Common Prayer,' by
+Messrs. Proctor and Frere, is perhaps at present the standard work upon
+the history of our English prayer book. The latest edition is dated 1914,
+and it is published by the house of Macmillan. The Rev. W. H. J. Weale's
+'Bibliographia Liturgica, Catalogus Missalium, Ritus Latini ab anno 1475
+impressorum' appeared in 1886. The Henry Bradshaw Society was founded in
+1890 for the publication of rare liturgical tracts; whilst Maskell's
+'Ancient Liturgy of the Church of England' (third edition, octavo, 1882)
+contains a collection of the service books in use in England before the
+Reformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Locally-printed Books.]
+
+35. Locally-printed books is a heading of considerable interest from the
+bibliographical point of view. The term is a wide one, for the volumes it
+includes range from those printed in a particular country to those
+produced in an individual town. Has anyone yet attempted to form a
+collection of books printed in Barbadoes or Java, in Donegal or Dover?
+Probably; but I am unaware of any attempts at bibliographies. With the
+growth of the public library in every town of importance throughout the
+kingdom, there are increasing opportunities for valuable work in this
+direction; and every year should see the issue of bibliographies by those
+institutions, works which would contain not merely a list of books
+printed in each particular town, but a history of printing in that place.
+
+Mr. Falconer Madan's 'Oxford Books' may well serve as a model for such
+works. It was published in two octavo volumes at Oxford in 1895 and 1912
+respectively, the first volume being concerned with the productions of
+the early presses of that town. There are useful lists of books which
+issued from the early presses of Scotland by Mr. H. G. Aldis, and Ireland
+by Mr. E. R. McC. Dix. 'The Annals of Scottish Printing,' a large quarto
+by R. Dickson and J. P. Edmond, was printed at Cambridge in 1890. A model
+for the county bibliography is the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis' of Messrs.
+G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, produced in three octavo volumes, between
+1874 and 1882; and there are accounts of the early presses in several
+English counties, as well as at Cambridge, York, Birmingham and other
+important towns. But a considerable amount of work has still to be done
+in this direction. A valuable little book appeared in 1912 issued by the
+Cambridge University Press. It is entitled 'The English Provincial
+Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders, to 1557,' and is by Mr. E. Gordon
+Duff. There are accounts of the early presses at Oxford, St. Albans,
+Hereford, Exeter, York, Cambridge, Tavistock, Abingdon, Ipswich,
+Worcester and Canterbury; and it is a volume that should find a place on
+the shelf of every bibliophile.
+
+There is an interesting byway in connection with this heading: the
+collection of English books printed abroad. Is there anywhere a
+collection of books in the English tongue printed at Paris? One
+constantly comes across such volumes, especially those issued during the
+first half of the nineteenth century. After that time, Bernhard Tauchnitz
+of Leipzig appears to have gathered into his hands the trade of English
+books printed abroad. Recently our book-hunter came across a curious
+example of these peregrine volumes. It is a narrow octavo of some three
+hundred pages, entitled 'An Introduction to the Field Sports of France,'
+and was printed by Auguste Lemaire at St. Omer (Pas de Calais) in 1846.
+At the end is the following note: 'The reader will make due allowance for
+any misprints he may discover, when apprised that the printer knows
+nothing of the english language, and they chiefly occur in the
+commencement of the work.' Evidently M. Lemaire warmed to his task as he
+went on. But the 'Dame of our Ladie of Comfort of the Order of S. Bennett
+in Cambray' who translated St. Francis de Sales' 'Delicious Entertainment
+of the Soule' was even more modest. Her version was printed at Douai by
+Gheerart Pinson in 1632, and apparently neither printer nor translator
+was very proud of the work, for in the 'Apology for Errors' we are told
+that 'the printer was a Wallon who understood nothing at all English, and
+the translatresse a woman that had not much skille in the French.' Still,
+imperfect though typography and translation be, between them they
+produced a book that is eagerly sought by collectors to-day.
+
+This is a topic, however, that is full of pitfalls. Hundreds of
+European-printed books now bear Asiatic imprints; thousands of
+seventeenth and eighteenth century works printed at Paris bear the
+imprint of The Hague or some other Dutch town. Our English publishers
+have not been innocent of this charge either. Many a volume printed in
+Holland and Germany bears the London imprint. The original edition of
+Burton's translation of the 'Arabian Nights,' issued by him in London,
+claims to have been produced at Benares.[83]
+
+[Sidenote: Mathematical and Early Scientific.]
+
+36. 'The seconde parte of the catalogue of English printed bookes' for
+sale by Andrew Maunsell in 1595, concerned, we are told, 'the sciences
+mathematicall, as arithmetick, geometrie, astronomie, astrologie, musick,
+the arte of warre, and navigation.' But it is not my intention to include
+musick and the arte of warre here, this heading comprising those works
+which deal with mathematics and physics only, with their dependent
+subjects, such as (in addition to those mentioned by Master Maunsell)
+geodesy, mensuration of all kinds, meteorology, seismography, and books
+on chance and probabilities.
+
+Sir Henry Billingsley's edition of Euclid's 'Elements' (1570) is
+naturally a rare book, as is John Blagrave's 'Mathematical Jewel,' a
+folio issued in 1585. It is one of the earliest English books upon
+mathematics. Blagrave[84] was the author of a number of works on
+Geometry, Navigation, Dialling, etc.
+
+For a history of mathematics you must turn to the four quarto volumes of
+that ingenious Frenchman, M. Jean Etienne Montucla. This work, the
+'Histoire de Mathematiques,' first appeared in two volumes in 1758; but
+the author devoted the later years of his life to enlarging it and the
+new edition was published at Paris in 1799. It was reprinted in 1810.
+This mathematician is said to have written a treatise on squaring the
+circle, but our book-hunter has not yet come across a copy. 'A History of
+Ancient Astronomy' appeared at Paris (quarto) in 1775: it was by that
+great man who presided over the memorable assembly at the Tennis Court on
+the 20th June 1789, Jean Sylvain Bailly. Four years later he produced a
+history of Modern Astronomy from the foundation of the Alexandrian School
+to 1730 (three vols. quarto, Paris, 1779-82): and in 1787 came the
+History of Indian and Oriental Astronomy from the same pen. All these
+contain interesting details of the origin and progress of astronomical
+science, with the lives, writings, and discoveries of astronomers. With
+regard to our own great mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton, a bibliography
+of his works has been published by Mr. G. J. Gray; the second edition
+appeared at Cambridge in 1907.
+
+Mr. D. E. Smith's 'Rara Arithmetica,' a catalogue of arithmetical works
+which appeared prior to the year 1601, was printed, in a limited edition,
+at Boston (United States) in 1908. It is a sumptuously produced work in
+two large octavo volumes, copiously illustrated. Professor de Morgan's
+'Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the Present Time'
+contains brief notices of a large number of works 'drawn up from actual
+inspection.' It was published--a thin octavo of 124 pages--in 1847, and
+the books are arranged chronologically; but there is an index of authors.
+
+[Sidenote: Medical.]
+
+37. The collection of early medical books is a hobby that must appeal
+chiefly to the chirurgeon. Its sub-headings are not numerous, and each
+comprises volumes of considerable bibliographical interest. There are
+curious books on 'poysons' as well as upon the commoner branches of
+surgery, and there are glorious editions of all the ancient AEsculapians,
+such as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna. Herbals are
+doubtless collected by many who are not possessed of medical knowledge,
+and a number of them treat more of simples and housewifery than
+leechcraft, which is probably one reason of their attraction for the
+non-medical collector. But as these volumes in general are so
+inextricably bound up with the science of healing, I have thought fit to
+include them here. There is no denying that the fascination of these
+curious volumes, often (as in Fuch's magnificent tome) containing
+woodcuts that are a sheer delight to the bibliographer no less than to
+the botanist, is a strong one.
+
+It is a moot point whether works on Early Chemistry or Alchemy should be
+included here or under the heading 'Occult,' seeing that they usually
+centre about the Elixir of Life and the Philosopher's Stone. Perhaps they
+would be classed more accurately with Early Scientific. But for the
+purposes of our list I have reserved that heading for those books which
+treat of mathematics and physics only. With the early works upon
+astrology we need not concern ourselves here: they have more to do with
+divination and horoscopes than the craft of healing, so their appeal is
+chiefly to the student of the occult. It is impossible, however, to
+classify under one heading all those early works which treat of the
+beginnings of scientific knowledge. The star-gazer, the herbalist, the
+necromancer, and the leech, must be content to share among themselves a
+class of books which deals generally with the search into the Great
+Unknown.
+
+A useful catalogue of books on Alchemy was printed in two large quarto
+volumes at Glasgow in 1906. It is by Professor John Ferguson, and is
+entitled 'Bibliotheca Chemica,' being a list of the hermetic books in the
+library of Mr. James Young. The three volumes entitled 'Leechdoms,
+Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England' by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne,
+published in the 'Rolls' series, 1864-66, contain a valuable contribution
+to the early medical science of this country. Dr. J. F. Payne's 'English
+Medicine in the Anglo-Saxon Times' (the Fitz-Patrick Lectures for 1903)
+is for the most part a dissertation on that work.
+
+Some of the prescriptions of these early leeches are rather quaint. 'If a
+man's head burst . . . let him take roots of this same wort, and bind
+them on his neck. Then cometh to him good benefit.' The following is an
+excellent remedy for toothache: 'Sing this for toothache after the sun
+hath gone down--"Caio Laio quaque voaque ofer saeloficia sleah manna
+wyrm." Then name the man and his father, then say: "Lilimenne, it acheth
+beyond everything; when it lieth low it cooleth; when on earth it burneth
+hottest; finit. Amen."' If after this the tooth still continues to ache
+beyond everything, it is evident that there is a wyrm in it. For
+stomach-ache, you must press the left thumb upon the stomach and say
+'Adam bedam alam betar alam botum.' This is infallible.
