132 files changed, 13163 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/22621-8.txt b/22621-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbd24de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4342 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1, January 1886
+       Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 1, January, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+(_AND BAY STATE MONTHLY_)
+
+An Illustrated Monthly
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, EDUCATIONAL AND GENERAL INTERESTS
+
+OF THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND STATES AND PEOPLE
+
+
+VOLUME IV
+
+     BOSTON
+     BAY STATE MONTHLY COMPANY
+     NO. 43 MILK STREET
+     1886
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by the BAY STATE
+MONTHLY COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at
+Washington. All rights reserved.
+
+
+Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston. Presswork by Berwick & Smith,
+Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article. This issue has the Table of Contents for all
+of Volume IV. It also seems to be a volume in transition. On the first
+page of the issue, there is a note that states that it is  VOL. IV.
+NO. 1. of the Old Series, and VOL. I. NO. 1. of the New Series. The
+full page portrait of M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S. listed
+in the table of contents as facing page 1 did not appear in the
+scans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.
+
+
+Abbot Academy. Six Illust. by Frank A. Bicknell and others
+                             Annie Sawyer Downs                   136
+
+Along the Kennebec, (Illust.)    Henry S. Bicknell                197
+
+Andover, An Illustrious Town, (Illust.)    Rev. F. B. Makepeace   301
+
+Art in Book Illustration    Charles E. Hurd                        37
+
+     Illustrations: The Christ Child--Forest of
+     Ardennes--Stamboul--Ianthe--Tower of the
+     Mengia--The Lady of the Lake--"How they Carried
+     the Good News"--Evening by the Lakeside--Maternity--"The
+     Swanherds where the sedges are"--The Silent Christmas.
+
+Attleboro, Mass. An historical and descriptive sketch
+                             C. M. Barrows                         27
+
+Barnard, Henry, The American Educator
+                             The late Hon. John D. Philbrick      445
+
+Bennett, Hon. Edmund Hatch                                        225
+
+Boston University School of Law    Benjamin R. Curtis             218
+
+Brown University, (Illust.)    Reuben A. Guild, LL.D.               1
+
+Cape Ann, A Trip Around    Elizabeth Porter Gould                 268
+
+Child, Lydia Maria    Olive E. Dana                               533
+
+Daughter of the Puritans, A    Anna B. Bensel                     452
+
+Dorris's Hero.--A Romance of the Olden Time    Marjorie Daw       463
+
+Editor's Table                            87, 177, 279, 378, 475, 557
+
+    Magazine Literature--Georgia _versus_ New England Prohibition--
+    German "Housekeeping Schools"--The Historic Spirit--The _old_
+    NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE and its _successor_--Notes--An Historical
+    Parallel--Archdeacon Farrar's Eulogy on the Founders of New
+    England--The Presidential Message--A Note of Peace in Turbulent
+    Times--Society sacrificing its Ornaments--Fall of the Salisbury
+    Government--Bostonian Society--Webster Historical
+    Society--Literary Labors of Miss Cleveland--Socialism in America
+    and Europe--The Chinese Problem--A Short History of Napoleon the
+    First--The _Century_ on International Copyright--Christian
+    Charity and Freedom--Comparative Marriage Statistics--Neither
+    Caste, Class, nor Sect in the late Civil War--Free Education
+    System--The Convict's Family--A Representative
+    American--Train-Wrecking--The Institute of Civics--New England
+    Summer Resorts--The Value of Recreation--The Sensational Press.
+
+Education: Progress and Prospects of Education in America         280
+
+Education                                                    184, 381
+
+Elizabeth: A Romance of Colonial Days. Chapters XXIX.-XXXIII.
+                             Frances C. Sparhawk         77, 168, 250
+
+Forty Years of Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley
+                             Hon. George Sheldon                  236
+
+Grand Array of the Republic in Massachusetts
+                 Past Commander-in-Chief George S. Merrill        113
+
+Hawthorne's Last Sketch    P. R. Ammidon                          516
+
+Historical Record                         91, 185, 281, 382, 477, 560
+
+Irish Home Rule Agitation: Its History and Issues
+                             Rev. H. Hewitt                       157
+
+Judicial Falsifications of History    Hon. Chas. Cowley, LL.D.    457
+
+King Philip's War, A Romance of    Fanny Bullock Workman     330, 414
+
+Literature and Art                             91, 192, 294, 482, 565
+
+Lucy Keyes.--A Story of Mt. Wachusett. I.                         551
+
+Index to Magazine Literature                  193, 278, 389, 483, 567
+
+Maple-Sugar Making in Vermont, (Illust.)    J. M. French, M.D.    208
+
+Myth in American Coinage    Isaac Bassett Choate                  537
+
+Necrology                                 61, 190, 285, 380, 479, 562
+
+New Bedford, (26 Illust.)    Herbert L. Aldrich                   423
+
+New England Characteristics    Lizzie M. Whittlesey               374
+
+New England Library and its Founder, The    Victoria Reed         347
+
+New England Magazine, The Original    Rev. Edgar Buckingham       153
+
+New England Manners and Customs in Time of Bryant's Early Life
+                             Mrs. H. G. Rowe                      364
+
+Notes and Queries.--Answers                                        95
+
+Objections to Level-Premium Life Insurance    G. A. Litchfield     68
+
+Olden Time, In                                                    291
+
+On Detached Service.--An Episode of the Civil War
+                             Charles A. Patch, Mass. Vols.        121
+
+Otis, James, Junior    Rev. H. Hewitt                             319
+
+Port Hudson, An Incident of    William J. Burge, M.D.             548
+
+Publishers' Department                                             96
+
+Social Life in Early New England    Rev. Anson Titus               63
+
+Toppan, Colonel Christopher                                        60
+
+Town Meeting-House and Town Politics in the Last Century, A
+                             Atherton P. Mason, M.D.              127
+
+Trinity College, Hartford, (Illust.)    Prof. Samuel Hart, D.D.   393
+
+Tufts College, (6 Illust. by F. A. Bicknell)
+                             Rev. E. H. Capen, D.D.                99
+
+Veritable Trader, A    A. T. S.      529
+
+Wayte, Richard and Gamaliel, and some of their descendants
+                                         Arthur Thomas Lovell      48
+
+Webster, Daniel, and Col. T. H. Perkins    John Rogers             12
+
+Webster, Editorial Note on Daniel                                 217
+
+Webster, The Life and Character of Daniel
+                             Hon. Edward S. Tobey                 228
+
+Webster's Vindication    Hon. Stephen M. Allen                    509
+
+Webster Historical Society Papers.--The Webster Family, (Illust.)
+                             Hon. Stephen M. Allen           340, 409
+
+Williams College   Rev. N. H. Egleston                            485
+
+
+POETRY.
+
+To a Friend                      Edgar Fawcett                     12
+
+The Mendicant                    Clinton Scollard                 112
+
+Trust                            J. B. M. Wright                  249
+
+The Oriole                       Clinton Scollard                 267
+
+The Singer                       Laura Garland Carr               339
+
+Trust                            Arthur Elwell Jenks              373
+
+To Oliver Wendell Holmes         Edward P. Guild                  413
+
+The Picture                      Mary D. Brine                    421
+
+Hunting of the Stag of Oeno�     Clinton Scollard                 503
+
+On Hoosac Mountain               Edward P. Guild                  527
+
+Bonnie Harebells                 Anna B. Bensel                   536
+
+
+FULL PAGE PORTRAITS.
+
+M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S.                      Facing 1
+
+Madame Sarah Abbot                                              "  99
+
+Edmund H. Bennett                                               " 197
+
+James Otis                                                      " 301
+
+Thomas Prince                                                   " 344
+
+Henry Barnard                                                   " 393
+
+Mark Hopkins                                                    " 487
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+     Old Series              January, 1886.          New Series
+
+     VOL. IV. NO. 1.                                 VOL. I. NO. 1.
+
+Copyright, 1885, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+BROWN UNIVERSITY.[A]
+
+BY REUBEN A. GUILD, LL.D.
+
+[Illustration: Sayles Memorial]
+
+
+Brown University owes its origin to a desire, on the part of members of
+the Philadelphia Association, to secure for their churches an educated
+ministry, without the restrictions of denominational influence and
+sectarian tests. The distinguishing sentiments of the Baptists, it may
+be observed, were at variance with the religious opinions that prevailed
+throughout the American colonies a century ago. They advocated liberty
+of conscience, the entire separation of church and state, believer's
+baptism by immersion, and a converted church-membership;--principles for
+which they have earnestly contended from the beginning. The student of
+history will readily perceive how they thus came into collision with the
+ruling powers. They were fined in Massachusetts and Connecticut for
+resistance to oppressive ecclesiastical laws, they were imprisoned in
+Virginia, and throughout the land were subjected to contumely and
+reproach. This dislike to the Baptists as a sect, or rather to their
+principles, was very naturally shared by the higher institutions of
+learning then in existence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: COLLEGE CHURCH.]
+
+In the year 1756, the Rev. Isaac Eaton, under the auspices of the
+Philadelphia and Charleston Associations, founded at Hopewell, New
+Jersey, an academy "for the education of youth for the ministry." To
+him, therefore, belongs the distinguished honor of being the first
+American Baptist to establish a seminary for the literary and
+theological training of young men. The Hopewell Academy, which was
+committed to the general supervision of a board of trustees appointed by
+the two associations, and supported mainly by funds which they
+contributed, was continued eleven years. During this period many who
+afterwards became eminent in the ministry received from Mr. Eaton the
+rudiments of a good education. Among them may be mentioned the names of
+James Manning, Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, Samuel Jones, John
+Gano, Oliver Hart, Charles Thompson, William Williams, Isaac Skillman,
+John Davis, David Jones, and John Sutton. Not a few of the academy
+students distinguished themselves in the professions of medicine and of
+law. Of this latter class was the Hon. Judge Howell, a name familiar to
+the early students of Rhode Island College, as the University was at
+first called, and to the statesmen and politicians of that day. Benjamin
+Stelle, who was graduated at the College of New Jersey, and who
+afterwards, in the year 1766, established a Latin school in Providence,
+was also a pupil of Mr. Eaton at Hopewell. His daughter Mary, it may be
+added, was the second wife of the late Hon. Nicholas Brown, the
+distinguished benefactor of the University, and from whom it derives its
+name.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The success of the Hopewell Academy inspired the friends of learning
+with renewed confidence, and incited them to establish a college. "Many
+of the churches," says the Rev. Morgan Edwards, "being supplied with
+able pastors from Mr. Eaton's academy, and being thus convinced from
+experience of the great usefulness of human literature to more
+thoroughly furnish the man of God for the most important work of the
+gospel ministry, the hands of the Philadelphia Association were
+strengthened, and their hearts were encouraged, to extend their designs
+of promoting literature in the Society, by erecting, on some suitable
+part of this continent, a college or university, which should be
+principally under the direction and government of the Baptists."[B]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Edwards, to whom reference is made in the foregoing, was the pastor
+of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, to which he had recently
+been recommended by the Rev. Dr. Gill, and others, of London. He was a
+native of Wales, and an ardent admirer of his fellow-countryman, Roger
+Williams, the founder of Rhode Island. Possessing superior abilities,
+united with uncommon perseverance and zeal, he became a leader in
+various literary and benevolent undertakings, freely devoting to them
+his talents and his time, and thereby rendering essential service to the
+denomination to which he was attached. He was the prime mover in the
+enterprise of establishing the college, and in 1767 he went back to
+England and secured the first funds for its endowment. With him were
+associated the Rev. Samuel Jones, to whom in 1791 was offered the
+presidency; Oliver Hart and Francis Pelot, of South Carolina; John Hart,
+of Hopewell, the signer of the Declaration of Independence; John Stites,
+the mayor of Elizabethtown; Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, John Gano,
+and others connected with the two associations named, of kindred zeal
+and spirit. The final success of the movement, however, may justly be
+ascribed to the life-long labors of him who was appointed the first
+President, James Manning, D.D., of New Jersey. His "Life, Times, and
+Correspondence," making a large duodecimo volume of five hundred and
+twenty-three pages, was published by the late Gould & Lincoln, of
+Boston, in 1864.
+
+In the summer of 1763, Mr. Manning, to whom the enterprise had been
+entrusted, visited Newport for the purpose of arranging for the
+establishment of the college in Rhode Island. He was accompanied by his
+friend and fellow townsman, the Rev. John Sutton. They at once called on
+Col. John Gardner, a man venerable in years and prominent in society,
+being Deputy Governor of the Colony, and Chief Justice of the Supreme
+Court. To him, Manning unfolded his plans. He heard them with attention,
+and appointed a meeting of the leading Baptists in town at his own house
+the day following. At this meeting Hon. Josias Lyndon and Col. Job
+Bennet were appointed a committee to petition the General Assembly for
+an act of incorporation. After unexpected difficulties and delays, in
+consequence of the determined opposition of those who were unfriendly to
+the movement, a charter was finally granted, in February, 1764, for a
+"College or University in the English Colony of Rhode Island and
+Providence Plantations, in New England in America."
+
+This charter, which has long been regarded as one of the best college
+charters in New England, while it secures ample privileges by its
+several clear and explicit provisions, recognizes throughout the grand
+Rhode Island principle of civil and religious freedom. By it the
+Corporation is made to consist of two branches, namely, that of the
+Trustees, and that of the Fellows, "with distinct, separate and
+respective powers." The Trustees are thirty-six in number, of whom
+twenty-two must be Baptists or Antip�dobaptists, five Quakers or
+Friends, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Since 1874
+vacancies in this Board, have been filled in accordance with nominations
+made by the Alumni of the University. The number of the Fellows,
+including the President, who, in the language of the charter, "must
+always be a Fellow," is twelve. Of these, eight "are forever to be
+elected of the denomination called Baptist or Antip�dobaptists, and the
+rest indifferently of any or all denominations." "The President must
+forever be of the denomination called Baptists."
+
+But though Rhode Island had been selected for its home by the original
+projectors of the institution, and a liberal and ample charter had thus
+been secured, the college itself was still in embryo. Without funds,
+without students, and with no present prospect of support, a beginning
+must be made where the president could be the pastor of a church, and
+thus obtain an adequate compensation for his services. Warren, then as
+now, a delightful and flourishing inland town, situated ten miles from
+Providence, seemed to meet the requisite requirements; and thither,
+accordingly, Manning removed with his family in the spring of 1764. He
+at once commenced a Latin school, as the first step preparatory to the
+work of college instruction. Before the close of the year a church was
+organized, over which he was duly installed as pastor. The following
+year, at the second annual meeting of the corporation, held in Newport,
+Wednesday, September 3, he was formally elected, in the language of the
+records, "President of the College, Professor of Languages and other
+branches of learning, with full power to act in these capacities at
+Warren or elsewhere." On that same day, as appears from an original
+paper, now on file in the archives of the library, the president
+matriculated his first student, William Rogers,[C] a lad of fourteen,
+the son of Captain William Rogers of Newport. Not only was this lad the
+first student, but he was also the first freshman class. Indeed, for a
+period of nine months and seventeen days, as appears from the paper
+already referred to, he constituted the entire body of students. From
+such feeble beginnings has the university sprung.
+
+The first commencement of the college was held in the meeting-house at
+Warren on the seventh day of September, 1769, at which seven students
+took their Bachelor's degree. They were all of them young men of
+promise. Some of them afterwards filled conspicuous places in the
+struggle for national independence, while others became leaders in the
+church, and distinguished educators of youth. Probably no class that
+has gone forth from the college or university in her palmiest days of
+prosperity has exerted so widely extended and so beneficial an
+influence, the times and circumstances taken into account, as this first
+class that graduated at Warren. The occasion drew together a large
+concourse of people from all parts of the Colony, inaugurating, says
+Arnold, the earliest State holiday in the history of Rhode Island. A
+contemporary account preserves the interesting facts that both the
+President and the candidates for degrees were dressed in clothing of
+American manufacture, and that the audience, composed of many of the
+first ladies and gentlemen of the Colony, "behaved with great decorum."
+
+Up to this date, "the Seminary," says Morgan Edwards, "was, for the most
+part, friendless and moneyless, and therefore forlorn, insomuch that a
+college edifice was hardly thought of." But the interest manifested in
+the exercises of Commencement, and the frequent remittances from
+England, "led some to hope, and many to fear, that the Institution would
+come to something and stand. Then a building and the place of it were
+talked of, which well-nigh ruined all. Warren was at first agreed on as
+a proper situation, where a small wing was to be erected, in the spring
+of 1770, and about eight hundred pounds, lawful money, was raised
+towards erecting it. But soon afterwards, some who were unwilling it
+should be there, and some who were unwilling it should be anywhere, did
+so far agree as to lay aside the said location, and propose that the
+county which should raise the most money should have the college."
+Subscriptions were immediately set on foot in four counties, but the
+claimants for the honor were finally reduced to two, viz., Providence
+and Newport. The question was finally settled, at a special meeting of
+the Corporation held in Warren, February 7, 1770. "The people of Newport
+had raised," says Manning, in his account of this meeting, "four
+thousand pounds, lawful money, taking in their unconditional
+subscription. But Providence presented four thousand, two hundred and
+eighty pounds, lawful money, and advantages superior to Newport in other
+respects." The dispute, he adds, lasted from ten o'clock Wednesday
+morning until the same hour Thursday night, and was decided, in the
+presence of a large congregation, in favor of Providence, by a vote of
+twenty-one to fourteen.
+
+Soon after this decision, the President and Professor Howell, with
+their pupils, removed to Providence, occupying for a time the upper part
+of the brick school-house on Meeting Street, for prayers and
+recitations. On the fourteenth day of May, 1770, the foundations of the
+first college building, now called University Hall, were laid; John
+Brown, one of the "Four Brothers," and the famous leader in the
+destruction of the _Gaspee_ two years later, placing the corner stone.
+It was modelled after "Nassau Hall" in Princeton, where President
+Manning and Professor Howell were graduated. The spot selected for it
+was the crest of a hill, which then commanded a view of the bay, the
+river, with the town on its banks, and a broad reach of country on all
+sides. The land comprised about eight acres, and included a portion of
+the original "home lot" of Chadd Brown, the associate and friend of
+Roger Williams, and the "first Baptist Elder in Rhode Island." Now that
+the buildings of the city have crept up the hill, and, gathering round
+the college grounds, have stretched out far beyond them, thus shutting
+out the nearer prospect, the eye can still take in from the top of the
+building the same varied and beautiful landscape, which once constituted
+one of the chief attractions of the site.
+
+On Saturday, December 7, 1776, Sir Peter Parker, the British commander,
+with seventy sail of men-of-war, anchored in Newport harbor, landed a
+body of troops, and took possession of the place. Providence was at once
+thrown into confusion and alarm. Forces, hastily collected, were massed
+throughout the town, martial law was proclaimed, college studies were
+interrupted, and the students were dismissed to their respective homes.
+The seat of the Muses now became the habitation of Mars. From December
+7, 1776, until May 27, 1782, the college edifice was occupied for
+barracks, and afterwards for a hospital, by the American and French
+forces.
+
+In the spring of 1786, President Manning, whose graceful deportment,
+thorough scholarship, and wise Christian character had commended him to
+all his fellow-citizens, was unanimously appointed by the General
+Assembly of Rhode Island to represent the state in the Congress of the
+Confederation. This was during a crisis of depression and alarm, when
+the whole political fabric was threatened with destruction. He, however,
+returned to his college duties at the close of the year, being unwilling
+to remain longer away from the scenes of his chosen labors. With the
+momentous questions of the day he was thoroughly familiar, and he
+afterwards, by his voice and by his pen, contributed very materially to
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution by the State, in 1790. He died
+very suddenly in the summer of 1791, in the fifty-fourth year of his
+age. His death was regarded as a public calamity, and his funeral was
+largely attended, not only by the friends of the college, of which he
+may be regarded in one sense as the founder, but by a vast concourse of
+people from all parts of the town and the State in which he lived.
+
+Dr. Manning was succeeded in the presidency by the Rev. Dr. Jonathan
+Maxcy, who during the previous year had held the temporary appointment
+of Professor of Divinity. The career of this remarkable man indicates a
+high order of genius. At the early age of fifteen he had entered the
+Institution as a pupil, graduating in 1787 with the highest honors of
+his class. Immediately upon graduating he was appointed tutor, which
+position he held four years. During his brilliant career of ten years,
+in which he was the executive head of the college, men were educated and
+sent out into all the professions, who, for learning, skill, and success
+in life, will not suffer in comparison with the graduates of any period
+since.
+
+Dr. Maxcy resigned the presidency in 1802, when he was succeeded by the
+Rev. Dr. Asa Messer, a graduate under Manning, in the class of 1790. He
+held the office until 1826, a period of twenty-four years. Under his
+wise and skilful management the college prospered; its finances were
+improved; its means of instruction were extended; and the number of
+students was greatly augmented. It was in the beginning of his
+administration that the college received the name of Brown University,
+in honor of its most distinguished benefactor, Hon. Nicholas Brown. This
+truly benevolent man was graduated under Manning in 1786, being then but
+seventeen years of age. He commenced his benefactions in 1792, by
+presenting to the Corporation the sum of five hundred dollars, to be
+expended in the purchase of law books for the library. In 1804 he
+presented the sum of five thousand dollars, as a foundation for a
+professorship of oratory and belles-lettres; on which occasion, in
+consideration of this donation, and of others that had been received
+from him and his kindred, the Institution, in accordance with a
+provision in its charter, received its present name. Mr. Brown died in
+September 1841, at the age of seventy-two. The entire sum of his
+recorded benefactions and bequests, giving the valuation which was put
+upon them at the time they were made, amounts to one hundred and sixty
+thousand dollars.
+
+Dr. Messer was succeeded in the Presidency by the Rev. Dr. Francis
+Wayland, who was unanimously elected to this office on the thirteenth of
+December, 1826. His administration extended over a period of
+twenty-eight and a half years, during which the University acquired a
+great reputation for thorough analytical instruction. His treatises on
+"Moral Science," and "Intellectual Philosophy," were used as text-books
+in other colleges, while "The Moral Dignity of the Missionary
+Enterprise" gave him a world-wide celebrity as a preacher. He resigned
+in 1855, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Barnas Sears, who
+continued in office twelve years, when he resigned, having been
+appointed agent of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Educational
+Fund. During his administration, which extended through the financial
+crisis of 1857, and the long years of civil war, the University
+prospered, the facilities for instruction were increased, a system of
+scholarships was established, and large additions were made to the
+college funds. Dr. Sears was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Alexis Caswell, a
+graduate of the University, and for more than thirty-five years an
+honored and successful professor in the Institution. He was thus
+thoroughly conversant with its history, and familiar with its special
+needs. The Rev. Dr. E. G. Robinson, the present active and efficient
+president, entered upon his duties in the fall of 1872. He, too, is a
+graduate of the Institution over which he now presides, being a member
+of the class of 1838.
+
+The buildings of the University are ten in number. Of these the oldest
+is "University Hall," which has already been described. This venerable
+structure, so rich in historical associations, and so dear to all the
+graduates, has recently been thoroughly renovated and modernized, its
+external appearance remaining the same, at an expense of nearly fifty
+thousand dollars. The "Grammar School Building," now rented to private
+parties, and occupied as at first for a preparatory or classical school,
+was erected in 1810, the cost having been defrayed by subscription.
+"Hope College" was erected in 1822, at the expense of Hon. Nicholas
+Brown, who named it after his only surviving sister, Hope Ives, wife of
+the late Thomas Poynton Ives. "Manning Hall" was erected in 1834, also
+at the expense of Mr. Brown, who named it after his revered instructor,
+the first President of the College. "Rhode Island Hall," and the
+"President's Mansion," were erected in 1840, at the expense mostly of
+citizens of Providence; Mr. Brown, with his wonted liberality,
+contributing ten thousand dollars. The "Chemical Laboratory" was erected
+in 1862, through the exertions of Professor N. P. Hill, late United
+States Senator from Colorado. The new "Library Building," which has been
+pronounced by competent judges to be one of the finest of its kind in
+the country, was erected in 1878, at a cost, exclusive of the lot on
+which it stands, of ninety-six thousand dollars. Both the building and
+the grounds were a bequest of the late John Carter Brown, a son of the
+distinguished benefactor. The new dormitory, "Slater Hall," was erected
+in 1879, by Hon. Horatio N. Slater, a member of the Board of Fellows,
+and a liberal benefactor of the University. "Sayles Memorial Hall,"
+which was dedicated, with appropriate ceremonies, in June, 1881, is a
+beautiful structure of granite and freestone, erected at the expense of
+Hon. William F. Sayles, a member of the Board of Trustees, in memory of
+his son, who died in the early part of his collegiate course. It is used
+for daily recitations, while its spacious hall, adorned with portraits
+of distinguished graduates and benefactors, serves for Commencement
+dinners and special academic occasions.
+
+The "Bailey Herbarium," the "Herbarium Olneyanum," and the "Bennett
+Herbarium," contain altogether seventy-one thousand eight hundred
+specimens, arranged in good order for consultation, and constituting an
+important addition to the means of instruction in Botany. The Museum of
+Natural History and Anthropology, in Rhode Island Hall, contains upwards
+of fifty thousand specimens, implements, coins, medals, etc., classified
+and arranged by Professor J. W. P. Jenks. The Library, which dates back
+from the year 1767, when the Rev. Morgan Edwards collected books for it
+in England, numbers sixty-three thousand choice and well bound volumes,
+and a large number of unbound pamphlets. Among the recent additions is
+the valuable and unique "Harris Collection of American Poetry,"
+bequeathed by Hon. Henry B. Anthony, a graduate of the University, and
+for twenty-five years a member of the United States Senate. The books of
+the Library are arranged in alcoves according to subjects, and free
+access is allowed to the shelves. The funds of the University, according
+to the report of the Treasurer for April, 1885, amount to $812,943.
+There are sixty-six scholarships for the aid of indigent students, and
+also premium, prize, and aid funds, amounting to $40,000. The Library
+Funds amount to $36,500.
+
+The Faculty consists of the President, twelve Professors, two assistant
+Professors, five Instructors, two assistant Instructors, one Librarian,
+one assistant Librarian, a Registrar, and a Steward. The present number
+of undergraduates, according to the annual catalogue for 1885-86, is
+239. The number of graduates, as appears from the triennial catalogue,
+is 3,191. About one fourth of this number are in italics, indicating
+that they have been ordained and set apart for the work of the Christian
+ministry. Of these upwards of one hundred have appended to their names
+"S. T. D.," including bishops eminent for their piety and learning,
+missionaries of the cross in foreign lands, presidents of theological
+schools, and religious teachers whose names are conspicuous in the
+republic of letters, and whose virtues and deeds are held in grateful
+remembrance.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Brown University, the Charter of which was granted in 1764, is the
+seventh American College in the order of date. Harvard College was
+founded in 1638; William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1692; Yale
+College, in 1701; College of New Jersey, in 1746; University of
+Pennsylvania, in 1753; and Columbia College, in 1754.
+
+[B] Appendix to President Sears' Centennial Discourse, page 63.
+
+[C] Mr. Rogers was graduated in 1769. In 1772 he removed to
+Philadelphia, and was ordained pastor of the first Baptist Church. He
+became distinguished for his eloquence; was made a Doctor in Divinity;
+and during the war rendered good service as a brigade chaplain in the
+Continental army. He was an honored member of the Masonic Fraternity,
+and an intimate friend of Washington. The late William Sanford Rogers,
+of Boston, who died in 1872, bequeathed to the University the sum of
+fifty thousand dollars to found the "Newport Rogers' Professorship of
+Chemistry," in honor of his father, Robert Rogers, who was graduated in
+1775, and of his uncle, William Rogers, a member of the first graduating
+class.
+
+
+
+
+TO A FRIEND,
+
+_On his Departure for a Tour round the World._
+
+BY EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+    In losing thee, dear friend, I seem to fare
+      Forth from the lintel of some chamber bright,
+      Whose lamps in rosy sorcery lend their light
+    To flowery alcove or luxurious chair;
+    Whose burly and glowing logs, of mellow flare,
+      The happiest converse at their hearth invite,
+      With many a flash of tawny flame to smite
+    The Dante in vellum or the bronze Voltaire!
+
+    And yet, however stern the estrangement be,
+      However time with laggard lapse may fret,
+        That haunt of our fond friendship I shall hold
+    As loved this hour as when elate I see
+      Its draperies, dark with absence and regret,
+        Slide softly back on memory's rings of gold!
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL WEBSTER AND COL. T. H. PERKINS.
+
+A SUMMER-DAY OUTING IN 1817.
+
+BY JOHN K. ROGERS.
+
+
+On the morning of Thursday, the fourteenth day of August, 1817, Col.
+Thomas H. Perkins, after an early breakfast, left his house on Pearl
+Street in Boston, and entered his travelling carriage, having in mind a
+pleasant day's excursion with his friend, Mr. Daniel Webster, for a
+purpose which will hereafter appear.
+
+Though now given up to trade, Pearl Street was then the site of some of
+the finest dwellings in the city, and prominent among these was Col.
+Perkins's mansion, afterwards munificently bestowed, with other gifts,
+upon the Massachusetts Blind Asylum, which then became the Perkins
+Institution for the Blind, and occupied the building for its charitable
+purposes.
+
+As his comfortable and substantial equipage passed down the gentle slope
+towards Milk Street, it met with a general recognition, for Boston was
+then a town of some thirty thousand people only, and Col. Perkins one of
+its best known citizens.
+
+Born in 1764, at five years of age he saw from his father's house in
+King Street the Boston Massacre, and, after receiving a commercial
+education, was for more than fifty years a leading merchant in his
+native city. His military title was not one of courtesy only, but
+conferred upon him as commander of the Corps of Independent Cadets, a
+most respectable body of citizens, upon whom devolved the annual duty of
+escorting the Governor and Legislature to hear the time-honored Election
+Sermon, which marked the opening of the General Court in the month of
+January.
+
+Passing up Milk Street, then also a street of dwellings,--among them the
+birthplace of Franklin,--the Old South Church, which at that time had
+received only its first "desecration," was soon reached, and the
+carriage turned into Washington Street, opposite the Province
+House--with its two large oak trees in front, and the grotesque gilt
+Indian on the roof with bended bow, just then pointing his arrow in
+obedience to a gentle breeze from the south-west; then up the narrow
+avenue of Bromfield Street, with the pretty view of the State House over
+the combined foliage of Paddock's elms and the Granary Burial Ground,
+and, turning into Tremont Street, our traveller was soon at Park-Street
+Corner.
+
+The noble church edifice which graces this sightly spot, though sadly
+dealt with in its general symmetry, still lifts its lofty spire with
+undiminished beauty, and justifies the stirring lines of Dr. Holmes:--
+
+    "The Giant standing by the elm-clad green;
+    His white lance lifted o'er the silent scene;
+    Whirling in air his brazen goblet round,
+    Swings from its brim the swollen floods of sound."
+
+As our friend turned into Park Street on this summer morning, the
+giant's lance threw its shadow far into the Common among the cows which
+were quietly cropping the dewy grass within the enclosure of the old
+rail fence, while his brazen goblet clanged the hour of seven.
+
+As the substantial citizen of to-day passes up this street, where shops
+are rapidly displacing the mansions of the last century, he looks with
+honest pride upon Boston's crowning glory, the gilded dome which, like a
+great golden egg, is nested upright upon the roof which shelters the
+annually-assembled wisdom of the Old Commonwealth. Around its glowing
+swell the orbit of the sun's kiss is marked by an ever-moving flame, and
+even its shadows are luminous.
+
+As he looks across the Common he catches glimpses of the "New Venice"
+which has been built upon the lagoons of the Back Bay, and sees among
+its towers and spires one beautiful campanile which, by its graceful
+inclination to the south, recalls Pisa's wonder, and lends a special
+charm to the view.
+
+Upon the little eminence near the Frog Pond, once the site of the fort
+built during the British occupation to defend the city from the American
+army encamped on the opposite shore, rises the monument which
+commemorates the war of the Rebellion and the gallant men of Boston who
+lost their lives in defence of the Government.
+
+On that pleasant morning in 1817, neither the beautiful new city nor the
+sad monument greeted the eye of the good Colonel, for the Common formed
+the western boundary of the town, and the British earthworks were still
+upon the little hill.
+
+Could he have had a prophetic vision of the one, his honest pride in his
+native town would have risen almost to ecstasy. Could he have known of
+the other, his patriotic soul would have sunk within him, and the
+pleasure of his day's journey would have given place to grief.
+
+Rounding the Common, by the Hancock mansion, with its lilac bushes and
+curiously wrought iron balcony, Walnut Street was soon reached, and,
+near its junction with Mount Vernon Street, the house of Mr. Webster.
+
+The future "Defender of the Constitution" was no sluggard. It was his
+habit to "Rise with the lark and greet the purpling east," to use one of
+his favorite quotations, and the carriage had hardly stopped when he
+appeared, and, exchanging kindly greetings with the Colonel, took his
+place beside him.
+
+Mr. Webster was at this time thirty-five years old, and had taken up his
+residence in Boston to resume the practice of his profession, after
+representing his native State of New Hampshire for two terms in
+Congress.
+
+Col. Perkins was among the first to recognize his abilities, and a
+strong attachment had grown up between them. A marked element in the
+Colonel's character was his constant desire to investigate for himself
+remarkable developments in nature and art; and on this occasion, when he
+expected an unusual gratification of his curiosity, no company could be
+more congenial than that of his friend, the young advocate.
+
+As the two companions made their way down the north side of Beacon Hill
+towards Charlestown bridge, their conversation, cheerful and even gay
+through the prospect of an interesting and pleasant excursion, turned
+from private matters to topics of local interest, and thence to national
+affairs.
+
+Mr. Webster's experiences at Washington naturally took the lead, and
+were listened to with attention by his companion. Mr. Monroe was at this
+time taking an extended tour through the Northern States, having
+occupied the presidential chair but a few months; the "era of good
+feeling" had fairly commenced, partisan violence had for the time
+abated, and the country was at peace with all the powers of the earth.
+
+Soon our travellers pass Charlestown bridge, leaving Copp's Hill and
+Christ Church, with its memories of Paul Revere, behind them, and
+approach Bunker's Hill, where eight years later Mr. Webster was to
+inaugurate the building of the monument with an eloquent address.
+
+Next they cross the bridge to Chelsea, and, continuing their way through
+the little village beyond, the long stretch of the Salem Turnpike over
+the Lynn marshes opens to them, with the wooded heights of Saugus on the
+north, the wide sands of Lynn beach on the south, and few signs of life
+beside the skimming flight of wild fowl and the occasional plunge of a
+seal at their approach.
+
+And now the wide expanse of land and sea, and the cool breeze stealing
+in from the water, turn their conversation to things maritime and
+foreign, to the wonders of the deep, and to the danger of those who "go
+down to the sea in ships," and brave its storms and hidden rocks.
+
+The Colonel, from his youth fond of travel, had now many a story to tell
+of his early voyages on business to Charleston, Saint Domingo, Batavia,
+and Canton, and of his visits to Europe, one of which brought him in
+contact with some of the stirring scenes of the French Revolution in
+1792.
+
+Thus beguiling the time, they pass through the village of Lynn, with a
+glance at High Rock on the one side and a longer look on the beautiful
+peninsula of Nahant on the other. Between Lynn and Salem lies a rocky
+and sterile tract, to this day almost without an inhabitant, but not
+without its picturesque and beautiful spots, like that for instance
+about the little pond, which is crossed by the floating bridge, through
+the cracks of whose rude floor the water spouts in miniature geysers as
+the carriage rolls across.
+
+Near by is the region where the famous witchcraft delusion took its
+rise; but reminiscences of this cruel drama are cut short by the abrupt
+transition to the closely-built streets of Salem, where our friends soon
+find themselves moving on through Essex Street, passing the East India
+Marine Hall, containing the contributions of Salem's numerous merchants
+and mariners, passing also the White mansion, a few years later to be
+the scene of a foul murder, in the investigation of which Mr. Webster
+was to make one of his most eloquent pleas, thence by the well-known
+Common and through the long avenue to Beverly bridge, over which they
+pass to the ancient town of Beverly, and are launched on that most
+delightful seashore road, which, continuing on through Manchester and
+Gloucester and round Cape Ann, has been pronounced the loveliest in New
+England.
+
+Soon the Beverly Farms, and then Manchester, are reached,--both places
+known to-day as the summer residences of some of Boston's best citizens,
+whose comfortable and elegant homes are reared upon every commanding
+spot.
+
+Next, after Manchester, the environs of Gloucester,--Kettle Cove, now
+rejoicing in the more pleasing name of "Magnolia," taken from the swamp
+near by, where grow those fragrant flowers whose creamy petals, set off
+by dark-green leaves, are popularly supposed to scent the air for miles
+around,--a race of strangers whose translation from the sunny South to
+this northern clime is one of the wonders of the region.
+
+After Magnolia, they ride through the pleasant woods to Fresh Water
+Cove, passing Rafe's Chasm and Norman's Woe Rock. Now the extreme end of
+Eastern Point, stretching away to the right and forming the outer part
+of Gloucester Harbor, appears in sight; but it is not till the top of
+Sawyer's Hill is reached that our friends, gaining a full view of the
+wide-spread panorama, call a halt to enjoy its varied beauties.
+
+Right before them appears the rocky point on which Roger Conant's colony
+of 1623, the first of the cape and the oldest after Plymouth and Boston,
+held its brief sway; farther on, Ten-Pound Island with its light-house;
+then the village of Gloucester, the old fort, the still older wind-mill,
+both prominent objects; and in the distance the twin lighthouses of
+Thatcher's Island, with Railcut Hill to the north-east, and, stretching
+to the north, the low, marshy level through which Squam River meanders
+to the sea by the sands of Coffin's Beach.
+
+Under any circumstances this panorama would have challenged the
+admiration of our friends; but seen, as they saw it, on a clear summer
+day, with the wide expanse of blue water breaking under the influence of
+a gentle breeze into curling waves, which with gathering force dashed
+playfully upon the yellow ledges and shining beaches, with flocks of
+sea-gulls sweeping in graceful circles or brooding upon the surface, no
+ordinary description could do it justice.
+
+The fair peninsula of Cape Ann, a large part of which now lay before
+them, called by the Indians "Wingershaek," has since been thrice named.
+By Samuel de Champlain, who visited in it in 1605, it was called Cap aux
+Isles, the islands being those now known as Straitsmouth Island,
+Thatcher's Island, and Milk Island. By Captain John Smith, who landed
+upon its rocky shores in 1614, it was named Tragabigzanda, and the same
+islands were called The Three Turks' Heads; and by Prince Charles, who,
+after Smith's return to England, gave it the name of Cape Ann, in honor
+of his mother, Queen Ann, consort of James the First.
+
+The colony of Roger Conant was afterward transferred to Salem; but
+within the next ten years a permanent settlement was made, which in 1642
+was incorporated under the name of Gloucester, in honor of the ancient
+city of that name in England.
+
+From the first, Cape Ann has been the home of fishermen, though a
+considerable foreign commerce was at one time carried on by its thrifty
+mariners. Eminently patriotic, the town bore its share in the country's
+struggle for independence, two companies of Gloucester men having fought
+at Bunker's Hill, and its bold privateers did good service upon the
+ocean, not only in the Revolution, but in the later struggle with the
+mother country.
+
+Our travellers, having satisfied their curiosity as to the general
+appearance of the town, are getting under way again for a nearer
+acquaintance, and becoming more and more interested in the special
+object of their visit.
+
+As they approach the village, it is evident that something unusual is
+going on; they pass people moving in the same direction, with eager and
+expectant faces, to one of whom Mr. Webster ventures these questions:
+Can his serpentine majesty be seen to-day? and where to the best
+advantage? Receiving satisfactory replies, the coachman is ordered to
+drive to the old wind-mill, where they arrive in a few moments,--from
+the shady side of this quaint structure, whose merrily revolving sails
+were at their usual work, a large part of both the outer and inner
+harbors being easily seen.
+
+Let us now take some note of occurrences which at this time were
+agitating the little town, and the fame of which had extended to Boston.
+
+On Sunday, the tenth of August, four days before, Mr. Amos Story, rowing
+in his boat near Ten-Pound Island, was greatly disturbed, not to say
+alarmed, by the appearance, at some twenty rods' distance, of a sea
+monster, totally unlike anything he had ever seen in his long experience
+as a fisherman and mariner. Moving at the rate of a mile in two minutes,
+nearly one hundred feet in length, as large as the body of a man, with a
+head like a turtle, but carried high out of the water, with the body of
+a snake, but with the vertical motion of a caterpillar, and of a
+dark-brown color, this enormous reptile brought such fear to the honest
+fisherman as induced him to make a rapid retreat to a safe distance.
+
+His account of the monster naturally set all the people on the lookout,
+and for nearly every day in the following two weeks it was seen under
+different circumstances by many of the inhabitants of Gloucester and the
+adjacent villages.
+
+At the present day, on the first notice of such a wonderful appearance,
+the daily papers would send their reporters from far and near, and, with
+the help of the Associated Press, curious readers all over the country
+would the next morning have accounts of the Sea Serpent served to them
+at breakfast-time. Instantaneous photographs would be attempted, and the
+illustrated weeklies would give the world picturesque, if not accurate,
+representations of the monster and the localities in which he appeared.
+But in 1817 the news spread slowly, and no public mention was made of
+the matter till Saturday the 16th, when the _Commercial Gazette_ of
+Boston, under the modest caption of "Something New," alludes to the
+reports that had been in circulation for some days, and describes the
+preparations making by a party who expected to capture the bold
+intruder.
+
+The subject occupied the attention of the papers in Salem and Boston
+more or less for the next two months, for although the visit of the
+serpent seems to have ended early in September, records of former
+appearances in different parts of the world were fully discussed. It is
+worthy of notice that almost from the first the authentic character of
+the reports was admitted. The _Chronicle and Patriot_ of Boston says,
+under date of Aug. 20, "Doubts having been expressed by some as to the
+fact of an aquatic serpent of the magnitude described having been seen
+in the harbor of Gloucester, we have conversed with gentlemen of that
+place of undoubted veracity who have seen him since the former accounts
+were published, and who declare that they have in no way been
+exaggerated."
+
+These are brief extracts from the papers during the time that they were
+occupied with the subject: Aug. 18, "two serpents were seen playing
+together"; Aug. 25, one was seen "feasting on ale-wives in Kettle Cove";
+Aug. 28, he was "still hovering on the coast and feeding on herring";
+Sept. 4, "It is hoped that the naval commander on the coast will attempt
+its capture"; Sept. 10, he was seen at Salem, "after the swarms or
+schools of bait," and again, near Half-way Rock, "coiled up on the
+surface of the water, reposing after a hearty breakfast of herring";
+Aug. 27, the "Aquatic Novelty" was "off Eastern Point"; Sept. 24, there
+was a notice of "Beach's picture about to be exhibited"; Oct. 1, "the
+Panorama of Gloucester with the great Sea Serpent will be ready for
+exhibition on Monday next." One account states that "he is cased in
+shell"; another, that "it is proposed to make a number of strong nets in
+the hope of entangling and so killing him"; Oct. 8, "the panorama is on
+exhibition at Merchant's Hall, Milk Street," and "Beach has in the hands
+of an engraver a view on a small scale, and is painting one 26 x 14
+feet, including the town and harbor of Gloucester."
+
+A small serpent of strange appearance having been taken on the land near
+Loblolly Cove, one correspondent writes at some length that it must have
+been the progeny of the two seen playing together, who were doubtless
+the parents.
+
+Fortunately for the cause of science, there was at the time an
+association of naturalists called "The Linn�an Society of New England,"
+whose prompt action caused the various reports about the matter to be
+carefully sifted, and the result placed before the public in an
+authentic manner. This society met at Boston on the 18th of August, and
+appointed a committee to collect evidence in regard to the existence and
+appearance of the strange animal.
+
+The committee consisted of the Hon. John Davis, Jacob Bigelow, M.D., and
+Francis C. Gray, Esq., all men of the highest respectability, and of
+undoubted fitness and capacity for the work they were to undertake, and
+the result of their labors was published in a pamphlet of fifty-two
+pages, the title of which cautiously states that the report is "relative
+to a large marine animal, supposed to be a serpent, seen near Cape Ann,
+Massachusetts, in August, 1817." It was accompanied by an engraving of
+the "_Scoliophis Atlanticus_," the small snake captured near Loblolly
+Cove, representing the animal at full length, about three feet, and also
+in parts after dissection, with full explanations.
+
+From this pamphlet it appears that on the 19th the committee wrote to
+Hon. Lonson Nash, a magistrate of Gloucester, asking him to examine upon
+oath some of those who had seen the animal, not allowing them to
+communicate with each other the substance of their respective statements
+till they were all committed to writing, and proposing certain rules
+with regard to the method of conducting the examination, as well as a
+list of twenty-five carefully prepared questions to be put to the
+persons examined.
+
+Eight depositions received from Mr. Nash, and three others taken in
+Boston, all read before the Society on the 1st of September, are given
+in full, as well as further correspondence with Mr. Nash, and various
+accounts of similar appearances in former years and at other places. The
+committee seem to have no doubt but that the depositions were truthful
+and accurate, and suggest that the small serpent which they describe may
+have been of the same species as the larger one, and possibly its
+progeny.
+
+The eight depositions taken at Gloucester were those of Amos Story,
+mariner; Solomon Allen, 3d, shipmaster; Epes Ellery, shipmaster; William
+H. Foster, merchant; Matthew Gaffney, ship carpenter; James Mansfield,
+merchant; John Johnston, Jr., a boy of seventeen; and William B.
+Pearson, merchant. The deponents were selected for their probity; each
+of them saw the serpent at different times and under different
+circumstances, and their very interesting statements, too long to be
+here given in full, are briefly summarized, so far as description is
+concerned, in the following extracts:--
+
+This is what they say as to the length of the monster: "eighty to ninety
+feet," "forty feet at least," "forty to sixty feet in length," "fifty
+feet at least," "nothing short of seventy feet," "seventy feet at
+least," "not surprised if one hundred feet," "at least a hundred feet."
+
+And this as to his size: "size of a man's body," "size of a half
+barrel," "joints from head to tail," "joints about the size of a
+two-gallon keg," "large as a barrel," "bunches on his back about a foot
+in height," "two and a half feet in circumference."
+
+His movements are thus described: "slow, plunging about in circles, and
+sometimes moving nearly straight forward," "sunk directly down and
+appeared two hundred yards distant in two minutes," "did not turn down
+like a fish, but settled directly down like a rock," "moved at the rate
+of a mile in two or three minutes," "turned short and quick till his
+head came parallel with his tail," "sinuosities vertical," "in different
+directions, leaving on the water marks like those made by skating on the
+ice," "a mile in a minute," "vertical, like a caterpillar," "turns short
+and quick, head and tail moving in opposite directions and almost
+touching," "a mile in five or six minutes," "a mile in three minutes,"
+"turned short, head and tail moving in opposite directions, and not more
+than two or three yards apart," "twelve or fourteen miles an hour,"
+"swifter than any whale," "rising and falling as he moved," "head moving
+from side to side," "a mile in four minutes."
+
+His head is "like the head of a sea-turtle," "carried ten to twelve
+inches above the water," "larger than the head of any dog," "like the
+head of a rattlesnake, but nearly as large as the head of a horse,"
+"head two feet above the surface of the water," "top of his head flat,"
+"a prong or spear about twelve inches long which might have been his
+tongue," "as large as a man's head," "large as a four-gallon keg,"
+"about a foot above the water," "eye dark and sharp," "tongue like a
+harpoon thrown out two feet from his jaws," "mouth open ten inches,"
+"like a serpent."
+
+And his color is "dark brown," "black or very dark," "white beneath,"
+"head, top brown; under part nearly white."
+
+In some respects more interesting than the report of the Linn�an society
+are the statements published in New York in the fall of 1817, under the
+title of "Letters from the Hon. David Humphreys, F.R.S., to the Rt. Hon.
+Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, London, containing
+some account of the Serpent of the Ocean frequently seen in Gloucester
+Bay."
+
+Mr. Humphreys, a citizen of Connecticut apparently, visited Gloucester
+repeatedly in August, and, though he did not succeed in getting a look
+at the great snake, had many interviews with those who did, and was
+present when the depositions were taken.
+
+The narrative of his experience at Gloucester, with some letters from
+Mr. Nash, a detailed account of efforts to catch the serpent, and some
+statements in regard to its visit to Long Island Sound later in the
+year, make eighty-six pages of pleasant reading, which those curious to
+know about the matter will find well worth their attention.
+
+His version of the depositions is also interesting, varying somewhat as
+it does from that published by the Linn�an Society, and he goes at
+length into the reasons for believing the small captured serpent to have
+been the offspring of the large one.
+
+It is easy to account for the variations in the evidence taken before
+Mr. Nash, when we find from the statements of the parties that the
+distance at which the serpent was seen varied from thirty feet to one
+hundred and fifty yards. But there is agreement in the important points
+which clearly separate the animal described from all well-known fishes.
+The undulating vertical motion producing the appearance of humps upon
+the back, the small size of the body compared with its length, the sharp
+turns when the head and tail moved in opposite directions, the elevated
+head, and the protruding tongue, are more or less recognized in every
+description.
+
+Let us now return to our friends, whom we have left at the old mill. It
+was the curiosity of Col. Perkins, who was already familiar with the
+water-snakes of the Indian Ocean, and strongly inclined to believe in
+the existence of the monster serpent, which led him, at the first
+reports from Gloucester, to plan this visit to the scene of the
+excitement. And in good truth he had planned it well, and had selected
+his time with that rare good luck which attended most of his mercantile
+operations. It had been a "field-day," so to speak, in Gloucester
+Harbor, the serpent having been visible, more or less, all the morning.
+
+Looking out over the water, where boats were moving cautiously about,
+Rocky Neck and Ten-Pound Island on one side and the old fort on the
+other, our friends found that most of the points from which a good view
+could be obtained were occupied by spectators waiting for the sinuous
+monster, who was not long in making his appearance, and seemed to enjoy
+the occasion as well as his company.
+
+Sometimes playing in wide circles, sometimes moving rapidly in a
+straight line, leaving a long wake behind him, he at length approached
+so near the lookout of our travellers that, with the Colonel's
+field-glass, they could easily see his snaky head, his open mouth, his
+gleaming eyes, and his protruding tongue.
+
+One adventurous boatman, Mr. Matthew Gaffney, getting within some thirty
+feet, fired at him with his gun, carrying an eighteen-to-the-pound ball,
+and aiming full at his head. The monster turned, and sinking down like a
+rock, went directly under the boat, making his appearance a hundred rods
+off, apparently unhurt. He continued his playful gambols as before,
+finally moving off out of the harbor till he was lost in the distance.
+
+Our friends now found themselves the objects of attention on the part of
+several gentlemen, who, hearing of their visit, had sought them out, in
+order to pay due respect to such distinguished visitors. Among them
+were Mr. Lonson Nash, the eminently respectable lawyer of the town,
+before whom were made the affidavits to which we have already alluded;
+Capt. Jack Beach, an eccentric gentleman of leisure, whose drawing of
+Gloucester harbor, with the serpent occupying a prominent position, was
+afterward enlarged into a painting, and subsequently engraved; and Col.
+William Tappan, landlord of the tavern where our friends were to dine.
+
+The meeting between this last gentleman and Mr. Webster was one of
+unusual interest. Col. Tappan had been the instructor of Mr. Webster's
+youth at Salisbury in his native State, and was greeted with unaffected
+and hearty cordiality by his now eminent pupil. The future statesman had
+been the brightest boy in his school, so Master Tappan said, and among
+other well-earned rewards obtained a new jackknife for committing to
+memory a large number of verses from the Bible. After hearing sixty or
+seventy, with several chapters yet in mind, his instructor gave up the
+trial, and afterwards told the boy's father that he "would do God's work
+injustice if he did not send him to college."
+
+In company with Col. Tappan and the other gentlemen, our travellers
+repaired to the tavern, which was near at hand, and enjoyed not only a
+good dinner, but much pleasant conversation in regard to the events of
+the week, varied with reminiscences of school days by the master and
+pupil.
+
+But the waning afternoon soon warned them that an early departure was
+necessary if they were to reach their homes before dark. Their carriage
+was ordered, leave taken of their new acquaintances, as well as of the
+landlord, and with lingering looks at the now quiet scene of the day's
+excitement, they passed rapidly out of the town over the same road by
+which they entered it in the early part of the day.
+
+Seen from the opposite side, each point in the home journey presented
+new beauties to add to the pleasant remembrances of the morning. The
+afternoon shadows gave a tender touch to the landscape, and a serious
+tone to the conversation, which, dealing reverently with the great
+problems of life and immortality, continued till the friends arrived at
+their homes in the early dusk.
+
+Sixty-eight years have passed since the events which have been narrated,
+and the two friends whom we have followed through that beautiful August
+day have long since passed to their reward.
+
+The shrewd, far-seeing, and successful merchant and public-spirited
+citizen, completing at the extreme old age of ninety a well-developed
+life, and leaving a reputation, not only without a stain, but adorned
+with the memory of numerous philanthropic and benevolent acts.
+
+The able lawyer, after rising to the highest fame as a statesman and
+orator, passing away at threescore and ten, his latest years
+overshadowed by the grief of a disappointed ambition.
+
+A few weeks before his death at Marshfield, in 1852, Mr. Webster
+presented to Colonel Perkins a copy of his published speeches, with the
+following written therein:--
+
+     "MY DEAR SIR,--If I possessed anything which I might suppose
+     likely to be more acceptable to you as a proof of my esteem
+     than these volumes, I should have sent it in their stead. But I
+     do not; and therefore ask your acceptance of a copy of this
+     volume of my speeches. I have long cherished, my dear sir, a
+     profound, warm, affectionate, and I may say a filial regard for
+     your person and character. I have looked upon you as one born
+     to do good, and who has fulfilled his mission; as a man without
+     a spot or blemish, as a merchant known and honored over the
+     whole world; a most liberal supporter and promoter of science
+     and the arts; always kind to scholars and literary men, and
+     greatly beloved by them all; friendly to all the institutions
+     of religion, morality, and education; and an unwavering and
+     determined supporter of the constitution of his country, and of
+     those great principles of civil liberty which it is so well
+     calculated to uphold and advance. These sentiments I inscribe
+     here in accordance with my best judgment, and out of the
+     fulness of my heart: and I wish here to record, also, my deep
+     sense of the many personal obligations under which you have
+     placed me in the course of our long acquaintance. Your ever
+     faithful friend,
+
+     DANIEL WEBSTER."
+
+Should this dedication, truly as it portrays the excellent character of
+the person to whom it was addressed, seem to be redundant and
+overstated, let us remember that the writer, feeble and sorrowful, was
+penning his last words to his old and perhaps best friend, and its very
+extravagance at once assumes a childish pathos. The critical eye as it
+scans the record becomes dim with the sympathetic tear, and reads
+between the blurred lines only the passionate tribute of a broken
+spirit.
+
+In the ample stairway of the Boston Athen�um hang portraits of the two
+men,--that of Colonel Perkins, painted by Sully in 1833, is an
+exceedingly graceful presentation, and represents him at full length,
+carefully dressed, and seated in an easy attitude. The accessories are
+skilfully introduced, especially the large and exquisitely shaped china
+pitcher, which doubtless represents some gift received through his
+commercial relations with the East. The picture of Mr. Webster, also
+full length, was painted by Harding in 1849, and is an excellent
+likeness as well as a painting of much merit, though lacking the
+charming qualities of the other portrait.
+
+During these sixty-eight years, great changes have come upon the little
+village of Gloucester, now grown to a city of more than twenty thousand
+people; its houses, then few and rude, have increased in number till the
+rocky hills are covered almost to their summits with the neat dwellings
+of its still hardy and adventurous population.
+
+The old wind-mill, from whose vicinity our friends saw the monster
+snake, has given way to a summer hotel, whose occupants look out upon
+the beautiful bay and watch the incoming and outgoing of the fishing
+fleet of five hundred staunch schooners, manned by the bold mariners who
+seek their prey on "Georges," the Grand Banks, or the far waters of the
+Gulf of St. Lawrence; while the old fort, which never succumbed to a
+foe, has given way to the invasion of industry, till its grounds are
+covered and its walls obscured by buildings intended for occupation or
+labor.
+
+And what during these sixty-eight years has befallen the enormous
+reptile, whose visit to Cape Ann called our friends to examine for
+themselves his claim to be the real Sea Serpent?
+
+In what waters plays the sportive monster to-day? Did he return to the
+coast of Norway, where, according to the naturalists of the country,
+such as he live at the bottom of the sea, rising sometimes to the
+surface in summer, but plunging again as soon as the wind raises the
+least wave? Or did the bullet of Matthew Gaffney inflict a wound of
+which he afterwards perished in some submarine retreat?
+
+The most cautious naturalists, while endeavoring to explain on various
+hypotheses the authentic appearances of marine monsters resembling
+serpents,--one theory being that they are abnormal cases of unusual
+growth of ordinary marine animals, and another that they are individuals
+of an almost extinct race,--are compelled to admit that the time may
+come when, with further evidence, scientific examination will accurately
+determine the question, and the Sea Serpent take its place among the
+acknowledged dwellers in the sea.
+
+
+
+
+ATTLEBORO, MASS.
+
+BY C. M. BARROWS.
+
+
+When the Puritans removed from Charlestown to Trimountain in search of
+wholesome water-springs they found the ground preoccupied by Motley's
+"Hermit of Shawmut;" and when the godly people who discarded the musical
+Wannamoisett and gave their plantation a homely Bible name, joined to
+their borders the tract of wilderness lying between them and the Bay
+line, they found the same whimsical anchoret snugly domiciled in his
+"Study Hall" beside a stream that bounded their new possessions. Thus it
+happened that the first English inhabitant of Boston and the pioneer
+settler in the wilds of Rehoboth North Purchase were one and the same
+person.
+
+For years this piece of unimproved real estate waited for a name, until,
+at length, for some unaccountable reason, it was christened after the
+English town where George Eliot attended Miss Lathom's school when a
+child, and caught a chronic cold, from the effects of which she seemed
+never to have quite recovered, and it was called Attleborough. The
+original purchase included a much larger area than that comprised in the
+present township; and, like the then adjacent domain of Dorchester,
+Attleboro parted with one section of land and then another, until its
+acreage to-day is but a fraction of that perambulated by the colonial
+surveyors. On the west side a triangle, locally known as the Gore, was
+set off in 1746 to form the town of Cumberland, R. I., while from the
+south and east sides were taken generous slices to piece out the towns
+of old Rehoboth, Mansfield, and Norton.
+
+The history of Attleboro, like that of so many other New England towns,
+naturally divides itself into two widely different epochs, each
+interesting to the modern reader. From the year 1661, when Wamsetta,
+chief sachem of Pokanokett, made the original conveyance of the
+territory to Capt. Thomas Willett, representing the town of Rehoboth,
+until the close of the last war between this country and Great Britain,
+is a period rich in annals of men and deeds, whose records live on musty
+parchments and crumbling gravestones. It is crowded with tales of
+hardship, struggle, and heroism out of which some local Scott or Cooper
+with wizard hand might fashion many books of poetry or fiction:--
+
+    "And so, by some strange spell, the years,
+      The half-forgotten years of glory,
+    That slumber on their dusty biers,
+      In the dim crypts of ancient story,
+    Awake with all their shadowy files,
+      Shape, spirit, name in death immortal,
+    The phantoms glide along the aisles,
+      And ghosts steal in at every portal."
+
+Then, after the primeval wilderness had been subdued under the patient
+tillage of more than one generation of sturdy farmers, there opens a
+second period extending to the present date,--busy years of modern
+industry, when the nervous spirit of enterprise and the restless fever
+for gain have stimulated brain and brawn to ceaseless endeavor.
+
+It would be difficult for the present dwellers in the thriving villages
+of Attleboro to imagine a time when but a single white inhabitant had a
+fixed abode within the limits of Capt. Willett's extensive purchase,
+when Ten-Mile River had never reflected a pale face or turned a
+mill-wheel, and when the site of humming Robinsonville was occupied by a
+clump of Indian wigwams in a beaver clearing. The historic elm on the
+Carpenter estate, under which Whitefield preached so eloquently, had not
+yet sprouted from the seed; the falling leaves had scarcely obliterated
+the footprints of persecuted Roger Williams, making his toilsome retreat
+from the new settlement on the Bay to the headwaters of the
+Narragansett; and the Bay road was only an uncertain path blazed through
+a dense forest, along which not a hundred pairs of Anglo-Saxon feet had
+ever trudged.
+
+In this vast solitude the intrepid William Blaxton had spent thirty
+lonely years before the original purchase was made. He built his rude
+house on the extreme western frontier of Attleboro Gore, beside the
+river which now bears his name with altered spelling, made friends with
+his Indian neighbors, planted the first apple-orchard in North America,
+and trained an imported bull to serve him as a saddle-horse. There, like
+Thoreau in his Walden hut, the old divine encountered nature in her
+rougher aspects and studied her wonderful book untrammelled by even the
+slight social conventionalities that obtained in colonial Boston.
+
+The first settlement within the limits of the present town was made
+beside a stream which crossed the Bay road, on the site of the Hatch
+tavern, opposite Barden's building in North Attleboro; and because this
+stream marked a journey of ten miles from Seekonk, the early travellers
+named it Ten-Mile River. Here the famous John Woodcock took up his abode
+in 1663 or 1664, and established a garrison which afterwards formed one
+of a chain of strongholds extending from Boston to Rhode Island. An
+avowed foe of the red race who surrounded him, he found them hostile and
+treacherous, and had no recourse but to fortify himself behind his
+stockades, and keep the stealthy warriors at bay with his musket. At
+this dangerous outpost Woodcock bravely defended his little family for
+many years, until quite a community of white people had placed
+themselves under his protection, and he became a sort of feudal lord,
+into whose rude castle they might retreat in time of danger. He was a
+restless spirit, fond of hazardous adventure, to whom civilized life was
+unendurably tame, and many are the current traditions of his prowess and
+bloody encounters with the savage aborigines. In 1670 he opened a
+licensed ordinary on his premises, the first public house in the
+country; and from that time a hostelry was kept on that spot for nearly
+two centuries.
+
+Other settlements were naturally made in the open meadows easily
+accessible from the Bay road; and so we find the next community growing
+up in what is now the Falls Village, where a corn mill was erected in
+1686. Then a few new families, immigrating from Rehoboth, made
+themselves a home in the south part of the town; and near the close of
+the century settlers found their way down the winding Ten-Mile River,
+and built houses at Mechanics.
+
+For obvious reasons the east precinct, as Attleboro-bred people are wont
+to call it, is the newest part of the town; the north and the south
+sections were traversed by the one thoroughfare then open as a highway
+between the home of the Puritans and the shores of Narragansett Bay, and
+for years after these began to number a very respectable colonial
+population, the now thickly settled area in the east village bounded by
+Peck, Pleasant, Pine, Capron, and Main streets, contained no buildings
+except the Balcom Tavern with its contiguous barn, a small
+dwelling-house near the present site of the old straw shop, and another
+house about forty rods further to the south.
+
+Lying in the very heart of the Narragansett country, this town was
+constantly menaced by King Philip and his braves during the period of
+the Indian wars, and two of the bloodiest fights occurred within the
+limits of Attleboro Gore. The settlers found it necessary to go about
+their daily work armed, lest some red man skulking in the borders of the
+forest should attack and slay them. John Woodcock, the leading spirit
+among them, was a special object of savage hatred, and in the summer of
+1676 he and his sons were surprised while at work in a field, and,
+before they could retreat within the garrison, one son was killed
+outright, and another was severely wounded.
+
+On Sunday morning, March 26, 1676, Captain Pierce, who, with a company
+of sixty-three white men and twenty Cape Indians, was advancing upon the
+enemy, was surrounded by about nine hundred Indians at a point on the
+Blackstone not far from William Blaxton's house. With true Spartan
+courage he and his little band resolved to sell their lives at a high
+price; so forming a circle back to back, they made a desperate
+resistance for two mortal hours, and after they had fallen it was found
+that about three hundred of their cruel captors had perished with them.
+
+In the same war another brutal butchery entailed upon another spot in
+the Gore just north of Camp Swamp the name of "Nine Men's Misery." There
+three triads of white soldiers, finding themselves surrounded by a large
+force of savages who had been lying in wait for them, placed their backs
+against a huge rock and fought like heroic knights in the old Arthurian
+days, until all were slain. Afterwards their nine bodies were buried in
+one wide grave, which was marked by a heap of stones; and many years
+later a company of young Boston physicians exhumed the bones, and one
+skeleton was identified as that of Bucklin of Rehoboth, because the jaws
+contained a set of double front teeth.
+
+In the Revolutionary struggle Attleboro men bore an active and honorable
+part, and some of her noblest sons were under fire in the hottest
+engagements of the eight years' war. A respected citizen of the town
+recently told the writer that immediately after the battle of Bunker
+Hill, Caleb Parmenter, Thomas French, and Isaac Perry proceeded to
+Boston on foot, and joined the army then in command of General Ward; and
+the first of the three, on whom Governor Samuel Adams afterwards
+conferred a lieutenant's commission, was present at Cambridge when
+General Washington assumed charge of the army. A company of men was also
+raised in Attleboro for service at the siege of Newport, R. I., and in
+the engagement at Quaker Hill they pushed bayonets with the British
+three times in a single day, and two of their number, Israel Dyer and
+Valentine Wilmarth, were slain.
+
+At an early date in the history of the town two taverns (already
+referred to) were established, which under successive proprietors
+flourished for many years, and acquired a wide reputation for abundant
+good cheer and excellent liquors. As model public houses of the time
+they were not inferior to the Punch Bowl at Brookline, Bride's in
+Dedham, or even the Wayside Inn in ancient Sudbury, made forever famous
+by Longfellow. Each in its way was
+
+    "A kind of old Hobgoblin Hall,
+           * * *
+    With weather-stains upon the wall,
+    And stairways worn, and crazy doors,
+    And creaking and uneven floors,
+    And chimneys huge and tiled and tall."
+
+Hatch's Tavern, the older of the two inns, was John Woodcock's ordinary
+enlarged to meet the demands of the times. It stood on the identical
+spot where his garrison was planted, and until quite recently some of
+the logs that formed the ancient stockades might be found built into the
+older portion of the structure. In 1806 the original house was removed a
+few feet to the south to make room for a new tavern, and there it is
+still standing. The new house in which the original proprietor and
+landlord made his enviable reputation was needed to accommodate the
+increased public travel soon after the opening of the Norfolk and
+Bristol Turnpike, as described in an article entitled "From the White
+Horse to Little Rhody," and published in the first volume of this
+magazine. No house along the entire line of this once important
+thoroughfare dispensed a more generous hospitality or was presided over
+by a more genial host. It was twelve miles out from Providence, and a
+place where all the stages stopped to change horses, and allow
+passengers to partake of a breakfast, or some favorite beverage at the
+bar.
+
+Somewhat later in the century Balcom's Tavern in the east part of the
+town sprung up, and was maintained for a long period as a popular house
+of resort. The original structure, enlarged and changed by successive
+additions, still stands on the corner of South Main and Park streets.
+Here have been entertained not only celebrities of the earlier days, but
+famous modern men, among whom might be mentioned Ralph Waldo Emerson,
+Wendell Phillips, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, who visited the town as
+lyceum lecturers. In 1852 this house was purchased by Dr. Edward
+Sanford, who remodelled and repaired it, and made it his own private
+residence for thirty years, when it passed into the care of tenants.
+
+The proprietors who gave their names to these public houses were men
+quite widely known in their day, though for different reasons. Col.
+Hatch was emphatically a man of affairs, and full of business both
+public and private; wiser, perhaps, for this world than the next, he
+sought to become a political leader and office-holder among his
+townsmen. Col. Balcom on the contrary was a merry sporting-man, equally
+at home among gamblers and horse-racers, and in the society of
+gentlemen. He was politic and adroit, not lacking in good points, though
+he had conspicuous vices. The former kept a quiet, orderly, and
+eminently respectable house; the latter liked to entertain a jovial
+company, and enjoyed the fun too well to frown upon youthful pranks or
+hilarious conduct. Among many good anecdotes told of Col. Balcom, there
+is one very characteristic, and good enough to find a record here.
