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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Public Service of General
+Zachary Taylor: An Address, by Abraham Lincoln
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Public Service of General Zachary Taylor: An Address
+
+Author: Abraham Lincoln
+
+Editor: William Eleazar Barton
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2007 [EBook #22681]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+After lying buried for almost three quarters of a century in the columns
+of a single newspaper, unknown even to Lincoln specialists, this eulogy
+on President Zachary Taylor was discovered by sheer accident. It was
+then brought to the attention of Rev. William E. Barton, D.D., of
+Chicago, who has long been an ardent student of Abraham Lincoln and has
+published several books about him. By diligent searching he was able to
+gather the many details which he has embodied in his Introduction to the
+eulogy, and the publishers have gladly cooeperated with him for the
+preservation of all the material in a worthy and attractive form.
+
+
+4 PARK STREET, BOSTON
+_September 1, 1922_
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICE OF
+
+GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR
+
+
+
+
+THIS EDITION IS LIMITED TO FOUR HUNDRED AND
+THIRTY-FIVE COPIES, PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE
+PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A., OF WHICH FOUR HUNDRED
+ARE FOR SALE. THIS IS NUMBER [Handwritten: 273]
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICE OF
+GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR
+
+
+AN ADDRESS
+BY
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
+The Riverside Press Cambridge
+1922
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY WILLIAM R. BARTON
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The discovery of an unknown address by Abraham Lincoln is an event of
+literary and historical significance. Various attempts have been made to
+recover his "Lost Speech," delivered in Bloomington, in 1856. Henry C.
+Whitney undertook to reconstruct it from notes and memory, with a result
+which has been approved by some who heard it, while others, including a
+considerable group who gathered in Bloomington to celebrate the fiftieth
+anniversary of its original delivery and of the event which called it
+forth, declared their conviction that "Abraham Lincoln's 'Lost Speech'
+is still lost." So far as I am aware no one now living remembers to have
+heard Lincoln's address on the death of President Zachary Taylor.
+Lincoln's oration on the death of Henry Clay is well known, and his
+speech commemorative of his friend, Benjamin Ferguson, also is of
+record. His eulogy on President Zachary Taylor, however, appears to have
+been wholly overlooked by Lincoln's biographers and by the compilers of
+various editions of his works. Nicolay and Hay make no allusion to it,
+either in their "Life" of Lincoln or in their painstaking compilations
+of his writings and speeches. I have found but one reference to it, that
+in Whitney's "Life on the Circuit with Lincoln."
+
+Lovers of Lincoln are to be congratulated upon this discovery, of which
+some account is to be given in this introduction. The address was
+delivered in the City Hall in Chicago on Thursday afternoon, July 25,
+1850. It was printed in one Chicago paper. It was set up from Lincoln's
+original manuscript, furnished for the purpose.
+
+President Taylor died at Washington on July 9, 1850. The disease was
+diagnosed as cholera morbus. A number of other distinguished men were
+sick in Washington at the same time and apparently with the same
+disease. The death of Taylor was a hard blow to the Whig Party. Of its
+seven candidates for the Presidency, it succeeded in electing only two,
+William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor, and each of these died not
+long after his election.
+
+Lincoln arrived in Chicago two days before the President's death. The
+"Chicago Journal" of Monday evening, July 8, 1850, reported:
+
+     Hon. A. Lincoln, of Springfield, arrived in town yesterday to
+     attend to duties in the United States District Court, now in
+     session in this city.
+
+A meeting was held in Chicago on the night of the President's death,
+Tuesday, July 9, 1850, and arrangements were made for a memorial
+service. In accordance with the journalistic methods of the times, the
+daily papers reported the proceedings entire.
+
+The committee appointed evidently acted promptly, for the same issue
+records that the committee had selected Lincoln as the eulogist, and
+that he had accepted. The formal acceptance, however, was not published
+until two weeks later, and just before the address itself was delivered.
+The occasion for the delay would appear to have been that the Common
+Council of the City of Chicago had started independently a movement for
+a Memorial Service, and that the two committees after some conference
+had agreed to combine in one service to be held in the City Hall. The
+following correspondence was published on Wednesday evening, July 24:
+
+     EULOGY UPON THE LATE PRESIDENT
+
+      The following is a copy of the correspondence between the Hon. A.
+     Lincoln and the Committee of Arrangements, for paying a suitable
+     tribute of respect to the late President of the United States:
+
+     A. LINCOLN, Esq.
+
+     Sir:--We, the undersigned Committee, appointed at a meeting of our
+     fellow citizens, to act in conjunction with the Committee appointed
+     by the Common Council of this city, to select a suitable person to
+     deliver an address to our citizens at the City Hall upon the life
+     of Z. Taylor, deceased, late President of the United States of
+     America.