+
+Collections of medical authors began at an early date. Van der Linden's
+'De Scriptis Medicis, libri duo' appeared first at Amsterdam in 1637,
+octavo--a valuable list of authors and the editions of their works. But
+it was reprinted with additions several times during the author's
+lifetime (he died in 1664); and in 1686 appeared at Nuernberg as a thick
+quarto entitled 'Lindenius Renovatus.' Dr. E. T. Withington's 'Medical
+History from the Earliest Times,' octavo, 1894, is useful for reference;
+whilst Dr. Norman Moore has recently produced (Oxford, 1908) a 'History
+of the Study of Medicine in the British Isles.' Dr. E. J. Waring's
+'Bibliotheca Therapeutica' was published in two octavo volumes by the New
+Sydenham Society in 1878-79. It is a list of the books which have been
+written on each individual drug, classes of medicines, and general
+therapeutics. There is an index of authors. The first volume of Albrecht
+von Haller's 'Bibliotheca Anatomica' was published at London 'in vico
+vulgo dicto The Strand' in 1774; the second volume at Zurich in 1777.
+Both are in quarto, and are biographical as well as bibliographical. The
+same author published a 'Bibliotheca Chirurgica' and a 'Bibliotheca
+Medicinae Practicae' at Berne and Basel between 1774 and 1788. His
+'Bibliotheca Botanica,' two quarto volumes, appeared at Zurich in
+1771-72. For other writers upon Botany you must consult Curtius
+Sprengel's 'Historia Rei Herbariae,' two octavo volumes which appeared at
+Amsterdam in 1807 and 1808. 'A Guide to the Literature of Botany' by B.
+D. Jackson was issued by the Index Society in 1881. Jean Jacques Manget,
+a Geneva physician who died in 1742 at the age of ninety-one, was another
+voluminous compiler of bibliographies upon medical subjects.
+
+[Sidenote: Military.]
+
+38. Under the heading 'Military' are included not only historical
+accounts of military operations but those works which treat of the
+military art and the progress of its development. Obviously it is a
+subject that is as old as mankind, and dissertations on drill with the
+stone battle-axe must find a place here. Many of the books on Arms and
+Armour (such as Sir Samuel Meyrick's beautiful folio volumes) are fine
+works, and some of the earlier publications on Castramentation and Siege
+operations are interesting. We must not forget to mention the beautiful
+little Elzevier 'Caesar' of 1536. It is a wide heading, for such books as
+the Commentaries of Blaise de Montluc and the Memoirs of Olivier de la
+Marche must be included, as they deal in large part with military
+operations. Books on Archery, Fencing, and Duelling are also comprised by
+this heading.
+
+If this be your subject, our book-hunter trusts that you have been more
+successful than he has in your quest for the 'Traicte de l'Espee
+Francoise, par Maistre Jean Savaron' (small octavo, Paris, 1610). He
+narrowly missed a copy in Paris some years ago, and so far this scarce
+little volume of fifty-six pages has eluded him as successfully as the
+'Pastissier Francois.' Probably, on account of its slimness, it is
+usually bound up with more substantial works, and thus escapes the eyes
+of book-hunters and cataloguers. Savaron also wrote a 'Traicte contre les
+Duels,' which is equally scarce. Works on duelling are legion, and range
+from Carafa's rather large folio entitled 'De Monomachia seu de Duello,'
+Rome, 1647, down to the little 'Dissertation Historique sur les Duels et
+les Ordres de Chevalerie: Par Monsieur B * * * *,' which is by Master
+Jacques Basnage--a duodecimo produced first at Amsterdam in 1720. An
+Italian bibliography of this subject by J. Gelli and G. E. Levi appeared
+in 1903. For the most part they are uncommon works and not easy to find.
+It is a subject that borders closely on the Chivalry of our list, for of
+course that subject was (like Heraldry) entirely military in origin. A
+'Bibliography of English Military Books up to 1642, and of Contemporary
+Foreign Works' was compiled by Captain M. J. D. Cockle and published in
+quarto in 1900. Mr. Carl Thimm's 'Art of Fence: a Complete Bibliography'
+appeared in 1891; an enlarged edition was put forth in 1896.
+
+[Sidenote: Music.]
+
+39. Books on Music may be divided conveniently into the numerous
+sub-headings which treat of particular instruments, songs, printed music
+generally, and accounts of the early musicians and their works. Treatises
+upon the violin are fairly numerous;[85] but I do not remember having
+come across many works on the Jew's harp or ocarina. There are
+interesting old books on the virginals, harpsichord, and spinet. Before
+the end of the fifteenth century a number of Missalia, Gradualia,
+Psalteria, and Libri Cantionum ('quas vulgo Mutetas appellant') had
+appeared from the press. The 'Theoricum Opus Musice Disciplina' of
+Franchino Gafori, or Gaffurius (which, by the way, is merely an
+abridgment of Boethius), is said to be the earliest printed treatise on
+music. It was printed first at Naples in 1480. Antiphonals and Troparies
+must also be included here.
+
+A new edition of Grove's 'Dictionary of Music and Musicians,' by Mr. J.
+A. Fuller-Maitland, appeared in 1904. Dr. Charles Burney's 'General
+History of Music' occupied that great English musician between 1776 and
+1789--four quarto volumes. 'The Literature of Music,' an octavo by Mr. J.
+E. Matthew, was put forth in the series known as the Booklovers' Library
+in 1896; whilst the 'Oxford History of Music,' edited by Dr. W. H. Hadow,
+appeared in six volumes between 1901 and 1905. M. Henry de Curzon's
+valuable work, 'Guide de l'Amateur d'Ouvrages sur la Musique,' was
+printed at Paris in 1901. For a bibliography of operas you must turn to
+the 'Dictionnaire des Operas,' of MM. Clement and Larousse. Rimbault's
+'Bibliotheca Madrigaliana,' which is a bibliographical account of the
+musical and poetical works published in England during the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries, appeared in 1847; and you will find a list of
+early songs, madrigals, and 'ayres' in the fourth volume of the
+'Cambridge History of English Literature,' pages 463-6. Hazlitt's
+'Catalogue of Early English Music in the Harleian Library,' was published
+in 1862. There are useful articles on early music printing, by Mr. R.
+Steele, in the Bibliographical Society's Journal for 1903, and by Mr.
+Barclay Squire in the third volume of 'Bibliographica.'
+
+[Sidenote: Napoleon.]
+
+40. The collector of books dealing with Napoleon I. has a somewhat narrow
+field to range in. There is a large number of English tracts and
+pamphlets that deal with the great man and his proposed invasion of
+England, as well as biographies, memoirs, and diaries concerning him. A
+collection of such works was formed in the later years of the nineteenth
+century by an insatiable Grangerite named Broadley, and in due time his
+library came under the hammer at Hodgson's. It was a remarkable
+collection: anything that concerned 'Boney,' however remotely, was grist
+to this collector's mill. A catalogue of his library was compiled and
+published by Mr. W. V. Daniel in 1905. M. Gustave Davois' 'Bibliographie
+Napoleonienne Francaise' to 1908 was printed in three octavo volumes at
+Paris, 1909-11. Of M. Kircheisen's 'Bibliographie du Temps de Napoleon,'
+two quarto volumes, published at Geneva in 1908 and 1912, have appeared
+up to the time of writing.
+
+[Sidenote: Natural History.]
+
+41. The early books on Natural History would probably be regarded by the
+modern zoologist as bibliographical curiosities rather than intelligent
+text-books; and truly the accounts of even the larger mammals given by
+these early observers of nature are extraordinary. Most of us will
+remember reading Caesar's description of the elks in the Hercynian
+forest, which slept leaning up against the trees because they had no
+joints in their legs. The inhabitants, cunning fellows, sought out the
+favoured trees and sawed them nearly through; so that when the
+unfortunate elks settled themselves to sleep, the booby-traps came into
+operation. Having no joints in their legs, the poor beasts were unable to
+rise, and so became an easy prey to the savage Teuton. Herodotus, too,
+was somewhat credulous in the matter of animals; Sir John Mandeville was
+not always to be trusted; and even Bernard von Breydenbach, who made a
+journey to the Holy Land about 1485, beheld strange beasts, like
+Spenser's giaunts, 'hard to be beleeved.' But perhaps the palm among
+these mediaeval monsters is held by the eale, or, as it became later, the
+yale or jall; that strange beast which has survived--in effigy at
+least--unto our own times.
+
+It appears that Pliny was the first to discover this singular animal, and
+his description of it is recorded in many of those quaint mediaeval
+natural history volumes known as 'Bestiaries.' The Reverend Edward
+Topsell, in his 'Historie of Foure-footed Beasts' (folio, 1607) thus
+describes it:
+
+'There is bred in Ethiopia a certain strange beast about the bignesse of
+a sea-horse, being of colour blacke or brownish: it hath the cheeks of a
+Boare, the tayle of an Elephant, and hornes above a cubit long, which are
+moveable upon his head at his owne pleasure like eares; now standing one
+way, and anone moving another way, as he needeth in fighting with other
+Beastes, for they stand not stiffe but bend flexibly, and when he
+fighteth he always stretcheth out the one, and holdeth in the other, for
+purpose as it may seeme, that if one of them may be blunted or broken,
+then hee may defend himselfe with the other. It may well be compared to a
+sea-horse, for above all other places it loveth best the waters.'
+
+Unfortunately no specimen has been seen by travellers for some years now,
+so probably it is quite extinct. Certainly you will not find a jall in
+the Zoo, or even at South Kensington, though you may see a very excellent
+statue of him on King Henry VIII.'s bridge at Hampton Court.