+
+It is related that Parson Holman and other pious people of the village
+often sought to induce the colonel to reform his course of life and seek
+those things which concerned his eternal peace; but the wily landlord,
+while receiving them with a most gracious suavity, usually managed to
+evade the force of their appeals and frustrate their most serious
+efforts for the good of his soul. On one occasion, so runs the story,
+the deacons of the church made him a special visit, and, being ushered
+into the parlor, were given a patient audience while they pointed out
+the moral danger of his way of life, and besought him earnestly to
+reform. But presently the colonel was called out, and having obtained a
+short leave of absence ordered a flask of his best brandy carried in to
+the deacons, with sugar and glasses. Of course it was in entire accord
+with the custom of those days for the worthy pillars of the church to
+partake of the proffered beverage; and, on his return Col. Balcom said:
+"Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready to talk." So the
+deacons drank again. Scarcely had they picked up the lost thread of the
+conversation, however, when the landlord was once more obliged to excuse
+himself in order to attend to some urgent duty as host; and, in fact,
+several like interruptions occurred in the course of an hour. But in
+each case the imperturbable colonel returned with the same hearty words
+upon his lips: "Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready
+to talk." Then as the smooth brandy began to tell on the deacons, they
+gradually modified their estimate of the landlord's sins and their
+personal duty, until at length one of them rose from his chair and
+turning to the other said: "Waal, I guess Col. Balcom ain't the wust
+sort o' man in the world--come, brother, let's go home."
+
+Although nature and circumstances would seem to have destined Attleboro
+for an agricultural town, its reputation rests chiefly on its mechanical
+industries, and during the eighteenth century there were several small
+cotton mills running in the place. As early as 1825, a traveller
+following the Ten-Mile River from the Wrentham line to where the stream
+slips into Seekonk on the other side of the town, would have found two
+cotton mills near where Whiting's jewelry factory now stands, a third
+near the site of the "Company's" shop, and still a fourth at Falls
+Village. Farther on he would have come upon the rude beginnings of the
+button factory which has flourished so long at Robinsonville; a nail
+factory at Deantown and another at the Farmers, as well as a cotton mill
+on the spot where the stove foundry now stands in the same village.
+Robert Saunderson's forge would have been blazing at Mechanics beside
+John Cooper's corn mill, and Balcom's machine shop in active operation
+where R. Wolfenden's sons now ply the trade of dyers. Hebronville also
+would then, as now, have greeted the visitor with the music of swift
+shuttles and whirling spindles, as he passed on to the end of his tour
+of inspection at Kent's grist mill, the oldest, probably, in the
+country.
+
+These rude mills were the original sources of a progressive,
+ever-widening, material prosperity for which Attleboro is justly noted.
+Its people display great business thrift; its many commodious factories
+are crowded with skilled mechanics and trained artisans; and its
+abundant products are sold by men of enterprise in all the markets of
+the world. The farm and garden products of the town make a very
+respectable display at the annual local and county fairs; the textile
+and other manufactures would make no mean showing; but all these
+industries are eclipsed by the one business that absorbs the majority of
+labor and capital, namely, the making of jewelry.
+
+It has been facetiously, sometimes sneeringly, remarked that the
+Attleboro jewelers are as nearly creators as finite beings can be,
+because they almost make something out of nothing, while the cheap
+trinkets they turn out by the barrel have to be hurried to market by
+rapid express, lest they corrode and tarnish before they can be disposed
+of. Such jests, however, convey a very erroneous and unfair notion of
+the real character of most of the work done in those large shops, and
+the amount of money invested in the business. It is true that grades of
+very poor jewelry are made in Attleboro, and it is equally true that
+most of the goods manufactured there are both costly and durable; it is
+not "washed brass" that goes to the trade with the stamp of those great
+firms upon it, but heavy rolled plate goods, containing such a thickness
+of fine gold that they may be deeply cut with the graver's tool, and
+will never wear down to the baser metal which it conceals. The curious
+and wonderful processes of this complex manufacture cannot be even
+hinted at in the space of such an article as this, and only an
+approximate estimate of the value of these products and the number of
+employ�s working upon them can be given in figures.
+
+The census reports for the year 1880 enumerate the different
+manufactures of the town as artisans' tools, boots and shoes, boxes,
+brushes, buttons, carriages and wagons, coffin trimmings, cooking and
+heating apparatus, cotton goods, cotton, woollen, and other textiles,
+electroplating, food preparations, jewelry burnishing, lapidary work,
+leather, machinery, metallic goods, printing, bleaching, and dyeing. The
+capital invested in these industries is chiefly devoted to jewelry
+business, and is placed by the report at a total of $2,924,890; the
+products are valued at $4,345,809; and the number of employ�s is set at
+3,378. But that census, though substantially correct when made, will not
+answer now; for, in the five years elapsed since it was taken, new
+factories have been built, new firms have started in business, and old
+ones have enlarged their trade.
+
+The spirit of enterprise engendered by the large business interests in
+which the leading citizens are engaged is manifest also in the
+management of public affairs, and the town is noted for liberal
+expenditures of money in the way of substantial improvements. The public
+buildings, with the exception of two high-school houses recently
+erected, and the new Universalist Church in North Attleboro, a handsome
+brick structure, demand no special mention; but its system of abundant
+water supply and the provision made for an efficient fire department are
+standing advertisements that the town looks carefully after the health
+and protection of its citizens and their homes. For many years the
+Farmers and Mechanics Association has held an autumnal town fair, where
+in its ample grounds and halls are exhibited a fine display of farm
+stock, implements and produce, domestic and artistic handiwork, and
+manufactured goods of the trades. The grounds contain also a fine
+half-mile track, on which is annually made a showing of horses owned in
+Attleboro that would compare favorably with any other in the country.
+Another organization which attests the live, progressive spirit of the
+place is the Board of Trade, to which most of the leading business men
+belong. It was established in the spring of 1881, with commodious rooms
+and appointments on Washington Street, North Attleboro.
+
+No town in Bristol county has provided more liberally for the education
+of youth than Attleboro, and in the larger centres a graded school
+system has been adopted; nor is it lacking in the appointed means of
+moral improvement, since there are within its limits no less than
+fifteen religious societies, holding regular Sunday services. Two weekly
+newspapers, the _Advocate_ and the ... are published in the place; there
+are also two national banks, one savings bank, and a savings and loan
+association.
+
+Did space permit, it would be possible to single out from the many sons
+and residents of Attleboro, men who have become distinguished for
+learning and the public and private services they have rendered their
+fellow-men; but it must suffice here simply to remark that it is the
+crowning glory of the town to count among its citizens a large number of
+sagacious, sensible men of affairs, who have built up its manifold
+interests, and by personal enterprise and energy have secured for the
+place a large measure of material prosperity. Very early in its history
+the family names of these substantial men appear on the records of the
+town--Allen, Peck, Carpenter, Daggett, Robinson, Blackinton, May,
+Thacher, Richards, Capron, Ide, Wheaton, Bliss, and others,--names that
+stand for character, influence, thrift, and wealth. But these have no
+need of eulogy or praise, since every busy factory and every commodious
+home testifies to their worth; then let this sketch be concluded with a
+brief allusion to one whose simple record, though one of the
+curiosities of the town, and containing an epitome of instructive
+history, will excite no man's envy and pique no family pride.
+
+In the old-burying ground in the north part of the town--the first
+cemetery in the region--is a headstone marking the grave of a pious
+negro slave, on which is rudely chiselled the following inscription:--
+
+    Here lies the best of slaves,
+      Now turning into dust;
+    C�sar, the Ethiopian, craves
+      A place among the just.
+
+    His faithful soul has fled
+      To realms of heavenly light,
+    And, by the blood of Jesus shed,
+      Is changed from _Black_ to _White_.
+
+    January 15, he quitted the stage,
+      In the 77th year of his age.
+                1780.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CHRIST CHILD.
+
+[From Christmas Wide Awake.]]
+
+
+ART IN BOOK ILLUSTRATION.
+
+BY CHARLES E. HURD.
+
+
+Books, books, books! Their number, variety, gorgeousness of bindings,
+and wealth of illustration confuse the visitor who at this season
+wanders through the bookstores of a great city, whether aimlessly, or
+with the design of purchase. Books stare at him from the long rows of
+shelves; books are piled in reckless profusion upon the counters; they
+protrude from under the tables, as if vainly seeking to hide themselves
+there from insatiable buyers; they bulge through the broken paper of
+packages in corners; they crowd themselves into the windows, where the
+boldest and most gorgeous display themselves as if calling to the
+passers-by to come in and purchase.
+
+One cannot help wondering, sometimes, where all these books come from.
+Who are their makers? What reason is there for their existence? Under
+what circumstances were they thrust upon the world? For, really, eight
+out of ten count as nothing in the literary race for fame or money.
+Either the publisher or the author--nowadays, as a rule, the
+latter--must suffer. The book--representative of the hopes, the
+wearisome labors, and, sometimes, of the brains of the author--leaps
+into being with the air of "Who will not buy me?" which soon changes
+into that of "Who will buy me?" and goes out finally to stand at the
+doors of the second-hand bookstores on a dirty shelf, to get its covers
+blistered in the sun, its binding dampened by the rain, all the while
+shamefully conscious of the legend displayed above,--"Anything on this
+shelf for 25 cents."
+
+[Illustration: FOREST OF ARDENNES.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+There are, however, books that achieve success, and that publishers
+thrive upon. Books that are "a joy forever," companions, counsellors,
+and friends, the value of whose printed pages is aided and added to by
+the hand of the draughtsman, and in which text and illustration
+harmoniously blend to make the perfect book.
+
+It speaks well for the growing taste of the American public that these
+books, whose cost of manufacture often reaches many thousands of
+dollars, always meet with popular favor, and so exacting has the public
+taste become that no publisher of reputation dares leave a stone
+unturned in the carrying-out of any literary project in which
+illustration bears part.
+
+[Illustration: STAMBOUL.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+It is only by putting the work of twenty years ago by the side of that
+of to-day that one can realize what wonderful strides have been made in
+every department of bookmaking, more especially in that of illustration.
+The art of wood-engraving has been carried, one could almost say, to
+perfection. In its marvellous capability of imitation it has, perhaps,
+lost individuality, but it has proved its adaptability to the production
+of the most diverse and beautiful effects. In the hands of artistic
+workmen,--for an engraver must nowadays be an artist as well as a
+workman,--a wood cut may imitate a true engraving, an etching, a
+mezzotint, a charcoal or crayon drawing, or even the wash of water
+color, or india ink. One with some theoretical knowledge of the art will
+find wonderful opportunities for study in some of the holiday volumes of
+the present season, which show the latest developments of the skill of
+the engraver, and the different methods of producing effects.
+
+[Illustration: IANTHE.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+Let us stand here at the counter in one of our largest bookstores, and
+turn over the pages of a few of the books which lie nearest. First at
+hand is _Childe Harold_, the latest in that admirable series of gift
+books which includes _The Princess_, Owen Meredith's _Lucile_, and
+Scott's _Lady of the Lake_. How charmingly everything is balanced in the
+making of the book,--type, margin, binding, and what we are now
+specially considering, illustration. How full of atmosphere are the
+landscapes, and how clear and perfectly kept their values! Look at the
+exquisite little wood scene on page 123, with the foreground in shadow,
+and a bar of sunshine lying across the middle distance. And here, in a
+totally different subject, a view of Stamboul, where the engraver has
+had to deal with land, water, and sky,--how cleverly he has managed to
+bring each part of his picture into its proper relations with the
+others, and yet how simply it is done! Changing from landscape to
+figure, take the ideal head, "Ianthe," which one might imagine was
+drawn, feature by feature, from the portrait of Byron, which forms the
+frontispiece of the volume. It is an example of what perfect knowledge
+can achieve on the part of the engraver,--delicate and yet strong in its
+way, soft without being indistinct, every line being made to fulfil its
+purpose and nothing more.
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF THE MENGIA.
+
+[From Tuscan Cities.]]
+
+Here is another volume from the same house, "Tuscan Cities," which shows
+the capabilities of wood-engraving in quite another direction. Some of
+the illustrations might absolutely be taken for etchings, so faithfully
+have the peculiarities of the artist been followed. Compare the
+treatment of "The Tower of the Mengia" with that of the pictures already
+mentioned, and mark the difference of effect.
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY OF THE LAKE.
+
+[From Heroines of the Poets.]]
+
+[Illustration: "HOW THEY CARRIED THE GOOD NEWS."
+
+[From Ideal Poems.]]
+
+[Illustration: EVENING BY THE LAKESIDE.
+
+[From Poems of Nature.]]
+
+[Illustration: MATERNITY.
+
+[_From "Songs of Seven."_]]
+
+Here is another exquisite holiday volume,--"Heroines of the
+Poets,"--which will further exemplify what we have been saying. It has
+been made up of a series of pictures by Fernand H. Lungren, with
+accompanying text. Any single picture will serve as an illustration. For
+instance, this of Ellen, in "The Lady of the Lake," a subject of unusual
+difficulty, and requiring unusual skill for its proper management. It
+needs no second glance to see how perfectly the engraver has triumphed
+over his difficulties. Or, select at random any of the illustrations in
+this second volume from the same publishers, "Ideal Poems." One of the
+best, perhaps, is Henry Sandham's vigorous illustration of Browning's
+poem, "How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix." The sunburst
+over the eastern hills, the cattle black against the light, the panting
+horses and their eager riders, and the rolling clouds of dust,--the
+character of each and all, as portrayed by the artist, is perfectly
+rendered.
+
+[Illustration: "THE SWANHERDS WHERE THE SEDGES ARE."
+
+[From The High Tide.]]
+
+Elbridge Kingsley has acquired reputation for engraving directly from
+nature, without the intervention of brush or pencil. One may judge of
+the results of his work by the plates in Whittier's "Poems of Nature,"
+issued as a special holiday volume the present season. The pictures vary
+in merit, but they all show what the skilled workman is capable of doing
+with block and graver.
+
+Here is another volume of the season, an exquisite edition of "The
+Favorite Poems" of Jean Ingelow, from which we copy two pictures as
+admirably illustrating a phase of wood-engraving especially pleasing and
+attractive. The first, from "Songs of Seven," has the advantage of being
+a charming subject in itself, but the engraver has been as conscientious
+in his work as if he had no such aid, and the result is doubly
+satisfying to the eye. The other, from "The High Tide on the Coast of
+Lincolnshire," is equally gratifying and artistic.
+
+[Illustration: THE SILENT CHRISTMAS.
+
+[Wonderful Christmases.]]
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD AND GAMALIEL WAYTE, AND SOME OF THEIR DESCENDANTS.
+
+BY ARTHUR THOMAS LOVELL.
+
+
+The records of Boston, beginning with the year 1633, and for many years
+thereafter, contain frequent references to Richard and Gamaliel Wayte,
+brothers, born in England, the former in the year 1596, and the latter
+in the year 1598. A writer in the _Boston Transcript_ (Dec. 6, 1874)
+makes the ancestry of these brothers common with that of Thomas Wayte,
+who was a member of the English Parliament in Cromwell's time, one of
+the judges who condemned Charles the First to death, and who signed the
+warrant for his execution. Be this as it may, the records show that the
+brothers Richard and Gamaliel were admitted to the church in Boston in
+1634 and 1633 respectively, thus establishing the fact of their
+residence here at that early date. Tracing their history
+chronologically, the name of Gamaliel, the younger brother, appears
+first on the list of Freemen, in 1635. Nov. 30, 1637, he was disarmed
+because of his sympathy with the views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson. His occupation is inferred from the fact that in company
+with other fishermen he petitioned the court at Salem, Oct. 14, 1657,
+"for exemption from training in the fishing season." In 1670 he received
+from the General Court a grant of a half acre of land in Boston, on the
+south side of "Sentry Hill," to plant and improve; and in 1673 he was
+part owner of Long Island in Boston Harbor. Mention is made in 1677 of
+his son John, his daughter Deborah, and his grandchildren Ebenezer and
+Richard Price, the children of his daughter Grace. From an entry in the
+diary of Judge Sewell it is learned that he died suddenly, Dec. 9, 1685,
+aged 87 years.
+
+His son John, born in 1646, after long experience as a member of the
+General Court of Massachusetts, was in 1684 made Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He was eminent in his day among Boston business-men,
+was a witness to the will of Governor Leverett, was one of the sureties
+on the bond of Emma, widow and administratrix of the estate of Moses
+Maverick, of Marblehead, in 1686; succeeded to his father in the
+ownership of a portion of Long Island in Boston Harbor, and in 1694
+sold "Beudal's Dock," then in his possession. His wife Emma (n�e
+Roberts), upon his death in 1702, was appointed executrix of his estate.
+
+From John, and other descendants of Gamaliel Wayte, are traced the
+Watertown, Medford, and Brookfield branches of the family, whose
+representatives are found in all parts of the United States. A memorial
+of the last named branch is found in the historic "Wait Monument" at
+Springfield, Mass., erected in 1763 to mark the old "Boston Road." It
+appears that Mr. Wait, mistaking his way at this point, nearly perished
+in a snow-storm, and erected this waymark for the benefit of future
+travellers. It is about four feet high, two feet broad, and one
+foot thick, and, beside Masonic emblems, bears two Latin
+inscriptions,--"VIRTUS EST SUA MERCES," and another, of which only the
+word "PULSANTI" remains. Beneath are the words,--
+
+    BOSTON ROAD.
+    THIS STONE IS ERECTED BY
+    JOSEPH WAIT, ESQ., OF BROOKFIELD,
+    FOR THE BENEFIT OF TRAVELLERS, 1763.
+
+The stone is of a dark red, similar to the Long Meadow stone, and is
+supposed to have been cut by Nathaniel Brewer. By a singular
+coincidence, it marks the spot where the celebrated "Shay's Rebellion"
+culminated in an encounter between the insurgents and the Springfield
+militia under General Shepard, and bears upon its face the scars of the
+opposing bullets.
+
+Thomas, one of the Malden descendants of Gamaliel, removed to Lyme,
+Conn., about the year 1700, where he married, in 1704, Mary Bronson, a
+granddaughter of Matthew Griswold, the ancestor of a family
+distinguished in American history. Remick, a grandson of the Thomas last
+referred to, married Susannah Matson, whose sister was the mother of
+Connecticut's noble war governor, Hon. William A. Buckingham. The first
+child of Remick and Susannah (Matson) Wait, born in Lyme, Feb. 9, 1787,
+was Henry Matson, who, when of legal age, restored to the name the final
+letter, which had been for some time omitted by many of the descendants
+of Gamaliel Wayte. Henry Matson Waite was fitted for college at the
+academy in Colchester, and graduated at Yale with distinction, in 1809.
+He studied in the office of Gov. Matthew Griswold, and his brother,
+Lieut.-Gov. Roger Griswold; became a lawyer of marked ability; was
+repeatedly made a member of the legislature; in 1832 and 1833 was a
+member of the state senate; in 1834 was made associate of the supreme
+court of Connecticut; and in 1854, by the almost unanimous vote of the
+legislature, was elevated to the position of chief justice. He held this
+office until 1857, when he retired, having reached his seventieth year,
+the legal limit as to age. He died Dec. 14, 1869, full of years and full
+of honors. His wife, married in 1816, was Maria, daughter of Col.
+Richard Selden, of Lyme, and granddaughter of Col. Samuel Selden, of the
+revolutionary army. By her he had eight children. The first born of
+these was Morrison Remick, the most distinguished of the members of this
+old and honorable family.
+
+Hon. Morrison Remick Waite, LL.D., Chief Justice of the United States
+Supreme Court, was born in Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816. He graduated with
+distinction from Yale College in 1837, in a class which included Hon.
+William M. Evarts, Edwards Pierrepont, and Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.,
+and began the study of law in his father's office. He finished his
+studies, preparatory to admission to the bar of Ohio, in the office of
+Samuel M. Young, in Maumee City, in that state, and, on his admission,
+formed a partnership with Mr. Young. In 1840 the firm removed to Toledo,
+and there continued their law-partnership until Mr. Waite's youngest
+brother, Richard, who graduated at Yale College in 1853, was admitted to
+the bar, when the brothers formed a new partnership, which existed until
+the senior partner received his present appointment. He was married
+Sept. 21, 1840, to Miss Amelia C. Warner, a resident of his native town.
+He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1872, and, a year
+prior to his appointment as chief justice, was admitted to the bar of
+the United States Supreme Court, on motion of Hon. Caleb Cushing, whose
+name was subsequently spoken of in connection with the office of chief
+justice. It was not until 1849 that Judge Waite, as he was called by
+courtesy, occupied a public position. He was then elected a member of
+the Ohio House of Representatives for the sessions of 1849 and 1850.
+Although frequently urged to allow the use of his name as a candidate
+for Congress, and other positions, he subsequently declined to hold
+office. On two or three occasions, he was offered a position on the
+supreme bench of his adopted state, offers which he also declined. The
+esteem in which he was held by the citizens of Ohio is marked by the
+fact that he was unanimously chosen as the representative from Toledo
+in the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1874, of which body he was made
+president.
+
+In 1871, as is generally known, Mr. Waite was appointed one of the
+counsel in the matter of the Alabama claims, to prepare the case of the
+United States and present the same before the Court of Arbitration at
+Geneva. While the most prominent part was assigned to the senior
+counsel, Mr. Cushing, it is the opinion of those familiar with the
+arguments, including Mr. J. C. Bancroft Davis, that Mr. Waite
+contributed in a very large degree to the success of the case of the
+United States, and thus to the peaceful settlement of long standing and
+bitterly contested questions of the gravest national concern. A writer
+in the Boston Evening _Transcript_, date of Dec. 6, 1874,--Mr. A. H.
+Hoyt, to whom we are indebted for many of the facts here recorded,--very
+accurately describes the characteristics of the chief justice at that
+time as follows: "He has the reputation of possessing a vigorous
+intellect, which very readily and clearly grasps the facts and the law
+of a case. He has a sound and well-balanced judgment and a large share
+of practical common sense. He is blessed with robust health, is
+industrious in his habits, and possesses an equable temper. His
+appointment was not prompted by motives of party or political policy. He
+will enter into his office untrammelled by close political alliances,
+and free from the biases and prejudices engendered and fostered by party
+spirit and party contests." The truth of these words has been more than
+proven by the dignity, ability and impartiality with which Mr. Waite has
+filled his high office,--an office in the esteem of many the most
+important and honorable in the gift of the American people. In
+Washington, as in Toledo, Mr. Waite's home is one of unostentatious
+comfort rather than elegance, commendably in contrast with those of many
+men at present prominent in political circles at the national capital.
+His home and private life may be said, in brief, to present a notable
+example of the simplicity, quiet dignity, and domestic virtues which
+should characterize the home and life of a republican citizen in exalted
+station. Those who have enjoyed familiar acquaintance with him speak of
+him as affable, thoroughly unaffected, as a good conversationalist, well
+informed in history, literature, philosophy, and the sciences, and as a
+close student of social, financial, and all political questions of the
+day. His interest in these respects is evidenced by his connection with
+the management of the "Peabody Fund," as a trustee, and with the
+important non-partisan movement in the direction of political education
+recently inaugurated by the American Institute of Civics, a corporate
+institution, national in scope, of whose advisory board he is president.
+
+Judge Waite was married to Miss Amelia C. Warner, of Lyme, Conn., Sept.
+21, 1840. Mrs. Waite is a woman of fine mind, engaging manners, and
+great force of character, and is in every way worthy of the position in
+life to which her husband's distinguished abilities have exalted her. Of
+their living children all save one--Miss Mary F. Waite, highly esteemed
+because of her personal qualities and her deep interest in philanthropic
+and charitable work--have gone forth from the home roof to occupy
+honorable positions in homes of their own. Judge Waite and family are
+communicants and active co-operators in the work of the Protestant
+Episcopal church.
+
+We have traced the descent of the Hon. Morrison R. Waite to Remick, a
+grandson of Thomas and Mary Bronson Wait, of Lyme. Among other grandsons
+of Thomas was Marvin, who became a noted member of the Connecticut bar,
+having his office in Lyme, where he was a partner of Gen. Samuel Holden
+Parsons, a nephew of Gov. Matthew Griswold. Marvin Wait was a member of
+the electoral college chosen after the war, and cast his vote for
+Washington. He was nineteen times made a member of the Connecticut
+General Assembly, was several years judge of the county court, and was
+one of the commissioners for the sale of the state's land in the
+northwestern territory. Judge Marvin Wait was the father of that honored
+citizen of Connecticut, Hon. John T. Wait, LL.D., who was born in New
+London, and graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford, in
+1842, held the office of state attorney in 1863, headed the electoral
+ticket cast for Lincoln in 1864, was elected to the state Senate in
+1865, and in 1866 presided over that body. In 1867 he was speaker of the
+national House of Representatives, and from that time to the present has
+been almost regularly returned to that body, where he has a recognized
+position as one of the ablest, most upright, and most influential of its
+members. He is familiarly known in New London, where, with his family,
+he has always resided, as "Colonel Wait," and is not merely esteemed,
+but beloved, by his fellow-citizens of all parties and creeds.
+
+From these notes concerning Gamaliel Wayte and his descendants we now
+turn to his elder brother Richard.
+
+Richard Wayte was born in England in 1596. His name first appears upon
+the colonial records Aug. 28, 1634, when, at the age of thirty-eight, he
+was admitted to the church in Boston, his younger brother, Gamaliel,
+having been admitted in the previous year. It appears that he took the
+freeman's oath March 9, 1637, and that November 30 of the same year, in
+company with his brother Gamaliel, he was found guilty of too much
+sympathy with the religious views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson, and by a judgment very suggestive of the church militant,
+was thereupon sentenced to be disarmed. This enforced retirement to the
+walks of peace was of brief duration, as in 1638 we find him an active
+member of the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company." In 1640 he
+united with other residents of Mt. Wollaston in a petition for the
+formation of the town of Braintree. In 1647 he was sent as an officer
+with a message to the Narragansett Indians, and went on a similar errand
+in 1653. In 1654 we find him occupying the honorable and difficult
+position of marshal of the Massachusetts colony, a post which he seems
+to have filled to the satisfaction of the colonists for many years, and
+in which he was succeeded, as will be seen, by his son Return. In the
+same year (1654) he took an important part in an expedition against the
+Narragansett Indians. October 20, 1658, on account of services in the
+Pequot war and elsewhere, he received from the General Court a grant of
+300 acres of land, "in the wilderness between Cochituate and Nipnop, 220
+acres on a neck surrounded by Sudbury River, great pond, and small
+brook, five patches, 20 acres meadow, and 60 acres on northeast side
+Washakum Pond," all now included in Framingham, Mass., and a part of
+which is supposed to be now occupied by the Lake View Chautauqua
+Assembly, whose Hall of Philosophy stands on the summit of the elevation
+still known as "Mt. Waite." In 1659 Marshal Wayte was voted �5 from the
+public treasury in recognition of "his great and diligent pains, riding
+day and night, in summoning those entertaining Quakers to this court."
+October 16, 1660, his prowess was recognized by an appointment as
+"governor's guard (John Endicott at that time occupied this position) at
+all public meetings out of court."
+
+From these fragmentary records we learn enough to indicate that the
+first marshal of the Massachusetts colony was a man of no ordinary
+character. His was a semi-military position, devolving upon him, not
+only the duty of executing the ordinary behests of the General Court,
+but of acting an important part as an aid to the governor in devising
+means for the defence of the colonists against their Indian foes.
+Marshal Waite was proprietor of a tailoring establishment, and an owner
+of real estate on Broad Street. He was twice married, and was the father
+of fourteen children--eight by his first wife, who died in 1651, and six
+by his second wife, Rebecca Hepbourne. Of these, three died at an early
+age; two (Nathaniel and Samuel) are not mentioned in their father's
+will; of the eight remaining, three only were sons. These, Return,
+Richard, and John, each married and left children. Return, one of the
+sons of Marshal Wayte, born in 1639, was an officer in the Ancient and
+Honorable Artillery Company, was his father's successor as marshal, and
+also succeeded to his father's business. It appears that in 1679 he
+imported "part of the show that appeared at Gov. Leverett's funeral,"
+taking a personal part in the ceremonies. He died in 1702, aged
+sixty-three years. He had seven children by his wife Martha. The name of
+his first born, Return, is connected with the romantic story so
+charmingly told in "The Nameless Nobleman," a book published by Ticknor
+& Co. He married, in 1707, the heroine of this book, Mary, the wife of
+the nobleman, Dr. Francis Le Baron. Thomas, his second son, born in
+1691, was a well-to-do shopkeeper, owning land on Leverett's Lane, Queen
+Street, Cornhill, and elsewhere, including a tenement on King Street,
+known as the "Bunch of Grapes." He was for twenty years or more a deacon
+in the first church, to which he left, in his will (proved in 1775), a
+silver flagon with twelve shillings for each of its poor.
+
+The third son of Marshal Return, and grandson of Marshal Richard, was
+Richard Waite, third of the name, born Oct. 21, 1693, and married to
+Mary, daughter of John Barnes, in 1722. He was a resident of Middleboro,
+in 1715; Taunton, in 1718, and afterward of Plymouth, save for a short
+time, when he purchased a residence on Leverett's Lane, paying for the
+same �3,700, owning also other property on Cornhill. He conducted a
+profitable business as a merchant in the coasting trade, and was himself
+for many years captain of a vessel plying between Plymouth and New
+London. He had eleven children, three sons and eight daughters. Of these
+Richard, the fourth of the name, was born in Plymouth, Oct. 6, 1745.
+Members of the family having previously gone to Vermont (giving a name
+to Waitsfield), Richard, after a brief residence in Boston, removed to
+that state, settling at Bennington, and from there went to the pioneer
+region in the "Black River Country" in New York, settling at Champion.
+He married Submit Thomas, at Hardwick, Mass., in 1747, and had nine
+children, four of them sons. Of these, James, born at Bennington, Vt.,
+May 13, 1789, married at Dummerston, Vt., Esther L. Coughlan, who was
+the daughter of an Irish gentleman, and a woman of fine culture and
+great personal attractions. He spent the chief part of his life upon the
+estate in Champion occupied by his father.
+
+Of his seven children, one, Rev. Hiram Henry Waite, M. A., born Aug. 13,
+1816, lately pastor of the Waverly Congregationalist Church, Jersey
+City, N. J., and now of the Congregationalist Church, Madison, N. Y., is
+well known among Congregational clergymen as an able, faithful, and
+successful minister, his services, wherever he has labored, having been
+signally blessed in every way. He married in 1843 S. Maria Randall at
+Antwerp, N. Y., by whom he has now living three daughters and one son,
+Henry Randall Waite, Ph. D., of West Newton, Mass., who is prominent
+among the younger representatives of this ancient New England family. On
+the maternal side his descent is traced from the Randalls and Carpenters
+of New Hampshire, stocks from which have sprung many notable men. Both
+his paternal and maternal grandfathers were soldiers in the war of 1812;
+his ancestors were also active participants in the war of the
+Revolution, and at a still earlier date, as we have seen, participants
+in the wars with the Narragansetts and other Indian tribes. To his
+Puritan ancestry we may trace his sturdy independence, his originality,
+and persevering industry; while to his Celtic progenitors may be due
+something of his generous and genial nature. He graduated in 1868, at
+Hamilton College, with an excellent reputation as a scholar and thinker;
+and in the same year became one of the editors of the Utica _Morning
+Herald_, where his abilities as a critical and literary writer soon
+gained recognition. Subsequently he studied theology at Union
+Theological Seminary in the city of New York, and in 1872 visited
+Europe.
+
+He supplied the pulpit of the American Chapel in Paris for a short time,
+and afterward visited Rome, where he was invited to assist in the
+establishment of what became under his labors a flourishing and useful
+church for resident and visiting Americans, the first for
+English-speaking people tolerated within the walls. In the pastor's
+parlors, facing the windows of the Propaganda Fide, many notable
+assemblies were gathered. Here were taken the first steps toward the
+organization of a union of the Sunday-school forces in Italy. Here were
+held important meetings of the Italian Bible Society, and here was
+organized the first Young Men's Christian Association in Italy, its
+members including Italians of every evangelical faith. He established a
+Bible training school for Italian young men, so planned as to secure the
+approval and co-operation of Italian ministers of every denomination,
+and was also instrumental in the establishment of a school among the
+soldiers of the Italian army stationed in Rome, out of which grew a
+church, composed wholly of men in the military service, its creed being
+that of the Apostles. Many persons, native and foreign, assisted on the
+occasion, memorable in the history of religious progress in Rome, when
+the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered to these modern
+soldiers of C�sar's household. This work has been efficiently continued
+to this day under other direction, and thousands of ex-soldiers in all
+parts of Italy have borne with them to their homes the influence of
+their Catholic Christian training in the _Scuola_ of the _Chiesa
+Evangelica Militare_.
+
+Dr. Waite's inquiries early led him to look upon sectarianism as one of
+the most serious obstacles to the progress of evangelical truth in
+Italy, and to the belief that the presentation of a united Christian
+front, in agreement upon the fundamental truths of the gospel, was
+essential to that influence upon the mind which would bring the most
+hopeful elements among the Latin peoples into practical unity with
+Protestant Christianity. He therefore energetically espoused the cause
+of Christian unity, of which the church in Rome, in its ingathering of
+worshippers of all creeds, was made a notable example.
+
+In 1875 he returned to the United States, and, resuming editorial work,
+was for a time editor of the New Haven _Evening Journal_, and then of
+the _International Review_, in New York, in both of which positions he
+added largely to his reputation as a scholar, thinker, and trenchant and
+graceful writer. In 1876 he received from the University of Syracuse,
+_pro causa_, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and was at the same
+time invited to become a non-resident professor of Political Science in
+that institution. He had previously accepted a call to the pastorate of
+the Huguenot Memorial Church at Pelham on the Sound, where he purchased
+an estate known as "Bonny Croft," and in the midst of most congenial
+surroundings remained until 1880, when, upon invitation of Gen. Francis
+A. Walker, superintendent of the Tenth Census of the United States, he
+undertook the direction of the Educational and Religious Departments of
+the Census.
+
+Dr. Waite has an acknowledged position as one of the most accomplished
+statisticians and most thoroughly informed educational authorities in
+the United States. Doubtless in recognition of this fact, at the
+Inter-State Educational Convention held in Louisville in 1883 and
+composed of delegates appointed by the governors of the several states,
+he was invited to deliver the opening address, a paper on the Ideal
+Public School System, which was characterized by the Chairman of the
+convention as "one of the best ever read before a like body." Aside from
+editorial work he has furnished frequent contributions to various
+periodicals, and has gained a special reputation as a writer upon
+politico-economic subjects. Two of these contributions recently
+published in the form of a brochure by D. Lothrop & Co., under title of
+"Illiteracy and Mormonism," have attracted especial attention among
+those interested in these important questions. When residing in New York
+he was President of the Political Science Association, and Chairman of
+the Executive Committee of the National Reform League, one of the
+pioneer organizations for the reform of the civil service; and while
+residing in Washington was president of the Social Science Association
+of the District of Columbia.
+
+Dr. Waite is a logical, fluent and earnest speaker, and his reputation
+as a student of educational and social problems has led to a frequent
+demand for his services on the part of committees concerned with
+legislative questions, and at assemblies of leading educators. He
+presided and delivered an address at one of the sessions of the National
+Educational Assembly at Ocean Grove, in 1883, and in an address at one
+of the meetings of the National Educational Association at Madison,
+Wis., in 1884, following Mgr. Capel, to whose covert attack upon our
+public school system he made, as reported in the Chicago _Tribune_, a
+temperate but caustic and able reply. At the last meeting of the same
+association, at Saratoga, he delivered an address upon the Tenure of
+Office and Compensation of Teachers, which is characterized by the Iowa
+_School Journal_ as one of the specially fine papers of the occasion. In
+connection with his editorial labors, he discharges the duties of
+President of the American Institute of Civics, an organization lately
+incorporated, "for the purpose of promoting the study of political and
+economic science and so much of social science as is related to
+government and citizenship"; the aim of the institution being to secure,
+in every walk in life, a more thorough preparation for the duties of
+citizenship. Notable among the officers of this worthy institution are
+Chief Justice Waite, Senator Colquitt, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, President
+Porter of Yale College, President Seelye of Amherst, Senator Morrill of
+Vermont, Hon. John Eaton, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Hon. Carroll
+D. Wright, Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, D. C. Heath, Gen. H. B. Carrington,
+Daniel Lothrop, and Robert M. Pulsifer, with hundreds of members of
+equal eminence.
+
+Dr. Waite has had several invitations to accept important positions in
+connection with educational institutions, none of which he has thought
+it advisable to accept.
+
+The Boston _Transcript_, not long since, noted the fact that prominent
+friends of Middlebury College had presented his name in connection with
+the office of President of that institution, and added: "Whether Dr.
+Waite will accept the position, if elected, we are not informed, but of
+his qualifications there can be no doubt. Graduated from a kindred
+institution, he is a firm believer in the usefulness of the smaller
+college.... To his other qualifications are added the executive skill
+and indomitable energy which are needed to place Middlebury College upon
+the footing with similar institutions to which its honorable position in
+the past so justly entitles it."
+
+Among other labors, he is preparing for early publication by D. Lothrop
+& Co. a work upon the Indian Races of North America; and is also
+Secretary of the Inter-State Commission on Federal Aid to Education. Few
+men have a wider circle of devoted friends among educated young men, a
+fact in some degree accounted for by the ready and helpful sympathy and
+practical wisdom with which he responds to the numerous demands made
+upon him for aid and counsel, by those who are perplexed as to the
+choice of a calling or are seeking entrance to some field of labor.
+There are many such, within the writer's knowledge, who owe him debts
+which they will never cease to acknowledge with gratitude. An evidence
+of the esteem in which he is held by college men, is afforded by the
+fact that one of the oldest of college societies, with chapters in
+twenty or more leading colleges, including Harvard, Brown, Cornell,
+Williams, Hamilton, etc., chose him as orator at its semi-centennial
+anniversary, observed in September of last year, in the Academy of
+Music, in New York.
+
+To these notes relating to a family whose history is so linked with the
+beginnings of colonial life in Massachusetts, we append the following
+inscription from one of the three tombs of Marshal Wayte's family, still
+standing, in good preservation, in the old King's Chapel Ground, on
+Tremont St., in Boston:
+
+
+     RICHARD WAYTE
+
+     Aged 84 years
+
+     Died 17 Sept. 1680
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL CHRISTOPHER TOPPAN.
+
+BY ONE OF HIS DESCENDANTS.
+
+
+In the May number of the Bay State for 1884 is an article on the
+promontory Boar's Head, and the adjoining town of Hampton, New
+Hampshire, which contains a mention of Colonel Christopher Toppan, who
+employed in his time many men there in boat and ship building, and in
+other branches of industry. He was a man so strongly marked in mind and
+character, and so identified with the local prosperity of his day and
+generation, that some further facts about him may be noted.
+
+Christopher Toppan was the son of Dr. Edmund Toppan, a physician of
+Hampton, and the grandson of Dr. Christopher Toppan, a Congregational
+minister of learning and ability, settled from 1696 until his death,
+1747, over the first church in Newbury, Mass. Christopher Toppan married
+Sarah Parker, daughter of Hon. William Parker of Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, and sister of Bishop Samuel Parker of Boston, so many years
+rector of Trinity Church.
+
+The children of Christopher and Sarah Toppan were Abigail, who died
+unmarried at the age of ninety-six years; Sarah, who married Dr.
+Nathaniel Thayer, who had a long and able pastorate, severed only by his
+death, over the Unitarian Church in Lancaster, Mass.; Edmund Toppan, a
+lawyer who lived and died in Hampton, N. H.; Mary Ann, who married Hon.
+Charles H. Atherton of Amherst, N. H.
+
+Of the grandchildren of Christopher Toppan may be mentioned Hon.
+Christopher S., son of Edmund Toppan, who lived and died a prominent
+merchant of Portsmouth, N. H. He left his salary as mayor so funded as
+to furnish every year a Thanksgiving dinner to the poor of the city. As
+that anniversary comes round, his name may be seen on the walls of the
+almshouse, with appropriate mottoes of gratitude, and his memory is
+fragrant to a class of citizens whom, in his life-time, he delighted to
+aid.
+
+Among the children of Charles H. and Mary Ann (Toppan) Atherton was
+Charles Gordon Atherton, a lawyer of Nashua, N. H., who represented New
+Hampshire in Congress, for successive terms in the House and in the
+Senate. Every year but one from the time he was twenty-one, he had held
+political office until his sudden death at the beginning of Franklin
+Pierce's administration in which, had he lived, he would have had,
+doubtless, a prominent part. He was an ultra and zealous democrat,
+differing in this respect from the political faith of his fathers; and
+so strenuous was he in the advocacy of State rights that he introduced
+into Congress the twenty-first rule against the right of petition--a
+rule which the efforts of "The Old Man Eloquent," John Quincy Adams,
+caused to be rescinded. So obnoxious a measure fastened upon Atherton
+the nickname of Charles Gag Atherton; and many an anti-slavery writer in
+bitter philippic contrasted his course with that of his grandfather,
+Hon. Joshua Atherton, who, early in the history of New Hampshire, was an
+able and fearless advocate of the abolition of slavery.
+
+Two of the sons of Dr. Nathaniel and Sarah (Toppan) Thayer were the
+well-known successful and liberal bankers,--John Eliot and Nathaniel
+Thayer of Boston,--whose wise and generous gifts to the cause of liberal
+education give their names an honored place among the benefactors of the
+Commonwealth. A younger son, Rev. Christopher Toppan Thayer, was, for
+many years, a faithful and beloved pastor of the Unitarian Church in
+Beverly, Mass.
+
+Christopher Toppan was not only shrewd and enterprising in his private
+business, but a pioneer in every project which would benefit the
+community around him. He assumed responsibilities, invested money, and
+hired labor in building the turnpike and other public improvements. He
+was a leader in matters of religion and education as well as of secular
+interest. When the Congregational Church and Society of Hampton wished
+to build a meeting-house, the committee wrote him a letter stating the
+reasons why a certain valuable and centrally situated piece of land
+owned by him would be the most advantageous site for the proposed
+building. His reply was in the laconic style characteristic of his
+manner of doing good:--
+
+     GENTLEMEN,--If you want my land, you may have it.
+
+     CHRISTOPHER TOPPAN.
+
+He invited the clergyman to make it his home for a year at his house,
+thus removing some of the self-denials of an early settlement in a
+country parish. He did much toward the establishment of Hampton Academy,
+then a pioneer and very useful institution of the kind in that part of
+the State, and one at which Rufus Choate and other men of mark fitted
+for college. He offered to the preceptress also a home in his family, in
+order that a well-educated and refined woman might find it more pleasant
+and profitable to teach in the village. The hospitality of his house was
+proverbial. The old mansion still stands, a large, low, two-story yellow
+house, with long front and side yards, and a grassy lawn between them
+and the road, with massive, protecting elms, twice as high as the house
+in front and around it; spacious barns extend a little in the rear on
+one side, and a simple old garden of fruit, flowers, and vegetables on
+the other. This was originally one of the four garrison houses of the
+town in the old times of terror and defence from Indian incursions; and
+it would be difficult to find now a more pleasant old-fashioned country
+house of equal age, with its physiognomy of generous hospitality and
+unobtrusive refinement and good sense.
+
+Christopher Toppan was an influence in character as well as a stimulus
+in business to those around him. He taught them to save part of their
+earnings, to secure as early as possible a piece of land and a home. In
+few but pointed words he reproved thriftless and idle ways, and his
+respect and approbation were sought and valued. What Colonel Toppan said
+upon any matter was quoted and remembered as if it decided the question,
+long after men left his employment, and had an independence of their
+own. Nor was the gratitude for his aid and influence always confined to
+the first generation. Within a few years, two solid men of business
+sought out Hampton, and inquired especially for the house which formerly
+belonged to Col. Christopher Toppan. They visited the spot, and looked
+with reverence at the situation, the trees, the old house, and
+everything that belonged to it. Their grandfather had come to this
+country a poor and friendless boy, and at the age of twelve had been
+taken into the kitchen here to wait on the family. The patience with
+which his blunders had been borne, and the kindness with which he had
+been treated, he had rehearsed to his children's children. He was sent
+to school, and told he must learn to read and write and cipher if he
+wanted to be a man, but being a dull pupil he was often discouraged, and
+the Colonel used to call him into the sitting-room, as it was called,
+and teach him himself in the evening. He gave him a little money for
+certain extra services on condition he set it down on paper, and saved a
+little every month. Thus commenced the habits of industry, economy, and
+exactness which made the subsequent prosperity of the man, who used to
+recount to his grandsons his early poverty and hardships, the kind home
+he found, and dwell with grateful pleasure on every trait and habit of
+the Colonel. "Now, boys," he said, "be sure, when you grow up and can
+afford it, that you go into New Hampshire and see where I used to live
+as a boy, and if the house of Colonel and Madam Toppan is still
+standing, with the beautiful elms and all."
+
+Verily the good men do springs up, they themselves know not where, and
+blesses, they know not whom.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE IN EARLY NEW ENGLAND.
+
+BY REV. ANSON TITUS.
+
+
+There is much value in knowing of the past social life of New England.
+By regarding the ways and manners which were, we are the better prepared
+for the duties which are. In entering into the labors of others, we
+should know what those labors were.
+
+At the outset we must regard the singular oneness of purpose in the
+minds of our New England ancestors. To serve God unmolested was the
+ruling idea of those who led in the settlement of Boston, Dorchester,
+Salem, and Plymouth. The hardship of laws and social oppression
+stimulated many more to join those who came from a religious motive. But
+those who came, came with a deep purpose to make these parts their home.
+They brought their families with them. This made the settlers more
+contented in living amid the new scenes, with privations they had not
+known. The early settlers in many instances came in such numbers from a
+given section that they brought their minister with them. There was a
+great bond of sympathy between those who thus came together. The new
+communities became as one home. Add to this the fact of the settlers
+living within a mile of the meeting-house, often meeting with each other
+on Sunday and at the midweek meetings for town purposes, for the drill
+of the military companies, and having the same hopes and fears regarding
+the Indians, we find the common sentiment welded even stronger. The
+oneness of the New England communities is proverbial. There were rich,
+there were poor people, and in the meeting-house the people were seated
+and "dignified" according to title and station; but in spite of these,
+there was more in the name than in reality. The people were not hedged
+in by their differences. President John Adams was asked by a southern
+friend what made New England as it is. His reply is memorable: "The
+meeting-house, the school-house, the training-green, and the
+town-meeting." In these, the people were brought together, their common
+interests were discussed and acted upon. The youth grew up with each
+other in the schools. The young men stood shoulder to shoulder on the
+training-green, drilling themselves to defend their homes. In the
+councils of the town they debated and conducted the business which would
+accrue to their weal and benefit, and on the Lord's Day they would
+gather in families to hear the words of the town minister, and before
+the one altar of the community bow in filial reverence to their God.
+This frequent meeting with one another and mingling in the same social
+life made the distinctive type of character which grew up in every
+community.
+
+The minister and his family were in the front rank of social life. To
+the people's adviser deference was paid. To the minister, even the
+smallest of the boys took off their hats. The people of the town may
+have disagreed with him, still his position in society was acknowledged.
+He was the educated man of the town. In the early days he was the
+physician also. The first medical work published in America was by the
+pastor in Weymouth. It treated of small-pox. Vaccination was met with
+the strongest of opposition. The clergy opposed what was thought to be a
+means of intervening the will and providence of God. This discussion had
+much to do in separating the profession of medicine from the ministerial
+office. The minister likewise did much of the legal business of the
+people. Lawyers were rare men until towards the war of the Revolution.
+There was a dislike towards them--a feeling that they would take
+advantage of the people's rights. But America owes a debt of gratitude
+to the young barristers of the Revolution. They were true to the people
+and their best interests. When John Adams wished the hand of Abigail
+Smith, the people were anxious lest the dignity of Parson Smith's family
+would suffer. The next Lord's Day after the marriage he preached from
+the text, "And John came neither eating nor drinking, and ye say he hath
+a devil."
+
+The grade in social life, which was largely a name, was shown most in
+the meeting-house. The seating of families and the assigning of pews was
+one of the difficult things. The minister and deacons were nearest the
+pulpit. The boys and colored people were assigned the back pews or those
+in the gallery. This idea of "social dignity" was brought from the old
+country, but gave way in the growing oneness of life in America.
+
+The days of the early New Englander were not all dark. There was much of
+the austere in them, but there was also a grain of mirth and
+cheerfulness. We must bear in mind that the clergymen were the early
+historians of the country; and they put much gloom in their writings.
+The mirthful side of social life was expressed at the parties and
+meetings for hilarity; for such they often had. The young delighted
+themselves in each other's company, the same as to-day. The young gent
+and his lady either walked to the party, or rode on one horse. Parties
+began in better season than now. The assembly met in the latter part of
+the afternoon, and the dancing, where dancing was the order, began at
+about four o'clock. This was truly in good season, but, if our
+information is correct, they kept even later hours than the parties of
+to-day.
+
+In Froude's recent "Life of Thomas Carlyle" is a conversation alluding
+to Thurtill's trial: "I have always thought him a respectable man." "And
+what do you mean by respectable?" "He kept a gig." A century ago it
+evidenced pre-eminent respectability to support such a vehicle. It was a
+wonderful conveyance in the eyes of the ordinary folk. With the
+coming-in of gigs and carts, where the element of pleasure was sought as
+well as service, came not alone improvement in vehicles, but the
+widening and general improvement of the highways. The New England inn
+was a place of great resort. In the poverty of newspapers, people came
+here to gain what news there might be. The innholder was a leading man
+in the community. He got the news from the driver and passengers of the
+stage-coach, and of the travellers who chanced to be passing through the
+town. The innholder knew the public men of the country, for they had
+partaken of his sumptuous dinners, and had lodged at his inn. If the
+walls of these ancient New England taverns could talk, what stories
+would they tell; not of debauches alone, but, in the dark and stirring
+days, of patriotic and loyal sentiments and deeds, whose influence went
+out for the founding of the nation, and the perpetuity of the blessings
+of freedom. He who strives to know of early New England, must not look
+alone to the learning, character and influence of its ministers, but to
+the manners, life, and influence of the innholders.
+
+The town meeting was the day of days. The citizens of the town met to
+consult and devise plans for their common welfare. "Citizen" in the very
+early time meant "freeman," and a freeman was a member of the church;
+but this interpretation was too confined for the growing diversity in
+colonial and provincial life. It served well for the time, but new
+conditions demanded that it be superseded. The property qualification
+has likewise virtue in it, and the educational test of Massachusetts has
+much strength. This test is quite limited in the nation; nevertheless,
+if general, it would be for the saving of many of our political
+troubles. Election or town-meeting day had its treat. Its cake has left
+a precious memory behind, and many an old-timed family observes the
+custom until now. The town meeting was opened by prayer by the town
+minister, and much decorum and orderliness was observed by the citizens.
+The day was jovial, however, despite the solemnity attending it.
+
+Prudence and economy had to be exercised, even in the more prosperous
+days. Little was wasted. There was not much money in the market. To
+trade, barter, and dicker was the custom. For amusements, the game of
+"fox and geese," and "three" or "twelve men morris," served well. The
+mingling of work and pleasure was common. The husking-bee and the
+quilting-bee afforded sources of much enjoyment. Prudence and economy
+hurt no one, but the mingling of these in the life of childhood and
+manhood aids in developing character which makes men and women hardy for
+the race of life.
+
+The ever-famous New England Primer, small though it has been, was one of
+the most influential of publications. It was in every home. From it the
+children learned their A, B, C's. In it were pert rhymes expressing the
+theology of the people, such as "In Adam's fall, We sinned all"; and the
+set of biblical questions beginning with "Who was the first man?" The
+prayer of childhood, "Now I lay me down to sleep," is in its pages. Of
+songs, most familiar is the
+
+    "Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber.
+      Holy angels guard thy bed."
+
+The picture and story of John Rogers' burning at the stake, with wife
+and nine small children and one at the breast looking on, beholding the
+martyrdom of this advocate of the early Protestant church, did much to
+keep alive the bitterness between the Protestant and Catholic churches.
+The Catechism, known by all, began with: "What is the chief end of man?"
+Then followed the words of this conclave of divines, the teachings of
+Rev. John Cotton, which he named "Spiritual milk for American babes,
+Drawn out of the Breasts of both Testaments for their Soul's
+Nourishment." We call New England character hardy, stern, and stalwart.
+Well it might be, by having the teachings of this Primer enforced in
+men's lives and labors. We may not admire some of the doctrines, but for
+the times they made the noblest and strongest of men. A trite statement
+of the late Dr. Leonard Bacon was: "In determining what kind of men our
+fathers were, we are to compare their laws not with ours, but with the
+laws which they renounced." So with their theological opinions. Compared
+with the doctrines they renounced, and not with those of our own era, we
+recognize in them a strength and vigor of thought and character which
+will stand the severest test and scrutiny. Steel well heated and
+hammered is most valuable. But steel can be overheated and overhammered;
+then it becomes almost useless. The strong doctrines of the earlier New
+England were too closely enforced, and there came a day--a part of which
+we live in--which repelled them. The old-time teaching has passed, and a
+fresher and more potent teaching is supplanting it.
+
+There is something grand in the social life of the good old days. In
+knowing of it, we better appreciate the blessings of to-day. The
+ordinary life of the people has in it a fascination which a general
+knowledge fails to impart. The greatness of New England, however, is not
+all in the past. New England has given excellent life to the great West,
+and the far-reaching isles. Its line has gone out through all the earth.
+The descendants of New England are drawing riches from the prairies, the
+mines of the mountains, and are creating business thrift in all the
+rising towns. In all the world, in every commercial centre, in the
+vessels upon the sea, in every mechanical industry at home and abroad,
+are those whose keenness and brightness of mind, whose sharpness of
+ingenuity, and whose warmth of heart are to be traced to the natural
+blood and descent from those we ever delight to honor.
+
+The social life of to-day is not as it has been. The oneness of the
+early times is disintegrating. The people seem almost mad in their rush
+after clubs and societies. The ninety per cent of English descent at the
+beginning of the Revolution is giving way before the incoming of
+emigrants from every other nation. The rapid reading, thinking, and
+living has long since passed the life of former generations. But in this
+new social order is there nothing rich and abiding? Most truly there is.
+The millennium may be distant, but a brighter day is dawning, when
+intellectual activity, stimulated by the studies of the sciences and
+material things, coupled with the fresher faith quickened by the larger
+conceptions of the mission of the world's Master, will result in causing
+the knowledge of the truth and heavenly affection to go to the farthest
+parts of the earth, and the turning of men to the character which
+attracteth all.
+
+
+
+
+OBJECTIONS TO LEVEL-PREMIUM LIFE INSURANCE.
+
+BY G. A. LITCHFIELD.
+
+
+In considering the objections to level-premium life insurance, as at
+present administered, it will not be assumed that there is not much in
+the system to commend. It has subserved, and is now subserving, a great
+and beneficent end.
+
+It is the channel through which millions of dollars have been disbursed
+to families in the time of their sorest need.
+
+It has encouraged habits of economy, and stimulated the noble resolve to
+lay by a part of earnings, scarcely adequate to meet present necessity,
+for a time of greater necessity still.
+
+Thousands of families have experienced exemption from actual want, and
+thousands more have enjoyed comforts, not to say luxuries, that they
+would never have known but for the forethought of husbands and fathers
+who availed themselves of the provisions of life insurance when in
+health, and with a long life in prospect.
+
+We have no disposition to detract from the excellent results
+accomplished, and perhaps the severest criticism that can be made upon a
+system embracing such beneficent possibilities is that it has failed so
+disastrously to realize them in such numerous instances. While it has
+carried relief and comfort to many families whose wage-producers have
+been taken from them by death, it has bitterly disappointed many more
+who had made it their dependence for such a time of need.
+
+While it has encouraged many a poor man to heroic self-sacrifice in the
+effort to save the premium required from his scanty wages, it has too
+often absorbed the products of his toil, and left his children to cry
+for bread. Such results have been reached sometimes by extravagant and
+incompetent management, and again by dishonesty and gross betrayal of
+important trusts. The preposterous claim is frequently made by the
+advocates of level-premium insurance, when contrasting it with
+assessment insurance, that patrons of the former system may pay their
+money with the absolute certainty of securing the benefits for which
+they pay, while patrons of the latter are placing their hopes upon a
+rope of sand. We do not hesitate to assert that more money has been
+actually lost to the people by the collapse of a single level-premium
+life company that we might name than by all the failures combined that
+have ever occurred in assessment companies in this country; because, in
+assessment companies, for the most part, a fair equivalent is rendered
+from year to year, while in the former large over-payments are required
+upon the promise of future returns. There have been in the United States
+some eight hundred level-premium life companies, only about fifty of
+which are now in existence. It is unnecessary to recall the disastrous
+ending of such companies as the "Continental" and the "Knickerbocker."
+It is well known that the former was at one time receiving not far from
+half a million of dollars annually in premiums through its Boston agency
+alone, and that the latter, in the midst of seeming prosperity,
+collapsed so suddenly that millions of dollars of supposed assets
+disappeared beyond recovery.
+
+The history of the "Charter Oak," with its more than ten millions of
+assets at one time, its subsequent compromise with its policy-holders at
+sixty-five cents on the dollar, and its now possible passage into the
+hands of a receiver,--that functionary at the tail end of a
+life-insurance company that has so often been the "bourne" whence few
+dollars have ever returned to the pockets of the unfortunate
+policy-holder,--is too well known to require rehearsing here. Yet the
+assertion is brazenly made that level-premium companies alone give
+insurance that insures; that there is no safety in any other form of
+insurance, and that assessment insurance, disbursing its millions to the
+families of our land, is but a temporary craze that will soon pass away.
+
+It is a question that may well be asked: What is the explanation of
+results so deplorable in level-premium insurance?
+
+That they occur is too well known to admit of question.
+
+That a very large proportion of those who patronize these companies
+become dissatisfied, not to say disgusted, with their practical
+workings, there is abundant evidence to prove.
+
+That level-premium insurance does not meet the requirements of the
+people is shown by the fact that there are only about 600,000
+policy-holders in these institutions in a population of about
+60,000,000. While lack of confidence undoubtedly deters some from
+patronizing them, yet there are many other considerations that tend to
+produce this state of things. To insure in them is attended with too
+great expense. It is not possible for the average mechanic to save from
+his earnings a sufficient sum to carry any considerable amount of
+insurance in these companies. The principles upon which the system is
+founded are such as to render it needlessly expensive. Experience has
+shown that for various reasons a very large proportion of the insured do
+not continue to pay until the maturity of their policy by death, or by
+limitation of the contract, yet the system requires the payment of a sum
+which, after amply providing for expenses, computed at a given rate of
+interest, will amount to the face of the policy at the expiration of the
+life limit, making no account of gains by lapses nor from a mortality
+below the expectancy.
+
+The premium includes three items, viz.:--
+
+_First_, Cost of pure insurance.
+
+_Second_, The amount to be placed in reserve.
+
+_Third_, The expense charge.
+
+The cost of pure insurance is about one third of the premium, or perhaps
+a little less. Now, does any unprejudiced person believe that it is
+necessary to charge three dollars for the purpose of disbursing to the
+families of the insured one dollar? Is not any system of insurance
+properly open to criticism that continues to assume and charge a cost
+that experience has shown to be so excessively beyond the necessities of
+the case? We do not overlook the fact that a part of this overcharge is
+returned to the insured upon certain conditions, nor the other fact,
+that the proper expense of conducting the business must be provided for;
+but, after giving credit for both these items, a very large and needless
+overcharge remains to discourage those desiring insurance from assuming
+its obligations. This may be more clearly shown in the light of a few
+facts.
+
+By examining the Massachusetts Life-Insurance Report for 1884, it will
+be seen that several companies report an income from investments largely
+in excess of the amount required to pay death-losses. It will be borne
+in mind that the premium charge _includes_ the amount required for the
+payment of death-claims, and it is supposed to be, and undoubtedly is,
+amply sufficient for all purposes in the _absence_ of large
+accumulations from which to receive such a princely income.
+
+In other words, the companies go on requiring the payment of the same
+premium from the party proposing to insure, one third of which is for
+claims by death, when income from investments more than pays this
+important item.
+
+But it may be said that the surplus returns to policy-holders are
+proportionately larger, when claims by death are more than met by income
+from investments. This surely is the result that would naturally be
+looked for, and which should be realized; but unhappily it is not always
+the case. The writer holds a policy in one of the companies referred to
+above, and has paid premiums on the same for some twenty-five years.
+Judge of his surprise when, three or four years ago, he was called upon
+to pay 20 per cent in excess of the premium he had been paying for
+years; and when an explanation was asked, the reason given was that the
+per cent realized from investments was much less than formerly. Yet this
+same company more than pays its death-losses by income from investments.
+This is not an isolated instance.
+
+Many readers of this article have, no doubt, _enjoyed_ (?) a like
+experience. Is not such a system of insurance fairly open to criticism
+in its practical workings?
+
+But perhaps the most astonishing feature of level-premium insurance is
+found in the fact that there is absolutely no obligation assumed on the
+part of the company, and no power anywhere to enforce an accounting for
+the vast sums entrusted to it, so long as it can be made to appear that
+it holds securities in the aggregate to meet the legal requirements of a
+reserve.
+
+These vast sums of money are paid in by policy-holders without any
+knowledge of, or means of knowing, the uses to which they will be
+applied. They know, in a general way, that a part of the premium will be
+used for reserve, a part for expenses, and a part for losses, but how
+much will go for each purpose they have no means of ascertaining. The
+company places it all in a common pot, and can put in the hand of
+extravagance, of avarice, or of dishonesty, and take out any amount for
+personal aggrandizement, or for expense of management, so long as it can
+be made to appear that the legal standard of reserve is maintained.
+There is absolutely no limit put upon the extravagant conduct of the
+business. There is no separation of trust funds from expense account. No
+man who insures in a level-premium life company knows whether such
+company will use for expenses $5 or $25 for each $1,000 of insurance
+which he carries. He has the vague promise of a dividend,--falsely so
+called, for it is really nothing but a return of a part only of his own
+money which he has paid in excess of what he should have paid,--and this
+vague shadowing of some possible relief of the excessive pecuniary
+burden he is compelled to assume if he insures, is all that is given
+him. There is exhibited here the most astonishing credulity, and, too
+often, as thousands can testify from sad experience, a misplaced
+confidence on the part of the insuring public, that seems childlike and
+puerile in the extreme.
+
+The official reports of Level-Premium Life Companies to the Insurance
+Departments of the several states show that these companies actually
+use, for expense of conducting the business, from $6 to $25 for each
+$1,000 of insurance outstanding. A man carrying $10,000 insurance for
+his family in these companies must pay on the average, for the _expense_
+of the business, about $80 per annum, and if it should be twice or three
+times that amount he has no redress. Should not these companies
+stipulate, in every policy, a sum for expenses which could not be
+exceeded? Should they not separate the mortuary and expense account, and
+contract with every policy-holder to use, not exceeding a specified per
+cent of the premium paid, for expenses, and to hold the balance a sacred
+trust for the payment of claims, the surplus above such requirement to
+be returned to the insured? To what other branch of business would men
+apply such unbusinesslike methods as to pay two or three times the value
+of the article purchased, upon the implied or real obligation of the
+seller to return, at some time in the future, some part of the
+overpayment, but with no definite agreement as to how much, or at what
+time it should be returned? What merchant could maintain his credit for
+any considerable time if he made his other purchases as he does his life
+insurance? Life insurance is a commodity to be bought and paid for at a
+fair market price.
+
+In the earlier history of the business, there were no data at hand to
+fix its value. Experience of fifty years and more has furnished such
+data, and its value can now be determined with very considerable
+closeness, and very far within the charges of level-premium companies.
+There should be some margin charged above probable cost, as shown by the
+experience of companies; but such charges should not contemplate nor
+admit of such extravagant expenses as have, and do now, obtain in
+level-premium companies. The experience of assessment companies has
+shown that the business can be done for from $2 or $3 at most, for each
+$1,000 at risk.
+
+Is there any reason why level-premium companies should not be limited to
+_twice_ that amount? The recent law governing assessment insurance in
+Massachusetts requires that in every call for an assessment it shall be
+distinctly stated what the money is to be used for, and no part of the
+mortuary fund can be used for expenses. Will any man say that assessment
+insurance is not in advance of other forms of insurance, in these
+respects at least?
+
+Another important objection to level-premium insurance is found in the
+fact that it has drifted away from its primal purpose. Originally it
+contemplated simple life insurance.
+
+Its intent was to offset, to some extent, the loss incurred by the
+family in the death of its wage-earner. The death of the father involves
+the family in a pecuniary loss represented by the amount of his yearly
+earnings, and if this occur before he has had time to accumulate a
+surplus above yearly expenses, the hardships of poverty are added to the
+pain of separation from so valued a friend. Life insurance was intended
+to come in with its benefits at such a time, as the result of
+forethought on the part of the father in depositing a part of his
+savings with the life company. If this simple form of insurance had been
+adhered to, the temptations to unwarranted and hurtful competition
+would, in a large measure, have been avoided; but with most
+level-premium life companies this form of insurance is now largely
+neglected, and their energies are given to other forms, some of them
+highly speculative in their character. Contrary to the original purpose
+of life insurance, banking has been combined with insurance, and people
+have been taught to believe that they can secure better investments
+through life-insurance companies than elsewhere. It has never been clear
+to the writer how such results can be reached, in view of the excessive
+cost of conducting the business. Any suggestion of this kind, however,
+is at once met by the reply that the company has an immense amount of
+money invested, from which it derives a large income.
+
+But whose money is it? Who paid it to the company, if not the
+policy-holders? Still, if the business were confined to simple endowment
+insurance in connection with pure life insurance there would be less
+objection, although banking is properly no part of insurance; but the
+fact is, a far more speculative business is done, called Tontine
+insurance. This form may be fitly characterized as the gambling form,
+inasmuch as the only hope of profit to a few is that the many will be
+robbed of their savings. Tontine insurance is profitable to the few in
+just the proportion that misfortune shall overtake those who participate
+in it. No man would risk large payments with the certainty of losing all
+if he should fail to make one such payment in a term of years, if he
+were not tickled by the hope that others would be the unfortunate ones
+compelled by circumstances to discontinue and lose all, while he would
+be the exception and profit by their loss.
+
+But he should consider that, even if he persists in paying through the
+specified term, he is still at the mercy of the company in the division
+of the spoils. They may use as large a part of the plunder as they
+please in the expense of the business, and the experience of many will
+attest that, while for the company it was "turkey," for them it was
+"crow."
+
+President Greene, of the Connecticut Mutual Life, in a series of able
+articles, has exposed the injustice of this system, and shown, to the
+satisfaction of unprejudiced minds, that it is no part of legitimate
+life insurance. Still, some companies are making Tontine and
+Semi-Tontine insurance their specialty.
+
+There is one other form of insurance practised by level-premium
+companies that demands brief notice here. It would seem that to mention
+it would be to call down upon it public reprobation: we refer to what
+is called prudential or industrial insurance. The peculiarity of this
+form is that its patrons are found among the poorest and the lowest
+classes of our population, and, in the judgment of others than the
+writer, it appeals to the very worst instincts of those unfortunate
+people. The insurance is effected upon the lives of helpless infants and
+children to the amount of one hundred or two hundred dollars or more,
+ostensibly to provide for suitable burial expenses in the event of the
+child's death. While, doubtless, in some cases the motive is a worthy
+one which prompts to such insurance, one's thought shrinks with horror
+from a contemplation of the crimes which it must, in many cases, suggest
+to the minds of the low and depraved. How many children are there in our
+large cities whose lives are not worth even one hundred dollars! How
+many are there whose death would be hailed as a deliverance from an
+expensive and unwelcome burden! The simple suggestion is enough to carry
+with it a sense of obligation to lovers of humanity to see that a
+premium is not placed upon infanticide and kindred crimes. If such
+insurance is to be effected at all, which is extremely questionable, it
+should be under the strictest restraints of law.
+
+Another serious objection to the system is that it necessitates nearly
+double the cost of even regular level-premium rates, from the fact that
+weekly collections of five and ten cents must be made by agents employed
+for the purpose.
+
+Of course a large part of these collections, wrung from the poor, are
+absorbed in agents' fees, the balance going to the company. The lapses
+also must be very numerous, and but little benefit is ever realized by
+those who part with these pittances from their scanty earnings. It is a
+well-known fact that companies realize very large profits from this
+business, and in some instances the writer has been credibly informed
+the expenses of the general business are met by the profits of this
+branch. This article is written in no spirit of hostility to
+level-premium insurance; it is simply a criticism upon its defects and
+its abuses. Properly administered, there is an ample field for the
+prosecution of its business. There will always be those who will prefer
+to pay the larger price, for what to them may seem the better form of
+insurance; but there will be large numbers, as now, who will prefer
+assessment insurance in reliable companies.