+
+     We have, with great unanimity of feeling and sentiment of both
+     Committees, selected yourself for the purpose named--and desire
+     that you will be kind enough to accept thereof and to name the time
+     when you will perform that duty, of addressing your fellow-citizens
+     of Chicago, at the place named.
+
+     With sentiments of high esteem
+           Your fellow-citizens
+
+                      L. C. KERCHEVAL
+                      B. S. MORRIS
+                      G. W. DOLE
+                      J. H. KINZIE
+                      W. L. NEWBERRY
+
+                        CHICAGO, ILL., _July 24, 1850_
+
+     GENTLEMEN:--
+
+     Yours of the 22nd inviting me to deliver an address to the
+     citizens of this city upon the life of Z. Taylor, deceased, late
+     President of the United States, was duly received. The want of time
+     for preparation will make the task, for me, a very difficult one to
+     perform, in any degree satisfactory to others or to myself. Still I
+     do not feel at liberty to decline the invitation; and therefore I
+     will fix to-morrow as the time. The hour may be any you think
+     proper, after 12 o'clock M.
+
+                                         Your Ob't. Serv't
+                                                  A. LINCOLN
+
+     Messrs. L. C. KERCHEVAL
+             B. S. MORRIS
+             GEO. W. DOLE
+             JOHN H. KINZIE
+             W. L. NEWBERRY
+
+Formal announcement of the time and place appeared in the papers of
+Thursday, July 25.
+
+     EULOGY
+
+     The Eulogy upon General Taylor will be delivered at 4 o'clock this
+     afternoon at the City Hall, by A. Lincoln, Esq., in obedience to
+     the request of the Council, and of citizens.
+
+The Committee of Arrangements took action immediately following the
+address and on the same day made formal request of Mr. Lincoln for a
+copy of the address for publication. The committee's letter and
+Lincoln's reply were both printed in full:
+
+                           CHICAGO, _July 25, 1850_
+
+     DEAR SIR:--
+
+     Having listened with great satisfaction to the chaste and beautiful
+     eulogism on the character and services of Zachary Taylor, late
+     President of the United States, pronounced by you before the
+     citizens of Chicago, and desirous that the public at large may
+     participate in the pleasure enjoyed by those who had the good
+     fortune to be present on the occasion, we respectfully request that
+     you will furnish a copy of your address for publication.
+
+       With great regard
+             Your obedient servants
+             L. C. KERCHEVAL, _City Committee_
+             RICHARD J. HAMILTON,
+                 _For the Committee Common Council City of Chicago_.
+
+     To HON. A. LINCOLN
+
+
+                                CHICAGO, _July 26, 1850_
+
+     GENTLEMEN:--
+
+     Your polite note of yesterday, requesting for publication a copy of
+     the address on the life and public services of Gen. Taylor, is
+     received; and I comply with the request very cheerfully.
+     Accompanying this I send you the original manuscript.
+
+                        Your ob't serv't
+                                    A. LINCOLN
+
+     Messrs. L. C. KERCHEVAL
+             R. J. HAMILTON
+
+As was fitting, the committee turned over the manuscript to "The
+Journal," a Whig paper, and "The Journal" undertook to furnish the
+address to its readers on Saturday, July 27. It found itself under the
+necessity however, of printing only part of the address in that issue,
+and apologized with a statement that postponement of the remainder was
+due to illness among its workmen. On Monday the address was printed
+complete. The type used in the Saturday issue remained standing and the
+remainder of the Eulogy was set up, and joined to it.
+
+My attention was called to this report by Hon. Edward W. Baker, of
+Barry, Illinois, who having undertaken to discover in the Chicago
+Historical Society another matter relating to Lincoln, in which we were
+both interested, found this address and reported it to me, with an
+inquiry whether I had knowledge of it. I made search of the daily papers
+of the period and found not only the address, but the correspondence and
+notable items as here given.
+
+Lincoln must have been glad of this opportunity to speak out of his
+heart his words of sincere admiration for a man whom he had helped to
+elect President of the United States. From the outset Lincoln had
+believed in Taylor, while many other Whigs refused to support, or
+supported with languid interest, a candidate who was a slave-holder and
+who had borne a conspicuous part in the Mexican War.
+
+Taylor was nominated by a Whig Convention, which met in Philadelphia,
+June 7, 1848. The party was so divided that it could not put forth a
+distinctive platform. Even an attempt to unite upon an expression
+concerning the Wilmot Proviso was regarded as so divisive that it was
+not permitted to come to a vote. The real platform was General Taylor,
+and his popular nickname, "Old Rough and Ready." Although Taylor was no
+politician and a stranger even to the ballot-box, he regarded himself as
+a Whig, but he took pains to explain that he was not an "ultra Whig."
+Daniel Webster called him "an ignorant old frontier Colonel," but not
+only Webster, but Clay and Seward, joined in his support. Many a Whig
+who voted for Taylor accepted him as the choice of two evils. Lincoln,
+however, was enthusiastic in his support of the nominee. He went into
+the campaign, as Nicolay and Hay remind us, with "exultant alacrity."