+
+There are numerous bibliographies of works upon all classes of animals,
+fish, flesh, and fowl--even the good red herring.[86] For these you must
+turn to Mr. W. P. Courtney's invaluable work. The 'Bibliographia
+Zoologiae et Geologiae, a General Catalogue of all Books on Zoology and
+Geology,' was compiled by L. Agassiz and H. E. Strickland for the Ray
+Society--four octavo volumes, published between 1848 and 1854. A
+'Bibliotheca Entomologica,' by H. A. Hagen, appeared at Leipzig, two
+octavo volumes, in 1862-63.
+
+[Sidenote: Nautical and Naval.]
+
+42. The next subject, Nautical and Naval, will comprise chiefly
+borrowings from other headings; for it will necessarily include books of
+voyages and discoveries, works on navigation, meteorology, and
+oceanography, as well as geographical books, and such purely nautical
+volumes as dictionaries of the marine, the history of ships and
+shipping, and accounts of the navy and mercantile fleet. There is a
+number of early works on the astrolabe and globes, but you must not
+expect easily to come across 'The Rutter of the Sea,' printed by Robert
+Copland and Richard Bankes in 1528. It is the first English printed book
+on Navigation, being a translation of 'Le Grand Routier' of Pierre
+Garcie.
+
+The Society for Nautical Research was founded in 1910, and it issues a
+monthly journal known as 'The Mariner's Mirror,' wherein are treated
+those subjects which pertain to the history of ships, sails, and rigging;
+in fact, everything that has to do with the evolution of the ship. The
+original 'Mariner's Mirrour' was a translation (by Anthony Ashley in
+1588) of Wagenaar's 'Speculum Nauticum,' first published in 1583.
+Needless to say, it is a scarce work, as are all these Elizabethan
+volumes upon seafaring. In volume IV. of the 'Cambridge History of
+English Literature' you will find two chapters on the literature of the
+sea from the pens of those great authorities Commander C. N. Robinson and
+Mr. John Leyland. If this be your subject, they will amply repay perusal.
+There is an excellent list of early works, pages 453 to 462.
+
+[Sidenote: Numismatics.]
+
+43. Numismatics is one of those subjects which generally engage the
+attentions of students rather than book-collectors, for the volumes upon
+coins and medals are necessarily text-books for the collector of these
+things. Such works are, of course, for the most part illustrated; and
+some of the older ones are of considerable interest on account of their
+engravings.
+
+It is not only to the collector and 'curious antiquary,' however, that
+some of these works are valuable, for in them occasionally the historian
+is able to unearth matter scarcely obtainable elsewhere. Menestrier's
+'Histoire du Roy Louis le Grand par les Medailles, Emblemes, Deuises,
+Jettons, Inscriptions, Armoiries, et autres Monumens Publics' (folio,
+Paris, 1693) is one of many such works. It not only contains engravings
+of every medal struck to commemorate the birth, life, marriage, actions,
+victories, processions, and entertainments of the Roi-Soleil (among them
+one commemorating the Siege of Londonderry in 1689), but it has a very
+fine folding plate of the Place des Victoires as it was in 1686. This
+engraving not only shows the famous monument erected to the glory of
+Louis XIV., and destroyed at the Revolution, but gives the details of the
+panels and a very full description of it. Thus we may have to hand all
+the inscriptions, mottoes, and dates which were graven upon that historic
+monument.
+
+[Sidenote: Occult.]
+
+44. Civilisation mates but ill with Romance, and for the passing of
+Superstition (the child of Imagination and Romance) none can shed a tear.
+Yet at least it served to raise our daily lives out of the rut of
+commonplace. Our pulses are no longer stirred at the mere mention of the
+word MAGIC, and even BLACK MAGIC is coldly discussed where not so very
+long ago none would have dared to speak it save with 'bated breath.' Yet
+we are all mystics by birth, and scarce one of us there is who as a child
+has not experienced the fear of darkness. We cannot explain it, and
+though the child may soon be taught to laugh at his fear, yet none the
+less was he endowed with this unaccountable dread of the UNKNOWN.
+
+Among real book-collectors probably this particular branch of specialism
+attracts but few; for the greater part of those who collect such works
+are students of the occult (whether serious or idle) and have no true
+love for their books qua books. Seemingly it is an absorbing hobby, for
+those who devote their attention to necromancy soon become known among
+their friends.
+
+    'Philosophy is odious and obscure;
+     Both Law and Physic are for petty wits;
+     Divinity is basest of the three,
+     Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible, and vile;
+     'Tis magic, magic, that hath ravish'd me.'
+
+Thus Doctor Faustus, the Gamaliel of those whose study are the arcana of
+nature and the world of shadows. Yet whether we be mystics or
+materialists what would not each one of us (not necessarily bibliophiles)
+give to possess the volume which Faustus had at the hands of
+Mephistophilis?
+
+_Meph._    'Hold, take this book, peruse it thoroughly:
+          The iterating of these lines brings gold;
+          The framing of this circle on the ground
+          Brings whirlwinds, tempests, thunder, and lightning;
+          Pronounce this thrice devoutly to thyself,
+          And men in armour shall appear to thee,
+          Ready to execute what thou desir'st.'
+
+_Faust._   'Thanks, Mephistophilis; yet fain would I have a book
+          wherein I might behold all spells and incantations, that I
+          might raise up spirits when I please.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they are in this book.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+_Faust._   'Now would I have a book where I might see all characters
+          and planets of the heavens, that I might know their
+          motions and dispositions.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they are too.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+_Faust._   'Nay, let me have one book more--and then I have done--wherein
+          I might see all plants, herbs, and trees, that
+          grow upon the earth.'
+
+_Meph._    'Here they be.'
+
+_Faust._   'Oh, thou art deceived.'
+
+_Meph._    'Tut, I warrant thee.' [_Turns to them._]
+
+Truly a marvellous volume. The astronomical and herbal portions of it we
+can understand, and herein doubtless the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' could
+give it points, though possibly in a less handy shape. But even Wecker's
+'De Secretis' fails lamentably when it comes to producing whirlwinds or
+men in armour. As it is to be presumed, however, that the doctor returned
+the volume at length to the owner in person, it is unlikely that the
+book-collector will ever behold it--at least in this world.
+
+It is a wide subject, this heading 'Occult,' and includes works on
+Alchemy, Apparitions, Astrology, Cheiromancy, Demonology, Devil Lore,
+Evil Spirit Possession, the Evil Eye, Hermetic Philosophy, Magic white
+and black, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Prophecy, Sorcery and Divination,
+Popular Superstitions, Vampires, and Witchcraft. We can even include
+Conjuring! Early-printed books on all these subjects are legion, and the
+numerous works on Lycanthropy or Werewolves, must also find a place under
+this heading. Claude Prieur's curious work is rare though not
+particularly valuable; it is a duodecimo printed at Louvain in 1596, and
+is entitled 'Dialogue de la Lycantropie ou transformation d'hommes en
+loups, vulgairement dit Loups-garous . . . .' Books on Monsters must also
+be included here. Dr. Ernest Martin's 'Histoire des Monstres,' octavo,
+Paris, 1879, contains a bibliography of this curious subject. The Rev.
+Timothy Harley's 'Moon Lore'--another out-of-the-way heading--also
+contains twenty-five pages of bibliography. It was printed in 1885.
+
+Savonarola's 'Compendium Revelationum,' the work which probably hastened
+him to the stake, you will come across most easily in the anonymous
+'Mirabilis Liber,' which appeared at Paris first in 1522. This curious
+work also contains the prophecies of Methodius (Bemechobus), the Sibyls,
+Augustinus, Birgitta, Lichtenberger, Joachim, Antonio, Catherine of
+Siena, Severus, J. de Vatiguerro, G. Bauge, and J. de la Rochetaillee.
+Indagine, the author of a curious book on cheiromancy, physiognomy, and
+astrology, was really Johann of Hagen, a German Carthusian who died in
+1475.
+
+There is a list of some books on Witchcraft, Demonology, and Astrology in
+the seventh volume of the 'Cambridge History of English Literature,'
+pages 503 to 511; though curiously it omits one of the most interesting
+and best-known works on demon-lore--the 'De Natura Daemonum' of Jean
+Laurent Anania, a small octavo produced by Aldus at Venice in 1589. It is
+an interesting little work which treats of the origin of demons and their
+influence on men. The first volume of Mr. F. Leigh Gardner's valuable
+'Catalogue Raisonne of Works on the Occult Sciences' appeared in 1903. It
+contains books on the Rosicrucians. The second volume, dealing with
+astrological works, was issued in 1911; and the third, books on
+Freemasonry, in 1912--three slim octavo volumes. Professor John
+Ferguson's 'Witchcraft Literature of Scotland' appeared at Edinburgh in
+1897. A scarce anonymous work was put forth at London in 1815, with the
+title 'The Lives of Alchemistical Philosophers; with a critical catalogue
+of books in occult chemistry, and a selection of the most celebrated
+treatises on the theory and practice of the Hermetic Art.' It contains
+(pp. 95-112) a list of 751 alchemical books. J. J. Manget's 'Bibliotheca
+Chemica Curiosa, seu rerum ad Alchemiam pertinentium Thesaurus,' was
+printed in two folio volumes at Geneva in 1702.
+
+[Sidenote: Pamphlets and Tracts.]
+
+45. The collecting of Pamphlets and Tracts is an interesting byway of
+book-collecting. They are of almost every description under the sun. Some
+collectors will have those that deal with Parliamentary proceedings, some
+specialise in the Marprelate and No Popery tracts, some in the Satires of
+the Restoration journalists, whilst others will gather Pasquinades,
+Mazarinades, and Political pamphlets, as well as those that deal with
+some particular social or historical event. It is a subject that,
+perhaps, comprises more grotesque titles than any heading in our list.