+
+There is an ample field for both assessment and level-premium companies
+to prosecute their work. There need not and should not be antagonism
+between the two systems. Each will and should be criticised, but always
+in a spirit of fairness. To some extent modifications in both systems
+may be desirable, and doubtless a healthy competition will bring such
+changes to pass. Perfection is a quality of slow growth, but it _should_
+be the aim of those who administer the far-reaching and sacred trusts of
+either system of life insurance.
+
+Such companies can undoubtedly be made permanent by providing for the
+entrance of new members at any time in the history of the company at a
+cost for mortuary assessments substantially as low as in the earlier
+history of the company. This may be accomplished in either of two
+ways:--
+
+1. By advancing the rate of assessment with advancing age, by what is
+called the step rate process, or,--
+
+2. By the accumulation of funds to meet the increased assessments beyond
+a fair or normal rate.
+
+To say that a company which does not adopt the first of these systems is
+necessarily "doomed," as was asserted by a recent writer in your
+columns, is to make a very extravagant claim at least, and one to which
+the writer of this article would beg to demur. The objection to the plan
+of step rates is that it is not popular with the people who are the
+purchasers of insurance.
+
+The company adopting the plan says, "We shall get rid of our undesirable
+risks, those who are getting old, _because the rate of assessment_ will
+be so high they _cannot afford to pay it_." The individual says, "I
+don't like a plan by which I am to be increasingly burdened as I grow
+older, and by which it is altogether probable I shall be compelled to
+sacrifice the savings of years, and lose my insurance at the last."
+
+This practical _freezing-out process_ has never yet been made popular;
+perhaps it may be in the future.
+
+It is objected to the second method that some will pay more for the same
+value received than others, and it is therefore inequitable. But there
+is some inequity in any plan of insurance, and this last has not the
+element of injustice that would compel the aged and unfortunate to lose
+the entire savings of years because of unavoidable increasing cost.
+
+Assessments in most companies are graduated so that 800 or 1,000
+policy-holders responding to a mortuary call would make a $5,000 policy
+good for its face, and the income from $2,000,000 at five per cent would
+pay twenty losses of $5,000 each.
+
+Is it then an absurd statement that an assessment company properly and
+honestly administered, with that amount invested, can be perpetuated for
+all time?
+
+Long before the reduction of membership to a number insufficient to pay
+the face of the policy from direct assessments, the income from the
+reserve would so lessen the cost that members could not afford to lapse
+their policies, and new blood could always be secured.
+
+
+
+
+ELIZABETH.[D]
+
+A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ON GUARD.
+
+
+It was nearly two weeks from the unsuccessful attack upon Island
+Battery, the fifth and most disastrous that had been made. The morning
+after it the soldiers, sore over their defeat, had listened sullenly to
+the shouts of victory from within the French lines. Since then the
+combined attack by land and sea, planned and eagerly wished for by the
+two commanders, had been deferred from day to day. But Pepperell was not
+idle, and he was unable to understand despair. To him a repulse was the
+starting point of a new attempt. But now, with half his camp in
+hospital, with French and Indians threatening him in the rear, and the
+great battlements of Louisburg still formidable, he dared not risk an
+assault that, if unsuccessful, would further dispirit the army, and
+might be fatal. He had sent to Governor Shirley for ammunition and
+re-inforcements, and he had still the resource of sounding away with all
+his guns, for which, by borrowing, he could find powder and balls. He
+availed himself of this privilege with a persistence that after the city
+had surrendered he was able to see had not been useless.
+
+The West gate had long since been demolished, the citadel more than once
+injured by shot, and as to the city itself, streets of it were in ruin.
+But Island Battery still held its own and kept the fleet away from the
+city, the soldiers sickened, and the French governor held out. The
+incessant cannonade went on until sometimes the men wondered how it
+would seem not to hear bursting shells. There had been sorties and
+repulses, and though not much fighting, enough to prove the temper of
+the men. One day Elizabeth, looking across at a fascine battery where
+the enemy's fire was hottest in return, discovered Archdale standing in
+the most exposed position, watching and giving orders with an
+imperturbable face.
+
+So the siege went on, with brave resistance on one side, and on the
+other with that invincible determination that makes its way through
+greater obstacles than stone walls. The weather was magnificent in spite
+of the fogs at sea that sometimes made it impossible to go from shore to
+ship. Edmonson lay tossing on his bed in the hospital. He had been badly
+wounded in the attack, and his feverish mind retarded his recovery. As
+had been said, he had learned of Katie Archdale's engagement, not
+through Lord Bulchester, for that was the last thing that the nobleman
+would have told him, but through a correspondent in Boston to whom he
+had made it worth while to keep him informed of his lordship's
+movements.
+
+Edmonson's wound was painful, and his compensation did not come. Nancy,
+not Elizabeth, was his nurse. Occasionally the latter spent half an hour
+beside him when her maid was resting or was busy with others, but then,
+although she ministered to his physical comfort, her mind seemed always
+elsewhere, often where her eyes wandered, to some private whose
+suffering was greater than his.
+
+"I wish I had been the worst wounded man here," he said to her one day.
+
+"Why?" she asked bringing her eyes back to him. And then before he could
+answer, she added: "Your wound is bad enough; you will not get well
+until you are more quiet. Be a little more patient."
+
+"Patient!" he cried, half raising himself and falling back with a groan.
+"You are cruel. Patient! with the vision of delight always floating
+before me, never turning back to look at me or smile upon me. Patient!
+in torment. Perhaps you would be. Submission is not a constitutional
+virtue of mine."
+
+"It's being a virtue at all," returned Elizabeth, "depends upon whether
+we submit to men or to God." If any other lips had spoken the Divine
+name, Edmonson would have sneered openly. As it was, he lay silent,
+looking out at the speaker through half-veiled eyes. This tantalizing
+woman always turned his words into impersonalities. Her power had roused
+his will to its utmost to make her feel his own. How far had he
+succeeded, that she would condescend to stay with him when there was no
+one else to do it and he needed attention? It was because the surgeon
+would soon be here to look after his wounds and would need help, that
+she was sitting now, fanning him gently and glancing toward the door of
+the tent.
+
+"You are very impatient to have Waters come," he said.
+
+"Yes, a great many others need me."
+
+"Not half so much as I do," he began. "Your presence soothes me," he
+added hastily.
+
+"It is the sort of effect that a nurse ought to have," she answered.
+
+He was silent again. He would have given half the expected years of his
+life to know if ever so little of her indifference were feigned. He gave
+himself an impatient toss. Why had he come to this siege at all? He was
+not sure now that if he had accomplished his object, or should yet do
+it, the reward would come. He had known women that in Elizabeth's place
+would like to show their power of torture; but she scarcely deigned to
+glance at him, and tortured him a thousand times more. Why had Archdale
+thrown his arm about so clumsily and saved his life? So good an
+appointment was not likely to make itself again; he must have a hand in
+framing the next. And if worst came to worst as to absence of chance, he
+could still pick a quarrel over the clumsiness by challenging it as
+intention. Yet he was afraid that Archdale was too much of a Puritan to
+think of duelling.
+
+"Don't tire yourself fanning me," he said. "Talk to me a little."
+
+"I have nothing to say," answered Elizabeth. For it happened that she
+also was remembering that night in the boat as she had heard of it, and
+it seemed hard to her that she should be obliged to render Edmonson the
+smallest service, yet he had been brave in the attack, and had been
+wounded in fair fight against the enemy. Her first thought that night of
+the attack, on seeing him borne in, had been that Archdale had given the
+wound in self-defence. She was humiliated by feeling that her wealth had
+been played for like a stake by Edmonson. For she had not yet come to
+confessing to herself what flashed across her mind sometimes. Two years
+ago Edmonson's approval had seemed to her a desert beyond her talents;
+now his admiration displeased her,--there was an element of
+appropriation in it. Where Elizabeth prized regard she could not
+condescend to woo it; where she did not prize it, it seemed to her, if
+openly given, almost an impertinence. Stephen had been right when in the
+midst of his anger at her pride he had felt that love would awake new
+powers in her, that she could be magnificent in action and in devotion.
+He had been very human, too, in the breath of wild desire to see her at
+her best that had swept through him. But the desire slept again as
+suddenly as it had waked, and the mists of indifference settled about
+him once more.
+
+Edmonson dared not speak. If he offended Elizabeth he should not see her
+again, except at a distance as real as the intangible space always
+between them now. And if he were silent, he might yet win, some day.
+
+"At last!" she smiled, and rose to meet the doctor with an alacrity that
+made Edmonson bite his under lip hard. She thought that dressing the
+wound took a long time that evening, that the physician had never been
+so slow before, nor the patient so fractious. But to Edmonson it seemed
+as if she vanished like a vision.
+
+At last she was in the open air, under the stars, and refreshed by the
+breeze. She stood looking out to sea, but there was an expression of
+trouble on her face, that the air could not blow away.
+
+A voice said, "Good evening," and, turning, she saw Archdale beside her.
+She asked him if he were on guard that evening.
+
+"Yes," he answered. "You must be very tired, cooped up in that hot place
+for so many hours," he went on. "Shall we walk down to the shore and
+back, for a change. I'm sorry that I can't suggest any variations in the
+route. But we will stop at the brook and I will get you some fresh
+water."
+
+She took a step, then hesitated.
+
+"But I thought you were on guard," she said.
+
+"So I am, especially detailed by our commander-in-chief to look after
+the comfort and welfare of a certain gentleman, a civilian in name, but
+so active an inspector of military operations that I cannot often keep
+track of him unless I'm under fire myself, and also the welfare of two
+volunteer nurses who are in great danger of letting their zeal outrun
+their strength. No, I am wrong; I am in charge of only one nurse; she
+takes care of the other. It is you whom the General has in mind." Never
+was Archdale's tact finer and more opportune. After the smouldering
+passion of Edmonson, felt if not yet confessed to herself, the ease and
+safety of this companionship seemed to her like the difference between
+the air of the tents hot and heavy with unhealthy breaths, and the salt
+wind that came to her softly now, but with invigorating freshness.
+
+"I haven't the least idea where my father is," she said. "I suppose he
+is so used to business that he must have always something on hand."
+
+"He is with the General now," he said.
+
+"There is one walk I wish you would invite me to take," said Elizabeth,
+as they sauntered away. "Into the city, I mean." And for a moment she
+forgot the cost of victory in its exultation.
+
+"I will," he answered. "Will you come, then?"
+
+"Certainly."
+
+They reached the brook and followed it up a little distance above the
+camp. Elizabeth sat down upon the bank, and Archdale filled his cup and
+brought it to her. She examined it by the dim light.
+
+"I see that it is silver, and chased," she said. "But I can't make out
+the figures upon it."
+
+"The Archdale arms," he answered. "I brought the cup with me. It's my
+canteen." She drank and gave it back to him.
+
+"Thank you," she said. As she spoke, a shot rose high in air and ended
+its parabola in the heart of the doomed city. It seemed as if a cry
+uprose. Elizabeth shuddered. "How dreadful it is!"
+
+"You will never forget it," he answered.
+
+"No; no one who has been here ever can." She had risen, and they were
+walking down toward the shore. Her fatigue, or her mood, gave her an
+unusual gentleness of manner. As Stephen Archdale walked beside her he
+tried to imagine Katie as Elizabeth was now, with a background of
+suffering, with trial and daring, perhaps death before, and failed. He
+looked at Elizabeth, dimly seen under the starlight, now suddenly
+brought sharply into view by the flare of cannon, weary, glad of the
+General's thoughtfulness, without a suspicion that her present companion
+had suggested it, taking the rest that came to her and enjoying it as
+simply as a child would do, yet radiant at moments in the presage of
+national success, or pale with a glow of sublime faith at the efficacy
+of the sacrifice that was being offered up for her country. She seemed
+in harmony with the nature about her and the earnestness, perhaps
+tragedy, of her surroundings. Katie could not have been at home here; it
+was not because she had been brought up in luxury and laughter, for so
+had Elizabeth. It was because there was in the latter something
+responsive to the great realities of life. Did Katie lack this? He drew
+a quick breath at the thought. Elizabeth turned to him suddenly.
+
+"Is your arm quite well yet?" she asked.
+
+"Quite well, thank you."
+
+"Not even a twinge left?"
+
+"Not one."
+
+"I thought there was then," she said.
+
+"Oh, no, that was my conscience. Are you a good doctor for that? Shall I
+try you?"
+
+"No; thank you; my own is not clear enough."
+
+"Isn't it?" he said. "Then I think the rest of us had better give up in
+despair."
+
+She made an impatient movement, and said, "Was that Captain Edmonson's
+ball? You did not tell me, but I guessed it."
+
+"Yes. At first I thought it had only grazed my sleeve. But it was really
+very little." Archdale, bringing up the wounded on that night of the
+repulse, had said nothing of being wounded himself, and Elizabeth,
+meeting him three days afterward with his arm in a sling, had been
+assured that he was ashamed to speak of such a scratch.
+
+They sat down upon the rocks and talked for a time about the siege and
+the soldiers, and even about things at home, away from this strange
+life, but never about what had happened to themselves, and never one
+word of Katie. Elizabeth seemed to be resting. Archdale thought that she
+found it pleasant enough, too. But more than once she turned her face in
+the direction of the hospital, and he knew that she was thinking of her
+duties there. He must find some way to keep her a little longer. This
+hour must not be gone yet. What story could he tell her? If he did not
+begin, in a moment she would get up from that comfortable niche in the
+rock, and say that it was time to go back to her patients, and then it
+would be too late.
+
+"I think I never told you," he began, "how Mr. Edmonson's portrait, my
+great-grandfather's, came into that hiding-place? Would you care to
+hear?"
+
+"Very much, if it is not too much family history for you to tell me."
+
+He smiled. "I must begin a good way back, as far as with my
+grandfather's youth," he said. "I am afraid it was a wild one. He was
+handsome, and gay, and rich, well-born, too, though not of the
+Sunderland Archdales, as I had always supposed. He must have said this
+when he took his own name again after his year of hiding as a criminal
+from justice. But I don't think that he ever meant crime; it was an
+irregular duel. I think his adversary's first shot hit him in the
+shoulder, and at the second, for they were to fire twice, he rushed up
+to his opponent in a fury of pain, perhaps, and fired at close range.
+The man fell dead. I don't know how they tell the story in Portsmouth,
+but it's not worse than that, I suppose."
+
+"It's something like that, I think," she said.
+
+"Pleasant to go back where we've always been so,--well, so esteemed; I
+mean that the name has been. But I may not go back," he added.
+
+She made no answer for a moment; then she said, "Captain Edmonson is
+like that."
+
+"But worse," he answered.
+
+"Yes, worse."
+
+"Is his wound doing well?" questioned Archdale.
+
+"It is healing, but very slowly."
+
+"Next time he will not fail of his mark," said the young man.
+
+"Perhaps the next time his mark will be the enemy," she answered. "He
+has had time to think." Her companion gave an eager glance. "Is she
+teaching him something?" he wondered. "What?" How could she teach him
+not to care for her? His pulses quickened. He altered his position a
+little, which brought him by so much nearer. "But tell me about the
+portrait," said Elizabeth.
+
+Archdale told the story, the outlines of which Elizabeth had given to
+Mrs. Eveleigh. But he told it with so many details that it seemed new
+to her. "Edmonson insists that the nobleman killed in this duel was a
+distant relative of Sir Temple Dacre," he said, as he finished the
+account of the flight and the taking of the portrait.
+
+He told of its careful concealment afterwards lest it should identify
+them, and how, when the daughter's eyes rested upon it, she had a dread
+of discovery, that amounted almost to a sense of guilt.
+
+"Poor woman!" said Elizabeth, "with the loss of her father and her
+child, she could not have been very happy."
+
+Her listener recalled that the speaker at one time in her life had not
+considered the loss of a husband in any other light than a great
+satisfaction. But he went on to explain that after his grandmother's
+death, the portrait had been concealed where Elizabeth had discovered
+it. "My mother knew nothing of it," he said, "but my father had seen it
+before. He told me so after that day," he added, remembering that
+Elizabeth had heard Colonel's denial of any knowledge of the portrait.
+"He knew whom it was a picture of, I mean, and that we were not the
+Sunderland Archdales, but nothing of Edmonson's rights; and he had
+looked at the portrait so little that he never perceived the likeness to
+Edmonson until we all did. Edmonson, you know, was in search of this
+portrait. He had heard of it from his father, who passed as the child of
+the old man's only son, who died in India at about the same time that
+the baby and nurse came to the grandfather's. My grandmother Archdale
+besought her father to take care of the child until she could send for
+it, and he was better than her request. I suppose that he could not bear
+to give up both his children and he hated his son-in-law. Edmonson's
+father did not know his real name until after the elder Edmonson's
+death. Then the nurse told him the story. But at that time he was
+twenty-five; married, and established in his home, with no desire to
+change, or to share his possessions. Gerald learned the truth only when
+he came of age, and his capacity for getting through with money made him
+think that something ought to be made out of his colonial relatives. He
+had spent his own moderate fortune before he came here. He showed his
+character in his way of going to work," finished Archdale,
+contemptuously. "He could not believe that anybody would have honesty
+enough not to defeat his claim unless he could clinch his proofs
+instantly."
+
+"It was a cowardly way of doing it," said Elizabeth slowly.
+
+"Yes," he answered, and looked at her, wondering if he should learn what
+she was thinking about, for it seemed as if she had only half finished
+her sentence.
+
+"Nothing seems to me stranger than the difference between people in the
+same family," she said at last, almost more to herself than to him.
+There was something so utterly impersonal in her tone that she seemed to
+be setting forth a general trite observation rather than comparing
+Edmonson with any of his relatives. And it was evident that, if she
+thought of her listener at all, this was the way in which the remark was
+meant for him. And yet--Then he heard Elizabeth saying that she must go
+back.
+
+"Poor Melvin is dying," she said. "He probably will not live through the
+night. I promised to take down some messages for him. He began to give
+them to me, but was so exhausted that I had to leave him to rest. But I
+must not leave him too long, and then there are the others." Stephen
+helped her down from the rock as she spoke, and they went together along
+the beach and up the path from the shore, talking as they went. She told
+him some of the things that the men needed most, and asked his advice
+and his help toward getting for them what was possible. "I cannot go to
+the General for these; I cannot put any more burdens upon him," she
+said. Archdale told her all that he could, and then for a few minutes
+they walked on in silence. At the hospital she stopped and turned to
+him.
+
+"Thank you," she said. Then, as he was about to answer, she added
+hastily, "I think that experience like this is good for us, for every
+one I mean; it opens up the world a little and shows so much suffering
+besides one's own. It's a help to get at the proportions of things.
+Don't you think so?" The appeal in her voice was an exquisite note of
+sympathy.
+
+Stephen knew that all his life long it had been his way, as it had been
+that of the other Archdales, to consider his own joys and sorrows not
+only of more relative but of more actual importance than those of the
+people about him. He looked at Elizabeth, royal as she stood, full of
+compassion for him, but with her hand already stretched out to draw back
+the canvas which separated her from that presence of death in which live
+and grow, watered by tears, all human sympathies. It seemed as if she
+always touched some chord in him untouched by others. Was it the truth
+that she spoke that thrilled him so? He perceived nothing clearly except
+the one thing that he uttered.
+
+"Yes," he said, "I am glad I came,--glad for my own sake, I mean. Be it
+for joy or sorrow, for life or death, I am glad that I came."
+
+She drew back the curtain of the tent. He bowed and turned away.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[D] Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+It is not an easy task either to establish a magazine, or, having
+secured for it a place in public favor, to retain the good will
+essential to its continued success. The examples of failure on the part
+of those who have essayed this task are so many and so notable, that
+publishers and editors who enter the field of periodical literature with
+new ventures, must possess, first of all, not a little courage; to this,
+if they are to expect any degree of success, must be added a _raison
+d'�tre_ for the publication; and, besides, there must be an
+accompaniment of managerial ability sufficient to give the reason a
+continual demonstration in fact. Whatever the view of the cheerful
+optimist who stands on the threshold of the magazine world, with his
+experience, like his hoped-for triumphs, all in the future, the
+conditions above named, as witnessed by the broken lance of many a
+vanquished knight of this "Round Table," are not easily met. It is with
+a full understanding of these facts that we record the enlarged plans of
+the publishers of the BAY STATE MONTHLY, whereby that periodical, a vine
+of Massachusetts planting, seeking soil for wider growth, will send
+forth its roots into all New England. Chief among the features of the
+BAY STATE MONTHLY which have made it acceptable to the people of
+Massachusetts have been the many articles relating to the history and
+biography of its storied towns and famous men. Material for articles of
+equal interest and value, and much of it as yet unused by historian or
+biographer in sketch or story, abounds in every State of the New England
+group. It is in order to make better use of this material, that a change
+is made, as will be seen, not in place, but in scope,--whereby the Bay
+State gives way to the New England; and the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, which
+is the BAY STATE MONTHLY with a wider outlook, goes forth to commend
+itself to the good opinion of the citizens of Connecticut, Maine,
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and of New
+Englanders everywhere.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The prohibitionists of New England find it difficult to understand why
+Georgia, with the immense quota of ignorance in its voting population,
+has been able to abolish legal rum-drinking, a thing which has not yet
+been found possible--notwithstanding the supposed reign of a more widely
+diffused intelligence--in the greater part of New England. An
+explanation of the fact is to be found in the homogeneity of the
+Georgian population, due to the vast preponderance of native born
+elements (there being only ten thousand five hundred persons of foreign
+birth in 1880), and to the popular condition affecting public sentiment
+in Georgia and her sister States. Among these influences may be noted
+that of the clergy, who reach the greater part of the population, white
+and black, through the churches in whose membership it is enrolled; the
+fact that, owing to the comparative non-use of wines and beers, the
+question is simply that of rum or no rum; and the added circumstance
+that the evils of intemperance are there greatly aggravated by the
+character of the whiskey almost universally used, it being an
+unrectified form of the article, and accompanied by the most dangerous
+and destructive results to individuals and to society. Among these
+results may be mentioned the often repeated instances of lawlessness and
+bloodshed, and the growing demoralization of the colored workingmen,
+which reacts injuriously upon every industry.
+
+Against conditions like these, there can be found in almost any
+community in the land, in the aggregate, an opposing majority. In New
+England this majority is largely powerless, because swallowed up in the
+opposing votes of political parties. In Georgia it has succeeded,
+because it has separated the liquor question from all other political
+considerations and made it a separate issue, upon which men vote neither
+as Democrats nor Republicans, but as well meaning, and ably directed
+men, who are marshalled against a great social evil.
+
+New England temperance advocates have difficulties to contend with,
+growing out of the foreign born elements in our midst, which do not
+exist at the South; but it may be well for them to consider the question
+of adopting the Georgian method of sticking to the temperance issue as a
+distinct question, instead of dragging it into general politics, where
+the temperance element loses in strength by a division upon other
+questions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We find in the _Pall Mall Gazette_ suggestions intended for the eyes of
+English matrons, but which may be equally commended to the attention of
+American mothers, relating to the establishment of "housekeeping
+schools" after the pattern of those in Germany.
+
+Every girl in Germany, be she the daughter of nobleman, officer, or
+small official, goes, as soon as she has finished her school education,
+into one of these training establishments. The rich go where they pay
+highly. They are never taken for less than a year, and every month has
+its appropriate work: Preserving of fruits and vegetables, laying down
+meats, the care of eggs and butter, the preservation of woollen clothes,
+repairing of household linen, etc. Besides these general branches of
+housewifery, they are taught cooking, clear starching, the washing of
+dishes, the care of silver and glass, dusting and sweeping, laying of a
+table and serving--in brief, all the duties which will fall to their own
+lot or to the servants whom they employ. As a result, the _m�nage_ of a
+German matron is perfection, according to German ideas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A good illustration of the historical spirit, which happily has come to
+stay in our midst, is seen in the instructive and entertaining articles
+which have recently been published in the newspapers concerning some old
+New England homesteads. Among these is one in the Boston _Courier_ of
+Oct. 4, 1885, telling of the Pickering house in Salem, built in 1659,
+and still in the Pickering name, and also of the Porter place in Wenham,
+which, although it had been in the Porter name without alienation since
+1702, was of much older date. In the Boston _Transcript_ of Nov. 28,
+1885, was also an interesting account of the old Curtis house at Jamaica
+Plain, which was finished in 1639. Its builder, William Curtis, was its
+first occupant; and from that time to 1883 none but his descendants
+occupied the house. A number of ancient dwellings still standing in New
+England were referred to in the same article.
+
+Such public notices of time-honored landmarks are to be commended, not
+only because they serve as historical links, but because they develop
+that historical imagination which enables one to clothe with a tender
+reverence places so rich in interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE is not the first of the name. Another
+New England Magazine was established in 1831, by Joseph T. Buckingham
+and his son Edwin, who died and was buried at sea in 1832. His cenotaph
+may be seen in Mount Auburn, bearing the inscription, "The sea his body,
+heaven his spirit holds." This magazine included among its contributors
+John Quincy Adams, Oliver Wendell Holmes (who commenced _The Autocrat of
+the Breakfast Table_ as a serial in it), Jeremy Belknap, Jared Sparks,
+Edward Everett, Charles C. Felton, John G. Palfray, Gardner Spring,
+Joseph Story, Francis Wayland, Daniel Webster, and Nathaniel P. Willis.
+It contained articles upon the authorship of Junius, American
+Colonization Society, and Spurzheim, who died in 1832, and was among the
+first tenants of Mount Auburn, and the elegy upon whom, composed by John
+Pierpont, commencing
+
+    "Many a form is bending o'er thee,
+    Many an eye with sorrow wet,"
+
+pronounced at the funeral services at the Old South Church, is still
+remembered by many. It also contained _Garrett's Fly-Time_, _Reflections
+of a Jail-Bird_, etc., etc. It was discontinued in 1834, for want of
+patronage. We have the courage to believe that the success so justly
+merited, but denied to the projectors of this pioneer among American
+periodicals, will not fail to reward the efforts of those who, at the
+end of a half-century, take up the broken thread, and give the
+time-honored name once more a place in American literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a future number, we shall have more to say concerning our worthy
+predecessor in the Magazine field. It will be seen that there is much in
+common in the aims of the two periodicals, especially in the purpose to
+represent, and loyally serve, the best interests of New England and its
+people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE seeks to become a repository for material of
+interest concerning the New England States worthy of preservation, we
+cordially invite contributions to its pages, from all sources, of matter
+relating to town and local history, and the manners and customs of early
+times, and of biographical and other sketches relating to the notable
+men and women, the social and religious life, the occupations and
+industries, of colonial and later days.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the head of NECROLOGY there will be published obituaries of
+notable New England men and women recently deceased, accompanied, where
+possible, by brief genealogical records. The value of material thus
+placed in permanent form, within reach of future investigators, will be
+at once evident; and we shall be glad to receive properly prepared brief
+contributions to this department.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall seek to make the "Notes and Queries" department of the Magazine
+of use and interest to our readers, as a medium of communication between
+those seeking or possessing information as to New England persons and
+places. Communications intended for this department should be written
+separately from the letter enclosing them, and should be brief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Brief records of the genealogy of families resident in New England
+during and prior to the war of the Revolution are invited; and by
+furnishing such records, especially in instances where they have not
+already been fully published, valuable additions will be made to the
+store of material relating to both history and biography--which is
+really _fundamental_ history. Men and women _make_ history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In this connection we shall welcome not only articles of length, but
+anecdotes and scraps of information, for which a special department will
+be furnished, under title of "In Olden Times."
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.[E]
+
+
+November 3.--Elections were held in twelve States of the Union. In
+Massachusetts, a full list of state officers and a legislature were
+chosen. Governor Robinson was elected for the third time, and all the
+other members of the Republican ticket were chosen,--it being a
+re-election for each one, excepting Alanson W. Beard, who succeeds D. A.
+Gleason as Treasurer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The name of the West Roxbury Park, in the city of Boston, has been
+changed to the Franklin Park, and a fund established by Dr. Franklin
+applied to its purchase. In 1791 he left to the city �1,000 which was to
+accumulate for one hundred years, when �100,000 was to be appropriated
+for some public object, and the balance to accumulate for another
+century. The amount specified will not be realized, however, in 1891, as
+the fund will then reach only about $350,000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+December 8.--Elections were held in thirteen Massachusetts cities. The
+Mayors elected are as follows: Chelsea, Mayor Endicott, re-elected;
+Somerville, Mayor Burns, re-elected; Cambridge, Mayor Russell,
+re-elected; Brockton, John J. Whipple; Salem, John M. Raymond;
+Gloucester, Mayor Parsons, re-elected; Haverhill, C. H. Weeks; Lowell,
+J. C. Abbott; Lawrence, A. B. Bruce; Taunton, R. H. Hall; Fall River, W.
+S. Greene; Springfield, E. D. Metcalf; Newton, D. H. Kimball.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[E] This department hereafter will be made much more complete, and will
+cover all of the New England States.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+November 21.--The death occurred of Hon. Elizur Wright, a well-known
+Massachusetts man, and a resident of Medford. Mr. Wright was born in
+South Canaan, Conn., February 12, 1804, and graduated at Yale, in 1826.
+In his early life he was a teacher, from 1829 to 1833 being Professor of
+Mathematics in Western Reserve College. He became in 1833 Secretary of
+the American Anti-Slavery Society in New York. In 1838 he came to
+Boston, and for twenty years was actively engaged in editorial work,
+taking a stand as a most pronounced abolitionist. Since then he has been
+Insurance Commissioner or Actuary for the State till the time of his
+death. Mr. Wright has been an earnest advocate of the project for
+converting the "Middlesex Fells" into a park in later years. He was
+always an earnest, active man.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND ART.
+
+
+For more than twenty-five years the public has been familiar with the
+products of the skill and genius of John Rogers, in which he has
+illustrated a variety of social, domestic, literary, and political
+subjects. During the War of the Rebellion, when the hearts of the people
+were quickly reached by anything that brought vividly before them the
+scenes of soldier life or the experiences of the "brave boys in blue,"
+the artist won his way to a wide circle of admirers by his stirring
+representations of those scenes and experiences. His illustrations of
+Rip Van Winkle touched another chord in the public heart and increased
+the number and the enthusiasm of those who acknowledge the charm of his
+rare and facile power. He has produced three groups illustrative of
+scenes in Shakespeare, of which the latest, representing the interview
+between King Lear and Cordelia,[F] described in Act IV. Scene VII., is
+one of his best. The king had discarded and banished Cordelia, and
+divided his kingdom between his other two daughters; but their
+ingratitude and ill-treatment had driven him crazy. He had been brought
+in and laid on a couch by his old friend Kent,--who is disguised as a
+servant,--and the doctor. Cordelia, who still loves him truly and
+tenderly, tries to recall herself to his wandering mind. The whole group
+is conceived with remarkable power and truthfulness, and in it nothing
+is more noteworthy than the expression of filial love and sorrow on the
+face of the daughter. This group will both sustain and increase the
+artist's well-won reputation as an interpreter of life and its
+experiences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first two or three books of "Charles Egbert Craddock" secured to
+their author a most enviable literary reputation, and the writer's
+latest book[G] will be regarded with no less interest because it is now
+known that "Mr. Craddock" is Miss Mary Murfree. As in her other works,
+the book before us deals with the peculiar characteristics of life in
+the mountains of Tennessee, and is largely in the dialect of that
+region. Her rendering of this dialect has been strongly criticised by
+some, but we do not know who can be better authority than Miss Murfree
+herself, who has spent years among the people, engaged in careful and
+intelligent observation and study.
+
+The _Prophet_ is eminently a readable book, and is charming to those who
+like stories in dialect. The Prophet, which one would expect to be a
+very strong character, is not brought out to such a degree as the
+writer, it would seem, could have easily done; but there are many word
+pictures which will long remain vivid in the reader's memory. We think
+Miss Murfree's literary reputation will be still further enhanced by the
+_Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains_, and the book may be wisely
+selected for reading, even by those who take time for only a very few
+stories.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Princes, Authors and Statesmen_,[H] edited by James Parton, is a
+collection of very entertaining sketches of noted persons, written, for
+the most part, by relatives, personal friends or others who have known
+them under favorable circumstances. The habits and demeanors of eminent
+persons are always matters of curiosity and interest to the general
+public, and this book contains abundant material which will gratify just
+this harmless instinct, and yet there is no violation of that privacy
+which always ought to be observed. The volume contains "Dickens with his
+Children," by Miss Mamie Dickens; "Reminiscences of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley," by Canon Farrar; "Victor Hugo at Home," by his secretary, M.
+Lesclide; and valuable chapters on Emerson, Longfellow, Gladstone,
+Disraeli, Thackeray, Macaulay and many other authors, besides emperors,
+kings and princes. The illustrations are numerous, and include many
+scenes of places and excellent portraits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In no department of publishing has there been a greater advance than in
+the production of juvenile literature. Not many years ago there were
+very few really appropriate books for children published, and hardly
+anything in the way of periodical literature of a high standard for
+young folks. To supply a long felt need, Harper & Brothers began a few
+years ago to publish a weekly magazine for children, employing in its
+production not only the best writers but the best artists to be found.
+The year's numbers up to November last, make a bound volume[I] of more
+than eight hundred pages of choicest juvenile reading, all crowded with
+beautiful illustrations, about 700 in number, and many of them gems of
+art. It would hardly seem possible to praise such a book too much. It is
+a storehouse of pleasure which may well delight any intelligent boy or
+girl.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The art of sculpture is commanding the interest of a steadily growing
+class outside the practical workers with the chisel, or the professional
+critics. Clara Erskine Clement's new book[J] is on the plan of her
+"Outline History of Painting." For beginners in the sculptor's art, it
+is an admirable text-book, which must be welcomed by all in that class,
+while to the amateur, or the mere admirer of the art, it is a very
+pleasing and instructive book. It presents the salient facts about
+sculptors and their works from the earliest times, and the reader is
+given a large amount of help in the illustrations, which represent
+specimens of the art in every age and of every school.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Hamerton's _Paris_[K] is a work which is sure to attract attention,
+to be read, and to be highly prized. The author's long residence in the
+great French metropolis has given him rare opportunities for this work,
+and he has given us the result of painstaking research in every quarter
+of the city. The author has made special reference to changes in the
+architecture and topography of Paris, and the book contains a large
+amount of matter of antiquarian value. The illustrations, of which there
+are many, are mostly simple outline sketches, or in the etching style,
+relating to architectural forms, and well serve their purpose.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lovers of the quaint and curious in art, science, and literature have
+formed a pleasing acquaintance with _Notes and Queries_,[L] which has
+reached its forty-second number. The latest issue (December, 1885),
+which closes the second volume, contains a full and carefully prepared
+index to the entire work, which was begun in July, 1882. This magazine
+abounds in information concerning matters not usually treated of in more
+formal and pretentious works, and well deserves a cordial support from
+an inquiring public.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For the best quality of American humor it is pretty well settled that
+the popular weekly paper _Life_ is not equalled by any of its
+contemporaries. From the fifty-two numbers of the last twelve months the
+best of the humorous designs have been selected and bound into a
+handsome quarto volume.[M] Pen and pencil combine in making its pages
+laughable, and there are many incisive thrusts at the weak spots in
+society, but without coarseness or vulgarity.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[F] King Lear and Cordelia. Roger Groups of Statuary. New York: John
+Rogers.
+
+[G] The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains. By Charles Egbert
+Craddock, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
+
+[H] Some Noted Princes, Authors and Statesmen of Our Time. Edited by
+James Parton. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
+
+[I] Harper's Young People, Volume VI. New York: Harper & Brothers. Price
+$3.50.
+
+[J] An Outline History of Sculpture. By Clara Erskine Clement. New York:
+White, Stokes & Allen.
+
+[K] Paris, in Old and Present Times. By Philip Gilbert Hamerton. Boston:
+Roberts Brothers.
+
+[L] Miscellaneous Notes and Queries, with Answers in all Departments of
+Literature. One Dollar a year. S. C. & L. M. Gould, Manchester, N. H.
+
+[M] The Good Things of _Life_. Second Series. New York: White, Stokes &
+Allen.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES.
+
+
+ANSWERS.
+
+4.--A good account of the "Know-Nothings" is to be found in the
+"Magazine of American History," Vol. 13, p. 202, in article "Political
+Americanisms," by Charles Ledyard Norton.
+
+6.--That antiquarian scholar, Samuel Gardner Drake, made an exhaustive
+study of the Massachusetts Indians, which is embodied principally in his
+"Book of the Indians," the "Old Indian Chronicle" and the "Particular
+History of the Five Years' French and Indian War." Much Indian history
+is also given in notes, introductions, and appendices, in his editions
+of Church's and Mather's "King Philip's War," and Mather's "Early
+History of New England."
+
+7.--There is no extended biography of Robert Rantoul, Jr., but sketches
+of him may be found in the "North American Review," Vol. 78, p. 237, and
+the "Democratic Review," Vol. 27, p. 348; the latter containing a
+portrait.
+
+3.--A lady thoroughly identified with the Anti-Slavery cause, and
+abundantly able to answer the query "Who was the first American woman to
+publicly espouse the cause of Anti-Slavery," writes as follows in
+response to a request for her opinion:--
+
+     The question is on some accounts rather a difficult question to
+     answer, as I do not quite understand its intent. You doubtless
+     know that until the Anti-Slavery movement and some time after,
+     no woman, except those of the Society of Friends, ever spoke or
+     even prayed in public. If women wished to show their interest
+     on any question, it was in societies and meetings exclusively
+     for women. And this was the case with the Anti-Slavery women.
+     Women's Societies were very early organized, and a great many
+     women were active in them.
+
+     But I suppose the question relates to the women who addressed
+     _mixed_ audiences of men and women.
+
+     At the convention held in Philadelphia, 1833, to form the
+     National Anti-Slavery Society, all the delegates were men, but
+     a large number of women were present, and Lucretia Mott, who
+     was a minister of the Friends' Society, and consequently was
+     used to speaking to both sexes in Friends' meetings, spoke at
+     the convention, but did not make any formal address. Several
+     other women, also "Friends," spoke; and several years after,
+     Samuel J. May, in speaking about it, said he was ashamed to say
+     that though the convention passed a vote of thanks to the women
+     for their interest, no one thought of asking any of them, not
+     even Lucretia Mott or Mary Grew, to sign the "Declaration of
+     Sentiments." I think the first women, undoubtedly, who
+     addressed a _mixed_ audience of men and women of _all_
+     denominations were Angela Grimk�, afterwards married to
+     Theodore D. Weld, and her sister Sarah M. Grimk�. Being
+     Southerners, and having been slaveholders, being allied to the
+     best families of Charleston, S. C., their knowledge was
+     considered authentic, and a great interest was shown to hear
+     them. They too began by addressing meetings of women, but when
+     they spoke in Boston, in 1837, so great was the desire of the
+     _men_ to hear them, that they were persuaded to hold public
+     meetings of both sexes. I well remember the crowded audiences
+     which listened to them with rapt attention.
+
+     One can judge somewhat of the interest they excited from the
+     fact that, at a time when no large halls or churches could be
+     obtained for any kind of an Anti-Slavery meeting, the "Odeon,"
+     at the corner of Federal and Franklin Streets, then the largest
+     and most popular hall in Boston, was obtained for a course of
+     five lectures by these ladies, and was filled every evening by
+     a dense crowd. Angelina was the finer speaker and gave three
+     lectures out of the five. This was the only time the Odeon was
+     ever opened to Anti-Slavery. They were members of the Friends'
+     Society, which undoubtedly prevented them from embarrassment in
+     addressing mixed audiences.
+
+     Wendell Phillips says of them, "No man who remembers 1837 and
+     its lowering clouds, will deny that there was hardly any
+     contribution to the Anti-Slavery movement greater or more
+     impressive than the crusade of these Grimk� sisters from South
+     Carolina, through the New England States."
+
+     You see my answer to the question would be emphatically
+     _Angelina and Sarah M. Grimk�_.
+
+     Very truly,
+
+     SARAH H. SOUTHWICK.
+
+     WELLESLEY, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+The Publishers and Editors of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, in compliance with
+urgent suggestions from many friends, and in the belief that its
+interests will be in every way promoted by the change, have decided to
+enlarge the scope of the Magazine so as to include in its plans not only
+the "Bay State" but _all_ of its sisters in the historical New England
+group.
+
+THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE will, therefore, aim to become a treasury of
+information relating to matters of special interest to citizens of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and
+Maine, and to be of incalculable value as an authoritative _recorder_
+and medium of interchange and information for all Libraries and
+Historical Societies especially, and for all history and literary loving
+people generally.
+
+Especial attention will be given to the features which have made the Bay
+State Monthly so acceptable, and NEW features will be introduced which
+it is believed will add greatly to the interest and value of forthcoming
+numbers.
+
+[Illustration: MADAM SARAH ABBOT.
+
+FOUNDER OF ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER.
+
+_From the original portrait in the possession of the Academy, supposed
+to have been painted by T. Buchanan Read._]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 1, January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22621-8.txt or 22621-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/2/22621/
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/22621-8.zip b/22621-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64a0cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-8.zip
diff --git a/22621-h.zip b/22621-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83bf8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h.zip
diff --git a/22621-h/22621-h.htm b/22621-h/22621-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02efb08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/22621-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,4463 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The New England Magazine and Bay State Monthly, Vol. 4, No, 1, January, 1886.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+     .notes    {background-color: #eeeeee; color: #000; padding: .5em;
+               margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .right    {text-align: right;}
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .u        {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
+                 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                 margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .floatl      {float: left;
+                  clear: left;
+                  text-align: center;
+                  border: 0px solid black;
+                  padding: 2px;
+                  margin: 0 4px 0 0; /* right margin to keep out from body */}
+
+    .floatr      {float: right;
+                  clear: right;
+                  text-align: center;
+                  border: 0px solid black;
+                  padding: 2px;
+                  margin: 0 0 0 4px; /* left margin to keep out from body */}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i12    {display: block; margin-left: 6em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i7     {display: block; margin-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1, January 1886
+       Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 1, January, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h1><span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span></h1>
+
+<h4>(<i>AND BAY STATE MONTHLY</i>)</h4>
+
+<h2>An Illustrated Monthly</h2>
+
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+
+<h3>HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, EDUCATIONAL AND GENERAL INTERESTS</h3>
+
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+
+<h2>NEW ENGLAND STATES AND PEOPLE</h2>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Volume IV</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+BOSTON<br />
+BAY STATE MONTHLY COMPANY<br />
+<span class="smcap">No. 43 Milk Street</span><br />
+1886<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by the <span class="smcap">Bay State
+Monthly Company</span>, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at
+Washington. All rights reserved.</p>
+
+
+<p>Typography by J. S. Cushing &amp; Co., Boston. Presswork by Berwick &amp; Smith,
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article. This issue has the Table of Contents for all
+of Volume IV. It also seems to be a volume in transition. On the first
+page of the issue, there is a note that states that it is  VOL. IV.
+NO. 1. of the Old Series, and VOL. I. NO. 1. of the New Series. The
+full page portrait of M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S. listed
+in the table of contents as facing page 1 did not appear in the
+scans.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Abbot Academy. Six Illust. by Frank A. Bicknell and others</td><td align='left'>Annie Sawyer Downs</td><td align='left'>136</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Along the Kennebec, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Henry S. Bicknell</td><td align='left'>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Andover, An Illustrious Town, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Rev. F. B. Makepeace</td><td align='left'>301</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Art in Book Illustration</td><td align='left'>Charles E. Hurd</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Illustrations: The Christ Child&mdash;Forest of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ardennes&mdash;Stamboul&mdash;Ianthe&mdash;Tower of the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mengia&mdash;The Lady of the Lake&mdash;"How they Carried</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Good News"&mdash;Evening by the Lakeside&mdash;Maternity&mdash;"The</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Swanherds where the sedges are"&mdash;The Silent Christmas.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Attleboro, Mass. An historical and descriptive sketch</td><td align='left'>C. M. Barrows</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barnard, Henry, The American Educator</td><td align='left'>The late Hon. John D. Philbrick</td><td align='left'>445</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bennett, Hon. Edmund Hatch</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>225</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Boston University School of Law</td><td align='left'>Benjamin R. Curtis</td><td align='left'>218</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown University, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Reuben A. Guild, LL.D.</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cape Ann, A Trip Around</td><td align='left'>Elizabeth Porter Gould</td><td align='left'>268</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Child, Lydia Maria</td><td align='left'>Olive E. Dana</td><td align='left'>533</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daughter of the Puritans, A</td><td align='left'>Anna B. Bensel</td><td align='left'>452</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dorris's Hero.&mdash;A Romance of the Olden Time</td><td align='left'>Marjorie Daw</td><td align='left'>463</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Editor's Table</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_87">87</a>, 177, 279, 378, 475, 557</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Magazine Literature&mdash;Georgia <i>versus</i> New England Prohibition&mdash;German "Housekeeping Schools"&mdash;The Historic Spirit&mdash;The <i>old</i>
+New England Magazine and its <i>successor</i>&mdash;Notes&mdash;An Historical Parallel&mdash;Archdeacon Farrar's Eulogy on the
+Founders of New England&mdash;The Presidential Message&mdash;A Note of Peace in Turbulent Times&mdash;Society sacrificing its
+Ornaments&mdash;Fall of the Salisbury Government&mdash;Bostonian Society&mdash;Webster Historical Society&mdash;Literary Labors of
+Miss Cleveland&mdash;Socialism in America and Europe&mdash;The Chinese Problem&mdash;A Short History of Napoleon the First&mdash;The
+<i>Century</i> on International Copyright&mdash;Christian Charity and Freedom&mdash;Comparative Marriage Statistics&mdash;Neither Caste,
+Class, nor Sect in the late Civil War&mdash;Free Education System&mdash;The Convict's Family&mdash;A Representative American&mdash;Train-Wrecking&mdash;The
+Institute of Civics&mdash;New England Summer Resorts&mdash;The Value of Recreation&mdash;The Sensational Press.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Education: Progress and Prospects of Education in America</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>280</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Education</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>184, 381</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elizabeth: A Romance of Colonial Days. Chapters XXIX.-XXXIII.</td><td align='left'>Frances C. Sparhawk</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, 168, 250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Forty Years of Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley</td><td align='left'>Hon. George Sheldon</td><td align='left'>236</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grand Array of the Republic in Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>Past Commander-in-Chief George S. Merrill</td><td align='left'>113</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hawthorne's Last Sketch</td><td align='left'>P. R. Ammidon</td><td align='left'>516</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Historical Record</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_91">91</a>, 185, 281, 382, 477, 560</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Irish Home Rule Agitation: Its History and Issues</td><td align='left'>Rev. H. Hewitt</td><td align='left'>157</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Judicial Falsifications of History</td><td align='left'>Hon. Chas. Cowley, LL.D.</td><td align='left'>457</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>King Philip's War, A Romance of</td><td align='left'>Fanny Bullock Workman</td><td align='left'>330, 414</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Literature and Art</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_92">92</a>, 192, 294, 482, 565</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lucy Keyes.&mdash;A Story of Mt. Wachusett. I.</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>551</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Index to Magazine Literature</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>193, 278, 389, 483, 567</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maple-Sugar Making in Vermont, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>J. M. French, M.D.</td><td align='left'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Myth in American Coinage</td><td align='left'>Isaac Bassett Choate</td><td align='left'>537</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Necrology</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_91">91</a>, 190, 285, 380, 479, 562</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Bedford, (26 Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Herbert L. Aldrich</td><td align='left'>423</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New England Characteristics</td><td align='left'>Lizzie M. Whittlesey</td><td align='left'>374</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New England Library and its Founder, The</td><td align='left'>Victoria Reed</td><td align='left'>347</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New England Magazine, The Original</td><td align='left'>Rev. Edgar Buckingham</td><td align='left'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New England Manners and Customs in Time of Bryant's Early Life</td><td align='left'>Mrs. H. G. Rowe</td><td align='left'>364</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes and Queries.&mdash;Answers</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Objections to Level-Premium Life Insurance</td><td align='left'>G. A. Litchfield</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Olden Time, In</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>291</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>On Detached Service.&mdash;An Episode of the Civil War</td><td align='left'>Charles A. Patch, Mass. Vols.</td><td align='left'>121</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Otis, James, Junior</td><td align='left'>Rev. H. Hewitt</td><td align='left'>319</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Port Hudson, An Incident of</td><td align='left'>William J. Burge, M.D.</td><td align='left'>548</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Publishers' Department</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Social Life in Early New England</td><td align='left'>Rev. Anson Titus</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Toppan, Colonel Christopher</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Town Meeting-House and Town Politics in the Last Century, A</td><td align='left'>Atherton P. Mason, M.D.</td><td align='left'>127</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trinity College, Hartford, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Prof. Samuel Hart, D.D.</td><td align='left'>393</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tufts College, (6 Illust. by F. A. Bicknell)</td><td align='left'>Rev. E. H. Capen, D.D.</td><td align='left'>99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Veritable Trader, A</td><td align='left'>A. T. S.</td><td align='left'>529</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wayte, Richard and Gamaliel, and some of their descendants</td><td align='left'>Arthur Thomas Lovell</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Webster, Daniel, and Col. T. H. Perkins</td><td align='left'>John Rogers</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Webster, Editorial Note on Daniel</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>217</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Webster, The Life and Character of Daniel</td><td align='left'>Hon. Edward S. Tobey</td><td align='left'>228</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Webster's Vindication</td><td align='left'>Hon. Stephen M. Allen</td><td align='left'>509</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Webster Historical Society Papers.&mdash;The Webster Family, (Illust.)</td><td align='left'>Hon. Stephen M. Allen</td><td align='left'>340, 409</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Williams College</td><td align='left'>Rev. N. H. Egleston</td><td align='left'>485</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3>POETRY.</h3>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>To a Friend</td><td align='left'>Edgar Fawcett</td><td align='left'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Mendicant</td><td align='left'>Clinton Scollard</td><td align='left'>112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trust</td><td align='left'>J. B. M. Wright</td><td align='left'>249</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Oriole</td><td align='left'>Clinton Scollard</td><td align='left'>267</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Singer</td><td align='left'>Laura Garland Carr</td><td align='left'>339</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trust</td><td align='left'>Arthur Elwell Jenks</td><td align='left'>373</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To Oliver Wendell Holmes</td><td align='left'>Edward P. Guild</td><td align='left'>413</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Picture</td><td align='left'>Mary D. Brine</td><td align='left'>421</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hunting of the Stag of &#338;no&euml;</td><td align='left'>Clinton Scollard</td><td align='left'>503</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>On Hoosac Mountain</td><td align='left'>Edward P. Guild</td><td align='left'>527</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bonnie Harebells</td><td align='left'>Anna B. Bensel</td><td align='left'>536</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>FULL PAGE PORTRAITS.</h3>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S.</td><td align='left'>Facing</td><td align='left'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Madame Sarah Abbot</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'><a href="#facing">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edmund H. Bennett</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Otis</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>301</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Prince</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>344</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry Barnard</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>393</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mark Hopkins</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>487</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h1>NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE</h1>
+
+<h4>AND</h4>
+
+<h2>BAY STATE MONTHLY.</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Old Series&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; January, 1886.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; New Series</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">VOL. IV. NO. 1.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  VOL. I. NO. 1.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright, 1885, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>BROWN UNIVERSITY.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>BY REUBEN A. GUILD, LL.D.</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="450" height="410" alt="Sayles Memorial" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Sayles Memorial</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Brown University owes its origin to a desire, on the part of members of
+the Philadelphia Association, to secure for their churches an educated
+ministry, without the restrictions of denominational influence and
+sectarian tests. The distinguishing sentiments of the Baptists, it may
+be observed, were at variance with the religious opinions that prevailed
+throughout the American colonies a century ago. They advocated liberty
+of conscience, the entire separation of church and state, believer's
+baptism by immersion, and a converted church-membership;&mdash;principles for<img src="images/image12a.jpg" width="394" height="374" alt="" class="floatr" />
+which they have earnestly contended from the beginning. The student of
+history will readily perceive how they thus came into collision with the
+ruling powers. They were fined in Massachusetts and Connecticut for
+resistance to oppressive ecclesiastical laws, they were imprisoned in
+Virginia,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> and throughout the land were subjected to contumely and
+reproach. This dislike to the Baptists as a sect, or rather to their
+principles, was very naturally shared by the higher institutions oflearning then in existence.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the year 1756, the Rev. Isaac Eaton, under the auspices of the
+Philadelphia and Charleston Associations, founded at Hopewell, New
+Jersey, an academy "for the education of youth for the ministry." To
+him, therefore, belongs the distinguished honor of being the first
+American Baptist to establish a seminary for the literary and
+theological training of young men. The Hopewell Academy, which was
+committed to the general supervision of a board of trustees appointed by
+the two associations, and supported mainly by funds which they
+contributed, was continued eleven years. During this period many who
+afterwards became eminent in the ministry received from Mr. Eaton the
+rudiments of a good education. Among them may be mentioned the names of
+James Manning, Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, Samuel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> Jones, John
+Gano, Oliver Hart, Charles Thompson, William Williams, Isaac Skillman,
+John Davis, David Jones, and John Sutton. Not a few of the academy
+students distinguished themselves in the professions of medicine and of
+law. Of this latter class was the Hon. Judge Howell, a name familiar to
+the early students of Rhode Island College, as the University was at
+first called, and to the statesmen and politicians of that day. Benjamin
+Stelle, who was graduated at the College of New Jersey, and who
+afterwards, in the year 1766, established a Latin school in Providence,
+was also a pupil of Mr. Eaton at Hopewell. His daughter Mary, it may be
+added, was the second wife of the late Hon. Nicholas Brown, the
+distinguished benefactor of the University, and from whom it derives its
+name.</p>
+
+<div class="floatl" style="width: 284px;">
+<img src="images/image12b.jpg" width="284" height="450" alt="COLLEGE CHURCH."  />
+<span class="caption">COLLEGE CHURCH.</span></div>
+
+<p>The success of the Hopewell Academy inspired the friends of learning
+with renewed confidence, and incited them to establish a college. "Many
+of the churches," says the Rev. Morgan Edwards, "being supplied with
+able pastors from Mr. Eaton's academy, and being thus convinced from
+experience of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> the great usefulness of human literature to more
+thoroughly furnish the man of God for the most important work of the
+gospel ministry, the hands of the Philadelphia Association were
+strengthened, and their hearts were encouraged, to extend their designs
+of promoting literature in the Society, by erecting, on some suitable
+part of this continent, a college or university, which should be
+principally under the direction and government of the Baptists."<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="500" height="210" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Edwards, to whom reference is made in the foregoing, was the pastor
+of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, to which he had recently
+been recommended by the Rev. Dr. Gill, and others, of London. He was a
+native of Wales, and an ardent admirer of his fellow-countryman, Roger
+Williams, the founder of Rhode Island. Possessing superior abilities,
+united with uncommon perseverance and zeal, he became a leader in
+various literary and benevolent undertakings, freely devoting to them
+his talents and his time, and thereby rendering essential service to the
+denomination to which he was attached. He was the prime mover in the
+enterprise of establishing the college, and in 1767 he went back to
+England and secured the first funds for its endowment. With him were
+associated the Rev. Samuel Jones, to whom in 1791 was offered the
+presidency; Oliver Hart and Francis Pelot, of South Carolina; John Hart,
+of Hopewell, the signer of the Declaration of Independence; John Stites,
+the mayor of Elizabethtown; Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, John Gano,
+and others connected with the two associations named, of kindred zeal
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> spirit. The final success of the movement, however, may justly be
+ascribed to the life-long labors of him who was appointed the first
+President, James Manning, D.D., of New Jersey. His "Life, Times, and
+Correspondence," making a large duodecimo volume of five hundred and
+twenty-three pages, was published by the late Gould &amp; Lincoln, of
+Boston, in 1864.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image14a.jpg" width="450" height="388" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1763, Mr. Manning, to whom the enterprise had been
+entrusted, visited Newport for the purpose of arranging for the
+establishment of the college in Rhode Island. He was accompanied by his
+friend and fellow townsman, the Rev. John Sutton. They at once called on
+Col. John Gardner, a man venerable in years and prominent in society,
+being Deputy Governor of the Colony, and Chief Justice of the Supreme
+Court. To him, Manning unfolded his plans. He heard them with attention,
+and appointed a meeting of the leading Baptists in town at his own house
+the day following. At this meeting Hon. Josias Lyndon and Col. Job
+Bennet were appointed a committee to petition the General Assembly for
+an act of incorporation. After unexpected difficulties and delays, in
+consequence of the determined opposition of those who were unfriendly to
+the movement, a charter was finally granted, in February, 1764, for a
+"College or University in the English Colony of Rhode Island and
+Providence Plantations, in New England in America."</p>
+
+<p>This charter, which has long been regarded as one of the best college
+charters in New England, while it secures ample privileges by its
+several clear and explicit provisions, recognizes throughout the grand
+Rhode Island principle of civil and religious freedom. By it the
+Corporation is made to consist of two branches, namely, that of the
+Trustees, and that of the Fellows, "with distinct, separate and
+respective powers." The Trustees are thirty-six in number, of whom
+twenty-two must be Baptists or Antip&aelig;dobaptists, five Quakers or
+Friends, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Since 1874
+vacancies in this Board, have been filled in accordance with nominations
+made by the Alumni of the University. The number of the Fellows,
+including the President, who, in the language of the charter, "must
+always be a Fellow," is twelve. Of these, eight "are forever to be
+elected of the denomination called Baptist or Antip&aelig;dobaptists, and the
+rest indifferently of any or all denominations." "The President must
+forever be of the denomination called Baptists."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 310px;">
+<img src="images/image14b.jpg" width="310" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But though Rhode Island had been selected for its home by the original
+projectors of the institution, and a liberal and ample charter had thus
+been secured, the college itself was still in embryo. Without funds,
+without students, and with no present prospect of support, a beginning
+must be made where the president could be the pastor of a church, and
+thus obtain an adequate compensation for his services. Warren, then as
+now, a delightful and flourishing inland town, situated ten miles from
+Providence, seemed to meet the requisite requirements; and thither,
+accordingly, Manning removed with his family in the spring of 1764. He
+at once commenced a Latin school, as the first step preparatory to the
+work of college instruction. Before the close of the year a church was
+organized, over which he was duly installed as pastor. The following
+year, at the second annual meeting of the corporation, held in Newport,
+Wednesday, September 3, he was formally elected, in the language of the
+records, "President of the College, Professor of Languages and other
+branches of learning, with full power to act in these capacities at
+Warren or elsewhere." On that same day, as appears from an original
+paper, now on file in the archives of the library, the president
+matriculated his first student, William Rogers,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> a lad of fourteen,
+the son of Captain William Rogers of Newport. Not only was this lad the
+first student, but he was also the first freshman class. Indeed, for a
+period of nine months and seventeen days, as appears from the paper
+already referred to, he constituted the entire body of students. From
+such feeble beginnings has the university sprung.</p>
+
+<p>The first commencement of the college was held in the meeting-house at
+Warren on the seventh day of September, 1769, at which seven students
+took their Bachelor's degree. They were all of them young men of
+promise. Some of them afterwards filled conspicuous places in the
+struggle for national independence, while others became leaders in the
+church, and distinguished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> educators of youth. Probably no class that
+has gone forth from the college or university in her palmiest days of
+prosperity has exerted so widely extended and so beneficial an
+influence, the times and circumstances taken into account, as this first
+class that graduated at Warren. The occasion drew together a large
+concourse of people from all parts of the Colony, inaugurating, says
+Arnold, the earliest State holiday in the history of Rhode Island. A
+contemporary account preserves the interesting facts that both the
+President and the candidates for degrees were dressed in clothing of
+American manufacture, and that the audience, composed of many of the
+first ladies and gentlemen of the Colony, "behaved with great decorum."</p>
+
+<p>Up to this date, "the Seminary," says Morgan Edwards, "was, for the most
+part, friendless and moneyless, and therefore forlorn, insomuch that a
+college edifice was hardly thought of." But the interest manifested in
+the exercises of Commencement, and the frequent remittances from
+England, "led some to hope, and many to fear, that the Institution would
+come to something and stand. Then a building and the place of it were
+talked of, which well-nigh ruined all. Warren was at first agreed on as
+a proper situation, where a small wing was to be erected, in the spring
+of 1770, and about eight hundred pounds, lawful money, was raised
+towards erecting it. But soon afterwards, some who were unwilling it
+should be there, and some who were unwilling it should be anywhere, did
+so far agree as to lay aside the said location, and propose that the
+county which should raise the most money should have the college."
+Subscriptions were immediately set on foot in four counties, but the
+claimants for the honor were finally reduced to two, viz., Providence
+and Newport. The question was finally settled, at a special meeting of
+the Corporation held in Warren, February 7, 1770. "The people of Newport
+had raised," says Manning, in his account of this meeting, "four
+thousand pounds, lawful money, taking in their unconditional
+subscription. But Providence presented four thousand, two hundred and
+eighty pounds, lawful money, and advantages superior to Newport in other
+respects." The dispute, he adds, lasted from ten o'clock Wednesday
+morning until the same hour Thursday night, and was decided, in the
+presence of a large congregation, in favor of Providence, by a vote of
+twenty-one to fourteen.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this decision, the President and Professor Howell,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> with
+their pupils, removed to Providence, occupying for a time the upper part
+of the brick school-house on Meeting Street, for prayers and
+recitations. On the fourteenth day of May, 1770, the foundations of the
+first college building, now called University Hall, were laid; John
+Brown, one of the "Four Brothers," and the famous leader in the
+destruction of the <i>Gaspee</i> two years later, placing the corner stone.
+It was modelled after "Nassau Hall" in Princeton, where President
+Manning and Professor Howell were graduated. The spot selected for it
+was the crest of a hill, which then commanded a view of the bay, the
+river, with the town on its banks, and a broad reach of country on all
+sides. The land comprised about eight acres, and included a portion of
+the original "home lot" of Chadd Brown, the associate and friend of
+Roger Williams, and the "first Baptist Elder in Rhode Island." Now that
+the buildings of the city have crept up the hill, and, gathering round
+the college grounds, have stretched out far beyond them, thus shutting
+out the nearer prospect, the eye can still take in from the top of the
+building the same varied and beautiful landscape, which once constituted
+one of the chief attractions of the site.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, December 7, 1776, Sir Peter Parker, the British commander,
+with seventy sail of men-of-war, anchored in Newport harbor, landed a
+body of troops, and took possession of the place. Providence was at once
+thrown into confusion and alarm. Forces, hastily collected, were massed
+throughout the town, martial law was proclaimed, college studies were
+interrupted, and the students were dismissed to their respective homes.
+The seat of the Muses now became the habitation of Mars. From December
+7, 1776, until May 27, 1782, the college edifice was occupied for
+barracks, and afterwards for a hospital, by the American and French
+forces.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1786, President Manning, whose graceful deportment,
+thorough scholarship, and wise Christian character had commended him to
+all his fellow-citizens, was unanimously appointed by the General
+Assembly of Rhode Island to represent the state in the Congress of the
+Confederation. This was during a crisis of depression and alarm, when
+the whole political fabric was threatened with destruction. He, however,
+returned to his college duties at the close of the year, being unwilling
+to remain longer away from the scenes of his chosen labors. With the
+momentous questions of the day he was thoroughly familiar, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> he
+afterwards, by his voice and by his pen, contributed very materially to
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution by the State, in 1790. He died
+very suddenly in the summer of 1791, in the fifty-fourth year of his
+age. His death was regarded as a public calamity, and his funeral was
+largely attended, not only by the friends of the college, of which he
+may be regarded in one sense as the founder, but by a vast concourse of
+people from all parts of the town and the State in which he lived.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Manning was succeeded in the presidency by the Rev. Dr. Jonathan
+Maxcy, who during the previous year had held the temporary appointment
+of Professor of Divinity. The career of this remarkable man indicates a
+high order of genius. At the early age of fifteen he had entered the
+Institution as a pupil, graduating in 1787 with the highest honors of
+his class. Immediately upon graduating he was appointed tutor, which
+position he held four years. During his brilliant career of ten years,
+in which he was the executive head of the college, men were educated and
+sent out into all the professions, who, for learning, skill, and success
+in life, will not suffer in comparison with the graduates of any period
+since.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Maxcy resigned the presidency in 1802, when he was succeeded by the
+Rev. Dr. Asa Messer, a graduate under Manning, in the class of 1790. He
+held the office until 1826, a period of twenty-four years. Under his
+wise and skilful management the college prospered; its finances were
+improved; its means of instruction were extended; and the number of
+students was greatly augmented. It was in the beginning of his
+administration that the college received the name of Brown University,
+in honor of its most distinguished benefactor, Hon. Nicholas Brown. This
+truly benevolent man was graduated under Manning in 1786, being then but
+seventeen years of age. He commenced his benefactions in 1792, by
+presenting to the Corporation the sum of five hundred dollars, to be
+expended in the purchase of law books for the library. In 1804 he
+presented the sum of five thousand dollars, as a foundation for a
+professorship of oratory and belles-lettres; on which occasion, in
+consideration of this donation, and of others that had been received
+from him and his kindred, the Institution, in accordance with a
+provision in its charter, received its present name. Mr. Brown died in
+September 1841, at the age of seventy-two. The entire sum of his
+recorded benefactions and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> bequests, giving the valuation which was put
+upon them at the time they were made, amounts to one hundred and sixty
+thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Messer was succeeded in the Presidency by the Rev. Dr. Francis
+Wayland, who was unanimously elected to this office on the thirteenth of
+December, 1826. His administration extended over a period of
+twenty-eight and a half years, during which the University acquired a
+great reputation for thorough analytical instruction. His treatises on
+"Moral Science," and "Intellectual Philosophy," were used as text-books
+in other colleges, while "The Moral Dignity of the Missionary
+Enterprise" gave him a world-wide celebrity as a preacher. He resigned
+in 1855, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Barnas Sears, who
+continued in office twelve years, when he resigned, having been
+appointed agent of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Educational
+Fund. During his administration, which extended through the financial
+crisis of 1857, and the long years of civil war, the University
+prospered, the facilities for instruction were increased, a system of
+scholarships was established, and large additions were made to the
+college funds. Dr. Sears was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Alexis Caswell, a
+graduate of the University, and for more than thirty-five years an
+honored and successful professor in the Institution. He was thus
+thoroughly conversant with its history, and familiar with its special
+needs. The Rev. Dr. E. G. Robinson, the present active and efficient
+president, entered upon his duties in the fall of 1872. He, too, is a
+graduate of the Institution over which he now presides, being a member
+of the class of 1838.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings of the University are ten in number. Of these the oldest
+is "University Hall," which has already been described. This venerable
+structure, so rich in historical associations, and so dear to all the
+graduates, has recently been thoroughly renovated and modernized, its
+external appearance remaining the same, at an expense of nearly fifty
+thousand dollars. The "Grammar School Building," now rented to private
+parties, and occupied as at first for a preparatory or classical school,
+was erected in 1810, the cost having been defrayed by subscription.
