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diff --git a/22460.txt b/22460.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c773353 --- /dev/null +++ b/22460.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14573 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, New York Times Current History; The European +War, Vol 2, No. 5, August, 1915, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 5, August, 1915 + + +Author: Various + + + +Release Date: August 30, 2007 [eBook #22460] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; +THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 5, AUGUST, 1915*** + + +E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the Project +Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 22460-h.htm or 22460-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/4/6/22460/22460-h/22460-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/4/6/22460/22460-h.zip) + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Archaic spellings of place names have been retained + as they appear in the original. + + A table of contents has been provided for the reader's + convenience. + + + + + +The New York Times + +CURRENT HISTORY + +A Monthly Magazine + +THE EUROPEAN WAR + +AUGUST, 1915 + + + + + + + +[Illustration: H.M. QUEEN SOPHIA OF GREECE + +Sister of Kaiser Wilhelm, and an Ardent Germanophile + +(_Photo from Bain._)] + +[Illustration: HIS HOLINESS BENEDICT XV. + +The Entrance of Italy into the War has Increased the Delicacy of the +Pontiff's Position + +(_Photo from International News._)] + + + + +CONTENTS + + THE LUSITANIA CASE + + The American Rejoinder + + German and American Press Opinion + + Austria-Hungary's Protest + + Armenian, Orduna, and Others + + Results of Submarine Warfare + + In Memoriam: REGINALD WARNEFORD + + American Preparedness + + First Year of the War + + Inferences from Eleven Months of the European Conflict + + "Revenge for Elisabeth!" + + A Year of the War in Africa and Asia + + An "Insult" to War + + The Drive at Warsaw + + Naval Losses During the War + + Battles in the West + + France's "Eyewitness" Reports + + The Crown Prince in the Argonne + + Gallipoli's Shambles + + Italy's War on Austria + + The Task of Italy + + Two Devoted Nations + + Rumania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece + + Dr. Conybeare's Recantation + + The Case of Muenter + + Devotion to the Kaiser + + Scientists and the Military + + Hudson Maxim on Explosives + + Thor! + + "I am the Gravest Danger" + + THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS + + The Belligerents' Munitions + + The Power of the Purse + + Cases Reserved + + New Recruiting in Britain + + American War Supplies + + Magazinists of the World on the War + + Germany's Long-Nourished Powers + + "To Avenge" + + The Pope, the Vatican, and Italy + + Are the Allies Winning? + + Selling Arms to the Allies + + War and Non-Resistance + + "Good Natured Germany" + + Italy's Defection + + Apologies for English Words + + Germanic Peace Terms + + France's Bill of Damages + + A French Rejoinder + + Dr. Von Bode's Polemic + + "Carnegie and German Peace" + + Russia's Supply of Warriors + + Austria and the Balkans + + Italy's Publications in War-Time + + Sweden and the Lusitania + + A Threatened Despotism of Spirit + + "Gott Mit Uns" + + On the Psychology of Neutrals + + Chlorine Warfare + + Rheims Cathedral + + The English Falsehood + + Calais or Suez? + + Note on the Principle of Nationality + + Singer of "La Marseillaise" + + Depression--Common-Sense and the Situation + + The War and Racial Progress + + The English Word, Thought, and Life + + Evviva L'Italia + + Who Died Content! + + "The Germans, Destroyers of Cathedrals" + + Chronology of the War + + + + +THE LUSITANIA CASE + +The American Note to Berlin of July 21 + +Steps Leading Up to President Wilson's Rejection of Germany's +Proposals + + +The German Admiralty on Feb. 4 proclaimed a war zone around Great +Britain announcing that every enemy merchant ship found therein would +be destroyed "without its being always possible to avert the dangers +threatening the crews and passengers on that account." + +The text of this proclamation was made known by Ambassador Gerard on +Feb. 6. Four days later the United States Government sent to Germany a +note of protest which has come to be known as the "strict +accountability note." After pointing out that a serious infringement +of American rights on the high seas was likely to occur, should +Germany carry out her war-zone decree in the manner she had +proclaimed, it declared: + + "If such a deplorable situation should arise, the Imperial + German Government can readily appreciate that the Government + of the United States would be constrained to hold the + Imperial German Government to a strict accountability for + such acts of their naval authorities and to take any steps + it might be necessary to take to safeguard American lives + and property and to secure to American citizens the full + enjoyment of their acknowledged rights on the high seas." + +The war-zone decree went into effect on Feb. 18. Two days later +dispatches were cabled to Ambassador Page at London and to Ambassador +Gerard at Berlin suggesting that a modus vivendi be entered into by +England and Germany by which submarine warfare and sowing of mines at +sea might be abandoned if foodstuffs were allowed to reach the German +civil population under American consular inspection. + +Germany replied to this on March 1, expressing her willingness to act +favorably on the proposal. The same day the British Government stated +that because of the war-zone decree of the German Government the +British Government must take measures to prevent commodities of all +kinds from reaching or leaving Germany. On March 15 the British +Government flatly refused the modus vivendi suggestion. + +On April 4 Count von Bernstorff, the German Ambassador at Washington, +submitted a memorandum to the United States Government regarding +German-American trade and the exportation of arms. Mr. Bryan replied +to the memorandum on April 21, insisting that the United States was +preserving her strict status of neutrality according to the accepted +laws of nations. + +On May 7 the Cunard steamship Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine +in the war zone as decreed by Germany, and more than 100 American +citizens perished, with 1,000 other persons on board. + +Thereupon, on May 13, the United States transmitted to the German +Government a note on the subject of this loss. It said: + + "American citizens act within their indisputable rights in + taking their ships and in traveling wherever their + legitimate business calls them upon the high seas, and + exercise those rights in what should be the well justified + confidence that their lives will not be endangered by acts + done in clear violation of universally acknowledged + international obligations, and certainly in the confidence + that their own Government will sustain them in the exercise + of their rights." + +This note concluded: + + "The Imperial Government will not expect the Government of + the United States to omit any word or any act necessary to + the performance of its sacred duty of maintaining the rights + of the United States and its citizens and of safeguarding + their free exercise and enjoyment." + +Germany replied to this note on May 29. It stated that it had heard +that the Lusitania was an armed naval ship which had attempted to use +American passengers as a protection, and that, anyway, such passengers +should not have been present. It added: + + "The German commanders are consequently no longer in a + position to observe the rules of capture otherwise usual and + with which they invariably complied before this." + +To the foregoing the United States maintained in a note sent to the +German Government on June 9 that the Lusitania was not an armed vessel +and that she had sailed in accordance with the laws of the United +States, and that "only her actual resistance to capture or refusal to +stop when ordered to do so ... could have afforded the commander of +the submarine any justification for so much as putting the lives of +those on board the ship in jeopardy." + +In support of this view the note cited international law and added: + + "It is upon this principle of humanity, as well as upon the + law founded upon this principle, that the United States must + stand." + +Exactly one month later, on July 9, came Germany's reply. Its preamble +praised the United States for its humane attitude and said that +Germany was fully in accord therewith. Something, it asserted, should +be done, for "the case of the Lusitania shows with horrible clearness +to what jeopardizing of human lives the manner of conducting war +employed by our adversaries leads," and that under certain conditions +which it set forth, American ships might have safe passage through the +war zone, or even some enemy ships flying the American flag. It +continued: + + "The Imperial Government, however, confidently hopes the + American Government will assume to guarantee that these + vessels have no contraband on board, details of arrangements + for the unhampered passage of these vessels to be agreed + upon by the naval authorities of both sides." + +It is to this reply that the note of the United States Government made +public on July 24 is an answer. + +Germany's reply of July 8 and President Wilson's final rejoinder of +July 21--which was given to the American press of July 24--are +presented below, together with accounts of the recent German +submarine attacks on the ships Armenian, Anglo-Californian, Normandy, +and Orduna, involving American lives, and an appraisal of the German +operations in the submarine "war zone" since February 18, 1915, when +it was proclaimed. Also Austro-Hungary's note of June 29, protesting +against American exports of arms, and an account of American and +German press opinion on the Lusitania case are treated hereunder. + + +THE GERMAN MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR AT +BERLIN + +BERLIN, July 8, 1915. + +The undersigned has the honor to make the following reply to his +Excellency Ambassador Gerard to the note of the 10th ultimo re the +impairment of American interests by the German submarine war: + +The Imperial Government learned with satisfaction from the note how +earnestly the Government of the United States is concerned in seeing +the principles of humanity realized in the present war. Also this +appeal finds ready echo in Germany, and the Imperial Government is +quite willing to permit its statements and decisions in the present +case to be governed by the principles of humanity just as it has done +always. + +The Imperial Government welcomed with gratitude when the American +Government, in the note of May 15, itself recalled that Germany had +always permitted itself to be governed by the principles of progress +and humanity in dealing with the law of maritime war. + +Since the time when Frederick the Great negotiated with John Adams, +Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson the Treaty of Friendship and +Commerce of September 9, 1785, between Prussia and the Republic of the +West, German and American statesmen have, in fact, always stood +together in the struggle for the freedom of the seas and for the +protection of peaceable trade. + +In the international proceedings which since have been conducted for +the regulation of the laws of maritime war, Germany and America have +jointly advocated progressive principles, especially the abolishment +of the right of capture at sea and the protection of the interests of +neutrals. + +Even at the beginning of the present war the German Government +immediately declared its willingness, in response to proposals of the +American Government, to ratify the Declaration of London and thereby +subject itself in the use of its naval forces to all the restrictions +provided therein in favor of neutrals. + +Germany likewise has been always tenacious of the principle that war +should be conducted against the armed and organized forces of an enemy +country, but that the enemy civilian population must be spared as far +as possible from the measures of war. The Imperial Government +cherishes the definite hope that some way will be found when peace is +concluded, or perhaps earlier, to regulate the law of maritime war in +a manner guaranteeing the freedom of the seas, and will welcome it +with gratitude and satisfaction if it can work hand in hand with the +American Government on that occasion. + +If in the present war the principles which should be the ideal of the +future have been traversed more and more, the longer its duration, the +German Government has no guilt therein. It is known to the American +Government how Germany's adversaries, by completely paralyzing +peaceful traffic between Germany and neutral countries, have aimed +from the very beginning and with increasing lack of consideration at +the destruction not so much of the armed forces as the life of the +German nation, repudiating in doing so all the rules of international +law and disregarding all rights of neutrals. + +On November 3, 1914, England declared the North Sea a war area, and by +planting poorly anchored mines and by the stoppage and capture of +vessels, made passage extremely dangerous and difficult for neutral +shipping, thereby actually blockading neutral coasts and ports +contrary to all international law. Long before the beginning of +submarine war England practically completely intercepted legitimate +neutral navigation to Germany also. Thus Germany was driven to a +submarine war on trade. + +On November 14, 1914, the English Premier declared in the House of +Commons that it was one of England's principal tasks to prevent food +for the German population from reaching Germany via neutral ports. +Since March 1 England has been taking from neutral ships without +further formality all merchandise proceeding to Germany, as well as +all merchandise coming from Germany, even when neutral property. Just +as it was also with the Boers, the German people is now to be given +the choice of perishing from starvation with its women and children or +of relinquishing its independence. + +While our enemies thus loudly and openly proclaimed war without mercy +until our utter destruction, we were conducting a war in self-defense +for our national existence and for the sake of peace of an assured +permanency. We have been obliged to adopt a submarine warfare to meet +the declared intentions of our enemies and the method of warfare +adopted by them in contravention of international law. + +With all its efforts in principle to protect neutral life and property +from damage as much as possible, the German Government recognized +unreservedly in its memorandum of February 4 that the interests of +neutrals might suffer from the submarine warfare. However, the +American Government will also understand and appreciate that in the +fight for existence, which has been forced upon Germany by its +adversaries and announced by them, it is the sacred duty of the +Imperial Government to do all within its power to protect and save the +lives of German subjects. If the Imperial Government were derelict in +these, its duties, it would be guilty before God and history of the +violation of those principles of highest humanity which are the +foundation of every national existence. + +The case of the Lusitania shows with horrible clearness to what +jeopardizing of human lives the manner of conducting war employed by +our adversaries leads. In the most direct contradiction of +international law all distinctions between merchantmen and war vessels +have been obliterated by the order to British merchantmen to arm +themselves and to ram submarines, and the promise of rewards therefor, +and neutrals who use merchantmen as travelers thereby have been +exposed in an increasing degree to all the dangers of war. + +If the commander of the German submarine which destroyed the Lusitania +had caused the crew and passengers to take to the boats before firing +a torpedo this would have meant the sure destruction of his own +vessel. After the experiences in sinking much smaller and less +seaworthy vessels it was to be expected that a mighty ship like the +Lusitania would remain above water long enough, even after the +torpedoing, to permit passengers to enter the ship's boats. +Circumstances of a very peculiar kind, especially the presence