+Knox's famous 'First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment
+of Women' must certainly have been rather startling to Queen Bess, and
+Attersoll's 'God's Trumpet sounding the Alarme' (quarto, 1632) is
+vigorous; but the personal invective displayed by some of the Elizabethan
+and early Stuart pamphleteers is hard to beat. 'An Olde Foxe Tarred and
+Feathered,' 'A New Gag for an Old Goose,' 'A Whip for an Ape,' and 'An
+Almond for a Parrat,' are all curious, but surely the palm is carried by
+the following effort of John Lyly (against Martin Marprelate), put forth
+in 1589:
+
+     'Pappe with an Hatchet. Alias A figge for my Godsonne. Or Cracke
+     me this nut. Or A Countrie cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the
+     eare, for the idiot Martin to hold his peace, seeing the patch
+     will take no warning. Written by one that dares call a dog, a
+     dog, and made to prevent Martin's dog daies. Imprinted by John
+     Anoke, and John Astile, for the Baylive of Withernam, cum
+     privilegio perennitatis, and are to bee sold at the signe of the
+     crab tree cudgell in thwackcoate lane.'
+
+In 1523 Richard Bankes printed a curious little tract with the following
+title: 'Here begynneth a lytell newe treatyse or mater intytuled and
+called The IX. Drunkardes, which treatythe of dyuerse and goodly storyes
+ryght plesaunte and frutefull for all parsones to pastyme with.' I hasten
+to add that the 'parsones' of Mr. Bankes' day were not necessarily in
+holy orders. It was printed in octavo, black letter, and the only copy
+that seems to be known is in the Douce collection at the Bodleian.
+
+Professor Edward Arber's 'Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate
+Controversy,' which appeared in 1895, contains a list of the more
+important tracts connected with that subject; and you will find Mr. W.
+Pierce's 'Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts' (1908)
+useful. There are valuable lists of, and information upon, pamphlets of
+most descriptions and of all periods in the volumes of the 'Cambridge
+History of English Literature.' Mr. A. F. Pollard's 'Tudor Tracts,
+1532-1588' appeared in 1903.
+
+One of the most remarkable collections of pamphlets ever formed was that
+amassed during the Commonwealth by an enterprising London bookseller
+named George Thomason. He succeeded in gathering together[87] more than
+22,000 pamphlets and tracts relating to the times; and being an ardent
+Royalist, was at great pains to prevent the collection from becoming
+known to the authorities. When the Royalist cause was scotch'd by the
+execution of King Charles, the collection was transferred to Oxford, and
+lodged in the Bodleian Library for safety; and although Thomason died in
+1666, his collection remained at Oxford until nearly a century later,
+when it was purchased by King George III. for L300, and presented by him
+to the British Museum.
+
+It is, of course, quite priceless now, and contains a large number of
+tracts not otherwise known. A catalogue of the collection was printed by
+the Museum authorities in 1908, two demy octavo volumes with the title:
+'A Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts
+relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth, and Restoration, collected
+by G. Thomason, 1640-1661.'
+
+[Sidenote: Philosophy.]
+
+46. 'A farmer should be a philosopher,' said Mr. Jorrocks; and although
+most book-collectors who specialise in philosophical works would disclaim
+any connection between the two subjects, yet it is not easy to say where
+philosophy either begins or ends. The dictionaries are very cautious,
+contenting themselves with the assertion that any 'application of pure
+thought' or rational explanation of 'things' comes under this heading.
+Perhaps Mr. Jorrocks was more correct than most of his hearers imagined,
+for farming in this country certainly requires a deal of pure thought--if
+it is to be made to pay. For our purpose, however, we will narrow this
+heading down to those books which deal with the moral aspects of mental
+influences, and those which centre about the science of metaphysics.
+
+[Sidenote: Poetry.]
+
+47. Poetry is another heading over which we need not linger. He who
+specialises in this class of literature may be either a student of
+English poesy or a lover of prosody. If the former, the following volumes
+will be of assistance to him.
+
+Thomas Warton's 'History of English Poetry' first appeared in three
+quarto volumes issued between 1774 and 1781; but a new edition, edited by
+W. C. Hazlitt in four octavo volumes, was published in 1871. Professor W.
+J. Courthope's work of the same title was issued in six volumes between
+1895 and 1910; whilst Professor G. Saintsbury's 'History of English
+Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day,' begun in 1906, was
+completed in 1910, three octavo volumes.
+
+[Sidenote: Privately-printed.]
+
+48. Privately-printed Books. A curious byway of collecting, this; for
+although it comprises books upon every subject under the sun, yet it will
+not help the collector to acquire knowledge upon any single subject. For
+some there is doubtless a certain attraction about books that have been
+put forth surreptitiously, as it were; yet to the ordinary book-collector
+such volumes seem to partake rather of the nature of pariahs. They are
+among books, but not of them, lacking the credentials of their
+companions. They are of three species only: (1) Personal Books; of
+interest only to a family and its relations; (2) Books refused by the
+publishing houses as being unlikely to appeal to the general public; (3)
+Improper books, which, if issued publicly, would most likely incur an
+action by the Public Prosecutor. Some years ago Bertram Dobell, a London
+bookseller, collected upwards of a thousand volumes issued in this
+manner, and published a catalogue of his collection, with interesting
+notes. This collection was finally sold _en bloc_ to the Library of
+Congress at Washington, U.S.A., in 1913. J. Martin's 'Bibliographical
+Catalogue of Privately Printed Books' was published first in 1834, two
+volumes; but a second edition appeared twenty years later.
+
+[Sidenote: School Books.]
+
+49. The collecting of old School Books is a branch of our hobby that
+seldom engages the bibliophile's attention. Doubtless the recollection of
+many painful hours spent in their company is responsible for their
+neglect. Yet there is a charm about the early-printed Mentors of our
+youth which it is impossible to deny, and there is a growing demand for
+them--as the booksellers will tell you. The number that has disappeared
+from the ken of bibliographer must be large, for it is difficult to
+imagine a more unpopular type of book--at least with those who are
+obliged to use them; and if your taste has altered to such an extent that
+you now desire them above all things, you may reasonably hope to unearth
+many a curio.
+
+Our earliest printers were concerned with such works. In 1483 John
+Anwykyll's Latin Grammar was printed at Oxford, and we must not forget
+Caxton's 'Stans Puer ad Mensam,' put forth in 1478. Pynson issued a
+'Promptorium Puerorum sive Medulla Grammaticae' in 1499, and De Worde
+printed others. Most of the productions of the famous St. Albans press
+were school books, to the annoyance of the boys at the Grammar School
+there. Hoole's 'New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching School' is
+understood to have been a most unpopular discovery among his scholars. It
+was first printed at London in 1660, and was reprinted in facsimile at
+the University Press, Liverpool, in 1913. At the end of this reprint is a
+useful bibliography of ancient school books, from the fifteenth to the
+eighteenth century.
+
+Hoole's pupils must have been somewhat out of the ordinary. 'N.B.,' he
+remarks in 'The Usher's Duty,' 'Those children that are more
+industriously willing to thrive, may advantage themselves very much by
+perusal of _Gerards Meditations_, _Thomas de Kempis_, _St. Augustins
+Soliloquies_, or his _Meditations_, or the like pious and profitable
+Books, which they may buy both in English and Latine, and continually
+bear about in their pockets, to read on at spare times.' Upon enquiry at
+one of our larger public schools, however, I find that the number of
+children--even those who are more industriously willing to thrive--who
+advantage themselves by continually bearing these pious books in their
+pockets is not large.
+
+[Sidenote: Sport.]
+
+50. The next heading in our list, Sports, Games, and Pastimes, naturally
+comprises a large number of sub-headings. The term 'sport' may be
+confined[88] conveniently to those subjects which have to do with
+animals, such as Angling, Coaching, Cock-fighting, Coursing, Falconry,
+Hunting, Horses, Racing, Steeplechasing, and Shooting. Other subjects,
+chiefly of an outdoor nature, may be classed as Pastimes, such as
+Archery, Boxing, Fencing, Mountaineering, Skating, and Yachting. Then
+there are the diversions of short duration governed by rules, which we
+call games, such as Cricket, Curling, Bowls, Football, Cards, Chess, etc.
+There are bibliographies of almost all these, which you will find in Mr.
+Courtney's work. If you are fond of hunting you will enjoy Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman's edition of the famous 'Livre de Chasse' of Gaston
+Phoebus, Comte de Foix. It was translated into English by Edward, Duke
+of York, between 1406 and 1413, under the title 'The Master of Game'; and
+to this reprint of 1909 is added a list of old hunting books, and a
+valuable glossary of ancient hunting terms and phrases. 'La Chasse de
+Loup,' a small quarto printed at Paris in 1576, is a scarce work. It
+consists of but 22 folios, and has 14 large woodcuts, and it is by Jean
+de Clamorgan, Seigneur de Saane. But you will find this treatise in _La
+Maison Rustique_.
+
+Books on cock-fighting are not very numerous, nor of frequent occurrence.
+A number of such works are mentioned by Mr. Harrison Weir in that part of
+'Our Poultry' which deals with game-fowl. 'The Royal Pastime of
+Cockfighting,' by R. H. (_i.e._ Robert Howlet), a duodecimo printed at
+London in 1709, is now very scarce and valuable; but a facsimile reprint
+(100 copies) was issued in 1899. 'The Cocker,' by 'W. Sketchly, gent.,'
+is of fairly frequent appearance, though a copy will cost you four or
+five pounds. But it has been reprinted at least twice. A small volume
+entitled 'Cocking and its Votaries' by S. A. T[aylor] was put forth in
+1880, but our book-hunter has not yet been so fortunate as to come across
+a copy.[89] It was, I believe, privately printed. Old Roger Ascham was a
+keen devotee of this sport, and wrote a volume entitled 'The Book of the
+Cockpit'; but no copy of this work is known (at least to bibliographers)
+to exist at the present day. 'But of all kinds of pastimes fit for a
+Gentleman,' he writes in 'The Scholemaster,' 'I will, God willing, in a
+fitter place more at large declare fully, in my _Book of the Cockpit_;
+which I do write to satisfy some.' From which it seems that he was
+actually engaged upon the book. Apparently there is no record of its
+publication, though an old devotee of the sport once told Mr. Harrison
+Weir that he had seen a copy. 'The Commendation of Cockes and
+Cock-fighting; Wherein is shewed, that Cocke-fighting was before the
+comming of Christ,' by George Wilson, the sporting Vicar of Wretton, was
+printed in black letter by Henry Tomes 'over against Graies Inne Gate, in
+Holbourne,' in 1607. I wish you luck, brother collector, but I cannot be
+sanguine that you will ever come across a copy though it was many times
+reprinted. The tenth edition is dated 1655.
