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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Rational Horse-Shoeing, by John E. Russell
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Rational Horse-Shoeing
+
+
+Author: John E. Russell
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 14, 2007  [eBook #22603]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Garcia, Tamise Totterdell, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) from
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+
+
+
+RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+by
+
+WILDAIR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFIX.
+
+
+Since the publication of this little volume we have made changes in our
+horse shoe with a view to adapt it especially to Army use. Our design
+has been to make a shoe that any Army farrier can apply in a cold state
+without the use of any other tool than a knife to prepare the hoof, and
+a hammer to drive the nails. Our success in this attempt has been so
+complete that we are now using the pattern designed especially for Army
+use in all our contract work.
+
+The shoe is rolled without a heel calk, so that the frog-pressure may be
+readily secured without heating and drawing the iron:--the nail holes
+are punched so that the nail furnished by us with the shoe may be
+driven, without the use of the pritchel to punch out the holes. The
+shoe, being made of the best quality of iron, may be bent cold to adapt
+it to the shape of the hoof.
+
+Officers will at once see what a vast saving there is in the
+transportation of shoes--requiring no forge with its heavy outfit--and
+which are less than half the weight of the clumsy old patterns.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH.]
+
+
+
+
+RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+by
+
+WILDAIR.
+
+With Illustrations.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York:
+Published by Wynkoop and Hallenbeck,
+No. 113 Fulton Street.
+1873.
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by
+Wynkoop & Hallenbeck,
+in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In presenting the observations contained in the following pages, we are
+aware that we appeal to practical men who judge by results, and have but
+slight patience with mere theory. We wish, therefore, to state clearly
+at the outset, that the system of horse-shoeing herein advocated, and
+the shoe offered by us to accompany it and accomplish its purpose, are
+the result of years of patient study of nature, and actual experiment;
+and that although we have had to contend with ignorance and interest on
+the part of the farriers, and indifference and prejudice on the part of
+owners of horses, we have finally succeeded in interesting the most
+practical and capable men in America, England, and France in the
+matter; and, at the time of this publication, thousands of horses,
+engaged in the most arduous labors of equine life--upon railways,
+express wagons, transfer companies, and other similar difficult
+positions--are traveling upon our shoes, their labors lightened by its
+assistance, their feet preserved in a natural, healthy state, and their
+lives prolonged to the profit of their owners and the advancement of
+that cause--one of the evidences of the progress of our age in true
+enlightenment--which has for its beneficent object the prevention of
+cruelty to the dumb and helpless companions of our toil.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+
+The first application of the Goodenough shoe is almost invariably to the
+feet of horses suffering from some one of the forms of foot disease,
+induced by the unnatural method of shoeing. Our system is intended for
+sound horses, to supply the necessary protection to the feet, and to
+keep them in a healthy condition. Our rules for shoeing, embodied in our
+circular of instructions, are applicable to sound horses, and disease
+must be provided for as exceptional.
+
+Men are careless and, as a rule, unobservant; they go on in the old way
+until the horse flinches in action or stands "pointing" in dumb appeal to
+his owner, telling with mute but touching eloquence of his tight-ironed,
+feverish foot, the dead frog, and the insidious disease, soon to destroy
+the free action characteristic of health. It is when this evidence brings
+the truth home to him that the neglectful master, eager to relieve the
+animal, tries our system. To such masters we must say, do not expect that
+the imprudence and neglect of years can be remedied in an instant. The age
+of miracles long ago passed away. We do not propose to cure by formula,
+or bell and book. There is no "laying on of hands"--no magical touch of an
+enchanter's wand.
+
+Remember always that pain is the warning cry of a faithful sentinel on
+the outpost, that disease is at hand. Disease is the punishment
+following a violation of the laws of nature, and can only be escaped by
+restoring natural conditions.
+
+Remember also, that "Nature," so called by Hippocrates, the earliest
+systematic writer upon medicine, never slumbers nor fails in duty, but
+strives with unerring, active intelligence to prevent disease, or to
+cure it when it can not be prevented.
+
+When the measures and processes of the physician are in harmony with the
+natural intention, disease may be cured; when they are adverse in
+application, the patient dies, or recovers in spite of art.
+
+A great French philosopher powerfully remarked: "Nature fights with
+disease a battle to the death; a blind man armed with a club--that is, a
+physician--comes in to make peace between them. Failing in that, he lays
+about him with his club. If he happens to hit disease he kills disease;
+if he hits nature he kills nature."
+
+We wish to be understood that in all things we would assist and
+facilitate the action of nature, under the artificial restraints of the
+horse. If we fail in this, or offer obstruction, our occupation is gone.
+The world has no time to listen to our theory, no use for our practice.
+And we hope that the thoughtful readers of these pages will see in our
+intention, an earnest, honest purpose and belief, and that, without
+affectation of science or pretense of superior knowledge, we base all
+our efforts upon nature and common sense.
+
+In following our instructions and attempting to use our method, _have
+patience_, and note the result from day to day. The horse will quickly
+tell you. His action will expose quackery and unmask pretension. He will
+be no party to a fraud, no advocate of an advertisement.
+
+
+SOUND HORSES.
+
+A sound horse is, after man, the paragon of animals. "In form and moving
+how express and admirable!" His frame is perfect mechanism, instinct
+with glowing life, and guarded by the great conservative and healing
+powers of nature from disease and death. His vitality is surpassed by
+that of man, because man has the endowment of soul, and in his human
+breast hope springs eternal and imagination gives fresh powers of
+resistance. Like man, the horse conforms cheerfully to all climates and
+to all circumstances. He is equally at home--
+
+    "Whether where equinoctial fervors glow
+    Or winter wraps the polar world in snow."
+
+Amid the sands of Arabia his thin hide and fine hair evidence his
+breeding; in the frozen north his shaggy covering defends him from the
+cold storms and searching winds. The disadvantages under which he will
+work are in no way so clearly illustrated as in his efficiency when
+exposed to the evils of shoeing. Placed upon heel-calks, to slip about
+and catch with wrenching force in the interstices of city pavements, or
+loaded with iron-clogs, to give him "knee-action" and to "untie his
+shoulders," he bravely faces his discomforts and does to the best of his
+ability his master's will.
+
+How quickly his active system responds to intelligent care and shows its
+beneficial results! And when relieved from the abuses of ignorance, his
+recuperative powers re-establish the springing step of youth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+EVILS OF COMMON SHOEING.
+
+
+Every horseman finds his chief difficulty in the fact that he has to
+protect the natural foot from the wear incident to the artificial
+condition in which the horse is placed in his relation to man. In those
+important industries where great numbers of horses are used, and the
+profit of the business depends upon the efficiency of the animal, the
+question becomes a very serious one, and the life term of the horse, or
+the proportion of the number of animals that are kept from their tasks
+by inability, make the difference between profit and loss to the great
+transportation lines that facilitate the busy current of city life. But
+notwithstanding the importance of this subject, upon the score equally
+of economy and humanity, the world is, for the most part, just where it
+was a thousand years ago, possibly worse off, for the original purpose
+of shoeing was only to protect the foot from attrition or chipping, and
+but little iron was used, but, as the utility of the operation became
+apparent, the smith boldly took the responsibility of altering the form
+of the hoof to suit his own unreasoning views, cutting away, as
+superfluous, the sole and bars, paring the frog to a shapely smoothness,
+and then nailing on a broad, heavy piece of iron, covering not only the
+wall but a portion of the sole also, thus putting it out of the power of
+the horse to take a natural, elastic step.
+
+In a short time the hoof, unbraced by the sole and bars, begins to
+contract, the action of the frog upon the ground, which in the natural
+foot is threefold--acting as a cushion to receive the force of the blow
+and thus relieve the nerves and joints of the leg from concussion,
+opening and expanding the hoof by its upward pressure, quickening the
+circulation and thereby stimulating the natural secretions,--this all
+important part of the organization, without which there is no foot and
+no horse, becomes hard, dry, and useless. Then follows the whole train
+of natural consequences. The delicate system of joints inclosed in the
+hoof feel the pressure of contraction, the knees bend forward in an
+attempt to relieve the contracted heel. In this action the use of the
+leg is partially lost. The horse endeavors to secure a new bearing,
+interferes in movement, or stands in uneasy torture.
+
+Nature frequently seeks relief by bursting the dry and contracted shell,
+in what is known as quarter or toe crack, and the miserable victim
+becomes practically useless at an age when his powers should be in their
+prime.
+
+Every horseman will acknowledge that his experience has a parallel in
+the picture here presented. Many men have at various times attempted
+reform, but the difficulty heretofore encountered has been that the
+mechanical application was in the hands, not of the owners and
+reasoners, but in those of a class of men who are, for the most part,
+ignorant, prejudiced, and, consequently, apt to oppose any innovation
+upon the old abuses in which they have had centuries of vested right;
+and it was not until the studies of Mr. R. A. Goodenough that there were
+brought to bear veterinary knowledge, mechanical skill, and inventive
+faculty, to overcome the stolidity and interest which have been the
+lions in the way of true reform.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FROG PRESSURE.
+
+
+That portion of the hoof called the "frog," performs the most important
+visible function in the economy of the movement of the horse. It is
+intensely vital and vigorous. The greater its exposure and the severer
+its exertion, the more strenuous is the action of nature to renew it. It
+is the spring at the immediate base of the leg, relieving the nervous
+system and joints from the shock of the concussion when the Race Horse
+thunders over the course, seeming in his powerful stride to shake the
+solid earth itself, and it gives the Trotter the elastic motion with
+which he sweeps over the ground noiseless upon its yielding spring, but,
+if shod with heavy iron, so that the frog does not reach the ground to
+perform its function, his hoofs beat the earth with a force like the
+hammers of the Cyclops.
+
+With the facility to error characteristic of the unreasoning, it has
+been one of the opinions of grooms and farriers that this callous,
+india-rubber-like substance would wear away upon exposure to the action
+of the road or pavement, and it has been one of their cherished
+practices to set the horse up upon iron, so that he could by no
+possibility strike the frog upon the ground.
+
+In addition to this violation of nature, they pare away the exfoliating
+growth of the organ, and trim it into the shape that suits their fancy.
+
+Without action, muscular life is impossible, the portion of the body
+thus situated must die, paralyzed or withered. Motion, use, are the law
+of life, and the frog of the horse's hoof with a function as essential
+and well-defined as any portion of his body is subject to the general
+law. Without use it dries, hardens, and becomes a shelly excrescence
+upon a foot, benumbed by the percussion of heavy iron upon hard roads.
+This is a loss nature struggles in vain to repair, the horse begins to
+fail at once. The elastic step, which in a state of nature spurned the
+dull earth, becomes heavy and stiff, and the unhappy brute experiences
+the evils partially described in the previous chapter.
+
+To restore the natural action of the foot by putting the bearing on the
+frog, is the chief object of the system we advocate, and the Goodenough
+shoe is designed especially to provide for that first and last
+necessity. If this is accomplished with a sound horse, he will avoid the
+thousand ills that arise from the usual method, and, so far as his feet
+are concerned, he will remain sound.
+
+If the shoe is adopted as a cure for the unsoundness already manifested
+in animals that have been deprived of the proper use of their feet, it
+will cure them, not by any virtue in the iron itself, nor by any magic
+in its application, but simply by giving beneficent nature an
+opportunity to repair the ruin that the ignorance of man has wrought
+upon her perfect handiwork.
+
+This part of our subject is so important that we shall return to it
+again in subsequent chapters, and enforce it at every point.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GOODENOUGH SHOE--FRONT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.
+
+
+From the representation of the shoe in the cut, its peculiar
+conformation will be observed, and the reason for these changes from the
+common form we shall endeavor to explain as clearly as possible. In the
+first place, it is very light, scarcely half the weight of the average
+old-fashioned shoe. The foot surface is rolled with a true bevel, making
+that portion of the web which receives the bearing of the hoof, the
+width of the thickness of the wall or crust. This prevents pressure upon
+the sole, and makes the shoe a continuation of the wall of the foot. The
+ground surface of the shoe has also a true bevel, following the natural
+slope of the sole, and bringing the inner part of the shoe to a thin
+edge. The outer portion is thus a thick ridge, dentated, or cut out into
+cogs or calks, allowing the nail-heads to be countersunk. This
+arrangement gives five calks--a wide toe-calk, the usual heel-calks,
+and two calks, one on each side, midway between the toe and heel--thus
+putting the bearing equally upon all the parts of the foot.
+
+This calking has a double object. In the common system of shoeing, to
+avoid slipping in winter upon the ice, and in the cities upon the wet,
+slimy surface of pavement, or to assist draft, it is customary to weld a
+calk upon the toe of a shoe, and to turn up the heels to correspond. In
+this motion the horse is placed upon a tripod, his weight being entirely
+upon three points of his foot, and those not the parts intended to bear
+the shock of travel or to sustain his weight. The position of the frog
+is of course one of hopeless inaction, and the motion of the unsupported
+bones within the hoof produce inflammation at the points of extreme
+pressure, so that, in case of all old horses accustomed to go upon
+calks, there is ulceration of the heels, in the form of "corns," which
+the smith informs the owner is the effect of _hard roads_ bruising the
+heel from the outside; he usually "cuts out the corn," and puts on more
+iron in the form of a "bar shoe." Or the same action which produces
+corns, acting upon the dead, dry, unsupported frog and sole, breaks the
+arch of the foot so that a "drop sole" is manifest, or "pumiced foot,"
+for both of which a "bar shoe" is the unvarying, pernicious
+prescription. In the Goodenough shoe, the calks are supplied, and the
+weight so distributed that the objection to the old method does not
+exist.
+
+
+COUNTERSINKING THE NAILS.
+
+This is a point to which we call attention as of great importance. In
+shoeing a horse for light or rapid work with a common flat shoe, seven
+or eight nail-heads protrude, and take the force of his blow on the
+ground. The foot has just been pared, and those nails, driven into the
+wall and pressing against the soft inside horn and sensitive laminæ,
+vibrate to the quick, and often cause the newly-shod horse to shrink,
+and show soreness in traveling for a day or two. No matter how
+skillfully shod, the horse will be all the better in escaping this
+unnecessary infliction.
+
+
+THE BEVEL OF THE FOOT SURFACE
+
+Is to keep the shoe a continuation of the crust or wall of the hoof, and
+to avoid percussion upon the sole.
+
+
+THE BEVEL ON THE GROUND SURFACE
+
+Is to follow the natural concavity of the foot and to give it the form
+which will have no suction on wet ground, will not pick up mud, or
+retain snow-balls.
+
+
+THE CALKS
+
+Have a use fully explained.