on +board of large quantities of highly explosive materials, defeated this +expectation. + +In addition it may be pointed out that if the Lusitania had been +spared, thousands of cases of munitions would have been sent to +Germany's enemies and thereby thousands of German mothers and children +robbed of breadwinners. + +In the spirit of friendship wherewith the German nation has been +imbued toward the Union (United States) and its inhabitants since the +earliest days of its existence, the Imperial Government will always be +ready to do all it can during the present war also to prevent the +jeopardizing of lives of American citizens. + +The Imperial Government, therefore, repeats the assurances that +American ships will not be hindered in the prosecution of legitimate +shipping and the lives of American citizens in neutral vessels shall +not be placed in jeopardy. + +In order to exclude any unforeseen dangers to American passenger +steamers, made possible in view of the conduct of maritime war by +Germany's adversaries, German submarines will be instructed to permit +the free and safe passage of such passenger steamers when made +recognizable by special markings and notified a reasonable time in +advance. The Imperial Government, however, confidently hopes that the +American Government will assume to guarantee that these vessels have +no contraband on board, details of arrangements for the unhampered +passage of these vessels to be agreed upon by the naval authorities of +both sides. + +In order to furnish adequate facilities for travel across the +Atlantic for American citizens, the German Government submits for +consideration a proposal to increase the number of available steamers +by installing in passenger service a reasonable number of neutral +steamers under the American flag, the exact number to be agreed upon +under the same condition as the above-mentioned American steamers. + +The Imperial Government believes it can assume that in this manner +adequate facilities for travel across the Atlantic Ocean can be +afforded American citizens. There would, therefore, appear to be no +compelling necessity for American citizens to travel to Europe in time +of war on ships carrying an enemy flag. In particular the Imperial +Government is unable to admit that American citizens can protect an +enemy ship through the mere fact of their presence on board. + +Germany merely followed England's example when she declared part of +the high seas an area of war. Consequently, accidents suffered by +neutrals on enemy ships in this area of war cannot well be judged +differently from accidents to which neutrals are at all times exposed +at the seat of war on land, when they betake themselves into dangerous +localities in spite of previous warnings. If, however, it should not +be possible for the American Government to acquire an adequate number +of neutral passenger steamers, the Imperial Government is prepared to +interpose no objections to the placing under the American flag by the +American Government of four enemy passenger steamers for passenger +traffic between North America and England. Assurances of "free and +safe" passage for American passenger steamers would then extend to +apply under the identical pro-conditions to these formerly hostile +passenger steamers. + +The President of the United States has declared his readiness, in a +way deserving of thanks, to communicate and suggest proposals to the +Government of Great Britain with particular reference to the +alteration of maritime war. The Imperial Government will always be +glad to make use of the good offices of the President, and hopes that +his efforts in the present case as well as in the direction of the +lofty ideal of the freedom of the seas, will lead to an understanding. + +The undersigned requests the Ambassador to bring the above to the +knowledge of the American Government, and avails himself of the +opportunity to renew to his Excellency the assurance of his most +distinguished consideration. + +VON JAGOW. + + + + +The American Rejoinder + +THE SECRETARY OF STATE AT WASHINGTON TO THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR AT +BERLIN + + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, +Washington, July 21, 1915. + +The Secretary of State to Ambassador Gerard: + +You are instructed to deliver textually the following note to the +Minister for Foreign Affairs: + +The note of the Imperial German Government, dated the 8th day of July, +1915, has received the careful consideration of the Government of the +United States, and it regrets to be obliged to say that it has found +it very unsatisfactory, because it fails to meet the real differences +between the two Governments, and indicates no way in which the +accepted principles of law and humanity may be applied in the grave +matter in controversy, but proposes, on the contrary, arrangements for +a partial suspension of those principles which virtually set them +aside. + +The Government of the United States notes with satisfaction that the +Imperial German Government recognizes without reservation the validity +of the principles insisted on in the several communications which this +Government has addressed to the Imperial German Government with regard +to its announcement of a war zone and the use of submarines against +merchantmen on the high seas--the principle that the high seas are +free, that the character and cargo of a merchantman must first be +ascertained before she can lawfully be seized or destroyed, and that +the lives of noncombatants may in no case be put in jeopardy unless +the vessel resists or seeks to escape after being summoned to submit +to examination, for a belligerent act of retaliation is per se an act +beyond the law, and the defense of an act as retaliatory is an +admission that it is illegal. + +The Government of the United States is, however, keenly disappointed +to find that the Imperial German Government regards itself as in large +degree exempt from the obligation to observe these principles, even +when neutral vessels are concerned, by what it believes the policy and +practice of the Government of Great Britain to be in the present war +with regard to neutral commerce. The Imperial German Government will +readily understand that the Government of the United States cannot +discuss the policy of the Government of Great Britain with regard to +neutral trade except with that Government itself, and that it must +regard the conduct of other belligerent governments as irrelevant to +any discussion with the Imperial German Government of what this +Government regards as grave and unjustifiable violations of the +rights of American citizens by German naval commanders. + +Illegal and inhuman acts, however justifiable they may be thought to +be, against an enemy who is believed to have acted in contravention of +law and humanity, are manifestly indefensible when they deprive +neutrals of their acknowledged rights, particularly when they violate +the right to life itself. If a belligerent cannot retaliate against an +enemy without injuring the lives of neutrals, as well as their +property, humanity, as well as justice and a due regard for the +dignity of neutral powers, should dictate that the practice be +discontinued. If persisted in it would in such circumstances +constitute an unpardonable offense against the sovereignty of the +neutral nation affected. + +The Government of the United States is not unmindful of the +extraordinary conditions created by this war or of the radical +alterations of circumstance and method of attack produced by the use +of instrumentalities of naval warfare which the nations of the world +cannot have had in view when the existing rules of international law +were formulated, and it is ready to make every reasonable allowance +for these novel and unexpected aspects of war at sea; but it cannot +consent to abate any essential or fundamental right of its people +because of a mere alteration of circumstance. The rights of neutrals +in time of war are based upon principle, not upon expediency, and the +principles are immutable. It is the duty and obligation of +belligerents to find a way to adapt the new circumstances to them. + +The events of the past two months have clearly indicated that it is +possible and practicable to conduct such submarine operations as have +characterized the activity of the Imperial German Navy within the +so-called war zone in substantial accord with the accepted practices +of regulated warfare. The whole world has looked with interest and +increasing satisfaction at the demonstration of that possibility by +German naval commanders. It is manifestly possible, therefore, to lift +the whole practice of submarine attack above the criticism which it +has aroused and remove the chief causes of offense. + +In view of the admission of illegality made by the Imperial Government +when it pleaded the right of retaliation in defense of its acts, and +in view of the manifest possibility of conforming to the established +rules of naval warfare, the Government of the United States cannot +believe that the Imperial Government will longer refrain from +disavowing the wanton act of its naval commander in sinking the +Lusitania or from offering reparation for the American lives lost, so +far as reparation can be made for a needless destruction of human life +by an illegal act. + +The Government of the United States, while not indifferent to the +friendly spirit in which it is made, cannot accept the suggestion of +the Imperial German Government that certain vessels be designated and +agreed upon which shall be free on the seas now illegally proscribed. +The very agreement would, by implication, subject other vessels to +illegal attack, and would be a curtailment and therefore an +abandonment of the principles for which this Government contends, and +which in times of calmer counsels every nation would concede as of +course. + +The Government of the United States and the Imperial German Government +are contending for the same great object, have long stood together in +urging the very principles upon which the Government of the United +States now so solemnly insists. They are both contending for the +freedom of the seas. The Government of the United States will continue +to contend for that freedom, from whatever quarter violated, without +compromise and at any cost. It invites the practical co-operation of +the Imperial German Government at this time, when co-operation may +accomplish most and this great common object be most strikingly and +effectively achieved. + +The Imperial German Government expresses the hope that this object may +be in some measure accomplished even before the present war ends. It +can be. The Government of the United States not only feels obliged to +insist upon it, by whomsoever violated or ignored, in the protection +of its own citizens, but is also deeply interested in seeing it made +practicable between the belligerents themselves, and holds itself +ready at any time to act as the common friend who may be privileged to +suggest a way. + +In the meantime the very value which this Government sets upon the +long and unbroken friendship between the people and Government of the +United States and the people and Government of the German nation +impels it to press very solemnly upon the Imperial German Government +the necessity for a scrupulous observance of neutral rights in this +critical matter. Friendship itself prompts it to say to the Imperial +Government that repetition by the commanders of German naval vessels +of acts in contravention of those rights must be regarded by the +Government of the United States, when they affect American citizens, +as deliberately unfriendly. + +LANSING. + + + + +German and American Press Opinion + +ON THE GERMAN NOTE OF JULY 8 + + +The German answer to the United States with regard to submarine +warfare was reported from Berlin on July 10 as having caused the most +intense satisfaction among the Germans and brought relief to them, for +the mere thought that the submarine war would be abandoned would cause +widespread resentment. + +The Berlin newspapers printed long editorials approving the +Government's stand and "conciliatory" tone. Captain Perseus, in the +Tageblatt, said that the "new note makes clearer that the present +course will be continued with the greatest possible consideration for +American interests." The note "stands under the motto, 'On the way to +an understanding,' without, however, failing to emphasize the firm +determination that our interests must hold first place," in other +words, that Germany "cannot surrender the advantages that the use of +the submarine weapon gives to the German people." + +The Lokal Anzeiger of Berlin commented: + +"Feeling has undoubtedly cooled down somewhat on the other side of the +water, and Americans will undoubtedly admit that it is not Germany +that tries to monopolize the freedom of the seas for itself alone. + +"In any event, we have now done our utmost and can quietly await what +answer President Wilson and his advisers will think suitable." + +George Bernhard in the Vossische Zeitung remarked that the publication +of the note means "liberation from many of the doubts that have +excited a large part of the German people in recent weeks. The note +... means unconditional refusal to let any outsider prescribe to us +how far and with what weapons we may defend ourselves against +England's hunger war." + +What they considered the moderation of the note impressed most Berlin +newspapers. Thus the Morgen Post said: "Those who had advised that we +ought to humble ourselves before America will be just as disappointed +as those who thought we ought to bring the fist down on the table and +answer America's representations with a war threat." + +Count von Reventlow, radical editor of the Tageszeitung, said: "The +substance of the proposals is to create a situation making it +unnecessary for Americans to travel to Europe on ships under an enemy +flag," and the Taegliche Rundschau said that the "answer with +gratifying decisiveness, guards the conscience of the nation in the +question of continuing the submarine war," but it criticises the note +for possibly going too far in making concessions, which "may prove +impracticable and result in weakening the submarine war." + +The unfavorable reception of Germany's note in the United States, as +reported through English and French agencies, was read in Berlin with +incredulity. + +The Kreuz-Zeitung, the Tageszeitung, and the Boersen Zeitung expressed +the belief that British and French news agencies had purposely +selected unfavorable editorial expressions from the American +newspapers for the sake of the effect they would have in Great Britain +and France. + +"Regarding the reception of the German note in America," the +Kreuz-Zeitung said, "several additional reports from British sources +are now at hand. Reuter's Telegram Company presents about a dozen +short sentences from as many American papers. Were these really +approximately a faithful picture of the thought of the American press +as a unit, we should have to discard every hope of a possibility of an +understanding. The conception of a great majority of the German people +is that we showed in our note an earnest desire to meet, as far as +possibly justified, American interests." + +Like the Berlin press, German-American newspapers were unanimous in +praise of the German note; to the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung it +appeared a "sincere effort to meet the questions involved" and as +"eminently satisfactory." The New Yorker Herold thought that any one +with "even a spark of impartiality" would have to admit the "quiet, +conciliatory tone of the German note" as "born of the consciousness in +the heart of every German that Germany did not want the war"; that +after it was forced on her she "waged it with honorable means." The +Illinois Staats-Zeitung of Chicago declared it to be the "just demand +of Germany" that Americans should not "by their presence on hostile +boats try to protect war materials to be delivered by a friendly +nation at a hostile shore." From the Cincinnati Freie Presse came the +comment that Washington "has no business to procure safety on the +ocean for British ships carrying ammunition." + +The American newspapers were nearly unanimous in adverse criticism of +the note. THE NEW YORK TIMES said that Germany's request was "to +suspend the law of nations, the