+
+Under this heading also are included books on Dogs, Cats and Bees (!)
+though the inclusion of the latter reminds one of the story of the
+imported tortoise, which the customs officials (after much debate)
+decided was an insect, and therefore not liable to quarantine! Then there
+are books of sporting memoirs, sporting dictionaries, sport in particular
+countries, as well as works which treat of Maypoles and Mumming,
+Festivals, and old English pastimes.
+
+Books upon Dancing, Cards, Chess, and other games all have their
+devotees. 'A Bibliography of Works in English on Playing Cards and
+Gaming,' by Mr. Frederic Jessel, appeared in 1905, octavo. The library of
+M. Preti of Paris, a well-known chess-player who devoted his attention to
+the history of the game, was sold at Sotheby's early in 1909. It included
+362 lots, comprising some 1600 volumes; but the entire collection
+realised only L355. The sale catalogue is a useful one--if you are so
+fortunate as to come across it. But there is a numerous bibliography and
+you will find a list of such volumes in Mr. W. P. Courtney's 'Register of
+National Bibliography.'
+
+[Sidenote: Theology.]
+
+51. Theology and the Lives of the Fathers of the Early Christian Church
+is a field of such magnitude that we may divide it conveniently into
+periods or countries or controversies. Books on the Council of Trent
+engage the attentions of some, others are attracted by the history of the
+Waldenses or the Byzantine Churches. Some again specialise in the
+writings of certain great characters, such as Bonaventura, Augustine, or
+Erasmus. A 'Bibliotheca Erasmiana, ou Repertoire des Oeuvres d'Erasme'
+appeared at Ghent in 1893 and was followed four years later by a new
+edition. Similarly there are now accounts of the writings of almost all
+the great Churchmen, such as Cranmer, Latimer, Tindale, Laud, Ken, etc.
+The only bibliography of Knox with which I am acquainted is that appended
+to the six volumes of Laing's edition of his works, published at
+Edinburgh 1846-64.
+
+[Sidenote: Tobacco.]
+
+52. Tobacco is a cheery subject for the book-collector, and somehow the
+very word conjures up a vision of warmth and comfort.
+
+    'My pipe is lit, my grog is mix'd,
+     My curtains drawn and all is snug;
+     Old Puss is in her elbow-chair,
+     And Tray is sitting on the rug.'
+
+What book-collector, I do not mean book-speculator, does not smoke a
+pipe? I refuse to believe that any book-lover could possibly sit in an
+easy chair before the fire and pore over Browne's 'Hydriotaphia,'
+Sidney's 'Arcadia,' More's 'Utopia,' or Cotton's 'Montluc' (all in folio,
+please) without a pipe in his mouth. Why, it is unthinkable. Yet the
+books which treat of tobacco are not all couched in that tranquil tone
+which is induced by the soothing weed. 'The whole output of literature on
+tobacco,' writes Professor Routh, 'is eminently characteristic of the age
+in its elaborate titles, far-fetched conceits, and bitter invective. The
+spirit of criticism is so strong that even the partisans of the weed
+satirise the habits of the smoker.' King James's 'Counter Blaste to
+Tobacco,' first issued in 1604, Braithwaite's 'The Smoaking Age,' 1617,
+and Barclay's 'Nepenthes, or, the Vertues of Tobacco,' 1614, have all
+been reprinted of late years. Bragge's 'Bibliotheca Nicotiana' was
+printed at Birmingham in 1880.
+
+[Sidenote: Topography.]
+
+53. Topography and County Histories need not detain us. Anderson's 'Book
+of British Topography' is a list of County Histories, etc., that had
+appeared up to 1881; and Mr. A. L. Humphrey's 'Handbook to County
+Bibliography' amplifies and carries the record down to 1917. With this
+heading we can include the collection of Atlases and Maps. Sir H. G.
+Fordham's 'Studies in Carto-Bibliography, British and French, and in the
+Bibliography of Itineraries and Road Books' contains a useful
+bibliography of this subject. It was published by the Clarendon Press in
+1914.
+
+[Sidenote: Trades.]
+
+54. Books on Trades should form an interesting series for the collector.
+Works on 'Dialling' and Clock-making are frequent enough, but I do not
+remember to have come across very many books which treat of the
+locksmith's art or coach-making, though such volumes appear from time to
+time in the catalogues. There must be treatises on almost every trade
+under the sun; our book-hunter possesses a small volume which deals with
+the making of sealing-wax and wafers. Old treatises on brewing must be
+plentiful, as doubtless are volumes on all the larger and more important
+industries; but are there manuals for the loriner, the patten-maker, the
+umbrella-manufacturer? Doubtless there are, though they must be few in
+number, and scarce too, since those for whom they were intended probably
+would not be the best preservers of books. Only about a century ago a
+small manual was put forth for the use of those whose business was the
+heraldic decoration of carriage-panels. It was very popular in the trade,
+but is now scarcely to be had, and when found is invariably filthy and
+dilapidated. Like the little 'Pastissier Francois,' such practical
+treatises soon go the way of all superseded books.
+
+[Sidenote: Travels and Voyages.]
+
+55 and 56. Travel books and Voyages have already been discussed under the
+heading 'Foreign Parts'--the first subject with which I have dealt in
+detail. Most globe-trotters nowadays are members of the Royal
+Geographical Society, and the Library Catalogue of that institution is a
+valuable one for reference. It was printed in 1895, under the care of Mr.
+H. R. Mill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And so I bid you farewell, brother book-hunter. There is no subject with
+which I have dealt but could have had a volume to itself: my aim
+throughout has been to strike the happy medium between a tedious list of
+titles and editions and a description too brief to be of interest. Thank
+you for your patience and sympathy (of the latter indeed I was assured at
+the outset, for we book-hunters are a class that knows no other feeling
+when reading about our beloved books), and allow me to express the
+sincere wish that good fortune may attend you on your expeditions. May
+your 'finds' be frequent, cheap, clean, tall, perfect, and broad of
+margin, and may you never suffer from borrowers, bookworms, acid-tanned
+leathers, clumsy letterers and insecure shelf-fastenings. May good
+scribbling paper, sharp pencils, uncrossed nibs, clean ink and
+blotting-paper be ever at your hand, and may your days be passed in
+wholesome leisure, in the divine fellowship of books. _Vale._
+
+THE END.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] Msr. F. C. Wieder, the librarian, writing to the 'Times Literary
+Supplement' of 6th February 1919 (p. 70), states that 'the catalogue is
+in preparation, and arrangements will be made that the books of this
+library can be sent on loan to foreign students through the intermediary
+of public libraries.'
+
+[83] See note on p. 78.
+
+[84] The moated manor-house (Southcote, near Reading) which he built
+provides an excellent example of the way in which learned men (especially
+mathematicians!) go astray when they insist upon being their own
+architects. A more unhandy house it is difficult to conceive; and in
+winter-time the dinner must invariably have been cold by the time it
+reached the dining-room. The writer of these lines prospected it from
+attics to cellars some years ago, but as usual "drew blank."
+
+[85] Mr. E. Heron-Allen's 'De Fidiculis Bibliographia' was issued in
+parts, and forms two small quarto volumes, 1890 and 1894; but only about
+sixty complete sets are known to exist.
+
+[86] Dodd's 'Essay towards a Natural History of the Herring,' 1752,
+contains a chapter of bibliography.
+
+[87] You will find the whole tale--a most interesting one--in
+'Bibliographica,' vol. iii., p. 291, from the pen of Mr. Falconer Madan.
+
+[88] Lord Lovat's definition of 'Sport' was as follows: 'Sport is the
+fair, difficult, exciting, perhaps dangerous pursuit of a wild animal
+that has the odds in its favour, whose courage, speed, strength and
+cunning are more or less a match for our own, and whose death, being of
+service, is justifiable.' But this seems to apply more to hunting than
+anything else; it certainly precludes coaching, cock-fighting, racing,
+and steeplechasing.
+
+[89] The copy in the Pittar sale at Sotheby's in November 1918 was
+extra-illustrated and finely bound. It fetched L9, 15s.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    _Achademios_, Skelton's, 11.
+    Aeschylus, translations of, 71.
+    Aesop, the _Fabulous Tales of_, 12.
+    _Aethiopica_, the, 86.
+    AFRICA, books on, 206, 209.
+    Agincourt Expedition, the, 50.
+    AGRICULTURE, books on, 238.
+    A Kempis, Thomas, 217.
+    Alaric's grave, 104.
+    ALCHEMY, books on, 245, 256.
+    Alfred, king, 101.
+    ---- his tomb, 104.
+    Allibone's _Critical Dictionary_, 163.
+    AMERICANA, 210.
+    Ames' _Typographical Antiquities_, 7, 8, 169.
+    Amyot, Pere, 86.
+    Ancillon, Charles, 81.
+    Andrada, Tomaso de, 155.
+    Anjou, Rene duc d', 87.
+    Antiphonaries, Spanish, 129.
+    Aquinas, Thomas, 37.
+    _Arabian Nights_, the, 77.
+    Arber's _Term Catalogues_, 162.
+    ARCHITECTURE, books on, 211.
+    ARCTIC and ANTARCTIC, books on, 206.
+    Aristophanes, translations of, 71.
+    Armorial bindings, 115 n.
+    Arthur, King, his character, 89.
+    Ascham, Roger, on books of Chivalry, 87.