+
+When the shoe thus described is set so as to secure _frog-pressure_, as
+hereinafter directed, a horse may be shod without violation of nature's
+laws; foot disease, under fair conditions, will become almost
+impossible, and the useless refuse-stock, broken down by the old method,
+may be restored to usefulness.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GOODENOUGH SHOE--BACK.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+HOW TO SHOE SOUND FEET.
+
+
+If a foot came to the farrier in a perfectly normal condition, never
+having been subjected to the destructive process of common shoeing, the
+directions for putting on the Goodenough shoe would be simply, to dress
+the foot by paring or rasping the wall until a shoe of proper size laid
+upon the prepared crust would give an even bearing with the frog all
+over the foot; then, as the calk wore away, the pressure would come more
+and more upon the frog and the foot would retain its natural state
+during the life-time of the horse.
+
+A colt thus shod could not have a corn, for a corn is an ulcer caused by
+the wings of the coffin-bone pressing upon a hard, unelastic substance.
+When the horse raises his foot the coffin-bone is lifted upward by the
+action of the flexor tendon; when his foot touches the earth the weight
+of the animal is thrown upon the same bone, and, if unsupported by the
+natural cushion of the foot, the action of the bone pressing the
+sensitive sole upon iron causes the bruise which, for lack of another
+name, is called a corn. The horse thus shod would never have a quarter
+crack, for that is the immediate effect of contraction caused by the
+absence of the expanding action of the frog and the consequent dead
+condition of the hoof from want of circulation and proper secretions.
+The horse would be equally free from "drop" and "pumiced" sole, seedy
+toe, thrush, and kindred complaints.
+
+
+INCIPIENT UNSOUNDNESS.
+
+[Illustration: FOOT, SHOWING SHOE AND FROG.]
+
+It is almost impossible to find a horse perfectly sound in his feet,
+unless one looks (strange as it may seem) into the stables of the Third
+Avenue Railroad Company, or those of Adams' Express, or Dodd's Transfer
+Company, or into some of the other stables where our shoe and system are
+in faithful use; we will therefore call attention to such a case as will
+be generally presented at the forge: A good young horse, shod for
+several years upon the common plan, and in the early stages of
+contraction. We find he has on wide-web shoes, weighing about twenty
+ounces each; these may be smooth in front and calked behind; they bear
+upon the sole and heel. In place of a frog, we discover a point of hard,
+shrunken, cracked substance, neither frog nor sole. We cut the clenches
+and take off the relic of ignorance and barbarism, throwing it with
+hearty good-will into the only place fit to receive it--the pile of
+scrap-iron. We examine carefully to see that no stub of nail is left in.
+The heels will be found long and hard. Our object being _frog-pressure_,
+to get the vivifying action of this tactile organ upon the ground, we
+pare down the whole wall; we soon come to signs of a corn--perhaps a
+drop of blood starts; but as we do not intend to put the weight upon the
+heels, we are not alarmed. Having cut all we can from the heels and
+still finding that the frog, when the shoe is laid on, can not touch the
+ground, _we knock down the last two calks and draw the heel of the shoe
+thin_; this must give us a bearing upon the frog and the sound part of
+the foot. We use the lightest shoe, truly fitted with the rasp, not
+burned on. The horse should then be worked regularly, and he will
+experience at once the benefit of a return to "first principles" and
+natural action.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FOOT, WITH SHELL REMOVED.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+SIMPLE CASES OF CONTRACTION.
+
+
+Contraction, in a greater or less degree, is exhibited by all horses, of
+every grade, that have been shod in the common way, except in those more
+unfortunate cases that have resulted in a breaking of the arch of the
+foot, from lack of the natural frog support, when the phenomena of
+"dropped sole" are found, and the usual accompaniment of "pumiced feet."
+
+It may seem superfluous to say that the power and action of the horse
+are greatly restricted by contraction.
+
+The cartilaginous fibre that forms the bulk of the substance of the foot
+behind the great back sinew is squeezed into narrow space, the working
+of the joints compressed, and inflammation at the joints, or at the
+wings of the coffin-bone, is excited; in worse cases navicular disease
+is established, or, from inadequate circulation, thrush holds
+possession at the frog, or scratches torment the heels.
+
+When simple contraction--shown in the narrow heel, dried and shrunken
+frog, and "pegging" motion of the horse--is the case, our design is at
+once to restore the natural action of the foot. This must be done by
+expansion, and that is to be had from frog-pressure, according to the
+directions in the preceding chapters. If navicular disease has
+commenced, and the animal is decidedly lame, we have a difficult case.
+The membrane of this important bone, in some cases of contraction,
+becomes ulcerated, and the bone itself may be decayed, or adhesion
+between the coffin-bone and the navicular and pastern may take place.
+Without expansion there is no possibility of relief; local bleeding,
+poulticing, and all the drastic drugs of the veterinary will be invoked
+in vain.
+
+
+QUARTER AND TOE CRACK.
+
+[Illustration: QUARTER CRACK--FULL SHOE.]
+
+This disease, usually attributed to "heat," "dry weather," "weak feet,"
+etc., is one of the common symptoms of contraction, and can be
+entirely cured with the greatest ease; nor will it ever recur if the
+hoof is kept in proper condition.
+
+If the case is recent, shoe as advised in our paragraph upon "Incipient
+Unsoundness," being sure to cut the heel well down, putting the bearing
+fully upon the frog and three-quarters of the foot. If the hoof is weak
+from long contraction and defective circulation, lower the heels and
+whole wall, until the frog comes well upon the ground, and shoe with a
+"slipper," or "tip," made by cutting off a light shoe just before the
+middle calk, drawing it down and lowering the toe-calk partially. This
+will seem dangerous to those who have not tried it, but it is not so.
+The horse may flinch a little at first, from his unaccustomed condition,
+and from the active life that will begin to stir in his dry, hard, and
+numb foot, but he will enjoy the change. The healing of the crack will
+be from the coronet down, and it is good practice to cut with a sharp
+knife just above the split, and to clean all dirt and dead substance out
+from the point where you cut, downwards. Soaking the feet in water will
+facilitate a cure by quickening the growth of the hoof; or, a
+stimulating liniment may be applied to the coronet, to excite more
+active growth. Bear in mind that expansion is not from the sole upwards,
+but from the coronet downwards.
+
+
+TOE CRACKS.
+
+The cause of this defect is the same as in quarter crack. It appears in
+both fore and hind feet. Clean the crack well, cutting with a sharp
+knife the dead horn from each side of it; shoe as advised for quarter
+crack, or for the purpose of getting expansion and natural action of the
+dead, shelly hoof. The dirt and sand may be kept out of the crack by
+filling it with balsam of fir, or pine pitch. Keep the horse at regular
+work.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: QUARTER CRACK--HALF SHOE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DROP SOLE AND PUMICED FOOT.
+
+
+This miserable condition of the abused animal is Nature's fiercest
+protest against the ignorance and carelessness of man. A horse set upon
+heavy shoes, and those armed with calks at toe and heel, such as are
+usually inflicted upon large draft-horses, has his whole weight placed
+upon the unsupported sole. The frog never comes in contact with the
+earth in any way, inflammation of the sensitive frog and sole takes
+place, and the arch of the sole bends down under the pressure until the
+ground surface of the hoof becomes flat or convex, bulging down even
+lower than the cruel iron that clamps its edge. This is the condition of
+a drop sole. This degenerate state of the foot has other complications.
+Active inflammation is often present and all the wretchedness of a
+pumiced foot--the despair of owner and veterinary--is experienced. The
+smith, whose clumsy contrivance has been the cause of all the woe, has
+abundant reasons to offer for the disease, and his unfailing resort of
+the "_Bar Shoe_." This atrocious fetter is supplemented with leather
+pads, sometimes daubed with tar, and the horse hobbles to his task. Not
+unfrequently the crust at the front of the hoof sinks in, adhering to
+the sole; circulation being cut off,
+
+
+SEEDY TOE
+
+is then manifest.
+
+The only possible relief from these complications is in natural action.
+Contraction is not present, but we want circulation, new growth and
+absorption; we obtain it by dressing the foot smoothly with the rasp and
+putting the bearing evenly upon the frog and a light shoe, which should
+be merely a continuation of the wall of the foot. Many very bad cases
+shod in this way have been relieved. No grease or tar should ever be
+used.
+
+
+CONTRACTION, OR DROP SOLE, WITH SORENESS AT THE TOE.
+
+Shoe as previously directed, and rasp or cut the sole and wall at the
+toe into a slightly hollow shape, so that you could pass a knife-blade
+between the hoof and shoe. The object of this is to relieve the hoof
+from pressure at this point. In cases where the toe is thin and weak, or
+where there is inflammation extending to the point of the frog, remove
+as much of the sole pressing against the frog as seems feasible, and
+level the toe-calk, so that the horse will bear upon the frog and
+side-calks.
+
+It is often well to free a shrunken frog from the binding growth of sole
+that has closed in upon it, and in cases of contraction, where this is
+done, a horse will recover the action of the frog with less difficulty
+than where that organ is sole-bound.
+
+
+THRUSH.
+
+This is a filthy, fetid disease of the frog. By many veterinary writers
+it is attributed entirely to damp stables, general nasty condition of
+stall, yard, etc. Mayhew ingenuously remarks, in addition, that it is
+usually found in animals that "step short or go groggily," and that the
+hoof is "hot and hard." Youatt comes to the point at once in saying that
+it is the effect of contraction, and, when established, is also a cause
+of further contraction. It is manifest in a putrid discharge from the
+frog. The matter is secreted by the inner or sensible frog, excited to
+this morbid condition by pressure of contraction. Its cure is simple and
+easy if the cause is removed. A wash of brine, or chloride of zinc,
+three grains to the ounce of water, is generally used to correct the
+foulness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+BENT KNEES INTERFERENCE, AND SPEEDY CUT.
+
+
+The knee of a horse is a most complicated and beautiful mechanical
+arrangement, singularly exempt from strain or disease in any form. Bony
+enlargement, inflammation of the ligaments, do not attack it. The ravage
+of the shoeing-smith--the horse's direst enemy--seems to be exhausted
+upon the feet and the sympathetic pasterns; the concussion of iron and
+pavement, uncushioned by the frog, will destroy the lower system of
+joints before the knee can be shaken.
+
+Notwithstanding this perfection and strength, many horses bend the knee,
+and stand, or travel with it bent, until the flexor muscles shrink from
+lack of use. This "over in the knees" condition is invariably caused by
+imperfect use of the feet. The effect of heel-calks and their
+accompaniment of corns, making a sore in each heel, is often indicated
+by the horse to his regardless owner by bending his knee. The owner
+asks the smith why he does it, and the smith, who never fails to give a
+reason, says he has always noticed that horse had "weak knees." We know
+of a shoer in Worcester County, Massachusetts, who has a wide local
+reputation for "doctoring" weak knees. He holds that the muscles of the
+leg in such cases are _too short_, and have to be lengthened with thick
+iron heels and calks. It is a favorite theory of this class of shoers
+that they are able to correct the errors of Providence in the horse's
+construction, and piece him out with heel-calks and bar-shoes!
+
+
+INTERFERING AND SPEEDY CUT.
+
+If horses were not shod, they would not interfere; it therefore follows
+that shoeing is the cause of this defect. A contracted hoof, pain from
+corns, or any inflammation causes a horse to seek a new bearing. In
+doing this he strikes himself. Blacksmiths make "interfering shoes,"
+welding side-pieces and superfluous calks upon their clumsy
+contrivances, and sometimes succeed in preventing the symptom, but they
+never remove the cause. Few horses with natural feet, good circulation,
+and shod with a light shoe, will ever interfere. In all such cases, take
+off the heavy shoe, cure the contraction, get an even bearing, and let
+nature have at least a momentary chance.
+
+
+WORKING UP HORSES.
+
+It is a common practice of large proprietors, engaged on railroad or
+city work, to buy up horses with unsound feet, unfitted for speed or
+gentle service, and use them up, as old clothes are put through a
+shoddy-mill for what wool there is left in them. This cruel policy,
+under an intelligent system of shoeing, would be impossible, because the
+vast aggregate of foot diseases would be so abated that horses, sound in
+general health but creeping upon disabled hoofs, could not be found in
+droves, as at present, and the speculator in equine misfortune would
+better serve his selfishness by buying young horses and keeping them
+sound by a natural system of shoeing.
+
+
+STUMBLING HORSES.
+
+This annoyance is frequently caused by undue use of the toe, when the
+heel is lame and sore from contraction and corns. When the horse has the
+frog well on the ground and uses his heel without shrinking he is not
+apt to stumble.
+
+
+TO INCREASE COMFORT.
+
+In dry weather, or when a horse with a hard, lifeless hoof is shod with
+the Goodenough shoe, and shrinks from the unaccustomed pressure of the
+frog on the ground, nothing is so grateful to his feet as cold water.
+The hose turned on them is a delicious bath; or if he can stand for an
+hour in a wet place, or in a running brook, he will get infinite comfort
+from it. We have sometimes rapidly assisted the cure of contraction, in
+the city, by manufacturing a country brook-bottom in this simple way:
+Put half a bushel of pebbles into a stout tub, with or without some
+sand, let them cover the bottom to the depth of two or three inches,
+pour on water and you have a good imitation of a mountain brook. Put
+the horse's forefeet into this, and let him bear his weight upon the
+frog. The first time he will grow uneasy after a few minutes, but when
+his frog becomes natural in its function he will be glad to stand there
+all day.
+
+Do not carry this treatment to excess. Moderation is the most
+satisfactory course in all things. Abjure utterly all oils and greasy
+hoof dressings, they are pernicious recommendations of unreasoning
+grooms. They fill the pores of the wall, and injure in every way. Nature
+will find oil, if you will allow circulation and secretion, through the
+action of the frog.
+
+"Stuffing the feet," is another wretched, groom's device. A horse has a
+dry, feverish hoof from contraction, so his hollow sole, denuded of its
+frog, is "stuffed" with heating oil-meal, or nasty droppings of cows.
+When this sort of thing is proposed, remember _Punch's_ advice to those
+about to be married, "Don't do it."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ECONOMY OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.