laws of war and of humanity for her +benefit." The Chicago Herald declared that the German answer "is +disappointing to all who had hoped that it would clearly open the way +to a continuance of friendly relations." While the San Francisco +Chronicle discerned in the note "an entire absence of the belligerent +spirit," it found that "Germany is asking us to abridge certain of our +rights on the high seas." To the Denver Post the reply was the +"extreme of arrogance, selfishness, and obstinacy," while The Atlanta +(Ga.) Constitution remarks that German words and German deeds are +separate matters: "The all-important fact remains that since President +Wilson's first note was transmitted to that country, Germany has given +us no single reasonable cause of complaint." The Louisville (Ky.) +Courier-Journal believes the German reply would carry more weight and +persuasion "if it could be considered wholly and apart as an _ex +parte_ statement." "Without equivocation and with a politeness of +offensively insinuating," the Boston Transcript concludes, "Germany +rejects each and all of our demands and attempts to bargain with +respect to the future." + + +ON THE AMERICAN NOTE OF JULY 21 + +Publication of the American note in Berlin was delayed until July 25, +owing to difficulty in translating its shades of meaning. While German +statesmen and editors expressed keen appreciation of its literary +style, the press was unanimous in considering the note disappointing, +expressing pained surprise at the American stand. Captain Perseus, +naval critic of the Berlin Tageblatt, said that the note "expresses a +determination to rob us of the weapon to which we pin the greatest +hopes in the war on England," and indicates that the "pro-British +troublemakers have finally won over the President." Count von +Reventlow in the Tageszeitung complains of the note's "far too +threatening and peremptory tone." The Kreuz-Zeitung says: "We are +trying hard to resist the thought that the United States with its +standpoint as expressed in the note, aims at supporting England," and +Georg Bernhard of the Vossische Zeitung believes that yielding to +President Wilson's argument means "the weakening of Germany to the +enemy's advantage," adding that any one who has this in mind "is not +neutral, but takes sides against Germany and for her enemies." The +Boersen Zeitung says it is compelled to say, with regret, that the +note is very unsatisfactory and "one cannot escape feeling that the +shadow of England stands behind it." The New Yorker Staats-Zeitung +says that the note is distinguished for its "clear language," and +quotes the phrase "deliberately unfriendly" while noting the demand +for disavowal and reparation. "Of quite unusual weight," the +Staats-Zeitung says, "is the hint on the fact that the United States +and Germany, so far as the freedom of the seas is concerned, have the +same object in view." "Sharp and clear is it also explained" that +after the end of the war the United States is "ready to play the role +of an intermediary, in order to find a practicable way out." In fact, +the note handed to the Government in Berlin "is at the same time meant +for London," since it expresses itself as determined to protect +neutrals "against every one of the warring nations." The New Yorker +Herold is "certain that the complications will be settled amicably," +while the Illinois Staats-Zeitung feels that "apparently our +Government has a secret agreement with England intentionally to +provoke Germany." + +In praise of this note American press opinion is again nearly +unanimous. The New York World says that "what the President exacts of +Germany is the minimum that a self-respecting nation can demand." The +New York Tribune calls the note an admirable American document. The +Rochester Democrat and Chronicle says it is strongly put, but not too +strongly, and the Boston Herald thinks there is no escape from its +logic. The Philadelphia Public Ledger says "the final word of +diplomacy has obviously been said," and the Administration cannot +"engage in further debate or yield on any point." The Chicago Herald +believes the note is couched in terms that "no intelligent man would +resent from a neighbor whose friendship he values." The St. Louis +Republic says: "One hundred and twenty-eight years of American history +and tradition speak in President Wilson's vindication." The St. Paul +Pioneer Press calls the note "a great American charter of rights," and +the Charleston News and Courier declares that "we have drawn a line +across which Germany must not step." The Portland Oregonian says: "If +there was any expectation that the President's note to Germany would +yield any measure of American rights or descend from the noble and +impressive determination of the original warning to and demand upon +Germany, it has not been fulfilled." + + + + +Austria-Hungary's Protest + + +_An Associated Press dispatch dated London, July 16, says:_ + +According to an Amsterdam dispatch to Reuter's Telegram Company it is +stated from Vienna that the Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign +Affairs sent a note to the American Ambassador at Vienna on June 29, +drawing attention to the fact that commercial business in war material +on a great scale is proceeding between the United States and Great +Britain and her Allies, while Austria-Hungary and Germany are +completely cut off from the American market. + +It is set forth in the note that this subject has occupied the +Government of the Dual Monarchy from the very beginning, and, although +the Government is convinced that the American attitude arises from no +other intention than to observe the strictest neutrality and +international agreements, yet "the question arises whether conditions +as they have developed during the course of the war, certainly +independently of the wish of the American Government, are not of such +a kind as in their effect to turn the intentions of the Washington +Cabinet in a contrary direction. + +"If this question is answered in the affirmative, and its affirmation +cannot be doubted," according to the opinion of the Austro-Hungarian +Government, "then the question follows whether it does not seem +possible, or even necessary, that appropriate measures should be taken +to make fully respected the wish of the American Government to remain +a strictly impartial vis-a-vis of both belligerent parties." + +The note continues: + +"A neutral government cannot be allowed to trade in contraband +unhindered, if the trade take the form and dimensions whereby the +neutrality of the country will be endangered. The export of war +material from the United States as a proceeding of the present war is +not in consonance with the definition of neutrality. The American +Government, therefore, is undoubtedly entitled to prohibit the export +of war material. + +"Regarding the possible objections that American industry is willing +to supply Austria-Hungary and Germany, which, however, is impossible +owing to the war situation, it may be pointed out that the American +Government is in a position to redress this state of things. It would +be quite sufficient to advise the enemies of Austria-Hungary and +Germany that the supply of foodstuffs and war material would be +suspended if legitimate trade in these articles between Americans and +neutral countries was not permitted." + +In conclusion, the Austro-Hungarian Government appeals to the United +States, calling attention to the uninterrupted good relations and +friendship between that country and the dual monarchy, to take the +present note under careful consideration. + + +WHY AUSTRIA ACTED + +_A dispatch from Vienna, via London, dated July 16, gives the +following information from The Associated Press:_ + +From a highly authoritative source at the Foreign Office a +representative of The Associated Press has received an explanation of +the motives that are said to have inspired the dispatch of the +Austro-Hungarian note to the United States regarding the American +traffic in war munitions. + +The Austro-Hungarian statesman who spoke said that, although the facts +upon which the note was based had been in existence for a long time, +the communication was sent only now, when, after great victories in +Galicia, it could not be interpreted as a cry for help from a land in +distress. He disavowed in advance any idea that the note was sent at +the request or inspiration of Germany, asserting that the step was +taken spontaneously in the hope that, owing to the undisturbed +friendly relations between Austria-Hungary and the United States, the +note would be assured a sympathetic reception in the latter country. + +"The note," said this statesman, "is inspired by friendly feelings of +the monarchy toward the Union, where so many of our subjects have +found a second home. It is the speech of a friend to a friend--an +attitude which we are the more justified in taking because the +relations of the two states have never been clouded. + +"It might, perhaps, easily be a source of wonder that, since the basic +grounds of the note have been in existence for months, the note was +not sent long ago; but there is a reason for its appearance at this +particular time. In view of the incredible rumors and reports about +the condition of the monarchy which have been circulating throughout +the United States, this note would surely have been interpreted at an +earlier stage of events as a confession of weakness, as an appeal for +help in distress. Today, when a rich harvest is being garnered +throughout the monarchy, when talk of starving out Austria-Hungary +therefore is rendered idle, when complaints of shortage of ammunition +are heard everywhere else except in the allied central monarchies, +there cannot be the slightest question of this. + +"On the other hand, it might be asked why the note, under these +conditions, was issued at all. With nothing to check the victorious +progress of the central powers in sight, with their ability to meet +pressure in the economic field demonstrated, it might well be thought +that it is a matter of indifference to them whether America continues +her policy or not. That, however, is not the case. The problems of +international law which this war has brought up are of far-reaching +importance. The solutions reached will be standards of action for +decades to come. + +"For eminently practical as well as theoretical reasons, therefore, +the monarchy is forced now not only to concern itself with the +questions of the day, but also to feel its responsibility toward the +future interests of mankind; and for this reason the Government +thought it necessary to approach the subject under discussion--the +more so because it felt that the previous debate pro and con had not, +as it wished, led to the desired result, and because it believed that +numbers of arguments specially laid down in The Hague Convention +hitherto had escaped consideration. + +"It may, of course, be assumed that the note is a product of mature +consideration, and was drafted after consultation with international +law experts of the first rank. The absence of the slightest hostile +intent in it against the Union is shown not only by the opening +phrases, but by the fact that it was published only after it leaked +out in the United States that there was no objection to its +publication. + +"The question of whether Austria-Hungary feels that she is being cut +off by America may be answered unreservedly in the affirmative. The +military monarchy can and will continue the war as long as necessary. +The population will, as hitherto, suffer neither starvation nor +material want. But there are other interests than those connected +primarily with war which every Government is bound to consider, and +unhampered trade relations with the United States are of the greatest +importance to us. + +"Finally, not only material, also I might say sentimental, interests +play a certain role not to be underestimated among the people. Many +warm friends of America among us are painfully affected by the fact +that actual conditions give the impression that America, even though +unintentionally, differentiates between the belligerents. + +"Austro-Hungarian statesmen, conscious of the great role that America +will be called upon to play in the future, would forget their duty if +they neglected to do everything in their power to clear away the +circumstances that shake the confidence of the bravely fighting armies +and the whole population in the justice of America. It is clear that +the war would have been ended long ago if America had not supplied our +enemies with the means of continuing it. + +"The assumption that the Austro-Hungarian note was sent at the wish of +the German Government is incorrect. On the contrary, it is a +completely spontaneous demonstration, inspired wholly by the +Austro-Hungarian considerations. We hope it will be received and +judged in America in the same spirit in which it was sent." + + +MR. WOOLSEY'S OPINION + +_Theodore S. Woolsey, formerly Professor of International Law at Yale +University, in Leslie's Weekly, for July 29, has an article entitled +"The Case for the Munitions Trade." In part Professor Woolsey says:_ + +In the midst of widespread industrial depression came a great war. +This war intensified the depression. It cut off markets, raised +freights, retarded payments, upset the whole commercial world and we +suffered with the rest. Then shortly came a demand for certain +products and certain manufactures caused by the war itself, varied, +considerable, even unexpected. This demand grew until it became an +appreciable factor in our industrial life, a welcome source of profit +when so many other sources of profit were cut off. It was a good +thing; at the same time it was a temporary, unnatural thing, and +directly or indirectly it was based upon the desire of some of our +friends to kill others of our friends. Accordingly people began to +give this trade bad names. They called it unneutral, wrong, inhuman. + +For the sake of our pockets we were adding to the sum of human +suffering and slaughter, and they urged that, even if legally +justified, ethically this trade was a blot upon our character as a +humane and civilized people and must be stopped. Where does the truth +lie? What can the munitions trade say for itself? + +Naturally, it turns for justification first to the usage of other +wars, to the recognized rules of international law. As expressed in +Article 7, Convention XIII, of the 1907 Conference at The Hague, the +law is as follows: + +"A neutral power is not bound to prevent the export or transit, for +the use of either belligerent, of arms, ammunitions or, in general, of +anything which could be of use to an army or fleet." + +The next previous article had prohibited a Government from engaging in +this trade, so that the distinction between what the State and the +individual may do is made perfectly clear, provided both belligerents +are treated alike. To permit trade in arms with one belligerent and +forbid it with another would be unneutral and illegal. + +We permit the munitions trade with both belligerents, it is true, and +yet, owing to the chances of war, the right to buy inures to the +advantage of one only. Does this stamp our conduct as unneutral? Quite +the contrary. To embargo munitions bought by one because the other +side does not choose to buy would be the unneutral act. Germany +doesn't buy because she cannot transport. + +She cannot transport, because she does not care to contest the +control of the sea with her enemies. Have we aught to do with that? To +supplement her naval inferiority by denying to the Allies the fruits +of their superiority would be equivalent to sharing in the war on the +German side. Moreover, to assume and base action upon German naval +inferiority in advance of any general trial of strength would be not +only illegal, but even an insult to Germany. Notice that no complaints +of our export of munitions have come from the German Government. To +make such complaint would be to plead the baby act. Rather than risk +her fleet by contesting the control of the sea, thus gaining her share +of munitions imports, Germany has chosen to withdraw it behind +fortifications, thus losing the munitions trade. Probably the decision +is a sound one, but she must accept the results. + +The opposition to the trade seems to come from two classes: + +(1) German sympathizers who seek to minimize