+    ---- on Cambridge, 38.
+    ---- his _Book of the Cockpit_, 262.
+    Association books, 172.
+    ASTROLOGY, books on, 253-256.
+    ASTRONOMY, books on, 244.
+    Attic Theatre, the, 73.
+    Auctions, the history of book-, 187.
+    _Auction Records, Book-_, 191.
+    Augustine, St., on Varro, 154.
+    Austen, Jane, her _Mansfield Park_, 113.
+    ---- on novels, 63.
+    AUSTRALIA, books on, 207.
+    _Aymon, the Four Sons of_, 14, 15.
+
+    Balin and Balan, 95.
+    BALLADS, 220.
+    _Ballatis, Gude and Godlie_, 13.
+    Bankes's _IX. Drunkardes_, 257.
+    BARBARY, books on, 209-210.
+    Barbier's _Ouvrages Anonymes_, 169.
+    Barbier, Louis, 154.
+    Barclay's _Euphormionis_, 11.
+    Barocci, Giacomo, his library, 181.
+    Barrow, a desecrated, 103.
+    Barton, Elizabeth, her book, 13.
+    Basse, Nicholas of Frankfort, 178.
+    Beckmann, Johann, on catalogues, 176-178, 180, 188.
+    Belvedere, motto at, 38 n.
+    Bernard, Dr. Francis, 13 n.
+    BEWICK, books on, 168.
+    BIBLES, 212.
+    _Bibliographica_, 167.
+    Bibliographies of Bibliographies, 170.
+    ---- some early, 154-156.
+    BIBLIOGRAPHY, 150-156, 160-170.
+    ---- compiling a, 151-153, 156.
+    ---- examples of great industry in, 154.
+    ---- the objects of, 150.
+    _Bibliography_, Mr. Courtney's _Register of National_, 170, 205.
+    ---- Growoll's _English Book Trade_, 181.
+    Bigmore and Wyman's _Bibliography of Printing_, 167.
+    Bill, John, 181.
+    BINDING, _see_ BOOKBINDING.
+    BIOGRAPHIES, 213.
+    ---- Dictionaries of, 217.
+    Bishop, a Tudor, his town house, 19.
+    Black Prince, the, 90, 92.
+    ---- his household book, 18.
+    Blackie, Professor, quoted, 59.
+    Blades' _Life of Caxton_, 165.
+    Blagrave's Manor-house, 244 n.
+    BLOCK-BOOKS, Sotheby on, 166.
+    Boccaccio, on translating, 73.
+    Bonaventura, 37.
+    _Book-Auction Records_, 191.
+    _Book of Curtesye_, the 223.
+    _Book of Good Manners_, the, 14.
+    _Bookhunter_, Burton's, 21.
+    _Book-Prices Current_, 191.
+    BOOKS PRINTED ABROAD, ENGLISH, 242.
+    Books, the care of, 126.
+    ---- the charm of old, 106-108.
+    ---- cleaning, 145-149.
+    ---- English printed abroad, 242.
+    ---- the five classes of, 120-122.
+    ---- imperfect, 112, 116-120.
+    ---- lost, 10-21.
+    ---- repairing, _see_ BOOKBINDING.
+    ---- travel far afield, 17.
+    Bookbinders, London, 139.
+    BOOKBINDING, 135-140.
+    ---- books on, 135, 136.
+    ---- leathers, 137, 138.
+    ---- prescription for, 137, 139-140.
+    BOOKBINDINGS, Armorial, 115 n.
+    ---- collecting, 203.
+    ---- old, their value, 113-115.
+    ---- paper, 116, 141-145.
+    ---- polishing old, 141.
+    ---- preservative for, 141.
+    ---- repairing, 109-115, 141-145.
+    BOOKCASES, 128-134.
+    BOOK-COLLECTORS, the Doctor, 42.
+    ---- the Genealogist, 40-42.
+    ---- the Sailor, 43.
+    ---- the Soldier, 49.
+    ---- the Traveller, 44-48.
+    BOOKPLATES, works on, 115 n.
+    BOOKSELLERS, books upon, 182 n.
+    ---- Mr. McKerrow's _Dictionary of_, 183.
+    BOOKSHELVES, making, 128-134.
+    ---- staining, 131, 132.
+    BOTANY, early, 245-247.
+    Boucicault, Marshal Jean, 213-214.
+    Bouillon, Godfrey de, 89.
+    Bourchier, Sir Henry, 181.
+    Box, an old, 18.
+    British Museum Catalogue, 163.
+    ---- ---- talking in the Reading Room of the, 34.
+    Brittany, old books in, 28.
+    ---- old hostel in, 29.
+    Britwell Court Library, 210.
+    BROADSIDES, 220, 228.
+    Browne, Sir Thomas, 52.
+    ---- quoted, 104, 233.
+    Bruce, King Robert, 93.
+    Brunet, J. C., 22.
+    ---- his _Manuel de Libraire_, 163.
+    Brydges' _British Bibliographer_, 162.
+    Buckram for shelves, 132.
+    Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_, 66.
+    Burney, Admiral James, 208.
+    Burns' _Poems_, value of, 190.
+    ---- ---- a unique copy of, 173.
+    Burton, John Hill, quoted, 59.
+    ---- his _Bookhunter_, 21.
+    Burton's _Arabian Nights_, 78 n.
+    Bury, Richard of, quoted, 65.
+    Byron's _English Bards_, 190.
+    ---- _Poems_, 189.
+    Byron, J., _Wreck of the Wager_, 47.
+
+    Caesar, the Elzevier, 21-22, 24.
+    Calderon, translations of, 73.
+    Cambridge and Roger Ascham, 38.
+    ---- books, Mr. Sayle on, 165.
+    Camelot, 95, 97, 98.
+    Campbell, Thomas, quoted, 47.
+    CARD GAMES, books on, 262.
+    Castiglione, Baldassare, 19.
+    Cataloguer, an Abbey, 54.
+    CATALOGUES, bound at the end of books, 183-187.
+    ---- early booksellers', 174-181.
+    ---- a Restoration one, 184.
+    ---- of Nicholas Basse, 178.
+    ----    John Bill, 181.
+    ----    Johan Cless, 180.
+    ----    George Draud, 180.
+    ----    William Jaggard, 181.
+    ----    Andrew Maunsell, 181.
+    ----    Sweynheim and Pannartz, 179.
+    ----    Christian Wechel, 178.
+    Caxton, his advertisement, 175.
+    ---- binding by, 20.
+    ---- book by, 20.
+    ---- his _Book of Good Manners_, 14, 223.
+    ---- on Chivalry, quoted, 90.
+    ---- his _Four Sons of Aymon_, 14, 15.
+    ---- _The Life of_, by Blades, 165.
+    ---- a lost book by, 11.
+    ---- and Malory, 98, 99.
+    ---- his _Metamorphoses of Ovid_, 11.
+    ---- on rebinding a, 114.
+    ---- his _Recueil des Histoires_, 99.
+    ---- his _Speculum_, 14.
+    Cervantes' _Don Quixote_, 66, 74.
+    'Chafynghowys,' the, 34.
+    Chance, 201.
+    CHAPBOOKS, 220, 228.
+    Charlemagne, a story of, 196.
+    _Chasse de Loup, La_, 261.
+    Chaucer, quotations from, 1, 56, 94.
+    Cheke, Sir John, 132.
+    CHESS, books on, 262.
+    CHIVALRY, books on, 234.
+    ---- a collector of books on, 200.
+    ---- England the home of, 92.
+    ---- romances of, 86-90, 227, 228.
+    ---- and 'Sport,' 91.
+    _Chronograms_, Hilton's, 168.
+    CIVIL WAR, books on the, 221.
+    CLASSICS, the, 61, 70-73.
+    ---- collecting the, 222.
+    Claudin, M. Anatole, works by, 166.
+    Cleaning books, 145-149.
+    Clement's _Bibliotheque Curieuse_, 164.
+    Clerkenwell, books bought in, 3, 18.
+    Cless, Johan of Frankfort, 180.
+    COCKFIGHTING, books on, 261.
+    COLLATING, 119, 152-153.
+    Collectors, _see_ BOOK-COLLECTORS.
+    Collins, William, of Chichester, 11, 12.
+    Colombiere, La, books by, 235-6.
+    COMMONPLACE BOOKS, 54-57.
+    COMMONWEALTH, books on the, 221.
+    _Companions to Greek_ and _Latin Studies_, 73.
+    Conon, lost books by, 55.
+    Cook, Captain, 207-208.
+    COOKERY BOOKS, 222.
+    Cooper's _Thesaurus_, 226.
+    CORONATION BOOKS, 235.
+    _Cortigiano, Il_, 19 n.
+    Corvinus, Matthias, 86.
+    COSTUME, books on, 224.
+    Cotton, Sir Robert, his library, 133.
+    Cotton's _Typographical Gazetteer_, 168.
+    Courtney's _Register of National Bibliography_, 170, 205.
+    Crabbe, quotation from, 31.
+    Cranmer on the Maid of Kent, 13.
+    Crawford, the Earl of, his _Bibliotheca Lindesiana_, 220, 221.
+    CRIMES, books on, 225.
+    Croix du Maine, F. de la, 155.
+    Croker's French Revolution collections, 233.
+    Cromwell, Thomas, 15, 19.
+    CURIOSA, 228.
+    Curll, Edmund, 185-6.
+    ---- his edition of Prior, 9, 10.
+    _Curtesye_, the _Book of_, 223.
+
+    Dante, translations of, 75.
+    David's book-stall, 3.
+    _Defence of Women_, the, 16.
+    _De Gloria et Nobilitate_, 4.
+    DEMONOLOGY, books on, 255.
+    _De Re Heraldica_, 8.
+    Despeisses, Anthony, 51.
+    _De Studio Militari_, 5-8.
+    Dibdin's works, 169.
+    DICTIONARIES, 226.
+    Digressions, 51-54.