+They say:
+
+     He could not even wait for the adjournment of Congress to begin his
+     stump speaking. Following the bad example of the rest of his
+     colleagues, he obtained the floor on the 27th of July and made a
+     long, brilliant and humorous speech, upon the merits of the two
+     candidates before the people.--(_Abraham Lincoln: A History_, vol.
+     I, p. 279.)
+
+This was Lincoln's noted "coat-tail speech," in which he paid his
+respects to General Cass, the candidate of the Democrats.
+
+Immediately after the adjournment of Congress, Lincoln went to New
+England, where he delivered speeches in favor of Taylor, and opposing
+not so much the Democrats as the Free-Soilers, whose hostility was
+weakening and threatening to defeat the Whig Party.
+
+Lincoln fully expected that Taylor when elected would remember and
+reward him for this service. What Lincoln wanted, inasmuch as he was not
+permitted to return to Congress, was an appointment as General
+Commissioner of the United States Land Office in Washington. To his
+bitter disappointment Taylor did not appoint him, but gave the position
+to Justin Butterfield, of Chicago, who was said to have been favored by
+Daniel Webster.
+
+Although Lincoln's chief activity in the Taylor campaign was outside the
+State of Illinois, it happened that he delivered one notable stump
+speech for Taylor in the city of Chicago. It was while he was on his way
+back from the East, coming in part by the Great Lakes, and making his
+visit to Niagara, that he stopped in Chicago, Friday, October 6, 1848.
+The "Evening Journal" announced that "Hon. A. Lincoln, M.C., from this
+State, and family, were at the Sherman House." The same issue called
+upon the friends of Taylor and Fillmore to rally that evening at the
+Court-House and hear Mr. Lincoln on the issues of the campaign. "The
+notice is short," said the "Journal," "but Old Zack's soldiers are all
+minute men." The papers next day announced that although there was
+scant notice, only six hours, the Court-House was overcrowded, and
+adjournment had to be taken to the park, where Lincoln spoke for two
+hours in what the editor declared was one of the best political speeches
+which the editor had ever heard or read.
+
+When General Taylor died, it was eminently fitting that Lincoln, as the
+one Whig member from Illinois of the last Congress before the election
+of Taylor, should have been invited to deliver the Eulogy upon him. His
+arrival in Chicago, two days before the death of President Taylor,
+furnished a convenient opportunity for the people of the city to hear
+him. If Lincoln had any feelings, as he may well have had, that General
+Taylor did not sufficiently recognize Lincoln's activities in the
+campaign that led to his election, the address portrays nothing of his
+disappointment. Though the address was hastily prepared in the midst of
+duties which kept him more or less busy in court, he accepted the
+invitation gladly and improved the occasion to the satisfaction of his
+hearers.
+
+In a number of respects the address of Lincoln presents points of
+interest. First of all, it is notable in its biographical character. It
+presents in outline a fairly complete account of the life and service of
+General Taylor. Lincoln doubtless availed himself of such biographical
+data as the campaign had recently produced and which Lincoln found at
+hand in Chicago after the invitation had been received by him to deliver
+the address.
+
+It is noteworthy that in speaking of Taylor's invasion of Mexican
+territory, Lincoln takes pains to state that he did it under orders. It
+was this fact that enabled Lincoln and other Whigs who were opposed on
+principle to the Mexican War to support Taylor for the Presidency. They
+were particular to explain that he performed that act as a soldier,
+under orders, and that the Polk Administration was responsible, and not
+their own candidate. In this address Lincoln did not enlarge upon that
+fact, but he did not fail to state it.
+
+His favorable comment upon the fact that Taylor had not engaged in
+dueling is the more notable because Lincoln had himself been an
+unwilling participant in what had threatened to be a duel--a fact of
+which he was never very proud.
+
+It is notable that he speaks of Taylor's freedom from ambition to be
+President until the position came within the range of possibility, and
+then became possessed of a "laudable ambition" to secure the position.
+Lincoln had not as yet precisely an ambition of that character, but
+there always lurked in his mind the possibility that he might rise to
+that high position. Even in 1848, when he had not been reelected to
+Congress, and had been disappointed in his remaining political ambition,
+he still thought the desire to become President a "laudable ambition."
+
+We note in the oration one or two studied attempts at eloquence, such as
+characterized the earlier oratory of Lincoln, but which disappeared
+wholly from his later and more chaste style. The description of the
+mutual solicitude of the garrison of Fort Brown and the party of
+soldiers outside the fort, and of the relief that was succeeded by a cry
+of "Victory," must have been dramatic, and it shows at its best that
+earlier vein of Abraham Lincoln's studied attempt at oratorical effect.