the advantage which sea +power gives the Allies. + +(2) Those who are governed by their emotions rather than by reason and +respect for law. I would call the attention of both these classes to +the usage, especially to the German usage, in other wars. + +Professor Gregory, in an interesting article, gives statistics of the +large German exports of arms to the British forces in the Boer war +after the Boer trade had been cut off. In the Russo-Japanese war Krupp +notoriously supplied both sides. In the Balkan war there was said to +be competition between Krupp and Creusot in furnishing cannon. No +state in the nature of things can satisfy its needs in war completely +from its own resources. Every belligerent has bought, every neutral +has allowed its citizens to sell, munitions since modern war began. +England sympathized with the South in our civil war, yet sold to the +North. She did the same in 1870 to France. + +If the trade in munitions is to be forbidden, then every state must +accumulate its own supply or greatly enlarge its arms manufacturing +capacity, both wasteful processes. To say that a moderate trade is +lawful which a big trade is not is like the excuse of the lady who +thought her baby born out of wedlock did not matter because it was +such a little one. + +The critics of the munitions trade must note furthermore that in our +own country that trade cannot be forbidden without explicit +legislation. + +At the outset of the Spanish war such legislation was passed, as a war +measure, forbidding the export of coal or other war material at the +discretion of the President. But by resolution of Congress of March +14, 1912, the 1898 resolution was so amended as to apply to American +countries only. The reason for this distinction was, of course, to +limit the danger of such exports of arms to our neighbor states, +particularly to Mexico, as might endanger our own peace and safety. +The general right to trade was left undisturbed. + +But let us argue the question on ethical grounds alone. I can see no +difference between a peace trade and a war trade from the humanitarian +standpoint; between arming a neighbor by our exports in preparation +for war and rearming him during war. In both cases we help him to +kill. Now, if one regards all war as wrong, aid in waging war by trade +in munitions, whether in peace time or war time, should be abhorrent +to one's conscience. A Quaker gun is not only a paradox, but a sinful +one. + +Most of us, however, believe that a defensive war, against aggression +threatening the life and liberties of a nation, is just and right. In +the present war both parties claim to be fighting in self-defense. We +are not their judge; we must take both at their word; what we owe +both, ethically, is simply equality of treatment. + +We help both alike in waging a just war. To do otherwise is to take +part in their war. With the flux and flow of the contest which makes +our trade valuable or worthless now to one side, now to the other, +both ethically and legally we have nothing to do. + + + + +Armenian, Orduna, and Others + + +_The diplomatic significance of the sinking of the Leyland liner +Armenian on June 28 off the northwest coast of Cornwall is thus dwelt +upon in a Washington dispatch to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _dated July 2, +1915:_ + +The lessons to be derived from the destruction of the Leyland liner +Armenian off the English coast are expected to have a most important +bearing upon the diplomatic controversy between Germany and the United +States over the safety of human life in the submarine warfare. + +It is believed here that the Armenian affair demonstrates that it is +possible for German submarines of the latest types, when equipped with +outside rapid-fire guns, to comply with the demand of President Wilson +that the belligerent right of visit and search must be complied with +before merchantmen and passenger ships are torpedoed. + +Whatever the facts as to minor detail, the outstanding lesson of the +affair is that a merchantman tried to escape capture and was finally +forced to halt and surrender by a pursuing submarine, and the +destruction of the liner by torpedo was not attempted until after +those on board who survived the chase had an opportunity to take to +the boats. It is evident that if the Armenian's Captain had heeded the +warning shots of the submarine and halted the steamer he could have +submitted to visit and search and in all probability the destruction +of the Armenian could have been effected without loss of life. All +international law experts agree that a vessel that refuses to halt +when challenged by warning shots from a properly commissioned +belligerent war vessel proceeds at her own peril. + +In its broader aspects, the Armenian incident presents the most +important lesson that has come out of the German undersea campaign for +consideration by those engaged in the diplomatic controversy over the +various acts of the German submarines--and the lesson is considered +extremely vital in its bearing on the pending negotiations, because, +if it is at all possible for submarines to exercise the right of visit +and search and they actually proceed in accordance with that rule, the +Germans may proceed with their warfare against merchantmen carrying +contraband without running counter to the expectations of the United +States Government. Occasional merchantmen may try to escape capture or +destruction by disregarding warning shots, but that will be their +affair and the responsibility for loss of life due to efforts to elude +submarines, and caused during the period of continued efforts to +escape, would not then rest upon the submarines. + +The effective use of rapid-fire guns mounted on submarines in bona +fide efforts to halt merchant steamers for purpose of visit and search +is the important factor in the situation. A submarine not so equipped +would find it difficult, if not impossible, to apply the rule of visit +and search. Without the outside guns such a submarine would possess no +other effective weapon than the torpedo. The submarine that carried no +exterior armament could not compel obedience to its mandate for the +merchant Captain to stop without firing a torpedo and thus risking the +destruction of life with the sinking of the steamer, and a submarine +with no outside armament might run the risk, as frequently contended +by the German Admiralty, of bomb attack from the rails of the merchant +steamer when going alongside of such a vessel. + +[Illustration: GENERAL CARLO CANEVA + +One of the Most Conspicuous of Italian Military Commanders + +(_Photo from Central News._)] + +[Illustration: H.I.M. FRANCIS JOSEPH I. + +Latest Portrait of the Venerable Sovereign of the Austro-Hungarian +Empire + +(_Photo from Bain._)] + +A submarine like the U-38, which sank the Armenian, carrying one or +more outside guns, capable of discharging various kinds of shell, from +blank shots to shrapnel, represents an important evolution in the +development of marine warfare. Such a craft has the equipment to +enable her to visit and search a passing merchantman, and to provide +for the safe removal of officers, crew or passengers from a challenged +steamer, before the destruction of the vessel. It is only necessary +for such a submarine to fire her torpedoes as a last resort for the +destruction of the steamer. With her exterior guns a submarine like +the U-38, upon meeting a merchant vessel, may fire one or more warning +shots, as Captain Trickey of the Armenian says the U-38 did.[1] The +raider, he said, fired two warning shots, and when he turned away from +her and put on speed, the submarine's guns opened fire on him with +shrapnel. + +[Footnote 1: Captain Trickey, describing the destruction of his +vessel, through which several Americans lost their lives, said on July +1 in Liverpool: + +"We sighted the submarine about 6.48 o'clock Monday night, June 28, +when we were about twenty miles west of Trevose Head, on the northwest +coast of Cornwall. We were then about four miles away. She drew +closer. She fired two shots across our bows. I then turned my stern to +her and ran for all I was worth. The submarine shelled us all the +time, killing several of the crew and cutting away several of our +boats. The boats had already been swung out, and some of the men had +taken up positions in them ready for the order to lower away. In some +cases the falls were cut by shrapnel, and several of the men fell into +the sea. + +"A stern chase ensued, lasting for about an hour, the German shelling +us unceasingly. My steering gear was cut and knocked out of order. One +shell came through the engine-room skylight, and another knocked the +Marconi house away. Still another shell went down the funnel, +disabling the stokehole and making it impossible to keep up a full +head of steam. Thirteen of my crew were lying dead on the deck, and +the ship was on fire in three places. Then I decided to surrender. It +was the only thing I could do. By this time the submarine had +decreased the distance between us to about a mile. + +"From the moment we surrendered the Germans acted fairly toward us and +gave us ample time to get out of the ship. They even rescued some of +the men--three, I think--who had previously fallen from the boats and +were still afloat aided by their lifebelts. When we had got away from +the ship the submarine fired two torpedoes into her and she sank at +8.07 o'clock. We remained in the boats all night and were picked up +the next morning by the Belgian steam trawler President Stevens."] + + +THE ANGLO-CALIFORNIAN + +_Like the Armenian, the British merchantman Anglo-Californian refused +to lie-to when signaled by a German submarine on July 2. Her crew of +ninety-five included fifty Americans and Canadians. A Queenstown +dispatch of July 5 gave the following account of the action:_ + +The Anglo-Californian left Montreal for the British Isles on June 24. +The submarine was sighted at 8 o'clock last Sunday morning. Captain +Parslow ordered full steam ahead and wireless calls for aid were sent +out. The submarine on the surface proved to be a far speedier craft +than the steamer and rapidly overhauled her, meanwhile deluging her +with shells. One shot put the wireless apparatus on the +Anglo-Californian out of action. Finding that he could not escape by +running for it Captain Parslow devoted his attention to manoeuvring +his ship so as to prevent the submarine from using torpedoes +effectively. + +"Our Captain was a brave man," said one of the narrators. "He kept at +his post on the bridge, coolly giving orders as the submarine circled +around us vainly seeking to get a position from which it could give us +a death blow with a torpedo. All the while the under-water boat +continued to rain, shot and shell upon us, and at times was so close +that she was able to employ rifle fire effectively. + +"At last one shell blew the Captain off the bridge, killing him +outright and terribly mutilating him. Just before that he had given +orders to launch the boats, but this was very difficult under the +shell fire. Several men were struck down while working at the davits. +Ultimately four boats were got overboard and were rowed away until +picked up." + +The son of Captain Parslow, serving as second mate, was standing by +his father's side when the Captain was killed. The son was knocked +down by the violence of the explosion. Springing to his feet, he +seized the wheel, and, as ably as his father had done, continued +dodging the submarine. Another shell burst alongside him, shattering +one of the spokes of the wheel, but young Parslow retained his post. + +The wireless SOS calls that had been sent out at the first alarm had +reached those able to give more than passive assistance, however, and +British destroyers appeared. On their approach the submarine abandoned +the attack and submerged. Young Parslow was still at the wheel when +the destroyers came up. + +[Illustration: War zone area showing where the Armenian, (British); +Normandy, (American); Anglo-Californian, (British), and Orduna, +(British) ships were attacked during the month of July.] + + +THE NORMANDY + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Liverpool, dated July 13, 1915, +reported:_ + +How an American ship is alleged to have been used as a shield by a +German submarine for the sinking of another vessel is related by +members of the crew of the American bark Normandy, which has arrived +here from Gulfport, Miss. + +The story is that the Normandy was stopped by a German submarine sixty +miles southwest of Tuskar Rock, off the southeast coast of Ireland, +Friday night. The captain was called aboard the submarine, whence his +papers were examined and found to show that the ship was chartered by +an American firm January 5. + +The captain of the bark, it was asserted, was allowed to return to +the Normandy, but under the threat that his ship would be destroyed +unless he stood by and obeyed orders. These orders, it was stated, +were that he was to act as a shield for the submarine, which lay +around the side of the bark, hiding itself from an approaching vessel. + +This vessel proved to be the Russian steamer Leo. Presently the +submarine submerged and proceeded around the bow of the Normandy, so +the story went, and ten minutes later the crew of the Normandy saw the +Leo blown up. + +Twenty-five persons were on board, of whom eleven were drowned, +including three stewardesses. Those saved included three Americans, +Walter Emery of North Carolina, Harry Clark of Sierra, and Harry +Whitney of Camden, N.J. All these three men when interviewed +corroborated the above story. They declared that no opportunity was +given those on board the Leo for saving lives. + +The Leo was bound from Philadelphia for Manchester with a general +cargo. + +The Captain of the Normandy told the survivors that he would have +liked to signal their danger to them, but that he dared not do so, +because his uninsured ship would then have been instantly sunk. + +_In a Washington dispatch to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _sent July 13, +appeared the following:_ + +The State Department received a short dispatch late this afternoon +from Consul General Washington at Liverpool, confirming the report +that three Americans were among those rescued by the American bark +Normandy at the time of the sinking of the Russian merchant steamer +Leo by a German submarine off the Irish coast Friday night. This is +the case in which press dispatches asserted that the submarine +commander forced the Captain of the Normandy to use his bark as a +shield behind which the submarine hid before firing the torpedo which +sank the Leo. + +The cablegram from Consul General Washington makes no mention of this +phase of the affair, and does not show whether the German submarine +gave any warning to the commander of the Russian merchant ship before +firing the shot which destroyed the latter vessel. The official +message says that the Normandy was stopped by the submarine, that the +Normandy's papers were examined, and that she was allowed to proceed. +The message added that the Normandy rescued three American citizens +who were members of the crew of the Leo, and names them as Walter +Emery, seaman, of Swan Quarter, N.C.; Harry Whitney, steward, of +Camden, N.J., and Harry Clark, fireman, of 113 East Fifty-second +Street, Seattle, Wash. + + +THE ORDUNA + +_This is the official statement of Captain Thomas M. Taylor of the +Cunard liner Orduna, concerning the attack made on his vessel by a +German submarine off Queenstown, westbound, on the morning of July 9:_ + +At 6.05 A.M., July 9, the lookout man on the after bridge rang the +telegraph, at the same time pointing his hand downward and out on the +port beam. The third officer was immediately sent aft to inquire what +was seen. He returned quickly and reported both men had seen a torpedo +pass across the stern from port to starboard, only ten feet clear of +the rudder. In the meantime both the chief officer and myself +distinctly saw the trail of the torpedo, extending from the stern to +about 200 yards out on the port beam. About eight minutes afterwards +the chief officer and I saw the submarine come to the surface about +two points on the starboard quarter, a distance of about +three-quarters of a mile, with five or six men on her deck, getting +her guns ready. + +I immediately ordered all possible steam, altered the course, and +brought her right astern, when they began shelling us. The first shot +struck the water abreast of the forecastle on the starboard side, +about thirty feet off. The second dropped just under the bridge; +third, abreast of No. 5 hatch, quite close alongside; fourth, under +the stern, sending up a volume of water forty feet high; fifth and +sixth and last shells all fell short. The firing then ceased, and the +submarine was soon left far astern. + +Marconi distress signals were sent out at once. We were thirty-seven +miles south of Queenstown. I got a reply that assistance would be with +us in an hour, but it was four hours before the small armored yacht +Jennette appeared. I account for the torpedo missing the ship to their +misjudging the speed, allowing fourteen knots instead of sixteen, +which we were doing at the time. The torpedo passed only ten feet +clear. + +It was an ideal day for torpedo attack--light wind, slight ripple, +clear weather. The periscope could only have been a few inches above +water, for a very strict lookout was being kept at the time by chief +and third officers and myself and four lookout men. However, we failed +to see her before she fired the torpedo. + +Not the least warning was given, and most or nearly all the passengers +were asleep at the time. It was almost another case of brutal murder. + +We had twenty-one American passengers on board. + +_A Washington dispatch of July 20 to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _announced:_ + +The President and the Cabinet decided today to have an investigation +made in the case of the British steamer Orduna, which was attacked by +a German submarine on July 9 while on her way from Liverpool to New +York. This action was taken following the receipt of a statement from +W.O. Thompson, counsel of the Federal Industrial Commission, who was a +passenger on the ship. + +Mr. Thompson did not see any torpedo fired at the Orduna by the German +submarine, and was unable to give first-hand testimony that the Orduna +had been fired on without notice. It was determined, however, that the +report of Mr. Thompson justified the Government in making an +investigation. + +Accordingly, Secretary Lansing wrote a letter to Secretary McAdoo, +requesting that his department undertake the investigation, which will +probably be intrusted to the Collector of Customs at New York. + +At the State Department it was said that the attention of the German +Government had not been called to the charge that the Orduna was fired +on by a German submarine without warning. Any action of that sort, if +taken, will follow the investigation which is now ordered. + + +NEBRASKAN'S CASE + +_Ambassador Gerard on July 15 formally transmitted to Washington +Germany's admission of liability and expression of regret for the +attack by a German submarine on the American steamer Nebraskan._ + +_Secretary Lansing's announcement of the German memorandum follows:_ + +Ambassador Gerard has telegraphed to the Department of State the +following memorandum from the German Foreign Office relative to the +damaging of the American steamer Nebraskan by a German submarine: + +"The German Government received from newspaper reports the +intelligence that the American steamer Nebraskan had been damaged by a +mine or torpedo on the southwest coast of Ireland. It therefore +started a thorough investigation of the case without delay, and from +the result of the investigation it has become convinced that the +damage to the Nebraskan was caused by an attack by a submarine. + +"On the evening of May 25 last the submarine met a steamer bound +westward without a flag and no neutral markings on her freeboard, +about 65 nautical miles west of Fastnet Rock. No appliance of any kind +for the illumination of the flag or markings was to be seen. In the +twilight, which had already set in, the name of the steamer was not +visible from the submarine. Since the commander of the submarine was +obliged to assume from his wide experience in the area of maritime war +that only English steamers, and no neutral steamers, traversed the war +area without flag and markings, he attacked the vessel with a torpedo, +in the conviction that he had an enemy vessel before him. Some time +after the shot the commander saw that the vessel had in the meantime +hoisted the American flag. As a consequence, he, of course, refrained +from any further attack. Since the vessel remained afloat, he had no +occasion to concern himself further with the boats which had been +launched. + +"It results from this that without a doubt that attack on the steamer +Nebraskan was not meant for the American flag, nor is it traceable to +any fault on the part of the commander of the German submarine, but is +to be considered an unfortunate accident. The German Government +expresses its regret at the occurrence to the Government of the United +States of America and declares its readiness to make compensation for +the damage thereby sustained by American citizens." + + + + +Results of Submarine Warfare + + +LIVERPOOL'S EXPERIENCE + +_A London cable dispatch to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _dated London, July +8, said:_ + +Nearly 20,000 vessels have entered or left the port of Liverpool since +the German submarine blockade began. This, said Sir A. Norman Hill, +Secretary of the Liverpool Steamship Owners' Association, speaking at +Liverpool yesterday, showed that the Germans had failed in their +attempt to blockade British ports. + +On these 20,000 voyages the Germans had captured or destroyed only +twenty-nine ships, he continued. What did that represent? Ships which +had sailed in and out of Liverpool had completed in safety 998 out of +every 1,000 voyages upon which they started. That was a magnificent +record, he held, of perils faced and overcome. + + +FIRST WEEK WITH NO LOSS + +_An Associated Press dispatch of July 22 from London remarked:_ + +So far as British vessels were concerned, the German submarines drew a +blank during the week ended yesterday. Not a single British merchant +ship or fishing craft was sunk. + +It was the first week since the war began that some loss to British +shipping had not been occasioned by German cruisers, mines, or +submarines. + +During the week 1,326 vessels of more than 300 tons each arrived at or +departed from ports of the United Kingdom. + +The German war-zone decree went into effect on February 18. Since then +the weekly losses of ships and lives from torpedoes have been as +follows: + +_Week Ending_ _Vessels._ _Lives._ +February 25 11 9 +March 4 1 0 +March 11 7 38 +March 18 6 13 +March 25 7 2 +April 1 13 165 +April 8 8 13 +April 15 4 0 +April 22 3 10 +April 29 3 0 +May 6 24 5 +May 13 2 1,260 +May 20 7 13 +May 27 7 7 +June 3 19 32 +June 10 36 21 +June 17 19 19 +June 24 3 1 +July 1 9 29 +July 8 15 2 +July 15 12 13 +July 22 2 0 + --- ----- +Total 218 1,652 + +Of the two vessels torpedoed in the week of July 22, the Russian +steamer Balwa was attacked on July 16. On the following day another +Russian steamer, the General Radetzky, was torpedoed. Both hailed from +Riga, and the crews of both were saved. + + +WARFARE MODIFIED? + +_A record reported to have been compiled chiefly from British +Admiralty sources since the sinking of the Lusitania was published by +The New York American on July 13, showing that out of 122 ships sunk +by German submarines in the war zone, every passenger or sailor was +saved on all but 14. Following is The American's summary:_ + +Total number of ships definitely reported +sunk by German submarines +in sixty-four days, since the +Lusitania was torpedoed 122 + +Number of ships on which any loss +of life occurred 14 + +[Note: Some of these fatalities +occurred, according to British Admiralty +reports, either from explosion +of torpedoes or from upsetting +of lifeboats, or from gunfire of submarines +while the enemy ship was +trying to escape.] + +Total loss of life on 122 ships, from +all causes 131 + + +GERMAN ACCOUNTS + +_In a Berlin dispatch of July 14, by wireless to Sayville, Long +Island, the following was given out by the Overseas News Agency:_ + +During the month of June twenty-nine British, three French, one +Belgian, and nine Russian merchantmen were sunk by German submarines. + +The total loss of the Entente Allies by submarines, including fishing +steamers, which mostly were armed patrol boats, aggregated 125,000 +tons. + +The loss of human life was remarkably small, the submarines using +every precaution and giving ample warning and time for crews to leave +their ships if no resistance was attempted. + +_The total of losses in ships of the Allies' merchant marine around +the English coast in the period between February 18 (the beginning of +the German submarine war zone) and May 18, as compiled from German +data, was published in the Frankfurter Zeitung of June 6. This +publication, the first issue from German quarters, contains also a +list of the various allied ships sunk, totaling 111, together with the +nationality and tonnage of each, and a charted map of the British +Isles showing where each ship was sunk._ + +_In describing the achievements of the German submarine against their +foes--the neutral ships sunk are not included--the Frankfurter +Zeitung's article says:_ + +In the period of three months since the 18th of February, a day +memorable for history, our submarines have inflicted on the enemy +merchant shipping, in the first place the English merchant marine, a +total loss of 111 ships with a displacement of 234,239 tons. The +figures may, perhaps, not seem especially large in comparison with the +gigantic number of merchant ships flying the flag of the enemy. But in +this method of warfare the percentage loss of ships of our opponent as +compared with his total does not count, but rather the fact that +through the regularity and inevitableness of the marine catastrophes +the enemy shipping shall be disturbed as poignantly as possible, and +that there should as a result of this disturbance appear in the +economic life of England phenomena similar to those which the English +plan of the isolation of Germany aims at without, however, having +succeeded in getting any nearer to its goal, owing to the inherent +strength and power of adaptation of German business. + +The rise of prices now prevalent in England, and the paralyzing of +great branches of trade which could not occur in an England that +really ruled the sea, may be attributed in chief part to this war of +the submarines. The advantage of the insular position of England has +been greatly lessened, thanks to this excellent German weapon, even if +it cannot be completely eliminated. But if one compares with the total +voyages of the English merchant shipping the losses of the English +merchant marine, amounting to more than 100 ships in a period of +exactly ninety days, and a tonnage of 216,000 tons, (from the totals +mentioned above there must be deducted the shares of France and +Russia,) then we must consider only that part of the British merchant +marine that entered ports of the island kingdom in this period or left +them; and one must bear in mind further that a large number of those +ships is contained several times in the English statistics, since they +do coast service. + +But as valuable booty for our submarines particularly those ships are +to be regarded that import any kinds of commodities to England. And +statistics will later be able to show on the basis of these figures +the great success of the German submarine warfare, as indicated by +figures. + +A glance at the map that accompanies the list of losses suffices to +show that mine fields as little as great distances are factors of +decisive importance in the activities of our submarines. The closing +of the English Channel and of the North Channel (between Ireland and +Scotland) has not prevented our boats from penetrating wherever there +was booty. Even on the northwest coast of Scotland and out in the west +of Ireland the German submarines have carried on a successful hunt. +The numbers in the little circles on the map represent the successive +ships on the list. + +_The Frankfurter Zeitung adds figures given by the British Admiralty +on the same subject. These, it says, total 130 merchant ships with a +registered tonnage of 457,000 tons, from the beginning of the war to +May 26. Added to these, it says, are 83 fishing vessels with a tonnage +of 13,585 tons, making a total of 213 ships with 470,585 tons. It +says:_ + +These figures, however, are certainly incomplete, inasmuch as up to +March 16 there had already been announced 145 ships with a total +tonnage of 500,000 as lost, and the figures published by us above, +based upon authentic material, concerning the victims of our +submarines in three months, contradict beyond any power of dispute the +euphemistic presentation of the British Admiralty. Even so, however, +the English list still shows that since the beginning of the submarine +warfare, although in that period there was little to speak of in the +way of activities of the German cruisers abroad, the damage done to +the English fleet has risen according to the confession of the +Admiralty itself. Since Feb. 18, that is to say, since scarcely more +than a quarter of a year, according to the English figures, no less +than 56 British merchant ships with a tonnage of 187,000 tons (that is +to say, more than 40 per cent. of the total number of merchant ships +designated as lost) have been sunk. But if instead of these English +figures the German compilation, which is indubitably correct, be +accepted, then the entire picture changes considerably in our favor. + + + + +In Memoriam: + +REGINALD WARNEFORD + +[From Truth of London] + + + Young gallant soul, unversed in fear, + Who swiftly flew aloft to fame, + And made yourself a world-wide name, + Ere scarce had dawned your brief career. + + To glory some but slowly climb + By painful inches of ascent, + And some, hereon though sternly bent, + Ne'er reach it all their life's long time. + + But you--you soared as eagles soar; + At one strong flight you flashed on high; + The sudden chance came sudden nigh; + You seized it; off its spoils you bore. + + And now, while still the welkin rings + With your unmatched heroic deed, + To paean elegies succeed, + The mournful Muse your requiem sings. + + A requiem, yet with triumph rife! + How not, while men their souls would give + To die your death, so they might live + Your "crowded hour of glorious life"? + + Great hour, that knows not time nor tide, + Wild hour, that drinks an age's sweets, + Brave hour, that throbs with breathless feats, + Short hour, whose splendours long abide. + + + + +American Preparedness + +By Theodore Roosevelt + + +_In an address at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, +delivered on July 21, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt said:_ + +I have a very strong feeling about the Panama Exposition. It was my +good fortune to take the action in 1903, failure to take which, in +exactly the shape I took it, would have meant that no Panama Canal +would have been built for half a century, and, therefore, that there +would have been no exposition to celebrate the building of the canal. +In everything we did in connection with the acquiring of the Panama +Zone we acted in a way to do absolute justice to all other nations, to +benefit all other nations, including especially the adjacent States, +and to render the utmost service, from the standpoint alike of honor +and of material interest, to the United States. I am glad that this is +the case, for if there were the slightest taint upon our title or our +conduct it would have been an improper and shameful thing to hold this +exposition. + +The building of the canal nearly doubles the potential efficiency of +the United States Navy, as long as it is fortified and is in our +hands; but if left unfortified it would at once become a menace to us. + +What is true as to our proper attitude in regard to the canal is no +less true as regards our proper attitude concerning the interests of +the United States taken as a whole. The canal is to be a great agency +for peace; it can be such only, and exactly in proportion as it +increased our potential efficiency in war. + +Those men who like myself believe that the highest duty of this nation +is to prepare itself against war so that it may safely trust its honor +and interest to its own strength are advocating merely that we do as a +nation regarding our