+"Hope College" was erected in 1822, at the expense of Hon. Nicholas
+Brown, who named it after his only surviving sister, Hope Ives, wife of
+the late Thomas Poynton Ives. "Manning Hall" was erected in 1834, also
+at the expense of Mr. Brown, who named it after his revered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> instructor,
+the first President of the College. "Rhode Island Hall," and the
+"President's Mansion," were erected in 1840, at the expense mostly of
+citizens of Providence; Mr. Brown, with his wonted liberality,
+contributing ten thousand dollars. The "Chemical Laboratory" was erected
+in 1862, through the exertions of Professor N. P. Hill, late United
+States Senator from Colorado. The new "Library Building," which has been
+pronounced by competent judges to be one of the finest of its kind in
+the country, was erected in 1878, at a cost, exclusive of the lot on
+which it stands, of ninety-six thousand dollars. Both the building and
+the grounds were a bequest of the late John Carter Brown, a son of the
+distinguished benefactor. The new dormitory, "Slater Hall," was erected
+in 1879, by Hon. Horatio N. Slater, a member of the Board of Fellows,
+and a liberal benefactor of the University. "Sayles Memorial Hall,"
+which was dedicated, with appropriate ceremonies, in June, 1881, is a
+beautiful structure of granite and freestone, erected at the expense of
+Hon. William F. Sayles, a member of the Board of Trustees, in memory of
+his son, who died in the early part of his collegiate course. It is used
+for daily recitations, while its spacious hall, adorned with portraits
+of distinguished graduates and benefactors, serves for Commencement
+dinners and special academic occasions.</p>
+
+<p>The "Bailey Herbarium," the "Herbarium Olneyanum," and the "Bennett
+Herbarium," contain altogether seventy-one thousand eight hundred
+specimens, arranged in good order for consultation, and constituting an
+important addition to the means of instruction in Botany. The Museum of
+Natural History and Anthropology, in Rhode Island Hall, contains upwards
+of fifty thousand specimens, implements, coins, medals, etc., classified
+and arranged by Professor J. W. P. Jenks. The Library, which dates back
+from the year 1767, when the Rev. Morgan Edwards collected books for it
+in England, numbers sixty-three thousand choice and well bound volumes,
+and a large number of unbound pamphlets. Among the recent additions is
+the valuable and unique "Harris Collection of American Poetry,"
+bequeathed by Hon. Henry B. Anthony, a graduate of the University, and
+for twenty-five years a member of the United States Senate. The books of
+the Library are arranged in alcoves according to subjects, and free
+access is allowed to the shelves. The funds of the University, according
+to the report of the Treasurer for April, 1885, amount to $812,943.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+There are sixty-six scholarships for the aid of indigent students, and
+also premium, prize, and aid funds, amounting to $40,000. The Library
+Funds amount to $36,500.</p>
+
+<p>The Faculty consists of the President, twelve Professors, two assistant
+Professors, five Instructors, two assistant Instructors, one Librarian,
+one assistant Librarian, a Registrar, and a Steward. The present number
+of undergraduates, according to the annual catalogue for 1885-86, is
+239. The number of graduates, as appears from the triennial catalogue,
+is 3,191. About one fourth of this number are in italics, indicating
+that they have been ordained and set apart for the work of the Christian
+ministry. Of these upwards of one hundred have appended to their names
+"S. T. D.," including bishops eminent for their piety and learning,
+missionaries of the cross in foreign lands, presidents of theological
+schools, and religious teachers whose names are conspicuous in the
+republic of letters, and whose virtues and deeds are held in grateful
+remembrance.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Brown University, the Charter of which was granted in 1764,
+is the seventh American College in the order of date. Harvard College
+was founded in 1638; William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1692; Yale
+College, in 1701; College of New Jersey, in 1746; University of
+Pennsylvania, in 1753; and Columbia College, in 1754.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Appendix to President Sears' Centennial Discourse, page
+63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Mr. Rogers was graduated in 1769. In 1772 he removed to
+Philadelphia, and was ordained pastor of the first Baptist Church. He
+became distinguished for his eloquence; was made a Doctor in Divinity;
+and during the war rendered good service as a brigade chaplain in the
+Continental army. He was an honored member of the Masonic Fraternity,
+and an intimate friend of Washington. The late William Sanford Rogers,
+of Boston, who died in 1872, bequeathed to the University the sum of
+fifty thousand dollars to found the "Newport Rogers' Professorship of
+Chemistry," in honor of his father, Robert Rogers, who was graduated in
+1775, and of his uncle, William Rogers, a member of the first graduating
+class.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>TO A FRIEND,</h2>
+
+<h3><i>On his Departure for a Tour round the World.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>BY EDGAR FAWCETT.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In losing thee, dear friend, I seem to fare<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Forth from the lintel of some chamber bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose lamps in rosy sorcery lend their light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To flowery alcove or luxurious chair;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose burly and glowing logs, of mellow flare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The happiest converse at their hearth invite,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With many a flash of tawny flame to smite<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Dante in vellum or the bronze Voltaire!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And yet, however stern the estrangement be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">However time with laggard lapse may fret,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That haunt of our fond friendship I shall hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As loved this hour as when elate I see<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its draperies, dark with absence and regret,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Slide softly back on memory's rings of gold!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DANIEL WEBSTER AND COL. T. H. PERKINS.</h2>
+
+<h3>A SUMMER-DAY OUTING IN 1817.</h3>
+
+<h4>BY JOHN K. ROGERS.</h4>
+
+
+<p>On the morning of Thursday, the fourteenth day of August, 1817, Col.
+Thomas H. Perkins, after an early breakfast, left his house on Pearl
+Street in Boston, and entered his travelling carriage, having in mind a
+pleasant day's excursion with his friend, Mr. Daniel Webster, for a
+purpose which will hereafter appear.</p>
+
+<p>Though now given up to trade, Pearl Street was then the site of some of
+the finest dwellings in the city, and prominent among these was Col.
+Perkins's mansion, afterwards munificently bestowed, with other gifts,
+upon the Massachusetts Blind Asylum, which then became the Perkins
+Institution for the Blind, and occupied the building for its charitable
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>As his comfortable and substantial equipage passed down the gentle slope
+towards Milk Street, it met with a general recognition, for Boston was
+then a town of some thirty thousand people only, and Col. Perkins one of
+its best known citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Born in 1764, at five years of age he saw from his father's house in
+King Street the Boston Massacre, and, after receiving a commercial
+education, was for more than fifty years a leading merchant in his
+native city. His military title was not one of courtesy only, but
+conferred upon him as commander of the Corps of Independent Cadets, a
+most respectable body of citizens, upon whom devolved the annual duty of
+escorting the Governor and Legislature to hear the time-honored Election
+Sermon, which marked the opening of the General Court in the month of
+January.</p>
+
+<p>Passing up Milk Street, then also a street of dwellings,&mdash;among them the
+birthplace of Franklin,&mdash;the Old South Church, which at that time had
+received only its first "desecration," was soon reached, and the
+carriage turned into Washington Street, opposite the Province
+House&mdash;with its two large oak trees in front, and the grotesque gilt
+Indian on the roof with bended bow, just then pointing his arrow in
+obedience to a gentle breeze from the south-west; then up the narrow
+avenue of Bromfield Street, with the pretty view of the State House over
+the combined foliage of Paddock's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> elms and the Granary Burial Ground,
+and, turning into Tremont Street, our traveller was soon at Park-Street
+Corner.</p>
+
+<p>The noble church edifice which graces this sightly spot, though sadly
+dealt with in its general symmetry, still lifts its lofty spire with
+undiminished beauty, and justifies the stirring lines of Dr. Holmes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The Giant standing by the elm-clad green;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His white lance lifted o'er the silent scene;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whirling in air his brazen goblet round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swings from its brim the swollen floods of sound."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As our friend turned into Park Street on this summer morning, the
+giant's lance threw its shadow far into the Common among the cows which
+were quietly cropping the dewy grass within the enclosure of the old
+rail fence, while his brazen goblet clanged the hour of seven.</p>
+
+<p>As the substantial citizen of to-day passes up this street, where shops
+are rapidly displacing the mansions of the last century, he looks with
+honest pride upon Boston's crowning glory, the gilded dome which, like a
+great golden egg, is nested upright upon the roof which shelters the
+annually-assembled wisdom of the Old Commonwealth. Around its glowing
+swell the orbit of the sun's kiss is marked by an ever-moving flame, and
+even its shadows are luminous.</p>
+
+<p>As he looks across the Common he catches glimpses of the "New Venice"
+which has been built upon the lagoons of the Back Bay, and sees among
+its towers and spires one beautiful campanile which, by its graceful
+inclination to the south, recalls Pisa's wonder, and lends a special
+charm to the view.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the little eminence near the Frog Pond, once the site of the fort
+built during the British occupation to defend the city from the American
+army encamped on the opposite shore, rises the monument which
+commemorates the war of the Rebellion and the gallant men of Boston who
+lost their lives in defence of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>On that pleasant morning in 1817, neither the beautiful new city nor the
+sad monument greeted the eye of the good Colonel, for the Common formed
+the western boundary of the town, and the British earthworks were still
+upon the little hill.</p>
+
+<p>Could he have had a prophetic vision of the one, his honest pride in his
+native town would have risen almost to ecstasy. Could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> he have known of
+the other, his patriotic soul would have sunk within him, and the
+pleasure of his day's journey would have given place to grief.</p>
+
+<p>Rounding the Common, by the Hancock mansion, with its lilac bushes and
+curiously wrought iron balcony, Walnut Street was soon reached, and,
+near its junction with Mount Vernon Street, the house of Mr. Webster.</p>
+
+<p>The future "Defender of the Constitution" was no sluggard. It was his
+habit to "Rise with the lark and greet the purpling east," to use one of
+his favorite quotations, and the carriage had hardly stopped when he
+appeared, and, exchanging kindly greetings with the Colonel, took his
+place beside him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Webster was at this time thirty-five years old, and had taken up his
+residence in Boston to resume the practice of his profession, after
+representing his native State of New Hampshire for two terms in
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Perkins was among the first to recognize his abilities, and a
+strong attachment had grown up between them. A marked element in the
+Colonel's character was his constant desire to investigate for himself
+remarkable developments in nature and art; and on this occasion, when he
+expected an unusual gratification of his curiosity, no company could be
+more congenial than that of his friend, the young advocate.</p>
+
+<p>As the two companions made their way down the north side of Beacon Hill
+towards Charlestown bridge, their conversation, cheerful and even gay
+through the prospect of an interesting and pleasant excursion, turned
+from private matters to topics of local interest, and thence to national
+affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Webster's experiences at Washington naturally took the lead, and
+were listened to with attention by his companion. Mr. Monroe was at this
+time taking an extended tour through the Northern States, having
+occupied the presidential chair but a few months; the "era of good
+feeling" had fairly commenced, partisan violence had for the time
+abated, and the country was at peace with all the powers of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Soon our travellers pass Charlestown bridge, leaving Copp's Hill and
+Christ Church, with its memories of Paul Revere, behind them, and
+approach Bunker's Hill, where eight years later Mr. Webster was to
+inaugurate the building of the monument with an eloquent address.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Next they cross the bridge to Chelsea, and, continuing their way through
+the little village beyond, the long stretch of the Salem Turnpike over
+the Lynn marshes opens to them, with the wooded heights of Saugus on the
+north, the wide sands of Lynn beach on the south, and few signs of life
+beside the skimming flight of wild fowl and the occasional plunge of a
+seal at their approach.</p>
+
+<p>And now the wide expanse of land and sea, and the cool breeze stealing
+in from the water, turn their conversation to things maritime and
+foreign, to the wonders of the deep, and to the danger of those who "go
+down to the sea in ships," and brave its storms and hidden rocks.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel, from his youth fond of travel, had now many a story to tell
+of his early voyages on business to Charleston, Saint Domingo, Batavia,
+and Canton, and of his visits to Europe, one of which brought him in
+contact with some of the stirring scenes of the French Revolution in
+1792.</p>
+
+<p>Thus beguiling the time, they pass through the village of Lynn, with a
+glance at High Rock on the one side and a longer look on the beautiful
+peninsula of Nahant on the other. Between Lynn and Salem lies a rocky
+and sterile tract, to this day almost without an inhabitant, but not
+without its picturesque and beautiful spots, like that for instance
+about the little pond, which is crossed by the floating bridge, through
+the cracks of whose rude floor the water spouts in miniature geysers as
+the carriage rolls across.</p>
+
+<p>Near by is the region where the famous witchcraft delusion took its
+rise; but reminiscences of this cruel drama are cut short by the abrupt
+transition to the closely-built streets of Salem, where our friends soon
+find themselves moving on through Essex Street, passing the East India
+Marine Hall, containing the contributions of Salem's numerous merchants
+and mariners, passing also the White mansion, a few years later to be
+the scene of a foul murder, in the investigation of which Mr. Webster
+was to make one of his most eloquent pleas, thence by the well-known
+Common and through the long avenue to Beverly bridge, over which they
+pass to the ancient town of Beverly, and are launched on that most
+delightful seashore road, which, continuing on through Manchester and
+Gloucester and round Cape Ann, has been pronounced the loveliest in New
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Soon the Beverly Farms, and then Manchester, are reached,&mdash;both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> places
+known to-day as the summer residences of some of Boston's best citizens,
+whose comfortable and elegant homes are reared upon every commanding
+spot.</p>
+
+<p>Next, after Manchester, the environs of Gloucester,&mdash;Kettle Cove, now
+rejoicing in the more pleasing name of "Magnolia," taken from the swamp
+near by, where grow those fragrant flowers whose creamy petals, set off
+by dark-green leaves, are popularly supposed to scent the air for miles
+around,&mdash;a race of strangers whose translation from the sunny South to
+this northern clime is one of the wonders of the region.</p>
+
+<p>After Magnolia, they ride through the pleasant woods to Fresh Water
+Cove, passing Rafe's Chasm and Norman's Woe Rock. Now the extreme end of
+Eastern Point, stretching away to the right and forming the outer part
+of Gloucester Harbor, appears in sight; but it is not till the top of
+Sawyer's Hill is reached that our friends, gaining a full view of the
+wide-spread panorama, call a halt to enjoy its varied beauties.</p>
+
+<p>Right before them appears the rocky point on which Roger Conant's colony
+of 1623, the first of the cape and the oldest after Plymouth and Boston,
+held its brief sway; farther on, Ten-Pound Island with its light-house;
+then the village of Gloucester, the old fort, the still older wind-mill,
+both prominent objects; and in the distance the twin lighthouses of
+Thatcher's Island, with Railcut Hill to the north-east, and, stretching
+to the north, the low, marshy level through which Squam River meanders
+to the sea by the sands of Coffin's Beach.</p>
+
+<p>Under any circumstances this panorama would have challenged the
+admiration of our friends; but seen, as they saw it, on a clear summer
+day, with the wide expanse of blue water breaking under the influence of
+a gentle breeze into curling waves, which with gathering force dashed
+playfully upon the yellow ledges and shining beaches, with flocks of
+sea-gulls sweeping in graceful circles or brooding upon the surface, no
+ordinary description could do it justice.</p>
+
+<p>The fair peninsula of Cape Ann, a large part of which now lay before
+them, called by the Indians "Wingershaek," has since been thrice named.
+By Samuel de Champlain, who visited in it in 1605, it was called Cap aux
+Isles, the islands being those now known as Straitsmouth Island,
+Thatcher's Island, and Milk Island. By Captain John Smith, who landed
+upon its rocky shores in 1614, it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> was named Tragabigzanda, and the same
+islands were called The Three Turks' Heads; and by Prince Charles, who,
+after Smith's return to England, gave it the name of Cape Ann, in honor
+of his mother, Queen Ann, consort of James the First.</p>
+
+<p>The colony of Roger Conant was afterward transferred to Salem; but
+within the next ten years a permanent settlement was made, which in 1642
+was incorporated under the name of Gloucester, in honor of the ancient
+city of that name in England.</p>
+
+<p>From the first, Cape Ann has been the home of fishermen, though a
+considerable foreign commerce was at one time carried on by its thrifty
+mariners. Eminently patriotic, the town bore its share in the country's
+struggle for independence, two companies of Gloucester men having fought
+at Bunker's Hill, and its bold privateers did good service upon the
+ocean, not only in the Revolution, but in the later struggle with the
+mother country.</p>
+
+<p>Our travellers, having satisfied their curiosity as to the general
+appearance of the town, are getting under way again for a nearer
+acquaintance, and becoming more and more interested in the special
+object of their visit.</p>
+
+<p>As they approach the village, it is evident that something unusual is
+going on; they pass people moving in the same direction, with eager and
+expectant faces, to one of whom Mr. Webster ventures these questions:
+Can his serpentine majesty be seen to-day? and where to the best
+advantage? Receiving satisfactory replies, the coachman is ordered to
+drive to the old wind-mill, where they arrive in a few moments,&mdash;from
+the shady side of this quaint structure, whose merrily revolving sails
+were at their usual work, a large part of both the outer and inner
+harbors being easily seen.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now take some note of occurrences which at this time were
+agitating the little town, and the fame of which had extended to Boston.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, the tenth of August, four days before, Mr. Amos Story, rowing
+in his boat near Ten-Pound Island, was greatly disturbed, not to say
+alarmed, by the appearance, at some twenty rods' distance, of a sea
+monster, totally unlike anything he had ever seen in his long experience
+as a fisherman and mariner. Moving at the rate of a mile in two minutes,
+nearly one hundred feet in length, as large as the body of a man, with a
+head like a turtle, but carried high out of the water, with the body of
+a snake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> but with the vertical motion of a caterpillar, and of a
+dark-brown color, this enormous reptile brought such fear to the honest
+fisherman as induced him to make a rapid retreat to a safe distance.</p>
+
+<p>His account of the monster naturally set all the people on the lookout,
+and for nearly every day in the following two weeks it was seen under
+different circumstances by many of the inhabitants of Gloucester and the
+adjacent villages.</p>
+
+<p>At the present day, on the first notice of such a wonderful appearance,
+the daily papers would send their reporters from far and near, and, with
+the help of the Associated Press, curious readers all over the country
+would the next morning have accounts of the Sea Serpent served to them
+at breakfast-time. Instantaneous photographs would be attempted, and the
+illustrated weeklies would give the world picturesque, if not accurate,
+representations of the monster and the localities in which he appeared.
+But in 1817 the news spread slowly, and no public mention was made of
+the matter till Saturday the 16th, when the <i>Commercial Gazette</i> of
+Boston, under the modest caption of "Something New," alludes to the
+reports that had been in circulation for some days, and describes the
+preparations making by a party who expected to capture the bold
+intruder.</p>
+
+<p>The subject occupied the attention of the papers in Salem and Boston
+more or less for the next two months, for although the visit of the
+serpent seems to have ended early in September, records of former
+appearances in different parts of the world were fully discussed. It is
+worthy of notice that almost from the first the authentic character of
+the reports was admitted. The <i>Chronicle and Patriot</i> of Boston says,
+under date of Aug. 20, "Doubts having been expressed by some as to the
+fact of an aquatic serpent of the magnitude described having been seen
+in the harbor of Gloucester, we have conversed with gentlemen of that
+place of undoubted veracity who have seen him since the former accounts
+were published, and who declare that they have in no way been
+exaggerated."</p>
+
+<p>These are brief extracts from the papers during the time that they were
+occupied with the subject: Aug. 18, "two serpents were seen playing
+together"; Aug. 25, one was seen "feasting on ale-wives in Kettle Cove";
+Aug. 28, he was "still hovering on the coast and feeding on herring";
+Sept. 4, "It is hoped that the naval commander on the coast will attempt
+its capture"; Sept. 10,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> he was seen at Salem, "after the swarms or
+schools of bait," and again, near Half-way Rock, "coiled up on the
+surface of the water, reposing after a hearty breakfast of herring";
+Aug. 27, the "Aquatic Novelty" was "off Eastern Point"; Sept. 24, there
+was a notice of "Beach's picture about to be exhibited"; Oct. 1, "the
+Panorama of Gloucester with the great Sea Serpent will be ready for
+exhibition on Monday next." One account states that "he is cased in
+shell"; another, that "it is proposed to make a number of strong nets in
+the hope of entangling and so killing him"; Oct. 8, "the panorama is on
+exhibition at Merchant's Hall, Milk Street," and "Beach has in the hands
+of an engraver a view on a small scale, and is painting one 26 x 14
+feet, including the town and harbor of Gloucester."</p>
+
+<p>A small serpent of strange appearance having been taken on the land near
+Loblolly Cove, one correspondent writes at some length that it must have
+been the progeny of the two seen playing together, who were doubtless
+the parents.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the cause of science, there was at the time an
+association of naturalists called "The Linn&aelig;an Society of New England,"
+whose prompt action caused the various reports about the matter to be
+carefully sifted, and the result placed before the public in an
+authentic manner. This society met at Boston on the 18th of August, and
+appointed a committee to collect evidence in regard to the existence and
+appearance of the strange animal.</p>
+
+<p>The committee consisted of the Hon. John Davis, Jacob Bigelow, M.D., and
+Francis C. Gray, Esq., all men of the highest respectability, and of
+undoubted fitness and capacity for the work they were to undertake, and
+the result of their labors was published in a pamphlet of fifty-two
+pages, the title of which cautiously states that the report is "relative
+to a large marine animal, supposed to be a serpent, seen near Cape Ann,
+Massachusetts, in August, 1817." It was accompanied by an engraving of
+the "<i>Scoliophis Atlanticus</i>," the small snake captured near Loblolly
+Cove, representing the animal at full length, about three feet, and also
+in parts after dissection, with full explanations.</p>
+
+<p>From this pamphlet it appears that on the 19th the committee wrote to
+Hon. Lonson Nash, a magistrate of Gloucester, asking him to examine upon
+oath some of those who had seen the animal, not allowing them to
+communicate with each other the substance of their respective statements
+till they were all committed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> to writing, and proposing certain rules
+with regard to the method of conducting the examination, as well as a
+list of twenty-five carefully prepared questions to be put to the
+persons examined.</p>
+
+<p>Eight depositions received from Mr. Nash, and three others taken in
+Boston, all read before the Society on the 1st of September, are given
+in full, as well as further correspondence with Mr. Nash, and various
+accounts of similar appearances in former years and at other places. The
+committee seem to have no doubt but that the depositions were truthful
+and accurate, and suggest that the small serpent which they describe may
+have been of the same species as the larger one, and possibly its
+progeny.</p>
+
+<p>The eight depositions taken at Gloucester were those of Amos Story,
+mariner; Solomon Allen, 3d, shipmaster; Epes Ellery, shipmaster; William
+H. Foster, merchant; Matthew Gaffney, ship carpenter; James Mansfield,
+merchant; John Johnston, Jr., a boy of seventeen; and William B.
+Pearson, merchant. The deponents were selected for their probity; each
+of them saw the serpent at different times and under different
+circumstances, and their very interesting statements, too long to be
+here given in full, are briefly summarized, so far as description is
+concerned, in the following extracts:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>This is what they say as to the length of the monster: "eighty to ninety
+feet," "forty feet at least," "forty to sixty feet in length," "fifty
+feet at least," "nothing short of seventy feet," "seventy feet at
+least," "not surprised if one hundred feet," "at least a hundred feet."</p>
+
+<p>And this as to his size: "size of a man's body," "size of a half
+barrel," "joints from head to tail," "joints about the size of a
+two-gallon keg," "large as a barrel," "bunches on his back about a foot
+in height," "two and a half feet in circumference."</p>
+
+<p>His movements are thus described: "slow, plunging about in circles, and
+sometimes moving nearly straight forward," "sunk directly down and
+appeared two hundred yards distant in two minutes," "did not turn down
+like a fish, but settled directly down like a rock," "moved at the rate
+of a mile in two or three minutes," "turned short and quick till his
+head came parallel with his tail," "sinuosities vertical," "in different
+directions, leaving on the water marks like those made by skating on the
+ice," "a mile in a minute," "vertical, like a caterpillar," "turns short
+and quick, head and tail moving in opposite directions and almost
+touching,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> "a mile in five or six minutes," "a mile in three minutes,"
+"turned short, head and tail moving in opposite directions, and not more
+than two or three yards apart," "twelve or fourteen miles an hour,"
+"swifter than any whale," "rising and falling as he moved," "head moving
+from side to side," "a mile in four minutes."</p>
+
+<p>His head is "like the head of a sea-turtle," "carried ten to twelve
+inches above the water," "larger than the head of any dog," "like the
+head of a rattlesnake, but nearly as large as the head of a horse,"
+"head two feet above the surface of the water," "top of his head flat,"
+"a prong or spear about twelve inches long which might have been his
+tongue," "as large as a man's head," "large as a four-gallon keg,"
+"about a foot above the water," "eye dark and sharp," "tongue like a
+harpoon thrown out two feet from his jaws," "mouth open ten inches,"
+"like a serpent."</p>
+
+<p>And his color is "dark brown," "black or very dark," "white beneath,"
+"head, top brown; under part nearly white."</p>
+
+<p>In some respects more interesting than the report of the Linn&aelig;an society
+are the statements published in New York in the fall of 1817, under the
+title of "Letters from the Hon. David Humphreys, F.R.S., to the Rt. Hon.
+Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, London, containing
+some account of the Serpent of the Ocean frequently seen in Gloucester
+Bay."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Humphreys, a citizen of Connecticut apparently, visited Gloucester
+repeatedly in August, and, though he did not succeed in getting a look
+at the great snake, had many interviews with those who did, and was
+present when the depositions were taken.</p>
+
+<p>The narrative of his experience at Gloucester, with some letters from
+Mr. Nash, a detailed account of efforts to catch the serpent, and some
+statements in regard to its visit to Long Island Sound later in the
+year, make eighty-six pages of pleasant reading, which those curious to
+know about the matter will find well worth their attention.</p>
+
+<p>His version of the depositions is also interesting, varying somewhat as
+it does from that published by the Linn&aelig;an Society, and he goes at
+length into the reasons for believing the small captured serpent to have
+been the offspring of the large one.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to account for the variations in the evidence taken before
+Mr. Nash, when we find from the statements of the parties<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that the
+distance at which the serpent was seen varied from thirty feet to one
+hundred and fifty yards. But there is agreement in the important points
+which clearly separate the animal described from all well-known fishes.
+The undulating vertical motion producing the appearance of humps upon
+the back, the small size of the body compared with its length, the sharp
+turns when the head and tail moved in opposite directions, the elevated
+head, and the protruding tongue, are more or less recognized in every
+description.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now return to our friends, whom we have left at the old mill. It
+was the curiosity of Col. Perkins, who was already familiar with the
+water-snakes of the Indian Ocean, and strongly inclined to believe in
+the existence of the monster serpent, which led him, at the first
+reports from Gloucester, to plan this visit to the scene of the
+excitement. And in good truth he had planned it well, and had selected
+his time with that rare good luck which attended most of his mercantile
+operations. It had been a "field-day," so to speak, in Gloucester
+Harbor, the serpent having been visible, more or less, all the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Looking out over the water, where boats were moving cautiously about,
+Rocky Neck and Ten-Pound Island on one side and the old fort on the
+other, our friends found that most of the points from which a good view
+could be obtained were occupied by spectators waiting for the sinuous
+monster, who was not long in making his appearance, and seemed to enjoy
+the occasion as well as his company.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes playing in wide circles, sometimes moving rapidly in a
+straight line, leaving a long wake behind him, he at length approached
+so near the lookout of our travellers that, with the Colonel's
+field-glass, they could easily see his snaky head, his open mouth, his
+gleaming eyes, and his protruding tongue.</p>
+
+<p>One adventurous boatman, Mr. Matthew Gaffney, getting within some thirty
+feet, fired at him with his gun, carrying an eighteen-to-the-pound ball,
+and aiming full at his head. The monster turned, and sinking down like a
+rock, went directly under the boat, making his appearance a hundred rods
+off, apparently unhurt. He continued his playful gambols as before,
+finally moving off out of the harbor till he was lost in the distance.</p>
+
+<p>Our friends now found themselves the objects of attention on the part of
+several gentlemen, who, hearing of their visit, had sought them out, in
+order to pay due respect to such distinguished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> visitors. Among them
+were Mr. Lonson Nash, the eminently respectable lawyer of the town,
+before whom were made the affidavits to which we have already alluded;
+Capt. Jack Beach, an eccentric gentleman of leisure, whose drawing of
+Gloucester harbor, with the serpent occupying a prominent position, was
+afterward enlarged into a painting, and subsequently engraved; and Col.
+William Tappan, landlord of the tavern where our friends were to dine.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting between this last gentleman and Mr. Webster was one of
+unusual interest. Col. Tappan had been the instructor of Mr. Webster's
+youth at Salisbury in his native State, and was greeted with unaffected
+and hearty cordiality by his now eminent pupil. The future statesman had
+been the brightest boy in his school, so Master Tappan said, and among
+other well-earned rewards obtained a new jackknife for committing to
+memory a large number of verses from the Bible. After hearing sixty or
+seventy, with several chapters yet in mind, his instructor gave up the
+trial, and afterwards told the boy's father that he "would do God's work
+injustice if he did not send him to college."</p>
+
+<p>In company with Col. Tappan and the other gentlemen, our travellers
+repaired to the tavern, which was near at hand, and enjoyed not only a
+good dinner, but much pleasant conversation in regard to the events of
+the week, varied with reminiscences of school days by the master and
+pupil.</p>
+
+<p>But the waning afternoon soon warned them that an early departure was
+necessary if they were to reach their homes before dark. Their carriage
+was ordered, leave taken of their new acquaintances, as well as of the
+landlord, and with lingering looks at the now quiet scene of the day's
+excitement, they passed rapidly out of the town over the same road by
+which they entered it in the early part of the day.</p>
+
+<p>Seen from the opposite side, each point in the home journey presented
+new beauties to add to the pleasant remembrances of the morning. The
+afternoon shadows gave a tender touch to the landscape, and a serious
+tone to the conversation, which, dealing reverently with the great
+problems of life and immortality, continued till the friends arrived at
+their homes in the early dusk.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty-eight years have passed since the events which have been narrated,
+and the two friends whom we have followed through that beautiful August
+day have long since passed to their reward.</p>
+
+<p>The shrewd, far-seeing, and successful merchant and public-spirited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+citizen, completing at the extreme old age of ninety a well-developed
+life, and leaving a reputation, not only without a stain, but adorned
+with the memory of numerous philanthropic and benevolent acts.</p>
+
+<p>The able lawyer, after rising to the highest fame as a statesman and
+orator, passing away at threescore and ten, his latest years
+overshadowed by the grief of a disappointed ambition.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks before his death at Marshfield, in 1852, Mr. Webster
+presented to Colonel Perkins a copy of his published speeches, with the
+following written therein:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;If I possessed anything which I might suppose
+likely to be more acceptable to you as a proof of my esteem
+than these volumes, I should have sent it in their stead. But I
+do not; and therefore ask your acceptance of a copy of this
+volume of my speeches. I have long cherished, my dear sir, a
+profound, warm, affectionate, and I may say a filial regard for
+your person and character. I have looked upon you as one born
+to do good, and who has fulfilled his mission; as a man without
+a spot or blemish, as a merchant known and honored over the
+whole world; a most liberal supporter and promoter of science
+and the arts; always kind to scholars and literary men, and
+greatly beloved by them all; friendly to all the institutions
+of religion, morality, and education; and an unwavering and
+determined supporter of the constitution of his country, and of
+those great principles of civil liberty which it is so well
+calculated to uphold and advance. These sentiments I inscribe
+here in accordance with my best judgment, and out of the
+fulness of my heart: and I wish here to record, also, my deep
+sense of the many personal obligations under which you have
+placed me in the course of our long acquaintance. Your ever
+faithful friend,</p></div>
+
+<p class="center
+">
+<span class="smcap">Daniel Webster</span>."
+</p>
+
+<p>Should this dedication, truly as it portrays the excellent character of
+the person to whom it was addressed, seem to be redundant and
+overstated, let us remember that the writer, feeble and sorrowful, was
+penning his last words to his old and perhaps best friend, and its very
+extravagance at once assumes a childish pathos. The critical eye as it
+scans the record becomes dim with the sympathetic tear, and reads
+between the blurred lines only the passionate tribute of a broken
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>In the ample stairway of the Boston Athen&aelig;um hang portraits of the two
+men,&mdash;that of Colonel Perkins, painted by Sully in 1833, is an
+exceedingly graceful presentation, and represents him at full length,
+carefully dressed, and seated in an easy attitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> The accessories are
+skilfully introduced, especially the large and exquisitely shaped china
+pitcher, which doubtless represents some gift received through his
+commercial relations with the East. The picture of Mr. Webster, also
+full length, was painted by Harding in 1849, and is an excellent
+likeness as well as a painting of much merit, though lacking the
+charming qualities of the other portrait.</p>
+
+<p>During these sixty-eight years, great changes have come upon the little
+village of Gloucester, now grown to a city of more than twenty thousand
+people; its houses, then few and rude, have increased in number till the
+rocky hills are covered almost to their summits with the neat dwellings
+of its still hardy and adventurous population.</p>
+
+<p>The old wind-mill, from whose vicinity our friends saw the monster
+snake, has given way to a summer hotel, whose occupants look out upon
+the beautiful bay and watch the incoming and outgoing of the fishing
+fleet of five hundred staunch schooners, manned by the bold mariners who
+seek their prey on "Georges," the Grand Banks, or the far waters of the
+Gulf of St. Lawrence; while the old fort, which never succumbed to a
+foe, has given way to the invasion of industry, till its grounds are
+covered and its walls obscured by buildings intended for occupation or
+labor.</p>
+
+<p>And what during these sixty-eight years has befallen the enormous
+reptile, whose visit to Cape Ann called our friends to examine for
+themselves his claim to be the real Sea Serpent?</p>
+
+<p>In what waters plays the sportive monster to-day? Did he return to the
+coast of Norway, where, according to the naturalists of the country,
+such as he live at the bottom of the sea, rising sometimes to the
+surface in summer, but plunging again as soon as the wind raises the
+least wave? Or did the bullet of Matthew Gaffney inflict a wound of
+which he afterwards perished in some submarine retreat?</p>
+
+<p>The most cautious naturalists, while endeavoring to explain on various
+hypotheses the authentic appearances of marine monsters resembling
+serpents,&mdash;one theory being that they are abnormal cases of unusual
+growth of ordinary marine animals, and another that they are individuals
+of an almost extinct race,&mdash;are compelled to admit that the time may
+come when, with further evidence, scientific examination will accurately
+determine the question, and the Sea Serpent take its place among the
+acknowledged dwellers in the sea.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ATTLEBORO, MASS.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY C. M. BARROWS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>When the Puritans removed from Charlestown to Trimountain in search of
+wholesome water-springs they found the ground preoccupied by Motley's
+"Hermit of Shawmut;" and when the godly people who discarded the musical
+Wannamoisett and gave their plantation a homely Bible name, joined to
+their borders the tract of wilderness lying between them and the Bay
+line, they found the same whimsical anchoret snugly domiciled in his
+"Study Hall" beside a stream that bounded their new possessions. Thus it
+happened that the first English inhabitant of Boston and the pioneer
+settler in the wilds of Rehoboth North Purchase were one and the same
+person.</p>
+
+<p>For years this piece of unimproved real estate waited for a name, until,
+at length, for some unaccountable reason, it was christened after the
+English town where George Eliot attended Miss Lathom's school when a
+child, and caught a chronic cold, from the effects of which she seemed
+never to have quite recovered, and it was called Attleborough. The
+original purchase included a much larger area than that comprised in the
+present township; and, like the then adjacent domain of Dorchester,
+Attleboro parted with one section of land and then another, until its
+acreage to-day is but a fraction of that perambulated by the colonial
+surveyors. On the west side a triangle, locally known as the Gore, was
+set off in 1746 to form the town of Cumberland, R. I., while from the
+south and east sides were taken generous slices to piece out the towns
+of old Rehoboth, Mansfield, and Norton.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Attleboro, like that of so many other New England towns,
+naturally divides itself into two widely different epochs, each
+interesting to the modern reader. From the year 1661, when Wamsetta,
+chief sachem of Pokanokett, made the original conveyance of the
+territory to Capt. Thomas Willett, representing the town of Rehoboth,
+until the close of the last war between this country and Great Britain,
+is a period rich in annals of men and deeds, whose records live on musty
+parchments and crumbling gravestones. It is crowded with tales of
+hardship, struggle, and heroism out of which some local Scott or Cooper
+with wizard hand might fashion many books of poetry or fiction:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And so, by some strange spell, the years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The half-forgotten years of glory,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That slumber on their dusty biers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the dim crypts of ancient story,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Awake with all their shadowy files,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shape, spirit, name in death immortal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The phantoms glide along the aisles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And ghosts steal in at every portal."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then, after the primeval wilderness had been subdued under the patient
+tillage of more than one generation of sturdy farmers, there opens a
+second period extending to the present date,&mdash;busy years of modern
+industry, when the nervous spirit of enterprise and the restless fever
+for gain have stimulated brain and brawn to ceaseless endeavor.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult for the present dwellers in the thriving villages
+of Attleboro to imagine a time when but a single white inhabitant had a
+fixed abode within the limits of Capt. Willett's extensive purchase,
+when Ten-Mile River had never reflected a pale face or turned a
+mill-wheel, and when the site of humming Robinsonville was occupied by a
+clump of Indian wigwams in a beaver clearing. The historic elm on the
+Carpenter estate, under which Whitefield preached so eloquently, had not
+yet sprouted from the seed; the falling leaves had scarcely obliterated
+the footprints of persecuted Roger Williams, making his toilsome retreat
+from the new settlement on the Bay to the headwaters of the
+Narragansett; and the Bay road was only an uncertain path blazed through
+a dense forest, along which not a hundred pairs of Anglo-Saxon feet had
+ever trudged.</p>
+
+<p>In this vast solitude the intrepid William Blaxton had spent thirty
+lonely years before the original purchase was made. He built his rude
+house on the extreme western frontier of Attleboro Gore, beside the
+river which now bears his name with altered spelling, made friends with
+his Indian neighbors, planted the first apple-orchard in North America,
+and trained an imported bull to serve him as a saddle-horse. There, like
+Thoreau in his Walden hut, the old divine encountered nature in her
+rougher aspects and studied her wonderful book untrammelled by even the
+slight social conventionalities that obtained in colonial Boston.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlement within the limits of the present town was made
+beside a stream which crossed the Bay road, on the site of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> Hatch
+tavern, opposite Barden's building in North Attleboro; and because this
+stream marked a journey of ten miles from Seekonk, the early travellers
+named it Ten-Mile River. Here the famous John Woodcock took up his abode
+in 1663 or 1664, and established a garrison which afterwards formed one
+of a chain of strongholds extending from Boston to Rhode Island. An
+avowed foe of the red race who surrounded him, he found them hostile and
+treacherous, and had no recourse but to fortify himself behind his
+stockades, and keep the stealthy warriors at bay with his musket. At
+this dangerous outpost Woodcock bravely defended his little family for
+many years, until quite a community of white people had placed
+themselves under his protection, and he became a sort of feudal lord,
+into whose rude castle they might retreat in time of danger. He was a
+restless spirit, fond of hazardous adventure, to whom civilized life was
+unendurably tame, and many are the current traditions of his prowess and
+bloody encounters with the savage aborigines. In 1670 he opened a
+licensed ordinary on his premises, the first public house in the
+country; and from that time a hostelry was kept on that spot for nearly
+two centuries.</p>
+
+<p>Other settlements were naturally made in the open meadows easily
+accessible from the Bay road; and so we find the next community growing
+up in what is now the Falls Village, where a corn mill was erected in
+1686. Then a few new families, immigrating from Rehoboth, made
+themselves a home in the south part of the town; and near the close of
+the century settlers found their way down the winding Ten-Mile River,
+and built houses at Mechanics.</p>
+
+<p>For obvious reasons the east precinct, as Attleboro-bred people are wont
+to call it, is the newest part of the town; the north and the south
+sections were traversed by the one thoroughfare then open as a highway
+between the home of the Puritans and the shores of Narragansett Bay, and
+for years after these began to number a very respectable colonial
+population, the now thickly settled area in the east village bounded by
+Peck, Pleasant, Pine, Capron, and Main streets, contained no buildings
+except the Balcom Tavern with its contiguous barn, a small
+dwelling-house near the present site of the old straw shop, and another
+house about forty rods further to the south.</p>
+
+<p>Lying in the very heart of the Narragansett country, this town was
+constantly menaced by King Philip and his braves during the period of
+the Indian wars, and two of the bloodiest fights occurred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> within the
+limits of Attleboro Gore. The settlers found it necessary to go about
+their daily work armed, lest some red man skulking in the borders of the
+forest should attack and slay them. John Woodcock, the leading spirit
+among them, was a special object of savage hatred, and in the summer of
+1676 he and his sons were surprised while at work in a field, and,
+before they could retreat within the garrison, one son was killed
+outright, and another was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday morning, March 26, 1676, Captain Pierce, who, with a company
+of sixty-three white men and twenty Cape Indians, was advancing upon the
+enemy, was surrounded by about nine hundred Indians at a point on the
+Blackstone not far from William Blaxton's house. With true Spartan
+courage he and his little band resolved to sell their lives at a high
+price; so forming a circle back to back, they made a desperate
+resistance for two mortal hours, and after they had fallen it was found
+that about three hundred of their cruel captors had perished with them.</p>
+
+<p>In the same war another brutal butchery entailed upon another spot in
+the Gore just north of Camp Swamp the name of "Nine Men's Misery." There
+three triads of white soldiers, finding themselves surrounded by a large
+force of savages who had been lying in wait for them, placed their backs
+against a huge rock and fought like heroic knights in the old Arthurian
+days, until all were slain. Afterwards their nine bodies were buried in
+one wide grave, which was marked by a heap of stones; and many years
+later a company of young Boston physicians exhumed the bones, and one
+skeleton was identified as that of Bucklin of Rehoboth, because the jaws
+contained a set of double front teeth.</p>
+
+<p>In the Revolutionary struggle Attleboro men bore an active and honorable
+part, and some of her noblest sons were under fire in the hottest
+engagements of the eight years' war. A respected citizen of the town
+recently told the writer that immediately after the battle of Bunker
+Hill, Caleb Parmenter, Thomas French, and Isaac Perry proceeded to
+Boston on foot, and joined the army then in command of General Ward; and
+the first of the three, on whom Governor Samuel Adams afterwards
+conferred a lieutenant's commission, was present at Cambridge when
+General Washington assumed charge of the army. A company of men was also
+raised in Attleboro for service at the siege of Newport, R. I., and in
+the engagement at Quaker Hill they pushed bayonets with the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+three times in a single day, and two of their number, Israel Dyer and
+Valentine Wilmarth, were slain.</p>
+
+<p>At an early date in the history of the town two taverns (already
+referred to) were established, which under successive proprietors
+flourished for many years, and acquired a wide reputation for abundant
+good cheer and excellent liquors. As model public houses of the time
+they were not inferior to the Punch Bowl at Brookline, Bride's in
+Dedham, or even the Wayside Inn in ancient Sudbury, made forever famous
+by Longfellow. Each in its way was</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A kind of old Hobgoblin Hall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">* * *<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With weather-stains upon the wall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stairways worn, and crazy doors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And creaking and uneven floors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And chimneys huge and tiled and tall."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Hatch's Tavern, the older of the two inns, was John Woodcock's ordinary
+enlarged to meet the demands of the times. It stood on the identical
+spot where his garrison was planted, and until quite recently some of
+the logs that formed the ancient stockades might be found built into the
+older portion of the structure. In 1806 the original house was removed a
+few feet to the south to make room for a new tavern, and there it is
+still standing. The new house in which the original proprietor and
+landlord made his enviable reputation was needed to accommodate the
+increased public travel soon after the opening of the Norfolk and
+Bristol Turnpike, as described in an article entitled "From the White
+Horse to Little Rhody," and published in the first volume of this
+magazine. No house along the entire line of this once important
+thoroughfare dispensed a more generous hospitality or was presided over
+by a more genial host. It was twelve miles out from Providence, and a
+place where all the stages stopped to change horses, and allow
+passengers to partake of a breakfast, or some favorite beverage at the
+bar.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat later in the century Balcom's Tavern in the east part of the
+town sprung up, and was maintained for a long period as a popular house
+of resort. The original structure, enlarged and changed by successive
+additions, still stands on the corner of South Main and Park streets.
+Here have been entertained not only celebrities of the earlier days, but
+famous modern men, among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> whom might be mentioned Ralph Waldo Emerson,
+Wendell Phillips, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, who visited the town as
+lyceum lecturers. In 1852 this house was purchased by Dr. Edward
+Sanford, who remodelled and repaired it, and made it his own private
+residence for thirty years, when it passed into the care of tenants.</p>
+
+<p>The proprietors who gave their names to these public houses were men
+quite widely known in their day, though for different reasons. Col.
+Hatch was emphatically a man of affairs, and full of business both
+public and private; wiser, perhaps, for this world than the next, he
+sought to become a political leader and office-holder among his
+townsmen. Col. Balcom on the contrary was a merry sporting-man, equally
+at home among gamblers and horse-racers, and in the society of
+gentlemen. He was politic and adroit, not lacking in good points, though
+he had conspicuous vices. The former kept a quiet, orderly, and
+eminently respectable house; the latter liked to entertain a jovial
+company, and enjoyed the fun too well to frown upon youthful pranks or
+hilarious conduct. Among many good anecdotes told of Col. Balcom, there
+is one very characteristic, and good enough to find a record here.</p>
+
+<p>It is related that Parson Holman and other pious people of the village
+often sought to induce the colonel to reform his course of life and seek
+those things which concerned his eternal peace; but the wily landlord,
+while receiving them with a most gracious suavity, usually managed to
+evade the force of their appeals and frustrate their most serious
+efforts for the good of his soul. On one occasion, so runs the story,
+the deacons of the church made him a special visit, and, being ushered
+into the parlor, were given a patient audience while they pointed out
+the moral danger of his way of life, and besought him earnestly to
+reform. But presently the colonel was called out, and having obtained a
+short leave of absence ordered a flask of his best brandy carried in to
+the deacons, with sugar and glasses. Of course it was in entire accord
+with the custom of those days for the worthy pillars of the church to
+partake of the proffered beverage; and, on his return Col. Balcom said:
+"Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready to talk." So the
+deacons drank again. Scarcely had they picked up the lost thread of the
+conversation, however, when the landlord was once more obliged to excuse
+himself in order to attend to some urgent duty as host; and, in fact,
+several like interruptions occurred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> in the course of an hour. But in
+each case the imperturbable colonel returned with the same hearty words
+upon his lips: "Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready
+to talk." Then as the smooth brandy began to tell on the deacons, they
+gradually modified their estimate of the landlord's sins and their
+personal duty, until at length one of them rose from his chair and
+turning to the other said: "Waal, I guess Col. Balcom ain't the wust
+sort o' man in the world&mdash;come, brother, let's go home."</p>
+
+<p>Although nature and circumstances would seem to have destined Attleboro
+for an agricultural town, its reputation rests chiefly on its mechanical
+industries, and during the eighteenth century there were several small
+cotton mills running in the place. As early as 1825, a traveller
+following the Ten-Mile River from the Wrentham line to where the stream
+slips into Seekonk on the other side of the town, would have found two
+cotton mills near where Whiting's jewelry factory now stands, a third
+near the site of the "Company's" shop, and still a fourth at Falls
+Village. Farther on he would have come upon the rude beginnings of the
+button factory which has flourished so long at Robinsonville; a nail
+factory at Deantown and another at the Farmers, as well as a cotton mill
+on the spot where the stove foundry now stands in the same village.
+Robert Saunderson's forge would have been blazing at Mechanics beside
+John Cooper's corn mill, and Balcom's machine shop in active operation
+where R. Wolfenden's sons now ply the trade of dyers. Hebronville also
+would then, as now, have greeted the visitor with the music of swift
+shuttles and whirling spindles, as he passed on to the end of his tour
+of inspection at Kent's grist mill, the oldest, probably, in the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>These rude mills were the original sources of a progressive,
+ever-widening, material prosperity for which Attleboro is justly noted.
+Its people display great business thrift; its many commodious factories
+are crowded with skilled mechanics and trained artisans; and its
+abundant products are sold by men of enterprise in all the markets of
+the world. The farm and garden products of the town make a very
+respectable display at the annual local and county fairs; the textile
+and other manufactures would make no mean showing; but all these
+industries are eclipsed by the one business that absorbs the majority of
+labor and capital, namely, the making of jewelry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has been facetiously, sometimes sneeringly, remarked that the
+Attleboro jewelers are as nearly creators as finite beings can be,
+because they almost make something out of nothing, while the cheap
+trinkets they turn out by the barrel have to be hurried to market by
+rapid express, lest they corrode and tarnish before they can be disposed
+of. Such jests, however, convey a very erroneous and unfair notion of
+the real character of most of the work done in those large shops, and
+the amount of money invested in the business. It is true that grades of
+very poor jewelry are made in Attleboro, and it is equally true that
+most of the goods manufactured there are both costly and durable; it is
+not "washed brass" that goes to the trade with the stamp of those great
+firms upon it, but heavy rolled plate goods, containing such a thickness
+of fine gold that they may be deeply cut with the graver's tool, and
+will never wear down to the baser metal which it conceals. The curious
+and wonderful processes of this complex manufacture cannot be even
+hinted at in the space of such an article as this, and only an
+approximate estimate of the value of these products and the number of
+employ&eacute;s working upon them can be given in figures.</p>
+
+<p>The census reports for the year 1880 enumerate the different
+manufactures of the town as artisans' tools, boots and shoes, boxes,
+brushes, buttons, carriages and wagons, coffin trimmings, cooking and
+heating apparatus, cotton goods, cotton, woollen, and other textiles,
+electroplating, food preparations, jewelry burnishing, lapidary work,
+leather, machinery, metallic goods, printing, bleaching, and dyeing. The
+capital invested in these industries is chiefly devoted to jewelry
+business, and is placed by the report at a total of $2,924,890; the
+products are valued at $4,345,809; and the number of employ&eacute;s is set at
+3,378. But that census, though substantially correct when made, will not
+answer now; for, in the five years elapsed since it was taken, new
+factories have been built, new firms have started in business, and old
+ones have enlarged their trade.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of enterprise engendered by the large business interests in
+which the leading citizens are engaged is manifest also in the
+management of public affairs, and the town is noted for liberal
+expenditures of money in the way of substantial improvements. The public
+buildings, with the exception of two high-school houses recently
+erected, and the new Universalist Church in North Attleboro,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> a handsome
+brick structure, demand no special mention; but its system of abundant
+water supply and the provision made for an efficient fire department are
+standing advertisements that the town looks carefully after the health
+and protection of its citizens and their homes. For many years the
+Farmers and Mechanics Association has held an autumnal town fair, where
+in its ample grounds and halls are exhibited a fine display of farm
+stock, implements and produce, domestic and artistic handiwork, and
+manufactured goods of the trades. The grounds contain also a fine
+half-mile track, on which is annually made a showing of horses owned in
+Attleboro that would compare favorably with any other in the country.
+Another organization which attests the live, progressive spirit of the
+place is the Board of Trade, to which most of the leading business men
+belong. It was established in the spring of 1881, with commodious rooms
+and appointments on Washington Street, North Attleboro.</p>
+
+<p>No town in Bristol county has provided more liberally for the education
+of youth than Attleboro, and in the larger centres a graded school
+system has been adopted; nor is it lacking in the appointed means of
+moral improvement, since there are within its limits no less than
+fifteen religious societies, holding regular Sunday services. Two weekly
+newspapers, the <i>Advocate</i> and the ... are published in the place; there
+are also two national banks, one savings bank, and a savings and loan
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Did space permit, it would be possible to single out from the many sons
+and residents of Attleboro, men who have become distinguished for
+learning and the public and private services they have rendered their
+fellow-men; but it must suffice here simply to remark that it is the
+crowning glory of the town to count among its citizens a large number of
+sagacious, sensible men of affairs, who have built up its manifold
+interests, and by personal enterprise and energy have secured for the
+place a large measure of material prosperity. Very early in its history
+the family names of these substantial men appear on the records of the
+town&mdash;Allen, Peck, Carpenter, Daggett, Robinson, Blackinton, May,
+Thacher, Richards, Capron, Ide, Wheaton, Bliss, and others,&mdash;names that
+stand for character, influence, thrift, and wealth. But these have no
+need of eulogy or praise, since every busy factory and every commodious
+home testifies to their worth; then let this sketch be concluded with a
+brief allusion to one whose simple record,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> though one of the
+curiosities of the town, and containing an epitome of instructive
+history, will excite no man's envy and pique no family pride.</p>
+
+<p>In the old-burying ground in the north part of the town&mdash;the first
+cemetery in the region&mdash;is a headstone marking the grave of a pious
+negro slave, on which is rudely chiselled the following inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Here lies the best of slaves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Now turning into dust;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">C&aelig;sar, the Ethiopian, craves<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A place among the just.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His faithful soul has fled<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To realms of heavenly light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, by the blood of Jesus shed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is changed from <i>Black</i> to <i>White</i>.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">January 15, he quitted the stage,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the 77th year of his age.<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">1780.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image46.jpg" width="450" height="330" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image47.jpg" width="450" height="302" alt="THE CHRIST CHILD.
+
+(From Christmas Wide Awake.)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CHRIST CHILD.<br />
+[From Christmas Wide Awake.]</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>ART IN BOOK ILLUSTRATION.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY CHARLES E. HURD.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Books, books, books! Their number, variety, gorgeousness of bindings,
+and wealth of illustration confuse the visitor who at this season
+wanders through the bookstores of a great city, whether aimlessly, or
+with the design of purchase. Books stare at him from the long rows of
+shelves; books are piled in reckless profusion upon the counters; they
+protrude from under the tables, as if vainly seeking to hide themselves
+there from insatiable buyers; they bulge through the broken paper of
+packages in corners; they crowd themselves into the windows, where the
+boldest and most gorgeous display themselves as if calling to the
+passers-by to come in and purchase.</p>
+
+<p>One cannot help wondering, sometimes, where all these books come from.
+Who are their makers? What reason is there for their existence? Under
+what circumstances were they thrust upon the world? For, really, eight
+out of ten count as nothing in the literary race for fame or money.
+Either the publisher or the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> author&mdash;nowadays, as a rule, the
+latter&mdash;must suffer. The book&mdash;representative of the hopes, the
+wearisome labors, and, sometimes, of the brains of the author&mdash;leaps
+into being with the air of "Who will not buy me?" which soon changes
+into that of "Who will buy me?" and goes out finally to stand at the
+doors of the second-hand bookstores on a dirty shelf, to get its covers
+blistered in the sun, its binding dampened by the rain, all the while
+shamefully conscious of the legend displayed above,&mdash;"Anything on this
+shelf for 25 cents."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image48.jpg" width="450" height="357" alt="FOREST OF ARDENNES." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FOREST OF ARDENNES.<br />
+
+[From Childe Harold.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are, however, books that achieve success, and that publishers
+thrive upon. Books that are "a joy forever," companions, counsellors,
+and friends, the value of whose printed pages is aided and added to by
+the hand of the draughtsman, and in which text and illustration
+harmoniously blend to make the perfect book.</p>
+
+<p>It speaks well for the growing taste of the American public that these
+books, whose cost of manufacture often reaches many thousands of
+dollars, always meet with popular favor, and so exacting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> has the public
+taste become that no publisher of reputation dares leave a stone
+unturned in the carrying-out of any literary project in which
+illustration bears part.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image49.jpg" width="450" height="368" alt="STAMBOUL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STAMBOUL.<br />
+
+[From Childe Harold.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is only by putting the work of twenty years ago by the side of that
+of to-day that one can realize what wonderful strides have been made in
+every department of bookmaking, more especially in that of illustration.
+The art of wood-engraving has been carried, one could almost say, to
+perfection. In its marvellous capability of imitation it has, perhaps,
+lost individuality, but it has proved its adaptability to the production
+of the most diverse and beautiful effects. In the hands of artistic
+workmen,&mdash;for an engraver must nowadays be an artist as well as a
+workman,&mdash;a wood cut may imitate a true engraving, an etching, a
+mezzotint, a charcoal or crayon drawing, or even the wash of water
+color, or india ink. One with some theoretical knowledge of the art will
+find wonderful opportunities for study in some of the holiday volumes of
+the present season, which show the latest developments of the skill of
+the engraver, and the different methods of producing effects.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 345px;">
+<img src="images/image50.jpg" width="345" height="450" alt="IANTHE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">IANTHE.<br />
+
+[From Childe Harold.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us stand here at the counter in one of our largest bookstores, and
+turn over the pages of a few of the books which lie nearest. First at
+hand is <i>Childe Harold</i>, the latest in that admirable series of gift
+books which includes <i>The Princess</i>, Owen Meredith's <i>Lucile</i>, and
+Scott's <i>Lady of the Lake</i>. How charmingly everything is balanced in the
+making of the book,&mdash;type, margin, binding, and what we are now
+specially considering, illustration. How full of atmosphere are the
+landscapes, and how clear and perfectly kept their values! Look at the
+exquisite little wood scene on page 123, with the foreground in shadow,
+and a bar of sunshine lying across the middle distance. And here, in a
+totally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> different subject, a view of Stamboul, where the engraver has
+had to deal with land, water, and sky,&mdash;how cleverly he has managed to
+bring each part of his picture into its proper relations with the
+others, and yet how simply it is done! Changing from landscape to
+figure, take the ideal head, "Ianthe," which one might imagine was
+drawn, feature by feature, from the portrait of Byron, which forms the
+frontispiece of the volume. It is an example of what perfect knowledge
+can achieve on the part of the engraver,&mdash;delicate and yet strong in its
+way, soft without being indistinct, every line being made to fulfil its
+purpose and nothing more.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<img src="images/image51.jpg" width="298" height="450" alt="TOWER OF THE MENGIA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TOWER OF THE MENGIA.<br />
+[From Tuscan Cities.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Here is another volume from the same house, "Tuscan Cities," which shows
+the capabilities of wood-engraving in quite another direction. Some of
+the illustrations might absolutely be taken for etchings, so faithfully
+have the peculiarities of the artist been followed. Compare the
+treatment of "The Tower of the Mengia" with that of the pictures already
+mentioned, and mark the difference of effect.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;">
+<img src="images/image52.jpg" width="303" height="450" alt="THE LADY OF THE LAKE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE LADY OF THE LAKE.<br />
+
+[From Heroines of the Poets.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<img src="images/image53.jpg" width="298" height="450" alt="HOW THEY CARRIED THE GOOD NEWS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;HOW THEY CARRIED THE GOOD NEWS.&quot;<br />
+
+[From Ideal Poems.]</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/image54.jpg" width="289" height="450" alt="EVENING BY THE LAKESIDE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">EVENING BY THE LAKESIDE.<br />
+
+[From Poems of Nature.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/image55.jpg" width="336" height="450" alt="MATERNITY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MATERNITY.<br />
+
+[From &quot;Songs of Seven.&quot;]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here is another exquisite holiday volume,&mdash;"Heroines of the
+Poets,"&mdash;which will further exemplify what we have been saying. It has
+been made up of a series of pictures by Fernand H. Lungren, with
+accompanying text. Any single picture will serve as an illustration. For
+instance, this of Ellen, in "The Lady of the Lake," a subject of unusual
+difficulty, and requiring unusual skill for its proper management. It
+needs no second glance to see how perfectly the engraver has triumphed
+over his difficulties. Or, select at random any of the illustrations in
+this second volume<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> from the same publishers, "Ideal Poems." One of the
+best, perhaps, is Henry Sandham's vigorous illustration of Browning's
+poem, "How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix." The sunburst
+over the eastern hills, the cattle black against the light, the panting
+horses and their eager riders, and the rolling clouds of dust,&mdash;the
+character of each and all, as portrayed by the artist, is perfectly
+rendered.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/image56.jpg" width="325" height="443" alt="THE SWANHERDS WHERE THE SEDGES ARE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;THE SWANHERDS WHERE THE SEDGES ARE.&quot;<br />
+
+[From The High Tide.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Elbridge Kingsley has acquired reputation for engraving directly from
+nature, without the intervention of brush or pencil. One may judge of
+the results of his work by the plates in Whittier's "Poems of Nature,"
+issued as a special holiday volume the present season. The pictures vary
+in merit, but they all show what the skilled workman is capable of doing
+with block and graver.</p>
+
+<p>Here is another volume of the season, an exquisite edition of "The
+Favorite Poems" of Jean Ingelow, from which we copy two pictures as
+admirably illustrating a phase of wood-engraving especially pleasing and
+attractive. The first, from "Songs of Seven," has the advantage of being
+a charming subject in itself, but the engraver has been as conscientious
+in his work as if he had no such aid, and the result is doubly
+satisfying to the eye. The other, from "The High Tide on the Coast of
+Lincolnshire," is equally gratifying and artistic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image57.jpg" width="450" height="393" alt="THE SILENT CHRISTMAS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SILENT CHRISTMAS.<br />
+
+[Wonderful Christmases.]</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<h2>RICHARD AND GAMALIEL WAYTE, AND SOME OF THEIR DESCENDANTS.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY ARTHUR THOMAS LOVELL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The records of Boston, beginning with the year 1633, and for many years
+thereafter, contain frequent references to Richard and Gamaliel Wayte,
+brothers, born in England, the former in the year 1596, and the latter
+in the year 1598. A writer in the <i>Boston Transcript</i> (Dec. 6, 1874)
+makes the ancestry of these brothers common with that of Thomas Wayte,
+who was a member of the English Parliament in Cromwell's time, one of
+the judges who condemned Charles the First to death, and who signed the
+warrant for his execution. Be this as it may, the records show that the
+brothers Richard and Gamaliel were admitted to the church in Boston in
+1634 and 1633 respectively, thus establishing the fact of their
+residence here at that early date. Tracing their history
+chronologically, the name of Gamaliel, the younger brother, appears
+first on the list of Freemen, in 1635. Nov. 30, 1637, he was disarmed
+because of his sympathy with the views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson. His occupation is inferred from the fact that in company
+with other fishermen he petitioned the court at Salem, Oct. 14, 1657,
+"for exemption from training in the fishing season." In 1670 he received
+from the General Court a grant of a half acre of land in Boston, on the
+south side of "Sentry Hill," to plant and improve; and in 1673 he was
+part owner of Long Island in Boston Harbor. Mention is made in 1677 of
+his son John, his daughter Deborah, and his grandchildren Ebenezer and
+Richard Price, the children of his daughter Grace. From an entry in the
+diary of Judge Sewell it is learned that he died suddenly, Dec. 9, 1685,
+aged 87 years.</p>
+
+<p>His son John, born in 1646, after long experience as a member of the
+General Court of Massachusetts, was in 1684 made Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He was eminent in his day among Boston business-men,
+was a witness to the will of Governor Leverett, was one of the sureties
+on the bond of Emma, widow and administratrix of the estate of Moses
+Maverick, of Marblehead, in 1686; succeeded to his father in the
+ownership of a portion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> of Long Island in Boston Harbor, and in 1694
+sold "Beudal's Dock," then in his possession. His wife Emma (n&eacute;e
+Roberts), upon his death in 1702, was appointed executrix of his estate.</p>
+
+<p>From John, and other descendants of Gamaliel Wayte, are traced the
+Watertown, Medford, and Brookfield branches of the family, whose
+representatives are found in all parts of the United States. A memorial
+of the last named branch is found in the historic "Wait Monument" at
+Springfield, Mass., erected in 1763 to mark the old "Boston Road." It
+appears that Mr. Wait, mistaking his way at this point, nearly perished
+in a snow-storm, and erected this waymark for the benefit of future
+travellers. It is about four feet high, two feet broad, and one
+foot thick, and, beside Masonic emblems, bears two Latin
+inscriptions,&mdash;"<span class="smcap">virtus est sua merces</span>," and another, of which only the
+word "<span class="smcap">pulsanti</span>" remains. Beneath are the words,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">BOSTON ROAD.<br />
+<span class="smcap">this stone is erected by<br />
+Joseph Wait, Esq., of Brookfield,<br />
+for the benefit of travellers, 1763.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The stone is of a dark red, similar to the Long Meadow stone, and is
+supposed to have been cut by Nathaniel Brewer. By a singular
+coincidence, it marks the spot where the celebrated "Shay's Rebellion"
+culminated in an encounter between the insurgents and the Springfield
+militia under General Shepard, and bears upon its face the scars of the
+opposing bullets.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, one of the Malden descendants of Gamaliel, removed to Lyme,
+Conn., about the year 1700, where he married, in 1704, Mary Bronson, a
+granddaughter of Matthew Griswold, the ancestor of a family
+distinguished in American history. Remick, a grandson of the Thomas last
+referred to, married Susannah Matson, whose sister was the mother of
+Connecticut's noble war governor, Hon. William A. Buckingham. The first
+child of Remick and Susannah (Matson) Wait, born in Lyme, Feb. 9, 1787,
+was Henry Matson, who, when of legal age, restored to the name the final
+letter, which had been for some time omitted by many of the descendants
+of Gamaliel Wayte. Henry Matson Waite was fitted for college at the
+academy in Colchester, and graduated at Yale with distinction, in 1809.
+He studied in the office of Gov. Matthew Griswold, and his brother,
+Lieut.-Gov. Roger Griswold; became a lawyer of marked ability; was
+repeatedly made a member<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> of the legislature; in 1832 and 1833 was a
+member of the state senate; in 1834 was made associate of the supreme
+court of Connecticut; and in 1854, by the almost unanimous vote of the
+legislature, was elevated to the position of chief justice. He held this
+office until 1857, when he retired, having reached his seventieth year,
+the legal limit as to age. He died Dec. 14, 1869, full of years and full
+of honors. His wife, married in 1816, was Maria, daughter of Col.
+Richard Selden, of Lyme, and granddaughter of Col. Samuel Selden, of the
+revolutionary army. By her he had eight children. The first born of
+these was Morrison Remick, the most distinguished of the members of this
+old and honorable family.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Morrison Remick Waite, LL.D., Chief Justice of the United States
+Supreme Court, was born in Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816. He graduated with
+distinction from Yale College in 1837, in a class which included Hon.
+William M. Evarts, Edwards Pierrepont, and Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.,
+and began the study of law in his father's office. He finished his
+studies, preparatory to admission to the bar of Ohio, in the office of
+Samuel M. Young, in Maumee City, in that state, and, on his admission,
+formed a partnership with Mr. Young. In 1840 the firm removed to Toledo,
+and there continued their law-partnership until Mr. Waite's youngest
+brother, Richard, who graduated at Yale College in 1853, was admitted to
+the bar, when the brothers formed a new partnership, which existed until
+the senior partner received his present appointment. He was married
+Sept. 21, 1840, to Miss Amelia C. Warner, a resident of his native town.
+He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1872, and, a year
+prior to his appointment as chief justice, was admitted to the bar of
+the United States Supreme Court, on motion of Hon. Caleb Cushing, whose
+name was subsequently spoken of in connection with the office of chief
+justice. It was not until 1849 that Judge Waite, as he was called by
+courtesy, occupied a public position. He was then elected a member of
+the Ohio House of Representatives for the sessions of 1849 and 1850.
+Although frequently urged to allow the use of his name as a candidate
+for Congress, and other positions, he subsequently declined to hold
+office. On two or three occasions, he was offered a position on the
+supreme bench of his adopted state, offers which he also declined. The
+esteem in which he was held by the citizens of Ohio is marked by the
+fact that he was unanimously chosen as the representative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> from Toledo
+in the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1874, of which body he was made
+president.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871, as is generally known, Mr. Waite was appointed one of the
+counsel in the matter of the Alabama claims, to prepare the case of the
+United States and present the same before the Court of Arbitration at
+Geneva. While the most prominent part was assigned to the senior
+counsel, Mr. Cushing, it is the opinion of those familiar with the
+arguments, including Mr. J. C. Bancroft Davis, that Mr. Waite
+contributed in a very large degree to the success of the case of the
+United States, and thus to the peaceful settlement of long standing and
+bitterly contested questions of the gravest national concern. A writer
+in the Boston Evening <i>Transcript</i>, date of Dec. 6, 1874,&mdash;Mr. A. H.
+Hoyt, to whom we are indebted for many of the facts here recorded,&mdash;very
+accurately describes the characteristics of the chief justice at that
+time as follows: "He has the reputation of possessing a vigorous
+intellect, which very readily and clearly grasps the facts and the law
+of a case. He has a sound and well-balanced judgment and a large share
+of practical common sense. He is blessed with robust health, is
+industrious in his habits, and possesses an equable temper. His
+appointment was not prompted by motives of party or political policy. He
+will enter into his office untrammelled by close political alliances,
+and free from the biases and prejudices engendered and fostered by party
+spirit and party contests." The truth of these words has been more than
+proven by the dignity, ability and impartiality with which Mr. Waite has
+filled his high office,&mdash;an office in the esteem of many the most
+important and honorable in the gift of the American people. In
+Washington, as in Toledo, Mr. Waite's home is one of unostentatious
+comfort rather than elegance, commendably in contrast with those of many
+men at present prominent in political circles at the national capital.
+His home and private life may be said, in brief, to present a notable
+example of the simplicity, quiet dignity, and domestic virtues which
+should characterize the home and life of a republican citizen in exalted
+station. Those who have enjoyed familiar acquaintance with him speak of
+him as affable, thoroughly unaffected, as a good conversationalist, well
+informed in history, literature, philosophy, and the sciences, and as a
+close student of social, financial, and all political questions of the
+day. His interest in these respects is evidenced by his connection with
+the management<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> of the "Peabody Fund," as a trustee, and with the
+important non-partisan movement in the direction of political education
+recently inaugurated by the American Institute of Civics, a corporate
+institution, national in scope, of whose advisory board he is president.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Waite was married to Miss Amelia C. Warner, of Lyme, Conn., Sept.