+
+One of the most interesting because most characteristic qualities of the
+address is the appreciation of the magnanimity of General Taylor, as
+exemplified in his treatment of Colonel Worth. This I regard as one of
+the best things in the address, because it was an example of what was
+best in that bluff and sensible and generous old soldier, Zachary
+Taylor, and because it was so nobly characteristic also of Abraham
+Lincoln. Lincoln emphasized that quality in Taylor, because he
+unconsciously sought out in him what was most truly like to his own
+noble nature.
+
+Orations by one President upon another are none too common in American
+literature; and this by Lincoln upon Taylor is of value in its estimate
+of the best in Taylor as discerned by one in whom the same quality was
+worthily present. Lincoln would have done for Worth what Taylor did. He
+treated in similar fashion the men who opposed him.
+
+One feature of the oration has remarkable interest. It appears to have
+been the only address of Lincoln's in which he made use of his favorite
+poem,--
+
+     "Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?"
+
+This poem he quoted so often to his friends that some of them supposed
+him to have been its author, but so far as a search of his published
+works can show, he did not use it in any other formal address.
+
+Lincoln often inquired of his friends whether any of them knew the
+author of this poem. So far as is known, he never learned. Herndon, in
+his lecture which has served as the basis of all the literature
+concerning Lincoln and Ann Rutledge, informs us that, after the death of
+Ann, Lincoln formed an attachment for this poem. It has been affirmed
+that he learned it from Ann. I have inquired of Mrs. Sarah Rutledge
+Saunders, surviving[1] sister of Ann Rutledge, whether her mother knew
+this poem and taught it to her daughters, Ann included. She replied:
+
+     Yes, Mother knew the poem, "Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be
+     proud." But she did not teach it to Lincoln. The girls and Mother
+     learned it from Lincoln. They always called it Lincoln's song.
+
+[Footnote 1: Mrs. Saunders was living when this Introduction was
+written, but died May 1, 1922.]
+
+The first allusion made to this poem in any of Lincoln's letters, that I
+have seen, was in April, 1846, when he was writing some verses of his
+own, and comparing them with those of another budding poet, William
+Johnson. Johnson had sent to Lincoln a poem which he had written, a
+parody upon Poe's "Raven." Lincoln had never read the "Raven," but he
+sent to Johnson some lines of his own, composed after his visit to his
+old home in Indiana in the fall of 1844. Subsequently, in September,
+1846, Lincoln sent him additional lines suggested by the same visit. It
+is in the letter of April 18, 1846, that Lincoln refers to the poem, "Oh
+why should the spirit of mortal be proud?" He says:
+
+     I have not your letter now before me; but from memory, I think you
+     ask me who is the author of the piece I sent you, and that you do
+     so ask as to indicate a slight suspicion that I am the author.
+     Beyond all question, I am not the author. I would give all I am
+     worth, and go in debt, to be able to write so fine a piece as I
+     think that is. I met it in a straggling newspaper last summer, and
+     I remember to have seen it once before, about fifteen years ago,
+     and this is all I know about it.
+
+The statement that he first had seen the poem about fifteen years before
+1846--that is, about 1831--carries his acquaintance with it back to the
+period of his friendship for Ann Rutledge, and it is not at all
+improbable that she learned it at the same time.
+
+After Lincoln had become President, he is said to have made one or more
+copies of this poem for personal friends; but I have not seen any of
+these copies. It would be interesting to know whether he ever knew the
+whole poem.
+
+Literary critics have not shared his high estimate of the composition.
+In general they have esteemed it a rather mediocre piece. But its
+rhythm is accurate, and its rhyme is good, and its plaintive sentiment
+accorded with the melancholy of Lincoln and of his social environment.
+It is not the only poem of no great literary merit which became popular
+in that period; and it would have been forgotten with the rest but for
+the association of its lines with the name of Abraham Lincoln. He gave
+to it and its author their chief claim to immortality.
+
+During his Presidency, Lincoln said:
+
+     There is a poem which has been a great favorite with me for years,
+     which was first shown me when a young man, by a friend, and which I
+     afterwards saw and cut from a newspaper and learned by heart. I
+     would give a good deal to know who wrote it, but I have never been
+     able to ascertain.
+
+The author of the poem, "Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?"
+was William Knox, who was born at Firth, in the parish of Lilliesleaf,
+in the county of Roxburghshire, in Scotland, on the 17th of August,
+1789, and who died at the age of thirty-six. From his early childhood
+he wrote verses, and he attained sufficient prominence to win the
+attention of Walter Scott, who encouraged him and loaned him money. What
+he might have done had he lived, we do not know; but this is the only
+poem of his that has any claim to distinction, and that not for its own
+outstanding merit, but for its association with Abraham Lincoln.