general interests what we have already done in +Panama. If, instead of acting as this nation did in the Fall of 1903, +we had confined ourselves to debates in Congress and diplomatic notes; +if, in other words, we had treated elocution as a substitute for +action, we would have done nobody any good, and for ourselves we would +have earned the hearty derision of all other nations--the canal would +not even have been begun at the present day, and there would have been +a general consensus of international opinion to the effect that we +were totally unfit to perform any of the duties of international life, +especially in connection with the Western hemisphere. + +Unfortunately in the last few years we have as regards pretty much +everything not connected with the Isthmus of Panama so failed in our +duty of national preparedness that I fear there actually is a general +consensus of opinion to precisely this effect among the nations of the +world as regards the United States at the present day. This is +primarily due to our unpreparedness. + +We have been culpably, well-nigh criminally, remiss as a nation in not +preparing ourselves, and if, with the lessons taught the world by the +dreadful tragedies of the last twelve months, we continue with soft +complacency to stand helpless and naked before the world, we shall +excite only contempt and derision if and when disaster ultimately +overwhelms us. + +Preparedness against war does not invariably avert war any more than a +fire department in a city will invariably avert a fire; and there are +well-meaning foolish people who point out this fact as offering an +excuse for unpreparedness. It would be just as sensible if after the +Chicago fire Chicago had announced that it would abolish its fire +department as for our people to take the same view as regards +military preparedness. Some years ago I was looking over some very old +newspapers contemporaneous with the early establishment of paid fire +departments in this country, and to my amusement I came across a +letter which argued against a paid fire department upon the ground +that the knowledge of its existence would tend to make householders +careless, and therefore would encourage fires. + +Greece was not prepared for war when she went to war with Turkey a +score of years ago. But this fact did not stop the war. It merely made +the war unsuccessful for Greece. China was not prepared for war with +Japan twenty-odd years ago, nor for war with the Allies who marched to +Peking fifteen years ago. + +_Colonel Roosevelt then discussed in detail the cases of China and +Belgium, comparing Belgium with Switzerland, and asserting that +Switzerland would have met Belgium's fate if she had not been prepared +to oppose invasion. Then taking up the case of China, he said:_ + +She has acted on the theory that the worst peace was better than the +best war, and therefore she has suffered all the evils of the worst +war and the worst peace. The average Chinaman took the view that China +was too proud to fight and in practice made evident his hearty +approval of the sentiments of that abject pacifist song: "I Didn't +Raise My Boy to be a Soldier," a song which should have as a companion +piece one entitled: "I Didn't Raise my Girl to be a Mother," approval +of which of course deprives any men or women of all right of kinship +with the soldiers and with the mothers and wives of the soldiers, +whose valor and services we commemorate on the Fourth of July and on +Decoration Day; a song, the singing of which seems incredible to every +man and woman capable of being stirred to lofty and generous +enthusiasm by the tremendous surge of Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn +of the Republic." China has steadily refused to prepare for war. +Accordingly China has had province after province lopped off her, +until one-half of her territory is now under Japanese, Russian, +English and French control. + +The professional pacifists, the peace-at-any-price, non-resistance, +universal arbitration people are now seeking to Chinafy this country. + +During the past year or so this nation has negotiated some thirty +all-inclusive peace treaties by which it is agreed that if any issue +arises, no matter of what kind, between itself and any other nation, +it would take no final steps about it until a commission of +investigation had discussed the matter for a year. This was an +explicit promise in each case that if American women were raped and +American men murdered, as has actually occurred in Mexico; or American +men, women, and children drowned on the high seas, as in the case of +the Gulflight and Lusitania; or if a foreign power secured and +fortified Magdalena Bay or the Island of St. Thomas, we would appoint +a commission and listen to a year's conversation on the subject before +taking action. + +England and France entered into these treaties with us, and we begged +Germany to enter into one, and, although Germany refused, yet if we +were right in entering into them with England and France, we deprived +ourselves of moral justification in refusing to fulfill their spirit +as regards Germany. Personally I believe that it was absolutely +necessary when the concrete case arose to repudiate the principle to +which we had thus committed ourselves. But it was a shameful thing to +have put ourselves in such a position that it had to be repudiated, +and it was inexcusable of us to decline to follow the principle in the +case of the Lusitania without at the same time making frank confession +of our error and misconduct by notifying all the powers with whom we +had already made the treaties that they were withdrawn, because in +practice we had found it impossible and improper to follow out the +principle to which they committed us. + + + + +First Year of the War + +Military Resumes of Operations on All Fronts--August, 1914 to August, +1915 + +By Lieutenant Walter E. Ives + +_Formerly of the Royal Prussian Thirteenth Dragoons_ + +_and_ + +By An American Military Expert + + +One Year's War + +By LIEUTENANT WALTER E. IVES + +I. + +THE WESTERN CAMPAIGN + +The first year of the European war has drawn to a close. A resume +covering the military events it has produced brings to view two +distinct phases of the campaign. The first phase comprises the period +from Aug. 3 to Oct. 27, and consists of a tenacious effort to carry +through the original plan of war of the German General Staff: to +strike a crushing blow at France, and after putting her "hors de +combat," to turn on the enemy in the East. The second phase comprises +the time from Oct. 27 to the present, and consists in the pursuance of +military aims forming the direct reversal of the original ones. + +The campaign against France, in consequence of the German plan of +strategy the first one to come into prominence, can, in its first +phase, be divided into four periods. + +The first period comprises the operations in Belgium, German Lorraine +and Alsace, from Aug. 3 to Aug. 23, the day before the Battle for the +Invasion of France, commonly, but incorrectly known as the battle of +Mons. + +The main blow at France was to come through Belgium. Five German +armies out of eight were hurled against this gateway to Northern +France. In Lorraine and Alsace the Germans were temporarily to remain +on the defensive. The protection of Lorraine was intrusted to the +Bavarian (Sixth) Army, that of Alsace to the remaining two armies. + +The French plan of operation was to check the invasion of Belgium on +the line Tongres-Liege-Longwy, where the Belgian Army, from a strictly +military point of view, forming the advance guards of the French Army +of the North, was holding strong positions, and with superior forces +to strike at the German Army of Lorraine. The aim was, avoiding Metz, +to reach the Moselle near Trier through the valley of the Saar, and to +roll up the German Army of the North from its left wing. An invasion +of Alsace was merely to satisfy political aspirations. + +The German advance in Belgium, however, remained unchecked, and in +Lorraine the battles of Dieuze and Saarbourg on Aug. 20 decided the +issue in favor of the Bavarians. In Alsace the French were victorious +over the Eighth Army and took Muelhausen, while further north, between +Muenster and Shirmeck, the Seventh Army checked the French invasion. + +Meanwhile the German avalanche in Belgium had reached the second line +of defense, Brussels-Namur-Longwy, before the French Army of the +North. The capture of Namur prompted the French staff to recall +advance guards, which had reached the fortress just as it surrendered, +and to accept battle in the line Mons-Charleroi-Givet-Longwy. The +battle for the invasion of France and the retirement of the French +armies in all the theatres of action which it caused opens the second +period of the campaign against France. + +The English contingent from Havre had joined the French Army just +before the German onslaught began. The battle was lost by the Allies +tactically and strategically through the defeat of their right wing at +Longwy and Neufchateau, and through the encircling of their left wing +at Mons. The direct result of the outcome was the German invasion of +France; the indirect consequence (resulting from the necessity of +drawing troops from the other fields of action to stem the German +invasion) was the retirement of the French armies in Lorraine and +Alsace to the line Verdun-Nancy-St. Die, and further south to the +passes of the Vosges, which they have been holding ever since. + +Sweeping on through Northern France, the German Army of the North was +breaking up all resistance in its path, such as was attempted by the +British at St. Quentin on Aug. 28, and was tearing with it all +fortresses, such as Longwy, La Fere, Maubeuge, and others; but it was +failing in its principal aim: to embrace the skillfully retreating +enemy before he could reach the line Paris-Verdun, which he had +selected and prepared for the next stand. + +On Aug. 30 the German plan of strategy was changed, and it was +resolved to break the centre of the enemy, throwing his left wing into +Paris and on the Seine and his right wing into Verdun, Toul, and +Epinal. The armies of the centre were pushed forward, while either +wing held back. The Allies were established in the general line +Paris-Verdun. + +The battle ensuing on Sept. 5 and the retreat of the Germans to the +Aisne are the events of the third period of this campaign, lasting +from Sept. 5 to Sept. 28. On Sept. 8, while the German attacks had all +but pierced the French centre, having already bent it back beyond the +line Sezanne-Vitry, the German right wing found itself outflanked by a +new allied army from Paris, which was rapidly moving northward and +threatened to roll up the entire German battle front from the +direction of Compiegne. The critical question, who would succeed +first, the Allies in outflanking the German right or the Germans in +piercing the French centre, was decided in favor of the Allies. +Anglo-French strategy triumphed. + +The tactical aspect of the situation, though, is best illustrated by +the message sent to his commander-in-chief by General Foch, commanding +the French Army of the Centre when he received the order to +counter-attack: "My left has been forced back, my right is routed. I +shall attack with the centre." When the counter-attack came it found +but rear guards opposing it. The retreat of the Germans, their right +flank constantly in danger of being rolled up, was a fine military +achievement. On Sept. 12 it halted on the Aisne. In the regions +northeast of Verdun the German left wing joined hands with the Sixth +German Army, which had followed up the retirement of the French Army +of Lorraine to the line Verdun-St. Die. + +Thus resting on Metz with its left wing the German battle-front was +strongly established on a line passing Verdun, to the east and +northeast, extending from there in a general westerly direction to the +valley of the Aisne as far as the region north of Compiegne, and from +that point northward to the region west of Peronne and Cambrai. + +The stability of this line, enabling a constant shifting of forces +toward the right wing, and the arrival there of the army released from +Maubeuge, made possible the extension of the battle-front to the +region of Arras, and frustrated all flanking movements on the part of +the Allies. + +The situation was again safe, but the plan to put the French army hors +de combat was far from having been realized. The German General Staff +therefore decided on a new plan. Its purpose was to gain control of +the northeast coast of France. A wedge should be driven between the +two allied countries, and Pas-de-Calais made the base of further +operations against both. The following out of this plan constitutes +the fourth and last period of the first phase of the western +campaign. It starts with the beginning of the siege of Antwerp on +Sept. 28 and ends with the first battle of Ypres on Oct. 27. + +The first step toward the accomplishment of the new aims was the +capture of Antwerp. Antwerp in the hands of the Allies meant a +constant menace to the German line of communication; in possession of +the Germans it signified the key to Northern France. The fortress was +taken on Oct. 9. The next point of strategic importance for the +pursuance of the German plan was Lille, which was taken on Oct. 12. + +But the change in the German plan of strategy had been recognized by +the Allies, and a new English army from Havre was hurried to the line +Bethune-Dunkirk to extend the allied left wing to the coast and block +the road to Calais. It reached West Flanders on Oct. 13, and on Oct. +16 it came in contact with the German Army that approached from +Antwerp. The latter joined the German right wing north of Lille and +extended it to Westende. On the 18th, after having brought up all +their reserves, the Germans began their onslaught to break through in +the region of Dixmude and Ypres. + +While, by Oct. 27, no appreciable impression had been made on the +allied battleline, the situation in the eastern seat of war had begun +to assume an alarming aspect, and necessitated the complete change in +the German plan of strategy, which marks the beginning of the second +phase of the war. + +On the western front this second phase meant for the Germans the going +into the defensive along the entire battleline, which the allied +armies have been relentlessly attempting to break. In spite of their +continuous heroic efforts only minor successes, such as that of the +British at Neuve Chapelle and that of the French to the north of +Arras, have been achieved. Counter attacks, forming the most essential +element of the modern defensive, have been launched by the Germans +incessantly, and have on several occasions resulted in successes +similar to those of the Allies, as, for instance, at Soissons and at +Ypres. On the whole, no changes of strategic importance have taken +place, and the German wall in France stands firm to this day. + +II. + +THE EASTERN CAMPAIGN + +While, in the early days of August, the bulk of the German Army was +moving westward, not more than ten army corps were available for the +campaign against Russia. To them and to the Austrian armies fell the +task of laying the basis for the offensive contemplated for a later +date. The plan of campaign was to draw the Russians into the Polish +bag and tie it up. It was based on the knowledge that Russia's +principal strategic aim must, under all circumstances, be Cracow, the +gateway to Vienna and Berlin. + +The enemy was to be allowed to reach it through Poland, while the +Germans should hold on to East Prussia and the Austrians to Galicia, +to flank the Russian advance from the north and south in preparation +for a campaign against the Russian lines of communication. This scheme +of bagging the enemy has governed all strategic moves of the campaign +against Russia to this day. + +But the Muscovites were on their guard. They paid little attention to +the few German divisions that were thrown into Poland in August, in +order to attract a Russian offensive, and began hammering at the +Teutonic flanking positions along the East Prussian frontier in the +north and the line Lublin-Tarnopol in the south. + +While the Russian offensive in East Prussia came to grief at +Tannenberg, it was most successful against Galicia, and the eighth +week of the war already found the Russian invasion west of the