+21, 1840. Mrs. Waite is a woman of fine mind, engaging manners, and
+great force of character, and is in every way worthy of the position in
+life to which her husband's distinguished abilities have exalted her. Of
+their living children all save one&mdash;Miss Mary F. Waite, highly esteemed
+because of her personal qualities and her deep interest in philanthropic
+and charitable work&mdash;have gone forth from the home roof to occupy
+honorable positions in homes of their own. Judge Waite and family are
+communicants and active co-operators in the work of the Protestant
+Episcopal church.</p>
+
+<p>We have traced the descent of the Hon. Morrison R. Waite to Remick, a
+grandson of Thomas and Mary Bronson Wait, of Lyme. Among other grandsons
+of Thomas was Marvin, who became a noted member of the Connecticut bar,
+having his office in Lyme, where he was a partner of Gen. Samuel Holden
+Parsons, a nephew of Gov. Matthew Griswold. Marvin Wait was a member of
+the electoral college chosen after the war, and cast his vote for
+Washington. He was nineteen times made a member of the Connecticut
+General Assembly, was several years judge of the county court, and was
+one of the commissioners for the sale of the state's land in the
+northwestern territory. Judge Marvin Wait was the father of that honored
+citizen of Connecticut, Hon. John T. Wait, LL.D., who was born in New
+London, and graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford, in
+1842, held the office of state attorney in 1863, headed the electoral
+ticket cast for Lincoln in 1864, was elected to the state Senate in
+1865, and in 1866 presided over that body. In 1867 he was speaker of the
+national House of Representatives, and from that time to the present has
+been almost regularly returned to that body, where he has a recognized
+position as one of the ablest, most upright, and most influential of its
+members. He is familiarly known in New London, where, with his family,
+he has always resided, as "Colonel Wait," and is not merely esteemed,
+but beloved, by his fellow-citizens of all parties and creeds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From these notes concerning Gamaliel Wayte and his descendants we now
+turn to his elder brother Richard.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Wayte was born in England in 1596. His name first appears upon
+the colonial records Aug. 28, 1634, when, at the age of thirty-eight, he
+was admitted to the church in Boston, his younger brother, Gamaliel,
+having been admitted in the previous year. It appears that he took the
+freeman's oath March 9, 1637, and that November 30 of the same year, in
+company with his brother Gamaliel, he was found guilty of too much
+sympathy with the religious views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson, and by a judgment very suggestive of the church militant,
+was thereupon sentenced to be disarmed. This enforced retirement to the
+walks of peace was of brief duration, as in 1638 we find him an active
+member of the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company." In 1640 he
+united with other residents of Mt. Wollaston in a petition for the
+formation of the town of Braintree. In 1647 he was sent as an officer
+with a message to the Narragansett Indians, and went on a similar errand
+in 1653. In 1654 we find him occupying the honorable and difficult
+position of marshal of the Massachusetts colony, a post which he seems
+to have filled to the satisfaction of the colonists for many years, and
+in which he was succeeded, as will be seen, by his son Return. In the
+same year (1654) he took an important part in an expedition against the
+Narragansett Indians. October 20, 1658, on account of services in the
+Pequot war and elsewhere, he received from the General Court a grant of
+300 acres of land, "in the wilderness between Cochituate and Nipnop, 220
+acres on a neck surrounded by Sudbury River, great pond, and small
+brook, five patches, 20 acres meadow, and 60 acres on northeast side
+Washakum Pond," all now included in Framingham, Mass., and a part of
+which is supposed to be now occupied by the Lake View Chautauqua
+Assembly, whose Hall of Philosophy stands on the summit of the elevation
+still known as "Mt. Waite." In 1659 Marshal Wayte was voted &pound;5 from the
+public treasury in recognition of "his great and diligent pains, riding
+day and night, in summoning those entertaining Quakers to this court."
+October 16, 1660, his prowess was recognized by an appointment as
+"governor's guard (John Endicott at that time occupied this position) at
+all public meetings out of court."</p>
+
+<p>From these fragmentary records we learn enough to indicate that the
+first marshal of the Massachusetts colony was a man of no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> ordinary
+character. His was a semi-military position, devolving upon him, not
+only the duty of executing the ordinary behests of the General Court,
+but of acting an important part as an aid to the governor in devising
+means for the defence of the colonists against their Indian foes.
+Marshal Waite was proprietor of a tailoring establishment, and an owner
+of real estate on Broad Street. He was twice married, and was the father
+of fourteen children&mdash;eight by his first wife, who died in 1651, and six
+by his second wife, Rebecca Hepbourne. Of these, three died at an early
+age; two (Nathaniel and Samuel) are not mentioned in their father's
+will; of the eight remaining, three only were sons. These, Return,
+Richard, and John, each married and left children. Return, one of the
+sons of Marshal Wayte, born in 1639, was an officer in the Ancient and
+Honorable Artillery Company, was his father's successor as marshal, and
+also succeeded to his father's business. It appears that in 1679 he
+imported "part of the show that appeared at Gov. Leverett's funeral,"
+taking a personal part in the ceremonies. He died in 1702, aged
+sixty-three years. He had seven children by his wife Martha. The name of
+his first born, Return, is connected with the romantic story so
+charmingly told in "The Nameless Nobleman," a book published by Ticknor
+&amp; Co. He married, in 1707, the heroine of this book, Mary, the wife of
+the nobleman, Dr. Francis Le Baron. Thomas, his second son, born in
+1691, was a well-to-do shopkeeper, owning land on Leverett's Lane, Queen
+Street, Cornhill, and elsewhere, including a tenement on King Street,
+known as the "Bunch of Grapes." He was for twenty years or more a deacon
+in the first church, to which he left, in his will (proved in 1775), a
+silver flagon with twelve shillings for each of its poor.</p>
+
+<p>The third son of Marshal Return, and grandson of Marshal Richard, was
+Richard Waite, third of the name, born Oct. 21, 1693, and married to
+Mary, daughter of John Barnes, in 1722. He was a resident of Middleboro,
+in 1715; Taunton, in 1718, and afterward of Plymouth, save for a short
+time, when he purchased a residence on Leverett's Lane, paying for the
+same &pound;3,700, owning also other property on Cornhill. He conducted a
+profitable business as a merchant in the coasting trade, and was himself
+for many years captain of a vessel plying between Plymouth and New
+London. He had eleven children, three sons and eight daughters. Of these
+Richard, the fourth of the name, was born<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> in Plymouth, Oct. 6, 1745.
+Members of the family having previously gone to Vermont (giving a name
+to Waitsfield), Richard, after a brief residence in Boston, removed to
+that state, settling at Bennington, and from there went to the pioneer
+region in the "Black River Country" in New York, settling at Champion.
+He married Submit Thomas, at Hardwick, Mass., in 1747, and had nine
+children, four of them sons. Of these, James, born at Bennington, Vt.,
+May 13, 1789, married at Dummerston, Vt., Esther L. Coughlan, who was
+the daughter of an Irish gentleman, and a woman of fine culture and
+great personal attractions. He spent the chief part of his life upon the
+estate in Champion occupied by his father.</p>
+
+<p>Of his seven children, one, Rev. Hiram Henry Waite, M. A., born Aug. 13,
+1816, lately pastor of the Waverly Congregationalist Church, Jersey
+City, N. J., and now of the Congregationalist Church, Madison, N. Y., is
+well known among Congregational clergymen as an able, faithful, and
+successful minister, his services, wherever he has labored, having been
+signally blessed in every way. He married in 1843 S. Maria Randall at
+Antwerp, N. Y., by whom he has now living three daughters and one son,
+Henry Randall Waite, Ph. D., of West Newton, Mass., who is prominent
+among the younger representatives of this ancient New England family. On
+the maternal side his descent is traced from the Randalls and Carpenters
+of New Hampshire, stocks from which have sprung many notable men. Both
+his paternal and maternal grandfathers were soldiers in the war of 1812;
+his ancestors were also active participants in the war of the
+Revolution, and at a still earlier date, as we have seen, participants
+in the wars with the Narragansetts and other Indian tribes. To his
+Puritan ancestry we may trace his sturdy independence, his originality,
+and persevering industry; while to his Celtic progenitors may be due
+something of his generous and genial nature. He graduated in 1868, at
+Hamilton College, with an excellent reputation as a scholar and thinker;
+and in the same year became one of the editors of the Utica <i>Morning
+Herald</i>, where his abilities as a critical and literary writer soon
+gained recognition. Subsequently he studied theology at Union
+Theological Seminary in the city of New York, and in 1872 visited
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p>He supplied the pulpit of the American Chapel in Paris for a short time,
+and afterward visited Rome, where he was invited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> to assist in the
+establishment of what became under his labors a flourishing and useful
+church for resident and visiting Americans, the first for
+English-speaking people tolerated within the walls. In the pastor's
+parlors, facing the windows of the Propaganda Fide, many notable
+assemblies were gathered. Here were taken the first steps toward the
+organization of a union of the Sunday-school forces in Italy. Here were
+held important meetings of the Italian Bible Society, and here was
+organized the first Young Men's Christian Association in Italy, its
+members including Italians of every evangelical faith. He established a
+Bible training school for Italian young men, so planned as to secure the
+approval and co-operation of Italian ministers of every denomination,
+and was also instrumental in the establishment of a school among the
+soldiers of the Italian army stationed in Rome, out of which grew a
+church, composed wholly of men in the military service, its creed being
+that of the Apostles. Many persons, native and foreign, assisted on the
+occasion, memorable in the history of religious progress in Rome, when
+the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered to these modern
+soldiers of C&aelig;sar's household. This work has been efficiently continued
+to this day under other direction, and thousands of ex-soldiers in all
+parts of Italy have borne with them to their homes the influence of
+their Catholic Christian training in the <i>Scuola</i> of the <i>Chiesa
+Evangelica Militare</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Waite's inquiries early led him to look upon sectarianism as one of
+the most serious obstacles to the progress of evangelical truth in
+Italy, and to the belief that the presentation of a united Christian
+front, in agreement upon the fundamental truths of the gospel, was
+essential to that influence upon the mind which would bring the most
+hopeful elements among the Latin peoples into practical unity with
+Protestant Christianity. He therefore energetically espoused the cause
+of Christian unity, of which the church in Rome, in its ingathering of
+worshippers of all creeds, was made a notable example.</p>
+
+<p>In 1875 he returned to the United States, and, resuming editorial work,
+was for a time editor of the New Haven <i>Evening Journal</i>, and then of
+the <i>International Review</i>, in New York, in both of which positions he
+added largely to his reputation as a scholar, thinker, and trenchant and
+graceful writer. In 1876 he received from the University of Syracuse,
+<i>pro causa</i>, the degree of Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> of Philosophy, and was at the same
+time invited to become a non-resident professor of Political Science in
+that institution. He had previously accepted a call to the pastorate of
+the Huguenot Memorial Church at Pelham on the Sound, where he purchased
+an estate known as "Bonny Croft," and in the midst of most congenial
+surroundings remained until 1880, when, upon invitation of Gen. Francis
+A. Walker, superintendent of the Tenth Census of the United States, he
+undertook the direction of the Educational and Religious Departments of
+the Census.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Waite has an acknowledged position as one of the most accomplished
+statisticians and most thoroughly informed educational authorities in
+the United States. Doubtless in recognition of this fact, at the
+Inter-State Educational Convention held in Louisville in 1883 and
+composed of delegates appointed by the governors of the several states,
+he was invited to deliver the opening address, a paper on the Ideal
+Public School System, which was characterized by the Chairman of the
+convention as "one of the best ever read before a like body." Aside from
+editorial work he has furnished frequent contributions to various
+periodicals, and has gained a special reputation as a writer upon
+politico-economic subjects. Two of these contributions recently
+published in the form of a brochure by D. Lothrop &amp; Co., under title of
+"Illiteracy and Mormonism," have attracted especial attention among
+those interested in these important questions. When residing in New York
+he was President of the Political Science Association, and Chairman of
+the Executive Committee of the National Reform League, one of the
+pioneer organizations for the reform of the civil service; and while
+residing in Washington was president of the Social Science Association
+of the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Waite is a logical, fluent and earnest speaker, and his reputation
+as a student of educational and social problems has led to a frequent
+demand for his services on the part of committees concerned with
+legislative questions, and at assemblies of leading educators. He
+presided and delivered an address at one of the sessions of the National
+Educational Assembly at Ocean Grove, in 1883, and in an address at one
+of the meetings of the National Educational Association at Madison,
+Wis., in 1884, following Mgr. Capel, to whose covert attack upon our
+public school system he made, as reported in the Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, a
+temperate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> but caustic and able reply. At the last meeting of the same
+association, at Saratoga, he delivered an address upon the Tenure of
+Office and Compensation of Teachers, which is characterized by the Iowa
+<i>School Journal</i> as one of the specially fine papers of the occasion. In
+connection with his editorial labors, he discharges the duties of
+President of the American Institute of Civics, an organization lately
+incorporated, "for the purpose of promoting the study of political and
+economic science and so much of social science as is related to
+government and citizenship"; the aim of the institution being to secure,
+in every walk in life, a more thorough preparation for the duties of
+citizenship. Notable among the officers of this worthy institution are
+Chief Justice Waite, Senator Colquitt, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, President
+Porter of Yale College, President Seelye of Amherst, Senator Morrill of
+Vermont, Hon. John Eaton, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Hon. Carroll
+D. Wright, Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, D. C. Heath, Gen. H. B. Carrington,
+Daniel Lothrop, and Robert M. Pulsifer, with hundreds of members of
+equal eminence.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Waite has had several invitations to accept important positions in
+connection with educational institutions, none of which he has thought
+it advisable to accept.</p>
+
+<p>The Boston <i>Transcript</i>, not long since, noted the fact that prominent
+friends of Middlebury College had presented his name in connection with
+the office of President of that institution, and added: "Whether Dr.
+Waite will accept the position, if elected, we are not informed, but of
+his qualifications there can be no doubt. Graduated from a kindred
+institution, he is a firm believer in the usefulness of the smaller
+college.... To his other qualifications are added the executive skill
+and indomitable energy which are needed to place Middlebury College upon
+the footing with similar institutions to which its honorable position in
+the past so justly entitles it."</p>
+
+<p>Among other labors, he is preparing for early publication by D. Lothrop
+&amp; Co. a work upon the Indian Races of North America; and is also
+Secretary of the Inter-State Commission on Federal Aid to Education. Few
+men have a wider circle of devoted friends among educated young men, a
+fact in some degree accounted for by the ready and helpful sympathy and
+practical wisdom with which he responds to the numerous demands made
+upon him for aid and counsel, by those who are perplexed as to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+choice of a calling or are seeking entrance to some field of labor.
+There are many such, within the writer's knowledge, who owe him debts
+which they will never cease to acknowledge with gratitude. An evidence
+of the esteem in which he is held by college men, is afforded by the
+fact that one of the oldest of college societies, with chapters in
+twenty or more leading colleges, including Harvard, Brown, Cornell,
+Williams, Hamilton, etc., chose him as orator at its semi-centennial
+anniversary, observed in September of last year, in the Academy of
+Music, in New York.</p>
+
+<p>To these notes relating to a family whose history is so linked with the
+beginnings of colonial life in Massachusetts, we append the following
+inscription from one of the three tombs of Marshal Wayte's family, still
+standing, in good preservation, in the old King's Chapel Ground, on
+Tremont St., in Boston:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Richard Wayte</span>
+<br />
+Aged 84 years<br />
+Died 17 Sept. 1680<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+<h2>COLONEL CHRISTOPHER TOPPAN.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY ONE OF HIS DESCENDANTS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In the May number of the Bay State for 1884 is an article on the
+promontory Boar's Head, and the adjoining town of Hampton, New
+Hampshire, which contains a mention of Colonel Christopher Toppan, who
+employed in his time many men there in boat and ship building, and in
+other branches of industry. He was a man so strongly marked in mind and
+character, and so identified with the local prosperity of his day and
+generation, that some further facts about him may be noted.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Toppan was the son of Dr. Edmund Toppan, a physician of
+Hampton, and the grandson of Dr. Christopher Toppan, a Congregational
+minister of learning and ability, settled from 1696 until his death,
+1747, over the first church in Newbury, Mass. Christopher Toppan married
+Sarah Parker, daughter of Hon. William Parker of Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, and sister of Bishop Samuel Parker of Boston, so many years
+rector of Trinity Church.</p>
+
+<p>The children of Christopher and Sarah Toppan were Abigail, who died
+unmarried at the age of ninety-six years; Sarah, who married Dr.
+Nathaniel Thayer, who had a long and able pastorate, severed only by his
+death, over the Unitarian Church in Lancaster, Mass.; Edmund Toppan, a
+lawyer who lived and died in Hampton, N. H.; Mary Ann, who married Hon.
+Charles H. Atherton of Amherst, N. H.</p>
+
+<p>Of the grandchildren of Christopher Toppan may be mentioned Hon.
+Christopher S., son of Edmund Toppan, who lived and died a prominent
+merchant of Portsmouth, N. H. He left his salary as mayor so funded as
+to furnish every year a Thanksgiving dinner to the poor of the city. As
+that anniversary comes round, his name may be seen on the walls of the
+almshouse, with appropriate mottoes of gratitude, and his memory is
+fragrant to a class of citizens whom, in his life-time, he delighted to
+aid.</p>
+
+<p>Among the children of Charles H. and Mary Ann (Toppan) Atherton was
+Charles Gordon Atherton, a lawyer of Nashua, N. H., who represented New
+Hampshire in Congress, for successive terms in the House and in the
+Senate. Every year but one from the time he was twenty-one, he had held
+political office until his sudden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> death at the beginning of Franklin
+Pierce's administration in which, had he lived, he would have had,
+doubtless, a prominent part. He was an ultra and zealous democrat,
+differing in this respect from the political faith of his fathers; and
+so strenuous was he in the advocacy of State rights that he introduced
+into Congress the twenty-first rule against the right of petition&mdash;a
+rule which the efforts of "The Old Man Eloquent," John Quincy Adams,
+caused to be rescinded. So obnoxious a measure fastened upon Atherton
+the nickname of Charles Gag Atherton; and many an anti-slavery writer in
+bitter philippic contrasted his course with that of his grandfather,
+Hon. Joshua Atherton, who, early in the history of New Hampshire, was an
+able and fearless advocate of the abolition of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the sons of Dr. Nathaniel and Sarah (Toppan) Thayer were the
+well-known successful and liberal bankers,&mdash;John Eliot and Nathaniel
+Thayer of Boston,&mdash;whose wise and generous gifts to the cause of liberal
+education give their names an honored place among the benefactors of the
+Commonwealth. A younger son, Rev. Christopher Toppan Thayer, was, for
+many years, a faithful and beloved pastor of the Unitarian Church in
+Beverly, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Toppan was not only shrewd and enterprising in his private
+business, but a pioneer in every project which would benefit the
+community around him. He assumed responsibilities, invested money, and
+hired labor in building the turnpike and other public improvements. He
+was a leader in matters of religion and education as well as of secular
+interest. When the Congregational Church and Society of Hampton wished
+to build a meeting-house, the committee wrote him a letter stating the
+reasons why a certain valuable and centrally situated piece of land
+owned by him would be the most advantageous site for the proposed
+building. His reply was in the laconic style characteristic of his
+manner of doing good:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,&mdash;If you want my land, you may have it.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><span class="smcap">Christopher Toppan.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>He invited the clergyman to make it his home for a year at his house,
+thus removing some of the self-denials of an early settlement in a
+country parish. He did much toward the establishment of Hampton Academy,
+then a pioneer and very useful institution of the kind in that part of
+the State, and one at which Rufus Choate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> and other men of mark fitted
+for college. He offered to the preceptress also a home in his family, in
+order that a well-educated and refined woman might find it more pleasant
+and profitable to teach in the village. The hospitality of his house was
+proverbial. The old mansion still stands, a large, low, two-story yellow
+house, with long front and side yards, and a grassy lawn between them
+and the road, with massive, protecting elms, twice as high as the house
+in front and around it; spacious barns extend a little in the rear on
+one side, and a simple old garden of fruit, flowers, and vegetables on
+the other. This was originally one of the four garrison houses of the
+town in the old times of terror and defence from Indian incursions; and
+it would be difficult to find now a more pleasant old-fashioned country
+house of equal age, with its physiognomy of generous hospitality and
+unobtrusive refinement and good sense.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Toppan was an influence in character as well as a stimulus
+in business to those around him. He taught them to save part of their
+earnings, to secure as early as possible a piece of land and a home. In
+few but pointed words he reproved thriftless and idle ways, and his
+respect and approbation were sought and valued. What Colonel Toppan said
+upon any matter was quoted and remembered as if it decided the question,
+long after men left his employment, and had an independence of their
+own. Nor was the gratitude for his aid and influence always confined to
+the first generation. Within a few years, two solid men of business
+sought out Hampton, and inquired especially for the house which formerly
+belonged to Col. Christopher Toppan. They visited the spot, and looked
+with reverence at the situation, the trees, the old house, and
+everything that belonged to it. Their grandfather had come to this
+country a poor and friendless boy, and at the age of twelve had been
+taken into the kitchen here to wait on the family. The patience with
+which his blunders had been borne, and the kindness with which he had
+been treated, he had rehearsed to his children's children. He was sent
+to school, and told he must learn to read and write and cipher if he
+wanted to be a man, but being a dull pupil he was often discouraged, and
+the Colonel used to call him into the sitting-room, as it was called,
+and teach him himself in the evening. He gave him a little money for
+certain extra services on condition he set it down on paper, and saved a
+little every month. Thus commenced the habits of industry, economy, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+exactness which made the subsequent prosperity of the man, who used to
+recount to his grandsons his early poverty and hardships, the kind home
+he found, and dwell with grateful pleasure on every trait and habit of
+the Colonel. "Now, boys," he said, "be sure, when you grow up and can
+afford it, that you go into New Hampshire and see where I used to live
+as a boy, and if the house of Colonel and Madam Toppan is still
+standing, with the beautiful elms and all."</p>
+
+<p>Verily the good men do springs up, they themselves know not where, and
+blesses, they know not whom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SOCIAL LIFE IN EARLY NEW ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY REV. ANSON TITUS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>There is much value in knowing of the past social life of New England.
+By regarding the ways and manners which were, we are the better prepared
+for the duties which are. In entering into the labors of others, we
+should know what those labors were.</p>
+
+<p>At the outset we must regard the singular oneness of purpose in the
+minds of our New England ancestors. To serve God unmolested was the
+ruling idea of those who led in the settlement of Boston, Dorchester,
+Salem, and Plymouth. The hardship of laws and social oppression
+stimulated many more to join those who came from a religious motive. But
+those who came, came with a deep purpose to make these parts their home.
+They brought their families with them. This made the settlers more
+contented in living amid the new scenes, with privations they had not
+known. The early settlers in many instances came in such numbers from a
+given section that they brought their minister with them. There was a
+great bond of sympathy between those who thus came together. The new
+communities became as one home. Add to this the fact of the settlers
+living within a mile of the meeting-house, often meeting with each other
+on Sunday and at the midweek meetings for town purposes, for the drill
+of the military companies, and having the same hopes and fears regarding
+the Indians, we find the common sentiment welded even stronger. The
+oneness of the New England communities is proverbial.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> There were rich,
+there were poor people, and in the meeting-house the people were seated
+and "dignified" according to title and station; but in spite of these,
+there was more in the name than in reality. The people were not hedged
+in by their differences. President John Adams was asked by a southern
+friend what made New England as it is. His reply is memorable: "The
+meeting-house, the school-house, the training-green, and the
+town-meeting." In these, the people were brought together, their common
+interests were discussed and acted upon. The youth grew up with each
+other in the schools. The young men stood shoulder to shoulder on the
+training-green, drilling themselves to defend their homes. In the
+councils of the town they debated and conducted the business which would
+accrue to their weal and benefit, and on the Lord's Day they would
+gather in families to hear the words of the town minister, and before
+the one altar of the community bow in filial reverence to their God.
+This frequent meeting with one another and mingling in the same social
+life made the distinctive type of character which grew up in every
+community.</p>
+
+<p>The minister and his family were in the front rank of social life. To
+the people's adviser deference was paid. To the minister, even the
+smallest of the boys took off their hats. The people of the town may
+have disagreed with him, still his position in society was acknowledged.
+He was the educated man of the town. In the early days he was the
+physician also. The first medical work published in America was by the
+pastor in Weymouth. It treated of small-pox. Vaccination was met with
+the strongest of opposition. The clergy opposed what was thought to be a
+means of intervening the will and providence of God. This discussion had
+much to do in separating the profession of medicine from the ministerial
+office. The minister likewise did much of the legal business of the
+people. Lawyers were rare men until towards the war of the Revolution.
+There was a dislike towards them&mdash;a feeling that they would take
+advantage of the people's rights. But America owes a debt of gratitude
+to the young barristers of the Revolution. They were true to the people
+and their best interests. When John Adams wished the hand of Abigail
+Smith, the people were anxious lest the dignity of Parson Smith's family
+would suffer. The next Lord's Day after the marriage he preached from
+the text, "And John came neither eating nor drinking, and ye say he hath
+a devil."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The grade in social life, which was largely a name, was shown most in
+the meeting-house. The seating of families and the assigning of pews was
+one of the difficult things. The minister and deacons were nearest the
+pulpit. The boys and colored people were assigned the back pews or those
+in the gallery. This idea of "social dignity" was brought from the old
+country, but gave way in the growing oneness of life in America.</p>
+
+<p>The days of the early New Englander were not all dark. There was much of
+the austere in them, but there was also a grain of mirth and
+cheerfulness. We must bear in mind that the clergymen were the early
+historians of the country; and they put much gloom in their writings.
+The mirthful side of social life was expressed at the parties and
+meetings for hilarity; for such they often had. The young delighted
+themselves in each other's company, the same as to-day. The young gent
+and his lady either walked to the party, or rode on one horse. Parties
+began in better season than now. The assembly met in the latter part of
+the afternoon, and the dancing, where dancing was the order, began at
+about four o'clock. This was truly in good season, but, if our
+information is correct, they kept even later hours than the parties of
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>In Froude's recent "Life of Thomas Carlyle" is a conversation alluding
+to Thurtill's trial: "I have always thought him a respectable man." "And
+what do you mean by respectable?" "He kept a gig." A century ago it
+evidenced pre-eminent respectability to support such a vehicle. It was a
+wonderful conveyance in the eyes of the ordinary folk. With the
+coming-in of gigs and carts, where the element of pleasure was sought as
+well as service, came not alone improvement in vehicles, but the
+widening and general improvement of the highways. The New England inn
+was a place of great resort. In the poverty of newspapers, people came
+here to gain what news there might be. The innholder was a leading man
+in the community. He got the news from the driver and passengers of the
+stage-coach, and of the travellers who chanced to be passing through the
+town. The innholder knew the public men of the country, for they had
+partaken of his sumptuous dinners, and had lodged at his inn. If the
+walls of these ancient New England taverns could talk, what stories
+would they tell; not of debauches alone, but, in the dark and stirring
+days, of patriotic and loyal sentiments and deeds, whose influence went
+out for the founding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> of the nation, and the perpetuity of the blessings
+of freedom. He who strives to know of early New England, must not look
+alone to the learning, character and influence of its ministers, but to
+the manners, life, and influence of the innholders.</p>
+
+<p>The town meeting was the day of days. The citizens of the town met to
+consult and devise plans for their common welfare. "Citizen" in the very
+early time meant "freeman," and a freeman was a member of the church;
+but this interpretation was too confined for the growing diversity in
+colonial and provincial life. It served well for the time, but new
+conditions demanded that it be superseded. The property qualification
+has likewise virtue in it, and the educational test of Massachusetts has
+much strength. This test is quite limited in the nation; nevertheless,
+if general, it would be for the saving of many of our political
+troubles. Election or town-meeting day had its treat. Its cake has left
+a precious memory behind, and many an old-timed family observes the
+custom until now. The town meeting was opened by prayer by the town
+minister, and much decorum and orderliness was observed by the citizens.
+The day was jovial, however, despite the solemnity attending it.</p>
+
+<p>Prudence and economy had to be exercised, even in the more prosperous
+days. Little was wasted. There was not much money in the market. To
+trade, barter, and dicker was the custom. For amusements, the game of
+"fox and geese," and "three" or "twelve men morris," served well. The
+mingling of work and pleasure was common. The husking-bee and the
+quilting-bee afforded sources of much enjoyment. Prudence and economy
+hurt no one, but the mingling of these in the life of childhood and
+manhood aids in developing character which makes men and women hardy for
+the race of life.</p>
+
+<p>The ever-famous New England Primer, small though it has been, was one of
+the most influential of publications. It was in every home. From it the
+children learned their A, B, C's. In it were pert rhymes expressing the
+theology of the people, such as "In Adam's fall, We sinned all"; and the
+set of biblical questions beginning with "Who was the first man?" The
+prayer of childhood, "Now I lay me down to sleep," is in its pages. Of
+songs, most familiar is the</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Holy angels guard thy bed."<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>The picture and story of John Rogers' burning at the stake, with wife
+and nine small children and one at the breast looking on, beholding the
+martyrdom of this advocate of the early Protestant church, did much to
+keep alive the bitterness between the Protestant and Catholic churches.
+The Catechism, known by all, began with: "What is the chief end of man?"
+Then followed the words of this conclave of divines, the teachings of
+Rev. John Cotton, which he named "Spiritual milk for American babes,
+Drawn out of the Breasts of both Testaments for their Soul's
+Nourishment." We call New England character hardy, stern, and stalwart.
+Well it might be, by having the teachings of this Primer enforced in
+men's lives and labors. We may not admire some of the doctrines, but for
+the times they made the noblest and strongest of men. A trite statement
+of the late Dr. Leonard Bacon was: "In determining what kind of men our
+fathers were, we are to compare their laws not with ours, but with the
+laws which they renounced." So with their theological opinions. Compared
+with the doctrines they renounced, and not with those of our own era, we
+recognize in them a strength and vigor of thought and character which
+will stand the severest test and scrutiny. Steel well heated and
+hammered is most valuable. But steel can be overheated and overhammered;
+then it becomes almost useless. The strong doctrines of the earlier New
+England were too closely enforced, and there came a day&mdash;a part of which
+we live in&mdash;which repelled them. The old-time teaching has passed, and a
+fresher and more potent teaching is supplanting it.</p>
+
+<p>There is something grand in the social life of the good old days. In
+knowing of it, we better appreciate the blessings of to-day. The
+ordinary life of the people has in it a fascination which a general
+knowledge fails to impart. The greatness of New England, however, is not
+all in the past. New England has given excellent life to the great West,
+and the far-reaching isles. Its line has gone out through all the earth.
+The descendants of New England are drawing riches from the prairies, the
+mines of the mountains, and are creating business thrift in all the
+rising towns. In all the world, in every commercial centre, in the
+vessels upon the sea, in every mechanical industry at home and abroad,
+are those whose keenness and brightness of mind, whose sharpness of
+ingenuity, and whose warmth of heart are to be traced to the natural
+blood and descent from those we ever delight to honor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The social life of to-day is not as it has been. The oneness of the
+early times is disintegrating. The people seem almost mad in their rush
+after clubs and societies. The ninety per cent of English descent at the
+beginning of the Revolution is giving way before the incoming of
+emigrants from every other nation. The rapid reading, thinking, and
+living has long since passed the life of former generations. But in this
+new social order is there nothing rich and abiding? Most truly there is.
+The millennium may be distant, but a brighter day is dawning, when
+intellectual activity, stimulated by the studies of the sciences and
+material things, coupled with the fresher faith quickened by the larger
+conceptions of the mission of the world's Master, will result in causing
+the knowledge of the truth and heavenly affection to go to the farthest
+parts of the earth, and the turning of men to the character which
+attracteth all.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>OBJECTIONS TO LEVEL-PREMIUM LIFE INSURANCE.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY G. A. LITCHFIELD.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In considering the objections to level-premium life insurance, as at
+present administered, it will not be assumed that there is not much in
+the system to commend. It has subserved, and is now subserving, a great
+and beneficent end.</p>
+
+<p>It is the channel through which millions of dollars have been disbursed
+to families in the time of their sorest need.</p>
+
+<p>It has encouraged habits of economy, and stimulated the noble resolve to
+lay by a part of earnings, scarcely adequate to meet present necessity,
+for a time of greater necessity still.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of families have experienced exemption from actual want, and
+thousands more have enjoyed comforts, not to say luxuries, that they
+would never have known but for the forethought of husbands and fathers
+who availed themselves of the provisions of life insurance when in
+health, and with a long life in prospect.</p>
+
+<p>We have no disposition to detract from the excellent results
+accomplished, and perhaps the severest criticism that can be made upon a
+system embracing such beneficent possibilities is that it has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> failed so
+disastrously to realize them in such numerous instances. While it has
+carried relief and comfort to many families whose wage-producers have
+been taken from them by death, it has bitterly disappointed many more
+who had made it their dependence for such a time of need.</p>
+
+<p>While it has encouraged many a poor man to heroic self-sacrifice in the
+effort to save the premium required from his scanty wages, it has too
+often absorbed the products of his toil, and left his children to cry
+for bread. Such results have been reached sometimes by extravagant and
+incompetent management, and again by dishonesty and gross betrayal of
+important trusts. The preposterous claim is frequently made by the
+advocates of level-premium insurance, when contrasting it with
+assessment insurance, that patrons of the former system may pay their
+money with the absolute certainty of securing the benefits for which
+they pay, while patrons of the latter are placing their hopes upon a
+rope of sand. We do not hesitate to assert that more money has been
+actually lost to the people by the collapse of a single level-premium
+life company that we might name than by all the failures combined that
+have ever occurred in assessment companies in this country; because, in
+assessment companies, for the most part, a fair equivalent is rendered
+from year to year, while in the former large over-payments are required
+upon the promise of future returns. There have been in the United States
+some eight hundred level-premium life companies, only about fifty of
+which are now in existence. It is unnecessary to recall the disastrous
+ending of such companies as the "Continental" and the "Knickerbocker."
+It is well known that the former was at one time receiving not far from
+half a million of dollars annually in premiums through its Boston agency
+alone, and that the latter, in the midst of seeming prosperity,
+collapsed so suddenly that millions of dollars of supposed assets
+disappeared beyond recovery.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the "Charter Oak," with its more than ten millions of
+assets at one time, its subsequent compromise with its policy-holders at
+sixty-five cents on the dollar, and its now possible passage into the
+hands of a receiver,&mdash;that functionary at the tail end of a
+life-insurance company that has so often been the "bourne" whence few
+dollars have ever returned to the pockets of the unfortunate
+policy-holder,&mdash;is too well known to require rehearsing here. Yet the
+assertion is brazenly made that level-premium<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> companies alone give
+insurance that insures; that there is no safety in any other form of
+insurance, and that assessment insurance, disbursing its millions to the
+families of our land, is but a temporary craze that will soon pass away.</p>
+
+<p>It is a question that may well be asked: What is the explanation of
+results so deplorable in level-premium insurance?</p>
+
+<p>That they occur is too well known to admit of question.</p>
+
+<p>That a very large proportion of those who patronize these companies
+become dissatisfied, not to say disgusted, with their practical
+workings, there is abundant evidence to prove.</p>
+
+<p>That level-premium insurance does not meet the requirements of the
+people is shown by the fact that there are only about 600,000
+policy-holders in these institutions in a population of about
+60,000,000. While lack of confidence undoubtedly deters some from
+patronizing them, yet there are many other considerations that tend to
+produce this state of things. To insure in them is attended with too
+great expense. It is not possible for the average mechanic to save from
+his earnings a sufficient sum to carry any considerable amount of
+insurance in these companies. The principles upon which the system is
+founded are such as to render it needlessly expensive. Experience has
+shown that for various reasons a very large proportion of the insured do
+not continue to pay until the maturity of their policy by death, or by
+limitation of the contract, yet the system requires the payment of a sum
+which, after amply providing for expenses, computed at a given rate of
+interest, will amount to the face of the policy at the expiration of the
+life limit, making no account of gains by lapses nor from a mortality
+below the expectancy.</p>
+
+<p>The premium includes three items, viz.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>, Cost of pure insurance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>, The amount to be placed in reserve.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>, The expense charge.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of pure insurance is about one third of the premium, or perhaps
+a little less. Now, does any unprejudiced person believe that it is
+necessary to charge three dollars for the purpose of disbursing to the
+families of the insured one dollar? Is not any system of insurance
+properly open to criticism that continues to assume and charge a cost
+that experience has shown to be so excessively beyond the necessities of
+the case? We do not overlook the fact that a part of this overcharge is
+returned to the insured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> upon certain conditions, nor the other fact,
+that the proper expense of conducting the business must be provided for;
+but, after giving credit for both these items, a very large and needless
+overcharge remains to discourage those desiring insurance from assuming
+its obligations. This may be more clearly shown in the light of a few
+facts.</p>
+
+<p>By examining the Massachusetts Life-Insurance Report for 1884, it will
+be seen that several companies report an income from investments largely
+in excess of the amount required to pay death-losses. It will be borne
+in mind that the premium charge <i>includes</i> the amount required for the
+payment of death-claims, and it is supposed to be, and undoubtedly is,
+amply sufficient for all purposes in the <i>absence</i> of large
+accumulations from which to receive such a princely income.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, the companies go on requiring the payment of the same
+premium from the party proposing to insure, one third of which is for
+claims by death, when income from investments more than pays this
+important item.</p>
+
+<p>But it may be said that the surplus returns to policy-holders are
+proportionately larger, when claims by death are more than met by income
+from investments. This surely is the result that would naturally be
+looked for, and which should be realized; but unhappily it is not always
+the case. The writer holds a policy in one of the companies referred to
+above, and has paid premiums on the same for some twenty-five years.
+Judge of his surprise when, three or four years ago, he was called upon
+to pay 20 per cent in excess of the premium he had been paying for
+years; and when an explanation was asked, the reason given was that the
+per cent realized from investments was much less than formerly. Yet this
+same company more than pays its death-losses by income from investments.
+This is not an isolated instance.</p>
+
+<p>Many readers of this article have, no doubt, <i>enjoyed</i> (?) a like
+experience. Is not such a system of insurance fairly open to criticism
+in its practical workings?</p>
+
+<p>But perhaps the most astonishing feature of level-premium insurance is
+found in the fact that there is absolutely no obligation assumed on the
+part of the company, and no power anywhere to enforce an accounting for
+the vast sums entrusted to it, so long as it can be made to appear that
+it holds securities in the aggregate to meet the legal requirements of a
+reserve.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These vast sums of money are paid in by policy-holders without any
+knowledge of, or means of knowing, the uses to which they will be
+applied. They know, in a general way, that a part of the premium will be
+used for reserve, a part for expenses, and a part for losses, but how
+much will go for each purpose they have no means of ascertaining. The
+company places it all in a common pot, and can put in the hand of
+extravagance, of avarice, or of dishonesty, and take out any amount for
+personal aggrandizement, or for expense of management, so long as it can
+be made to appear that the legal standard of reserve is maintained.
+There is absolutely no limit put upon the extravagant conduct of the
+business. There is no separation of trust funds from expense account. No
+man who insures in a level-premium life company knows whether such
+company will use for expenses $5 or $25 for each $1,000 of insurance
+which he carries. He has the vague promise of a dividend,&mdash;falsely so
+called, for it is really nothing but a return of a part only of his own
+money which he has paid in excess of what he should have paid,&mdash;and this
+vague shadowing of some possible relief of the excessive pecuniary
+burden he is compelled to assume if he insures, is all that is given
+him. There is exhibited here the most astonishing credulity, and, too
+often, as thousands can testify from sad experience, a misplaced
+confidence on the part of the insuring public, that seems childlike and
+puerile in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>The official reports of Level-Premium Life Companies to the Insurance
+Departments of the several states show that these companies actually
+use, for expense of conducting the business, from $6 to $25 for each
+$1,000 of insurance outstanding. A man carrying $10,000 insurance for
+his family in these companies must pay on the average, for the <i>expense</i>
+of the business, about $80 per annum, and if it should be twice or three
+times that amount he has no redress. Should not these companies
+stipulate, in every policy, a sum for expenses which could not be
+exceeded? Should they not separate the mortuary and expense account, and
+contract with every policy-holder to use, not exceeding a specified per
+cent of the premium paid, for expenses, and to hold the balance a sacred
+trust for the payment of claims, the surplus above such requirement to
+be returned to the insured? To what other branch of business would men
+apply such unbusinesslike methods as to pay two or three times the value
+of the article purchased,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> upon the implied or real obligation of the
+seller to return, at some time in the future, some part of the
+overpayment, but with no definite agreement as to how much, or at what
+time it should be returned? What merchant could maintain his credit for
+any considerable time if he made his other purchases as he does his life
+insurance? Life insurance is a commodity to be bought and paid for at a
+fair market price.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier history of the business, there were no data at hand to
+fix its value. Experience of fifty years and more has furnished such
+data, and its value can now be determined with very considerable
+closeness, and very far within the charges of level-premium companies.
+There should be some margin charged above probable cost, as shown by the
+experience of companies; but such charges should not contemplate nor
+admit of such extravagant expenses as have, and do now, obtain in
+level-premium companies. The experience of assessment companies has
+shown that the business can be done for from $2 or $3 at most, for each
+$1,000 at risk.</p>
+
+<p>Is there any reason why level-premium companies should not be limited to
+<i>twice</i> that amount? The recent law governing assessment insurance in
+Massachusetts requires that in every call for an assessment it shall be
+distinctly stated what the money is to be used for, and no part of the
+mortuary fund can be used for expenses. Will any man say that assessment
+insurance is not in advance of other forms of insurance, in these
+respects at least?</p>
+
+<p>Another important objection to level-premium insurance is found in the
+fact that it has drifted away from its primal purpose. Originally it
+contemplated simple life insurance.</p>
+
+<p>Its intent was to offset, to some extent, the loss incurred by the
+family in the death of its wage-earner. The death of the father involves
+the family in a pecuniary loss represented by the amount of his yearly
+earnings, and if this occur before he has had time to accumulate a
+surplus above yearly expenses, the hardships of poverty are added to the
+pain of separation from so valued a friend. Life insurance was intended
+to come in with its benefits at such a time, as the result of
+forethought on the part of the father in depositing a part of his
+savings with the life company. If this simple form of insurance had been
+adhered to, the temptations to unwarranted and hurtful competition
+would, in a large measure, have been avoided; but with most
+level-premium life companies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> this form of insurance is now largely
+neglected, and their energies are given to other forms, some of them
+highly speculative in their character. Contrary to the original purpose
+of life insurance, banking has been combined with insurance, and people
+have been taught to believe that they can secure better investments
+through life-insurance companies than elsewhere. It has never been clear
+to the writer how such results can be reached, in view of the excessive
+cost of conducting the business. Any suggestion of this kind, however,
+is at once met by the reply that the company has an immense amount of
+money invested, from which it derives a large income.</p>
+
+<p>But whose money is it? Who paid it to the company, if not the
+policy-holders? Still, if the business were confined to simple endowment
+insurance in connection with pure life insurance there would be less
+objection, although banking is properly no part of insurance; but the
+fact is, a far more speculative business is done, called Tontine
+insurance. This form may be fitly characterized as the gambling form,
+inasmuch as the only hope of profit to a few is that the many will be
+robbed of their savings. Tontine insurance is profitable to the few in
+just the proportion that misfortune shall overtake those who participate
+in it. No man would risk large payments with the certainty of losing all
+if he should fail to make one such payment in a term of years, if he
+were not tickled by the hope that others would be the unfortunate ones
+compelled by circumstances to discontinue and lose all, while he would
+be the exception and profit by their loss.</p>
+
+<p>But he should consider that, even if he persists in paying through the
+specified term, he is still at the mercy of the company in the division
+of the spoils. They may use as large a part of the plunder as they
+please in the expense of the business, and the experience of many will
+attest that, while for the company it was "turkey," for them it was
+"crow."</p>
+
+<p>President Greene, of the Connecticut Mutual Life, in a series of able
+articles, has exposed the injustice of this system, and shown, to the
+satisfaction of unprejudiced minds, that it is no part of legitimate
+life insurance. Still, some companies are making Tontine and
+Semi-Tontine insurance their specialty.</p>
+
+<p>There is one other form of insurance practised by level-premium
+companies that demands brief notice here. It would seem that to mention
+it would be to call down upon it public reprobation: we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> refer to what
+is called prudential or industrial insurance. The peculiarity of this
+form is that its patrons are found among the poorest and the lowest
+classes of our population, and, in the judgment of others than the
+writer, it appeals to the very worst instincts of those unfortunate
+people. The insurance is effected upon the lives of helpless infants and
+children to the amount of one hundred or two hundred dollars or more,
+ostensibly to provide for suitable burial expenses in the event of the
+child's death. While, doubtless, in some cases the motive is a worthy
+one which prompts to such insurance, one's thought shrinks with horror
+from a contemplation of the crimes which it must, in many cases, suggest
+to the minds of the low and depraved. How many children are there in our
+large cities whose lives are not worth even one hundred dollars! How
+many are there whose death would be hailed as a deliverance from an
+expensive and unwelcome burden! The simple suggestion is enough to carry
+with it a sense of obligation to lovers of humanity to see that a
+premium is not placed upon infanticide and kindred crimes. If such
+insurance is to be effected at all, which is extremely questionable, it
+should be under the strictest restraints of law.</p>
+
+<p>Another serious objection to the system is that it necessitates nearly
+double the cost of even regular level-premium rates, from the fact that
+weekly collections of five and ten cents must be made by agents employed
+for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Of course a large part of these collections, wrung from the poor, are
+absorbed in agents' fees, the balance going to the company. The lapses
+also must be very numerous, and but little benefit is ever realized by
+those who part with these pittances from their scanty earnings. It is a
+well-known fact that companies realize very large profits from this
+business, and in some instances the writer has been credibly informed
+the expenses of the general business are met by the profits of this
+branch. This article is written in no spirit of hostility to
+level-premium insurance; it is simply a criticism upon its defects and
+its abuses. Properly administered, there is an ample field for the
+prosecution of its business. There will always be those who will prefer
+to pay the larger price, for what to them may seem the better form of
+insurance; but there will be large numbers, as now, who will prefer
+assessment insurance in reliable companies.</p>
+
+<p>There is an ample field for both assessment and level-premium<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> companies
+to prosecute their work. There need not and should not be antagonism
+between the two systems. Each will and should be criticised, but always
+in a spirit of fairness. To some extent modifications in both systems
+may be desirable, and doubtless a healthy competition will bring such
+changes to pass. Perfection is a quality of slow growth, but it <i>should</i>
+be the aim of those who administer the far-reaching and sacred trusts of
+either system of life insurance.</p>
+
+<p>Such companies can undoubtedly be made permanent by providing for the
+entrance of new members at any time in the history of the company at a
+cost for mortuary assessments substantially as low as in the earlier
+history of the company. This may be accomplished in either of two
+ways:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. By advancing the rate of assessment with advancing age, by what is
+called the step rate process, or,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>2. By the accumulation of funds to meet the increased assessments beyond
+a fair or normal rate.</p>
+
+<p>To say that a company which does not adopt the first of these systems is
+necessarily "doomed," as was asserted by a recent writer in your
+columns, is to make a very extravagant claim at least, and one to which
+the writer of this article would beg to demur. The objection to the plan
+of step rates is that it is not popular with the people who are the
+purchasers of insurance.</p>
+
+<p>The company adopting the plan says, "We shall get rid of our undesirable
+risks, those who are getting old, <i>because the rate of assessment</i> will
+be so high they <i>cannot afford to pay it</i>." The individual says, "I
+don't like a plan by which I am to be increasingly burdened as I grow
+older, and by which it is altogether probable I shall be compelled to
+sacrifice the savings of years, and lose my insurance at the last."</p>
+
+<p>This practical <i>freezing-out process</i> has never yet been made popular;
+perhaps it may be in the future.</p>
+
+<p>It is objected to the second method that some will pay more for the same
+value received than others, and it is therefore inequitable. But there
+is some inequity in any plan of insurance, and this last has not the
+element of injustice that would compel the aged and unfortunate to lose
+the entire savings of years because of unavoidable increasing cost.</p>
+
+<p>Assessments in most companies are graduated so that 800 or 1,000
+policy-holders responding to a mortuary call would make a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> $5,000 policy
+good for its face, and the income from $2,000,000 at five per cent would
+pay twenty losses of $5,000 each.</p>
+
+<p>Is it then an absurd statement that an assessment company properly and
+honestly administered, with that amount invested, can be perpetuated for
+all time?</p>
+
+<p>Long before the reduction of membership to a number insufficient to pay
+the face of the policy from direct assessments, the income from the
+reserve would so lessen the cost that members could not afford to lapse
+their policies, and new blood could always be secured.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ELIZABETH.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.</h3>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By Frances C. Sparhawk</span>, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."</h3>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXIX.</h3>
+
+<h4>ON GUARD.</h4>
+
+
+<p>It was nearly two weeks from the unsuccessful attack upon Island
+Battery, the fifth and most disastrous that had been made. The morning
+after it the soldiers, sore over their defeat, had listened sullenly to
+the shouts of victory from within the French lines. Since then the
+combined attack by land and sea, planned and eagerly wished for by the
+two commanders, had been deferred from day to day. But Pepperell was not
+idle, and he was unable to understand despair. To him a repulse was the
+starting point of a new attempt. But now, with half his camp in
+hospital, with French and Indians threatening him in the rear, and the
+great battlements of Louisburg still formidable, he dared not risk an
+assault that, if unsuccessful, would further dispirit the army, and
+might be fatal. He had sent to Governor Shirley for ammunition and
+re-inforcements, and he had still the resource of sounding away with all
+his guns, for which, by borrowing, he could find powder and balls. He
+availed himself of this privilege with a persistence that after the city
+had surrendered he was able to see had not been useless.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The West gate had long since been demolished, the citadel more than once
+injured by shot, and as to the city itself, streets of it were in ruin.
+But Island Battery still held its own and kept the fleet away from the
+city, the soldiers sickened, and the French governor held out. The
+incessant cannonade went on until sometimes the men wondered how it
+would seem not to hear bursting shells. There had been sorties and
+repulses, and though not much fighting, enough to prove the temper of
+the men. One day Elizabeth, looking across at a fascine battery where
+the enemy's fire was hottest in return, discovered Archdale standing in
+the most exposed position, watching and giving orders with an
+imperturbable face.</p>
+
+<p>So the siege went on, with brave resistance on one side, and on the
+other with that invincible determination that makes its way through
+greater obstacles than stone walls. The weather was magnificent in spite
+of the fogs at sea that sometimes made it impossible to go from shore to
+ship. Edmonson lay tossing on his bed in the hospital. He had been badly
+wounded in the attack, and his feverish mind retarded his recovery. As
+had been said, he had learned of Katie Archdale's engagement, not
+through Lord Bulchester, for that was the last thing that the nobleman
+would have told him, but through a correspondent in Boston to whom he
+had made it worth while to keep him informed of his lordship's
+movements.</p>
+
+<p>Edmonson's wound was painful, and his compensation did not come. Nancy,
+not Elizabeth, was his nurse. Occasionally the latter spent half an hour
+beside him when her maid was resting or was busy with others, but then,
+although she ministered to his physical comfort, her mind seemed always
+elsewhere, often where her eyes wandered, to some private whose
+suffering was greater than his.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish I had been the worst wounded man here," he said to her one day.</p>
+
+<p>"Why?" she asked bringing her eyes back to him. And then before he could
+answer, she added: "Your wound is bad enough; you will not get well
+until you are more quiet. Be a little more patient."</p>
+
+<p>"Patient!" he cried, half raising himself and falling back with a groan.
+"You are cruel. Patient! with the vision of delight always floating
+before me, never turning back to look at me or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> smile upon me. Patient!
+in torment. Perhaps you would be. Submission is not a constitutional
+virtue of mine."</p>
+
+<p>"It's being a virtue at all," returned Elizabeth, "depends upon whether
+we submit to men or to God." If any other lips had spoken the Divine
+name, Edmonson would have sneered openly. As it was, he lay silent,
+looking out at the speaker through half-veiled eyes. This tantalizing
+woman always turned his words into impersonalities. Her power had roused
+his will to its utmost to make her feel his own. How far had he
+succeeded, that she would condescend to stay with him when there was no
+one else to do it and he needed attention? It was because the surgeon
+would soon be here to look after his wounds and would need help, that
+she was sitting now, fanning him gently and glancing toward the door of
+the tent.</p>
+
+<p>"You are very impatient to have Waters come," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, a great many others need me."</p>
+
+<p>"Not half so much as I do," he began. "Your presence soothes me," he
+added hastily.</p>
+
+<p>"It is the sort of effect that a nurse ought to have," she answered.</p>
+
+<p>He was silent again. He would have given half the expected years of his
+life to know if ever so little of her indifference were feigned. He gave
+himself an impatient toss. Why had he come to this siege at all? He was
+not sure now that if he had accomplished his object, or should yet do
+it, the reward would come. He had known women that in Elizabeth's place
+would like to show their power of torture; but she scarcely deigned to
+glance at him, and tortured him a thousand times more. Why had Archdale
+thrown his arm about so clumsily and saved his life? So good an
+appointment was not likely to make itself again; he must have a hand in
+framing the next. And if worst came to worst as to absence of chance, he
+could still pick a quarrel over the clumsiness by challenging it as
+intention. Yet he was afraid that Archdale was too much of a Puritan to
+think of duelling.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't tire yourself fanning me," he said. "Talk to me a little."</p>
+
+<p>"I have nothing to say," answered Elizabeth. For it happened that she
+also was remembering that night in the boat as she had heard of it, and
+it seemed hard to her that she should be obliged to render Edmonson the
+smallest service, yet he had been brave in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> attack, and had been
+wounded in fair fight against the enemy. Her first thought that night of
+the attack, on seeing him borne in, had been that Archdale had given the
+wound in self-defence. She was humiliated by feeling that her wealth had
+been played for like a stake by Edmonson. For she had not yet come to
+confessing to herself what flashed across her mind sometimes. Two years
+ago Edmonson's approval had seemed to her a desert beyond her talents;
+now his admiration displeased her,&mdash;there was an element of
+appropriation in it. Where Elizabeth prized regard she could not
+condescend to woo it; where she did not prize it, it seemed to her, if
+openly given, almost an impertinence. Stephen had been right when in the
+midst of his anger at her pride he had felt that love would awake new
+powers in her, that she could be magnificent in action and in devotion.
+He had been very human, too, in the breath of wild desire to see her at
+her best that had swept through him. But the desire slept again as
+suddenly as it had waked, and the mists of indifference settled about
+him once more.</p>
+
+<p>Edmonson dared not speak. If he offended Elizabeth he should not see her
+again, except at a distance as real as the intangible space always
+between them now. And if he were silent, he might yet win, some day.</p>
+
+<p>"At last!" she smiled, and rose to meet the doctor with an alacrity that
+made Edmonson bite his under lip hard. She thought that dressing the
+wound took a long time that evening, that the physician had never been
+so slow before, nor the patient so fractious. But to Edmonson it seemed
+as if she vanished like a vision.</p>
+
+<p>At last she was in the open air, under the stars, and refreshed by the
+breeze. She stood looking out to sea, but there was an expression of
+trouble on her face, that the air could not blow away.</p>
+
+<p>A voice said, "Good evening," and, turning, she saw Archdale beside her.
+She asked him if he were on guard that evening.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," he answered. "You must be very tired, cooped up in that hot place
+for so many hours," he went on. "Shall we walk down to the shore and
+back, for a change. I'm sorry that I can't suggest any variations in the
+route. But we will stop at the brook and I will get you some fresh
+water."</p>
+
+<p>She took a step, then hesitated.</p>
+
+<p>"But I thought you were on guard," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"So I am, especially detailed by our commander-in-chief to look after
+the comfort and welfare of a certain gentleman, a civilian in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> name, but
+so active an inspector of military operations that I cannot often keep
+track of him unless I'm under fire myself, and also the welfare of two
+volunteer nurses who are in great danger of letting their zeal outrun
+their strength. No, I am wrong; I am in charge of only one nurse; she
+takes care of the other. It is you whom the General has in mind." Never
+was Archdale's tact finer and more opportune. After the smouldering
+passion of Edmonson, felt if not yet confessed to herself, the ease and
+safety of this companionship seemed to her like the difference between
+the air of the tents hot and heavy with unhealthy breaths, and the salt
+wind that came to her softly now, but with invigorating freshness.</p>
+
+<p>"I haven't the least idea where my father is," she said. "I suppose he
+is so used to business that he must have always something on hand."</p>
+
+<p>"He is with the General now," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"There is one walk I wish you would invite me to take," said Elizabeth,
+as they sauntered away. "Into the city, I mean." And for a moment she
+forgot the cost of victory in its exultation.</p>
+
+<p>"I will," he answered. "Will you come, then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly."</p>
+
+<p>They reached the brook and followed it up a little distance above the
+camp. Elizabeth sat down upon the bank, and Archdale filled his cup and
+brought it to her. She examined it by the dim light.</p>
+
+<p>"I see that it is silver, and chased," she said. "But I can't make out
+the figures upon it."</p>
+
+<p>"The Archdale arms," he answered. "I brought the cup with me. It's my
+canteen." She drank and gave it back to him.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you," she said. As she spoke, a shot rose high in air and ended
+its parabola in the heart of the doomed city. It seemed as if a cry
+uprose. Elizabeth shuddered. "How dreadful it is!"</p>
+
+<p>"You will never forget it," he answered.</p>
+
+<p>"No; no one who has been here ever can." She had risen, and they were
+walking down toward the shore. Her fatigue, or her mood, gave her an
+unusual gentleness of manner. As Stephen Archdale walked beside her he
+tried to imagine Katie as Elizabeth was now, with a background of
+suffering, with trial and daring, perhaps death before, and failed. He
+looked at Elizabeth, dimly seen under the starlight, now suddenly
+brought sharply into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> view by the flare of cannon, weary, glad of the
+General's thoughtfulness, without a suspicion that her present companion
+had suggested it, taking the rest that came to her and enjoying it as
+simply as a child would do, yet radiant at moments in the presage of
+national success, or pale with a glow of sublime faith at the efficacy
+of the sacrifice that was being offered up for her country. She seemed
+in harmony with the nature about her and the earnestness, perhaps
+tragedy, of her surroundings. Katie could not have been at home here; it
+was not because she had been brought up in luxury and laughter, for so
+had Elizabeth. It was because there was in the latter something
+responsive to the great realities of life. Did Katie lack this? He drew
+a quick breath at the thought. Elizabeth turned to him suddenly.</p>
+
+<p>"Is your arm quite well yet?" she asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Quite well, thank you."</p>
+
+<p>"Not even a twinge left?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not one."</p>
+
+<p>"I thought there was then," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, no, that was my conscience. Are you a good doctor for that? Shall I
+try you?"</p>
+
+<p>"No; thank you; my own is not clear enough."</p>
+
+<p>"Isn't it?" he said. "Then I think the rest of us had better give up in
+despair."</p>
+
+<p>She made an impatient movement, and said, "Was that Captain Edmonson's
+ball? You did not tell me, but I guessed it."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes. At first I thought it had only grazed my sleeve. But it was really
+very little." Archdale, bringing up the wounded on that night of the
+repulse, had said nothing of being wounded himself, and Elizabeth,
+meeting him three days afterward with his arm in a sling, had been
+assured that he was ashamed to speak of such a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>They sat down upon the rocks and talked for a time about the siege and
+the soldiers, and even about things at home, away from this strange
+life, but never about what had happened to themselves, and never one
+word of Katie. Elizabeth seemed to be resting. Archdale thought that she
+found it pleasant enough, too. But more than once she turned her face in
+the direction of the hospital, and he knew that she was thinking of her
+duties there. He must find some way to keep her a little longer. This
+hour must not be gone yet. What story could he tell her? If he did not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+begin, in a moment she would get up from that comfortable niche in the
+rock, and say that it was time to go back to her patients, and then it
+would be too late.</p>
+
+<p>"I think I never told you," he began, "how Mr. Edmonson's portrait, my
+great-grandfather's, came into that hiding-place? Would you care to
+hear?"</p>
+
+<p>"Very much, if it is not too much family history for you to tell me."</p>
+
+<p>He smiled. "I must begin a good way back, as far as with my
+grandfather's youth," he said. "I am afraid it was a wild one. He was
+handsome, and gay, and rich, well-born, too, though not of the
+Sunderland Archdales, as I had always supposed. He must have said this
+when he took his own name again after his year of hiding as a criminal
+from justice. But I don't think that he ever meant crime; it was an
+irregular duel. I think his adversary's first shot hit him in the
+shoulder, and at the second, for they were to fire twice, he rushed up
+to his opponent in a fury of pain, perhaps, and fired at close range.
+The man fell dead. I don't know how they tell the story in Portsmouth,
+but it's not worse than that, I suppose."</p>
+
+<p>"It's something like that, I think," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Pleasant to go back where we've always been so,&mdash;well, so esteemed; I
+mean that the name has been. But I may not go back," he added.</p>
+
+<p>She made no answer for a moment; then she said, "Captain Edmonson is
+like that."</p>
+
+<p>"But worse," he answered.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, worse."</p>
+
+<p>"Is his wound doing well?" questioned Archdale.</p>
+
+<p>"It is healing, but very slowly."</p>
+
+<p>"Next time he will not fail of his mark," said the young man.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps the next time his mark will be the enemy," she answered. "He
+has had time to think." Her companion gave an eager glance. "Is she
+teaching him something?" he wondered. "What?" How could she teach him
+not to care for her? His pulses quickened. He altered his position a
+little, which brought him by so much nearer. "But tell me about the
+portrait," said Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p>Archdale told the story, the outlines of which Elizabeth had given to
+Mrs. Eveleigh. But he told it with so many details that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> it seemed new
+to her. "Edmonson insists that the nobleman killed in this duel was a
+distant relative of Sir Temple Dacre," he said, as he finished the
+account of the flight and the taking of the portrait.</p>
+
+<p>He told of its careful concealment afterwards lest it should identify
+them, and how, when the daughter's eyes rested upon it, she had a dread
+of discovery, that amounted almost to a sense of guilt.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor woman!" said Elizabeth, "with the loss of her father and her
+child, she could not have been very happy."</p>
+
+<p>Her listener recalled that the speaker at one time in her life had not
+considered the loss of a husband in any other light than a great
+satisfaction. But he went on to explain that after his grandmother's
+death, the portrait had been concealed where Elizabeth had discovered
+it. "My mother knew nothing of it," he said, "but my father had seen it
+before. He told me so after that day," he added, remembering that
+Elizabeth had heard Colonel's denial of any knowledge of the portrait.
+"He knew whom it was a picture of, I mean, and that we were not the
+Sunderland Archdales, but nothing of Edmonson's rights; and he had
+looked at the portrait so little that he never perceived the likeness to
+Edmonson until we all did. Edmonson, you know, was in search of this
+portrait. He had heard of it from his father, who passed as the child of
+the old man's only son, who died in India at about the same time that
+the baby and nurse came to the grandfather's. My grandmother Archdale
+besought her father to take care of the child until she could send for
+it, and he was better than her request. I suppose that he could not bear
+to give up both his children and he hated his son-in-law. Edmonson's
+father did not know his real name until after the elder Edmonson's
+death. Then the nurse told him the story. But at that time he was
+twenty-five; married, and established in his home, with no desire to
+change, or to share his possessions. Gerald learned the truth only when
+he came of age, and his capacity for getting through with money made him
+think that something ought to be made out of his colonial relatives. He
+had spent his own moderate fortune before he came here. He showed his
+character in his way of going to work," finished Archdale,
+contemptuously. "He could not believe that anybody would have honesty
+enough not to defeat his claim unless he could clinch his proofs
+instantly."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"It was a cowardly way of doing it," said Elizabeth slowly.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," he answered, and looked at her, wondering if he should learn what
+she was thinking about, for it seemed as if she had only half finished
+her sentence.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing seems to me stranger than the difference between people in the
+same family," she said at last, almost more to herself than to him.
+There was something so utterly impersonal in her tone that she seemed to
+be setting forth a general trite observation rather than comparing
+Edmonson with any of his relatives. And it was evident that, if she
+thought of her listener at all, this was the way in which the remark was
+meant for him. And yet&mdash;Then he heard Elizabeth saying that she must go
+back.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Melvin is dying," she said. "He probably will not live through the
+night. I promised to take down some messages for him. He began to give
+them to me, but was so exhausted that I had to leave him to rest. But I
+must not leave him too long, and then there are the others." Stephen
+helped her down from the rock as she spoke, and they went together along
+the beach and up the path from the shore, talking as they went. She told
+him some of the things that the men needed most, and asked his advice
+and his help toward getting for them what was possible. "I cannot go to
+the General for these; I cannot put any more burdens upon him," she
+said. Archdale told her all that he could, and then for a few minutes
+they walked on in silence. At the hospital she stopped and turned to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you," she said. Then, as he was about to answer, she added
+hastily, "I think that experience like this is good for us, for every
+one I mean; it opens up the world a little and shows so much suffering
+besides one's own. It's a help to get at the proportions of things.
+Don't you think so?" The appeal in her voice was an exquisite note of
+sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Stephen knew that all his life long it had been his way, as it had been
+that of the other Archdales, to consider his own joys and sorrows not
+only of more relative but of more actual importance than those of the
+people about him. He looked at Elizabeth, royal as she stood, full of
+compassion for him, but with her hand already stretched out to draw back
+the canvas which separated her from that presence of death in which live
+and grow, watered by tears, all human sympathies. It seemed as if she
+always touched some chord in him untouched by others. Was it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> the truth
+that she spoke that thrilled him so? He perceived nothing clearly except
+the one thing that he uttered.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," he said, "I am glad I came,&mdash;glad for my own sake, I mean. Be it
+for joy or sorrow, for life or death, I am glad that I came."</p>
+
+<p>She drew back the curtain of the tent. He bowed and turned away.</p>
+
+<h4>[TO BE CONTINUED.]</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EDITOR'S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is not an easy task either to establish a magazine, or, having
+secured for it a place in public favor, to retain the good will
+essential to its continued success. The examples of failure on the part
+of those who have essayed this task are so many and so notable, that
+publishers and editors who enter the field of periodical literature with
+new ventures, must possess, first of all, not a little courage; to this,
+if they are to expect any degree of success, must be added a <i>raison
+d'&ecirc;tre</i> for the publication; and, besides, there must be an
+accompaniment of managerial ability sufficient to give the reason a
+continual demonstration in fact. Whatever the view of the cheerful
+optimist who stands on the threshold of the magazine world, with his
+experience, like his hoped-for triumphs, all in the future, the
+conditions above named, as witnessed by the broken lance of many a
+vanquished knight of this "Round Table," are not easily met. It is with
+a full understanding of these facts that we record the enlarged plans of
+the publishers of the <span class="smcap">Bay State Monthly</span>, whereby that periodical, a vine
+of Massachusetts planting, seeking soil for wider growth, will send
+forth its roots into all New England. Chief among the features of the
+<span class="smcap">Bay State Monthly</span> which have made it acceptable to the people of
+Massachusetts have been the many articles relating to the history and
+biography of its storied towns and famous men. Material for articles of
+equal interest and value, and much of it as yet unused by historian or
+biographer in sketch or story, abounds in every State of the New England
+group. It is in order to make better use of this material, that a change
+is made, as will be seen, not in place, but in scope,&mdash;whereby the Bay
+State gives way to the New England; and the <span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span>, which
+is the <span class="smcap">Bay State Monthly</span> with a wider outlook, goes forth to commend
+itself to the good opinion of the citizens of Connecticut, Maine,
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and of New
+Englanders everywhere.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The prohibitionists of New England find it difficult to understand why
+Georgia, with the immense quota of ignorance in its voting population,
+has been able to abolish legal rum-drinking, a thing which has not yet
+been found possible&mdash;notwithstanding the supposed reign of a more widely
+diffused intelligence&mdash;in the greater part of New England. An
+explanation of the fact is to be found in the homogeneity of the
+Georgian population, due to the vast preponderance of native born
+elements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> (there being only ten thousand five hundred persons of foreign
+birth in 1880), and to the popular condition affecting public sentiment
+in Georgia and her sister States. Among these influences may be noted
+that of the clergy, who reach the greater part of the population, white
+and black, through the churches in whose membership it is enrolled; the
+fact that, owing to the comparative non-use of wines and beers, the
+question is simply that of rum or no rum; and the added circumstance
+that the evils of intemperance are there greatly aggravated by the
+character of the whiskey almost universally used, it being an
+unrectified form of the article, and accompanied by the most dangerous
+and destructive results to individuals and to society. Among these
+results may be mentioned the often repeated instances of lawlessness and
+bloodshed, and the growing demoralization of the colored workingmen,
+which reacts injuriously upon every industry.</p>
+
+<p>Against conditions like these, there can be found in almost any
+community in the land, in the aggregate, an opposing majority. In New
+England this majority is largely powerless, because swallowed up in the
+opposing votes of political parties. In Georgia it has succeeded,
+because it has separated the liquor question from all other political
+considerations and made it a separate issue, upon which men vote neither
+as Democrats nor Republicans, but as well meaning, and ably directed
+men, who are marshalled against a great social evil.</p>
+
+<p>New England temperance advocates have difficulties to contend with,
+growing out of the foreign born elements in our midst, which do not
+exist at the South; but it may be well for them to consider the question
+of adopting the Georgian method of sticking to the temperance issue as a
+distinct question, instead of dragging it into general politics, where
+the temperance element loses in strength by a division upon other
+questions.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We find in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> suggestions intended for the eyes of
+English matrons, but which may be equally commended to the attention of
+American mothers, relating to the establishment of "housekeeping
+schools" after the pattern of those in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Every girl in Germany, be she the daughter of nobleman, officer, or
+small official, goes, as soon as she has finished her school education,
+into one of these training establishments. The rich go where they pay
+highly. They are never taken for less than a year, and every month has
+its appropriate work: Preserving of fruits and vegetables, laying down
+meats, the care of eggs and butter, the preservation of woollen clothes,
+repairing of household linen, etc. Besides these general branches of
+housewifery, they are taught cooking, clear starching, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> washing of
+dishes, the care of silver and glass, dusting and sweeping, laying of a
+table and serving&mdash;in brief, all the duties which will fall to their own
+lot or to the servants whom they employ. As a result, the <i>m&eacute;nage</i> of a
+German matron is perfection, according to German ideas.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A good illustration of the historical spirit, which happily has come to
+stay in our midst, is seen in the instructive and entertaining articles
+which have recently been published in the newspapers concerning some old
+New England homesteads. Among these is one in the Boston <i>Courier</i> of
+Oct. 4, 1885, telling of the Pickering house in Salem, built in 1659,
+and still in the Pickering name, and also of the Porter place in Wenham,
+which, although it had been in the Porter name without alienation since
+1702, was of much older date. In the Boston <i>Transcript</i> of Nov. 28,
+1885, was also an interesting account of the old Curtis house at Jamaica
+Plain, which was finished in 1639. Its builder, William Curtis, was its
+first occupant; and from that time to 1883 none but his descendants
+occupied the house. A number of ancient dwellings still standing in New
+England were referred to in the same article.</p>
+
+<p>Such public notices of time-honored landmarks are to be commended, not
+only because they serve as historical links, but because they develop
+that historical imagination which enables one to clothe with a tender
+reverence places so rich in interest.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The present <span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span> is not the first of the name. Another
+New England Magazine was established in 1831, by Joseph T. Buckingham
+and his son Edwin, who died and was buried at sea in 1832. His cenotaph
+may be seen in Mount Auburn, bearing the inscription, "The sea his body,
+heaven his spirit holds." This magazine included among its contributors
+John Quincy Adams, Oliver Wendell Holmes (who commenced <i>The Autocrat of
+the Breakfast Table</i> as a serial in it), Jeremy Belknap, Jared Sparks,
+Edward Everett, Charles C. Felton, John G. Palfray, Gardner Spring,
+Joseph Story, Francis Wayland, Daniel Webster, and Nathaniel P. Willis.