+
+Knox's earliest volume, "The Harp of Zion," was published in 1825, and
+does not contain this poem. What appears to have been an inclusive
+volume of the poems of Knox was published in London and Edinburgh in
+1847, and bore the title "The Lonely Hearth, The Songs of Israel, Harp
+of Zion, and Other Poems." This includes the poem which bears the title
+"Mortality." It is interesting to recall that it has sometimes been
+printed with the title "Immortality." To that title, however, it can
+bear no claim.
+
+It will be of interest to compare the poem in its entirety with the
+stanzas which Lincoln quoted on the occasion of his oration in memory of
+the deceased President, General Zachary Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+MORTALITY
+
+BY WILLIAM KNOX
+
+
+     Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?
+     Like a swift flying meteor, a fast flying cloud,
+     A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave,
+     Man passeth from life to his rest in the grave.
+
+     The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade,
+     Be scattered around and together be laid;
+     And the young and the old, and the low and the high,
+     Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie.
+
+     The infant a mother attended and loved;
+     The mother that infant's affection who proved;
+     The husband that mother and infant who blessed,
+     Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest.
+
+     The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye,
+     Shone beauty and pleasure,--her triumphs are by;
+     And the memory of those who loved her and praised,
+     Are alike from the minds of the living erased.
+
+     The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne;
+     The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn;
+     The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave,
+     Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave.
+
+     The peasant whose lot was to saw and to reap;
+     The herdsman who climbed with his goats up the steep;
+     The beggar who wandered in search of his bread,
+     Have faded away like the grass that we tread.
+
+     The saint who enjoyed the communion of heaven;
+     The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven;
+     The wise and the foolish, the guilty and just,
+     Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust.
+
+     So the multitude goes, like the flower or the weed,
+     That withers away to let others succeed;
+     So the multitude comes, even those we behold,
+     To repeat every tale that has often been told.
+
+     For we are the same our fathers have been;
+     We see the same sights our fathers have seen,--
+     We drink the same stream and view the same sun,
+     And run the same course our fathers have run.
+
+     The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think;
+     From the death we are shrinking our fathers would shrink;
+     To the life we are clinging our fathers would cling;
+     But it speeds for us all, like a bird on the wing.
+
+     They loved, but the story we cannot unfold;
+     They scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold;
+     They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come;
+     They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb.
+
+     They died, ay! they died: and we things that are now,
+     Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow,
+     Who make in their dwelling a transient abode,
+     Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road.
+
+     Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain,
+     We mingle together in sunshine and rain;
+     And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge,
+     Still follow each other, like surge upon surge.
+
+     'Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath,
+     From the blossom of health to the paleness of death,
+     From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud,--
+     Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICE OF
+GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR
+
+
+
+
+EULOGY
+
+PRONOUNCED BY HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN ON THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF THE LATE
+PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+General Zachary Taylor, the eleventh elected President of the United
+States, is dead. He was born, November 2, 1784, in Orange County,
+Virginia; and died July 9, 1850, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at
+the White House in Washington City.
+
+He was the second son of Richard Taylor, a Colonel in the Army of the
+Revolution. His youth was passed among the pioneers of Kentucky, whither
+his parents emigrated soon after his birth; and where his taste for
+military life, probably inherited, was greatly stimulated. Near the
+commencement of our last war with Great Britain, he was appointed, by
+President Jefferson, a Lieutenant in the Seventh Regiment of Infantry.
+During the war, he served under General Harrison in his North-Western
+campaign against the Indians; and, having been promoted to a Captaincy,
+was entrusted with the defense of Fort Harrison, with fifty men, half of
+them unfit for duty. A strong party of Indians, under the Prophet,
+brother of Tecumseh, made a midnight attack upon the Fort; but Taylor,
+though weak in his force, and without preparation, was resolute and on
+the alert; and after a battle, which lasted till after daylight,
+completely repulsed them. Soon after, he took a prominent part in the
+expedition under Major-General Hopkins against the Prophet's town; and
+on his return, found a letter from President Madison, who had succeeded
+Mr. Jefferson, conferring on him a Major's brevet for his gallant
+defense of Fort Harrison.
+
+After the close of the British war, he remained in the frontier service
+of the West, till 1818. He was then transferred to the Southern
+frontier, where he remained, most of the time, in active service till
+1826. In 1819, and during his service in the South, he was promoted to
+the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1826 he was again sent to the
+North-West, where he continued until 1836. In 1832 he was promoted to
+the rank of Colonel. In 1836 he was ordered to the South to engage in
+what is well known as the Florida War. In the autumn of 1837 he fought
+and conquered in the memorable Battle of Okeechobee, one of the most
+desperate struggles known to the annals of Indian warfare. For this he
+was honored with the rank of Brigadier-General; and in 1838 was
+appointed to succeed General Jessup in command of the forces in Florida.