+
+
+A horse-shoe that the united voices or the shrewdest and ablest managers
+in the country commend--inasmuch as it enables cripples to work,
+frequently restores them, and maintains soundness where that quality
+exists--need not be recommended on the ground of economy. Such a
+horse-shoe could not be dear. But it takes all sorts of people to make a
+world, and the pressure to the square inch of mean men is not to be
+governed by safety-valves or regulated by gauges. There are too many men
+who will use the thing that costs the least outlay, even if it tortures
+or kills the horse. On the point of first cost we may say that if our
+shoe had no advantage over the hand-made shoe in preserving the natural
+action and growth of the foot, thereby retaining the powers of the
+animal in full vigor, it would still be cheaper than the common shoe. It
+is sold slightly higher than the clumsy pieces of bent iron called
+horse-shoes by mere courtesy, and its lightness gives one-third more
+shoes to the keg, while there is no expense of calking, which, in labor
+and material, is equal to three cents per pound. Upon the point of
+durability, it is well settled that the heavy shoe will not last so long
+as the light one with frog-pressure. A horse set upon heavy shoes grinds
+iron every time he moves. The least interposition of the frog will
+reduce the wear very materially, and if the frog is well on the ground,
+a horse will carry a shoe until he outgrows it.
+
+A horse-railroad superintendent said to the writer, "We don't wear iron
+nowadays, we wear _frog_ and _cobble-stones_; nature provides frog and
+Boston finds cobble-stones." When the Goodenough shoe is put for the
+first time upon a dry, half-dead foot, and the frog brought into lively
+action, growth is generally very rapid. We have often been compelled to
+reset the shoe, cutting down the wall, in ten days after shoeing. Many
+horses that have been used upon pavements and horse-railroads, have
+acquired a habit of slipping and sliding along, catching with heel-calks
+in the space between the stones; such horses do not at once relinquish
+the habit, and wear their first set of our shoes much more rapidly than
+the subsequent set, after they have assumed the natural action of their
+feet. But, economical as a light shoe that will long outlast a heavy one
+may be, the great saving is in the item of horse-flesh.
+
+The value of the horses employed in the actual labor of the country
+reaches a startling sum total.
+
+The vast importance of the horse in the movement of business, was never
+so fully understood and deeply felt as during the year past, when the
+epizoötic swept over the continent, paralyzing all movement and every
+form of human industry. Even the ships that whiten the seas would furl
+their sails and steamers quench their fires but for the labors of the
+horse. During the epidemic the canal-boats waited idly for their patient
+tow-horses and railroads carried little freight; the crops of the West
+lay in the farmers' granaries and the fabrics of the Eastern loom and
+varied products of mechanical industry crowded the warehouses; even the
+ragpicker in the streets suspended his humble occupation, for the
+merchant, unable to transport rags, refused to buy them of the gatherer.
+The investment of national wealth in horses being so enormous, any means
+that adds to the efficiency of the horse greatly enhances the general
+prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: PERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.]
+
+[Illustration: IMPERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.]
+
+It is an old English saying, that "a good horse will wear out two sets
+of feet." The meaning of this adage is obvious: a good horse's feet are
+useless at the time when his other powers are in the prime. Mr. Edward
+Cottam, of London, in his "Observations upon the Goodenough System,"
+states that London omnibus-owners use up a young horse in four years;
+that is, a horse of seven years of age goes to the knackers at eleven,
+_pabulum Acherontis_; and the only noticeable cause of their failure is
+from diseases of the feet. A horse properly shod and cared for should
+endure five times as long. In this country horses fail in the feet, and
+are called old at an age when they should be in the fullest activity.
+This is a double loss, for every horseman of experience knows that if an
+old horse is sound and vigorous he has some great advantages over a
+young one. He is safer in every respect, "way-wise," seasoned, steady,
+and reliable. He and his owner are old friends and companions and can
+not part but with a pang of regret. A good horse, well cared for, should
+work cheerfully until he is thirty years of age; yet how few are able to
+perform genteel service after fifteen! It is a sad sight that of the
+high-mettled, noble animal, once the petted darling of wealth, caressed
+by ladies and children, and guarded so that even the winds of heaven
+might not visit him too roughly, fallen through the successive grades of
+equine degradation, until at last he hobbles before a clam-wagon or a
+swill-cart--a sorry relic of better days.
+
+The question is so plain that we hesitate to argue with intelligent
+people to prove that, if the old system of shoeing destroys the value of
+a horse in middle life, half his money value is sacrificed to
+ignorance--a waste that might be saved were nature's laws regarded. That
+part of the argument which demands that the faithful, devoted servant
+merits humane treatment and the best intelligence of the master in
+securing his health and comfort can not be forgotten and need not be
+urged upon the attention of the true horseman.
+
+
+
+
+FINAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+
+To be _rational_ in any course of action is, primarily, to follow the
+leading of reason, and by that guidance to arrive at correct
+conclusions.
+
+It is the opposite to the method which is _irrational_--regardless of
+reason, and therefore leading to conclusions erroneous and absurd.
+Rationalism is opposed to ultraism, to vehement, officious and extreme
+measures--while it would seek more excellent ways, it holds fast to that
+which is good.
+
+Rationalism in medicine is the method which recognises nature as the
+great agent in the cure of disease, and employs art as an auxiliary to
+be resorted to when useful or necessary, and avoided when prejudicial.
+
+In our treatment of the hoof, we would seek to know the cause of the
+horse's troubles, firmly believing that he is endowed by nature with
+strength to perform the service man demands of him, and that he is not
+necessarily a helpless prey to torturing diseases of the minor organs;
+and, indeed, subject only to that final, unavoidable sentence, which in
+some form nature holds suspended over all animate existence.
+
+Having by the aid of reason ascertained the cause of defects, we would
+assist nature to relieve them; we have therefore called this little
+hand-book of suggestions from our experience, RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+
+OPPOSING FORCES.
+
+Having taken upon ourselves to reform evils, rooted deep in old customs,
+and to abolish abuses older than our civilization, we have to meet with
+discouragement and opposition in various forms.
+
+Even the enlightened and well-intentioned hold back incredulous. This
+form of opposition finally examines, being led thereto from motives of
+economy and the promptings of humanity; it usually approves and
+assists, but is often carried back by indolence, when it discovers that
+it must join us in the loud battle we are forced to wage all along the
+line against fierce interests and bitter prejudices.
+
+We attack with slender array, but unflinching purpose, the gloomy powers
+of ignorance that are allied to doubt and indifference. These contend
+under the prestige of a thousand years of possession.
+
+Ignorance and Prejudice are twin giants that renew their life upon each
+other; they are as old as chaos, and are invulnerable to the weapons of
+ordinary warfare. Like the fallen angels, they are--
+
+          "Vital in every part,
+    And can but by annihilation die."
+
+One of the Greek fables, typifying the struggle of man against
+circumstances, was a story of the battle between Hercules and Antæus,
+son of the Earth. The fight was long and doubtful, for whenever the
+mortal was felled to the ground by the power of the vigorous god, his
+force was renewed by contact with the breast of his mother Earth, and
+he sprang to his feet and recommenced the never-ending strife.
+
+This contest between the god, and the mortal born of earth and sea, is
+the poetical type of the unceasing toil of man in the Valley of the
+Nile, against the sandy waves of the Lybian desert, always encroaching
+upon the cultivated soil, and demanding year by year new exertions to
+repress their advance.
+
+So, in our attempt to establish a better system of utilizing the powers
+of the horse in the service of man, we have each day to meet the same
+enemy, renewed by contact with the sources that foster and reinforce
+ignorance. But as persistent labor conducted the beneficent waters of
+the Nile in irrigating channels through the arid plain of the desert,
+until upon the inhospitable edge gardens bloomed, fields of grain waved
+in the breeze, and the date-palm cast its grateful shade upon the
+husbandman--so we make healthful progress, and enjoy a widely increasing
+triple reward--first, in the thankful esteem of our fellow men;
+secondly, in the relief we afford to a noble animal; and last, in the
+substantial return which the highest authority has adjudged to honest
+labor.
+
+
+REGULAR WORK.
+
+We wish all readers of this book to understand that the directions
+herein given for shoeing apply to horses whose owners expect them to
+work regularly after shoeing--from the very hour in which the shoes are
+set.
+
+We do not propose to "lay up" horses, or to put them to rest in "loose
+boxes," nor yet to "turn them out to grass." One of the chief
+difficulties we have had with wealthy owners has been from the tendency
+to keep the horse _out of work_ when we have got him into a condition
+where we want exercise to stimulate the alterative process we propose.
+
+A cure of any foot disease we have described, will be much more rapidly
+effected if the horse has his regular work upon the roads or pavements
+to which he is accustomed, no matter how hard they are.
+
+We hope that it has also been noticed, that we do not propose to cure
+spavins, splints, navicular disease, or to restore the natural action
+of a horse where ossification of cartilage is well established.
+
+
+
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Rational Horse-Shoeing, by John E. Russell</title>
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Rational Horse-Shoeing, by John E. Russell</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Rational Horse-Shoeing</p>
+<p>Author: John E. Russell</p>
+<p>Release Date: September 14, 2007  [eBook #22603]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by David Garcia, Tamise Totterdell,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net/c/">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Kentuckiana Digital Library<br />
+    (<a href="http://kdl.kyvl.org/">http://kdl.kyvl.org/</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
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+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Kentuckiana Digital Library. See
+      <a href="http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;xc=1&amp;idno=B98-49-42334752&amp;view=toc">
+      http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=kyetexts;cc=kyetexts;xc=1&amp;idno=B98-49-42334752&amp;view=toc</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>PREFIX.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Since the publication of this little volume we have made changes in our
+horse shoe with a view to adapt it especially to Army use. Our design
+has been to make a shoe that any Army farrier can apply in a cold state
+without the use of any other tool than a knife to prepare the hoof, and
+a hammer to drive the nails. Our success in this attempt has been so
+complete that we are now using the pattern designed especially for Army
+use in all our contract work.</p>
+
+<p>The shoe is rolled without a heel calk, so that the frog-pressure may be
+readily secured without heating and drawing the iron:&mdash;the nail holes
+are punched so that the nail furnished by us with the shoe may be
+driven, without the use of the pritchel to punch out the holes. The
+shoe, being made of the best quality of iron, may be bent cold to adapt
+it to the shape of the hoof.</p>
+
+<p>Officers will at once see what a vast saving there is in the
+transportation of shoes&mdash;requiring no forge with its heavy outfit&mdash;and
+which are less than half the weight of the clumsy old patterns.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill-005.jpg"><img src="images/ill-005.jpg"
+alt="THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH." width="80%" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH</span></p>
+
+<div class="title">
+<h1>RATIONAL<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Horse-Shoeing.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="center">BY<br />
+<br />
+<span class="bigger">WILDAIR.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK:<br />
+<span class="smaller">
+<span class="smcap">PUBLISHED BY WYNKOOP AND HALLENBECK,</span><br />
+No. 113 Fulton Street.<br />
+1873.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="spaced">
+<hr />
+<p class="center">
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by<br />
+WYNKOOP &amp; HALLENBECK,<br />
+in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.</p>
+<hr />
+</div>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/ill-008.png" width="600" height="150" alt="" /></p>
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">In</span> presenting the observations contained in the following pages, we are
+aware that we appeal to practical men who judge by results, and have but
+slight patience with mere theory. We wish, therefore, to state clearly
+at the outset, that the system of horse-shoeing herein advocated, and
+the shoe offered by us to accompany it and accomplish its purpose, are
+the result of years of patient study of nature, and actual experiment;
+and that although we have had to contend with ignorance and interest on
+the part of the farriers, and indifference and prejudice on the part of
+owners of horses, we have finally succeeded in interesting the most
+practical and capable men in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> America, England, and France in the
+matter; and, at the time of this publication, thousands of horses,
+engaged in the most arduous labors of equine life&mdash;upon railways,
+express wagons, transfer companies, and other similar difficult
+positions&mdash;are traveling upon our shoes, their labors lightened by its
+assistance, their feet preserved in a natural, healthy state, and their
+lives prolonged to the profit of their owners and the advancement of
+that cause&mdash;one of the evidences of the progress of our age in true
+enlightenment&mdash;which has for its beneficent object the prevention of
+cruelty to the dumb and helpless companions of our toil.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-009.png" width="400" height="135" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-010.png" width="600" height="103" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">The</span> first application of the Goodenough shoe is almost invariably to the
+feet of horses suffering from some one of the forms of foot disease,
+induced by the unnatural method of shoeing. Our system is intended for
+sound horses, to supply the necessary protection to the feet, and to
+keep them in a healthy condition. Our rules for shoeing, embodied in our
+circular of instructions, are applicable to sound horses, and disease
+must be provided for as exceptional.</p>
+
+<p>Men are careless and, as a rule, unobservant; they go on in the old way
+until the horse flinches in action or stands "pointing" in dumb appeal
+to his owner, telling with mute but touching eloquence of his
+tight-ironed, feverish foot, the dead frog, and the insidious disease,
+soon to destroy the free action characteristic of health. It is when
+this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> evidence brings the truth home to him that the neglectful master,
+eager to relieve the animal, tries our system. To such masters we must
+say, do not expect that the imprudence and neglect of years can be
+remedied in an instant. The age of miracles long ago passed away. We do
+not propose to cure by formula, or bell and book. There is no "laying on
+of hands"&mdash;no magical touch of an enchanter's wand.</p>
+
+<p>Remember always that pain is the warning cry of a faithful sentinel on
+the outpost, that disease is at hand. Disease is the punishment
+following a violation of the laws of nature, and can only be escaped by
+restoring natural conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Remember also, that "Nature," so called by Hippocrates, the earliest
+systematic writer upon medicine, never slumbers nor fails in duty, but
+strives with unerring, active intelligence to prevent disease, or to
+cure it when it can not be prevented.</p>
+
+<p>When the measures and processes of the physician are in harmony with the
+natural intention, disease may be cured; when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> are adverse in
+application, the patient dies, or recovers in spite of art.</p>
+
+<p>A great French philosopher powerfully remarked: "Nature fights with
+disease a battle to the death; a blind man armed with a club&mdash;that is, a
+physician&mdash;comes in to make peace between them. Failing in that, he lays
+about him with his club. If he happens to hit disease he kills disease;
+if he hits nature he kills nature."</p>
+
+<p>We wish to be understood that in all things we would assist and
+facilitate the action of nature, under the artificial restraints of the
+horse. If we fail in this, or offer obstruction, our occupation is gone.
+The world has no time to listen to our theory, no use for our practice.