+    Disraeli, Isaac, quoted, 37.
+    Don, story of a, 79.
+    _Don Quixote_, 66, 74.
+    DRAMA, books on the, 226.
+    Draud, George of Frankfort, 180.
+    DRESS, books on, 224.
+    Drinking-horns, 102.
+    Dryden's _Aeneid_, 72.
+    DUELLING, books on, 248.
+    Duff, Mr. E. G., books by, 161, 166, 183, 242.
+    ---- quoted, 12, 13, 14, 16.
+    Du Fresnoy, Lenglet, 108.
+    Du Guesclin, Bertrand, 92, 216 n.
+    Dumas, Alexandre, 22-24.
+
+    Eale, the, 250-1.
+    EARLY-PRINTED BOOKS, 227.
+    ---- ---- ---- authorities on, 164-166.
+    EARLY ROMANCES, 227.
+    _Ebrietatis Encomium_, 186.
+    Editions good and bad, 69-70.
+    Elks, the Hercynian, 250.
+    _Elzeviers_, 21 _seq._, 187.
+    ENGRAVERS and ENGRAVING, authorities on, 167.
+    ---- ---- books on, 240.
+    ENTOMOLOGY, books on, 251.
+    _Epicoene or the Silent Woman_, 13.
+    _Epitaph of the King of Scotland_, the, 11.
+    Errata, on, 170-1.
+    Este, Alfonso d', 38 n.
+    ETYMOLOGIES, 226.
+    _Euphormionis Lusinini Sat._, 11.
+    Euripides, translations of, 71.
+    EXTRA-ILLUSTRATING, 125.
+
+    Fabert, Abraham, 182.
+    _Fabulous Tales of Esope_, 12.
+    FACETIAE, 228.
+    Farringdon Road, _the_, 18.
+    _Faust_, translations of, 75.
+    Faustus his book, 254.
+    Fenn, Sir John, 20.
+    Fetherstone, Henry, 181.
+    Fitzgerald's _Polonius_, 192.
+    ---- translations, 73.
+    _Flore et Zephyr_, 189.
+    Forgeries, book, 118-120.
+    _Four Sons of Aymon_, the 14, 15.
+    FREEMASONRY, books on, 232, 255.
+    FRENCH REVOLUTION, the, 82, 233.
+    ---- ---- Croker's Collections on the, 233.
+
+    Gairdner, James, quoted, 20.
+    GARDENS, books on, 233.
+    Gavaudan, quoted, 88.
+    Genealogist, the, 40-42.
+    GENEALOGY, books on, 234.
+    _Geology_, books on, 251.
+    Gibbon, Edward, 81.
+    GIPSIES, book on, 229.
+    Giunta Terence, a, 3-4.
+    Goeree, William, 182.
+    Goethe, translations of, 75.
+    _Golden Legend_, the, 217.
+    _Goste of Guido_, the, 11.
+    Graesse's _Tresor de Livres Rares_, 164.
+    Grail, the Holy, 89, 93, 97.
+    ---- ---- appears to the Knights, 99, 100.
+    GRANGERISING, 122-125.
+    Graves, the desecration of, 103-105.
+    Greek, aids to reading, 72, 73.
+    ---- Incunabula, 166.
+    ---- theatre, 73.
+    Growoll's _Book-Trade Bibliography_, 181.
+    Grude, Francois, 155.
+
+    Hain's _Repertorium_, 164.
+    Hamerton, P. G., on Interruptions, 33.
+    ---- on reading the classics, 62.
+    Harrison, Mr. Frederic, on reading, 59, 60, 67, 79.
+    ---- on the classics, 72.
+    ---- _The Choice of Books_, 72.
+    Hazlitt, W. C., on lost books, 12, 14.
+    ---- his _Bibliographical Collections_, 161-2.
+    Health, books on preserving, 224.
+    Heine, translations of, 76.
+    Heinz, quoted, 31.
+    Heliodorus, 84.
+    Henry VII. and Winchester, 98.
+    HERALDRY, books on, 234.
+    HERBALS, 245-247.
+    Herbert, George, his _Jacula Prudentum_, 56.
+    Herbert, Sir Henry, _Office Book of_, 227.
+    Herbert, William, lost books described by, 12.
+    Hilton's _Chronograms_, 168.
+    Hinard, Damas, 74.
+    _Historie of Judith_, the, 11.
+    HISTORY, books on, 237.
+    Hoccleve, 90.
+    Homer, translations of, 71-2.
+    Hoole's _New Discovery_, 260; his pupils, _ib._
+    Horace, on translating, 72.
+    Hospitallers, 200, 214.
+    Hotel du Lion d'Or, 29.
+    Housewife, the perfect, 239.
+    Hozier, Pierre d', 40.
+    Humphrey, Lawrence, 4.
+    Humphreys, Mr. A. L., quoted, 67, 69.
+    HUSBANDRY, books on, 238.
+    Hyde Abbey, 104.
+    Hyeres, the monk illuminator at, 37.
+    _Hygiasticon_, 224.
+
+    Illuminator of St. Honorat, the, 37.
+    Illuminators, the Winchester, 101-2.
+    ILLUSTRATED BOOKS, 240.
+    _Imitatio Christi_, 217.
+    Incunabula, definition of, 167 n.
+    ---- _see_ EARLY-PRINTED BOOKS.
+    Interruptions, 33-35.
+
+    _Jacula Prudentum_, 56.
+    Jaggard, William, 181.
+    Jall, the, 250-1.
+    JEST BOOKS, 228.
+    ---- ---- some early, 16.
+    Jonson, Ben, lost works of, 13.
+    _Judith, the Famous Historie of_, 11.
+
+    Karslake's _Notes from Sotheby's_, 162.
+    Keats' _Endymion_, 113.
+    Keeper of the Abbey muniments, 54 n.
+    Kempis, Thomas a, 217.
+    Kennet, Bishop White, 210.
+    _King Glumpus_, 189.
+    Koberger, Anton, 176.
+
+    L'Abbe's _Bibliotheca_, 155.
+    La Colombiere, books by, 235-6.
+    La Fontaine, Jean de, 39.
+    La Marche, Olivier de, 215.
+    La Monnoye, Bernard de, 154.
+    Lang, Andrew, on Elzeviers, 21.
+    ---- his imperfect books, 112.
+    Large Copper, story of a, 116-117.
+    Large Paper copies, 203.
+    LAW, books on, 240.
+    Lawler's _Book-Auctions_, 187.
+    _Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse_, 15.
+    _Library, the_, by A. Lang, 21.
+    Library, 'laying down a,' 230.
+    Libraries, two old country, 19-20.
+    Lion d'Or, the, 29.
+    LITURGIES, books on, 241.
+    LOCALLY-PRINTED BOOKS, 241.
+    London, books hidden in, 18.
+    Londonderry, medal of the siege of, 253.
+    _Long Meg of Westminster_, 16.
+    Lost books, 10-21.
+    Louis IX (St.) and the Saracens, 90.
+    Louis XIV., his monument, 253.
+    Louvre library, the, 134.
+    Lovelace's _Lucasta_, 120.
+    Lowndes' _Bibliographer's Manual_, 161.
+    LYCANTHROPY, books on, 255.
+
+    Mackenzie, Sir G., quoted, 192.
+    MAGIC, books on, 253-6.
+    Maid of Kent, the, 13.
+    Maimbourg, Louis, 186.
+    Malory, Sir Thomas, 95-99.
+    ---- his _Morte d'Arthur_, 13, 88, 95-101.
+    ---- and Caxton, 98, 99.
+    Malta, the Knights of, 200-1, 214.
+    MANNERS, books on, 223.
+    _Manners, the Book of Good_, 14.
+    _Mansfield Park_, 113.
+    Margaret of Scotland, 17.
+    Markham's housewife, 239.
+    ---- _Thyrsis and Daphne_, 13.
+    Mariner's Mirror, the, 252.
+    Marmol, Luis del, 209-210.
+    Marprelate Tracts, 256.
+    MATHEMATICS, books on, 243.
+    MASQUES, books on, 226, 232.
+    Maunsell, Andrew, 181.
+    MEDICAL BOOKS, 245.
+    ---- ---- a collector of, 42.
+    _Meg of Westminster_, 16.
+    Melanchthon, Philip, 59.
+    MEMOIRS, 213.
+    Menestrier's _Louis le Grand_, 252.
+    MILITARY BOOKS, 247.
+    Milton, quotations from, 88, 94, 95, 105, 127, 193.
+    ---- his _Comus_, 191.
+    MINSTRELS, books on, 232.
+    MIRACLE PLAYS, books on, 232.
+    MODERN AUTHORS, valuable works of, 188-193.
+    ---- ---- bibliographies of, 231-2.
+    Monastic rules, 34.
+    MONSTERS, books on, 255.
+    Montluc, Blaise de, 110-111.
+    Montmorency, Henri, duc de, 215.
+    MOON LORE, 255.
+    MORALITIES, books on, 232.
+    More's _Defence of Women_, 16.
+    Morte d'Arthur, _see_ Malory.
+    Mouse, the painted, 196.
+    MUSIC, books on, 248.
+    _Myriobiblon_, 55.
+    MYSTERIES, books on, 232.
+
+    NAPOLEON, books on, 249-250.
+    NATURAL HISTORY, books on, 250.
+    NAUTICAL BOOKS, 251.
+    _Neuf Preux, le Triomphe des_, 89, 216, 228.
+    _New England Canaan_, 211.
+    Newspapers, on reading, 64.
+    Newton, Sir I., bibliography of, 244.
+    Nightingale, Miss, on interruptions, 33.
+    Night working, 35.
+    _Nigramansir_, the, 11.
+    Normandy, Robert of, 201.
+    Notes, editors', 70.
+    Novels, on reading, 63.
+    ---- the first, 84-85.
+    NUMISMATICS, books on, 252.
+
+    Occleve, 90.