+In 1841 he was ordered to Fort Gibson to take command of the Second
+Military Department of the United States; and in September, 1844, was
+directed to hold the troops between the Red River and the Sabine in
+readiness to march as might be indicated by the charge of the United
+States, near Texas. In 1845 his forces were concentrated at Corpus
+Christi.
+
+In obedience to orders, in March, 1846, he planted his troops on the Rio
+Grande opposite Matamoros. Soon after this, and near this place, a small
+detachment of General Taylor's forces, under Captain Thornton, was cut
+to pieces by a party of Mexicans. Open hostilities being thus commenced,
+and General Taylor being constantly menaced by Mexican forces vastly
+superior to his own in numbers, his position became exceedingly
+critical. Having erected a fort, he might defend himself against great
+odds while he could remain within it; but his provisions had failed, and
+there was no supply nearer than Point Isabel, between which and the new
+fort the country was open to, and full of, armed Mexicans. His
+resolution was at once taken. He garrisoned Fort Brown (the new fort)
+with a force of about four hundred; and, putting himself at the head of
+the main body of his troops, marched forthwith for Point Isabel. He met
+no resistance on his march. Having obtained his supplies, he began his
+return march, to the relief of Fort Brown, which he at first knew would
+be, and then knew had been, besieged by the enemy, immediately upon his
+leaving it. On the first or second day of his return march, the Mexican
+General, Arista, met General Taylor in front, and offered battle. The
+Mexicans numbered six or eight thousand, opposed to whom were about two
+thousand Americans. The moment was a trying one. Comparatively, Taylor's
+forces were but a handful; and few, of either officers or men, had ever
+been under fire. A brief council was held; and the result was the battle
+commenced. The issue of that contest all remember--remember with
+mingled sensations of pride and sorrow, that then American valor and
+powers triumphed, and then the gallant and accomplished and noble
+Ringgold fell.
+
+The Americans passed the night on the field. The General knew the enemy
+was still in his front; and the question rose upon him, whether to
+advance or retreat. A council was again held; and it is said, the
+General overruled the majority, and resolved to advance. Accordingly, in
+the morning, he moved rapidly forward. At about four or five miles from
+Fort Brown he again met the enemy in force, who had selected his
+position, and made some hasty fortifications. Again the battle
+commenced, and raged till nightfall, when the Mexicans were entirely
+routed, and the General, with his fatigued and bleeding and reduced
+battalions, marched into Fort Brown. There was a joyous meeting. A brief
+hour before, whether all within had perished, all without feared, but
+none could tell--while the incessant roar of artillery wrought those
+within to the highest pitch of apprehension, that their brethren without
+were being massacred to the last man. And now the din of battle nears
+the fort, and sweeps obliquely by: a gleam of hope flies through the
+half-imprisoned few; they fly to the wall; every eye is strained; it
+is--it is--the Stars and Stripes are still aloft! Anon the anxious
+brethren meet; and while hand strikes hand, the heavens are rent with a
+loud, long, glorious, gushing cry of Victory! Victory!! Victory!!!
+
+Soon after these battles, General Taylor was brevetted a Major-General
+in the United States Army.
+
+In the meantime, war having been declared to exist between the United
+States and Mexico, provision was made to reinforce General Taylor; and
+he was ordered to march into the interior of Mexico. He next marched
+upon Monterey, arriving there on the nineteenth of September. He
+commenced an assault upon the city, on the twenty-first; and on the
+twenty-third, was about carrying it at the point of the bayonet, when
+General Ampudia capitulated. Taylor's forces consisted of four hundred
+and twenty-five officers, and nine thousand two hundred and twenty men.
+His artillery consisted of one ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four-pound
+howitzers, and eight field batteries of four guns, the mortar being the
+only piece serviceable for the siege. The Mexican works were armed with
+forty-two pieces of cannon, and manned with a force of at least seven
+thousand troops of the line, and from two to three thousand irregulars.
+
+Next we find him advancing farther into the interior of Mexico, at the
+head of five thousand four hundred men, not more than six hundred being
+regular troops.
+
+At Agua Nueva, he received intelligence that Santa Anna, the greatest
+military chieftain of Mexico, was advancing after him; and he fell back
+to Buena Vista, a strong position a few miles in advance of Saltillo. On
+the twenty-second of February, 1847, the battle, now called the Battle
+of Buena Vista, was commenced by Santa Anna at the head of twenty
+thousand well-appointed soldiers. This was General Taylor's great
+battle. The particulars of it are familiar to all. It continued through
+the twenty-third; and although General Taylor's defeat seemed
+inevitable, yet he succeeded by skill, and by the courage and devotion
+of his officers and men, in repulsing the overwhelming forces of the
+enemy, and throwing them back into the desert. This was the battle of
+the chiefest interest fought during the Mexican War. At the time it was
+fought, and for some weeks after, General Taylor's communication with
+the United States was cut off; and the road was in possession of parties
+of the enemy. For many days after full intelligence of it should have
+been in all parts of this country, nothing certain concerning it was
+known, while vague and painful rumors were afloat, that a great battle
+had been fought, and that General Taylor and his whole force had been
+annihilated. At length the truth came, with its thrilling details of
+victory and blood,--of glory and grief. A bright and glowing page was
+added to our Nation's history; but then, too, in eternal silence, lay
+Clay and McKee and Yell and Lincoln, and our own beloved Hardin.