+And we hope that the thoughtful readers of these pages will see in our
+intention, an earnest, honest purpose and belief, and that, without
+affectation of science or pretense of superior knowledge, we base all
+our efforts upon nature and common sense.</p>
+
+<p>In following our instructions and attempting to use our method, <i>have
+patience</i>, and note the result from day to day. The horse will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> quickly
+tell you. His action will expose quackery and unmask pretension. He will
+be no party to a fraud, no advocate of an advertisement.</p>
+
+<h3>SOUND HORSES.</h3>
+
+<p>A sound horse is, after man, the paragon of animals. "In form and moving
+how express and admirable!" His frame is perfect mechanism, instinct
+with glowing life, and guarded by the great conservative and healing
+powers of nature from disease and death. His vitality is surpassed by
+that of man, because man has the endowment of soul, and in his human
+breast hope springs eternal and imagination gives fresh powers of
+resistance. Like man, the horse conforms cheerfully to all climates and
+to all circumstances. He is equally at home&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Whether where equinoctial fervors glow<br />
+Or winter wraps the polar world in snow."</p>
+
+<p>Amid the sands of Arabia his thin hide and fine hair evidence his
+breeding; in the frozen north his shaggy covering defends him from the
+cold storms and searching winds. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> disadvantages under which he will
+work are in no way so clearly illustrated as in his efficiency when
+exposed to the evils of shoeing. Placed upon heel-calks, to slip about
+and catch with wrenching force in the interstices of city pavements, or
+loaded with iron-clogs, to give him "knee-action" and to "untie his
+shoulders," he bravely faces his discomforts and does to the best of his
+ability his master's will.</p>
+
+<p>How quickly his active system responds to intelligent care and shows its
+beneficial results! And when relieved from the abuses of ignorance, his
+recuperative powers re-establish the springing step of youth.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-014.png" width="400" height="191" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-015.png" width="600" height="107" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">EVILS OF COMMON SHOEING.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">Every</span> horseman finds his chief difficulty in the fact that he has to
+protect the natural foot from the wear incident to the artificial
+condition in which the horse is placed in his relation to man. In those
+important industries where great numbers of horses are used, and the
+profit of the business depends upon the efficiency of the animal, the
+question becomes a very serious one, and the life term of the horse, or
+the proportion of the number of animals that are kept from their tasks
+by inability, make the difference between profit and loss to the great
+transportation lines that facilitate the busy current of city life. But
+notwithstanding the importance of this subject, upon the score equally
+of economy and humanity, the world is, for the most part, just where it
+was a thousand years ago, possibly worse off, for the original purpose
+of shoeing was only to protect the foot from attrition or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> chipping, and
+but little iron was used, but, as the utility of the operation became
+apparent, the smith boldly took the responsibility of altering the form
+of the hoof to suit his own unreasoning views, cutting away, as
+superfluous, the sole and bars, paring the frog to a shapely smoothness,
+and then nailing on a broad, heavy piece of iron, covering not only the
+wall but a portion of the sole also, thus putting it out of the power of
+the horse to take a natural, elastic step.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time the hoof, unbraced by the sole and bars, begins to
+contract, the action of the frog upon the ground, which in the natural
+foot is threefold&mdash;acting as a cushion to receive the force of the blow
+and thus relieve the nerves and joints of the leg from concussion,
+opening and expanding the hoof by its upward pressure, quickening the
+circulation and thereby stimulating the natural secretions,&mdash;this all
+important part of the organization, without which there is no foot and
+no horse, becomes hard, dry, and useless. Then follows the whole train
+of natural consequences. The delicate system of joints inclosed in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+hoof feel the pressure of contraction, the knees bend forward in an
+attempt to relieve the contracted heel. In this action the use of the
+leg is partially lost. The horse endeavors to secure a new bearing,
+interferes in movement, or stands in uneasy torture.</p>
+
+<p>Nature frequently seeks relief by bursting the dry and contracted shell,
+in what is known as quarter or toe crack, and the miserable victim
+becomes practically useless at an age when his powers should be in their
+prime.</p>
+
+<p>Every horseman will acknowledge that his experience has a parallel in
+the picture here presented. Many men have at various times attempted
+reform, but the difficulty heretofore encountered has been that the
+mechanical application was in the hands, not of the owners and
+reasoners, but in those of a class of men who are, for the most part,
+ignorant, prejudiced, and, consequently, apt to oppose any innovation
+upon the old abuses in which they have had centuries of vested right;
+and it was not until the studies of Mr. R. A. Goodenough that there were
+brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> to bear veterinary knowledge, mechanical skill, and inventive
+faculty, to overcome the stolidity and interest which have been the
+lions in the way of true reform.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-018.png" width="400" height="174" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-019.png" width="600" height="108" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">FROG PRESSURE.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">That</span> portion of the hoof called the "frog," performs the most important
+visible function in the economy of the movement of the horse. It is
+intensely vital and vigorous. The greater its exposure and the severer
+its exertion, the more strenuous is the action of nature to renew it. It
+is the spring at the immediate base of the leg, relieving the nervous
+system and joints from the shock of the concussion when the Race Horse
+thunders over the course, seeming in his powerful stride to shake the
+solid earth itself, and it gives the Trotter the elastic motion with
+which he sweeps over the ground noiseless upon its yielding spring, but,
+if shod with heavy iron, so that the frog does not reach the ground to
+perform its function, his hoofs beat the earth with a force like the
+hammers of the Cyclops.</p>
+
+<p>With the facility to error characteristic of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the unreasoning, it has
+been one of the opinions of grooms and farriers that this callous,
+india-rubber-like substance would wear away upon exposure to the action
+of the road or pavement, and it has been one of their cherished
+practices to set the horse up upon iron, so that he could by no
+possibility strike the frog upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this violation of nature, they pare away the exfoliating
+growth of the organ, and trim it into the shape that suits their fancy.</p>
+
+<p>Without action, muscular life is impossible, the portion of the body
+thus situated must die, paralyzed or withered. Motion, use, are the law
+of life, and the frog of the horse's hoof with a function as essential
+and well-defined as any portion of his body is subject to the general
+law. Without use it dries, hardens, and becomes a shelly excrescence
+upon a foot, benumbed by the percussion of heavy iron upon hard roads.
+This is a loss nature struggles in vain to repair, the horse begins to
+fail at once. The elastic step, which in a state of nature spurned the
+dull earth, becomes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> heavy and stiff, and the unhappy brute experiences
+the evils partially described in the previous chapter.</p>
+
+<p>To restore the natural action of the foot by putting the bearing on the
+frog, is the chief object of the system we advocate, and the Goodenough
+shoe is designed especially to provide for that first and last
+necessity. If this is accomplished with a sound horse, he will avoid the
+thousand ills that arise from the usual method, and, so far as his feet
+are concerned, he will remain sound.</p>
+
+<p>If the shoe is adopted as a cure for the unsoundness already manifested
+in animals that have been deprived of the proper use of their feet, it
+will cure them, not by any virtue in the iron itself, nor by any magic
+in its application, but simply by giving beneficent nature an
+opportunity to repair the ruin that the ignorance of man has wrought
+upon her perfect handiwork.</p>
+
+<p>This part of our subject is so important that we shall return to it
+again in subsequent chapters, and enforce it at every point.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter3">
+<img src="images/ill-023.png" width="600" height="641" alt="GOODENOUGH SHOE&mdash;FRONT." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">GOODENOUGH SHOE&mdash;FRONT.</span></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-024.png" width="600" height="79" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">DESCRIPTION OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">From</span> the representation of the shoe in the cut, its peculiar
+conformation will be observed, and the reason for these changes from the
+common form we shall endeavor to explain as clearly as possible. In the
+first place, it is very light, scarcely half the weight of the average
+old-fashioned shoe. The foot surface is rolled with a true bevel, making
+that portion of the web which receives the bearing of the hoof, the
+width of the thickness of the wall or crust. This prevents pressure upon
+the sole, and makes the shoe a continuation of the wall of the foot. The
+ground surface of the shoe has also a true bevel, following the natural
+slope of the sole, and bringing the inner part of the shoe to a thin
+edge. The outer portion is thus a thick ridge, dentated, or cut out into
+cogs or calks, allowing the nail-heads to be countersunk. This
+arrangement gives five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> calks&mdash;a wide toe-calk, the usual heel-calks,
+and two calks, one on each side, midway between the toe and heel&mdash;thus
+putting the bearing equally upon all the parts of the foot.</p>
+
+<p>This calking has a double object. In the common system of shoeing, to
+avoid slipping in winter upon the ice, and in the cities upon the wet,
+slimy surface of pavement, or to assist draft, it is customary to weld a
+calk upon the toe of a shoe, and to turn up the heels to correspond. In
+this motion the horse is placed upon a tripod, his weight being entirely
+upon three points of his foot, and those not the parts intended to bear
+the shock of travel or to sustain his weight. The position of the frog
+is of course one of hopeless inaction, and the motion of the unsupported
+bones within the hoof produce inflammation at the points of extreme
+pressure, so that, in case of all old horses accustomed to go upon
+calks, there is ulceration of the heels, in the form of "corns," which
+the smith informs the owner is the effect of <i>hard roads</i> bruising the
+heel from the outside; he usually "cuts out the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> corn," and puts on more
+iron in the form of a "bar shoe." Or the same action which produces
+corns, acting upon the dead, dry, unsupported frog and sole, breaks the
+arch of the foot so that a "drop sole" is manifest, or "pumiced foot,"
+for both of which a "bar shoe" is the unvarying, pernicious
+prescription. In the Goodenough shoe, the calks are supplied, and the
+weight so distributed that the objection to the old method does not
+exist.</p>
+
+<h3>COUNTERSINKING THE NAILS.</h3>
+
+<p>This is a point to which we call attention as of great importance. In
+shoeing a horse for light or rapid work with a common flat shoe, seven
+or eight nail-heads protrude, and take the force of his blow on the
+ground. The foot has just been pared, and those nails, driven into the
+wall and pressing against the soft inside horn and sensitive lamin&aelig;,
+vibrate to the quick, and often cause the newly-shod horse to shrink,
+and show soreness in traveling for a day or two. No matter how
+skillfully shod, the horse will be all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the better in escaping this
+unnecessary infliction.</p>
+
+<h3>THE BEVEL OF THE FOOT SURFACE</h3>
+
+<p>Is to keep the shoe a continuation of the crust or wall of the hoof, and
+to avoid percussion upon the sole.</p>
+
+<h3>THE BEVEL ON THE GROUND SURFACE</h3>
+
+<p>Is to follow the natural concavity of the foot and to give it the form
+which will have no suction on wet ground, will not pick up mud, or
+retain snow-balls.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CALKS</h3>
+
+<p>Have a use fully explained.</p>
+
+<p>When the shoe thus described is set so as to secure <i>frog-pressure</i>, as
+hereinafter directed, a horse may be shod without violation of nature's
+laws; foot disease, under fair conditions, will become almost
+impossible, and the useless refuse-stock, broken down by the old method,
+may be restored to usefulness.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter3">
+<img src="images/ill-028.png" width="600" height="629" alt="GOODENOUGH SHOE&mdash;BACK." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">GOODENOUGH SHOE&mdash;BACK.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-030.png" width="600" height="102" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">HOW TO SHOE SOUND FEET.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">If</span> a foot came to the farrier in a perfectly normal condition, never
+having been subjected to the destructive process of common shoeing, the
+directions for putting on the Goodenough shoe would be simply, to dress
+the foot by paring or rasping the wall until a shoe of proper size laid
+upon the prepared crust would give an even bearing with the frog all
+over the foot; then, as the calk wore away, the pressure would come more
+and more upon the frog and the foot would retain its natural state
+during the life-time of the horse.</p>
+
+<p>A colt thus shod could not have a corn, for a corn is an ulcer caused by
+the wings of the coffin-bone pressing upon a hard, unelastic substance.
+When the horse raises his foot the coffin-bone is lifted upward by the
+action of the flexor tendon; when his foot touches the earth the weight
+of the animal is thrown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> upon the same bone, and, if unsupported by the
+natural cushion of the foot, the action of the bone pressing the
+sensitive sole upon iron causes the bruise which, for lack of another
+name, is called a corn. The horse thus shod would never have a quarter
+crack, for that is the immediate effect of contraction caused by the
+absence of the expanding action of the frog and the consequent dead
+condition of the hoof from want of circulation and proper secretions.
+The horse would be equally free from "drop" and "pumiced" sole, seedy
+toe, thrush, and kindred complaints.</p>
+
+<h3>INCIPIENT UNSOUNDNESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-032.png" width="600" height="656" alt="FOOT, SHOWING SHOE AND FROG." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">FOOT, SHOWING SHOE AND FROG.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is almost impossible to find a horse perfectly sound in his feet,
+unless one looks (strange as it may seem) into the stables of the Third
+Avenue Railroad Company, or those of Adams' Express, or Dodd's Transfer
+Company, or into some of the other stables where our shoe and system are
+in faithful use; we will therefore call attention to such a case as will
+be generally presented at the forge: A good young horse, shod for
+several years <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>upon the common plan, and in the early stages of
+contraction. We find he has on wide-web shoes, weighing about twenty
+ounces each; these may be smooth in front and calked behind; they bear
+upon the sole and heel. In place of a frog, we discover a point of hard,
+shrunken, cracked substance, neither frog nor sole. We cut the clenches
+and take off the relic of ignorance and barbarism, throwing it with
+hearty good-will into the only place fit to receive it&mdash;the pile of
+scrap-iron. We examine carefully to see that no stub of nail is left in.
+The heels will be found long and hard. Our object being <i>frog-pressure</i>,
+to get the vivifying action of this tactile organ upon the ground, we
+pare down the whole wall; we soon come to signs of a corn&mdash;perhaps a
+drop of blood starts; but as we do not intend to put the weight upon the
+heels, we are not alarmed. Having cut all we can from the heels and
+still finding that the frog, when the shoe is laid on, can not touch the
+ground, <i>we knock down the last two calks and draw the heel of the shoe
+thin</i>; this must give us a bearing upon the frog<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> and the sound part of
+the foot. We use the lightest shoe, truly fitted with the rasp, not
+burned on. The horse should then be worked regularly, and he will
+experience at once the benefit of a return to "first principles" and
+natural action.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-035.png" width="400" height="175" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter3">
+<img src="images/ill-037.png" width="600" height="568" alt="FOOT, WITH SHELL REMOVED." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">FOOT, WITH SHELL REMOVED.</span></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-038.png" width="600" height="108" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">SIMPLE CASES OF CONTRACTION.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">Contraction</span>, in a greater or less degree, is exhibited by all horses, of
+every grade, that have been shod in the common way, except in those more
+unfortunate cases that have resulted in a breaking of the arch of the
+foot, from lack of the natural frog support, when the phenomena of
+"dropped sole" are found, and the usual accompaniment of "pumiced feet."</p>
+
+<p>It may seem superfluous to say that the power and action of the horse
+are greatly restricted by contraction.</p>
+
+<p>The cartilaginous fibre that forms the bulk of the substance of the foot
+behind the great back sinew is squeezed into narrow space, the working
+of the joints compressed, and inflammation at the joints, or at the
+wings of the coffin-bone, is excited; in worse cases navicular disease
+is established, or, from inadequate circulation, thrush holds
+posses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>sion at the frog, or scratches torment the heels.</p>
+
+<p>When simple contraction&mdash;shown in the narrow heel, dried and shrunken
+frog, and "pegging" motion of the horse&mdash;is the case, our design is at
+once to restore the natural action of the foot. This must be done by
+expansion, and that is to be had from frog-pressure, according to the
+directions in the preceding chapters. If navicular disease has
+commenced, and the animal is decidedly lame, we have a difficult case.