+It contained articles upon the authorship of Junius, American
+Colonization Society, and Spurzheim, who died in 1832, and was among the
+first tenants of Mount Auburn, and the elegy upon whom, composed by John
+Pierpont, commencing</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Many a form is bending o'er thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many an eye with sorrow wet,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>pronounced at the funeral services at the Old South Church, is still
+remembered by many. It also contained <i>Garrett's Fly-Time</i>, <i>Reflections
+of a Jail-Bird</i>, etc., etc. It was discontinued in 1834, for want of
+patronage. We have the courage to believe that the success so justly
+merited, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> denied to the projectors of this pioneer among American
+periodicals, will not fail to reward the efforts of those who, at the
+end of a half-century, take up the broken thread, and give the
+time-honored name once more a place in American literature.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In a future number, we shall have more to say concerning our worthy
+predecessor in the Magazine field. It will be seen that there is much in
+common in the aims of the two periodicals, especially in the purpose to
+represent, and loyally serve, the best interests of New England and its
+people.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>As the <span class="smcap">New England Magazine</span> seeks to become a repository for material of
+interest concerning the New England States worthy of preservation, we
+cordially invite contributions to its pages, from all sources, of matter
+relating to town and local history, and the manners and customs of early
+times, and of biographical and other sketches relating to the notable
+men and women, the social and religious life, the occupations and
+industries, of colonial and later days.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Under the head of <span class="smcap">Necrology</span> there will be published obituaries of
+notable New England men and women recently deceased, accompanied, where
+possible, by brief genealogical records. The value of material thus
+placed in permanent form, within reach of future investigators, will be
+at once evident; and we shall be glad to receive properly prepared brief
+contributions to this department.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We shall seek to make the "Notes and Queries" department of the Magazine
+of use and interest to our readers, as a medium of communication between
+those seeking or possessing information as to New England persons and
+places. Communications intended for this department should be written
+separately from the letter enclosing them, and should be brief.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Brief records of the genealogy of families resident in New England
+during and prior to the war of the Revolution are invited; and by
+furnishing such records, especially in instances where they have not
+already been fully published, valuable additions will be made to the
+store of material relating to both history and biography&mdash;which is
+really <i>fundamental</i> history. Men and women <i>make</i> history.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In this connection we shall welcome not only articles of length, but
+anecdotes and scraps of information, for which a special department will
+be furnished, under title of "In Olden Times."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HISTORICAL RECORD.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>November 3.&mdash;Elections were held in twelve States of the Union. In
+Massachusetts, a full list of state officers and a legislature were
+chosen. Governor Robinson was elected for the third time, and all the
+other members of the Republican ticket were chosen,&mdash;it being a
+re-election for each one, excepting Alanson W. Beard, who succeeds D. A.
+Gleason as Treasurer.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The name of the West Roxbury Park, in the city of Boston, has been
+changed to the Franklin Park, and a fund established by Dr. Franklin
+applied to its purchase. In 1791 he left to the city &pound;1,000 which was to
+accumulate for one hundred years, when &pound;100,000 was to be appropriated
+for some public object, and the balance to accumulate for another
+century. The amount specified will not be realized, however, in 1891, as
+the fund will then reach only about $350,000.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>December 8.&mdash;Elections were held in thirteen Massachusetts cities. The
+Mayors elected are as follows: Chelsea, Mayor Endicott, re-elected;
+Somerville, Mayor Burns, re-elected; Cambridge, Mayor Russell,
+re-elected; Brockton, John J. Whipple; Salem, John M. Raymond;
+Gloucester, Mayor Parsons, re-elected; Haverhill, C. H. Weeks; Lowell,
+J. C. Abbott; Lawrence, A. B. Bruce; Taunton, R. H. Hall; Fall River, W.
+S. Greene; Springfield, E. D. Metcalf; Newton, D. H. Kimball.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> This department hereafter will be made much more complete,
+and will cover all of the New England States.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>NECROLOGY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>November 21.&mdash;The death occurred of Hon. Elizur Wright, a well-known
+Massachusetts man, and a resident of Medford. Mr. Wright was born in
+South Canaan, Conn., February 12, 1804, and graduated at Yale, in 1826.
+In his early life he was a teacher, from 1829 to 1833 being Professor of
+Mathematics in Western Reserve College. He became in 1833 Secretary of
+the American Anti-Slavery Society in New York. In 1838 he came to
+Boston, and for twenty years was actively engaged in editorial work,
+taking a stand as a most pronounced abolitionist. Since then he has been
+Insurance Commissioner or Actuary for the State till the time of his
+death. Mr. Wright has been an earnest advocate of the project for
+converting the "Middlesex Fells" into a park in later years. He was
+always an earnest, active man.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LITERATURE AND ART.</h2>
+
+
+<p>For more than twenty-five years the public has been familiar with the
+products of the skill and genius of John Rogers, in which he has
+illustrated a variety of social, domestic, literary, and political
+subjects. During the War of the Rebellion, when the hearts of the people
+were quickly reached by anything that brought vividly before them the
+scenes of soldier life or the experiences of the "brave boys in blue,"
+the artist won his way to a wide circle of admirers by his stirring
+representations of those scenes and experiences. His illustrations of
+Rip Van Winkle touched another chord in the public heart and increased
+the number and the enthusiasm of those who acknowledge the charm of his
+rare and facile power. He has produced three groups illustrative of
+scenes in Shakespeare, of which the latest, representing the interview
+between King Lear and Cordelia,<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> described in Act IV. Scene VII., is
+one of his best. The king had discarded and banished Cordelia, and
+divided his kingdom between his other two daughters; but their
+ingratitude and ill-treatment had driven him crazy. He had been brought
+in and laid on a couch by his old friend Kent,&mdash;who is disguised as a
+servant,&mdash;and the doctor. Cordelia, who still loves him truly and
+tenderly, tries to recall herself to his wandering mind. The whole group
+is conceived with remarkable power and truthfulness, and in it nothing
+is more noteworthy than the expression of filial love and sorrow on the
+face of the daughter. This group will both sustain and increase the
+artist's well-won reputation as an interpreter of life and its
+experiences.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The first two or three books of "Charles Egbert Craddock" secured to
+their author a most enviable literary reputation, and the writer's
+latest book<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> will be regarded with no less interest because it is now
+known that "Mr. Craddock" is Miss Mary Murfree. As in her other works,
+the book before us deals with the peculiar characteristics of life in
+the mountains of Tennessee, and is largely in the dialect of that
+region. Her rendering of this dialect has been strongly criticised by
+some, but we do not know who can be better authority than Miss Murfree
+herself, who has spent years among the people, engaged in careful and
+intelligent observation and study.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Prophet</i> is eminently a readable book, and is charming to those who
+like stories in dialect. The Prophet, which one would expect to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> a
+very strong character, is not brought out to such a degree as the
+writer, it would seem, could have easily done; but there are many word
+pictures which will long remain vivid in the reader's memory. We think
+Miss Murfree's literary reputation will be still further enhanced by the
+<i>Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains</i>, and the book may be wisely
+selected for reading, even by those who take time for only a very few
+stories.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><i>Princes, Authors and Statesmen</i>,<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> edited by James Parton, is a
+collection of very entertaining sketches of noted persons, written, for
+the most part, by relatives, personal friends or others who have known
+them under favorable circumstances. The habits and demeanors of eminent
+persons are always matters of curiosity and interest to the general
+public, and this book contains abundant material which will gratify just
+this harmless instinct, and yet there is no violation of that privacy
+which always ought to be observed. The volume contains "Dickens with his
+Children," by Miss Mamie Dickens; "Reminiscences of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley," by Canon Farrar; "Victor Hugo at Home," by his secretary, M.
+Lesclide; and valuable chapters on Emerson, Longfellow, Gladstone,
+Disraeli, Thackeray, Macaulay and many other authors, besides emperors,
+kings and princes. The illustrations are numerous, and include many
+scenes of places and excellent portraits.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In no department of publishing has there been a greater advance than in
+the production of juvenile literature. Not many years ago there were
+very few really appropriate books for children published, and hardly
+anything in the way of periodical literature of a high standard for
+young folks. To supply a long felt need, Harper &amp; Brothers began a few
+years ago to publish a weekly magazine for children, employing in its
+production not only the best writers but the best artists to be found.
+The year's numbers up to November last, make a bound volume<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> of more
+than eight hundred pages of choicest juvenile reading, all crowded with
+beautiful illustrations, about 700 in number, and many of them gems of
+art. It would hardly seem possible to praise such a book too much. It is
+a storehouse of pleasure which may well delight any intelligent boy or
+girl.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The art of sculpture is commanding the interest of a steadily growing
+class outside the practical workers with the chisel, or the professional
+critics. Clara Erskine Clement's new book<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> is on the plan of her
+"Outline<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> History of Painting." For beginners in the sculptor's art, it
+is an admirable text-book, which must be welcomed by all in that class,
+while to the amateur, or the mere admirer of the art, it is a very
+pleasing and instructive book. It presents the salient facts about
+sculptors and their works from the earliest times, and the reader is
+given a large amount of help in the illustrations, which represent
+specimens of the art in every age and of every school.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mr. Hamerton's <i>Paris</i><a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> is a work which is sure to attract attention,
+to be read, and to be highly prized. The author's long residence in the
+great French metropolis has given him rare opportunities for this work,
+and he has given us the result of painstaking research in every quarter
+of the city. The author has made special reference to changes in the
+architecture and topography of Paris, and the book contains a large
+amount of matter of antiquarian value. The illustrations, of which there
+are many, are mostly simple outline sketches, or in the etching style,
+relating to architectural forms, and well serve their purpose.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Lovers of the quaint and curious in art, science, and literature have
+formed a pleasing acquaintance with <i>Notes and Queries</i>,<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> which has
+reached its forty-second number. The latest issue (December, 1885),
+which closes the second volume, contains a full and carefully prepared
+index to the entire work, which was begun in July, 1882. This magazine
+abounds in information concerning matters not usually treated of in more
+formal and pretentious works, and well deserves a cordial support from
+an inquiring public.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>For the best quality of American humor it is pretty well settled that
+the popular weekly paper <i>Life</i> is not equalled by any of its
+contemporaries. From the fifty-two numbers of the last twelve months the
+best of the humorous designs have been selected and bound into a
+handsome quarto volume.<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> Pen and pencil combine in making its pages
+laughable, and there are many incisive thrusts at the weak spots in
+society, but without coarseness or vulgarity.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> King Lear and Cordelia. Roger Groups of Statuary. New York:
+John Rogers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains. By Charles Egbert
+Craddock, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Some Noted Princes, Authors and Statesmen of Our Time.
+Edited by James Parton. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell &amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Harper's Young People, Volume VI. New York: Harper &amp;
+Brothers. Price $3.50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> An Outline History of Sculpture. By Clara Erskine Clement.
+New York: White, Stokes &amp; Allen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Paris, in Old and Present Times. By Philip Gilbert
+Hamerton. Boston: Roberts Brothers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Miscellaneous Notes and Queries, with Answers in all
+Departments of Literature. One Dollar a year. S. C. &amp; L. M. Gould,
+Manchester, N. H.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> The Good Things of <i>Life</i>. Second Series. New York: White,
+Stokes &amp; Allen.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NOTES AND QUERIES.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>ANSWERS.</h3>
+
+<p>4.&mdash;A good account of the "Know-Nothings" is to be found in the
+"Magazine of American History," Vol. 13, p. 202, in article "Political
+Americanisms," by Charles Ledyard Norton.</p>
+
+<p>6.&mdash;That antiquarian scholar, Samuel Gardner Drake, made an exhaustive
+study of the Massachusetts Indians, which is embodied principally in his
+"Book of the Indians," the "Old Indian Chronicle" and the "Particular
+History of the Five Years' French and Indian War." Much Indian history
+is also given in notes, introductions, and appendices, in his editions
+of Church's and Mather's "King Philip's War," and Mather's "Early
+History of New England."</p>
+
+<p>7.&mdash;There is no extended biography of Robert Rantoul, Jr., but sketches
+of him may be found in the "North American Review," Vol. 78, p. 237, and
+the "Democratic Review," Vol. 27, p. 348; the latter containing a
+portrait.</p>
+
+<p>3.&mdash;A lady thoroughly identified with the Anti-Slavery cause, and
+abundantly able to answer the query "Who was the first American woman to
+publicly espouse the cause of Anti-Slavery," writes as follows in
+response to a request for her opinion:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The question is on some accounts rather a difficult question to
+answer, as I do not quite understand its intent. You doubtless
+know that until the Anti-Slavery movement and some time after,
+no woman, except those of the Society of Friends, ever spoke or
+even prayed in public. If women wished to show their interest
+on any question, it was in societies and meetings exclusively
+for women. And this was the case with the Anti-Slavery women.
+Women's Societies were very early organized, and a great many
+women were active in them.</p>
+
+<p>But I suppose the question relates to the women who addressed
+<i>mixed</i> audiences of men and women.</p>
+
+<p>At the convention held in Philadelphia, 1833, to form the
+National Anti-Slavery Society, all the delegates were men, but
+a large number of women were present, and Lucretia Mott, who
+was a minister of the Friends' Society, and consequently was
+used to speaking to both sexes in Friends' meetings, spoke at
+the convention, but did not make any formal address. Several
+other women, also "Friends," spoke; and several years after,
+Samuel J. May, in speaking about it, said he was ashamed to say
+that though the convention passed a vote of thanks to the women
+for their interest, no one thought of asking any of them, not
+even Lucretia Mott or Mary Grew, to sign the "Declaration of
+Sentiments." I think the first women, undoubtedly, who
+addressed a <i>mixed</i> audience of men and women of <i>all</i>
+denominations were Angela Grimk&eacute;, afterwards married to
+Theodore D. Weld, and her sister Sarah M. Grimk&eacute;. Being
+Southerners, and having been slaveholders, being allied to the
+best families of Charleston, S. C., their knowledge was
+considered authentic, and a great interest was shown to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> hear
+them. They too began by addressing meetings of women, but when
+they spoke in Boston, in 1837, so great was the desire of the
+<i>men</i> to hear them, that they were persuaded to hold public
+meetings of both sexes. I well remember the crowded audiences
+which listened to them with rapt attention.</p>
+
+<p>One can judge somewhat of the interest they excited from the
+fact that, at a time when no large halls or churches could be
+obtained for any kind of an Anti-Slavery meeting, the "Odeon,"
+at the corner of Federal and Franklin Streets, then the largest
+and most popular hall in Boston, was obtained for a course of
+five lectures by these ladies, and was filled every evening by
+a dense crowd. Angelina was the finer speaker and gave three
+lectures out of the five. This was the only time the Odeon was
+ever opened to Anti-Slavery. They were members of the Friends'
+Society, which undoubtedly prevented them from embarrassment in
+addressing mixed audiences.</p>
+
+<p>Wendell Phillips says of them, "No man who remembers 1837 and
+its lowering clouds, will deny that there was hardly any
+contribution to the Anti-Slavery movement greater or more
+impressive than the crusade of these Grimk&eacute; sisters from South
+Carolina, through the New England States."</p>
+
+<p>You see my answer to the question would be emphatically
+<i>Angelina and Sarah M. Grimk&eacute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Very truly,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;"><span class="smcap">Sarah H. Southwick.</span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;"><span class="smcap">Wellesley</span>, Mass.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Publishers and Editors of <span class="smcap">The Bay State Monthly</span>, in compliance with
+urgent suggestions from many friends, and in the belief that its
+interests will be in every way promoted by the change, have decided to
+enlarge the scope of the Magazine so as to include in its plans not only
+the "Bay State" but <i>all</i> of its sisters in the historical New England
+group.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The New England Magazine</span> will, therefore, aim to become a treasury of
+information relating to matters of special interest to citizens of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and
+Maine, and to be of incalculable value as an authoritative <i>recorder</i>
+and medium of interchange and information for all Libraries and
+Historical Societies especially, and for all history and literary loving
+people generally.</p>
+
+<p>Especial attention will be given to the features which have made the Bay
+State Monthly so acceptable, and <span class="smcap">new</span> features will be introduced which
+it is believed will add greatly to the interest and value of forthcoming
+numbers.</p>
+<p><a name="facing" id="facing"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;">
+<img src="images/image108.jpg" width="386" height="450" alt="MADAM SARAH ABBOT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MADAM SARAH ABBOT.<br />
+
+FOUNDER OF ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER.<br /><br />
+
+From the original portrait in the possession of the Academy, supposed
+to have been painted by T. Buchanan Read.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 1, January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22621-h.htm or 22621-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/2/22621/
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image108.jpg b/22621-h/images/image108.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8f6fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image108.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image11.jpg b/22621-h/images/image11.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ea23a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image11.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image12a.jpg b/22621-h/images/image12a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce5134f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image12a.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image12b.jpg b/22621-h/images/image12b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d45f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image12b.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image13.jpg b/22621-h/images/image13.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9145c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image13.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image14a.jpg b/22621-h/images/image14a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8d69f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image14a.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image14b.jpg b/22621-h/images/image14b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50c2a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image14b.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image46.jpg b/22621-h/images/image46.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6503e59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image46.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image47.jpg b/22621-h/images/image47.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79efbb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image47.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image48.jpg b/22621-h/images/image48.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f28804b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image48.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image49.jpg b/22621-h/images/image49.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2bc6fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image49.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image50.jpg b/22621-h/images/image50.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dd8dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image50.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image51.jpg b/22621-h/images/image51.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f192a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image51.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image52.jpg b/22621-h/images/image52.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf8dc38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image52.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image53.jpg b/22621-h/images/image53.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d536b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image53.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image54.jpg b/22621-h/images/image54.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4422326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image54.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image55.jpg b/22621-h/images/image55.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e15f11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image55.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image56.jpg b/22621-h/images/image56.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6334cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image56.jpg
diff --git a/22621-h/images/image57.jpg b/22621-h/images/image57.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41e9465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-h/images/image57.jpg
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f001.png b/22621-page-images/f001.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bbdbf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f001.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f002.png b/22621-page-images/f002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38563f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f002.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f003.png b/22621-page-images/f003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09036fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f003.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f004.png b/22621-page-images/f004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bc6cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f004.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f005.png b/22621-page-images/f005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b1df7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f005.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/f006.png b/22621-page-images/f006.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83168f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/f006.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p001.png b/22621-page-images/p001.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98e189b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p001.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p002.png b/22621-page-images/p002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..971ed73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p002.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p003.png b/22621-page-images/p003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d560462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p003.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p004.png b/22621-page-images/p004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ce1a5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p004.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p005.png b/22621-page-images/p005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5f1d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p005.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p006.png b/22621-page-images/p006.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35ced95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p006.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p007.png b/22621-page-images/p007.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26b59ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p007.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p008.png b/22621-page-images/p008.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af1a1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p008.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p009.png b/22621-page-images/p009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6335ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p009.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p010.png b/22621-page-images/p010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e77d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p010.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p011.png b/22621-page-images/p011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fcdf31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p011.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p012.png b/22621-page-images/p012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3572b97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p012.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p013.png b/22621-page-images/p013.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aa7ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p013.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p014.png b/22621-page-images/p014.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dce9e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p014.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p015.png b/22621-page-images/p015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70f299f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p015.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p016.png b/22621-page-images/p016.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb1ef67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p016.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p017.png b/22621-page-images/p017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95e89a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p017.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p018.png b/22621-page-images/p018.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5685f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p018.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p019.png b/22621-page-images/p019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d28f5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p019.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p020.png b/22621-page-images/p020.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c156841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p020.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p021.png b/22621-page-images/p021.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa5b602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p021.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p022.png b/22621-page-images/p022.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00e0de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p022.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p023.png b/22621-page-images/p023.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7e837c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p023.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p024.png b/22621-page-images/p024.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f90c989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p024.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p025.png b/22621-page-images/p025.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3243a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p025.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p026.png b/22621-page-images/p026.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9e0e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p026.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p027.png b/22621-page-images/p027.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cb8316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p027.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p028.png b/22621-page-images/p028.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf9d781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p028.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p029.png b/22621-page-images/p029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f24bdc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p029.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p030.png b/22621-page-images/p030.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc96d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p030.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p031.png b/22621-page-images/p031.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b96fa95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p031.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p032.png b/22621-page-images/p032.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eacde18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p032.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p033.png b/22621-page-images/p033.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7245810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p033.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p034.png b/22621-page-images/p034.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b82c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p034.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p035.png b/22621-page-images/p035.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86f027d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p035.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p036.png b/22621-page-images/p036.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20af33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p036.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p037.png b/22621-page-images/p037.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c7a9b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p037.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p038.png b/22621-page-images/p038.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe1b0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p038.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p039.png b/22621-page-images/p039.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3113ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p039.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p040.png b/22621-page-images/p040.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..439640b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p040.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p041.png b/22621-page-images/p041.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f590caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p041.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p042.png b/22621-page-images/p042.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eed729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p042.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p043.png b/22621-page-images/p043.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f083117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p043.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p044.png b/22621-page-images/p044.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b20c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p044.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p045.png b/22621-page-images/p045.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2570d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p045.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p046.png b/22621-page-images/p046.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff4e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p046.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p047.png b/22621-page-images/p047.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6edb954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p047.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p048.png b/22621-page-images/p048.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af1780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p048.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p049.png b/22621-page-images/p049.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08659c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p049.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p050.png b/22621-page-images/p050.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d45fc29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p050.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p051.png b/22621-page-images/p051.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8ffdd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p051.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p052.png b/22621-page-images/p052.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46918c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p052.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p053.png b/22621-page-images/p053.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1b2a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p053.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p054.png b/22621-page-images/p054.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76d2e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p054.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p055.png b/22621-page-images/p055.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6343c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p055.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p056.png b/22621-page-images/p056.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..267fae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p056.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p057.png b/22621-page-images/p057.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..251cbd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p057.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p058.png b/22621-page-images/p058.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3bb03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p058.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p059.png b/22621-page-images/p059.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..054b117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p059.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p060.png b/22621-page-images/p060.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56bc35c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p060.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p061.png b/22621-page-images/p061.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b15fe31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p061.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p062.png b/22621-page-images/p062.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..035ecf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p062.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p063.png b/22621-page-images/p063.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1148f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p063.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p064.png b/22621-page-images/p064.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb14b08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p064.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p065.png b/22621-page-images/p065.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b75f2bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p065.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p066.png b/22621-page-images/p066.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de57d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p066.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p067.png b/22621-page-images/p067.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ab6f3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p067.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p068.png b/22621-page-images/p068.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1afe865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p068.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p069.png b/22621-page-images/p069.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..333dcb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p069.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p070.png b/22621-page-images/p070.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d082296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p070.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p071.png b/22621-page-images/p071.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c08cba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p071.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p072.png b/22621-page-images/p072.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48111f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p072.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p073.png b/22621-page-images/p073.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f1a583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p073.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p074.png b/22621-page-images/p074.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccf1f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p074.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p075.png b/22621-page-images/p075.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2fd336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p075.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p076.png b/22621-page-images/p076.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c03e7d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p076.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p077.png b/22621-page-images/p077.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30ffc4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p077.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p078.png b/22621-page-images/p078.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc95a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p078.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p079.png b/22621-page-images/p079.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e280e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p079.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p080.png b/22621-page-images/p080.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56d97a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p080.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p081.png b/22621-page-images/p081.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5d847e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p081.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p082.png b/22621-page-images/p082.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38d3141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p082.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p083.png b/22621-page-images/p083.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..665be13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p083.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p084.png b/22621-page-images/p084.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c56c893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p084.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p085.png b/22621-page-images/p085.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f54f505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p085.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p086.png b/22621-page-images/p086.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..333057c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p086.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p087.png b/22621-page-images/p087.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb1b145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p087.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p088.png b/22621-page-images/p088.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d9acf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p088.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p089.png b/22621-page-images/p089.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34cb060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p089.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p090.png b/22621-page-images/p090.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90104a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p090.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p091.png b/22621-page-images/p091.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f77e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p091.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p092.png b/22621-page-images/p092.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b33d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p092.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p093.png b/22621-page-images/p093.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b99408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p093.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p094.png b/22621-page-images/p094.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6f6057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p094.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p095.png b/22621-page-images/p095.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcfd40f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p095.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p096.png b/22621-page-images/p096.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d7c57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p096.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p097.png b/22621-page-images/p097.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ee3e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p097.png
diff --git a/22621-page-images/p098.png b/22621-page-images/p098.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a070a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621-page-images/p098.png
diff --git a/22621.txt b/22621.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cdf86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4342 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1,
+January 1886, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The New England Magazine, Volume 1, No. 1, January 1886
+       Bay State Monthly, Volume 4, No. 1, January, 1886
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+(_AND BAY STATE MONTHLY_)
+
+An Illustrated Monthly
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, EDUCATIONAL AND GENERAL INTERESTS
+
+OF THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND STATES AND PEOPLE
+
+
+VOLUME IV
+
+     BOSTON
+     BAY STATE MONTHLY COMPANY
+     NO. 43 MILK STREET
+     1886
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by the BAY STATE
+MONTHLY COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at
+Washington. All rights reserved.
+
+
+Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston. Presswork by Berwick & Smith,
+Boston.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved
+to the end of the article. This issue has the Table of Contents for all
+of Volume IV. It also seems to be a volume in transition. On the first
+page of the issue, there is a note that states that it is  VOL. IV.
+NO. 1. of the Old Series, and VOL. I. NO. 1. of the New Series. The
+full page portrait of M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S. listed
+in the table of contents as facing page 1 did not appear in the
+scans.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.
+
+
+Abbot Academy. Six Illust. by Frank A. Bicknell and others
+                             Annie Sawyer Downs                   136
+
+Along the Kennebec, (Illust.)    Henry S. Bicknell                197
+
+Andover, An Illustrious Town, (Illust.)    Rev. F. B. Makepeace   301
+
+Art in Book Illustration    Charles E. Hurd                        37
+
+     Illustrations: The Christ Child--Forest of
+     Ardennes--Stamboul--Ianthe--Tower of the
+     Mengia--The Lady of the Lake--"How they Carried
+     the Good News"--Evening by the Lakeside--Maternity--"The
+     Swanherds where the sedges are"--The Silent Christmas.
+
+Attleboro, Mass. An historical and descriptive sketch
+                             C. M. Barrows                         27
+
+Barnard, Henry, The American Educator
+                             The late Hon. John D. Philbrick      445
+
+Bennett, Hon. Edmund Hatch                                        225
+
+Boston University School of Law    Benjamin R. Curtis             218
+
+Brown University, (Illust.)    Reuben A. Guild, LL.D.               1
+
+Cape Ann, A Trip Around    Elizabeth Porter Gould                 268
+
+Child, Lydia Maria    Olive E. Dana                               533
+
+Daughter of the Puritans, A    Anna B. Bensel                     452
+
+Dorris's Hero.--A Romance of the Olden Time    Marjorie Daw       463
+
+Editor's Table                            87, 177, 279, 378, 475, 557
+
+    Magazine Literature--Georgia _versus_ New England Prohibition--
+    German "Housekeeping Schools"--The Historic Spirit--The _old_
+    NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE and its _successor_--Notes--An Historical
+    Parallel--Archdeacon Farrar's Eulogy on the Founders of New
+    England--The Presidential Message--A Note of Peace in Turbulent
+    Times--Society sacrificing its Ornaments--Fall of the Salisbury
+    Government--Bostonian Society--Webster Historical
+    Society--Literary Labors of Miss Cleveland--Socialism in America
+    and Europe--The Chinese Problem--A Short History of Napoleon the
+    First--The _Century_ on International Copyright--Christian
+    Charity and Freedom--Comparative Marriage Statistics--Neither
+    Caste, Class, nor Sect in the late Civil War--Free Education
+    System--The Convict's Family--A Representative
+    American--Train-Wrecking--The Institute of Civics--New England
+    Summer Resorts--The Value of Recreation--The Sensational Press.
+
+Education: Progress and Prospects of Education in America         280
+
+Education                                                    184, 381
+
+Elizabeth: A Romance of Colonial Days. Chapters XXIX.-XXXIII.
+                             Frances C. Sparhawk         77, 168, 250
+
+Forty Years of Frontier Life in the Pocomtuck Valley
+                             Hon. George Sheldon                  236
+
+Grand Array of the Republic in Massachusetts
+                 Past Commander-in-Chief George S. Merrill        113
+
+Hawthorne's Last Sketch    P. R. Ammidon                          516
+
+Historical Record                         91, 185, 281, 382, 477, 560
+
+Irish Home Rule Agitation: Its History and Issues
+                             Rev. H. Hewitt                       157
+
+Judicial Falsifications of History    Hon. Chas. Cowley, LL.D.    457
+
+King Philip's War, A Romance of    Fanny Bullock Workman     330, 414
+
+Literature and Art                             91, 192, 294, 482, 565
+
+Lucy Keyes.--A Story of Mt. Wachusett. I.                         551
+
+Index to Magazine Literature                  193, 278, 389, 483, 567
+
+Maple-Sugar Making in Vermont, (Illust.)    J. M. French, M.D.    208
+
+Myth in American Coinage    Isaac Bassett Choate                  537
+
+Necrology                                 61, 190, 285, 380, 479, 562
+
+New Bedford, (26 Illust.)    Herbert L. Aldrich                   423
+
+New England Characteristics    Lizzie M. Whittlesey               374
+
+New England Library and its Founder, The    Victoria Reed         347
+
+New England Magazine, The Original    Rev. Edgar Buckingham       153
+
+New England Manners and Customs in Time of Bryant's Early Life
+                             Mrs. H. G. Rowe                      364
+
+Notes and Queries.--Answers                                        95
+
+Objections to Level-Premium Life Insurance    G. A. Litchfield     68
+
+Olden Time, In                                                    291
+
+On Detached Service.--An Episode of the Civil War
+                             Charles A. Patch, Mass. Vols.        121
+
+Otis, James, Junior    Rev. H. Hewitt                             319
+
+Port Hudson, An Incident of    William J. Burge, M.D.             548
+
+Publishers' Department                                             96
+
+Social Life in Early New England    Rev. Anson Titus               63
+
+Toppan, Colonel Christopher                                        60
+
+Town Meeting-House and Town Politics in the Last Century, A
+                             Atherton P. Mason, M.D.              127
+
+Trinity College, Hartford, (Illust.)    Prof. Samuel Hart, D.D.   393
+
+Tufts College, (6 Illust. by F. A. Bicknell)
+                             Rev. E. H. Capen, D.D.                99
+
+Veritable Trader, A    A. T. S.      529
+
+Wayte, Richard and Gamaliel, and some of their descendants
+                                         Arthur Thomas Lovell      48
+
+Webster, Daniel, and Col. T. H. Perkins    John Rogers             12
+
+Webster, Editorial Note on Daniel                                 217
+
+Webster, The Life and Character of Daniel
+                             Hon. Edward S. Tobey                 228
+
+Webster's Vindication    Hon. Stephen M. Allen                    509
+
+Webster Historical Society Papers.--The Webster Family, (Illust.)
+                             Hon. Stephen M. Allen           340, 409
+
+Williams College   Rev. N. H. Egleston                            485
+
+
+POETRY.
+
+To a Friend                      Edgar Fawcett                     12
+
+The Mendicant                    Clinton Scollard                 112
+
+Trust                            J. B. M. Wright                  249
+
+The Oriole                       Clinton Scollard                 267
+
+The Singer                       Laura Garland Carr               339
+
+Trust                            Arthur Elwell Jenks              373
+
+To Oliver Wendell Holmes         Edward P. Guild                  413
+
+The Picture                      Mary D. Brine                    421
+
+Hunting of the Stag of Oenoe     Clinton Scollard                 503
+
+On Hoosac Mountain               Edward P. Guild                  527
+
+Bonnie Harebells                 Anna B. Bensel                   536
+
+
+FULL PAGE PORTRAITS.
+
+M. R. Waite, Chief-Justice of the U. S.                      Facing 1
+
+Madame Sarah Abbot                                              "  99
+
+Edmund H. Bennett                                               " 197
+
+James Otis                                                      " 301
+
+Thomas Prince                                                   " 344
+
+Henry Barnard                                                   " 393
+
+Mark Hopkins                                                    " 487
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE
+
+AND
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+     Old Series              January, 1886.          New Series
+
+     VOL. IV. NO. 1.                                 VOL. I. NO. 1.
+
+Copyright, 1885, by Bay State Monthly Company. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+BROWN UNIVERSITY.[A]
+
+BY REUBEN A. GUILD, LL.D.
+
+[Illustration: Sayles Memorial]
+
+
+Brown University owes its origin to a desire, on the part of members of
+the Philadelphia Association, to secure for their churches an educated
+ministry, without the restrictions of denominational influence and
+sectarian tests. The distinguishing sentiments of the Baptists, it may
+be observed, were at variance with the religious opinions that prevailed
+throughout the American colonies a century ago. They advocated liberty
+of conscience, the entire separation of church and state, believer's
+baptism by immersion, and a converted church-membership;--principles for
+which they have earnestly contended from the beginning. The student of
+history will readily perceive how they thus came into collision with the
+ruling powers. They were fined in Massachusetts and Connecticut for
+resistance to oppressive ecclesiastical laws, they were imprisoned in
+Virginia, and throughout the land were subjected to contumely and
+reproach. This dislike to the Baptists as a sect, or rather to their
+principles, was very naturally shared by the higher institutions of
+learning then in existence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: COLLEGE CHURCH.]
+
+In the year 1756, the Rev. Isaac Eaton, under the auspices of the
+Philadelphia and Charleston Associations, founded at Hopewell, New
+Jersey, an academy "for the education of youth for the ministry." To
+him, therefore, belongs the distinguished honor of being the first
+American Baptist to establish a seminary for the literary and
+theological training of young men. The Hopewell Academy, which was
+committed to the general supervision of a board of trustees appointed by
+the two associations, and supported mainly by funds which they
+contributed, was continued eleven years. During this period many who
+afterwards became eminent in the ministry received from Mr. Eaton the
+rudiments of a good education. Among them may be mentioned the names of
+James Manning, Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, Samuel Jones, John
+Gano, Oliver Hart, Charles Thompson, William Williams, Isaac Skillman,
+John Davis, David Jones, and John Sutton. Not a few of the academy
+students distinguished themselves in the professions of medicine and of
+law. Of this latter class was the Hon. Judge Howell, a name familiar to
+the early students of Rhode Island College, as the University was at
+first called, and to the statesmen and politicians of that day. Benjamin
+Stelle, who was graduated at the College of New Jersey, and who
+afterwards, in the year 1766, established a Latin school in Providence,
+was also a pupil of Mr. Eaton at Hopewell. His daughter Mary, it may be
+added, was the second wife of the late Hon. Nicholas Brown, the
+distinguished benefactor of the University, and from whom it derives its
+name.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The success of the Hopewell Academy inspired the friends of learning
+with renewed confidence, and incited them to establish a college. "Many
+of the churches," says the Rev. Morgan Edwards, "being supplied with
+able pastors from Mr. Eaton's academy, and being thus convinced from
+experience of the great usefulness of human literature to more
+thoroughly furnish the man of God for the most important work of the
+gospel ministry, the hands of the Philadelphia Association were
+strengthened, and their hearts were encouraged, to extend their designs
+of promoting literature in the Society, by erecting, on some suitable
+part of this continent, a college or university, which should be
+principally under the direction and government of the Baptists."[B]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Edwards, to whom reference is made in the foregoing, was the pastor
+of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, to which he had recently
+been recommended by the Rev. Dr. Gill, and others, of London. He was a
+native of Wales, and an ardent admirer of his fellow-countryman, Roger
+Williams, the founder of Rhode Island. Possessing superior abilities,
+united with uncommon perseverance and zeal, he became a leader in
+various literary and benevolent undertakings, freely devoting to them
+his talents and his time, and thereby rendering essential service to the
+denomination to which he was attached. He was the prime mover in the
+enterprise of establishing the college, and in 1767 he went back to
+England and secured the first funds for its endowment. With him were
+associated the Rev. Samuel Jones, to whom in 1791 was offered the
+presidency; Oliver Hart and Francis Pelot, of South Carolina; John Hart,
+of Hopewell, the signer of the Declaration of Independence; John Stites,
+the mayor of Elizabethtown; Hezekiah Smith, Samuel Stillman, John Gano,
+and others connected with the two associations named, of kindred zeal
+and spirit. The final success of the movement, however, may justly be
+ascribed to the life-long labors of him who was appointed the first
+President, James Manning, D.D., of New Jersey. His "Life, Times, and
+Correspondence," making a large duodecimo volume of five hundred and
+twenty-three pages, was published by the late Gould & Lincoln, of
+Boston, in 1864.
+
+In the summer of 1763, Mr. Manning, to whom the enterprise had been
+entrusted, visited Newport for the purpose of arranging for the
+establishment of the college in Rhode Island. He was accompanied by his
+friend and fellow townsman, the Rev. John Sutton. They at once called on
+Col. John Gardner, a man venerable in years and prominent in society,
+being Deputy Governor of the Colony, and Chief Justice of the Supreme
+Court. To him, Manning unfolded his plans. He heard them with attention,
+and appointed a meeting of the leading Baptists in town at his own house
+the day following. At this meeting Hon. Josias Lyndon and Col. Job
+Bennet were appointed a committee to petition the General Assembly for
+an act of incorporation. After unexpected difficulties and delays, in
+consequence of the determined opposition of those who were unfriendly to
+the movement, a charter was finally granted, in February, 1764, for a
+"College or University in the English Colony of Rhode Island and
+Providence Plantations, in New England in America."
+
+This charter, which has long been regarded as one of the best college
+charters in New England, while it secures ample privileges by its
+several clear and explicit provisions, recognizes throughout the grand
+Rhode Island principle of civil and religious freedom. By it the
+Corporation is made to consist of two branches, namely, that of the
+Trustees, and that of the Fellows, "with distinct, separate and
+respective powers." The Trustees are thirty-six in number, of whom
+twenty-two must be Baptists or Antipaedobaptists, five Quakers or
+Friends, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Since 1874
+vacancies in this Board, have been filled in accordance with nominations
+made by the Alumni of the University. The number of the Fellows,
+including the President, who, in the language of the charter, "must
+always be a Fellow," is twelve. Of these, eight "are forever to be
+elected of the denomination called Baptist or Antipaedobaptists, and the
+rest indifferently of any or all denominations." "The President must
+forever be of the denomination called Baptists."
+
+But though Rhode Island had been selected for its home by the original
+projectors of the institution, and a liberal and ample charter had thus
+been secured, the college itself was still in embryo. Without funds,
+without students, and with no present prospect of support, a beginning
+must be made where the president could be the pastor of a church, and
+thus obtain an adequate compensation for his services. Warren, then as
+now, a delightful and flourishing inland town, situated ten miles from
+Providence, seemed to meet the requisite requirements; and thither,
+accordingly, Manning removed with his family in the spring of 1764. He
+at once commenced a Latin school, as the first step preparatory to the
+work of college instruction. Before the close of the year a church was
+organized, over which he was duly installed as pastor. The following
+year, at the second annual meeting of the corporation, held in Newport,
+Wednesday, September 3, he was formally elected, in the language of the
+records, "President of the College, Professor of Languages and other
+branches of learning, with full power to act in these capacities at
+Warren or elsewhere." On that same day, as appears from an original
+paper, now on file in the archives of the library, the president
+matriculated his first student, William Rogers,[C] a lad of fourteen,
+the son of Captain William Rogers of Newport. Not only was this lad the
+first student, but he was also the first freshman class. Indeed, for a
+period of nine months and seventeen days, as appears from the paper
+already referred to, he constituted the entire body of students. From
+such feeble beginnings has the university sprung.
+
+The first commencement of the college was held in the meeting-house at
+Warren on the seventh day of September, 1769, at which seven students
+took their Bachelor's degree. They were all of them young men of
+promise. Some of them afterwards filled conspicuous places in the
+struggle for national independence, while others became leaders in the
+church, and distinguished educators of youth. Probably no class that
+has gone forth from the college or university in her palmiest days of
+prosperity has exerted so widely extended and so beneficial an
+influence, the times and circumstances taken into account, as this first
+class that graduated at Warren. The occasion drew together a large
+concourse of people from all parts of the Colony, inaugurating, says
+Arnold, the earliest State holiday in the history of Rhode Island. A
+contemporary account preserves the interesting facts that both the
+President and the candidates for degrees were dressed in clothing of
+American manufacture, and that the audience, composed of many of the
+first ladies and gentlemen of the Colony, "behaved with great decorum."
+
+Up to this date, "the Seminary," says Morgan Edwards, "was, for the most
+part, friendless and moneyless, and therefore forlorn, insomuch that a
+college edifice was hardly thought of." But the interest manifested in
+the exercises of Commencement, and the frequent remittances from
+England, "led some to hope, and many to fear, that the Institution would
+come to something and stand. Then a building and the place of it were
+talked of, which well-nigh ruined all. Warren was at first agreed on as
+a proper situation, where a small wing was to be erected, in the spring
+of 1770, and about eight hundred pounds, lawful money, was raised
+towards erecting it. But soon afterwards, some who were unwilling it
+should be there, and some who were unwilling it should be anywhere, did
+so far agree as to lay aside the said location, and propose that the
+county which should raise the most money should have the college."
+Subscriptions were immediately set on foot in four counties, but the
+claimants for the honor were finally reduced to two, viz., Providence
+and Newport. The question was finally settled, at a special meeting of
+the Corporation held in Warren, February 7, 1770. "The people of Newport
+had raised," says Manning, in his account of this meeting, "four
+thousand pounds, lawful money, taking in their unconditional
+subscription. But Providence presented four thousand, two hundred and
+eighty pounds, lawful money, and advantages superior to Newport in other
+respects." The dispute, he adds, lasted from ten o'clock Wednesday
+morning until the same hour Thursday night, and was decided, in the
+presence of a large congregation, in favor of Providence, by a vote of
+twenty-one to fourteen.
+
+Soon after this decision, the President and Professor Howell, with
+their pupils, removed to Providence, occupying for a time the upper part
+of the brick school-house on Meeting Street, for prayers and
+recitations. On the fourteenth day of May, 1770, the foundations of the
+first college building, now called University Hall, were laid; John
+Brown, one of the "Four Brothers," and the famous leader in the
+destruction of the _Gaspee_ two years later, placing the corner stone.
+It was modelled after "Nassau Hall" in Princeton, where President
+Manning and Professor Howell were graduated. The spot selected for it
+was the crest of a hill, which then commanded a view of the bay, the
+river, with the town on its banks, and a broad reach of country on all
+sides. The land comprised about eight acres, and included a portion of
+the original "home lot" of Chadd Brown, the associate and friend of
+Roger Williams, and the "first Baptist Elder in Rhode Island." Now that
+the buildings of the city have crept up the hill, and, gathering round
+the college grounds, have stretched out far beyond them, thus shutting
+out the nearer prospect, the eye can still take in from the top of the
+building the same varied and beautiful landscape, which once constituted
+one of the chief attractions of the site.
+
+On Saturday, December 7, 1776, Sir Peter Parker, the British commander,
+with seventy sail of men-of-war, anchored in Newport harbor, landed a
+body of troops, and took possession of the place. Providence was at once
+thrown into confusion and alarm. Forces, hastily collected, were massed
+throughout the town, martial law was proclaimed, college studies were
+interrupted, and the students were dismissed to their respective homes.
+The seat of the Muses now became the habitation of Mars. From December
+7, 1776, until May 27, 1782, the college edifice was occupied for
+barracks, and afterwards for a hospital, by the American and French
+forces.
+
+In the spring of 1786, President Manning, whose graceful deportment,
+thorough scholarship, and wise Christian character had commended him to
+all his fellow-citizens, was unanimously appointed by the General
+Assembly of Rhode Island to represent the state in the Congress of the
+Confederation. This was during a crisis of depression and alarm, when
+the whole political fabric was threatened with destruction. He, however,
+returned to his college duties at the close of the year, being unwilling
+to remain longer away from the scenes of his chosen labors. With the
+momentous questions of the day he was thoroughly familiar, and he
+afterwards, by his voice and by his pen, contributed very materially to
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution by the State, in 1790. He died
+very suddenly in the summer of 1791, in the fifty-fourth year of his
+age. His death was regarded as a public calamity, and his funeral was
+largely attended, not only by the friends of the college, of which he
+may be regarded in one sense as the founder, but by a vast concourse of
+people from all parts of the town and the State in which he lived.
+
+Dr. Manning was succeeded in the presidency by the Rev. Dr. Jonathan
+Maxcy, who during the previous year had held the temporary appointment
+of Professor of Divinity. The career of this remarkable man indicates a
+high order of genius. At the early age of fifteen he had entered the
+Institution as a pupil, graduating in 1787 with the highest honors of
+his class. Immediately upon graduating he was appointed tutor, which
+position he held four years. During his brilliant career of ten years,
+in which he was the executive head of the college, men were educated and
+sent out into all the professions, who, for learning, skill, and success
+in life, will not suffer in comparison with the graduates of any period
+since.
+
+Dr. Maxcy resigned the presidency in 1802, when he was succeeded by the
+Rev. Dr. Asa Messer, a graduate under Manning, in the class of 1790. He
+held the office until 1826, a period of twenty-four years. Under his
+wise and skilful management the college prospered; its finances were
+improved; its means of instruction were extended; and the number of
+students was greatly augmented. It was in the beginning of his
+administration that the college received the name of Brown University,
+in honor of its most distinguished benefactor, Hon. Nicholas Brown. This
+truly benevolent man was graduated under Manning in 1786, being then but
+seventeen years of age. He commenced his benefactions in 1792, by
+presenting to the Corporation the sum of five hundred dollars, to be
+expended in the purchase of law books for the library. In 1804 he
+presented the sum of five thousand dollars, as a foundation for a
+professorship of oratory and belles-lettres; on which occasion, in
+consideration of this donation, and of others that had been received
+from him and his kindred, the Institution, in accordance with a
+provision in its charter, received its present name. Mr. Brown died in
+September 1841, at the age of seventy-two. The entire sum of his
+recorded benefactions and bequests, giving the valuation which was put
+upon them at the time they were made, amounts to one hundred and sixty
+thousand dollars.
+
+Dr. Messer was succeeded in the Presidency by the Rev. Dr. Francis
+Wayland, who was unanimously elected to this office on the thirteenth of
+December, 1826. His administration extended over a period of
+twenty-eight and a half years, during which the University acquired a
+great reputation for thorough analytical instruction. His treatises on
+"Moral Science," and "Intellectual Philosophy," were used as text-books
+in other colleges, while "The Moral Dignity of the Missionary
+Enterprise" gave him a world-wide celebrity as a preacher. He resigned
+in 1855, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Barnas Sears, who
+continued in office twelve years, when he resigned, having been
+appointed agent of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Educational
+Fund. During his administration, which extended through the financial
+crisis of 1857, and the long years of civil war, the University
+prospered, the facilities for instruction were increased, a system of
+scholarships was established, and large additions were made to the
+college funds. Dr. Sears was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Alexis Caswell, a
+graduate of the University, and for more than thirty-five years an
+honored and successful professor in the Institution. He was thus
+thoroughly conversant with its history, and familiar with its special
+needs. The Rev. Dr. E. G. Robinson, the present active and efficient
+president, entered upon his duties in the fall of 1872. He, too, is a
+graduate of the Institution over which he now presides, being a member
+of the class of 1838.
+
+The buildings of the University are ten in number. Of these the oldest
+is "University Hall," which has already been described. This venerable
+structure, so rich in historical associations, and so dear to all the
+graduates, has recently been thoroughly renovated and modernized, its
+external appearance remaining the same, at an expense of nearly fifty
+thousand dollars. The "Grammar School Building," now rented to private
+parties, and occupied as at first for a preparatory or classical school,
+was erected in 1810, the cost having been defrayed by subscription.
+"Hope College" was erected in 1822, at the expense of Hon. Nicholas
+Brown, who named it after his only surviving sister, Hope Ives, wife of
+the late Thomas Poynton Ives. "Manning Hall" was erected in 1834, also
+at the expense of Mr. Brown, who named it after his revered instructor,
+the first President of the College. "Rhode Island Hall," and the
+"President's Mansion," were erected in 1840, at the expense mostly of
+citizens of Providence; Mr. Brown, with his wonted liberality,
+contributing ten thousand dollars. The "Chemical Laboratory" was erected
+in 1862, through the exertions of Professor N. P. Hill, late United
+States Senator from Colorado. The new "Library Building," which has been
+pronounced by competent judges to be one of the finest of its kind in
+the country, was erected in 1878, at a cost, exclusive of the lot on
+which it stands, of ninety-six thousand dollars. Both the building and
+the grounds were a bequest of the late John Carter Brown, a son of the
+distinguished benefactor. The new dormitory, "Slater Hall," was erected
+in 1879, by Hon. Horatio N. Slater, a member of the Board of Fellows,
+and a liberal benefactor of the University. "Sayles Memorial Hall,"
+which was dedicated, with appropriate ceremonies, in June, 1881, is a
+beautiful structure of granite and freestone, erected at the expense of
+Hon. William F. Sayles, a member of the Board of Trustees, in memory of
+his son, who died in the early part of his collegiate course. It is used
+for daily recitations, while its spacious hall, adorned with portraits
+of distinguished graduates and benefactors, serves for Commencement
+dinners and special academic occasions.
+
+The "Bailey Herbarium," the "Herbarium Olneyanum," and the "Bennett
+Herbarium," contain altogether seventy-one thousand eight hundred
+specimens, arranged in good order for consultation, and constituting an
+important addition to the means of instruction in Botany. The Museum of
+Natural History and Anthropology, in Rhode Island Hall, contains upwards
+of fifty thousand specimens, implements, coins, medals, etc., classified
+and arranged by Professor J. W. P. Jenks. The Library, which dates back
+from the year 1767, when the Rev. Morgan Edwards collected books for it
+in England, numbers sixty-three thousand choice and well bound volumes,
+and a large number of unbound pamphlets. Among the recent additions is
+the valuable and unique "Harris Collection of American Poetry,"
+bequeathed by Hon. Henry B. Anthony, a graduate of the University, and
+for twenty-five years a member of the United States Senate. The books of
+the Library are arranged in alcoves according to subjects, and free
+access is allowed to the shelves. The funds of the University, according
+to the report of the Treasurer for April, 1885, amount to $812,943.
+There are sixty-six scholarships for the aid of indigent students, and
+also premium, prize, and aid funds, amounting to $40,000. The Library
+Funds amount to $36,500.
+
+The Faculty consists of the President, twelve Professors, two assistant
+Professors, five Instructors, two assistant Instructors, one Librarian,
+one assistant Librarian, a Registrar, and a Steward. The present number
+of undergraduates, according to the annual catalogue for 1885-86, is
+239. The number of graduates, as appears from the triennial catalogue,
+is 3,191. About one fourth of this number are in italics, indicating
+that they have been ordained and set apart for the work of the Christian
+ministry. Of these upwards of one hundred have appended to their names
+"S. T. D.," including bishops eminent for their piety and learning,
+missionaries of the cross in foreign lands, presidents of theological
+schools, and religious teachers whose names are conspicuous in the
+republic of letters, and whose virtues and deeds are held in grateful
+remembrance.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Brown University, the Charter of which was granted in 1764, is the
+seventh American College in the order of date. Harvard College was
+founded in 1638; William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1692; Yale
+College, in 1701; College of New Jersey, in 1746; University of
+Pennsylvania, in 1753; and Columbia College, in 1754.
+
+[B] Appendix to President Sears' Centennial Discourse, page 63.
+
+[C] Mr. Rogers was graduated in 1769. In 1772 he removed to
+Philadelphia, and was ordained pastor of the first Baptist Church. He
+became distinguished for his eloquence; was made a Doctor in Divinity;
+and during the war rendered good service as a brigade chaplain in the
+Continental army. He was an honored member of the Masonic Fraternity,
+and an intimate friend of Washington. The late William Sanford Rogers,
+of Boston, who died in 1872, bequeathed to the University the sum of
+fifty thousand dollars to found the "Newport Rogers' Professorship of
+Chemistry," in honor of his father, Robert Rogers, who was graduated in
+1775, and of his uncle, William Rogers, a member of the first graduating
+class.
+
+
+
+
+TO A FRIEND,
+
+_On his Departure for a Tour round the World._
+
+BY EDGAR FAWCETT.
+
+
+    In losing thee, dear friend, I seem to fare
+      Forth from the lintel of some chamber bright,
+      Whose lamps in rosy sorcery lend their light
+    To flowery alcove or luxurious chair;
+    Whose burly and glowing logs, of mellow flare,
+      The happiest converse at their hearth invite,
+      With many a flash of tawny flame to smite
+    The Dante in vellum or the bronze Voltaire!
+
+    And yet, however stern the estrangement be,
+      However time with laggard lapse may fret,
+        That haunt of our fond friendship I shall hold
+    As loved this hour as when elate I see
+      Its draperies, dark with absence and regret,
+        Slide softly back on memory's rings of gold!
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL WEBSTER AND COL. T. H. PERKINS.
+
+A SUMMER-DAY OUTING IN 1817.
+
+BY JOHN K. ROGERS.
+
+
+On the morning of Thursday, the fourteenth day of August, 1817, Col.
+Thomas H. Perkins, after an early breakfast, left his house on Pearl
+Street in Boston, and entered his travelling carriage, having in mind a
+pleasant day's excursion with his friend, Mr. Daniel Webster, for a
+purpose which will hereafter appear.
+
+Though now given up to trade, Pearl Street was then the site of some of
+the finest dwellings in the city, and prominent among these was Col.
+Perkins's mansion, afterwards munificently bestowed, with other gifts,
+upon the Massachusetts Blind Asylum, which then became the Perkins
+Institution for the Blind, and occupied the building for its charitable
+purposes.
+
+As his comfortable and substantial equipage passed down the gentle slope
+towards Milk Street, it met with a general recognition, for Boston was
+then a town of some thirty thousand people only, and Col. Perkins one of
+its best known citizens.
+
+Born in 1764, at five years of age he saw from his father's house in
+King Street the Boston Massacre, and, after receiving a commercial
+education, was for more than fifty years a leading merchant in his
+native city. His military title was not one of courtesy only, but
+conferred upon him as commander of the Corps of Independent Cadets, a
+most respectable body of citizens, upon whom devolved the annual duty of
+escorting the Governor and Legislature to hear the time-honored Election
+Sermon, which marked the opening of the General Court in the month of
+January.
+
+Passing up Milk Street, then also a street of dwellings,--among them the
+birthplace of Franklin,--the Old South Church, which at that time had
+received only its first "desecration," was soon reached, and the
+carriage turned into Washington Street, opposite the Province
+House--with its two large oak trees in front, and the grotesque gilt
+Indian on the roof with bended bow, just then pointing his arrow in
+obedience to a gentle breeze from the south-west; then up the narrow
+avenue of Bromfield Street, with the pretty view of the State House over
+the combined foliage of Paddock's elms and the Granary Burial Ground,
+and, turning into Tremont Street, our traveller was soon at Park-Street
+Corner.
+
+The noble church edifice which graces this sightly spot, though sadly
+dealt with in its general symmetry, still lifts its lofty spire with
+undiminished beauty, and justifies the stirring lines of Dr. Holmes:--
+
+    "The Giant standing by the elm-clad green;
+    His white lance lifted o'er the silent scene;
+    Whirling in air his brazen goblet round,
+    Swings from its brim the swollen floods of sound."
+
+As our friend turned into Park Street on this summer morning, the
+giant's lance threw its shadow far into the Common among the cows which
+were quietly cropping the dewy grass within the enclosure of the old
+rail fence, while his brazen goblet clanged the hour of seven.
+
+As the substantial citizen of to-day passes up this street, where shops
+are rapidly displacing the mansions of the last century, he looks with
+honest pride upon Boston's crowning glory, the gilded dome which, like a
+great golden egg, is nested upright upon the roof which shelters the
+annually-assembled wisdom of the Old Commonwealth. Around its glowing
+swell the orbit of the sun's kiss is marked by an ever-moving flame, and
+even its shadows are luminous.
+
+As he looks across the Common he catches glimpses of the "New Venice"
+which has been built upon the lagoons of the Back Bay, and sees among
+its towers and spires one beautiful campanile which, by its graceful
+inclination to the south, recalls Pisa's wonder, and lends a special
+charm to the view.
+
+Upon the little eminence near the Frog Pond, once the site of the fort
+built during the British occupation to defend the city from the American
+army encamped on the opposite shore, rises the monument which
+commemorates the war of the Rebellion and the gallant men of Boston who
+lost their lives in defence of the Government.
+
+On that pleasant morning in 1817, neither the beautiful new city nor the
+sad monument greeted the eye of the good Colonel, for the Common formed
+the western boundary of the town, and the British earthworks were still
+upon the little hill.
+
+Could he have had a prophetic vision of the one, his honest pride in his
+native town would have risen almost to ecstasy. Could he have known of
+the other, his patriotic soul would have sunk within him, and the
+pleasure of his day's journey would have given place to grief.
+
+Rounding the Common, by the Hancock mansion, with its lilac bushes and
+curiously wrought iron balcony, Walnut Street was soon reached, and,
+near its junction with Mount Vernon Street, the house of Mr. Webster.
+
+The future "Defender of the Constitution" was no sluggard. It was his
+habit to "Rise with the lark and greet the purpling east," to use one of
+his favorite quotations, and the carriage had hardly stopped when he
+appeared, and, exchanging kindly greetings with the Colonel, took his
+place beside him.
+
+Mr. Webster was at this time thirty-five years old, and had taken up his
+residence in Boston to resume the practice of his profession, after
+representing his native State of New Hampshire for two terms in
+Congress.
+
+Col. Perkins was among the first to recognize his abilities, and a
+strong attachment had grown up between them. A marked element in the
+Colonel's character was his constant desire to investigate for himself
+remarkable developments in nature and art; and on this occasion, when he
+expected an unusual gratification of his curiosity, no company could be
+more congenial than that of his friend, the young advocate.
+
+As the two companions made their way down the north side of Beacon Hill
+towards Charlestown bridge, their conversation, cheerful and even gay
+through the prospect of an interesting and pleasant excursion, turned
+from private matters to topics of local interest, and thence to national
+affairs.
+
+Mr. Webster's experiences at Washington naturally took the lead, and
+were listened to with attention by his companion. Mr. Monroe was at this
+time taking an extended tour through the Northern States, having
+occupied the presidential chair but a few months; the "era of good
+feeling" had fairly commenced, partisan violence had for the time
+abated, and the country was at peace with all the powers of the earth.
+
+Soon our travellers pass Charlestown bridge, leaving Copp's Hill and
+Christ Church, with its memories of Paul Revere, behind them, and
+approach Bunker's Hill, where eight years later Mr. Webster was to
+inaugurate the building of the monument with an eloquent address.
+
+Next they cross the bridge to Chelsea, and, continuing their way through
+the little village beyond, the long stretch of the Salem Turnpike over
+the Lynn marshes opens to them, with the wooded heights of Saugus on the
+north, the wide sands of Lynn beach on the south, and few signs of life
+beside the skimming flight of wild fowl and the occasional plunge of a
+seal at their approach.
+
+And now the wide expanse of land and sea, and the cool breeze stealing
+in from the water, turn their conversation to things maritime and
+foreign, to the wonders of the deep, and to the danger of those who "go
+down to the sea in ships," and brave its storms and hidden rocks.
+
+The Colonel, from his youth fond of travel, had now many a story to tell
+of his early voyages on business to Charleston, Saint Domingo, Batavia,
+and Canton, and of his visits to Europe, one of which brought him in
+contact with some of the stirring scenes of the French Revolution in
+1792.
+
+Thus beguiling the time, they pass through the village of Lynn, with a
+glance at High Rock on the one side and a longer look on the beautiful
+peninsula of Nahant on the other. Between Lynn and Salem lies a rocky
+and sterile tract, to this day almost without an inhabitant, but not
+without its picturesque and beautiful spots, like that for instance
+about the little pond, which is crossed by the floating bridge, through
+the cracks of whose rude floor the water spouts in miniature geysers as
+the carriage rolls across.
+
+Near by is the region where the famous witchcraft delusion took its
+rise; but reminiscences of this cruel drama are cut short by the abrupt
+transition to the closely-built streets of Salem, where our friends soon
+find themselves moving on through Essex Street, passing the East India
+Marine Hall, containing the contributions of Salem's numerous merchants
+and mariners, passing also the White mansion, a few years later to be
+the scene of a foul murder, in the investigation of which Mr. Webster
+was to make one of his most eloquent pleas, thence by the well-known
+Common and through the long avenue to Beverly bridge, over which they
+pass to the ancient town of Beverly, and are launched on that most
+delightful seashore road, which, continuing on through Manchester and
+Gloucester and round Cape Ann, has been pronounced the loveliest in New
+England.
+
+Soon the Beverly Farms, and then Manchester, are reached,--both places
+known to-day as the summer residences of some of Boston's best citizens,
+whose comfortable and elegant homes are reared upon every commanding
+spot.
+
+Next, after Manchester, the environs of Gloucester,--Kettle Cove, now
+rejoicing in the more pleasing name of "Magnolia," taken from the swamp
+near by, where grow those fragrant flowers whose creamy petals, set off
+by dark-green leaves, are popularly supposed to scent the air for miles
+around,--a race of strangers whose translation from the sunny South to
+this northern clime is one of the wonders of the region.
+
+After Magnolia, they ride through the pleasant woods to Fresh Water
+Cove, passing Rafe's Chasm and Norman's Woe Rock. Now the extreme end of
+Eastern Point, stretching away to the right and forming the outer part
+of Gloucester Harbor, appears in sight; but it is not till the top of
+Sawyer's Hill is reached that our friends, gaining a full view of the
+wide-spread panorama, call a halt to enjoy its varied beauties.
+
+Right before them appears the rocky point on which Roger Conant's colony
+of 1623, the first of the cape and the oldest after Plymouth and Boston,
+held its brief sway; farther on, Ten-Pound Island with its light-house;
+then the village of Gloucester, the old fort, the still older wind-mill,
+both prominent objects; and in the distance the twin lighthouses of
+Thatcher's Island, with Railcut Hill to the north-east, and, stretching
+to the north, the low, marshy level through which Squam River meanders
+to the sea by the sands of Coffin's Beach.
+
+Under any circumstances this panorama would have challenged the
+admiration of our friends; but seen, as they saw it, on a clear summer
+day, with the wide expanse of blue water breaking under the influence of
+a gentle breeze into curling waves, which with gathering force dashed
+playfully upon the yellow ledges and shining beaches, with flocks of
+sea-gulls sweeping in graceful circles or brooding upon the surface, no
+ordinary description could do it justice.
+
+The fair peninsula of Cape Ann, a large part of which now lay before
+them, called by the Indians "Wingershaek," has since been thrice named.
+By Samuel de Champlain, who visited in it in 1605, it was called Cap aux
+Isles, the islands being those now known as Straitsmouth Island,
+Thatcher's Island, and Milk Island. By Captain John Smith, who landed
+upon its rocky shores in 1614, it was named Tragabigzanda, and the same
+islands were called The Three Turks' Heads; and by Prince Charles, who,
+after Smith's return to England, gave it the name of Cape Ann, in honor
+of his mother, Queen Ann, consort of James the First.
+
+The colony of Roger Conant was afterward transferred to Salem; but
+within the next ten years a permanent settlement was made, which in 1642
+was incorporated under the name of Gloucester, in honor of the ancient
+city of that name in England.
+
+From the first, Cape Ann has been the home of fishermen, though a
+considerable foreign commerce was at one time carried on by its thrifty
+mariners. Eminently patriotic, the town bore its share in the country's
+struggle for independence, two companies of Gloucester men having fought
+at Bunker's Hill, and its bold privateers did good service upon the
+ocean, not only in the Revolution, but in the later struggle with the
+mother country.
+
+Our travellers, having satisfied their curiosity as to the general
+appearance of the town, are getting under way again for a nearer
+acquaintance, and becoming more and more interested in the special
+object of their visit.
+
+As they approach the village, it is evident that something unusual is
+going on; they pass people moving in the same direction, with eager and
+expectant faces, to one of whom Mr. Webster ventures these questions:
+Can his serpentine majesty be seen to-day? and where to the best
+advantage? Receiving satisfactory replies, the coachman is ordered to
+drive to the old wind-mill, where they arrive in a few moments,--from
+the shady side of this quaint structure, whose merrily revolving sails
+were at their usual work, a large part of both the outer and inner
+harbors being easily seen.
+
+Let us now take some note of occurrences which at this time were
+agitating the little town, and the fame of which had extended to Boston.
+
+On Sunday, the tenth of August, four days before, Mr. Amos Story, rowing
+in his boat near Ten-Pound Island, was greatly disturbed, not to say
+alarmed, by the appearance, at some twenty rods' distance, of a sea
+monster, totally unlike anything he had ever seen in his long experience
+as a fisherman and mariner. Moving at the rate of a mile in two minutes,
+nearly one hundred feet in length, as large as the body of a man, with a
+head like a turtle, but carried high out of the water, with the body of
+a snake, but with the vertical motion of a caterpillar, and of a
+dark-brown color, this enormous reptile brought such fear to the honest
+fisherman as induced him to make a rapid retreat to a safe distance.
+
+His account of the monster naturally set all the people on the lookout,
+and for nearly every day in the following two weeks it was seen under
+different circumstances by many of the inhabitants of Gloucester and the
+adjacent villages.
+
+At the present day, on the first notice of such a wonderful appearance,
+the daily papers would send their reporters from far and near, and, with
+the help of the Associated Press, curious readers all over the country
+would the next morning have accounts of the Sea Serpent served to them
+at breakfast-time. Instantaneous photographs would be attempted, and the
+illustrated weeklies would give the world picturesque, if not accurate,
+representations of the monster and the localities in which he appeared.