San, +Przemysl besieged, and the Austrian right wing flanked by vast bodies +of cavalry, which had penetrated the Carpathian passes and reached the +region of Munkacs. + +To relieve the pressure exerted on their Allies and give them a chance +once more to establish themselves in north-eastern Galicia, four +German army corps invaded Poland and advanced toward Radom and +Ivangorod. This counter move was successful. Menaced in their right +flank, the Russians quickly took back their army beyond the San. The +Austrians followed, raised the siege of Przemysl, and drove the +invaders from Hungary and straightened out their line from Sandomir to +Czernowitz. + +Meanwhile heavy Russian reinforcements had been brought up from +Ivangorod and were gradually put in action against the Germans east of +Radom. On Oct. 24, as soon as the Russian superiority became alarming, +the four German army corps, having, temporarily at least, accomplished +their purpose of re-establishing the Austrian campaign, beat a hasty +retreat toward Silesia, during which the second purpose of their +invasion, to draw into the Polish bag great masses of Russian troops, +was successfully achieved, the Russians having been led to believe +that they were pursuing a great German army. + +Simultaneously, though, with their advance in the path of the German +retreat in Poland, the Russians once more concentrated vast forces +against the menacing projection of the Austrian battleline in Galicia, +and the early days of November witnessed the second invasion of the +Austrian province. At the same time a new drive was made on East +Prussia, and the Germans were forced back into the region of the +Masurian Lakes. + +The retirement of the entire Teutonic battleline before the Russians, +who toward the end of October had reached the maximum of their +strength, marks the end of the first phase of the eastern campaign. It +had not accomplished all that had been expected of it. The enemy had +been drawn far into South Poland, but the base of operations for the +general offensive against his communications in the north had not been +established just where it should have been, and the Russian frontier +fortifications had been found better prepared for resistance than +those of Belgium, while in the south the Austrian base of operations +was entirely in the hands of the enemy. + +The second phase of the eastern campaign was therefore opened from a +new base--Thorn, where the main army had been gathered ever since Oct. +27, when the Russian danger had become alarming, and the offensive in +the west had been abandoned. It was suddenly launched with +irresistible force on Nov. 12, and rolled back numerically inferior +Russian armies, whose task it had been to protect the right flank of +the Russian advance on Silesia. + +Recognizing the danger to their operations in South Poland and +Galicia, where they had meanwhile approached the line of the Warta, +Cracow, and Neu Sandec, the Russians threw troops into North Poland +from all sides and succeeded in temporarily detaining the German +advance there, while they were continuing their supreme efforts to +break the Austro-German line south of Cracow. But the line held. At +the same time the German drive in North Poland was making steady +headway. + +On Dec. 6 the Germans took Lodz, and further north advanced on Lowitz, +and the Russian offensive in the Cracow district was given up. While +all troops that could be spared were sent northeast to support the +prepared lines of the Bzura and Rawka Rivers, the Russians in the +south fell back behind the Nida and Dunajec, joining with their right +wing their northern army in the region of Tomaschew, and extending +their left through the region of Gorlitz and Torka toward the Pruth. +In this line the Teutonic advance was checked. A new German drive on +the road from Soldau to Warsaw could likewise make no headway beyond +Mlawa, while on the other hand in East Prussia the Russian offensive +had been brought to a standstill. + +A siege warfare, like that in France, seemed imminent, except in the +Bukowina, where Russian forces during January were driving Austrian +troops before them. The Russian invasion of that province, however, +so distant from all strategically important points, was but a +political manoeuvre. + +The first movement of any consequence to occur was a desperate attempt +of the Austrians early in February to push forward with their right +wing in the direction of Stanislau, chiefly to bring relief to the +garrison of Przemysl. Simultaneously they began sweeping the Russians +out of Bukovina. The latter undertaking was successful, but the +advance on Stanislau was thrown back toward Nadworna. + +While the Austrian offensive was under way, General von Hindenburg +unexpectedly launched a vigorous attack in East Prussia, which +resulted in the destruction of the Russian East Prussian Army in the +region of the Masurian Lakes. Once more a successful drive at the +Russian "bread line" from the north seemed at hand. Already the armies +pursuing the Russians were hammering at the Russian fortifications +along the Niemen, Bobr, and Narew when the surrender of Przemysl, the +siege of which had uninterruptedly gone on behind the Russian lines +since November, on March 22 again presented to the Russians an +opportunity to break the Austrian battleline. + +To check the onslaught of the reinforced Russian armies against the +Carpathian passes early in April, troops must be drawn from General +von Hindenberg's armies, and the consequence was another deadlock in +the north. Meanwhile the reinforced Teutonic troops were hurriedly +concentrated for the counter-attack against the Russian offensive in +the Carpathians, and a great drive began against the Russian positions +on the Dunajec line, east of Cracow, early in May. Breaking all +resistance, it swept on toward Jaroslau and Przemysl on a sixty-mile +front. + +Threatened in their right and left flanks, respectively, the Russian +lines on the Nida and in the Carpathians fell back rapidly, while +reinforcements were sent to stem the Teutonic advance along the San. +But the Russian efforts were in vain. The momentum the Teutonic +offensive had gained carried it across the river, while further south +the Austrian right wing cleared the entire Carpathian front of the +enemy, hotly pushing his retreat. + +Przemysl was recaptured, the third Russian line of defense from +Rawa-Ruska to Grodeck and the Dniester was broken, and the end of June +saw Lemberg once more in the hands of the Teutons, and the Russian +line on the defensive and sorely pressed along a front extending from +the Bessarabian frontier along the Dniester to the mouth of the +Zlota-Lipa, and from there along the Zlota-Lipa and the Bug, well into +Russian territory, leaving the river southeast of Grubeschow, and +continuing from there in a northwesterly direction to the region of +Krasnik. + +Here it joined hands with the left wing of the Russian Army of the +Nida, which had retired before the Austro-German advance in a +northeasterly direction, intrenching along a line from Krasnik across +the Vistula and through Sjenno and Jastrshob (about fifteen miles +southwest of Radom) to the region of Tomaschew on the Pilitza. + +While this great Spring offensive from the Dunajec line was well under +way, small German forces invaded the Russian province of Courland. +Finding at first little resistance in the path of their unexpected +advance, they took Libau and established themselves on the +Dubissa-Windau line. During July the operations in Courland steadily +assumed greater proportions. + +Two bases for the campaign against the Russian lines of communication +have thus been firmly established in the flanks of the Russian Armies +west of the Vistula, both protruding far into their rear. Drives +against the Dunaburg-Warsaw line from the north and the +Minsk-Ivangorod line from the south will open the second year of the +eastern campaign. The first year of the incessant struggle has brought +the aims of the German strategy, the bagging of the Russian Armies, +within sight of its realization. + +III. + +CAMPAIGNS OF MINOR IMPORTANCE + +While the struggle in the two principal seats of war has been going +on, the passing year has witnessed fighting also of secondary +importance, though not less heroic, in three other fields of action: +Serbia, Turkey, and the Austro-Italian frontier. Whereas Turkey joined +the Teutons but three months after the beginning of hostilities, and +Italy was involved only at the end of May, Serbia was one of the first +nations to take the field. + +Austria's campaign against the little kingdom could under no +circumstances influence the events of the war, and was therefore void +of any strategic importance. For this reason, but three Austrian Army +corps were engaged in it. + +The purpose was merely to keep the Serbians busy, and prevent them +from invading Austrian soil. For the sake of the moral effect on the +other Balkan States the capture of Belgrade should be attempted. In +view of the strength of the Danube fortifications the operations were +launched from Bosnia and resulted in the forcing of the Drina line and +the capture of Valjevo on Nov. 17. The Serbian positions on the Danube +having thus been flanked, the abandonment of Belgrade on Dec. 2 was a +natural consequence of the Battle of Valjevo. + +Misled by their successes into the belief that the Serbian army had +been placed hors de combat, the Austrians advanced beyond the lines +destined to constitute the object of their offensive. In the difficult +mountain districts southeast of Valjevo the Serbians turned on the +invaders with superior forces and defeated them. The Austrian retreat +to the Drina which followed, necessitated the evacuation of Belgrade +on Dec. 15. Since then, the situation on the Serbian frontier has been +a deadlock, only desultory and insignificant fighting occurring for +the rest of the year. + +In contrast to the operations in Serbia, Turkey's campaign has direct +bearing on the European war. Its chief feature, the closing of the +Dardanelles, has been a serious blow to Russia. The frantic efforts of +the Allies to open them are the plainest evidence of its importance. + +The attempt in March to force the straits by naval power having +resulted in failure, an army was landed on the west coast of +Gallipoli, and after heavy fighting established itself on a line +running from Eski-Hissarlik on the south coast of the peninsula to the +region of Sari-Bair, on the north coast, constituting a front of +approximately twenty miles, within five miles of the west coast. No +progress further than this have the Allies been able to make up to the +present, and the watch at the Dardanelles stands firm as yet. + +The attacks of the Anglo-French armies, however, exerted influence on +Turkey's operations in other fields of action. They caused the +complete abandonment of a contemplated invasion of Egypt and compelled +the Turkish troops to go on the defensive in the Caucasian seat of +war. This enabled Russia to call back to Poland troops sorely needed +there, with which they had had to check the Turkish advance on Kars in +January. Since February both battlelines along the Caucasian front +have been weakened and no fighting of any consequence has occurred in +this campaign of merely secondary importance. + +The operations in the latest field of action, along the Austro-Italian +frontier, have been going on for but eight weeks, and do not, +therefore, allow any conclusions as to their importance to be made as +yet. So far the Italians have been unable to make any effective +impression on either Austria's Tyrolese frontier or on the front of +the Isonzo. All attempts to break through the Austrian lines have thus +far failed. The aim of Austria's strategy is to maintain a deadlock +until the issue has been decided in Poland. + +In determining the results of the first year of the world war the +question as to which side is holding the advantage at the close of +this important period depends entirely upon what were the political +aims of the adversaries. The Teutonic allies' contention has ever +been, rightly or wrongly, that they are not waging a war for +territorial aggrandizement, but purely one in self-defense. From this +point of view they can be well satisfied with the results they have so +far attained. + + +An American View + +By the Military Expert of The New York Times + +FIRST PHASE + +Opening the Way to France Through Belgium + +By Aug. 4, 1914, war had been declared by all the nations now engaged +except Turkey and Italy. Subsequent events have proved that of them +all the Teutonic allies were the only nations actually prepared and +that as between Austria and Germany the preparation of the latter was +much more complete. It was the Germans, therefore, who, with the +entire campaign carefully mapped out in advance, took the initiative. +Germany, too, at the very outset saw the one clear path to victory. + +One or the other of her Continental enemies must not only be defeated, +but crushed and eliminated from the conflict before the other could +mobilize against her. One of them, Russia, would probably take the +longer time to effect her mobilization. Russia had started, it is +true, before war was declared. But interior railroads in Russia are +few. Russia, too, is proverbially slow, if for no other reason than by +virtue of her ponderous numbers. France, on the other hand, is checked +and counter-checked by good strategic railroads, and, having no such +vast territory over which her troops would have to be moved, would be +able to mobilize in a much shorter time than her ally. England, for a +few weeks at least, could be disregarded. Deceived as to the extent of +Russian unpreparedness and believing that Russia's slowness would +prevent an active offense for some weeks, Germany selected France as +her first objective, and took immediate steps to hurl twenty-four army +corps across the French border at various points, aiming at Paris. + +These twenty-four corps were divided into three armies--the Army of +the Meuse, based on Cologne; the Army of the Moselle, based on Metz +and Coblenz, and the Army of the Rhine, based on Strassburg. All of +these three armies were naturally to converge on Paris. The route of +the Army of the Meuse would pass through Liege, Namur, and Maubeuge, +and would therefore have to cross a part of Belgium; the Army of the +Moselle would take a route through Sedan and Soissons, passing north +of the Verdun fortress, but of necessity crossing the Duchy of +Luxemburg; the Army of the Rhine, after crossing the screen of the +Vosges Mountains, would pass through Nancy and Toul, between the +fortresses of Epinal and Belfort. + +It is obvious that the march to Paris would be most quickly achieved +through the flat country of Belgium, where the French frontier is +practically unguarded and only the weakly manned barrier fortresses of +Belgium barred the way. The remainder of the French frontier from +Luxemburg to Switzerland was well fortified, and Germany had no time +to spend in reducing fortified places. + +[Illustration: THOMAS A. EDISON + +The American Inventor, Now Associated With the Navy Department as +Chief of the Advisory Board of Civilian Inventors and Engineers] + +[Illustration: HUDSON MAXIM + +American Inventor of High Explosives and Other Materials of War + +(_Photo by White._)] + +The main advance was therefore to take place through Belgium, the Army +of the Moselle co-operating, while to the Army of the Rhine was +assigned the offensive-defensive role of advancing to the barrier +fortresses of Epinal and Belfort to check any French advance that +might be directed against the communications of the Armies of the +Moselle and the Meuse to the north. The railroad communications +through the Belgian plain were splendidly adapted to this plan, backed +as they were by the military railroads which Germany had constructed +several years before, running through the industrial districts in the +north of the German Empire up to the Belgian border. + +Germany's first move was the invasion of Luxemburg, violating the +neutrality of a State which, under the treaty making her independent +and guaranteeing neutrality, (to which treaty Germany was a party,) +was not permitted to maintain an army. Two days later Germany asked +passage for her troops through Belgium, for the purpose of attacking +France. Belgium promptly refused, and on