+The membrane of this important bone, in some cases of contraction,
+becomes ulcerated, and the bone itself may be decayed, or adhesion
+between the coffin-bone and the navicular and pastern may take place.
+Without expansion there is no possibility of relief; local bleeding,
+poulticing, and all the drastic drugs of the veterinary will be invoked
+in vain.</p>
+
+<h3>QUARTER AND TOE CRACK.</h3>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-040.png" width="600" height="346" alt="QUARTER CRACK&mdash;FULL SHOE." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">QUARTER CRACK&mdash;FULL SHOE.</span></p>
+
+<p>This disease, usually attributed to "heat," "dry weather," "weak feet,"
+etc., is one of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>the common symptoms of contraction, and can be
+entirely cured with the greatest ease; nor will it ever recur if the
+hoof is kept in proper condition.</p>
+
+<p>If the case is recent, shoe as advised in our paragraph upon "Incipient
+Unsoundness," being sure to cut the heel well down, putting the bearing
+fully upon the frog and three-quarters of the foot. If the hoof is weak
+from long contraction and defective circulation, lower the heels and
+whole wall, until the frog comes well upon the ground, and shoe with a
+"slipper," or "tip," made by cutting off a light shoe just before the
+middle calk, drawing it down and lowering the toe-calk partially. This
+will seem dangerous to those who have not tried it, but it is not so.
+The horse may flinch a little at first, from his unaccustomed condition,
+and from the active life that will begin to stir in his dry, hard, and
+numb foot, but he will enjoy the change. The healing of the crack will
+be from the coronet down, and it is good practice to cut with a sharp
+knife just above the split, and to clean all dirt and dead substance out
+from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> point where you cut, downwards. Soaking the feet in water will
+facilitate a cure by quickening the growth of the hoof; or, a
+stimulating liniment may be applied to the coronet, to excite more
+active growth. Bear in mind that expansion is not from the sole upwards,
+but from the coronet downwards.</p>
+
+<h3>TOE CRACKS.</h3>
+
+<p>The cause of this defect is the same as in quarter crack. It appears in
+both fore and hind feet. Clean the crack well, cutting with a sharp
+knife the dead horn from each side of it; shoe as advised for quarter
+crack, or for the purpose of getting expansion and natural action of the
+dead, shelly hoof. The dirt and sand may be kept out of the crack by
+filling it with balsam of fir, or pine pitch. Keep the horse at regular
+work.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-043.png" width="400" height="201" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter3">
+<img src="images/ill-044.png" width="600" height="336" alt="QUARTER CRACK&mdash;HALF SHOE" />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">QUARTER CRACK&mdash;HALF SHOE.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-046.png" width="600" height="120" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">DROP SOLE AND PUMICED FOOT.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">This</span> miserable condition of the abused animal is Nature's fiercest
+protest against the ignorance and carelessness of man. A horse set upon
+heavy shoes, and those armed with calks at toe and heel, such as are
+usually inflicted upon large draft-horses, has his whole weight placed
+upon the unsupported sole. The frog never comes in contact with the
+earth in any way, inflammation of the sensitive frog and sole takes
+place, and the arch of the sole bends down under the pressure until the
+ground surface of the hoof becomes flat or convex, bulging down even
+lower than the cruel iron that clamps its edge. This is the condition of
+a drop sole. This degenerate state of the foot has other complications.
+Active inflammation is often present and all the wretchedness of a
+pumiced foot&mdash;the despair of owner and veterinary&mdash;is experienced. The
+smith, whose clumsy contriv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>ance has been the cause of all the woe, has
+abundant reasons to offer for the disease, and his unfailing resort of
+the "<i>Bar Shoe</i>." This atrocious fetter is supplemented with leather
+pads, sometimes daubed with tar, and the horse hobbles to his task. Not
+unfrequently the crust at the front of the hoof sinks in, adhering to
+the sole; circulation being cut off,</p>
+
+<h3>SEEDY TOE</h3>
+
+<p>is then manifest.</p>
+
+<p>The only possible relief from these complications is in natural action.
+Contraction is not present, but we want circulation, new growth and
+absorption; we obtain it by dressing the foot smoothly with the rasp and
+putting the bearing evenly upon the frog and a light shoe, which should
+be merely a continuation of the wall of the foot. Many very bad cases
+shod in this way have been relieved. No grease or tar should ever be
+used.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CONTRACTION, OR DROP SOLE, WITH SORENESS AT THE TOE.</h3>
+
+<p>Shoe as previously directed, and rasp or cut the sole and wall at the
+toe into a slightly hollow shape, so that you could pass a knife-blade
+between the hoof and shoe. The object of this is to relieve the hoof
+from pressure at this point. In cases where the toe is thin and weak, or
+where there is inflammation extending to the point of the frog, remove
+as much of the sole pressing against the frog as seems feasible, and
+level the toe-calk, so that the horse will bear upon the frog and
+side-calks.</p>
+
+<p>It is often well to free a shrunken frog from the binding growth of sole
+that has closed in upon it, and in cases of contraction, where this is
+done, a horse will recover the action of the frog with less difficulty
+than where that organ is sole-bound.</p>
+
+<h3>THRUSH.</h3>
+
+<p>This is a filthy, fetid disease of the frog. By many veterinary writers
+it is attributed entirely to damp stables, general nasty con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>dition of
+stall, yard, etc. Mayhew ingenuously remarks, in addition, that it is
+usually found in animals that "step short or go groggily," and that the
+hoof is "hot and hard." Youatt comes to the point at once in saying that
+it is the effect of contraction, and, when established, is also a cause
+of further contraction. It is manifest in a putrid discharge from the
+frog. The matter is secreted by the inner or sensible frog, excited to
+this morbid condition by pressure of contraction. Its cure is simple and
+easy if the cause is removed. A wash of brine, or chloride of zinc,
+three grains to the ounce of water, is generally used to correct the
+foulness.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-049.png" width="400" height="174" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-050.png" width="600" height="105" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">BENT KNEES INTERFERENCE, AND SPEEDY CUT.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">The</span> knee of a horse is a most complicated and beautiful mechanical
+arrangement, singularly exempt from strain or disease in any form. Bony
+enlargement, inflammation of the ligaments, do not attack it. The ravage
+of the shoeing-smith&mdash;the horse's direst enemy&mdash;seems to be exhausted
+upon the feet and the sympathetic pasterns; the concussion of iron and
+pavement, uncushioned by the frog, will destroy the lower system of
+joints before the knee can be shaken.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this perfection and strength, many horses bend the knee,
+and stand, or travel with it bent, until the flexor muscles shrink from
+lack of use. This "over in the knees" condition is invariably caused by
+imperfect use of the feet. The effect of heel-calks and their
+accompaniment of corns, making a sore in each heel, is often indicated
+by the horse to his regardless owner by bend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>ing his knee. The owner
+asks the smith why he does it, and the smith, who never fails to give a
+reason, says he has always noticed that horse had "weak knees." We know
+of a shoer in Worcester County, Massachusetts, who has a wide local
+reputation for "doctoring" weak knees. He holds that the muscles of the
+leg in such cases are <i>too short</i>, and have to be lengthened with thick
+iron heels and calks. It is a favorite theory of this class of shoers
+that they are able to correct the errors of Providence in the horse's
+construction, and piece him out with heel-calks and bar-shoes!</p>
+
+<h3>INTERFERING AND SPEEDY CUT.</h3>
+
+<p>If horses were not shod, they would not interfere; it therefore follows
+that shoeing is the cause of this defect. A contracted hoof, pain from
+corns, or any inflammation causes a horse to seek a new bearing. In
+doing this he strikes himself. Blacksmiths make "interfering shoes,"
+welding side-pieces and superfluous calks upon their clumsy
+contrivances, and sometimes succeed in preventing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> symptom, but they
+never remove the cause. Few horses with natural feet, good circulation,
+and shod with a light shoe, will ever interfere. In all such cases, take
+off the heavy shoe, cure the contraction, get an even bearing, and let
+nature have at least a momentary chance.</p>
+
+<h3>WORKING UP HORSES.</h3>
+
+<p>It is a common practice of large proprietors, engaged on railroad or
+city work, to buy up horses with unsound feet, unfitted for speed or
+gentle service, and use them up, as old clothes are put through a
+shoddy-mill for what wool there is left in them. This cruel policy,
+under an intelligent system of shoeing, would be impossible, because the
+vast aggregate of foot diseases would be so abated that horses, sound in
+general health but creeping upon disabled hoofs, could not be found in
+droves, as at present, and the speculator in equine misfortune would
+better serve his selfishness by buying young horses and keeping them
+sound by a natural system of shoeing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>STUMBLING HORSES.</h3>
+
+<p>This annoyance is frequently caused by undue use of the toe, when the
+heel is lame and sore from contraction and corns. When the horse has the
+frog well on the ground and uses his heel without shrinking he is not
+apt to stumble.</p>
+
+<h3>TO INCREASE COMFORT.</h3>
+
+<p>In dry weather, or when a horse with a hard, lifeless hoof is shod with
+the Goodenough shoe, and shrinks from the unaccustomed pressure of the
+frog on the ground, nothing is so grateful to his feet as cold water.
+The hose turned on them is a delicious bath; or if he can stand for an
+hour in a wet place, or in a running brook, he will get infinite comfort
+from it. We have sometimes rapidly assisted the cure of contraction, in
+the city, by manufacturing a country brook-bottom in this simple way:
+Put half a bushel of pebbles into a stout tub, with or without some
+sand, let them cover the bottom to the depth of two or three inches,
+pour on water and you have a good imitation of a mountain brook.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> Put
+the horse's forefeet into this, and let him bear his weight upon the
+frog. The first time he will grow uneasy after a few minutes, but when
+his frog becomes natural in its function he will be glad to stand there
+all day.</p>
+
+<p>Do not carry this treatment to excess. Moderation is the most
+satisfactory course in all things. Abjure utterly all oils and greasy
+hoof dressings, they are pernicious recommendations of unreasoning
+grooms. They fill the pores of the wall, and injure in every way. Nature
+will find oil, if you will allow circulation and secretion, through the
+action of the frog.</p>
+
+<p>"Stuffing the feet," is another wretched, groom's device. A horse has a
+dry, feverish hoof from contraction, so his hollow sole, denuded of its
+frog, is "stuffed" with heating oil-meal, or nasty droppings of cows.
+When this sort of thing is proposed, remember <i>Punch's</i> advice to those
+about to be married, "Don't do it."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-055.png" width="600" height="111" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller-bold">ECONOMY OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">A horse-shoe</span> that the united voices or the shrewdest and ablest managers
+in the country commend&mdash;inasmuch as it enables cripples to work,
+frequently restores them, and maintains soundness where that quality
+exists&mdash;need not be recommended on the ground of economy. Such a
+horse-shoe could not be dear. But it takes all sorts of people to make a
+world, and the pressure to the square inch of mean men is not to be
+governed by safety-valves or regulated by gauges. There are too many men
+who will use the thing that costs the least outlay, even if it tortures
+or kills the horse. On the point of first cost we may say that if our
+shoe had no advantage over the hand-made shoe in preserving the natural
+action and growth of the foot, thereby retaining the powers of the
+animal in full vigor, it would still be cheaper than the common shoe. It
+is sold slightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> higher than the clumsy pieces of bent iron called
+horse-shoes by mere courtesy, and its lightness gives one-third more
+shoes to the keg, while there is no expense of calking, which, in labor
+and material, is equal to three cents per pound. Upon the point of
+durability, it is well settled that the heavy shoe will not last so long
+as the light one with frog-pressure. A horse set upon heavy shoes grinds
+iron every time he moves. The least interposition of the frog will
+reduce the wear very materially, and if the frog is well on the ground,
+a horse will carry a shoe until he outgrows it.</p>
+
+<p>A horse-railroad superintendent said to the writer, "We don't wear iron
+nowadays, we wear <i>frog</i> and <i>cobble-stones</i>; nature provides frog and
+Boston finds cobble-stones." When the Goodenough shoe is put for the
+first time upon a dry, half-dead foot, and the frog brought into lively
+action, growth is generally very rapid. We have often been compelled to
+reset the shoe, cutting down the wall, in ten days after shoeing. Many
+horses that have been used upon pavements and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> horse-railroads, have
+acquired a habit of slipping and sliding along, catching with heel-calks
+in the space between the stones; such horses do not at once relinquish
+the habit, and wear their first set of our shoes much more rapidly than
+the subsequent set, after they have assumed the natural action of their
+feet. But, economical as a light shoe that will long outlast a heavy one
+may be, the great saving is in the item of horse-flesh.</p>
+
+<p>The value of the horses employed in the actual labor of the country
+reaches a startling sum total.</p>
+
+<p>The vast importance of the horse in the movement of business, was never
+so fully understood and deeply felt as during the year past, when the
+epizo&ouml;tic swept over the continent, paralyzing all movement and every
+form of human industry. Even the ships that whiten the seas would furl
+their sails and steamers quench their fires but for the labors of the
+horse. During the epidemic the canal-boats waited idly for their patient
+tow-horses and railroads carried little freight; the crops of the West
+lay in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>farmers' granaries and the fabrics of the Eastern loom and
+varied products of mechanical industry crowded the warehouses; even the
+ragpicker in the streets suspended his humble occupation, for the
+merchant, unable to transport rags, refused to buy them of the gatherer.
+The investment of national wealth in horses being so enormous, any means
+that adds to the efficiency of the horse greatly enhances the general
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-058a.png" width="600" height="493" alt="PERFECT SHOE AND HOOF." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-058b.png" width="600" height="440" alt="IMPERFET SHOE AND HOOF." />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">IMPERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is an old English saying, that "a good horse will wear out two sets
+of feet." The meaning of this adage is obvious: a good horse's feet are
+useless at the time when his other powers are in the prime. Mr. Edward
+Cottam, of London, in his "Observations upon the Goodenough System,"
+states that London omnibus-owners use up a young horse in four years;
+that is, a horse of seven years of age goes to the knackers at eleven,
+<i>pabulum Acherontis</i>; and the only noticeable cause of their failure is
+from diseases of the feet. A horse properly shod and cared for should
+endure five times as long. In this country horses fail in the feet, and
+are called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> old at an age when they should be in the fullest activity.