+    OCCULT, books on the, 253.
+    Olaf, King, 201.
+    _Optimates_, by L. Humphrey, 4.
+    Ordnance, mediaeval, 49.
+    _Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire_, 190.
+    Ormsby, John, on romances, 86.
+    Osorio's _De Gloria_, 4.
+    Ovid's _Metamorphoses_, by Caxton, 11.
+    _Oxford Books_, by Mr. F. Madan, 165.
+
+    PAGEANTS, books on, 226.
+    Painted Mouse, a, 196.
+    _Palmerin d'Olive_, 205.
+    Palsgrave, John, 15.
+    PAMPHLETS and TRACTS, 256.
+    Panzer's _Annalen_, 165.
+    _Pappe with an Hatchet_, 256.
+    _Passionate Pilgrim, the_, 10.
+    _Pastissier Francois, le_, 21-28.
+    ---- ---- prices of, 21, 24, 25.
+    Paston Letters, the, 20.
+    Pedigree hunting, 40.
+    'Pegs,' 102.
+    _Perceforest_, quotation from, 92.
+    ---- description of, 93 n.
+    'Peregrine' volumes, 242.
+    Peron, the, 95-97.
+    PHILOSOPHY, books on, 258.
+    Photius, 55.
+    _Pilgrim's Progress, the_, 66.
+    Pinson, Gheerart, 243.
+    Place des Victoires, monument in the, 253.
+    PLAYS, books on old, 226.
+    Pliny on Seclusion, 36.
+    POETRY, 258.
+    _Poems by Two Brothers_, 189.
+    ---- _on Various Occasions_, 189.
+    Pollard, Mr. A. W.'s _Fifteenth-Century Books_, 165-6.
+    Pollio, Asinius, 133.
+    Pope on Curll, 185.
+    ---- quotation from, 68.
+    Portugal, a convent in, 17.
+    PRAYER BOOKS, works on, 241.
+    Precentor, the, 33 n.
+    Prescriptions, some early, 246.
+    PRESSES, CELEBRATED, 219.
+    PRICES OF BOOKS, 189-192, 227-8.
+    ---- ---- some early, 179.
+    ---- ---- on determining, 171-173.
+    _Prices of Books_, Wheatley's, 173-4.
+    PRINTERS' MARKS, books on, 169-170.
+    Printers, Mr. McKerrow's _Dictionary of_, 183.
+    Prior, his pirated _Poems_, 9, 10.
+    PRISONS, books on, 225.
+    PRIVATELY-PRINTED BOOKS, 203-4, 259.
+    PROCLAMATIONS, 221.
+    Proctor's _Early Printed Books_, 165.
+    Prophecies, a book of, 255.
+    Provence, a monk of, 37.
+    PSEUDONYMS, books on, 168.
+    Pynson, Richard, 11, 14, 15.
+
+    Quaritch's _General Catalogue_, 162.
+    Querard's _Supercheries Litteraires_, 169.
+    Quotations, doubtful origin of, 56, 57.
+    ---- wrongly assigned, 57 n.
+
+    Rabelais, translations of, 76.
+    Racine and Heliodorus, 86.
+    Rainman, John, 177.
+    Ratdolt, Erhart, 176.
+    READING, the art of, 59-70, 78, 81-83.
+    ---- wide, 79-81.
+    REBELLION TRACTS, 221, 222.
+    REBINDING, 109-116.
+    Recommending books, 59.
+    Regnault, Francois, 181.
+    Rene d'Anjou, 87.
+    REVOLUTION, THE FRENCH, 82, 233.
+    Rigging, an authority upon, 43.
+    ROGUERY, books on, 225.
+    ROMANCES OF CHIVALRY, 86-90, 227, 228.
+    Romance, the spirit of, 94-5, 102.
+    ROSICRUCIANS, books on the, 255.
+    Rouen, an old inn at, 26.
+    Round Table at Winchester, the, 100, 101.
+    Rowlands' Tracts, 225.
+    Roydon Hall, 20.
+
+    St. Amand, Gerard de, 52.
+    St. Augustine on Varro, 154.
+    St. Bernard on Solitude, 35.
+    St. Honorat, the monk of, 37.
+    St. Katherin of Siena, 21.
+    St. Louis and the Saracens, 90.
+    St. Margaret's _Devotional_, 17.
+    ---- ---- _Life_, by Pynson, 11.
+    Sallengre's _L'Elogie de l'Ivresse_, 186.
+    Sanchez's _Bibliografia Aragonesa_, 170.
+    SARACENIC literature, 209.
+    Savaron, Jean, 248.
+    Savonarola's Compendium, 255.
+    _Sawyer, Tom, The Adventures of_, 66.
+    Sayle's _Books at Cambridge_, 165.
+    Schiller, translations of, 76.
+    Schoeffer's catalogue, 174.
+    SCHOOL BOOKS, OLD, 259.
+    Scipio Africanus, quoted, 38, 57 n.
+    Scott, Dr. E. J. L., 54 n.
+    _Scott's Last Expedition_, 69.
+    SEA, books on the, 251-2.
+    SEALS, books on, 236.
+    Seilliere, Baron A., the library of, 22 n, 227.
+    Seymour, Richard, Esq., 187.
+    SHAKESPEAREANA, 218, 219.
+    Shakespeare's _Passionate Pilgrim_, 10, 228 n.
+    ---- Plays, 14, 17.
+    ---- _Titus Andronicus_, 17.
+    Sharon Turner on digressions, 52.
+    ---- on Romances, 88.
+    Shelley, quotation from, 38.
+    ---- _Adonais_ and _Queen Mab_, 189, 190.
+    ---- _Original Poetry_, 190.
+    SHELVES, 128-134.
+    Ships, an authority upon old, 43.
+    'Shorn lamb' proverb, 56.
+    Skelton, John, lost books by, 11.
+    Slater's _Early Editions_, 191.
+    Solitude, 35-39.
+    Sophocles, translations of, 71.
+    Sotheby on block-books, 166.
+    SOUTH SEAS, books on the, 207.
+    Southcote Manor-house, 244 n.
+    Spanish folios, 129.
+    SPECIALISM, the advantages of, 194 _seq._
+    Specialists, subjects of, 202-3.
+    _Speculum_, Caxton's, 14.
+    _Speculum Principis_, Skelton's, 11.
+    Spenser, quoted, 31.
+    SPORT, books on, 260.
+    ---- definition of, 260 n.
+    Stael, Madame de, 52.
+    Staining bookshelves, 131, 132.
+    ---- leaves of books, 149.
+    STAINS, removing, 146-149.
+    'Stationers,' 177.
+    Sterne, Laurence, 56.
+    Sweynheim and Pannartz, 179.
+    Syon College library, 12, 21.
+
+    Taylor, Bayard, 75.
+    Tennyson, A. and C., 189.
+    ---- _Helen's Tower_, 192.
+    Terence, a Giunta, 3, 4.
+    Thackeray's _Flore et Zephyr_, 189.
+    ---- King Glumpus, 189.
+    Theagenes and Chariclea, 85.
+    THEOLOGY, 263.
+    _Thesaurus Cornucopiae_, 171-172.
+    Thomas Aquinas, 37.
+    Thomas a Kempis, 217.
+    Thomason, George, 257.
+    _Thyrsis and Daphne_, 13.
+    Titles, some curious, 256-7.
+    _Titus Andronicus_, 17.
+    TOBACCO, books on, 263.
+    Tombs, the desecration of, 103-105.
+    TOPOGRAPHY, books on, 264.
+    TRACTS, 256.
+    TRADES, books on, 264.
+    Traveller, the library, 44-48.
+    TRIALS, books on, 225.
+    _Triomphe des Neuf Preux, le_, 89, 216, 228.
+    Tristram on a white horse, 88.
+    Trunk, an old, 18.
+    Trusler's _Honours of the Table_, 223.
+    Turner, Sharon, on Digressions, 52.
+    ---- on Romances, 88.
+
+    University Don, a widely read, 79-81.
+    Upton, Nicholas, 5-8.
+    Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 76.
+
+    Varro, St. Augustine on, 154.
+    Vaughan, Stephen, 15, 16.
+    Vellum, brown, 138.
+    ---- perishable, 138.
+    _Venus and Adonis_, 14, 228 n.
+    'Venus de Milo,' 133 n.
+    Verard, Antoine, 166, 176.
+    'Victor and Cazire,' 190.
+    Vincent's _True Relation_, 211.
+    Virgil, translations of, 72.
+    Voragine, Jacobus de, 217.
+
+    Wace, quoted, 93.
+    _Wager_, H.M.S., the loss of, 47.
+    'Wagstaffe, Theophile,' 189.
+    Walloon printer, a, 243.
+    Walton's _Compleat Angler_, 191, 192.
+    'Wargus,' 105.
+    Warton, Thomas, 11.
+    WASHING AND CLEANING, 146-149.
+    Wechel, Christian, 178-9.
+    WEREWOLVES, books on, 255.
+    Westminster Abbey muniments, 54 n.
+    Wheatley's _Prices of Books_, 173-174.
+    Willems, Alphonse, 24, 187.
+    Willer, George, 177, 178.
+    William the Conqueror, 201.
+    Winchester, 95-102.
+    ---- ancient customs of, 102.
+    ---- Castle hall at, 100, 101.
+    WITCHCRAFT, books on, 255.
+    Wolvesey Castle, 101.
+    Worde, Wynkyn de, 13, 14, 15, 21.
+    Wordsworth, quoted, 36, 77, 95.
+
+    Ximenes, Cardinal, 36, 37.
+
+    Yale, the, 250-1.
+
+    ZOOLOGY, books on, 250.
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Page 81, "adminster" changed to "administer"
+Page 101, "seul a" changed to "seul a"
+Page 267, "pere" changed to "Pere"
+Page 273, "Litteraires" changed to "Litteraires"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book-Hunter at Home, by P. B. M. Allan
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