+
+This was also General Taylor's last battle. He remained in active
+service in Mexico till the autumn of the same year, when he returned to
+the United States.
+
+Passing in review General Taylor's military history, some striking
+peculiarities will appear. No one of the six battles which he fought,
+except, perhaps, that of Monterey, presented a field which would have
+been selected by an ambitious captain upon which to gather laurels. So
+far as fame is concerned, the prospect--the promise in advance--was,
+"You may lose, but you cannot win." Yet Taylor, in his blunt,
+business-like view of things, seems never to have thought of this.
+
+It did not happen to General Taylor, once in his life, to fight a battle
+on equal terms, or on terms advantageous to himself--and yet he was
+never beaten, and he never retreated. In all, the odds were greatly
+against him; in each, defeat seemed inevitable; and yet in all he
+triumphed. Wherever he has led, while the battle still raged, the issue
+was painfully doubtful; yet in each and all, when the din had ceased,
+and the smoke had blown away, our country's flag was still seen,
+fluttering in the breeze.
+
+General Taylor's battles were not distinguished for brilliant military
+maneuvers; but in all he seems rather to have conquered by the exercise
+of a sober and steady judgment, coupled with a dogged incapacity to
+understand that defeat was possible. His rarest military trait was a
+combination of negatives--absence of excitement and absence of fear. He
+could not be flurried, and he could not be scared.
+
+In connection with General Taylor's military character may be mentioned
+his relations with his brother officers, and his soldiers. Terrible as
+he was to his country's enemies, no man was so little disposed to have
+difficulty with his friends. During the period of his life, dueling was
+a practice not quite uncommon among gentlemen in the peaceful avocations
+of life, and still more common among the officers of the Army and Navy,
+yet, so far as I can learn, a duel with General Taylor has never been
+talked of.
+
+He was alike averse to sudden and to startling quarrels; and he pursued
+no man with revenge. A notable and a noble instance of this is found in
+his conduct to the gallant and now lamented General Worth. A short while
+before the battles of the eighth and ninth of May, some question of
+precedence arose between Worth (then a Colonel) and some other officer,
+which question it seems it was General Taylor's duty to decide. He
+decided against Worth. Worth was greatly offended, left the Army, came
+to the United States, and tendered his resignation to the authorities at
+Washington. It is said, that in his passionate feeling, he hesitated not
+to speak harshly and disparagingly of General Taylor. He was an officer
+of the highest character; and his word, on military subjects, and about
+military men, could not, with the country, pass for nothing. In this
+absence from the Army of Colonel Worth, the unexpected turn of things
+brought in the battles of the eighth and ninth. He was deeply
+mortified--in almost absolute desperation--at having lost the
+opportunity of being present, and taking part in those battles. The
+laurels won by his previous service, in his own eyes, seemed withering
+away. The Government, both wisely and generously, I think, declined
+accepting his resignation; and he returned to General Taylor. Then came
+General Taylor's opportunity for revenge. The Battle of Monterey was
+approaching and even at hand. Taylor could, if he would, so place Worth
+in that battle, that his name would scarcely be noticed in the report.
+But no. He felt it was due to the service to assign the real post of
+honor to some one of the best officers; he knew Worth was one of the
+best, and he felt that it was generous to allow him, then and there, to
+retrieve his secret loss. Accordingly, he assigned to Colonel Worth in
+that assault, what was _par excellence_ the post of honor; and the
+duties of which he executed so well and so brilliantly as to eclipse, in
+that battle, even General Taylor, himself.
+
+As to General Taylor's relations with his soldiers, details would be
+endless. It is perhaps enough to say--and it is far from the least of
+his honors that we can truly say--that of the many who served with him,
+through the long course of forty years, all testify to the uniform
+kindness, and his constant care for, and hearty sympathy with, their
+every want and every suffering; while none can be found to declare that
+he was ever a tyrant anywhere, in anything.
+
+Going back a little in point of time, it is proper to say that so soon
+as the news of the battles of the eighth and ninth of May, 1846, had
+fairly reached the United States, General Taylor began to be named for
+the next Presidency, by letter writers, newspapers, public meetings and
+conventions in various parts of the country.
+
+These nominations were generally put forth as being of no-party
+character. Up to this time I think it highly probable--nay, almost
+certain--that General Taylor had never thought of the Presidency in
+connection with himself. And there is reason for believing that the
+first intelligence of these nominations rather amused than seriously
+interested him. Yet I should be insincere, were I not to confess that,
+in my opinion, the repeated and steady manifestations in his favor did
+beget in his mind a laudable ambition to reach the high distinction of
+the Presidential chair.