+This is a double loss, for every horseman of experience knows that if an
+old horse is sound and vigorous he has some great advantages over a
+young one. He is safer in every respect, "way-wise," seasoned, steady,
+and reliable. He and his owner are old friends and companions and can
+not part but with a pang of regret. A good horse, well cared for, should
+work cheerfully until he is thirty years of age; yet how few are able to
+perform genteel service after fifteen! It is a sad sight that of the
+high-mettled, noble animal, once the petted darling of wealth, caressed
+by ladies and children, and guarded so that even the winds of heaven
+might not visit him too roughly, fallen through the successive grades of
+equine degradation, until at last he hobbles before a clam-wagon or a
+swill-cart&mdash;a sorry relic of better days.</p>
+
+<p>The question is so plain that we hesitate to argue with intelligent
+people to prove that, if the old system of shoeing destroys the value of
+a horse in middle life, half his money value<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> is sacrificed to
+ignorance&mdash;a waste that might be saved were nature's laws regarded. That
+part of the argument which demands that the faithful, devoted servant
+merits humane treatment and the best intelligence of the master in
+securing his health and comfort can not be forgotten and need not be
+urged upon the attention of the true horseman.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-062.png" width="400" height="186" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter2">
+<img src="images/ill-063.png" width="600" height="128" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<h2>FINAL OBSERVATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="initial"><span class="smcap2">To</span> be <i>rational</i> in any course of action is, primarily, to follow the
+leading of reason, and by that guidance to arrive at correct
+conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opposite to the method which is <i>irrational</i>&mdash;regardless of
+reason, and therefore leading to conclusions erroneous and absurd.
+Rationalism is opposed to ultraism, to vehement, officious and extreme
+measures&mdash;while it would seek more excellent ways, it holds fast to that
+which is good.</p>
+
+<p>Rationalism in medicine is the method which recognises nature as the
+great agent in the cure of disease, and employs art as an auxiliary to
+be resorted to when useful or necessary, and avoided when prejudicial.</p>
+
+<p>In our treatment of the hoof, we would seek to know the cause of the
+horse's troubles, firmly believing that he is endowed by nature<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> with
+strength to perform the service man demands of him, and that he is not
+necessarily a helpless prey to torturing diseases of the minor organs;
+and, indeed, subject only to that final, unavoidable sentence, which in
+some form nature holds suspended over all animate existence.</p>
+
+<p>Having by the aid of reason ascertained the cause of defects, we would
+assist nature to relieve them; we have therefore called this little
+hand-book of suggestions from our experience, <span class="smcap">Rational Horse-shoeing</span>.</p>
+
+<h3>OPPOSING FORCES.</h3>
+
+<p>Having taken upon ourselves to reform evils, rooted deep in old customs,
+and to abolish abuses older than our civilization, we have to meet with
+discouragement and opposition in various forms.</p>
+
+<p>Even the enlightened and well-intentioned hold back incredulous. This
+form of opposition finally examines, being led thereto from motives of
+economy and the promptings of humanity; it usually approves and
+assists,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> but is often carried back by indolence, when it discovers that
+it must join us in the loud battle we are forced to wage all along the
+line against fierce interests and bitter prejudices.</p>
+
+<p>We attack with slender array, but unflinching purpose, the gloomy powers
+of ignorance that are allied to doubt and indifference. These contend
+under the prestige of a thousand years of possession.</p>
+
+<p>Ignorance and Prejudice are twin giants that renew their life upon each
+other; they are as old as chaos, and are invulnerable to the weapons of
+ordinary warfare. Like the fallen angels, they are&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Vital in every part,<br />
+And can but by annihilation die."</p>
+
+<p>One of the Greek fables, typifying the struggle of man against
+circumstances, was a story of the battle between Hercules and Ant&aelig;us,
+son of the Earth. The fight was long and doubtful, for whenever the
+mortal was felled to the ground by the power of the vigorous god, his
+force was renewed by contact with the breast of his mother Earth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+he sprang to his feet and recommenced the never-ending strife.</p>
+
+<p>This contest between the god, and the mortal born of earth and sea, is
+the poetical type of the unceasing toil of man in the Valley of the
+Nile, against the sandy waves of the Lybian desert, always encroaching
+upon the cultivated soil, and demanding year by year new exertions to
+repress their advance.</p>
+
+<p>So, in our attempt to establish a better system of utilizing the powers
+of the horse in the service of man, we have each day to meet the same
+enemy, renewed by contact with the sources that foster and reinforce
+ignorance. But as persistent labor conducted the beneficent waters of
+the Nile in irrigating channels through the arid plain of the desert,
+until upon the inhospitable edge gardens bloomed, fields of grain waved
+in the breeze, and the date-palm cast its grateful shade upon the
+husbandman&mdash;so we make healthful progress, and enjoy a widely increasing
+triple reward&mdash;first, in the thankful esteem of our fellow men;
+secondly, in the relief we afford to a noble animal; and last, in the
+substantial return<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> which the highest authority has adjudged to honest
+labor.</p>
+
+<h3>REGULAR WORK.</h3>
+
+<p>We wish all readers of this book to understand that the directions
+herein given for shoeing apply to horses whose owners expect them to
+work regularly after shoeing&mdash;from the very hour in which the shoes are
+set.</p>
+
+<p>We do not propose to "lay up" horses, or to put them to rest in "loose
+boxes," nor yet to "turn them out to grass." One of the chief
+difficulties we have had with wealthy owners has been from the tendency
+to keep the horse <i>out of work</i> when we have got him into a condition
+where we want exercise to stimulate the alterative process we propose.</p>
+
+<p>A cure of any foot disease we have described, will be much more rapidly
+effected if the horse has his regular work upon the roads or pavements
+to which he is accustomed, no matter how hard they are.</p>
+
+<p>We hope that it has also been noticed, that we do not propose to cure
+spavins, splints,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> navicular disease, or to restore the natural action
+of a horse where ossification of cartilage is well established.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill-068.png" width="400" height="176" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 22603-h.txt or 22603-h.zip *******</p>
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+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Rational Horse-Shoeing, by John E. Russell
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+
+
+
+Title: Rational Horse-Shoeing
+
+
+Author: John E. Russell
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 14, 2007  [eBook #22603]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Garcia, Tamise Totterdell, and the Project
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+
+RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+by
+
+WILDAIR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFIX.
+
+
+Since the publication of this little volume we have made changes in our
+horse shoe with a view to adapt it especially to Army use. Our design
+has been to make a shoe that any Army farrier can apply in a cold state
+without the use of any other tool than a knife to prepare the hoof, and
+a hammer to drive the nails. Our success in this attempt has been so
+complete that we are now using the pattern designed especially for Army
+use in all our contract work.
+
+The shoe is rolled without a heel calk, so that the frog-pressure may be
+readily secured without heating and drawing the iron:--the nail holes
+are punched so that the nail furnished by us with the shoe may be
+driven, without the use of the pritchel to punch out the holes. The
+shoe, being made of the best quality of iron, may be bent cold to adapt
+it to the shape of the hoof.
+
+Officers will at once see what a vast saving there is in the
+transportation of shoes--requiring no forge with its heavy outfit--and
+which are less than half the weight of the clumsy old patterns.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH.]
+
+
+
+
+RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+by
+
+WILDAIR.
+
+With Illustrations.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York:
+Published by Wynkoop and Hallenbeck,
+No. 113 Fulton Street.
+1873.
+
+Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by
+Wynkoop & Hallenbeck,
+in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In presenting the observations contained in the following pages, we are
+aware that we appeal to practical men who judge by results, and have but
+slight patience with mere theory. We wish, therefore, to state clearly
+at the outset, that the system of horse-shoeing herein advocated, and
+the shoe offered by us to accompany it and accomplish its purpose, are
+the result of years of patient study of nature, and actual experiment;
+and that although we have had to contend with ignorance and interest on
+the part of the farriers, and indifference and prejudice on the part of
+owners of horses, we have finally succeeded in interesting the most
+practical and capable men in America, England, and France in the
+matter; and, at the time of this publication, thousands of horses,
+engaged in the most arduous labors of equine life--upon railways,
+express wagons, transfer companies, and other similar difficult
+positions--are traveling upon our shoes, their labors lightened by its
+assistance, their feet preserved in a natural, healthy state, and their
+lives prolonged to the profit of their owners and the advancement of
+that cause--one of the evidences of the progress of our age in true
+enlightenment--which has for its beneficent object the prevention of
+cruelty to the dumb and helpless companions of our toil.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+
+The first application of the Goodenough shoe is almost invariably to the
+feet of horses suffering from some one of the forms of foot disease,
+induced by the unnatural method of shoeing. Our system is intended for
+sound horses, to supply the necessary protection to the feet, and to
+keep them in a healthy condition. Our rules for shoeing, embodied in our
+circular of instructions, are applicable to sound horses, and disease
+must be provided for as exceptional.
+
+Men are careless and, as a rule, unobservant; they go on in the old way
+until the horse flinches in action or stands "pointing" in dumb appeal to
+his owner, telling with mute but touching eloquence of his tight-ironed,
+feverish foot, the dead frog, and the insidious disease, soon to destroy
+the free action characteristic of health. It is when this evidence brings
+the truth home to him that the neglectful master, eager to relieve the
+animal, tries our system. To such masters we must say, do not expect that
+the imprudence and neglect of years can be remedied in an instant. The age
+of miracles long ago passed away. We do not propose to cure by formula,
+or bell and book. There is no "laying on of hands"--no magical touch of an
+enchanter's wand.
+
+Remember always that pain is the warning cry of a faithful sentinel on
+the outpost, that disease is at hand. Disease is the punishment
+following a violation of the laws of nature, and can only be escaped by
+restoring natural conditions.
+
+Remember also, that "Nature," so called by Hippocrates, the earliest
+systematic writer upon medicine, never slumbers nor fails in duty, but
+strives with unerring, active intelligence to prevent disease, or to
+cure it when it can not be prevented.
+
+When the measures and processes of the physician are in harmony with the
+natural intention, disease may be cured; when they are adverse in
+application, the patient dies, or recovers in spite of art.
+
+A great French philosopher powerfully remarked: "Nature fights with
+disease a battle to the death; a blind man armed with a club--that is, a
+physician--comes in to make peace between them. Failing in that, he lays
+about him with his club. If he happens to hit disease he kills disease;
+if he hits nature he kills nature."
+
+We wish to be understood that in all things we would assist and
+facilitate the action of nature, under the artificial restraints of the
+horse. If we fail in this, or offer obstruction, our occupation is gone.
+The world has no time to listen to our theory, no use for our practice.
+And we hope that the thoughtful readers of these pages will see in our
+intention, an earnest, honest purpose and belief, and that, without
+affectation of science or pretense of superior knowledge, we base all
+our efforts upon nature and common sense.
+
+In following our instructions and attempting to use our method, _have
+patience_, and note the result from day to day. The horse will quickly
+tell you. His action will expose quackery and unmask pretension. He will
+be no party to a fraud, no advocate of an advertisement.
+
+
+SOUND HORSES.
+
+A sound horse is, after man, the paragon of animals. "In form and moving
+how express and admirable!" His frame is perfect mechanism, instinct
+with glowing life, and guarded by the great conservative and healing
+powers of nature from disease and death. His vitality is surpassed by
+that of man, because man has the endowment of soul, and in his human
+breast hope springs eternal and imagination gives fresh powers of
+resistance. Like man, the horse conforms cheerfully to all climates and
+to all circumstances. He is equally at home--
+
+    "Whether where equinoctial fervors glow
+    Or winter wraps the polar world in snow."
+
+Amid the sands of Arabia his thin hide and fine hair evidence his
+breeding; in the frozen north his shaggy covering defends him from the
+cold storms and searching winds. The disadvantages under which he will
+work are in no way so clearly illustrated as in his efficiency when
+exposed to the evils of shoeing. Placed upon heel-calks, to slip about
+and catch with wrenching force in the interstices of city pavements, or
+loaded with iron-clogs, to give him "knee-action" and to "untie his
+shoulders," he bravely faces his discomforts and does to the best of his
+ability his master's will.
+
+How quickly his active system responds to intelligent care and shows its
+beneficial results! And when relieved from the abuses of ignorance, his
+recuperative powers re-establish the springing step of youth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+EVILS OF COMMON SHOEING.
+
+
+Every horseman finds his chief difficulty in the fact that he has to
+protect the natural foot from the wear incident to the artificial
+condition in which the horse is placed in his relation to man. In those
+important industries where great numbers of horses are used, and the
+profit of the business depends upon the efficiency of the animal, the
+question becomes a very serious one, and the life term of the horse, or
+the proportion of the number of animals that are kept from their tasks
+by inability, make the difference between profit and loss to the great
+transportation lines that facilitate the busy current of city life. But
+notwithstanding the importance of this subject, upon the score equally
+of economy and humanity, the world is, for the most part, just where it
+was a thousand years ago, possibly worse off, for the original purpose
+of shoeing was only to protect the foot from attrition or chipping, and
+but little iron was used, but, as the utility of the operation became
+apparent, the smith boldly took the responsibility of altering the form
+of the hoof to suit his own unreasoning views, cutting away, as
+superfluous, the sole and bars, paring the frog to a shapely smoothness,
+and then nailing on a broad, heavy piece of iron, covering not only the
+wall but a portion of the sole also, thus putting it out of the power of
+the horse to take a natural, elastic step.
+
+In a short time the hoof, unbraced by the sole and bars, begins to
+contract, the action of the frog upon the ground, which in the natural
+foot is threefold--acting as a cushion to receive the force of the blow
+and thus relieve the nerves and joints of the leg from concussion,
+opening and expanding the hoof by its upward pressure, quickening the
+circulation and thereby stimulating the natural secretions,--this all
+important part of the organization, without which there is no foot and
+no horse, becomes hard, dry, and useless. Then follows the whole train
+of natural consequences. The delicate system of joints inclosed in the
+hoof feel the pressure of contraction, the knees bend forward in an
+attempt to relieve the contracted heel. In this action the use of the
+leg is partially lost. The horse endeavors to secure a new bearing,
+interferes in movement, or stands in uneasy torture.
+
+Nature frequently seeks relief by bursting the dry and contracted shell,
+in what is known as quarter or toe crack, and the miserable victim
+becomes practically useless at an age when his powers should be in their
+prime.