+But in 1817 the news spread slowly, and no public mention was made of
+the matter till Saturday the 16th, when the _Commercial Gazette_ of
+Boston, under the modest caption of "Something New," alludes to the
+reports that had been in circulation for some days, and describes the
+preparations making by a party who expected to capture the bold
+intruder.
+
+The subject occupied the attention of the papers in Salem and Boston
+more or less for the next two months, for although the visit of the
+serpent seems to have ended early in September, records of former
+appearances in different parts of the world were fully discussed. It is
+worthy of notice that almost from the first the authentic character of
+the reports was admitted. The _Chronicle and Patriot_ of Boston says,
+under date of Aug. 20, "Doubts having been expressed by some as to the
+fact of an aquatic serpent of the magnitude described having been seen
+in the harbor of Gloucester, we have conversed with gentlemen of that
+place of undoubted veracity who have seen him since the former accounts
+were published, and who declare that they have in no way been
+exaggerated."
+
+These are brief extracts from the papers during the time that they were
+occupied with the subject: Aug. 18, "two serpents were seen playing
+together"; Aug. 25, one was seen "feasting on ale-wives in Kettle Cove";
+Aug. 28, he was "still hovering on the coast and feeding on herring";
+Sept. 4, "It is hoped that the naval commander on the coast will attempt
+its capture"; Sept. 10, he was seen at Salem, "after the swarms or
+schools of bait," and again, near Half-way Rock, "coiled up on the
+surface of the water, reposing after a hearty breakfast of herring";
+Aug. 27, the "Aquatic Novelty" was "off Eastern Point"; Sept. 24, there
+was a notice of "Beach's picture about to be exhibited"; Oct. 1, "the
+Panorama of Gloucester with the great Sea Serpent will be ready for
+exhibition on Monday next." One account states that "he is cased in
+shell"; another, that "it is proposed to make a number of strong nets in
+the hope of entangling and so killing him"; Oct. 8, "the panorama is on
+exhibition at Merchant's Hall, Milk Street," and "Beach has in the hands
+of an engraver a view on a small scale, and is painting one 26 x 14
+feet, including the town and harbor of Gloucester."
+
+A small serpent of strange appearance having been taken on the land near
+Loblolly Cove, one correspondent writes at some length that it must have
+been the progeny of the two seen playing together, who were doubtless
+the parents.
+
+Fortunately for the cause of science, there was at the time an
+association of naturalists called "The Linnaean Society of New England,"
+whose prompt action caused the various reports about the matter to be
+carefully sifted, and the result placed before the public in an
+authentic manner. This society met at Boston on the 18th of August, and
+appointed a committee to collect evidence in regard to the existence and
+appearance of the strange animal.
+
+The committee consisted of the Hon. John Davis, Jacob Bigelow, M.D., and
+Francis C. Gray, Esq., all men of the highest respectability, and of
+undoubted fitness and capacity for the work they were to undertake, and
+the result of their labors was published in a pamphlet of fifty-two
+pages, the title of which cautiously states that the report is "relative
+to a large marine animal, supposed to be a serpent, seen near Cape Ann,
+Massachusetts, in August, 1817." It was accompanied by an engraving of
+the "_Scoliophis Atlanticus_," the small snake captured near Loblolly
+Cove, representing the animal at full length, about three feet, and also
+in parts after dissection, with full explanations.
+
+From this pamphlet it appears that on the 19th the committee wrote to
+Hon. Lonson Nash, a magistrate of Gloucester, asking him to examine upon
+oath some of those who had seen the animal, not allowing them to
+communicate with each other the substance of their respective statements
+till they were all committed to writing, and proposing certain rules
+with regard to the method of conducting the examination, as well as a
+list of twenty-five carefully prepared questions to be put to the
+persons examined.
+
+Eight depositions received from Mr. Nash, and three others taken in
+Boston, all read before the Society on the 1st of September, are given
+in full, as well as further correspondence with Mr. Nash, and various
+accounts of similar appearances in former years and at other places. The
+committee seem to have no doubt but that the depositions were truthful
+and accurate, and suggest that the small serpent which they describe may
+have been of the same species as the larger one, and possibly its
+progeny.
+
+The eight depositions taken at Gloucester were those of Amos Story,
+mariner; Solomon Allen, 3d, shipmaster; Epes Ellery, shipmaster; William
+H. Foster, merchant; Matthew Gaffney, ship carpenter; James Mansfield,
+merchant; John Johnston, Jr., a boy of seventeen; and William B.
+Pearson, merchant. The deponents were selected for their probity; each
+of them saw the serpent at different times and under different
+circumstances, and their very interesting statements, too long to be
+here given in full, are briefly summarized, so far as description is
+concerned, in the following extracts:--
+
+This is what they say as to the length of the monster: "eighty to ninety
+feet," "forty feet at least," "forty to sixty feet in length," "fifty
+feet at least," "nothing short of seventy feet," "seventy feet at
+least," "not surprised if one hundred feet," "at least a hundred feet."
+
+And this as to his size: "size of a man's body," "size of a half
+barrel," "joints from head to tail," "joints about the size of a
+two-gallon keg," "large as a barrel," "bunches on his back about a foot
+in height," "two and a half feet in circumference."
+
+His movements are thus described: "slow, plunging about in circles, and
+sometimes moving nearly straight forward," "sunk directly down and
+appeared two hundred yards distant in two minutes," "did not turn down
+like a fish, but settled directly down like a rock," "moved at the rate
+of a mile in two or three minutes," "turned short and quick till his
+head came parallel with his tail," "sinuosities vertical," "in different
+directions, leaving on the water marks like those made by skating on the
+ice," "a mile in a minute," "vertical, like a caterpillar," "turns short
+and quick, head and tail moving in opposite directions and almost
+touching," "a mile in five or six minutes," "a mile in three minutes,"
+"turned short, head and tail moving in opposite directions, and not more
+than two or three yards apart," "twelve or fourteen miles an hour,"
+"swifter than any whale," "rising and falling as he moved," "head moving
+from side to side," "a mile in four minutes."
+
+His head is "like the head of a sea-turtle," "carried ten to twelve
+inches above the water," "larger than the head of any dog," "like the
+head of a rattlesnake, but nearly as large as the head of a horse,"
+"head two feet above the surface of the water," "top of his head flat,"
+"a prong or spear about twelve inches long which might have been his
+tongue," "as large as a man's head," "large as a four-gallon keg,"
+"about a foot above the water," "eye dark and sharp," "tongue like a
+harpoon thrown out two feet from his jaws," "mouth open ten inches,"
+"like a serpent."
+
+And his color is "dark brown," "black or very dark," "white beneath,"
+"head, top brown; under part nearly white."
+
+In some respects more interesting than the report of the Linnaean society
+are the statements published in New York in the fall of 1817, under the
+title of "Letters from the Hon. David Humphreys, F.R.S., to the Rt. Hon.
+Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, London, containing
+some account of the Serpent of the Ocean frequently seen in Gloucester
+Bay."
+
+Mr. Humphreys, a citizen of Connecticut apparently, visited Gloucester
+repeatedly in August, and, though he did not succeed in getting a look
+at the great snake, had many interviews with those who did, and was
+present when the depositions were taken.
+
+The narrative of his experience at Gloucester, with some letters from
+Mr. Nash, a detailed account of efforts to catch the serpent, and some
+statements in regard to its visit to Long Island Sound later in the
+year, make eighty-six pages of pleasant reading, which those curious to
+know about the matter will find well worth their attention.
+
+His version of the depositions is also interesting, varying somewhat as
+it does from that published by the Linnaean Society, and he goes at
+length into the reasons for believing the small captured serpent to have
+been the offspring of the large one.
+
+It is easy to account for the variations in the evidence taken before
+Mr. Nash, when we find from the statements of the parties that the
+distance at which the serpent was seen varied from thirty feet to one
+hundred and fifty yards. But there is agreement in the important points
+which clearly separate the animal described from all well-known fishes.
+The undulating vertical motion producing the appearance of humps upon
+the back, the small size of the body compared with its length, the sharp
+turns when the head and tail moved in opposite directions, the elevated
+head, and the protruding tongue, are more or less recognized in every
+description.
+
+Let us now return to our friends, whom we have left at the old mill. It
+was the curiosity of Col. Perkins, who was already familiar with the
+water-snakes of the Indian Ocean, and strongly inclined to believe in
+the existence of the monster serpent, which led him, at the first
+reports from Gloucester, to plan this visit to the scene of the
+excitement. And in good truth he had planned it well, and had selected
+his time with that rare good luck which attended most of his mercantile
+operations. It had been a "field-day," so to speak, in Gloucester
+Harbor, the serpent having been visible, more or less, all the morning.
+
+Looking out over the water, where boats were moving cautiously about,
+Rocky Neck and Ten-Pound Island on one side and the old fort on the
+other, our friends found that most of the points from which a good view
+could be obtained were occupied by spectators waiting for the sinuous
+monster, who was not long in making his appearance, and seemed to enjoy
+the occasion as well as his company.
+
+Sometimes playing in wide circles, sometimes moving rapidly in a
+straight line, leaving a long wake behind him, he at length approached
+so near the lookout of our travellers that, with the Colonel's
+field-glass, they could easily see his snaky head, his open mouth, his
+gleaming eyes, and his protruding tongue.
+
+One adventurous boatman, Mr. Matthew Gaffney, getting within some thirty
+feet, fired at him with his gun, carrying an eighteen-to-the-pound ball,
+and aiming full at his head. The monster turned, and sinking down like a
+rock, went directly under the boat, making his appearance a hundred rods
+off, apparently unhurt. He continued his playful gambols as before,
+finally moving off out of the harbor till he was lost in the distance.
+
+Our friends now found themselves the objects of attention on the part of
+several gentlemen, who, hearing of their visit, had sought them out, in
+order to pay due respect to such distinguished visitors. Among them
+were Mr. Lonson Nash, the eminently respectable lawyer of the town,
+before whom were made the affidavits to which we have already alluded;
+Capt. Jack Beach, an eccentric gentleman of leisure, whose drawing of
+Gloucester harbor, with the serpent occupying a prominent position, was
+afterward enlarged into a painting, and subsequently engraved; and Col.
+William Tappan, landlord of the tavern where our friends were to dine.
+
+The meeting between this last gentleman and Mr. Webster was one of
+unusual interest. Col. Tappan had been the instructor of Mr. Webster's
+youth at Salisbury in his native State, and was greeted with unaffected
+and hearty cordiality by his now eminent pupil. The future statesman had
+been the brightest boy in his school, so Master Tappan said, and among
+other well-earned rewards obtained a new jackknife for committing to
+memory a large number of verses from the Bible. After hearing sixty or
+seventy, with several chapters yet in mind, his instructor gave up the
+trial, and afterwards told the boy's father that he "would do God's work
+injustice if he did not send him to college."
+
+In company with Col. Tappan and the other gentlemen, our travellers
+repaired to the tavern, which was near at hand, and enjoyed not only a
+good dinner, but much pleasant conversation in regard to the events of
+the week, varied with reminiscences of school days by the master and
+pupil.
+
+But the waning afternoon soon warned them that an early departure was
+necessary if they were to reach their homes before dark. Their carriage
+was ordered, leave taken of their new acquaintances, as well as of the
+landlord, and with lingering looks at the now quiet scene of the day's
+excitement, they passed rapidly out of the town over the same road by
+which they entered it in the early part of the day.
+
+Seen from the opposite side, each point in the home journey presented
+new beauties to add to the pleasant remembrances of the morning. The
+afternoon shadows gave a tender touch to the landscape, and a serious
+tone to the conversation, which, dealing reverently with the great
+problems of life and immortality, continued till the friends arrived at
+their homes in the early dusk.
+
+Sixty-eight years have passed since the events which have been narrated,
+and the two friends whom we have followed through that beautiful August
+day have long since passed to their reward.
+
+The shrewd, far-seeing, and successful merchant and public-spirited
+citizen, completing at the extreme old age of ninety a well-developed
+life, and leaving a reputation, not only without a stain, but adorned
+with the memory of numerous philanthropic and benevolent acts.
+
+The able lawyer, after rising to the highest fame as a statesman and
+orator, passing away at threescore and ten, his latest years
+overshadowed by the grief of a disappointed ambition.
+
+A few weeks before his death at Marshfield, in 1852, Mr. Webster
+presented to Colonel Perkins a copy of his published speeches, with the
+following written therein:--
+
+     "MY DEAR SIR,--If I possessed anything which I might suppose
+     likely to be more acceptable to you as a proof of my esteem
+     than these volumes, I should have sent it in their stead. But I
+     do not; and therefore ask your acceptance of a copy of this
+     volume of my speeches. I have long cherished, my dear sir, a
+     profound, warm, affectionate, and I may say a filial regard for
+     your person and character. I have looked upon you as one born
+     to do good, and who has fulfilled his mission; as a man without
+     a spot or blemish, as a merchant known and honored over the
+     whole world; a most liberal supporter and promoter of science
+     and the arts; always kind to scholars and literary men, and
+     greatly beloved by them all; friendly to all the institutions
+     of religion, morality, and education; and an unwavering and
+     determined supporter of the constitution of his country, and of
+     those great principles of civil liberty which it is so well
+     calculated to uphold and advance. These sentiments I inscribe
+     here in accordance with my best judgment, and out of the
+     fulness of my heart: and I wish here to record, also, my deep
+     sense of the many personal obligations under which you have
+     placed me in the course of our long acquaintance. Your ever
+     faithful friend,
+
+     DANIEL WEBSTER."
+
+Should this dedication, truly as it portrays the excellent character of
+the person to whom it was addressed, seem to be redundant and
+overstated, let us remember that the writer, feeble and sorrowful, was
+penning his last words to his old and perhaps best friend, and its very
+extravagance at once assumes a childish pathos. The critical eye as it
+scans the record becomes dim with the sympathetic tear, and reads
+between the blurred lines only the passionate tribute of a broken
+spirit.
+
+In the ample stairway of the Boston Athenaeum hang portraits of the two
+men,--that of Colonel Perkins, painted by Sully in 1833, is an
+exceedingly graceful presentation, and represents him at full length,
+carefully dressed, and seated in an easy attitude. The accessories are
+skilfully introduced, especially the large and exquisitely shaped china
+pitcher, which doubtless represents some gift received through his
+commercial relations with the East. The picture of Mr. Webster, also
+full length, was painted by Harding in 1849, and is an excellent
+likeness as well as a painting of much merit, though lacking the
+charming qualities of the other portrait.
+
+During these sixty-eight years, great changes have come upon the little
+village of Gloucester, now grown to a city of more than twenty thousand
+people; its houses, then few and rude, have increased in number till the
+rocky hills are covered almost to their summits with the neat dwellings
+of its still hardy and adventurous population.
+
+The old wind-mill, from whose vicinity our friends saw the monster
+snake, has given way to a summer hotel, whose occupants look out upon
+the beautiful bay and watch the incoming and outgoing of the fishing
+fleet of five hundred staunch schooners, manned by the bold mariners who
+seek their prey on "Georges," the Grand Banks, or the far waters of the
+Gulf of St. Lawrence; while the old fort, which never succumbed to a
+foe, has given way to the invasion of industry, till its grounds are
+covered and its walls obscured by buildings intended for occupation or
+labor.
+
+And what during these sixty-eight years has befallen the enormous
+reptile, whose visit to Cape Ann called our friends to examine for
+themselves his claim to be the real Sea Serpent?
+
+In what waters plays the sportive monster to-day? Did he return to the
+coast of Norway, where, according to the naturalists of the country,
+such as he live at the bottom of the sea, rising sometimes to the
+surface in summer, but plunging again as soon as the wind raises the
+least wave? Or did the bullet of Matthew Gaffney inflict a wound of
+which he afterwards perished in some submarine retreat?
+
+The most cautious naturalists, while endeavoring to explain on various
+hypotheses the authentic appearances of marine monsters resembling
+serpents,--one theory being that they are abnormal cases of unusual
+growth of ordinary marine animals, and another that they are individuals
+of an almost extinct race,--are compelled to admit that the time may
+come when, with further evidence, scientific examination will accurately
+determine the question, and the Sea Serpent take its place among the
+acknowledged dwellers in the sea.
+
+
+
+
+ATTLEBORO, MASS.
+
+BY C. M. BARROWS.
+
+
+When the Puritans removed from Charlestown to Trimountain in search of
+wholesome water-springs they found the ground preoccupied by Motley's
+"Hermit of Shawmut;" and when the godly people who discarded the musical
+Wannamoisett and gave their plantation a homely Bible name, joined to
+their borders the tract of wilderness lying between them and the Bay
+line, they found the same whimsical anchoret snugly domiciled in his
+"Study Hall" beside a stream that bounded their new possessions. Thus it
+happened that the first English inhabitant of Boston and the pioneer
+settler in the wilds of Rehoboth North Purchase were one and the same
+person.
+
+For years this piece of unimproved real estate waited for a name, until,
+at length, for some unaccountable reason, it was christened after the
+English town where George Eliot attended Miss Lathom's school when a
+child, and caught a chronic cold, from the effects of which she seemed
+never to have quite recovered, and it was called Attleborough. The
+original purchase included a much larger area than that comprised in the
+present township; and, like the then adjacent domain of Dorchester,
+Attleboro parted with one section of land and then another, until its
+acreage to-day is but a fraction of that perambulated by the colonial
+surveyors. On the west side a triangle, locally known as the Gore, was
+set off in 1746 to form the town of Cumberland, R. I., while from the
+south and east sides were taken generous slices to piece out the towns
+of old Rehoboth, Mansfield, and Norton.
+
+The history of Attleboro, like that of so many other New England towns,
+naturally divides itself into two widely different epochs, each
+interesting to the modern reader. From the year 1661, when Wamsetta,
+chief sachem of Pokanokett, made the original conveyance of the
+territory to Capt. Thomas Willett, representing the town of Rehoboth,
+until the close of the last war between this country and Great Britain,
+is a period rich in annals of men and deeds, whose records live on musty
+parchments and crumbling gravestones. It is crowded with tales of
+hardship, struggle, and heroism out of which some local Scott or Cooper
+with wizard hand might fashion many books of poetry or fiction:--
+
+    "And so, by some strange spell, the years,
+      The half-forgotten years of glory,
+    That slumber on their dusty biers,
+      In the dim crypts of ancient story,
+    Awake with all their shadowy files,
+      Shape, spirit, name in death immortal,
+    The phantoms glide along the aisles,
+      And ghosts steal in at every portal."
+
+Then, after the primeval wilderness had been subdued under the patient
+tillage of more than one generation of sturdy farmers, there opens a
+second period extending to the present date,--busy years of modern
+industry, when the nervous spirit of enterprise and the restless fever
+for gain have stimulated brain and brawn to ceaseless endeavor.
+
+It would be difficult for the present dwellers in the thriving villages
+of Attleboro to imagine a time when but a single white inhabitant had a
+fixed abode within the limits of Capt. Willett's extensive purchase,
+when Ten-Mile River had never reflected a pale face or turned a
+mill-wheel, and when the site of humming Robinsonville was occupied by a
+clump of Indian wigwams in a beaver clearing. The historic elm on the
+Carpenter estate, under which Whitefield preached so eloquently, had not
+yet sprouted from the seed; the falling leaves had scarcely obliterated
+the footprints of persecuted Roger Williams, making his toilsome retreat
+from the new settlement on the Bay to the headwaters of the
+Narragansett; and the Bay road was only an uncertain path blazed through
+a dense forest, along which not a hundred pairs of Anglo-Saxon feet had
+ever trudged.
+
+In this vast solitude the intrepid William Blaxton had spent thirty
+lonely years before the original purchase was made. He built his rude
+house on the extreme western frontier of Attleboro Gore, beside the
+river which now bears his name with altered spelling, made friends with
+his Indian neighbors, planted the first apple-orchard in North America,
+and trained an imported bull to serve him as a saddle-horse. There, like
+Thoreau in his Walden hut, the old divine encountered nature in her
+rougher aspects and studied her wonderful book untrammelled by even the
+slight social conventionalities that obtained in colonial Boston.
+
+The first settlement within the limits of the present town was made
+beside a stream which crossed the Bay road, on the site of the Hatch
+tavern, opposite Barden's building in North Attleboro; and because this
+stream marked a journey of ten miles from Seekonk, the early travellers
+named it Ten-Mile River. Here the famous John Woodcock took up his abode
+in 1663 or 1664, and established a garrison which afterwards formed one
+of a chain of strongholds extending from Boston to Rhode Island. An
+avowed foe of the red race who surrounded him, he found them hostile and
+treacherous, and had no recourse but to fortify himself behind his
+stockades, and keep the stealthy warriors at bay with his musket. At
+this dangerous outpost Woodcock bravely defended his little family for
+many years, until quite a community of white people had placed
+themselves under his protection, and he became a sort of feudal lord,
+into whose rude castle they might retreat in time of danger. He was a
+restless spirit, fond of hazardous adventure, to whom civilized life was
+unendurably tame, and many are the current traditions of his prowess and
+bloody encounters with the savage aborigines. In 1670 he opened a
+licensed ordinary on his premises, the first public house in the
+country; and from that time a hostelry was kept on that spot for nearly
+two centuries.
+
+Other settlements were naturally made in the open meadows easily
+accessible from the Bay road; and so we find the next community growing
+up in what is now the Falls Village, where a corn mill was erected in
+1686. Then a few new families, immigrating from Rehoboth, made
+themselves a home in the south part of the town; and near the close of
+the century settlers found their way down the winding Ten-Mile River,
+and built houses at Mechanics.
+
+For obvious reasons the east precinct, as Attleboro-bred people are wont
+to call it, is the newest part of the town; the north and the south
+sections were traversed by the one thoroughfare then open as a highway
+between the home of the Puritans and the shores of Narragansett Bay, and
+for years after these began to number a very respectable colonial
+population, the now thickly settled area in the east village bounded by
+Peck, Pleasant, Pine, Capron, and Main streets, contained no buildings
+except the Balcom Tavern with its contiguous barn, a small
+dwelling-house near the present site of the old straw shop, and another
+house about forty rods further to the south.
+
+Lying in the very heart of the Narragansett country, this town was
+constantly menaced by King Philip and his braves during the period of
+the Indian wars, and two of the bloodiest fights occurred within the
+limits of Attleboro Gore. The settlers found it necessary to go about
+their daily work armed, lest some red man skulking in the borders of the
+forest should attack and slay them. John Woodcock, the leading spirit
+among them, was a special object of savage hatred, and in the summer of
+1676 he and his sons were surprised while at work in a field, and,
+before they could retreat within the garrison, one son was killed
+outright, and another was severely wounded.
+
+On Sunday morning, March 26, 1676, Captain Pierce, who, with a company
+of sixty-three white men and twenty Cape Indians, was advancing upon the
+enemy, was surrounded by about nine hundred Indians at a point on the
+Blackstone not far from William Blaxton's house. With true Spartan
+courage he and his little band resolved to sell their lives at a high
+price; so forming a circle back to back, they made a desperate
+resistance for two mortal hours, and after they had fallen it was found
+that about three hundred of their cruel captors had perished with them.
+
+In the same war another brutal butchery entailed upon another spot in
+the Gore just north of Camp Swamp the name of "Nine Men's Misery." There
+three triads of white soldiers, finding themselves surrounded by a large
+force of savages who had been lying in wait for them, placed their backs
+against a huge rock and fought like heroic knights in the old Arthurian
+days, until all were slain. Afterwards their nine bodies were buried in
+one wide grave, which was marked by a heap of stones; and many years
+later a company of young Boston physicians exhumed the bones, and one
+skeleton was identified as that of Bucklin of Rehoboth, because the jaws
+contained a set of double front teeth.
+
+In the Revolutionary struggle Attleboro men bore an active and honorable
+part, and some of her noblest sons were under fire in the hottest
+engagements of the eight years' war. A respected citizen of the town
+recently told the writer that immediately after the battle of Bunker
+Hill, Caleb Parmenter, Thomas French, and Isaac Perry proceeded to
+Boston on foot, and joined the army then in command of General Ward; and
+the first of the three, on whom Governor Samuel Adams afterwards
+conferred a lieutenant's commission, was present at Cambridge when
+General Washington assumed charge of the army. A company of men was also
+raised in Attleboro for service at the siege of Newport, R. I., and in
+the engagement at Quaker Hill they pushed bayonets with the British
+three times in a single day, and two of their number, Israel Dyer and
+Valentine Wilmarth, were slain.
+
+At an early date in the history of the town two taverns (already
+referred to) were established, which under successive proprietors
+flourished for many years, and acquired a wide reputation for abundant
+good cheer and excellent liquors. As model public houses of the time
+they were not inferior to the Punch Bowl at Brookline, Bride's in
+Dedham, or even the Wayside Inn in ancient Sudbury, made forever famous
+by Longfellow. Each in its way was
+
+    "A kind of old Hobgoblin Hall,
+           * * *
+    With weather-stains upon the wall,
+    And stairways worn, and crazy doors,
+    And creaking and uneven floors,
+    And chimneys huge and tiled and tall."
+
+Hatch's Tavern, the older of the two inns, was John Woodcock's ordinary
+enlarged to meet the demands of the times. It stood on the identical
+spot where his garrison was planted, and until quite recently some of
+the logs that formed the ancient stockades might be found built into the
+older portion of the structure. In 1806 the original house was removed a
+few feet to the south to make room for a new tavern, and there it is
+still standing. The new house in which the original proprietor and
+landlord made his enviable reputation was needed to accommodate the
+increased public travel soon after the opening of the Norfolk and
+Bristol Turnpike, as described in an article entitled "From the White
+Horse to Little Rhody," and published in the first volume of this
+magazine. No house along the entire line of this once important
+thoroughfare dispensed a more generous hospitality or was presided over
+by a more genial host. It was twelve miles out from Providence, and a
+place where all the stages stopped to change horses, and allow
+passengers to partake of a breakfast, or some favorite beverage at the
+bar.
+
+Somewhat later in the century Balcom's Tavern in the east part of the
+town sprung up, and was maintained for a long period as a popular house
+of resort. The original structure, enlarged and changed by successive
+additions, still stands on the corner of South Main and Park streets.
+Here have been entertained not only celebrities of the earlier days, but
+famous modern men, among whom might be mentioned Ralph Waldo Emerson,
+Wendell Phillips, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, who visited the town as
+lyceum lecturers. In 1852 this house was purchased by Dr. Edward
+Sanford, who remodelled and repaired it, and made it his own private
+residence for thirty years, when it passed into the care of tenants.
+
+The proprietors who gave their names to these public houses were men
+quite widely known in their day, though for different reasons. Col.
+Hatch was emphatically a man of affairs, and full of business both
+public and private; wiser, perhaps, for this world than the next, he
+sought to become a political leader and office-holder among his
+townsmen. Col. Balcom on the contrary was a merry sporting-man, equally
+at home among gamblers and horse-racers, and in the society of
+gentlemen. He was politic and adroit, not lacking in good points, though
+he had conspicuous vices. The former kept a quiet, orderly, and
+eminently respectable house; the latter liked to entertain a jovial
+company, and enjoyed the fun too well to frown upon youthful pranks or
+hilarious conduct. Among many good anecdotes told of Col. Balcom, there
+is one very characteristic, and good enough to find a record here.
+
+It is related that Parson Holman and other pious people of the village
+often sought to induce the colonel to reform his course of life and seek
+those things which concerned his eternal peace; but the wily landlord,
+while receiving them with a most gracious suavity, usually managed to
+evade the force of their appeals and frustrate their most serious
+efforts for the good of his soul. On one occasion, so runs the story,
+the deacons of the church made him a special visit, and, being ushered
+into the parlor, were given a patient audience while they pointed out
+the moral danger of his way of life, and besought him earnestly to
+reform. But presently the colonel was called out, and having obtained a
+short leave of absence ordered a flask of his best brandy carried in to
+the deacons, with sugar and glasses. Of course it was in entire accord
+with the custom of those days for the worthy pillars of the church to
+partake of the proffered beverage; and, on his return Col. Balcom said:
+"Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready to talk." So the
+deacons drank again. Scarcely had they picked up the lost thread of the
+conversation, however, when the landlord was once more obliged to excuse
+himself in order to attend to some urgent duty as host; and, in fact,
+several like interruptions occurred in the course of an hour. But in
+each case the imperturbable colonel returned with the same hearty words
+upon his lips: "Now, gentlemen, let's take a drink, and then I'm ready
+to talk." Then as the smooth brandy began to tell on the deacons, they
+gradually modified their estimate of the landlord's sins and their
+personal duty, until at length one of them rose from his chair and
+turning to the other said: "Waal, I guess Col. Balcom ain't the wust
+sort o' man in the world--come, brother, let's go home."
+
+Although nature and circumstances would seem to have destined Attleboro
+for an agricultural town, its reputation rests chiefly on its mechanical
+industries, and during the eighteenth century there were several small
+cotton mills running in the place. As early as 1825, a traveller
+following the Ten-Mile River from the Wrentham line to where the stream
+slips into Seekonk on the other side of the town, would have found two
+cotton mills near where Whiting's jewelry factory now stands, a third
+near the site of the "Company's" shop, and still a fourth at Falls
+Village. Farther on he would have come upon the rude beginnings of the
+button factory which has flourished so long at Robinsonville; a nail
+factory at Deantown and another at the Farmers, as well as a cotton mill
+on the spot where the stove foundry now stands in the same village.
+Robert Saunderson's forge would have been blazing at Mechanics beside
+John Cooper's corn mill, and Balcom's machine shop in active operation
+where R. Wolfenden's sons now ply the trade of dyers. Hebronville also
+would then, as now, have greeted the visitor with the music of swift
+shuttles and whirling spindles, as he passed on to the end of his tour
+of inspection at Kent's grist mill, the oldest, probably, in the
+country.
+
+These rude mills were the original sources of a progressive,
+ever-widening, material prosperity for which Attleboro is justly noted.
+Its people display great business thrift; its many commodious factories
+are crowded with skilled mechanics and trained artisans; and its
+abundant products are sold by men of enterprise in all the markets of
+the world. The farm and garden products of the town make a very
+respectable display at the annual local and county fairs; the textile
+and other manufactures would make no mean showing; but all these
+industries are eclipsed by the one business that absorbs the majority of
+labor and capital, namely, the making of jewelry.
+
+It has been facetiously, sometimes sneeringly, remarked that the
+Attleboro jewelers are as nearly creators as finite beings can be,
+because they almost make something out of nothing, while the cheap
+trinkets they turn out by the barrel have to be hurried to market by
+rapid express, lest they corrode and tarnish before they can be disposed
+of. Such jests, however, convey a very erroneous and unfair notion of
+the real character of most of the work done in those large shops, and
+the amount of money invested in the business. It is true that grades of
+very poor jewelry are made in Attleboro, and it is equally true that
+most of the goods manufactured there are both costly and durable; it is
+not "washed brass" that goes to the trade with the stamp of those great
+firms upon it, but heavy rolled plate goods, containing such a thickness
+of fine gold that they may be deeply cut with the graver's tool, and
+will never wear down to the baser metal which it conceals. The curious
+and wonderful processes of this complex manufacture cannot be even
+hinted at in the space of such an article as this, and only an
+approximate estimate of the value of these products and the number of
+employes working upon them can be given in figures.
+
+The census reports for the year 1880 enumerate the different
+manufactures of the town as artisans' tools, boots and shoes, boxes,
+brushes, buttons, carriages and wagons, coffin trimmings, cooking and
+heating apparatus, cotton goods, cotton, woollen, and other textiles,
+electroplating, food preparations, jewelry burnishing, lapidary work,
+leather, machinery, metallic goods, printing, bleaching, and dyeing. The
+capital invested in these industries is chiefly devoted to jewelry
+business, and is placed by the report at a total of $2,924,890; the
+products are valued at $4,345,809; and the number of employes is set at
+3,378. But that census, though substantially correct when made, will not
+answer now; for, in the five years elapsed since it was taken, new
+factories have been built, new firms have started in business, and old
+ones have enlarged their trade.
+
+The spirit of enterprise engendered by the large business interests in
+which the leading citizens are engaged is manifest also in the
+management of public affairs, and the town is noted for liberal
+expenditures of money in the way of substantial improvements. The public
+buildings, with the exception of two high-school houses recently
+erected, and the new Universalist Church in North Attleboro, a handsome
+brick structure, demand no special mention; but its system of abundant
+water supply and the provision made for an efficient fire department are
+standing advertisements that the town looks carefully after the health
+and protection of its citizens and their homes. For many years the
+Farmers and Mechanics Association has held an autumnal town fair, where
+in its ample grounds and halls are exhibited a fine display of farm
+stock, implements and produce, domestic and artistic handiwork, and
+manufactured goods of the trades. The grounds contain also a fine
+half-mile track, on which is annually made a showing of horses owned in
+Attleboro that would compare favorably with any other in the country.
+Another organization which attests the live, progressive spirit of the
+place is the Board of Trade, to which most of the leading business men
+belong. It was established in the spring of 1881, with commodious rooms
+and appointments on Washington Street, North Attleboro.
+
+No town in Bristol county has provided more liberally for the education
+of youth than Attleboro, and in the larger centres a graded school
+system has been adopted; nor is it lacking in the appointed means of
+moral improvement, since there are within its limits no less than
+fifteen religious societies, holding regular Sunday services. Two weekly
+newspapers, the _Advocate_ and the ... are published in the place; there
+are also two national banks, one savings bank, and a savings and loan
+association.
+
+Did space permit, it would be possible to single out from the many sons
+and residents of Attleboro, men who have become distinguished for
+learning and the public and private services they have rendered their
+fellow-men; but it must suffice here simply to remark that it is the
+crowning glory of the town to count among its citizens a large number of
+sagacious, sensible men of affairs, who have built up its manifold
+interests, and by personal enterprise and energy have secured for the
+place a large measure of material prosperity. Very early in its history
+the family names of these substantial men appear on the records of the
+town--Allen, Peck, Carpenter, Daggett, Robinson, Blackinton, May,
+Thacher, Richards, Capron, Ide, Wheaton, Bliss, and others,--names that
+stand for character, influence, thrift, and wealth. But these have no
+need of eulogy or praise, since every busy factory and every commodious
+home testifies to their worth; then let this sketch be concluded with a
+brief allusion to one whose simple record, though one of the
+curiosities of the town, and containing an epitome of instructive
+history, will excite no man's envy and pique no family pride.
+
+In the old-burying ground in the north part of the town--the first
+cemetery in the region--is a headstone marking the grave of a pious
+negro slave, on which is rudely chiselled the following inscription:--
+
+    Here lies the best of slaves,
+      Now turning into dust;
+    Caesar, the Ethiopian, craves
+      A place among the just.
+
+    His faithful soul has fled
+      To realms of heavenly light,
+    And, by the blood of Jesus shed,
+      Is changed from _Black_ to _White_.
+
+    January 15, he quitted the stage,
+      In the 77th year of his age.
+                1780.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CHRIST CHILD.
+
+[From Christmas Wide Awake.]]
+
+
+ART IN BOOK ILLUSTRATION.
+
+BY CHARLES E. HURD.
+
+
+Books, books, books! Their number, variety, gorgeousness of bindings,
+and wealth of illustration confuse the visitor who at this season
+wanders through the bookstores of a great city, whether aimlessly, or
+with the design of purchase. Books stare at him from the long rows of
+shelves; books are piled in reckless profusion upon the counters; they
+protrude from under the tables, as if vainly seeking to hide themselves
+there from insatiable buyers; they bulge through the broken paper of
+packages in corners; they crowd themselves into the windows, where the
+boldest and most gorgeous display themselves as if calling to the
+passers-by to come in and purchase.
+
+One cannot help wondering, sometimes, where all these books come from.
+Who are their makers? What reason is there for their existence? Under
+what circumstances were they thrust upon the world? For, really, eight
+out of ten count as nothing in the literary race for fame or money.
+Either the publisher or the author--nowadays, as a rule, the
+latter--must suffer. The book--representative of the hopes, the
+wearisome labors, and, sometimes, of the brains of the author--leaps
+into being with the air of "Who will not buy me?" which soon changes
+into that of "Who will buy me?" and goes out finally to stand at the
+doors of the second-hand bookstores on a dirty shelf, to get its covers
+blistered in the sun, its binding dampened by the rain, all the while
+shamefully conscious of the legend displayed above,--"Anything on this
+shelf for 25 cents."
+
+[Illustration: FOREST OF ARDENNES.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+There are, however, books that achieve success, and that publishers
+thrive upon. Books that are "a joy forever," companions, counsellors,
+and friends, the value of whose printed pages is aided and added to by
+the hand of the draughtsman, and in which text and illustration
+harmoniously blend to make the perfect book.
+
+It speaks well for the growing taste of the American public that these
+books, whose cost of manufacture often reaches many thousands of
+dollars, always meet with popular favor, and so exacting has the public
+taste become that no publisher of reputation dares leave a stone
+unturned in the carrying-out of any literary project in which
+illustration bears part.
+
+[Illustration: STAMBOUL.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+It is only by putting the work of twenty years ago by the side of that
+of to-day that one can realize what wonderful strides have been made in
+every department of bookmaking, more especially in that of illustration.
+The art of wood-engraving has been carried, one could almost say, to
+perfection. In its marvellous capability of imitation it has, perhaps,
+lost individuality, but it has proved its adaptability to the production
+of the most diverse and beautiful effects. In the hands of artistic
+workmen,--for an engraver must nowadays be an artist as well as a
+workman,--a wood cut may imitate a true engraving, an etching, a
+mezzotint, a charcoal or crayon drawing, or even the wash of water
+color, or india ink. One with some theoretical knowledge of the art will
+find wonderful opportunities for study in some of the holiday volumes of
+the present season, which show the latest developments of the skill of
+the engraver, and the different methods of producing effects.
+
+[Illustration: IANTHE.
+
+[From Childe Harold.]]
+
+Let us stand here at the counter in one of our largest bookstores, and
+turn over the pages of a few of the books which lie nearest. First at
+hand is _Childe Harold_, the latest in that admirable series of gift
+books which includes _The Princess_, Owen Meredith's _Lucile_, and
+Scott's _Lady of the Lake_. How charmingly everything is balanced in the
+making of the book,--type, margin, binding, and what we are now
+specially considering, illustration. How full of atmosphere are the
+landscapes, and how clear and perfectly kept their values! Look at the
+exquisite little wood scene on page 123, with the foreground in shadow,
+and a bar of sunshine lying across the middle distance. And here, in a
+totally different subject, a view of Stamboul, where the engraver has
+had to deal with land, water, and sky,--how cleverly he has managed to
+bring each part of his picture into its proper relations with the
+others, and yet how simply it is done! Changing from landscape to
+figure, take the ideal head, "Ianthe," which one might imagine was
+drawn, feature by feature, from the portrait of Byron, which forms the
+frontispiece of the volume. It is an example of what perfect knowledge
+can achieve on the part of the engraver,--delicate and yet strong in its
+way, soft without being indistinct, every line being made to fulfil its
+purpose and nothing more.
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF THE MENGIA.
+
+[From Tuscan Cities.]]
+
+Here is another volume from the same house, "Tuscan Cities," which shows
+the capabilities of wood-engraving in quite another direction. Some of
+the illustrations might absolutely be taken for etchings, so faithfully
+have the peculiarities of the artist been followed. Compare the
+treatment of "The Tower of the Mengia" with that of the pictures already
+mentioned, and mark the difference of effect.
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY OF THE LAKE.
+
+[From Heroines of the Poets.]]
+
+[Illustration: "HOW THEY CARRIED THE GOOD NEWS."
+
+[From Ideal Poems.]]
+
+[Illustration: EVENING BY THE LAKESIDE.
+
+[From Poems of Nature.]]
+
+[Illustration: MATERNITY.
+
+[_From "Songs of Seven."_]]
+
+Here is another exquisite holiday volume,--"Heroines of the
+Poets,"--which will further exemplify what we have been saying. It has
+been made up of a series of pictures by Fernand H. Lungren, with
+accompanying text. Any single picture will serve as an illustration. For
+instance, this of Ellen, in "The Lady of the Lake," a subject of unusual
+difficulty, and requiring unusual skill for its proper management. It
+needs no second glance to see how perfectly the engraver has triumphed
+over his difficulties. Or, select at random any of the illustrations in
+this second volume from the same publishers, "Ideal Poems." One of the
+best, perhaps, is Henry Sandham's vigorous illustration of Browning's
+poem, "How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix." The sunburst
+over the eastern hills, the cattle black against the light, the panting
+horses and their eager riders, and the rolling clouds of dust,--the
+character of each and all, as portrayed by the artist, is perfectly
+rendered.
+
+[Illustration: "THE SWANHERDS WHERE THE SEDGES ARE."
+
+[From The High Tide.]]
+
+Elbridge Kingsley has acquired reputation for engraving directly from
+nature, without the intervention of brush or pencil. One may judge of
+the results of his work by the plates in Whittier's "Poems of Nature,"
+issued as a special holiday volume the present season. The pictures vary
+in merit, but they all show what the skilled workman is capable of doing
+with block and graver.
+
+Here is another volume of the season, an exquisite edition of "The
+Favorite Poems" of Jean Ingelow, from which we copy two pictures as
+admirably illustrating a phase of wood-engraving especially pleasing and
+attractive. The first, from "Songs of Seven," has the advantage of being
+a charming subject in itself, but the engraver has been as conscientious
+in his work as if he had no such aid, and the result is doubly
+satisfying to the eye. The other, from "The High Tide on the Coast of
+Lincolnshire," is equally gratifying and artistic.
+
+[Illustration: THE SILENT CHRISTMAS.
+
+[Wonderful Christmases.]]
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD AND GAMALIEL WAYTE, AND SOME OF THEIR DESCENDANTS.
+
+BY ARTHUR THOMAS LOVELL.
+
+
+The records of Boston, beginning with the year 1633, and for many years
+thereafter, contain frequent references to Richard and Gamaliel Wayte,
+brothers, born in England, the former in the year 1596, and the latter
+in the year 1598. A writer in the _Boston Transcript_ (Dec. 6, 1874)
+makes the ancestry of these brothers common with that of Thomas Wayte,
+who was a member of the English Parliament in Cromwell's time, one of
+the judges who condemned Charles the First to death, and who signed the
+warrant for his execution. Be this as it may, the records show that the
+brothers Richard and Gamaliel were admitted to the church in Boston in
+1634 and 1633 respectively, thus establishing the fact of their
+residence here at that early date. Tracing their history
+chronologically, the name of Gamaliel, the younger brother, appears
+first on the list of Freemen, in 1635. Nov. 30, 1637, he was disarmed
+because of his sympathy with the views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson. His occupation is inferred from the fact that in company
+with other fishermen he petitioned the court at Salem, Oct. 14, 1657,
+"for exemption from training in the fishing season." In 1670 he received
+from the General Court a grant of a half acre of land in Boston, on the
+south side of "Sentry Hill," to plant and improve; and in 1673 he was
+part owner of Long Island in Boston Harbor. Mention is made in 1677 of
+his son John, his daughter Deborah, and his grandchildren Ebenezer and
+Richard Price, the children of his daughter Grace. From an entry in the
+diary of Judge Sewell it is learned that he died suddenly, Dec. 9, 1685,
+aged 87 years.
+
+His son John, born in 1646, after long experience as a member of the
+General Court of Massachusetts, was in 1684 made Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He was eminent in his day among Boston business-men,
+was a witness to the will of Governor Leverett, was one of the sureties
+on the bond of Emma, widow and administratrix of the estate of Moses
+Maverick, of Marblehead, in 1686; succeeded to his father in the
+ownership of a portion of Long Island in Boston Harbor, and in 1694
+sold "Beudal's Dock," then in his possession. His wife Emma (nee
+Roberts), upon his death in 1702, was appointed executrix of his estate.
+
+From John, and other descendants of Gamaliel Wayte, are traced the
+Watertown, Medford, and Brookfield branches of the family, whose
+representatives are found in all parts of the United States. A memorial
+of the last named branch is found in the historic "Wait Monument" at
+Springfield, Mass., erected in 1763 to mark the old "Boston Road." It
+appears that Mr. Wait, mistaking his way at this point, nearly perished
+in a snow-storm, and erected this waymark for the benefit of future
+travellers. It is about four feet high, two feet broad, and one
+foot thick, and, beside Masonic emblems, bears two Latin
+inscriptions,--"VIRTUS EST SUA MERCES," and another, of which only the
+word "PULSANTI" remains. Beneath are the words,--
+
+    BOSTON ROAD.
+    THIS STONE IS ERECTED BY
+    JOSEPH WAIT, ESQ., OF BROOKFIELD,
+    FOR THE BENEFIT OF TRAVELLERS, 1763.
+
+The stone is of a dark red, similar to the Long Meadow stone, and is
+supposed to have been cut by Nathaniel Brewer. By a singular
+coincidence, it marks the spot where the celebrated "Shay's Rebellion"
+culminated in an encounter between the insurgents and the Springfield
+militia under General Shepard, and bears upon its face the scars of the
+opposing bullets.
+
+Thomas, one of the Malden descendants of Gamaliel, removed to Lyme,
+Conn., about the year 1700, where he married, in 1704, Mary Bronson, a
+granddaughter of Matthew Griswold, the ancestor of a family
+distinguished in American history. Remick, a grandson of the Thomas last
+referred to, married Susannah Matson, whose sister was the mother of
+Connecticut's noble war governor, Hon. William A. Buckingham. The first
+child of Remick and Susannah (Matson) Wait, born in Lyme, Feb. 9, 1787,
+was Henry Matson, who, when of legal age, restored to the name the final
+letter, which had been for some time omitted by many of the descendants
+of Gamaliel Wayte. Henry Matson Waite was fitted for college at the
+academy in Colchester, and graduated at Yale with distinction, in 1809.
+He studied in the office of Gov. Matthew Griswold, and his brother,
+Lieut.-Gov. Roger Griswold; became a lawyer of marked ability; was
+repeatedly made a member of the legislature; in 1832 and 1833 was a
+member of the state senate; in 1834 was made associate of the supreme
+court of Connecticut; and in 1854, by the almost unanimous vote of the
+legislature, was elevated to the position of chief justice. He held this
+office until 1857, when he retired, having reached his seventieth year,
+the legal limit as to age. He died Dec. 14, 1869, full of years and full
+of honors. His wife, married in 1816, was Maria, daughter of Col.
+Richard Selden, of Lyme, and granddaughter of Col. Samuel Selden, of the
+revolutionary army. By her he had eight children. The first born of
+these was Morrison Remick, the most distinguished of the members of this
+old and honorable family.
+
+Hon. Morrison Remick Waite, LL.D., Chief Justice of the United States
+Supreme Court, was born in Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816. He graduated with
+distinction from Yale College in 1837, in a class which included Hon.
+William M. Evarts, Edwards Pierrepont, and Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.,
+and began the study of law in his father's office. He finished his
+studies, preparatory to admission to the bar of Ohio, in the office of
+Samuel M. Young, in Maumee City, in that state, and, on his admission,
+formed a partnership with Mr. Young. In 1840 the firm removed to Toledo,
+and there continued their law-partnership until Mr. Waite's youngest
+brother, Richard, who graduated at Yale College in 1853, was admitted to
+the bar, when the brothers formed a new partnership, which existed until
+the senior partner received his present appointment. He was married
+Sept. 21, 1840, to Miss Amelia C. Warner, a resident of his native town.
+He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1872, and, a year
+prior to his appointment as chief justice, was admitted to the bar of
+the United States Supreme Court, on motion of Hon. Caleb Cushing, whose
+name was subsequently spoken of in connection with the office of chief
+justice. It was not until 1849 that Judge Waite, as he was called by
+courtesy, occupied a public position. He was then elected a member of
+the Ohio House of Representatives for the sessions of 1849 and 1850.
+Although frequently urged to allow the use of his name as a candidate
+for Congress, and other positions, he subsequently declined to hold
+office. On two or three occasions, he was offered a position on the
+supreme bench of his adopted state, offers which he also declined. The
+esteem in which he was held by the citizens of Ohio is marked by the
+fact that he was unanimously chosen as the representative from Toledo
+in the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1874, of which body he was made
+president.
+
+In 1871, as is generally known, Mr. Waite was appointed one of the
+counsel in the matter of the Alabama claims, to prepare the case of the
+United States and present the same before the Court of Arbitration at
+Geneva. While the most prominent part was assigned to the senior
+counsel, Mr. Cushing, it is the opinion of those familiar with the
+arguments, including Mr. J. C. Bancroft Davis, that Mr. Waite
+contributed in a very large degree to the success of the case of the
+United States, and thus to the peaceful settlement of long standing and
+bitterly contested questions of the gravest national concern. A writer
+in the Boston Evening _Transcript_, date of Dec. 6, 1874,--Mr. A. H.
+Hoyt, to whom we are indebted for many of the facts here recorded,--very
+accurately describes the characteristics of the chief justice at that
+time as follows: "He has the reputation of possessing a vigorous
+intellect, which very readily and clearly grasps the facts and the law
+of a case. He has a sound and well-balanced judgment and a large share
+of practical common sense. He is blessed with robust health, is
+industrious in his habits, and possesses an equable temper. His
+appointment was not prompted by motives of party or political policy. He
+will enter into his office untrammelled by close political alliances,
+and free from the biases and prejudices engendered and fostered by party
+spirit and party contests." The truth of these words has been more than
+proven by the dignity, ability and impartiality with which Mr. Waite has
+filled his high office,--an office in the esteem of many the most
+important and honorable in the gift of the American people. In
+Washington, as in Toledo, Mr. Waite's home is one of unostentatious
+comfort rather than elegance, commendably in contrast with those of many
+men at present prominent in political circles at the national capital.
+His home and private life may be said, in brief, to present a notable
+example of the simplicity, quiet dignity, and domestic virtues which
+should characterize the home and life of a republican citizen in exalted
+station. Those who have enjoyed familiar acquaintance with him speak of
+him as affable, thoroughly unaffected, as a good conversationalist, well
+informed in history, literature, philosophy, and the sciences, and as a
+close student of social, financial, and all political questions of the
+day. His interest in these respects is evidenced by his connection with
+the management of the "Peabody Fund," as a trustee, and with the
+important non-partisan movement in the direction of political education
+recently inaugurated by the American Institute of Civics, a corporate
+institution, national in scope, of whose advisory board he is president.
+
+Judge Waite was married to Miss Amelia C. Warner, of Lyme, Conn., Sept.
+21, 1840. Mrs. Waite is a woman of fine mind, engaging manners, and
+great force of character, and is in every way worthy of the position in
+life to which her husband's distinguished abilities have exalted her. Of
+their living children all save one--Miss Mary F. Waite, highly esteemed
+because of her personal qualities and her deep interest in philanthropic
+and charitable work--have gone forth from the home roof to occupy
+honorable positions in homes of their own. Judge Waite and family are
+communicants and active co-operators in the work of the Protestant
+Episcopal church.
+
+We have traced the descent of the Hon. Morrison R. Waite to Remick, a
+grandson of Thomas and Mary Bronson Wait, of Lyme. Among other grandsons
+of Thomas was Marvin, who became a noted member of the Connecticut bar,
+having his office in Lyme, where he was a partner of Gen. Samuel Holden
+Parsons, a nephew of Gov. Matthew Griswold. Marvin Wait was a member of
+the electoral college chosen after the war, and cast his vote for
+Washington. He was nineteen times made a member of the Connecticut
+General Assembly, was several years judge of the county court, and was
+one of the commissioners for the sale of the state's land in the
+northwestern territory. Judge Marvin Wait was the father of that honored
+citizen of Connecticut, Hon. John T. Wait, LL.D., who was born in New
+London, and graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford, in
+1842, held the office of state attorney in 1863, headed the electoral
+ticket cast for Lincoln in 1864, was elected to the state Senate in
+1865, and in 1866 presided over that body. In 1867 he was speaker of the
+national House of Representatives, and from that time to the present has
+been almost regularly returned to that body, where he has a recognized
+position as one of the ablest, most upright, and most influential of its
+members. He is familiarly known in New London, where, with his family,
+he has always resided, as "Colonel Wait," and is not merely esteemed,
+but beloved, by his fellow-citizens of all parties and creeds.
+
+From these notes concerning Gamaliel Wayte and his descendants we now
+turn to his elder brother Richard.
+
+Richard Wayte was born in England in 1596. His name first appears upon
+the colonial records Aug. 28, 1634, when, at the age of thirty-eight, he
+was admitted to the church in Boston, his younger brother, Gamaliel,
+having been admitted in the previous year. It appears that he took the
+freeman's oath March 9, 1637, and that November 30 of the same year, in
+company with his brother Gamaliel, he was found guilty of too much
+sympathy with the religious views of Mr. Wheelwright and Mrs. Anne
+Hutchinson, and by a judgment very suggestive of the church militant,
+was thereupon sentenced to be disarmed. This enforced retirement to the
+walks of peace was of brief duration, as in 1638 we find him an active
+member of the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company." In 1640 he
+united with other residents of Mt. Wollaston in a petition for the
+formation of the town of Braintree. In 1647 he was sent as an officer
+with a message to the Narragansett Indians, and went on a similar errand
+in 1653. In 1654 we find him occupying the honorable and difficult
+position of marshal of the Massachusetts colony, a post which he seems
+to have filled to the satisfaction of the colonists for many years, and
+in which he was succeeded, as will be seen, by his son Return. In the
+same year (1654) he took an important part in an expedition against the
+Narragansett Indians. October 20, 1658, on account of services in the
+Pequot war and elsewhere, he received from the General Court a grant of
+300 acres of land, "in the wilderness between Cochituate and Nipnop, 220
+acres on a neck surrounded by Sudbury River, great pond, and small
+brook, five patches, 20 acres meadow, and 60 acres on northeast side
+Washakum Pond," all now included in Framingham, Mass., and a part of
+which is supposed to be now occupied by the Lake View Chautauqua
+Assembly, whose Hall of Philosophy stands on the summit of the elevation
+still known as "Mt. Waite." In 1659 Marshal Wayte was voted L5 from the
+public treasury in recognition of "his great and diligent pains, riding
+day and night, in summoning those entertaining Quakers to this court."
+October 16, 1660, his prowess was recognized by an appointment as
+"governor's guard (John Endicott at that time occupied this position) at
+all public meetings out of court."
+
+From these fragmentary records we learn enough to indicate that the
+first marshal of the Massachusetts colony was a man of no ordinary
+character. His was a semi-military position, devolving upon him, not
+only the duty of executing the ordinary behests of the General Court,
+but of acting an important part as an aid to the governor in devising
+means for the defence of the colonists against their Indian foes.
+Marshal Waite was proprietor of a tailoring establishment, and an owner
+of real estate on Broad Street. He was twice married, and was the father
+of fourteen children--eight by his first wife, who died in 1651, and six
+by his second wife, Rebecca Hepbourne. Of these, three died at an early
+age; two (Nathaniel and Samuel) are not mentioned in their father's
+will; of the eight remaining, three only were sons. These, Return,
+Richard, and John, each married and left children. Return, one of the
+sons of Marshal Wayte, born in 1639, was an officer in the Ancient and
+Honorable Artillery Company, was his father's successor as marshal, and
+also succeeded to his father's business. It appears that in 1679 he
+imported "part of the show that appeared at Gov. Leverett's funeral,"
+taking a personal part in the ceremonies. He died in 1702, aged
+sixty-three years. He had seven children by his wife Martha. The name of
+his first born, Return, is connected with the romantic story so
+charmingly told in "The Nameless Nobleman," a book published by Ticknor
+& Co. He married, in 1707, the heroine of this book, Mary, the wife of
+the nobleman, Dr. Francis Le Baron. Thomas, his second son, born in
+1691, was a well-to-do shopkeeper, owning land on Leverett's Lane, Queen
+Street, Cornhill, and elsewhere, including a tenement on King Street,
+known as the "Bunch of Grapes." He was for twenty years or more a deacon
+in the first church, to which he left, in his will (proved in 1775), a
+silver flagon with twelve shillings for each of its poor.
+
+The third son of Marshal Return, and grandson of Marshal Richard, was
+Richard Waite, third of the name, born Oct. 21, 1693, and married to
+Mary, daughter of John Barnes, in 1722. He was a resident of Middleboro,
+in 1715; Taunton, in 1718, and afterward of Plymouth, save for a short
+time, when he purchased a residence on Leverett's Lane, paying for the
+same L3,700, owning also other property on Cornhill. He conducted a
+profitable business as a merchant in the coasting trade, and was himself
+for many years captain of a vessel plying between Plymouth and New
+London. He had eleven children, three sons and eight daughters. Of these
+Richard, the fourth of the name, was born in Plymouth, Oct. 6, 1745.
+Members of the family having previously gone to Vermont (giving a name
+to Waitsfield), Richard, after a brief residence in Boston, removed to
+that state, settling at Bennington, and from there went to the pioneer
+region in the "Black River Country" in New York, settling at Champion.
+He married Submit Thomas, at Hardwick, Mass., in 1747, and had nine
+children, four of them sons. Of these, James, born at Bennington, Vt.,
+May 13, 1789, married at Dummerston, Vt., Esther L. Coughlan, who was
+the daughter of an Irish gentleman, and a woman of fine culture and
+great personal attractions. He spent the chief part of his life upon the
+estate in Champion occupied by his father.
+
+Of his seven children, one, Rev. Hiram Henry Waite, M. A., born Aug. 13,
+1816, lately pastor of the Waverly Congregationalist Church, Jersey
+City, N. J., and now of the Congregationalist Church, Madison, N. Y., is
+well known among Congregational clergymen as an able, faithful, and
+successful minister, his services, wherever he has labored, having been
+signally blessed in every way. He married in 1843 S. Maria Randall at
+Antwerp, N. Y., by whom he has now living three daughters and one son,
+Henry Randall Waite, Ph. D., of West Newton, Mass., who is prominent
+among the younger representatives of this ancient New England family. On
+the maternal side his descent is traced from the Randalls and Carpenters
+of New Hampshire, stocks from which have sprung many notable men. Both
+his paternal and maternal grandfathers were soldiers in the war of 1812;
+his ancestors were also active participants in the war of the
+Revolution, and at a still earlier date, as we have seen, participants
+in the wars with the Narragansetts and other Indian tribes. To his
+Puritan ancestry we may trace his sturdy independence, his originality,
+and persevering industry; while to his Celtic progenitors may be due
+something of his generous and genial nature. He graduated in 1868, at
+Hamilton College, with an excellent reputation as a scholar and thinker;
+and in the same year became one of the editors of the Utica _Morning
+Herald_, where his abilities as a critical and literary writer soon
+gained recognition. Subsequently he studied theology at Union
+Theological Seminary in the city of New York, and in 1872 visited
+Europe.
+
+He supplied the pulpit of the American Chapel in Paris for a short time,
+and afterward visited Rome, where he was invited to assist in the
+establishment of what became under his labors a flourishing and useful
+church for resident and visiting Americans, the first for
+English-speaking people tolerated within the walls. In the pastor's
+parlors, facing the windows of the Propaganda Fide, many notable
+assemblies were gathered. Here were taken the first steps toward the
+organization of a union of the Sunday-school forces in Italy. Here were
+held important meetings of the Italian Bible Society, and here was
+organized the first Young Men's Christian Association in Italy, its
+members including Italians of every evangelical faith. He established a
+Bible training school for Italian young men, so planned as to secure the
+approval and co-operation of Italian ministers of every denomination,
+and was also instrumental in the establishment of a school among the
+soldiers of the Italian army stationed in Rome, out of which grew a
+church, composed wholly of men in the military service, its creed being
+that of the Apostles. Many persons, native and foreign, assisted on the
+occasion, memorable in the history of religious progress in Rome, when
+the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered to these modern
+soldiers of Caesar's household. This work has been efficiently continued
+to this day under other direction, and thousands of ex-soldiers in all
+parts of Italy have borne with them to their homes the influence of
+their Catholic Christian training in the _Scuola_ of the _Chiesa
+Evangelica Militare_.
+
+Dr. Waite's inquiries early led him to look upon sectarianism as one of
+the most serious obstacles to the progress of evangelical truth in
+Italy, and to the belief that the presentation of a united Christian
+front, in agreement upon the fundamental truths of the gospel, was
+essential to that influence upon the mind which would bring the most
+hopeful elements among the Latin peoples into practical unity with
+Protestant Christianity. He therefore energetically espoused the cause
+of Christian unity, of which the church in Rome, in its ingathering of
+worshippers of all creeds, was made a notable example.
+
+In 1875 he returned to the United States, and, resuming editorial work,
+was for a time editor of the New Haven _Evening Journal_, and then of
+the _International Review_, in New York, in both of which positions he
+added largely to his reputation as a scholar, thinker, and trenchant and
+graceful writer. In 1876 he received from the University of Syracuse,
+_pro causa_, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and was at the same
+time invited to become a non-resident professor of Political Science in
+that institution. He had previously accepted a call to the pastorate of
+the Huguenot Memorial Church at Pelham on the Sound, where he purchased
+an estate known as "Bonny Croft," and in the midst of most congenial
+surroundings remained until 1880, when, upon invitation of Gen. Francis
+A. Walker, superintendent of the Tenth Census of the United States, he
+undertook the direction of the Educational and Religious Departments of
+the Census.
+
+Dr. Waite has an acknowledged position as one of the most accomplished
+statisticians and most thoroughly informed educational authorities in
+the United States. Doubtless in recognition of this fact, at the
+Inter-State Educational Convention held in Louisville in 1883 and
+composed of delegates appointed by the governors of the several states,
+he was invited to deliver the opening address, a paper on the Ideal
+Public School System, which was characterized by the Chairman of the
+convention as "one of the best ever read before a like body." Aside from
+editorial work he has furnished frequent contributions to various
+periodicals, and has gained a special reputation as a writer upon
+politico-economic subjects. Two of these contributions recently
+published in the form of a brochure by D. Lothrop & Co., under title of
+"Illiteracy and Mormonism," have attracted especial attention among
+those interested in these important questions. When residing in New York
+he was President of the Political Science Association, and Chairman of
+the Executive Committee of the National Reform League, one of the
+pioneer organizations for the reform of the civil service; and while
+residing in Washington was president of the Social Science Association
+of the District of Columbia.
+
+Dr. Waite is a logical, fluent and earnest speaker, and his reputation
+as a student of educational and social problems has led to a frequent
+demand for his services on the part of committees concerned with
+legislative questions, and at assemblies of leading educators. He
+presided and delivered an address at one of the sessions of the National
+Educational Assembly at Ocean Grove, in 1883, and in an address at one
+of the meetings of the National Educational Association at Madison,
+Wis., in 1884, following Mgr. Capel, to whose covert attack upon our
+public school system he made, as reported in the Chicago _Tribune_, a
+temperate but caustic and able reply. At the last meeting of the same
+association, at Saratoga, he delivered an address upon the Tenure of
+Office and Compensation of Teachers, which is characterized by the Iowa
+_School Journal_ as one of the specially fine papers of the occasion. In
+connection with his editorial labors, he discharges the duties of
+President of the American Institute of Civics, an organization lately
+incorporated, "for the purpose of promoting the study of political and
+economic science and so much of social science as is related to
+government and citizenship"; the aim of the institution being to secure,
+in every walk in life, a more thorough preparation for the duties of
+citizenship. Notable among the officers of this worthy institution are
+Chief Justice Waite, Senator Colquitt, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, President
+Porter of Yale College, President Seelye of Amherst, Senator Morrill of
+Vermont, Hon. John Eaton, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Hon. Carroll
+D. Wright, Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, D. C. Heath, Gen. H. B. Carrington,
+Daniel Lothrop, and Robert M. Pulsifer, with hundreds of members of
+equal eminence.
+
+Dr. Waite has had several invitations to accept important positions in
+connection with educational institutions, none of which he has thought
+it advisable to accept.
+
+The Boston _Transcript_, not long since, noted the fact that prominent
+friends of Middlebury College had presented his name in connection with
+the office of President of that institution, and added: "Whether Dr.
+Waite will accept the position, if elected, we are not informed, but of
+his qualifications there can be no doubt. Graduated from a kindred
+institution, he is a firm believer in the usefulness of the smaller
+college.... To his other qualifications are added the executive skill
+and indomitable energy which are needed to place Middlebury College upon
+the footing with similar institutions to which its honorable position in
+the past so justly entitles it."
+
+Among other labors, he is preparing for early publication by D. Lothrop
+& Co. a work upon the Indian Races of North America; and is also
+Secretary of the Inter-State Commission on Federal Aid to Education. Few
+men have a wider circle of devoted friends among educated young men, a
+fact in some degree accounted for by the ready and helpful sympathy and
+practical wisdom with which he responds to the numerous demands made
+upon him for aid and counsel, by those who are perplexed as to the
+choice of a calling or are seeking entrance to some field of labor.
+There are many such, within the writer's knowledge, who owe him debts
+which they will never cease to acknowledge with gratitude. An evidence
+of the esteem in which he is held by college men, is afforded by the
+fact that one of the oldest of college societies, with chapters in
+twenty or more leading colleges, including Harvard, Brown, Cornell,
+Williams, Hamilton, etc., chose him as orator at its semi-centennial
+anniversary, observed in September of last year, in the Academy of
+Music, in New York.
+
+To these notes relating to a family whose history is so linked with the
+beginnings of colonial life in Massachusetts, we append the following
+inscription from one of the three tombs of Marshal Wayte's family, still
+standing, in good preservation, in the old King's Chapel Ground, on
+Tremont St., in Boston:
+
+
+     RICHARD WAYTE
+
+     Aged 84 years
+
+     Died 17 Sept. 1680
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL CHRISTOPHER TOPPAN.
+
+BY ONE OF HIS DESCENDANTS.
+
+
+In the May number of the Bay State for 1884 is an article on the
+promontory Boar's Head, and the adjoining town of Hampton, New
+Hampshire, which contains a mention of Colonel Christopher Toppan, who
+employed in his time many men there in boat and ship building, and in
+other branches of industry. He was a man so strongly marked in mind and
+character, and so identified with the local prosperity of his day and
+generation, that some further facts about him may be noted.
+
+Christopher Toppan was the son of Dr. Edmund Toppan, a physician of
+Hampton, and the grandson of Dr. Christopher Toppan, a Congregational
+minister of learning and ability, settled from 1696 until his death,
+1747, over the first church in Newbury, Mass. Christopher Toppan married
+Sarah Parker, daughter of Hon. William Parker of Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, and sister of Bishop Samuel Parker of Boston, so many years
+rector of Trinity Church.
+
+The children of Christopher and Sarah Toppan were Abigail, who died
+unmarried at the age of ninety-six years; Sarah, who married Dr.
+Nathaniel Thayer, who had a long and able pastorate, severed only by his
+death, over the Unitarian Church in Lancaster, Mass.; Edmund Toppan, a
+lawyer who lived and died in Hampton, N. H.; Mary Ann, who married Hon.
+Charles H. Atherton of Amherst, N. H.
+
+Of the grandchildren of Christopher Toppan may be mentioned Hon.
+Christopher S., son of Edmund Toppan, who lived and died a prominent
+merchant of Portsmouth, N. H. He left his salary as mayor so funded as
+to furnish every year a Thanksgiving dinner to the poor of the city. As
+that anniversary comes round, his name may be seen on the walls of the
+almshouse, with appropriate mottoes of gratitude, and his memory is
+fragrant to a class of citizens whom, in his life-time, he delighted to
+aid.
+
+Among the children of Charles H. and Mary Ann (Toppan) Atherton was
+Charles Gordon Atherton, a lawyer of Nashua, N. H., who represented New
+Hampshire in Congress, for successive terms in the House and in the
+Senate. Every year but one from the time he was twenty-one, he had held
+political office until his sudden death at the beginning of Franklin
+Pierce's administration in which, had he lived, he would have had,
+doubtless, a prominent part. He was an ultra and zealous democrat,
+differing in this respect from the political faith of his fathers; and
+so strenuous was he in the advocacy of State rights that he introduced
+into Congress the twenty-first rule against the right of petition--a
+rule which the efforts of "The Old Man Eloquent," John Quincy Adams,
+caused to be rescinded. So obnoxious a measure fastened upon Atherton
+the nickname of Charles Gag Atherton; and many an anti-slavery writer in
+bitter philippic contrasted his course with that of his grandfather,
+Hon. Joshua Atherton, who, early in the history of New Hampshire, was an
+able and fearless advocate of the abolition of slavery.
+
+Two of the sons of Dr. Nathaniel and Sarah (Toppan) Thayer were the
+well-known successful and liberal bankers,--John Eliot and Nathaniel
+Thayer of Boston,--whose wise and generous gifts to the cause of liberal
+education give their names an honored place among the benefactors of the
+Commonwealth. A younger son, Rev. Christopher Toppan Thayer, was, for
+many years, a faithful and beloved pastor of the Unitarian Church in
+Beverly, Mass.