+
+As the time for the Presidential canvass approached, it was seen that
+general nominations, combining anything near the number of votes
+necessary to an election, could not be made without some pretty strong
+and decided reference to party politics. Accordingly, in the month of
+May, 1848, the great Democratic Party nominated as their candidate an
+able and distinguished member of their own party [General Cass] on
+strictly party grounds. Almost immediately following this, the Whig
+Party, in General Convention, nominated General Taylor as their
+candidate. The election came off in the November following, and though
+there was also a third candidate, the two former only received any vote
+in the electoral college. General Taylor, having the majority of them,
+was duly elected; and he entered on the duties of that high and
+responsible office, March 5, 1849. The incidents of his administration,
+up to the time of his death, are too familiar and too fresh to require
+any direct repetition.
+
+The Presidency, even to the most experienced politicians, is no bed of
+roses; and General Taylor, like others, found thorns within it. No
+human being can fill that station and escape censure. Still, I hope and
+believe, when General Taylor's official conduct shall come to be viewed
+in the calm light of history, he will be found to have deserved as
+little as any who have succeeded him.
+
+Upon the death of General Taylor, as it would be in the case of any
+President, we are naturally led to consider what will be its effect,
+politically, upon the country. I will not pretend to believe that all
+the wisdom, or all of the patriotism of the country, died with General
+Taylor. But we know that wisdom and patriotism, in a public office under
+institutions like ours, are wholly inefficient and worthless, unless
+they are sustained by the confidence and devotion of the people. And I
+confess my apprehensions, that in the death of the late President, we
+have lost a degree of that confidence and devotion which will not soon
+again pertain to any successor. Between public measures regarded as
+antagonistic, there is often less real difference in their bearing on
+the public weal, than there is between the dispute being kept up or
+being settled either way. I fear the one great question of the day is
+not now so likely to be partially acquiesced in by the different
+sections of the Union, as it would have been could General Taylor have
+been spared to us. Yet, under all circumstances, trusting to our Maker
+and through His wisdom and beneficence to the great body of our people,
+we will not despair, nor despond.
+
+In General Taylor's general public relation to his country, what will
+strongly impress a close observer was his unostentatious,
+self-sacrificing, long-enduring devotion to his duty. He indulged in no
+recreations, he visited no public places seeking applause; but quietly,
+as the earth in its orbit, he was always at his post. Along our whole
+Indian frontier, through summer and winter, in sunshine and storm, like
+a sleepless sentinel, he has watched while we have slept for forty long
+years. How well might the dying hero say at last, "I have done my duty,
+I am ready to go."
+
+Nor can I help thinking that the American people, in electing General
+Taylor to the Presidency, thereby showing their high appreciation of his
+sterling, but inobtrusive qualities, did their country a service, and
+themselves an imperishable honor. It is much for the young to know that
+treading the hard path of duty as he trod it will be noticed, and will
+lead to high places.
+
+But he is gone. The conqueror at last is conquered. The fruits of his
+labor, his name, his memory and example, are all that is left us--his
+example, verifying the great truth that "he that humbleth himself, shall
+be exalted"--teaching that to serve one's country with a singleness of
+purpose gives assurances of that country's gratitude, secures its best
+honors, and makes "a dying bed, soft as downy pillows are."
+
+The death of the last President may not be without its use, in reminding
+us that we, too, must die. Death, abstractly considered, is the same
+with the high as with the low; but practically we are not so much
+aroused by the contemplation of our own mortal natures, by the fall of
+many undistinguished, as that of one great and well-known name. By the
+latter, we are forced to muse, and ponder sadly,
+
+     "O, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?"
+
+     So the multitude goes, like the flower or the weed,
+     That withers away, to let others succeed;
+     So the multitude comes, even those we behold,
+     To repeat every tale that has often been told.
+
+     For we are same that our fathers have been;
+     We see the same sights our fathers have seen,--
+     We drink the same streams, and see the same sun,
+     And run the same course our fathers have run.
+
+     They loved, but the story we cannot unfold;
+     They scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold;
+     They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come;
+     They rejoiced, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb.
+
+     They died! Aye, they died. We, things that are now,
+     That work on the turf that lies on their brow
+     And make in their dwellings a transient abode,
+     Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road.
+
+     Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain
+     Are mingled together in sunshine and rain--
+     And the smile and the tear, and the song and the dirge
+     Still follow each other like surge upon surge.
+
+     'Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath,
+     From the blossom of health, to the paleness of death--
+     From the gilded saloon, to the bier and the shroud,
+     O why should the spirit of mortal be proud?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Public Service of General
+Zachary Taylor: An Address, by Abraham Lincoln
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