+
+Every horseman will acknowledge that his experience has a parallel in
+the picture here presented. Many men have at various times attempted
+reform, but the difficulty heretofore encountered has been that the
+mechanical application was in the hands, not of the owners and
+reasoners, but in those of a class of men who are, for the most part,
+ignorant, prejudiced, and, consequently, apt to oppose any innovation
+upon the old abuses in which they have had centuries of vested right;
+and it was not until the studies of Mr. R. A. Goodenough that there were
+brought to bear veterinary knowledge, mechanical skill, and inventive
+faculty, to overcome the stolidity and interest which have been the
+lions in the way of true reform.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FROG PRESSURE.
+
+
+That portion of the hoof called the "frog," performs the most important
+visible function in the economy of the movement of the horse. It is
+intensely vital and vigorous. The greater its exposure and the severer
+its exertion, the more strenuous is the action of nature to renew it. It
+is the spring at the immediate base of the leg, relieving the nervous
+system and joints from the shock of the concussion when the Race Horse
+thunders over the course, seeming in his powerful stride to shake the
+solid earth itself, and it gives the Trotter the elastic motion with
+which he sweeps over the ground noiseless upon its yielding spring, but,
+if shod with heavy iron, so that the frog does not reach the ground to
+perform its function, his hoofs beat the earth with a force like the
+hammers of the Cyclops.
+
+With the facility to error characteristic of the unreasoning, it has
+been one of the opinions of grooms and farriers that this callous,
+india-rubber-like substance would wear away upon exposure to the action
+of the road or pavement, and it has been one of their cherished
+practices to set the horse up upon iron, so that he could by no
+possibility strike the frog upon the ground.
+
+In addition to this violation of nature, they pare away the exfoliating
+growth of the organ, and trim it into the shape that suits their fancy.
+
+Without action, muscular life is impossible, the portion of the body
+thus situated must die, paralyzed or withered. Motion, use, are the law
+of life, and the frog of the horse's hoof with a function as essential
+and well-defined as any portion of his body is subject to the general
+law. Without use it dries, hardens, and becomes a shelly excrescence
+upon a foot, benumbed by the percussion of heavy iron upon hard roads.
+This is a loss nature struggles in vain to repair, the horse begins to
+fail at once. The elastic step, which in a state of nature spurned the
+dull earth, becomes heavy and stiff, and the unhappy brute experiences
+the evils partially described in the previous chapter.
+
+To restore the natural action of the foot by putting the bearing on the
+frog, is the chief object of the system we advocate, and the Goodenough
+shoe is designed especially to provide for that first and last
+necessity. If this is accomplished with a sound horse, he will avoid the
+thousand ills that arise from the usual method, and, so far as his feet
+are concerned, he will remain sound.
+
+If the shoe is adopted as a cure for the unsoundness already manifested
+in animals that have been deprived of the proper use of their feet, it
+will cure them, not by any virtue in the iron itself, nor by any magic
+in its application, but simply by giving beneficent nature an
+opportunity to repair the ruin that the ignorance of man has wrought
+upon her perfect handiwork.
+
+This part of our subject is so important that we shall return to it
+again in subsequent chapters, and enforce it at every point.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GOODENOUGH SHOE--FRONT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.
+
+
+From the representation of the shoe in the cut, its peculiar
+conformation will be observed, and the reason for these changes from the
+common form we shall endeavor to explain as clearly as possible. In the
+first place, it is very light, scarcely half the weight of the average
+old-fashioned shoe. The foot surface is rolled with a true bevel, making
+that portion of the web which receives the bearing of the hoof, the
+width of the thickness of the wall or crust. This prevents pressure upon
+the sole, and makes the shoe a continuation of the wall of the foot. The
+ground surface of the shoe has also a true bevel, following the natural
+slope of the sole, and bringing the inner part of the shoe to a thin
+edge. The outer portion is thus a thick ridge, dentated, or cut out into
+cogs or calks, allowing the nail-heads to be countersunk. This
+arrangement gives five calks--a wide toe-calk, the usual heel-calks,
+and two calks, one on each side, midway between the toe and heel--thus
+putting the bearing equally upon all the parts of the foot.
+
+This calking has a double object. In the common system of shoeing, to
+avoid slipping in winter upon the ice, and in the cities upon the wet,
+slimy surface of pavement, or to assist draft, it is customary to weld a
+calk upon the toe of a shoe, and to turn up the heels to correspond. In
+this motion the horse is placed upon a tripod, his weight being entirely
+upon three points of his foot, and those not the parts intended to bear
+the shock of travel or to sustain his weight. The position of the frog
+is of course one of hopeless inaction, and the motion of the unsupported
+bones within the hoof produce inflammation at the points of extreme
+pressure, so that, in case of all old horses accustomed to go upon
+calks, there is ulceration of the heels, in the form of "corns," which
+the smith informs the owner is the effect of _hard roads_ bruising the
+heel from the outside; he usually "cuts out the corn," and puts on more
+iron in the form of a "bar shoe." Or the same action which produces
+corns, acting upon the dead, dry, unsupported frog and sole, breaks the
+arch of the foot so that a "drop sole" is manifest, or "pumiced foot,"
+for both of which a "bar shoe" is the unvarying, pernicious
+prescription. In the Goodenough shoe, the calks are supplied, and the
+weight so distributed that the objection to the old method does not
+exist.
+
+
+COUNTERSINKING THE NAILS.
+
+This is a point to which we call attention as of great importance. In
+shoeing a horse for light or rapid work with a common flat shoe, seven
+or eight nail-heads protrude, and take the force of his blow on the
+ground. The foot has just been pared, and those nails, driven into the
+wall and pressing against the soft inside horn and sensitive laminae,
+vibrate to the quick, and often cause the newly-shod horse to shrink,
+and show soreness in traveling for a day or two. No matter how
+skillfully shod, the horse will be all the better in escaping this
+unnecessary infliction.
+
+
+THE BEVEL OF THE FOOT SURFACE
+
+Is to keep the shoe a continuation of the crust or wall of the hoof, and
+to avoid percussion upon the sole.
+
+
+THE BEVEL ON THE GROUND SURFACE
+
+Is to follow the natural concavity of the foot and to give it the form
+which will have no suction on wet ground, will not pick up mud, or
+retain snow-balls.
+
+
+THE CALKS
+
+Have a use fully explained.
+
+When the shoe thus described is set so as to secure _frog-pressure_, as
+hereinafter directed, a horse may be shod without violation of nature's
+laws; foot disease, under fair conditions, will become almost
+impossible, and the useless refuse-stock, broken down by the old method,
+may be restored to usefulness.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GOODENOUGH SHOE--BACK.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+HOW TO SHOE SOUND FEET.
+
+
+If a foot came to the farrier in a perfectly normal condition, never
+having been subjected to the destructive process of common shoeing, the
+directions for putting on the Goodenough shoe would be simply, to dress
+the foot by paring or rasping the wall until a shoe of proper size laid
+upon the prepared crust would give an even bearing with the frog all
+over the foot; then, as the calk wore away, the pressure would come more
+and more upon the frog and the foot would retain its natural state
+during the life-time of the horse.
+
+A colt thus shod could not have a corn, for a corn is an ulcer caused by
+the wings of the coffin-bone pressing upon a hard, unelastic substance.
+When the horse raises his foot the coffin-bone is lifted upward by the
+action of the flexor tendon; when his foot touches the earth the weight
+of the animal is thrown upon the same bone, and, if unsupported by the
+natural cushion of the foot, the action of the bone pressing the
+sensitive sole upon iron causes the bruise which, for lack of another
+name, is called a corn. The horse thus shod would never have a quarter
+crack, for that is the immediate effect of contraction caused by the
+absence of the expanding action of the frog and the consequent dead
+condition of the hoof from want of circulation and proper secretions.
+The horse would be equally free from "drop" and "pumiced" sole, seedy
+toe, thrush, and kindred complaints.
+
+
+INCIPIENT UNSOUNDNESS.
+
+[Illustration: FOOT, SHOWING SHOE AND FROG.]
+
+It is almost impossible to find a horse perfectly sound in his feet,
+unless one looks (strange as it may seem) into the stables of the Third
+Avenue Railroad Company, or those of Adams' Express, or Dodd's Transfer
+Company, or into some of the other stables where our shoe and system are
+in faithful use; we will therefore call attention to such a case as will
+be generally presented at the forge: A good young horse, shod for
+several years upon the common plan, and in the early stages of
+contraction. We find he has on wide-web shoes, weighing about twenty
+ounces each; these may be smooth in front and calked behind; they bear
+upon the sole and heel. In place of a frog, we discover a point of hard,
+shrunken, cracked substance, neither frog nor sole. We cut the clenches
+and take off the relic of ignorance and barbarism, throwing it with
+hearty good-will into the only place fit to receive it--the pile of
+scrap-iron. We examine carefully to see that no stub of nail is left in.
+The heels will be found long and hard. Our object being _frog-pressure_,
+to get the vivifying action of this tactile organ upon the ground, we
+pare down the whole wall; we soon come to signs of a corn--perhaps a
+drop of blood starts; but as we do not intend to put the weight upon the
+heels, we are not alarmed. Having cut all we can from the heels and
+still finding that the frog, when the shoe is laid on, can not touch the
+ground, _we knock down the last two calks and draw the heel of the shoe
+thin_; this must give us a bearing upon the frog and the sound part of
+the foot. We use the lightest shoe, truly fitted with the rasp, not
+burned on. The horse should then be worked regularly, and he will
+experience at once the benefit of a return to "first principles" and
+natural action.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FOOT, WITH SHELL REMOVED.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+SIMPLE CASES OF CONTRACTION.
+
+
+Contraction, in a greater or less degree, is exhibited by all horses, of
+every grade, that have been shod in the common way, except in those more
+unfortunate cases that have resulted in a breaking of the arch of the
+foot, from lack of the natural frog support, when the phenomena of
+"dropped sole" are found, and the usual accompaniment of "pumiced feet."
+
+It may seem superfluous to say that the power and action of the horse
+are greatly restricted by contraction.
+
+The cartilaginous fibre that forms the bulk of the substance of the foot
+behind the great back sinew is squeezed into narrow space, the working
+of the joints compressed, and inflammation at the joints, or at the
+wings of the coffin-bone, is excited; in worse cases navicular disease
+is established, or, from inadequate circulation, thrush holds
+possession at the frog, or scratches torment the heels.
+
+When simple contraction--shown in the narrow heel, dried and shrunken
+frog, and "pegging" motion of the horse--is the case, our design is at
+once to restore the natural action of the foot. This must be done by
+expansion, and that is to be had from frog-pressure, according to the
+directions in the preceding chapters. If navicular disease has
+commenced, and the animal is decidedly lame, we have a difficult case.
+The membrane of this important bone, in some cases of contraction,
+becomes ulcerated, and the bone itself may be decayed, or adhesion
+between the coffin-bone and the navicular and pastern may take place.
+Without expansion there is no possibility of relief; local bleeding,
+poulticing, and all the drastic drugs of the veterinary will be invoked
+in vain.
+
+
+QUARTER AND TOE CRACK.
+
+[Illustration: QUARTER CRACK--FULL SHOE.]
+
+This disease, usually attributed to "heat," "dry weather," "weak feet,"
+etc., is one of the common symptoms of contraction, and can be
+entirely cured with the greatest ease; nor will it ever recur if the
+hoof is kept in proper condition.
+
+If the case is recent, shoe as advised in our paragraph upon "Incipient
+Unsoundness," being sure to cut the heel well down, putting the bearing
+fully upon the frog and three-quarters of the foot. If the hoof is weak
+from long contraction and defective circulation, lower the heels and
+whole wall, until the frog comes well upon the ground, and shoe with a
+"slipper," or "tip," made by cutting off a light shoe just before the
+middle calk, drawing it down and lowering the toe-calk partially. This
+will seem dangerous to those who have not tried it, but it is not so.
+The horse may flinch a little at first, from his unaccustomed condition,
+and from the active life that will begin to stir in his dry, hard, and
+numb foot, but he will enjoy the change. The healing of the crack will
+be from the coronet down, and it is good practice to cut with a sharp
+knife just above the split, and to clean all dirt and dead substance out
+from the point where you cut, downwards. Soaking the feet in water will
+facilitate a cure by quickening the growth of the hoof; or, a
+stimulating liniment may be applied to the coronet, to excite more
+active growth. Bear in mind that expansion is not from the sole upwards,
+but from the coronet downwards.
+
+
+TOE CRACKS.
+
+The cause of this defect is the same as in quarter crack. It appears in
+both fore and hind feet. Clean the crack well, cutting with a sharp
+knife the dead horn from each side of it; shoe as advised for quarter
+crack, or for the purpose of getting expansion and natural action of the
+dead, shelly hoof. The dirt and sand may be kept out of the crack by
+filling it with balsam of fir, or pine pitch. Keep the horse at regular
+work.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: QUARTER CRACK--HALF SHOE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DROP SOLE AND PUMICED FOOT.
+
+
+This miserable condition of the abused animal is Nature's fiercest
+protest against the ignorance and carelessness of man. A horse set upon
+heavy shoes, and those armed with calks at toe and heel, such as are
+usually inflicted upon large draft-horses, has his whole weight placed
+upon the unsupported sole. The frog never comes in contact with the
+earth in any way, inflammation of the sensitive frog and sole takes
+place, and the arch of the sole bends down under the pressure until the
+ground surface of the hoof becomes flat or convex, bulging down even
+lower than the cruel iron that clamps its edge. This is the condition of
+a drop sole. This degenerate state of the foot has other complications.
+Active inflammation is often present and all the wretchedness of a
+pumiced foot--the despair of owner and veterinary--is experienced. The
+smith, whose clumsy contrivance has been the cause of all the woe, has
+abundant reasons to offer for the disease, and his unfailing resort of
+the "_Bar Shoe_." This atrocious fetter is supplemented with leather
+pads, sometimes daubed with tar, and the horse hobbles to his task. Not
+unfrequently the crust at the front of the hoof sinks in, adhering to
+the sole; circulation being cut off,
+
+
+SEEDY TOE
+
+is then manifest.
+
+The only possible relief from these complications is in natural action.
+Contraction is not present, but we want circulation, new growth and
+absorption; we obtain it by dressing the foot smoothly with the rasp and
+putting the bearing evenly upon the frog and a light shoe, which should
+be merely a continuation of the wall of the foot. Many very bad cases
+shod in this way have been relieved. No grease or tar should ever be
+used.
+
+
+CONTRACTION, OR DROP SOLE, WITH SORENESS AT THE TOE.