+
+Christopher Toppan was not only shrewd and enterprising in his private
+business, but a pioneer in every project which would benefit the
+community around him. He assumed responsibilities, invested money, and
+hired labor in building the turnpike and other public improvements. He
+was a leader in matters of religion and education as well as of secular
+interest. When the Congregational Church and Society of Hampton wished
+to build a meeting-house, the committee wrote him a letter stating the
+reasons why a certain valuable and centrally situated piece of land
+owned by him would be the most advantageous site for the proposed
+building. His reply was in the laconic style characteristic of his
+manner of doing good:--
+
+     GENTLEMEN,--If you want my land, you may have it.
+
+     CHRISTOPHER TOPPAN.
+
+He invited the clergyman to make it his home for a year at his house,
+thus removing some of the self-denials of an early settlement in a
+country parish. He did much toward the establishment of Hampton Academy,
+then a pioneer and very useful institution of the kind in that part of
+the State, and one at which Rufus Choate and other men of mark fitted
+for college. He offered to the preceptress also a home in his family, in
+order that a well-educated and refined woman might find it more pleasant
+and profitable to teach in the village. The hospitality of his house was
+proverbial. The old mansion still stands, a large, low, two-story yellow
+house, with long front and side yards, and a grassy lawn between them
+and the road, with massive, protecting elms, twice as high as the house
+in front and around it; spacious barns extend a little in the rear on
+one side, and a simple old garden of fruit, flowers, and vegetables on
+the other. This was originally one of the four garrison houses of the
+town in the old times of terror and defence from Indian incursions; and
+it would be difficult to find now a more pleasant old-fashioned country
+house of equal age, with its physiognomy of generous hospitality and
+unobtrusive refinement and good sense.
+
+Christopher Toppan was an influence in character as well as a stimulus
+in business to those around him. He taught them to save part of their
+earnings, to secure as early as possible a piece of land and a home. In
+few but pointed words he reproved thriftless and idle ways, and his
+respect and approbation were sought and valued. What Colonel Toppan said
+upon any matter was quoted and remembered as if it decided the question,
+long after men left his employment, and had an independence of their
+own. Nor was the gratitude for his aid and influence always confined to
+the first generation. Within a few years, two solid men of business
+sought out Hampton, and inquired especially for the house which formerly
+belonged to Col. Christopher Toppan. They visited the spot, and looked
+with reverence at the situation, the trees, the old house, and
+everything that belonged to it. Their grandfather had come to this
+country a poor and friendless boy, and at the age of twelve had been
+taken into the kitchen here to wait on the family. The patience with
+which his blunders had been borne, and the kindness with which he had
+been treated, he had rehearsed to his children's children. He was sent
+to school, and told he must learn to read and write and cipher if he
+wanted to be a man, but being a dull pupil he was often discouraged, and
+the Colonel used to call him into the sitting-room, as it was called,
+and teach him himself in the evening. He gave him a little money for
+certain extra services on condition he set it down on paper, and saved a
+little every month. Thus commenced the habits of industry, economy, and
+exactness which made the subsequent prosperity of the man, who used to
+recount to his grandsons his early poverty and hardships, the kind home
+he found, and dwell with grateful pleasure on every trait and habit of
+the Colonel. "Now, boys," he said, "be sure, when you grow up and can
+afford it, that you go into New Hampshire and see where I used to live
+as a boy, and if the house of Colonel and Madam Toppan is still
+standing, with the beautiful elms and all."
+
+Verily the good men do springs up, they themselves know not where, and
+blesses, they know not whom.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL LIFE IN EARLY NEW ENGLAND.
+
+BY REV. ANSON TITUS.
+
+
+There is much value in knowing of the past social life of New England.
+By regarding the ways and manners which were, we are the better prepared
+for the duties which are. In entering into the labors of others, we
+should know what those labors were.
+
+At the outset we must regard the singular oneness of purpose in the
+minds of our New England ancestors. To serve God unmolested was the
+ruling idea of those who led in the settlement of Boston, Dorchester,
+Salem, and Plymouth. The hardship of laws and social oppression
+stimulated many more to join those who came from a religious motive. But
+those who came, came with a deep purpose to make these parts their home.
+They brought their families with them. This made the settlers more
+contented in living amid the new scenes, with privations they had not
+known. The early settlers in many instances came in such numbers from a
+given section that they brought their minister with them. There was a
+great bond of sympathy between those who thus came together. The new
+communities became as one home. Add to this the fact of the settlers
+living within a mile of the meeting-house, often meeting with each other
+on Sunday and at the midweek meetings for town purposes, for the drill
+of the military companies, and having the same hopes and fears regarding
+the Indians, we find the common sentiment welded even stronger. The
+oneness of the New England communities is proverbial. There were rich,
+there were poor people, and in the meeting-house the people were seated
+and "dignified" according to title and station; but in spite of these,
+there was more in the name than in reality. The people were not hedged
+in by their differences. President John Adams was asked by a southern
+friend what made New England as it is. His reply is memorable: "The
+meeting-house, the school-house, the training-green, and the
+town-meeting." In these, the people were brought together, their common
+interests were discussed and acted upon. The youth grew up with each
+other in the schools. The young men stood shoulder to shoulder on the
+training-green, drilling themselves to defend their homes. In the
+councils of the town they debated and conducted the business which would
+accrue to their weal and benefit, and on the Lord's Day they would
+gather in families to hear the words of the town minister, and before
+the one altar of the community bow in filial reverence to their God.
+This frequent meeting with one another and mingling in the same social
+life made the distinctive type of character which grew up in every
+community.
+
+The minister and his family were in the front rank of social life. To
+the people's adviser deference was paid. To the minister, even the
+smallest of the boys took off their hats. The people of the town may
+have disagreed with him, still his position in society was acknowledged.
+He was the educated man of the town. In the early days he was the
+physician also. The first medical work published in America was by the
+pastor in Weymouth. It treated of small-pox. Vaccination was met with
+the strongest of opposition. The clergy opposed what was thought to be a
+means of intervening the will and providence of God. This discussion had
+much to do in separating the profession of medicine from the ministerial
+office. The minister likewise did much of the legal business of the
+people. Lawyers were rare men until towards the war of the Revolution.
+There was a dislike towards them--a feeling that they would take
+advantage of the people's rights. But America owes a debt of gratitude
+to the young barristers of the Revolution. They were true to the people
+and their best interests. When John Adams wished the hand of Abigail
+Smith, the people were anxious lest the dignity of Parson Smith's family
+would suffer. The next Lord's Day after the marriage he preached from
+the text, "And John came neither eating nor drinking, and ye say he hath
+a devil."
+
+The grade in social life, which was largely a name, was shown most in
+the meeting-house. The seating of families and the assigning of pews was
+one of the difficult things. The minister and deacons were nearest the
+pulpit. The boys and colored people were assigned the back pews or those
+in the gallery. This idea of "social dignity" was brought from the old
+country, but gave way in the growing oneness of life in America.
+
+The days of the early New Englander were not all dark. There was much of
+the austere in them, but there was also a grain of mirth and
+cheerfulness. We must bear in mind that the clergymen were the early
+historians of the country; and they put much gloom in their writings.
+The mirthful side of social life was expressed at the parties and
+meetings for hilarity; for such they often had. The young delighted
+themselves in each other's company, the same as to-day. The young gent
+and his lady either walked to the party, or rode on one horse. Parties
+began in better season than now. The assembly met in the latter part of
+the afternoon, and the dancing, where dancing was the order, began at
+about four o'clock. This was truly in good season, but, if our
+information is correct, they kept even later hours than the parties of
+to-day.
+
+In Froude's recent "Life of Thomas Carlyle" is a conversation alluding
+to Thurtill's trial: "I have always thought him a respectable man." "And
+what do you mean by respectable?" "He kept a gig." A century ago it
+evidenced pre-eminent respectability to support such a vehicle. It was a
+wonderful conveyance in the eyes of the ordinary folk. With the
+coming-in of gigs and carts, where the element of pleasure was sought as
+well as service, came not alone improvement in vehicles, but the
+widening and general improvement of the highways. The New England inn
+was a place of great resort. In the poverty of newspapers, people came
+here to gain what news there might be. The innholder was a leading man
+in the community. He got the news from the driver and passengers of the
+stage-coach, and of the travellers who chanced to be passing through the
+town. The innholder knew the public men of the country, for they had
+partaken of his sumptuous dinners, and had lodged at his inn. If the
+walls of these ancient New England taverns could talk, what stories
+would they tell; not of debauches alone, but, in the dark and stirring
+days, of patriotic and loyal sentiments and deeds, whose influence went
+out for the founding of the nation, and the perpetuity of the blessings
+of freedom. He who strives to know of early New England, must not look
+alone to the learning, character and influence of its ministers, but to
+the manners, life, and influence of the innholders.
+
+The town meeting was the day of days. The citizens of the town met to
+consult and devise plans for their common welfare. "Citizen" in the very
+early time meant "freeman," and a freeman was a member of the church;
+but this interpretation was too confined for the growing diversity in
+colonial and provincial life. It served well for the time, but new
+conditions demanded that it be superseded. The property qualification
+has likewise virtue in it, and the educational test of Massachusetts has
+much strength. This test is quite limited in the nation; nevertheless,
+if general, it would be for the saving of many of our political
+troubles. Election or town-meeting day had its treat. Its cake has left
+a precious memory behind, and many an old-timed family observes the
+custom until now. The town meeting was opened by prayer by the town
+minister, and much decorum and orderliness was observed by the citizens.
+The day was jovial, however, despite the solemnity attending it.
+
+Prudence and economy had to be exercised, even in the more prosperous
+days. Little was wasted. There was not much money in the market. To
+trade, barter, and dicker was the custom. For amusements, the game of
+"fox and geese," and "three" or "twelve men morris," served well. The
+mingling of work and pleasure was common. The husking-bee and the
+quilting-bee afforded sources of much enjoyment. Prudence and economy
+hurt no one, but the mingling of these in the life of childhood and
+manhood aids in developing character which makes men and women hardy for
+the race of life.
+
+The ever-famous New England Primer, small though it has been, was one of
+the most influential of publications. It was in every home. From it the
+children learned their A, B, C's. In it were pert rhymes expressing the
+theology of the people, such as "In Adam's fall, We sinned all"; and the
+set of biblical questions beginning with "Who was the first man?" The
+prayer of childhood, "Now I lay me down to sleep," is in its pages. Of
+songs, most familiar is the
+
+    "Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber.
+      Holy angels guard thy bed."
+
+The picture and story of John Rogers' burning at the stake, with wife
+and nine small children and one at the breast looking on, beholding the
+martyrdom of this advocate of the early Protestant church, did much to
+keep alive the bitterness between the Protestant and Catholic churches.
+The Catechism, known by all, began with: "What is the chief end of man?"
+Then followed the words of this conclave of divines, the teachings of
+Rev. John Cotton, which he named "Spiritual milk for American babes,
+Drawn out of the Breasts of both Testaments for their Soul's
+Nourishment." We call New England character hardy, stern, and stalwart.
+Well it might be, by having the teachings of this Primer enforced in
+men's lives and labors. We may not admire some of the doctrines, but for
+the times they made the noblest and strongest of men. A trite statement
+of the late Dr. Leonard Bacon was: "In determining what kind of men our
+fathers were, we are to compare their laws not with ours, but with the
+laws which they renounced." So with their theological opinions. Compared
+with the doctrines they renounced, and not with those of our own era, we
+recognize in them a strength and vigor of thought and character which
+will stand the severest test and scrutiny. Steel well heated and
+hammered is most valuable. But steel can be overheated and overhammered;
+then it becomes almost useless. The strong doctrines of the earlier New
+England were too closely enforced, and there came a day--a part of which
+we live in--which repelled them. The old-time teaching has passed, and a
+fresher and more potent teaching is supplanting it.
+
+There is something grand in the social life of the good old days. In
+knowing of it, we better appreciate the blessings of to-day. The
+ordinary life of the people has in it a fascination which a general
+knowledge fails to impart. The greatness of New England, however, is not
+all in the past. New England has given excellent life to the great West,
+and the far-reaching isles. Its line has gone out through all the earth.
+The descendants of New England are drawing riches from the prairies, the
+mines of the mountains, and are creating business thrift in all the
+rising towns. In all the world, in every commercial centre, in the
+vessels upon the sea, in every mechanical industry at home and abroad,
+are those whose keenness and brightness of mind, whose sharpness of
+ingenuity, and whose warmth of heart are to be traced to the natural
+blood and descent from those we ever delight to honor.
+
+The social life of to-day is not as it has been. The oneness of the
+early times is disintegrating. The people seem almost mad in their rush
+after clubs and societies. The ninety per cent of English descent at the
+beginning of the Revolution is giving way before the incoming of
+emigrants from every other nation. The rapid reading, thinking, and
+living has long since passed the life of former generations. But in this
+new social order is there nothing rich and abiding? Most truly there is.
+The millennium may be distant, but a brighter day is dawning, when
+intellectual activity, stimulated by the studies of the sciences and
+material things, coupled with the fresher faith quickened by the larger
+conceptions of the mission of the world's Master, will result in causing
+the knowledge of the truth and heavenly affection to go to the farthest
+parts of the earth, and the turning of men to the character which
+attracteth all.
+
+
+
+
+OBJECTIONS TO LEVEL-PREMIUM LIFE INSURANCE.
+
+BY G. A. LITCHFIELD.
+
+
+In considering the objections to level-premium life insurance, as at
+present administered, it will not be assumed that there is not much in
+the system to commend. It has subserved, and is now subserving, a great
+and beneficent end.
+
+It is the channel through which millions of dollars have been disbursed
+to families in the time of their sorest need.
+
+It has encouraged habits of economy, and stimulated the noble resolve to
+lay by a part of earnings, scarcely adequate to meet present necessity,
+for a time of greater necessity still.
+
+Thousands of families have experienced exemption from actual want, and
+thousands more have enjoyed comforts, not to say luxuries, that they
+would never have known but for the forethought of husbands and fathers
+who availed themselves of the provisions of life insurance when in
+health, and with a long life in prospect.
+
+We have no disposition to detract from the excellent results
+accomplished, and perhaps the severest criticism that can be made upon a
+system embracing such beneficent possibilities is that it has failed so
+disastrously to realize them in such numerous instances. While it has
+carried relief and comfort to many families whose wage-producers have
+been taken from them by death, it has bitterly disappointed many more
+who had made it their dependence for such a time of need.
+
+While it has encouraged many a poor man to heroic self-sacrifice in the
+effort to save the premium required from his scanty wages, it has too
+often absorbed the products of his toil, and left his children to cry
+for bread. Such results have been reached sometimes by extravagant and
+incompetent management, and again by dishonesty and gross betrayal of
+important trusts. The preposterous claim is frequently made by the
+advocates of level-premium insurance, when contrasting it with
+assessment insurance, that patrons of the former system may pay their
+money with the absolute certainty of securing the benefits for which
+they pay, while patrons of the latter are placing their hopes upon a
+rope of sand. We do not hesitate to assert that more money has been
+actually lost to the people by the collapse of a single level-premium
+life company that we might name than by all the failures combined that
+have ever occurred in assessment companies in this country; because, in
+assessment companies, for the most part, a fair equivalent is rendered
+from year to year, while in the former large over-payments are required
+upon the promise of future returns. There have been in the United States
+some eight hundred level-premium life companies, only about fifty of
+which are now in existence. It is unnecessary to recall the disastrous
+ending of such companies as the "Continental" and the "Knickerbocker."
+It is well known that the former was at one time receiving not far from
+half a million of dollars annually in premiums through its Boston agency
+alone, and that the latter, in the midst of seeming prosperity,
+collapsed so suddenly that millions of dollars of supposed assets
+disappeared beyond recovery.
+
+The history of the "Charter Oak," with its more than ten millions of
+assets at one time, its subsequent compromise with its policy-holders at
+sixty-five cents on the dollar, and its now possible passage into the
+hands of a receiver,--that functionary at the tail end of a
+life-insurance company that has so often been the "bourne" whence few
+dollars have ever returned to the pockets of the unfortunate
+policy-holder,--is too well known to require rehearsing here. Yet the
+assertion is brazenly made that level-premium companies alone give
+insurance that insures; that there is no safety in any other form of
+insurance, and that assessment insurance, disbursing its millions to the
+families of our land, is but a temporary craze that will soon pass away.
+
+It is a question that may well be asked: What is the explanation of
+results so deplorable in level-premium insurance?
+
+That they occur is too well known to admit of question.
+
+That a very large proportion of those who patronize these companies
+become dissatisfied, not to say disgusted, with their practical
+workings, there is abundant evidence to prove.
+
+That level-premium insurance does not meet the requirements of the
+people is shown by the fact that there are only about 600,000
+policy-holders in these institutions in a population of about
+60,000,000. While lack of confidence undoubtedly deters some from
+patronizing them, yet there are many other considerations that tend to
+produce this state of things. To insure in them is attended with too
+great expense. It is not possible for the average mechanic to save from
+his earnings a sufficient sum to carry any considerable amount of
+insurance in these companies. The principles upon which the system is
+founded are such as to render it needlessly expensive. Experience has
+shown that for various reasons a very large proportion of the insured do
+not continue to pay until the maturity of their policy by death, or by
+limitation of the contract, yet the system requires the payment of a sum
+which, after amply providing for expenses, computed at a given rate of
+interest, will amount to the face of the policy at the expiration of the
+life limit, making no account of gains by lapses nor from a mortality
+below the expectancy.
+
+The premium includes three items, viz.:--
+
+_First_, Cost of pure insurance.
+
+_Second_, The amount to be placed in reserve.
+
+_Third_, The expense charge.
+
+The cost of pure insurance is about one third of the premium, or perhaps
+a little less. Now, does any unprejudiced person believe that it is
+necessary to charge three dollars for the purpose of disbursing to the
+families of the insured one dollar? Is not any system of insurance
+properly open to criticism that continues to assume and charge a cost
+that experience has shown to be so excessively beyond the necessities of
+the case? We do not overlook the fact that a part of this overcharge is
+returned to the insured upon certain conditions, nor the other fact,
+that the proper expense of conducting the business must be provided for;
+but, after giving credit for both these items, a very large and needless
+overcharge remains to discourage those desiring insurance from assuming
+its obligations. This may be more clearly shown in the light of a few
+facts.
+
+By examining the Massachusetts Life-Insurance Report for 1884, it will
+be seen that several companies report an income from investments largely
+in excess of the amount required to pay death-losses. It will be borne
+in mind that the premium charge _includes_ the amount required for the
+payment of death-claims, and it is supposed to be, and undoubtedly is,
+amply sufficient for all purposes in the _absence_ of large
+accumulations from which to receive such a princely income.
+
+In other words, the companies go on requiring the payment of the same
+premium from the party proposing to insure, one third of which is for
+claims by death, when income from investments more than pays this
+important item.
+
+But it may be said that the surplus returns to policy-holders are
+proportionately larger, when claims by death are more than met by income
+from investments. This surely is the result that would naturally be
+looked for, and which should be realized; but unhappily it is not always
+the case. The writer holds a policy in one of the companies referred to
+above, and has paid premiums on the same for some twenty-five years.
+Judge of his surprise when, three or four years ago, he was called upon
+to pay 20 per cent in excess of the premium he had been paying for
+years; and when an explanation was asked, the reason given was that the
+per cent realized from investments was much less than formerly. Yet this
+same company more than pays its death-losses by income from investments.
+This is not an isolated instance.
+
+Many readers of this article have, no doubt, _enjoyed_ (?) a like
+experience. Is not such a system of insurance fairly open to criticism
+in its practical workings?
+
+But perhaps the most astonishing feature of level-premium insurance is
+found in the fact that there is absolutely no obligation assumed on the
+part of the company, and no power anywhere to enforce an accounting for
+the vast sums entrusted to it, so long as it can be made to appear that
+it holds securities in the aggregate to meet the legal requirements of a
+reserve.
+
+These vast sums of money are paid in by policy-holders without any
+knowledge of, or means of knowing, the uses to which they will be
+applied. They know, in a general way, that a part of the premium will be
+used for reserve, a part for expenses, and a part for losses, but how
+much will go for each purpose they have no means of ascertaining. The
+company places it all in a common pot, and can put in the hand of
+extravagance, of avarice, or of dishonesty, and take out any amount for
+personal aggrandizement, or for expense of management, so long as it can
+be made to appear that the legal standard of reserve is maintained.
+There is absolutely no limit put upon the extravagant conduct of the
+business. There is no separation of trust funds from expense account. No
+man who insures in a level-premium life company knows whether such
+company will use for expenses $5 or $25 for each $1,000 of insurance
+which he carries. He has the vague promise of a dividend,--falsely so
+called, for it is really nothing but a return of a part only of his own
+money which he has paid in excess of what he should have paid,--and this
+vague shadowing of some possible relief of the excessive pecuniary
+burden he is compelled to assume if he insures, is all that is given
+him. There is exhibited here the most astonishing credulity, and, too
+often, as thousands can testify from sad experience, a misplaced
+confidence on the part of the insuring public, that seems childlike and
+puerile in the extreme.
+
+The official reports of Level-Premium Life Companies to the Insurance
+Departments of the several states show that these companies actually
+use, for expense of conducting the business, from $6 to $25 for each
+$1,000 of insurance outstanding. A man carrying $10,000 insurance for
+his family in these companies must pay on the average, for the _expense_
+of the business, about $80 per annum, and if it should be twice or three
+times that amount he has no redress. Should not these companies
+stipulate, in every policy, a sum for expenses which could not be
+exceeded? Should they not separate the mortuary and expense account, and
+contract with every policy-holder to use, not exceeding a specified per
+cent of the premium paid, for expenses, and to hold the balance a sacred
+trust for the payment of claims, the surplus above such requirement to
+be returned to the insured? To what other branch of business would men
+apply such unbusinesslike methods as to pay two or three times the value
+of the article purchased, upon the implied or real obligation of the
+seller to return, at some time in the future, some part of the
+overpayment, but with no definite agreement as to how much, or at what
+time it should be returned? What merchant could maintain his credit for
+any considerable time if he made his other purchases as he does his life
+insurance? Life insurance is a commodity to be bought and paid for at a
+fair market price.
+
+In the earlier history of the business, there were no data at hand to
+fix its value. Experience of fifty years and more has furnished such
+data, and its value can now be determined with very considerable
+closeness, and very far within the charges of level-premium companies.
+There should be some margin charged above probable cost, as shown by the
+experience of companies; but such charges should not contemplate nor
+admit of such extravagant expenses as have, and do now, obtain in
+level-premium companies. The experience of assessment companies has
+shown that the business can be done for from $2 or $3 at most, for each
+$1,000 at risk.
+
+Is there any reason why level-premium companies should not be limited to
+_twice_ that amount? The recent law governing assessment insurance in
+Massachusetts requires that in every call for an assessment it shall be
+distinctly stated what the money is to be used for, and no part of the
+mortuary fund can be used for expenses. Will any man say that assessment
+insurance is not in advance of other forms of insurance, in these
+respects at least?
+
+Another important objection to level-premium insurance is found in the
+fact that it has drifted away from its primal purpose. Originally it
+contemplated simple life insurance.
+
+Its intent was to offset, to some extent, the loss incurred by the
+family in the death of its wage-earner. The death of the father involves
+the family in a pecuniary loss represented by the amount of his yearly
+earnings, and if this occur before he has had time to accumulate a
+surplus above yearly expenses, the hardships of poverty are added to the
+pain of separation from so valued a friend. Life insurance was intended
+to come in with its benefits at such a time, as the result of
+forethought on the part of the father in depositing a part of his
+savings with the life company. If this simple form of insurance had been
+adhered to, the temptations to unwarranted and hurtful competition
+would, in a large measure, have been avoided; but with most
+level-premium life companies this form of insurance is now largely
+neglected, and their energies are given to other forms, some of them
+highly speculative in their character. Contrary to the original purpose
+of life insurance, banking has been combined with insurance, and people
+have been taught to believe that they can secure better investments
+through life-insurance companies than elsewhere. It has never been clear
+to the writer how such results can be reached, in view of the excessive
+cost of conducting the business. Any suggestion of this kind, however,
+is at once met by the reply that the company has an immense amount of
+money invested, from which it derives a large income.
+
+But whose money is it? Who paid it to the company, if not the
+policy-holders? Still, if the business were confined to simple endowment
+insurance in connection with pure life insurance there would be less
+objection, although banking is properly no part of insurance; but the
+fact is, a far more speculative business is done, called Tontine
+insurance. This form may be fitly characterized as the gambling form,
+inasmuch as the only hope of profit to a few is that the many will be
+robbed of their savings. Tontine insurance is profitable to the few in
+just the proportion that misfortune shall overtake those who participate
+in it. No man would risk large payments with the certainty of losing all
+if he should fail to make one such payment in a term of years, if he
+were not tickled by the hope that others would be the unfortunate ones
+compelled by circumstances to discontinue and lose all, while he would
+be the exception and profit by their loss.
+
+But he should consider that, even if he persists in paying through the
+specified term, he is still at the mercy of the company in the division
+of the spoils. They may use as large a part of the plunder as they
+please in the expense of the business, and the experience of many will
+attest that, while for the company it was "turkey," for them it was
+"crow."
+
+President Greene, of the Connecticut Mutual Life, in a series of able
+articles, has exposed the injustice of this system, and shown, to the
+satisfaction of unprejudiced minds, that it is no part of legitimate
+life insurance. Still, some companies are making Tontine and
+Semi-Tontine insurance their specialty.
+
+There is one other form of insurance practised by level-premium
+companies that demands brief notice here. It would seem that to mention
+it would be to call down upon it public reprobation: we refer to what
+is called prudential or industrial insurance. The peculiarity of this
+form is that its patrons are found among the poorest and the lowest
+classes of our population, and, in the judgment of others than the
+writer, it appeals to the very worst instincts of those unfortunate
+people. The insurance is effected upon the lives of helpless infants and
+children to the amount of one hundred or two hundred dollars or more,
+ostensibly to provide for suitable burial expenses in the event of the
+child's death. While, doubtless, in some cases the motive is a worthy
+one which prompts to such insurance, one's thought shrinks with horror
+from a contemplation of the crimes which it must, in many cases, suggest
+to the minds of the low and depraved. How many children are there in our
+large cities whose lives are not worth even one hundred dollars! How
+many are there whose death would be hailed as a deliverance from an
+expensive and unwelcome burden! The simple suggestion is enough to carry
+with it a sense of obligation to lovers of humanity to see that a
+premium is not placed upon infanticide and kindred crimes. If such
+insurance is to be effected at all, which is extremely questionable, it
+should be under the strictest restraints of law.
+
+Another serious objection to the system is that it necessitates nearly
+double the cost of even regular level-premium rates, from the fact that
+weekly collections of five and ten cents must be made by agents employed
+for the purpose.
+
+Of course a large part of these collections, wrung from the poor, are
+absorbed in agents' fees, the balance going to the company. The lapses
+also must be very numerous, and but little benefit is ever realized by
+those who part with these pittances from their scanty earnings. It is a
+well-known fact that companies realize very large profits from this
+business, and in some instances the writer has been credibly informed
+the expenses of the general business are met by the profits of this
+branch. This article is written in no spirit of hostility to
+level-premium insurance; it is simply a criticism upon its defects and
+its abuses. Properly administered, there is an ample field for the
+prosecution of its business. There will always be those who will prefer
+to pay the larger price, for what to them may seem the better form of
+insurance; but there will be large numbers, as now, who will prefer
+assessment insurance in reliable companies.
+
+There is an ample field for both assessment and level-premium companies
+to prosecute their work. There need not and should not be antagonism
+between the two systems. Each will and should be criticised, but always
+in a spirit of fairness. To some extent modifications in both systems
+may be desirable, and doubtless a healthy competition will bring such
+changes to pass. Perfection is a quality of slow growth, but it _should_
+be the aim of those who administer the far-reaching and sacred trusts of
+either system of life insurance.
+
+Such companies can undoubtedly be made permanent by providing for the
+entrance of new members at any time in the history of the company at a
+cost for mortuary assessments substantially as low as in the earlier
+history of the company. This may be accomplished in either of two
+ways:--
+
+1. By advancing the rate of assessment with advancing age, by what is
+called the step rate process, or,--
+
+2. By the accumulation of funds to meet the increased assessments beyond
+a fair or normal rate.
+
+To say that a company which does not adopt the first of these systems is
+necessarily "doomed," as was asserted by a recent writer in your
+columns, is to make a very extravagant claim at least, and one to which
+the writer of this article would beg to demur. The objection to the plan
+of step rates is that it is not popular with the people who are the
+purchasers of insurance.
+
+The company adopting the plan says, "We shall get rid of our undesirable
+risks, those who are getting old, _because the rate of assessment_ will
+be so high they _cannot afford to pay it_." The individual says, "I
+don't like a plan by which I am to be increasingly burdened as I grow
+older, and by which it is altogether probable I shall be compelled to
+sacrifice the savings of years, and lose my insurance at the last."
+
+This practical _freezing-out process_ has never yet been made popular;
+perhaps it may be in the future.
+
+It is objected to the second method that some will pay more for the same
+value received than others, and it is therefore inequitable. But there
+is some inequity in any plan of insurance, and this last has not the
+element of injustice that would compel the aged and unfortunate to lose
+the entire savings of years because of unavoidable increasing cost.
+
+Assessments in most companies are graduated so that 800 or 1,000
+policy-holders responding to a mortuary call would make a $5,000 policy
+good for its face, and the income from $2,000,000 at five per cent would
+pay twenty losses of $5,000 each.
+
+Is it then an absurd statement that an assessment company properly and
+honestly administered, with that amount invested, can be perpetuated for
+all time?
+
+Long before the reduction of membership to a number insufficient to pay
+the face of the policy from direct assessments, the income from the
+reserve would so lessen the cost that members could not afford to lapse
+their policies, and new blood could always be secured.
+
+
+
+
+ELIZABETH.[D]
+
+A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ON GUARD.
+
+
+It was nearly two weeks from the unsuccessful attack upon Island
+Battery, the fifth and most disastrous that had been made. The morning
+after it the soldiers, sore over their defeat, had listened sullenly to
+the shouts of victory from within the French lines. Since then the
+combined attack by land and sea, planned and eagerly wished for by the
+two commanders, had been deferred from day to day. But Pepperell was not
+idle, and he was unable to understand despair. To him a repulse was the
+starting point of a new attempt. But now, with half his camp in
+hospital, with French and Indians threatening him in the rear, and the
+great battlements of Louisburg still formidable, he dared not risk an
+assault that, if unsuccessful, would further dispirit the army, and
+might be fatal. He had sent to Governor Shirley for ammunition and
+re-inforcements, and he had still the resource of sounding away with all
+his guns, for which, by borrowing, he could find powder and balls. He
+availed himself of this privilege with a persistence that after the city
+had surrendered he was able to see had not been useless.
+
+The West gate had long since been demolished, the citadel more than once
+injured by shot, and as to the city itself, streets of it were in ruin.
+But Island Battery still held its own and kept the fleet away from the
+city, the soldiers sickened, and the French governor held out. The
+incessant cannonade went on until sometimes the men wondered how it
+would seem not to hear bursting shells. There had been sorties and
+repulses, and though not much fighting, enough to prove the temper of
+the men. One day Elizabeth, looking across at a fascine battery where
+the enemy's fire was hottest in return, discovered Archdale standing in
+the most exposed position, watching and giving orders with an
+imperturbable face.
+
+So the siege went on, with brave resistance on one side, and on the
+other with that invincible determination that makes its way through
+greater obstacles than stone walls. The weather was magnificent in spite
+of the fogs at sea that sometimes made it impossible to go from shore to
+ship. Edmonson lay tossing on his bed in the hospital. He had been badly
+wounded in the attack, and his feverish mind retarded his recovery. As
+had been said, he had learned of Katie Archdale's engagement, not
+through Lord Bulchester, for that was the last thing that the nobleman
+would have told him, but through a correspondent in Boston to whom he
+had made it worth while to keep him informed of his lordship's
+movements.
+
+Edmonson's wound was painful, and his compensation did not come. Nancy,
+not Elizabeth, was his nurse. Occasionally the latter spent half an hour
+beside him when her maid was resting or was busy with others, but then,
+although she ministered to his physical comfort, her mind seemed always
+elsewhere, often where her eyes wandered, to some private whose
+suffering was greater than his.
+
+"I wish I had been the worst wounded man here," he said to her one day.
+
+"Why?" she asked bringing her eyes back to him. And then before he could
+answer, she added: "Your wound is bad enough; you will not get well
+until you are more quiet. Be a little more patient."
+
+"Patient!" he cried, half raising himself and falling back with a groan.
+"You are cruel. Patient! with the vision of delight always floating
+before me, never turning back to look at me or smile upon me. Patient!
+in torment. Perhaps you would be. Submission is not a constitutional
+virtue of mine."
+
+"It's being a virtue at all," returned Elizabeth, "depends upon whether
+we submit to men or to God." If any other lips had spoken the Divine
+name, Edmonson would have sneered openly. As it was, he lay silent,
+looking out at the speaker through half-veiled eyes. This tantalizing
+woman always turned his words into impersonalities. Her power had roused
+his will to its utmost to make her feel his own. How far had he
+succeeded, that she would condescend to stay with him when there was no
+one else to do it and he needed attention? It was because the surgeon
+would soon be here to look after his wounds and would need help, that
+she was sitting now, fanning him gently and glancing toward the door of
+the tent.
+
+"You are very impatient to have Waters come," he said.
+
+"Yes, a great many others need me."
+
+"Not half so much as I do," he began. "Your presence soothes me," he
+added hastily.
+
+"It is the sort of effect that a nurse ought to have," she answered.
+
+He was silent again. He would have given half the expected years of his
+life to know if ever so little of her indifference were feigned. He gave
+himself an impatient toss. Why had he come to this siege at all? He was
+not sure now that if he had accomplished his object, or should yet do
+it, the reward would come. He had known women that in Elizabeth's place
+would like to show their power of torture; but she scarcely deigned to
+glance at him, and tortured him a thousand times more. Why had Archdale
+thrown his arm about so clumsily and saved his life? So good an
+appointment was not likely to make itself again; he must have a hand in
+framing the next. And if worst came to worst as to absence of chance, he
+could still pick a quarrel over the clumsiness by challenging it as
+intention. Yet he was afraid that Archdale was too much of a Puritan to
+think of duelling.
+
+"Don't tire yourself fanning me," he said. "Talk to me a little."
+
+"I have nothing to say," answered Elizabeth. For it happened that she
+also was remembering that night in the boat as she had heard of it, and
+it seemed hard to her that she should be obliged to render Edmonson the
+smallest service, yet he had been brave in the attack, and had been
+wounded in fair fight against the enemy. Her first thought that night of
+the attack, on seeing him borne in, had been that Archdale had given the
+wound in self-defence. She was humiliated by feeling that her wealth had
+been played for like a stake by Edmonson. For she had not yet come to
+confessing to herself what flashed across her mind sometimes. Two years
+ago Edmonson's approval had seemed to her a desert beyond her talents;
+now his admiration displeased her,--there was an element of
+appropriation in it. Where Elizabeth prized regard she could not
+condescend to woo it; where she did not prize it, it seemed to her, if
+openly given, almost an impertinence. Stephen had been right when in the
+midst of his anger at her pride he had felt that love would awake new
+powers in her, that she could be magnificent in action and in devotion.
+He had been very human, too, in the breath of wild desire to see her at
+her best that had swept through him. But the desire slept again as
+suddenly as it had waked, and the mists of indifference settled about
+him once more.
+
+Edmonson dared not speak. If he offended Elizabeth he should not see her
+again, except at a distance as real as the intangible space always
+between them now. And if he were silent, he might yet win, some day.
+
+"At last!" she smiled, and rose to meet the doctor with an alacrity that
+made Edmonson bite his under lip hard. She thought that dressing the
+wound took a long time that evening, that the physician had never been
+so slow before, nor the patient so fractious. But to Edmonson it seemed
+as if she vanished like a vision.
+
+At last she was in the open air, under the stars, and refreshed by the
+breeze. She stood looking out to sea, but there was an expression of
+trouble on her face, that the air could not blow away.
+
+A voice said, "Good evening," and, turning, she saw Archdale beside her.
+She asked him if he were on guard that evening.
+
+"Yes," he answered. "You must be very tired, cooped up in that hot place
+for so many hours," he went on. "Shall we walk down to the shore and
+back, for a change. I'm sorry that I can't suggest any variations in the
+route. But we will stop at the brook and I will get you some fresh
+water."
+
+She took a step, then hesitated.
+
+"But I thought you were on guard," she said.
+
+"So I am, especially detailed by our commander-in-chief to look after
+the comfort and welfare of a certain gentleman, a civilian in name, but
+so active an inspector of military operations that I cannot often keep
+track of him unless I'm under fire myself, and also the welfare of two
+volunteer nurses who are in great danger of letting their zeal outrun
+their strength. No, I am wrong; I am in charge of only one nurse; she
+takes care of the other. It is you whom the General has in mind." Never
+was Archdale's tact finer and more opportune. After the smouldering
+passion of Edmonson, felt if not yet confessed to herself, the ease and
+safety of this companionship seemed to her like the difference between
+the air of the tents hot and heavy with unhealthy breaths, and the salt
+wind that came to her softly now, but with invigorating freshness.
+
+"I haven't the least idea where my father is," she said. "I suppose he
+is so used to business that he must have always something on hand."
+
+"He is with the General now," he said.
+
+"There is one walk I wish you would invite me to take," said Elizabeth,
+as they sauntered away. "Into the city, I mean." And for a moment she
+forgot the cost of victory in its exultation.
+
+"I will," he answered. "Will you come, then?"
+
+"Certainly."
+
+They reached the brook and followed it up a little distance above the
+camp. Elizabeth sat down upon the bank, and Archdale filled his cup and
+brought it to her. She examined it by the dim light.
+
+"I see that it is silver, and chased," she said. "But I can't make out
+the figures upon it."
+
+"The Archdale arms," he answered. "I brought the cup with me. It's my
+canteen." She drank and gave it back to him.
+
+"Thank you," she said. As she spoke, a shot rose high in air and ended
+its parabola in the heart of the doomed city. It seemed as if a cry
+uprose. Elizabeth shuddered. "How dreadful it is!"
+
+"You will never forget it," he answered.
+
+"No; no one who has been here ever can." She had risen, and they were
+walking down toward the shore. Her fatigue, or her mood, gave her an
+unusual gentleness of manner. As Stephen Archdale walked beside her he
+tried to imagine Katie as Elizabeth was now, with a background of
+suffering, with trial and daring, perhaps death before, and failed. He
+looked at Elizabeth, dimly seen under the starlight, now suddenly
+brought sharply into view by the flare of cannon, weary, glad of the
+General's thoughtfulness, without a suspicion that her present companion
+had suggested it, taking the rest that came to her and enjoying it as
+simply as a child would do, yet radiant at moments in the presage of
+national success, or pale with a glow of sublime faith at the efficacy
+of the sacrifice that was being offered up for her country. She seemed
+in harmony with the nature about her and the earnestness, perhaps
+tragedy, of her surroundings. Katie could not have been at home here; it
+was not because she had been brought up in luxury and laughter, for so
+had Elizabeth. It was because there was in the latter something
+responsive to the great realities of life. Did Katie lack this? He drew
+a quick breath at the thought. Elizabeth turned to him suddenly.
+
+"Is your arm quite well yet?" she asked.
+
+"Quite well, thank you."
+
+"Not even a twinge left?"
+
+"Not one."
+
+"I thought there was then," she said.
+
+"Oh, no, that was my conscience. Are you a good doctor for that? Shall I
+try you?"
+
+"No; thank you; my own is not clear enough."
+
+"Isn't it?" he said. "Then I think the rest of us had better give up in
+despair."
+
+She made an impatient movement, and said, "Was that Captain Edmonson's
+ball? You did not tell me, but I guessed it."
+
+"Yes. At first I thought it had only grazed my sleeve. But it was really
+very little." Archdale, bringing up the wounded on that night of the
+repulse, had said nothing of being wounded himself, and Elizabeth,
+meeting him three days afterward with his arm in a sling, had been
+assured that he was ashamed to speak of such a scratch.
+
+They sat down upon the rocks and talked for a time about the siege and
+the soldiers, and even about things at home, away from this strange
+life, but never about what had happened to themselves, and never one
+word of Katie. Elizabeth seemed to be resting. Archdale thought that she
+found it pleasant enough, too. But more than once she turned her face in
+the direction of the hospital, and he knew that she was thinking of her
+duties there. He must find some way to keep her a little longer. This
+hour must not be gone yet. What story could he tell her? If he did not
+begin, in a moment she would get up from that comfortable niche in the
+rock, and say that it was time to go back to her patients, and then it
+would be too late.
+
+"I think I never told you," he began, "how Mr. Edmonson's portrait, my
+great-grandfather's, came into that hiding-place? Would you care to
+hear?"
+
+"Very much, if it is not too much family history for you to tell me."
+
+He smiled. "I must begin a good way back, as far as with my
+grandfather's youth," he said. "I am afraid it was a wild one. He was
+handsome, and gay, and rich, well-born, too, though not of the
+Sunderland Archdales, as I had always supposed. He must have said this
+when he took his own name again after his year of hiding as a criminal
+from justice. But I don't think that he ever meant crime; it was an
+irregular duel. I think his adversary's first shot hit him in the
+shoulder, and at the second, for they were to fire twice, he rushed up
+to his opponent in a fury of pain, perhaps, and fired at close range.
+The man fell dead. I don't know how they tell the story in Portsmouth,
+but it's not worse than that, I suppose."
+
+"It's something like that, I think," she said.
+
+"Pleasant to go back where we've always been so,--well, so esteemed; I
+mean that the name has been. But I may not go back," he added.
+
+She made no answer for a moment; then she said, "Captain Edmonson is
+like that."
+
+"But worse," he answered.
+
+"Yes, worse."
+
+"Is his wound doing well?" questioned Archdale.
+
+"It is healing, but very slowly."
+
+"Next time he will not fail of his mark," said the young man.
+
+"Perhaps the next time his mark will be the enemy," she answered. "He
+has had time to think." Her companion gave an eager glance. "Is she
+teaching him something?" he wondered. "What?" How could she teach him
+not to care for her? His pulses quickened. He altered his position a
+little, which brought him by so much nearer. "But tell me about the
+portrait," said Elizabeth.
+
+Archdale told the story, the outlines of which Elizabeth had given to
+Mrs. Eveleigh. But he told it with so many details that it seemed new
+to her. "Edmonson insists that the nobleman killed in this duel was a
+distant relative of Sir Temple Dacre," he said, as he finished the
+account of the flight and the taking of the portrait.
+
+He told of its careful concealment afterwards lest it should identify
+them, and how, when the daughter's eyes rested upon it, she had a dread
+of discovery, that amounted almost to a sense of guilt.
+
+"Poor woman!" said Elizabeth, "with the loss of her father and her
+child, she could not have been very happy."
+
+Her listener recalled that the speaker at one time in her life had not
+considered the loss of a husband in any other light than a great
+satisfaction. But he went on to explain that after his grandmother's
+death, the portrait had been concealed where Elizabeth had discovered
+it. "My mother knew nothing of it," he said, "but my father had seen it
+before. He told me so after that day," he added, remembering that
+Elizabeth had heard Colonel's denial of any knowledge of the portrait.
+"He knew whom it was a picture of, I mean, and that we were not the
+Sunderland Archdales, but nothing of Edmonson's rights; and he had
+looked at the portrait so little that he never perceived the likeness to
+Edmonson until we all did. Edmonson, you know, was in search of this
+portrait. He had heard of it from his father, who passed as the child of
+the old man's only son, who died in India at about the same time that
+the baby and nurse came to the grandfather's. My grandmother Archdale
+besought her father to take care of the child until she could send for
+it, and he was better than her request. I suppose that he could not bear
+to give up both his children and he hated his son-in-law. Edmonson's
+father did not know his real name until after the elder Edmonson's
+death. Then the nurse told him the story. But at that time he was
+twenty-five; married, and established in his home, with no desire to
+change, or to share his possessions. Gerald learned the truth only when
+he came of age, and his capacity for getting through with money made him
+think that something ought to be made out of his colonial relatives. He
+had spent his own moderate fortune before he came here. He showed his
+character in his way of going to work," finished Archdale,
+contemptuously. "He could not believe that anybody would have honesty
+enough not to defeat his claim unless he could clinch his proofs
+instantly."
+
+"It was a cowardly way of doing it," said Elizabeth slowly.
+
+"Yes," he answered, and looked at her, wondering if he should learn what
+she was thinking about, for it seemed as if she had only half finished
+her sentence.
+
+"Nothing seems to me stranger than the difference between people in the
+same family," she said at last, almost more to herself than to him.
+There was something so utterly impersonal in her tone that she seemed to
+be setting forth a general trite observation rather than comparing
+Edmonson with any of his relatives. And it was evident that, if she
+thought of her listener at all, this was the way in which the remark was
+meant for him. And yet--Then he heard Elizabeth saying that she must go
+back.
+
+"Poor Melvin is dying," she said. "He probably will not live through the
+night. I promised to take down some messages for him. He began to give
+them to me, but was so exhausted that I had to leave him to rest. But I
+must not leave him too long, and then there are the others." Stephen
+helped her down from the rock as she spoke, and they went together along
+the beach and up the path from the shore, talking as they went. She told
+him some of the things that the men needed most, and asked his advice
+and his help toward getting for them what was possible. "I cannot go to
+the General for these; I cannot put any more burdens upon him," she
+said. Archdale told her all that he could, and then for a few minutes
+they walked on in silence. At the hospital she stopped and turned to
+him.
+
+"Thank you," she said. Then, as he was about to answer, she added
+hastily, "I think that experience like this is good for us, for every
+one I mean; it opens up the world a little and shows so much suffering
+besides one's own. It's a help to get at the proportions of things.
+Don't you think so?" The appeal in her voice was an exquisite note of
+sympathy.
+
+Stephen knew that all his life long it had been his way, as it had been
+that of the other Archdales, to consider his own joys and sorrows not
+only of more relative but of more actual importance than those of the
+people about him. He looked at Elizabeth, royal as she stood, full of
+compassion for him, but with her hand already stretched out to draw back
+the canvas which separated her from that presence of death in which live
+and grow, watered by tears, all human sympathies. It seemed as if she
+always touched some chord in him untouched by others. Was it the truth
+that she spoke that thrilled him so? He perceived nothing clearly except
+the one thing that he uttered.
+
+"Yes," he said, "I am glad I came,--glad for my own sake, I mean. Be it
+for joy or sorrow, for life or death, I am glad that I came."
+
+She drew back the curtain of the tent. He bowed and turned away.
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[D] Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+It is not an easy task either to establish a magazine, or, having
+secured for it a place in public favor, to retain the good will
+essential to its continued success. The examples of failure on the part
+of those who have essayed this task are so many and so notable, that
+publishers and editors who enter the field of periodical literature with
+new ventures, must possess, first of all, not a little courage; to this,
+if they are to expect any degree of success, must be added a _raison
+d'etre_ for the publication; and, besides, there must be an
+accompaniment of managerial ability sufficient to give the reason a
+continual demonstration in fact. Whatever the view of the cheerful
+optimist who stands on the threshold of the magazine world, with his
+experience, like his hoped-for triumphs, all in the future, the
+conditions above named, as witnessed by the broken lance of many a
+vanquished knight of this "Round Table," are not easily met. It is with
+a full understanding of these facts that we record the enlarged plans of
+the publishers of the BAY STATE MONTHLY, whereby that periodical, a vine
+of Massachusetts planting, seeking soil for wider growth, will send
+forth its roots into all New England. Chief among the features of the
+BAY STATE MONTHLY which have made it acceptable to the people of
+Massachusetts have been the many articles relating to the history and
+biography of its storied towns and famous men. Material for articles of
+equal interest and value, and much of it as yet unused by historian or
+biographer in sketch or story, abounds in every State of the New England
+group. It is in order to make better use of this material, that a change
+is made, as will be seen, not in place, but in scope,--whereby the Bay
+State gives way to the New England; and the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, which
+is the BAY STATE MONTHLY with a wider outlook, goes forth to commend
+itself to the good opinion of the citizens of Connecticut, Maine,
+Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and of New
+Englanders everywhere.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The prohibitionists of New England find it difficult to understand why
+Georgia, with the immense quota of ignorance in its voting population,
+has been able to abolish legal rum-drinking, a thing which has not yet
+been found possible--notwithstanding the supposed reign of a more widely
+diffused intelligence--in the greater part of New England. An
+explanation of the fact is to be found in the homogeneity of the
+Georgian population, due to the vast preponderance of native born
+elements (there being only ten thousand five hundred persons of foreign
+birth in 1880), and to the popular condition affecting public sentiment
+in Georgia and her sister States. Among these influences may be noted
+that of the clergy, who reach the greater part of the population, white
+and black, through the churches in whose membership it is enrolled; the
+fact that, owing to the comparative non-use of wines and beers, the
+question is simply that of rum or no rum; and the added circumstance
+that the evils of intemperance are there greatly aggravated by the
+character of the whiskey almost universally used, it being an
+unrectified form of the article, and accompanied by the most dangerous
+and destructive results to individuals and to society. Among these
+results may be mentioned the often repeated instances of lawlessness and
+bloodshed, and the growing demoralization of the colored workingmen,
+which reacts injuriously upon every industry.
+
+Against conditions like these, there can be found in almost any
+community in the land, in the aggregate, an opposing majority. In New
+England this majority is largely powerless, because swallowed up in the
+opposing votes of political parties. In Georgia it has succeeded,
+because it has separated the liquor question from all other political
+considerations and made it a separate issue, upon which men vote neither
+as Democrats nor Republicans, but as well meaning, and ably directed
+men, who are marshalled against a great social evil.
+
+New England temperance advocates have difficulties to contend with,
+growing out of the foreign born elements in our midst, which do not
+exist at the South; but it may be well for them to consider the question
+of adopting the Georgian method of sticking to the temperance issue as a
+distinct question, instead of dragging it into general politics, where
+the temperance element loses in strength by a division upon other
+questions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We find in the _Pall Mall Gazette_ suggestions intended for the eyes of
+English matrons, but which may be equally commended to the attention of
+American mothers, relating to the establishment of "housekeeping
+schools" after the pattern of those in Germany.
+
+Every girl in Germany, be she the daughter of nobleman, officer, or
+small official, goes, as soon as she has finished her school education,
+into one of these training establishments. The rich go where they pay
+highly. They are never taken for less than a year, and every month has
+its appropriate work: Preserving of fruits and vegetables, laying down
+meats, the care of eggs and butter, the preservation of woollen clothes,
+repairing of household linen, etc. Besides these general branches of
+housewifery, they are taught cooking, clear starching, the washing of
+dishes, the care of silver and glass, dusting and sweeping, laying of a
+table and serving--in brief, all the duties which will fall to their own
+lot or to the servants whom they employ. As a result, the _menage_ of a
+German matron is perfection, according to German ideas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A good illustration of the historical spirit, which happily has come to
+stay in our midst, is seen in the instructive and entertaining articles
+which have recently been published in the newspapers concerning some old
+New England homesteads. Among these is one in the Boston _Courier_ of
+Oct. 4, 1885, telling of the Pickering house in Salem, built in 1659,
+and still in the Pickering name, and also of the Porter place in Wenham,
+which, although it had been in the Porter name without alienation since
+1702, was of much older date. In the Boston _Transcript_ of Nov. 28,
+1885, was also an interesting account of the old Curtis house at Jamaica
+Plain, which was finished in 1639. Its builder, William Curtis, was its
+first occupant; and from that time to 1883 none but his descendants
+occupied the house. A number of ancient dwellings still standing in New
+England were referred to in the same article.
+
+Such public notices of time-honored landmarks are to be commended, not
+only because they serve as historical links, but because they develop
+that historical imagination which enables one to clothe with a tender
+reverence places so rich in interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE is not the first of the name. Another
+New England Magazine was established in 1831, by Joseph T. Buckingham
+and his son Edwin, who died and was buried at sea in 1832. His cenotaph
+may be seen in Mount Auburn, bearing the inscription, "The sea his body,
+heaven his spirit holds." This magazine included among its contributors
+John Quincy Adams, Oliver Wendell Holmes (who commenced _The Autocrat of
+the Breakfast Table_ as a serial in it), Jeremy Belknap, Jared Sparks,
+Edward Everett, Charles C. Felton, John G. Palfray, Gardner Spring,
+Joseph Story, Francis Wayland, Daniel Webster, and Nathaniel P. Willis.
+It contained articles upon the authorship of Junius, American
+Colonization Society, and Spurzheim, who died in 1832, and was among the
+first tenants of Mount Auburn, and the elegy upon whom, composed by John
+Pierpont, commencing
+
+    "Many a form is bending o'er thee,
+    Many an eye with sorrow wet,"
+
+pronounced at the funeral services at the Old South Church, is still
+remembered by many. It also contained _Garrett's Fly-Time_, _Reflections
+of a Jail-Bird_, etc., etc. It was discontinued in 1834, for want of
+patronage. We have the courage to believe that the success so justly
+merited, but denied to the projectors of this pioneer among American
+periodicals, will not fail to reward the efforts of those who, at the
+end of a half-century, take up the broken thread, and give the
+time-honored name once more a place in American literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a future number, we shall have more to say concerning our worthy
+predecessor in the Magazine field. It will be seen that there is much in
+common in the aims of the two periodicals, especially in the purpose to
+represent, and loyally serve, the best interests of New England and its
+people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As the NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE seeks to become a repository for material of
+interest concerning the New England States worthy of preservation, we
+cordially invite contributions to its pages, from all sources, of matter
+relating to town and local history, and the manners and customs of early
+times, and of biographical and other sketches relating to the notable
+men and women, the social and religious life, the occupations and
+industries, of colonial and later days.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the head of NECROLOGY there will be published obituaries of
+notable New England men and women recently deceased, accompanied, where
+possible, by brief genealogical records. The value of material thus
+placed in permanent form, within reach of future investigators, will be
+at once evident; and we shall be glad to receive properly prepared brief
+contributions to this department.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall seek to make the "Notes and Queries" department of the Magazine
+of use and interest to our readers, as a medium of communication between
+those seeking or possessing information as to New England persons and
+places. Communications intended for this department should be written
+separately from the letter enclosing them, and should be brief.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Brief records of the genealogy of families resident in New England
+during and prior to the war of the Revolution are invited; and by
+furnishing such records, especially in instances where they have not
+already been fully published, valuable additions will be made to the
+store of material relating to both history and biography--which is
+really _fundamental_ history. Men and women _make_ history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In this connection we shall welcome not only articles of length, but
+anecdotes and scraps of information, for which a special department will
+be furnished, under title of "In Olden Times."
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORD.[E]
+
+
+November 3.--Elections were held in twelve States of the Union. In
+Massachusetts, a full list of state officers and a legislature were
+chosen. Governor Robinson was elected for the third time, and all the
+other members of the Republican ticket were chosen,--it being a
+re-election for each one, excepting Alanson W. Beard, who succeeds D. A.
+Gleason as Treasurer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The name of the West Roxbury Park, in the city of Boston, has been
+changed to the Franklin Park, and a fund established by Dr. Franklin
+applied to its purchase. In 1791 he left to the city L1,000 which was to
+accumulate for one hundred years, when L100,000 was to be appropriated
+for some public object, and the balance to accumulate for another
+century. The amount specified will not be realized, however, in 1891, as
+the fund will then reach only about $350,000.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+December 8.--Elections were held in thirteen Massachusetts cities. The
+Mayors elected are as follows: Chelsea, Mayor Endicott, re-elected;
+Somerville, Mayor Burns, re-elected; Cambridge, Mayor Russell,
+re-elected; Brockton, John J. Whipple; Salem, John M. Raymond;
+Gloucester, Mayor Parsons, re-elected; Haverhill, C. H. Weeks; Lowell,
+J. C. Abbott; Lawrence, A. B. Bruce; Taunton, R. H. Hall; Fall River, W.
+S. Greene; Springfield, E. D. Metcalf; Newton, D. H. Kimball.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[E] This department hereafter will be made much more complete, and will
+cover all of the New England States.
+
+
+
+
+NECROLOGY.
+
+
+November 21.--The death occurred of Hon. Elizur Wright, a well-known
+Massachusetts man, and a resident of Medford. Mr. Wright was born in
+South Canaan, Conn., February 12, 1804, and graduated at Yale, in 1826.
+In his early life he was a teacher, from 1829 to 1833 being Professor of
+Mathematics in Western Reserve College. He became in 1833 Secretary of
+the American Anti-Slavery Society in New York. In 1838 he came to
+Boston, and for twenty years was actively engaged in editorial work,
+taking a stand as a most pronounced abolitionist. Since then he has been
+Insurance Commissioner or Actuary for the State till the time of his
+death. Mr. Wright has been an earnest advocate of the project for
+converting the "Middlesex Fells" into a park in later years. He was
+always an earnest, active man.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND ART.
+
+
+For more than twenty-five years the public has been familiar with the
+products of the skill and genius of John Rogers, in which he has
+illustrated a variety of social, domestic, literary, and political
+subjects. During the War of the Rebellion, when the hearts of the people
+were quickly reached by anything that brought vividly before them the
+scenes of soldier life or the experiences of the "brave boys in blue,"
+the artist won his way to a wide circle of admirers by his stirring
+representations of those scenes and experiences. His illustrations of
+Rip Van Winkle touched another chord in the public heart and increased
+the number and the enthusiasm of those who acknowledge the charm of his
+rare and facile power. He has produced three groups illustrative of
+scenes in Shakespeare, of which the latest, representing the interview
+between King Lear and Cordelia,[F] described in Act IV. Scene VII., is
+one of his best. The king had discarded and banished Cordelia, and
+divided his kingdom between his other two daughters; but their
+ingratitude and ill-treatment had driven him crazy. He had been brought
+in and laid on a couch by his old friend Kent,--who is disguised as a
+servant,--and the doctor. Cordelia, who still loves him truly and
+tenderly, tries to recall herself to his wandering mind. The whole group
+is conceived with remarkable power and truthfulness, and in it nothing
+is more noteworthy than the expression of filial love and sorrow on the
+face of the daughter. This group will both sustain and increase the
+artist's well-won reputation as an interpreter of life and its
+experiences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first two or three books of "Charles Egbert Craddock" secured to
+their author a most enviable literary reputation, and the writer's
+latest book[G] will be regarded with no less interest because it is now
+known that "Mr. Craddock" is Miss Mary Murfree. As in her other works,
+the book before us deals with the peculiar characteristics of life in
+the mountains of Tennessee, and is largely in the dialect of that
+region. Her rendering of this dialect has been strongly criticised by
+some, but we do not know who can be better authority than Miss Murfree
+herself, who has spent years among the people, engaged in careful and
+intelligent observation and study.
+
+The _Prophet_ is eminently a readable book, and is charming to those who
+like stories in dialect. The Prophet, which one would expect to be a
+very strong character, is not brought out to such a degree as the
+writer, it would seem, could have easily done; but there are many word
+pictures which will long remain vivid in the reader's memory. We think
+Miss Murfree's literary reputation will be still further enhanced by the
+_Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains_, and the book may be wisely
+selected for reading, even by those who take time for only a very few
+stories.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Princes, Authors and Statesmen_,[H] edited by James Parton, is a
+collection of very entertaining sketches of noted persons, written, for
+the most part, by relatives, personal friends or others who have known
+them under favorable circumstances. The habits and demeanors of eminent
+persons are always matters of curiosity and interest to the general
+public, and this book contains abundant material which will gratify just
+this harmless instinct, and yet there is no violation of that privacy
+which always ought to be observed. The volume contains "Dickens with his
+Children," by Miss Mamie Dickens; "Reminiscences of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley," by Canon Farrar; "Victor Hugo at Home," by his secretary, M.
+Lesclide; and valuable chapters on Emerson, Longfellow, Gladstone,
+Disraeli, Thackeray, Macaulay and many other authors, besides emperors,
+kings and princes. The illustrations are numerous, and include many
+scenes of places and excellent portraits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In no department of publishing has there been a greater advance than in
+the production of juvenile literature. Not many years ago there were
+very few really appropriate books for children published, and hardly
+anything in the way of periodical literature of a high standard for
+young folks. To supply a long felt need, Harper & Brothers began a few
+years ago to publish a weekly magazine for children, employing in its
+production not only the best writers but the best artists to be found.
+The year's numbers up to November last, make a bound volume[I] of more
+than eight hundred pages of choicest juvenile reading, all crowded with
+beautiful illustrations, about 700 in number, and many of them gems of
+art. It would hardly seem possible to praise such a book too much. It is
+a storehouse of pleasure which may well delight any intelligent boy or
+girl.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The art of sculpture is commanding the interest of a steadily growing
+class outside the practical workers with the chisel, or the professional
+critics. Clara Erskine Clement's new book[J] is on the plan of her
+"Outline History of Painting." For beginners in the sculptor's art, it
+is an admirable text-book, which must be welcomed by all in that class,
+while to the amateur, or the mere admirer of the art, it is a very
+pleasing and instructive book. It presents the salient facts about
+sculptors and their works from the earliest times, and the reader is
+given a large amount of help in the illustrations, which represent
+specimens of the art in every age and of every school.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Hamerton's _Paris_[K] is a work which is sure to attract attention,
+to be read, and to be highly prized. The author's long residence in the
+great French metropolis has given him rare opportunities for this work,
+and he has given us the result of painstaking research in every quarter
+of the city. The author has made special reference to changes in the
+architecture and topography of Paris, and the book contains a large
+amount of matter of antiquarian value. The illustrations, of which there
+are many, are mostly simple outline sketches, or in the etching style,
+relating to architectural forms, and well serve their purpose.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lovers of the quaint and curious in art, science, and literature have
+formed a pleasing acquaintance with _Notes and Queries_,[L] which has
+reached its forty-second number. The latest issue (December, 1885),
+which closes the second volume, contains a full and carefully prepared
+index to the entire work, which was begun in July, 1882. This magazine
+abounds in information concerning matters not usually treated of in more
+formal and pretentious works, and well deserves a cordial support from
+an inquiring public.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For the best quality of American humor it is pretty well settled that
+the popular weekly paper _Life_ is not equalled by any of its
+contemporaries. From the fifty-two numbers of the last twelve months the
+best of the humorous designs have been selected and bound into a
+handsome quarto volume.[M] Pen and pencil combine in making its pages
+laughable, and there are many incisive thrusts at the weak spots in
+society, but without coarseness or vulgarity.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[F] King Lear and Cordelia. Roger Groups of Statuary. New York: John
+Rogers.
+
+[G] The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains. By Charles Egbert
+Craddock, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
+
+[H] Some Noted Princes, Authors and Statesmen of Our Time. Edited by
+James Parton. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
+
+[I] Harper's Young People, Volume VI. New York: Harper & Brothers. Price
+$3.50.
+
+[J] An Outline History of Sculpture. By Clara Erskine Clement. New York:
+White, Stokes & Allen.
+
+[K] Paris, in Old and Present Times. By Philip Gilbert Hamerton. Boston:
+Roberts Brothers.
+
+[L] Miscellaneous Notes and Queries, with Answers in all Departments of
+Literature. One Dollar a year. S. C. & L. M. Gould, Manchester, N. H.
+
+[M] The Good Things of _Life_. Second Series. New York: White, Stokes &
+Allen.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES.
+
+
+ANSWERS.
+
+4.--A good account of the "Know-Nothings" is to be found in the
+"Magazine of American History," Vol. 13, p. 202, in article "Political
+Americanisms," by Charles Ledyard Norton.
+
+6.--That antiquarian scholar, Samuel Gardner Drake, made an exhaustive
+study of the Massachusetts Indians, which is embodied principally in his
+"Book of the Indians," the "Old Indian Chronicle" and the "Particular
+History of the Five Years' French and Indian War." Much Indian history
+is also given in notes, introductions, and appendices, in his editions
+of Church's and Mather's "King Philip's War," and Mather's "Early
+History of New England."
+
+7.--There is no extended biography of Robert Rantoul, Jr., but sketches
+of him may be found in the "North American Review," Vol. 78, p. 237, and
+the "Democratic Review," Vol. 27, p. 348; the latter containing a
+portrait.
+
+3.--A lady thoroughly identified with the Anti-Slavery cause, and
+abundantly able to answer the query "Who was the first American woman to
+publicly espouse the cause of Anti-Slavery," writes as follows in
+response to a request for her opinion:--
+
+     The question is on some accounts rather a difficult question to
+     answer, as I do not quite understand its intent. You doubtless
+     know that until the Anti-Slavery movement and some time after,
+     no woman, except those of the Society of Friends, ever spoke or
+     even prayed in public. If women wished to show their interest
+     on any question, it was in societies and meetings exclusively
+     for women. And this was the case with the Anti-Slavery women.
+     Women's Societies were very early organized, and a great many
+     women were active in them.
+
+     But I suppose the question relates to the women who addressed
+     _mixed_ audiences of men and women.
+
+     At the convention held in Philadelphia, 1833, to form the
+     National Anti-Slavery Society, all the delegates were men, but
+     a large number of women were present, and Lucretia Mott, who
+     was a minister of the Friends' Society, and consequently was
+     used to speaking to both sexes in Friends' meetings, spoke at
+     the convention, but did not make any formal address. Several
+     other women, also "Friends," spoke; and several years after,
+     Samuel J. May, in speaking about it, said he was ashamed to say
+     that though the convention passed a vote of thanks to the women
+     for their interest, no one thought of asking any of them, not
+     even Lucretia Mott or Mary Grew, to sign the "Declaration of
+     Sentiments." I think the first women, undoubtedly, who
+     addressed a _mixed_ audience of men and women of _all_
+     denominations were Angela Grimke, afterwards married to
+     Theodore D. Weld, and her sister Sarah M. Grimke. Being
+     Southerners, and having been slaveholders, being allied to the
+     best families of Charleston, S. C., their knowledge was
+     considered authentic, and a great interest was shown to hear
+     them. They too began by addressing meetings of women, but when
+     they spoke in Boston, in 1837, so great was the desire of the
+     _men_ to hear them, that they were persuaded to hold public
+     meetings of both sexes. I well remember the crowded audiences
+     which listened to them with rapt attention.
+
+     One can judge somewhat of the interest they excited from the
+     fact that, at a time when no large halls or churches could be
+     obtained for any kind of an Anti-Slavery meeting, the "Odeon,"
+     at the corner of Federal and Franklin Streets, then the largest
+     and most popular hall in Boston, was obtained for a course of
+     five lectures by these ladies, and was filled every evening by
+     a dense crowd. Angelina was the finer speaker and gave three
+     lectures out of the five. This was the only time the Odeon was
+     ever opened to Anti-Slavery. They were members of the Friends'
+     Society, which undoubtedly prevented them from embarrassment in
+     addressing mixed audiences.
+
+     Wendell Phillips says of them, "No man who remembers 1837 and
+     its lowering clouds, will deny that there was hardly any
+     contribution to the Anti-Slavery movement greater or more
+     impressive than the crusade of these Grimke sisters from South
+     Carolina, through the New England States."
+
+     You see my answer to the question would be emphatically
+     _Angelina and Sarah M. Grimke_.
+
+     Very truly,
+
+     SARAH H. SOUTHWICK.
+
+     WELLESLEY, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+The Publishers and Editors of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, in compliance with
+urgent suggestions from many friends, and in the belief that its
+interests will be in every way promoted by the change, have decided to
+enlarge the scope of the Magazine so as to include in its plans not only
+the "Bay State" but _all_ of its sisters in the historical New England
+group.
+
+THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE will, therefore, aim to become a treasury of
+information relating to matters of special interest to citizens of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and
+Maine, and to be of incalculable value as an authoritative _recorder_
+and medium of interchange and information for all Libraries and
+Historical Societies especially, and for all history and literary loving
+people generally.
+
+Especial attention will be given to the features which have made the Bay
+State Monthly so acceptable, and NEW features will be introduced which
+it is believed will add greatly to the interest and value of forthcoming
+numbers.
+
+[Illustration: MADAM SARAH ABBOT.
+
+FOUNDER OF ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER.
+
+_From the original portrait in the possession of the Academy, supposed
+to have been painted by T. Buchanan Read._]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The New England Magazine, Volume 1,
+No. 1, January 1886, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22621.txt or 22621.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/2/22621/
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections).
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/22621.zip b/22621.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39afc6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22621.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cd0b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #22621 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22621)