+
+Shoe as previously directed, and rasp or cut the sole and wall at the
+toe into a slightly hollow shape, so that you could pass a knife-blade
+between the hoof and shoe. The object of this is to relieve the hoof
+from pressure at this point. In cases where the toe is thin and weak, or
+where there is inflammation extending to the point of the frog, remove
+as much of the sole pressing against the frog as seems feasible, and
+level the toe-calk, so that the horse will bear upon the frog and
+side-calks.
+
+It is often well to free a shrunken frog from the binding growth of sole
+that has closed in upon it, and in cases of contraction, where this is
+done, a horse will recover the action of the frog with less difficulty
+than where that organ is sole-bound.
+
+
+THRUSH.
+
+This is a filthy, fetid disease of the frog. By many veterinary writers
+it is attributed entirely to damp stables, general nasty condition of
+stall, yard, etc. Mayhew ingenuously remarks, in addition, that it is
+usually found in animals that "step short or go groggily," and that the
+hoof is "hot and hard." Youatt comes to the point at once in saying that
+it is the effect of contraction, and, when established, is also a cause
+of further contraction. It is manifest in a putrid discharge from the
+frog. The matter is secreted by the inner or sensible frog, excited to
+this morbid condition by pressure of contraction. Its cure is simple and
+easy if the cause is removed. A wash of brine, or chloride of zinc,
+three grains to the ounce of water, is generally used to correct the
+foulness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+BENT KNEES INTERFERENCE, AND SPEEDY CUT.
+
+
+The knee of a horse is a most complicated and beautiful mechanical
+arrangement, singularly exempt from strain or disease in any form. Bony
+enlargement, inflammation of the ligaments, do not attack it. The ravage
+of the shoeing-smith--the horse's direst enemy--seems to be exhausted
+upon the feet and the sympathetic pasterns; the concussion of iron and
+pavement, uncushioned by the frog, will destroy the lower system of
+joints before the knee can be shaken.
+
+Notwithstanding this perfection and strength, many horses bend the knee,
+and stand, or travel with it bent, until the flexor muscles shrink from
+lack of use. This "over in the knees" condition is invariably caused by
+imperfect use of the feet. The effect of heel-calks and their
+accompaniment of corns, making a sore in each heel, is often indicated
+by the horse to his regardless owner by bending his knee. The owner
+asks the smith why he does it, and the smith, who never fails to give a
+reason, says he has always noticed that horse had "weak knees." We know
+of a shoer in Worcester County, Massachusetts, who has a wide local
+reputation for "doctoring" weak knees. He holds that the muscles of the
+leg in such cases are _too short_, and have to be lengthened with thick
+iron heels and calks. It is a favorite theory of this class of shoers
+that they are able to correct the errors of Providence in the horse's
+construction, and piece him out with heel-calks and bar-shoes!
+
+
+INTERFERING AND SPEEDY CUT.
+
+If horses were not shod, they would not interfere; it therefore follows
+that shoeing is the cause of this defect. A contracted hoof, pain from
+corns, or any inflammation causes a horse to seek a new bearing. In
+doing this he strikes himself. Blacksmiths make "interfering shoes,"
+welding side-pieces and superfluous calks upon their clumsy
+contrivances, and sometimes succeed in preventing the symptom, but they
+never remove the cause. Few horses with natural feet, good circulation,
+and shod with a light shoe, will ever interfere. In all such cases, take
+off the heavy shoe, cure the contraction, get an even bearing, and let
+nature have at least a momentary chance.
+
+
+WORKING UP HORSES.
+
+It is a common practice of large proprietors, engaged on railroad or
+city work, to buy up horses with unsound feet, unfitted for speed or
+gentle service, and use them up, as old clothes are put through a
+shoddy-mill for what wool there is left in them. This cruel policy,
+under an intelligent system of shoeing, would be impossible, because the
+vast aggregate of foot diseases would be so abated that horses, sound in
+general health but creeping upon disabled hoofs, could not be found in
+droves, as at present, and the speculator in equine misfortune would
+better serve his selfishness by buying young horses and keeping them
+sound by a natural system of shoeing.
+
+
+STUMBLING HORSES.
+
+This annoyance is frequently caused by undue use of the toe, when the
+heel is lame and sore from contraction and corns. When the horse has the
+frog well on the ground and uses his heel without shrinking he is not
+apt to stumble.
+
+
+TO INCREASE COMFORT.
+
+In dry weather, or when a horse with a hard, lifeless hoof is shod with
+the Goodenough shoe, and shrinks from the unaccustomed pressure of the
+frog on the ground, nothing is so grateful to his feet as cold water.
+The hose turned on them is a delicious bath; or if he can stand for an
+hour in a wet place, or in a running brook, he will get infinite comfort
+from it. We have sometimes rapidly assisted the cure of contraction, in
+the city, by manufacturing a country brook-bottom in this simple way:
+Put half a bushel of pebbles into a stout tub, with or without some
+sand, let them cover the bottom to the depth of two or three inches,
+pour on water and you have a good imitation of a mountain brook. Put
+the horse's forefeet into this, and let him bear his weight upon the
+frog. The first time he will grow uneasy after a few minutes, but when
+his frog becomes natural in its function he will be glad to stand there
+all day.
+
+Do not carry this treatment to excess. Moderation is the most
+satisfactory course in all things. Abjure utterly all oils and greasy
+hoof dressings, they are pernicious recommendations of unreasoning
+grooms. They fill the pores of the wall, and injure in every way. Nature
+will find oil, if you will allow circulation and secretion, through the
+action of the frog.
+
+"Stuffing the feet," is another wretched, groom's device. A horse has a
+dry, feverish hoof from contraction, so his hollow sole, denuded of its
+frog, is "stuffed" with heating oil-meal, or nasty droppings of cows.
+When this sort of thing is proposed, remember _Punch's_ advice to those
+about to be married, "Don't do it."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ECONOMY OF THE GOODENOUGH SHOE.
+
+
+A horse-shoe that the united voices or the shrewdest and ablest managers
+in the country commend--inasmuch as it enables cripples to work,
+frequently restores them, and maintains soundness where that quality
+exists--need not be recommended on the ground of economy. Such a
+horse-shoe could not be dear. But it takes all sorts of people to make a
+world, and the pressure to the square inch of mean men is not to be
+governed by safety-valves or regulated by gauges. There are too many men
+who will use the thing that costs the least outlay, even if it tortures
+or kills the horse. On the point of first cost we may say that if our
+shoe had no advantage over the hand-made shoe in preserving the natural
+action and growth of the foot, thereby retaining the powers of the
+animal in full vigor, it would still be cheaper than the common shoe. It
+is sold slightly higher than the clumsy pieces of bent iron called
+horse-shoes by mere courtesy, and its lightness gives one-third more
+shoes to the keg, while there is no expense of calking, which, in labor
+and material, is equal to three cents per pound. Upon the point of
+durability, it is well settled that the heavy shoe will not last so long
+as the light one with frog-pressure. A horse set upon heavy shoes grinds
+iron every time he moves. The least interposition of the frog will
+reduce the wear very materially, and if the frog is well on the ground,
+a horse will carry a shoe until he outgrows it.
+
+A horse-railroad superintendent said to the writer, "We don't wear iron
+nowadays, we wear _frog_ and _cobble-stones_; nature provides frog and
+Boston finds cobble-stones." When the Goodenough shoe is put for the
+first time upon a dry, half-dead foot, and the frog brought into lively
+action, growth is generally very rapid. We have often been compelled to
+reset the shoe, cutting down the wall, in ten days after shoeing. Many
+horses that have been used upon pavements and horse-railroads, have
+acquired a habit of slipping and sliding along, catching with heel-calks
+in the space between the stones; such horses do not at once relinquish
+the habit, and wear their first set of our shoes much more rapidly than
+the subsequent set, after they have assumed the natural action of their
+feet. But, economical as a light shoe that will long outlast a heavy one
+may be, the great saving is in the item of horse-flesh.
+
+The value of the horses employed in the actual labor of the country
+reaches a startling sum total.
+
+The vast importance of the horse in the movement of business, was never
+so fully understood and deeply felt as during the year past, when the
+epizootic swept over the continent, paralyzing all movement and every
+form of human industry. Even the ships that whiten the seas would furl
+their sails and steamers quench their fires but for the labors of the
+horse. During the epidemic the canal-boats waited idly for their patient
+tow-horses and railroads carried little freight; the crops of the West
+lay in the farmers' granaries and the fabrics of the Eastern loom and
+varied products of mechanical industry crowded the warehouses; even the
+ragpicker in the streets suspended his humble occupation, for the
+merchant, unable to transport rags, refused to buy them of the gatherer.
+The investment of national wealth in horses being so enormous, any means
+that adds to the efficiency of the horse greatly enhances the general
+prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: PERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.]
+
+[Illustration: IMPERFECT SHOE AND HOOF.]
+
+It is an old English saying, that "a good horse will wear out two sets
+of feet." The meaning of this adage is obvious: a good horse's feet are
+useless at the time when his other powers are in the prime. Mr. Edward
+Cottam, of London, in his "Observations upon the Goodenough System,"
+states that London omnibus-owners use up a young horse in four years;
+that is, a horse of seven years of age goes to the knackers at eleven,
+_pabulum Acherontis_; and the only noticeable cause of their failure is
+from diseases of the feet. A horse properly shod and cared for should
+endure five times as long. In this country horses fail in the feet, and
+are called old at an age when they should be in the fullest activity.
+This is a double loss, for every horseman of experience knows that if an
+old horse is sound and vigorous he has some great advantages over a
+young one. He is safer in every respect, "way-wise," seasoned, steady,
+and reliable. He and his owner are old friends and companions and can
+not part but with a pang of regret. A good horse, well cared for, should
+work cheerfully until he is thirty years of age; yet how few are able to
+perform genteel service after fifteen! It is a sad sight that of the
+high-mettled, noble animal, once the petted darling of wealth, caressed
+by ladies and children, and guarded so that even the winds of heaven
+might not visit him too roughly, fallen through the successive grades of
+equine degradation, until at last he hobbles before a clam-wagon or a
+swill-cart--a sorry relic of better days.
+
+The question is so plain that we hesitate to argue with intelligent
+people to prove that, if the old system of shoeing destroys the value of
+a horse in middle life, half his money value is sacrificed to
+ignorance--a waste that might be saved were nature's laws regarded. That
+part of the argument which demands that the faithful, devoted servant
+merits humane treatment and the best intelligence of the master in
+securing his health and comfort can not be forgotten and need not be
+urged upon the attention of the true horseman.
+
+
+
+
+FINAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+
+To be _rational_ in any course of action is, primarily, to follow the
+leading of reason, and by that guidance to arrive at correct
+conclusions.
+
+It is the opposite to the method which is _irrational_--regardless of
+reason, and therefore leading to conclusions erroneous and absurd.
+Rationalism is opposed to ultraism, to vehement, officious and extreme
+measures--while it would seek more excellent ways, it holds fast to that
+which is good.
+
+Rationalism in medicine is the method which recognises nature as the
+great agent in the cure of disease, and employs art as an auxiliary to
+be resorted to when useful or necessary, and avoided when prejudicial.
+
+In our treatment of the hoof, we would seek to know the cause of the
+horse's troubles, firmly believing that he is endowed by nature with
+strength to perform the service man demands of him, and that he is not
+necessarily a helpless prey to torturing diseases of the minor organs;
+and, indeed, subject only to that final, unavoidable sentence, which in
+some form nature holds suspended over all animate existence.
+
+Having by the aid of reason ascertained the cause of defects, we would
+assist nature to relieve them; we have therefore called this little
+hand-book of suggestions from our experience, RATIONAL HORSE-SHOEING.
+
+
+OPPOSING FORCES.
+
+Having taken upon ourselves to reform evils, rooted deep in old customs,
+and to abolish abuses older than our civilization, we have to meet with
+discouragement and opposition in various forms.
+
+Even the enlightened and well-intentioned hold back incredulous. This
+form of opposition finally examines, being led thereto from motives of
+economy and the promptings of humanity; it usually approves and
+assists, but is often carried back by indolence, when it discovers that
+it must join us in the loud battle we are forced to wage all along the
+line against fierce interests and bitter prejudices.
+
+We attack with slender array, but unflinching purpose, the gloomy powers
+of ignorance that are allied to doubt and indifference. These contend
+under the prestige of a thousand years of possession.
+
+Ignorance and Prejudice are twin giants that renew their life upon each
+other; they are as old as chaos, and are invulnerable to the weapons of
+ordinary warfare. Like the fallen angels, they are--
+
+          "Vital in every part,
+    And can but by annihilation die."
+
+One of the Greek fables, typifying the struggle of man against
+circumstances, was a story of the battle between Hercules and Antaeus,
+son of the Earth. The fight was long and doubtful, for whenever the
+mortal was felled to the ground by the power of the vigorous god, his
+force was renewed by contact with the breast of his mother Earth, and
+he sprang to his feet and recommenced the never-ending strife.
+
+This contest between the god, and the mortal born of earth and sea, is
+the poetical type of the unceasing toil of man in the Valley of the
+Nile, against the sandy waves of the Lybian desert, always encroaching
+upon the cultivated soil, and demanding year by year new exertions to
+repress their advance.
+
+So, in our attempt to establish a better system of utilizing the powers
+of the horse in the service of man, we have each day to meet the same
+enemy, renewed by contact with the sources that foster and reinforce
+ignorance. But as persistent labor conducted the beneficent waters of
+the Nile in irrigating channels through the arid plain of the desert,
+until upon the inhospitable edge gardens bloomed, fields of grain waved
+in the breeze, and the date-palm cast its grateful shade upon the
+husbandman--so we make healthful progress, and enjoy a widely increasing
+triple reward--first, in the thankful esteem of our fellow men;
+secondly, in the relief we afford to a noble animal; and last, in the
+substantial return which the highest authority has adjudged to honest
+labor.
+
+
+REGULAR WORK.
+
+We wish all readers of this book to understand that the directions
+herein given for shoeing apply to horses whose owners expect them to
+work regularly after shoeing--from the very hour in which the shoes are
+set.
+
+We do not propose to "lay up" horses, or to put them to rest in "loose
+boxes," nor yet to "turn them out to grass." One of the chief
+difficulties we have had with wealthy owners has been from the tendency
+to keep the horse _out of work_ when we have got him into a condition
+where we want exercise to stimulate the alterative process we propose.
+
+A cure of any foot disease we have described, will be much more rapidly
+effected if the horse has his regular work upon the roads or pavements
+to which he is accustomed, no matter how hard they are.
+
+We hope that it has also been noticed, that we do not propose to cure
+spavins, splints, navicular disease, or to restore the natural action
+of a horse where ossification of cartilage is well established.
+
+
+
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