Aug. 4 Germany began the +forcing of this passage by an attack on Liege. + +Thus, at the outset the German plan went awry. Although the +contemplated line of advance was through Liege and Namur, it was not +sufficient, with Belgium openly in arms to defend her country, to +reduce only these two towns. The Belgian Army could, and later did, +fall back to the north on Louvain, Brussels, and Antwerp, and so be +directly on the German flank and in a position to strike at the line +of communications. It was therefore necessary to subjugate all of +Belgium either by destroying the Belgian Army or driving it before +them in their advance. + +Thus, the German advance was not only doomed to delay, but at least +100,000 troops were needed to garrison a hostile country and to +protect the life lines running to the rear. + +Three days after the attack on Liege opened the Germans penetrated +between the outer forts, their infantry advancing in close formation +and sustaining enormous losses. But Liege was worth the price paid. +Some of the forts held out for days, but were finally reduced by the +fire of the 42-centimeter guns--the first of the German surprises. The +Belgian garrison, however, had done its work. The German advance was +delayed for ten precious days, during which the first consignment of +the British expeditionary force had reached the Continent and France +and Russia had largely completed their mobilization. + +As soon as it was realized that the unexpected Belgian resistance had +retarded the German advance and in all probability had disarranged the +German plan of campaign, the French, even before the guns of Liege had +cooled, struck at Alsace, through the Belford Gap and over the Vosges +Mountains. At first this French offensive was successful. Points on +the Metz-Strassburg Railroad were taken and the town of Muelhausen +captured. But almost before the news of success reached Paris the +French had been defeated, not only in Alsace but also in Lorraine, +whence French troops had been sent to engage the German Army of the +Moselle. The result was the retirement of the French to the line of +their first defense--a line that had been prepared for just such an +emergency during the years since 1871. + +While the German armies of the Moselle and of the Rhine were thus +occupied in repelling the French advance the Army of the Meuse was +forcing its way through Belgium. Throwing out a strong cavalry screen +in its front, this army advanced through Tongres, St. Frond, Laugen, +Haelen, and Terlemont, and finally confronted the Belgians on the line +from Louvain to Namur. Fighting on this front filled almost a week, +when the destruction of the fortifications of Namur forced the +Belgians to fall back, pivoting on Louvain to the line from Louvain to +Wavre, the last line in front of Brussels. On Aug. 20 the Belgians +were defeated at Louvain and the Germans entered Brussels, the Belgian +Government having previously retired to Antwerp. The first phase of +the German advance was thus completed and the way to France was open. + +SECOND PHASE + +From the Fall of Brussels to von Kluck's Retreat to the Aisne + +Immediately following the fall of Namur, which forced the Belgians to +take up the Louvain-Wavre line, the main German Army of the Meuse +started for France, leaving possibly two army corps to drive the +Belgians from Brussels and to protect their flank and their lines of +communication. The German advance first came in contact with the +French and British along a line from Mons to Charleroi, southwest of +Brussels. The British were supposed to have been between two French +armies, but for some reason the army which had been assigned to +position on the British left did not appear. Being outflanked, a +retreat followed, the French being defeated at the same time at +Charleroi. The German Army of the Moselle then attacked along the +Meuse, and, being also successful, was on the flank and rear of the +British and French retreating from Mons and Charleroi. + +Thus a great enveloping movement was disclosed which for some days +gave every evidence of being successful. It was defeated, however, +entirely by the British, who, though outflanked and outnumbered three +to one, fought steadily night and day for six days, their small force +holding in complete check all of von Kluck's army corps. Retreat was +of course inevitable, but the retreat was made in good order and with +the morale of the troops unshaken. + +In the meantime the German General Staff, which had confidently +expected to crush France before Russia could become a factor to be +reckoned with, saw with alarm Russia pouring her troops into East +Prussia in a drive against Koenigsberg, while in South Poland another +Russian army was preparing a drive against Galicia, operating from the +Ivangorod-Rowno railroad. Germany saw the Austrians being defeated +everywhere; Lemberg, the capital of Galicia, captured; Przemysl +masked, and the Russians fighting their way westward through Galicia +between the Carpathians and the Vistula. But Austria's troubles at +this stage were her own. Germany had all she could do to turn back the +Russian invasion of East Prussia. + +To face the peril on her eastern borders Germany detached several army +corps--probably five--from the western front, with them reinforced +her eastern army, and in a few days after their arrival inflicted a +disastrous defeat on the Russians at Tannenburg, driving them back +practically to their own borders. But the damage had been done. The +armies of the west had been weakened at a critical point, and General +Joffre was given the opportunity he had been seeking since the +beginning of the war. + +The French and British, whose retreat had carried them to the Marne, +now outnumbered the Germans, and, what is more important, were able to +concentrate their forces by calling in those troops who had been +engaged in the counter-offensive in Alsace. Taking advantage of their +superiority in numbers, the Allies took the offensive. Holding the +Germans fast in the centre, the Paris garrison struck hurriedly +northeast toward Soisson with the idea of getting around von Kluck's +flank. For several days it seemed that von Kluck and his army must be +captured. But, moving north with great rapidity, abandoning much of +his artillery and supplies, he escaped the net Joffre had spread for +him, and anchored himself securely behind the Aisne. The great German +movement was thus brought to an abrupt halt, and they were now on the +defensive. Paris was saved. For ten days the Allies fought desperately +to cross the Aisne and force von Kluck to continue his retreat. But +finally the effort was given up, and the two armies faced each other +across the Aisne deadlocked. + +The Russians meanwhile had not been idle. Although their operations +against the reinforced German Army had a negative result, against the +Austrians in Galicia their success continued. Przemysl had not been +taken, but, hemming it in securely, the Russians passed on and took +the fortified town of Jaroslau, near the lower San. The menace of the +Russian invasion of Galicia then became apparent. Galicia, with her +wealth of oil and minerals, the fertile plains of Hungary just the +other side of the Carpathians, Cracow, opening the gate to Breslau and +Berlin--these were the things the Teutons stood in danger of losing, +and it is not surprising that they viewed the Russian advance with +alarm. + +There is but one more incident to record before closing what might +well be considered the second phase of the war. That is the fall of +Antwerp. It was Belgium's final sacrifice on the altar of her national +honor. And no matter what our ancestry may be, nor how our sympathies +may lie, we cannot but reverence a people whose sense of national duty +and honor is so high that they are willing to sacrifice and do +sacrifice their all to maintain it. + +THIRD PHASE + +From the Fall of Antwerp to the Beginning of the Battle for Warsaw + +When it became apparent to General French that the line of the Aisne, +to which the Germans had retreated after the battle of the Marne, was +too strong to be forced, he withdrew his troops, about 100,000 men, +from the line, his place being filled by the French reserves. The +object of the withdrawal was another flanking movement against the +German right. The idea seems to have been that by withdrawing and +entraining at night the movement would be entirely concealed from the +Germans until the British were actually in Belgium, and that an +advance along the left bank of the Scheldt would turn the flank of the +whole German army in France, compelling a general retreat. The +movement was discovered by German air scouts, however, and the troops +that had been before Antwerp met and checked the British, who took up +finally the line along the Yser Canal, through Ypres to La Bassee, +opposed by three German army corps. + +But one thing saved the British from another defeat and prevented a +more disastrous retreat than that from Mons and Charleroi. When the +Germans took Antwerp the Belgian garrison of about 50,000 men escaped +and by a brilliant retreat retired to a line from Nieuport to Dixmude. +They thus guarded the left flank of the British line and by a +stubborn resistance prevented this flank from being turned and the +British driven south toward Paris. Nothing else prevented Dunkirk, +Calais, and Boulogne from falling into German hands at this time. + +As it afterward turned out, the German plan, after the fall of +Antwerp, was a sudden drive to Calais. The plan was conceived and the +movement begun at the same time General French put into execution his +attempt to outflank the German position. These forces met on the +Ypres-La Bassee line, and both were halted. It was a fortuitous +chance, then, that the Germans were held back from the coast, as well +as deprived of an opportunity to strike at Paris from the north. For +three weeks the Germans battled fiercely, with almost total disregard +for the loss of life involved. Finally the attack died out, and with +its death the whole line from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier +settled down to trench warfare. + +While the armies in the west were checking each other until the status +of a "stalemate" had been reached, affairs in the eastern theatre had +been moving rapidly. Persuaded by German money, a temptation the Turk +has ever been powerless to resist, Turkey late in October joined hands +with the Teutons and declared war on the Allies. The Japanese, who had +at the outset joined hands with England, had, after a wonderful +defense by the Germans, taken the German Chinese city of Kiao-Chau. +But of more importance still was the activity of the opposing armies +in Russia and in Galicia. + +After the battle of Fannenburg, in which Russia was defeated and +driven back to her own borders, the Germans invaded Suwalki Province +in Northern Poland. The Russians again took the offensive, defeated +the Germans in the battle of Augustovo, and, pressing westward, again +entered East Prussia in the region of the Mazurian Lakes. In this +territory a deadlock followed, both Russians and Germans remaining +with horns locked and unable to move until early Spring. + +In Galicia, however, events moved with greater rapidity, and the +results were vastly more important. After the fall of Lemberg and +Jaroslau the Russians pressed forward across the San to Tarnow, +masking Przemysl on the way, and took up a line along the Dunajec to +the Carpathians and east through Galicia along the Dniester and the +Pruth to the Rumanian frontier, thus threatening not only the plains +of Hungary, which lay just across the Carpathian summits, but also +Bukowina, the Crownland of Austria. + +Austria's plight was desperate, and German assistance was necessary. +Von Hindenburg's first attack on Warsaw, the battle being called the +battle of the Vistula, was the answer. The Germans advanced against +the Russian centre, the Austrians against the left in Galicia. At +first both were successful, but heavy Russian reinforcements succeeded +in turning the German left, almost at the very gates of Warsaw. The +Germans were forced to retreat, and fell back to their own borders. +The Austrians were at the same time compelled to retreat, due to the +uncovering of their flank, and again Russia was in supreme control of +Galicia as far west as Cracow. As the Germans retreated the Russians +followed, and another invasion of Germany was threatened, and it was +von Hindenburg again who was to throw it back. + +This he did, driving forward in three columns, two of which were +intended to move against the Russian flanks. The Russian centre fell +back to Lodz, but the right was still threatened. Again Russia +assembled her reserves, and before von Hindenburg realized the +situation a Russian army was not only on his flank but in his rear. A +retreat was necessary. The Germans, assisted by corps drawn from the +west, cut their way out and escaped from the Russian trap through the +failure of one of the Russian armies to co-operate in the movement in +time. But the German offense had failed and the effort had been +terribly expensive. + +Another offense was immediately planned--this time to move along the +Vistula and strike at Warsaw from the southwest. This also was a +failure, and the two armies finally became deadlocked along the line +of the Bzura and the Rawka Rivers. + +No further fighting of importance in this theatre until February, when +the battle of the Mazurian Lakes was fought. It will be recalled that +after the German defeat at Augustovo the Russians pursued the Germans +into the lake district, where the two armies became practically +deadlocked. This situation was broken by the Germans, who suddenly +attacked both flanks of the Russian army and inflicted upon it a +disastrous defeat, in which one army corps surrendered and the +remainder escaped only after enormous losses. + +But the victory, like other German victories, while decisive as far as +the particular Russian army involved was concerned, did nothing toward +hastening peace. The beginning of Spring found the armies in both +theatres completely at a standstill, except in Galicia. + +In the west since the failure of the German drive on Calais there has +been no movement that has affected the general situation. The +anniversary of the declaration of war finds the lines of the Germans +and the French practically where they were six months ago. A number of +battles have been fought for the possession of certain points of +vantage--in the Champagne, the Argonne, at Neuve Chapelle, Ypres, Les +Eparges, Hartmannsweilerkopf, Metzeral, Souchez--but they have +resulted in only a local effect, although they have been accompanied +in almost every case by losses that have been staggering. + +The principal event of the Spring in the west has been the advent of +Italy into the maelstrom. But this has not affected the situation up +to the present time. Italy has a hard problem on her hands which must +be solved before she can make herself felt. She has but one line of +advance--the line of the Isonzo. But she dare not advance and leave +the passes through the Tyrolean and the Carnic Alps open for Germany +and Austria to pour troops in against her flank and rear. Her task +therefore is first to stop every pass by which this can be done; and +then, and then only, is she ready to move. This is being done, but +the task is a difficult one, the country impossible from a military +viewpoint, and progress necessarily slow. + +In the east, however, the coming of Spring brought a series of the +most tremendous movements of the war. The Allies began an operation +against the Dardanelles, with the object of forcing the strait, taking +Constantinople, and thus at once releasing the great store of grain in +Southern Russia and providing a means of getting ammunition to Russia +from the west. The operations at first were entirely naval. But after +serious loss, with no corresponding advantage, it was realized that +the naval forces alone were not sufficient, and troops were landed on +the western end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. This force has been for +three months hammering at the positions of the Turks along the +Achibaba line, but, except for the possible influence on the Balkan +States of the presence of these expeditionary forces on Gallipoli, +little headway has been made. Certain it is that there is no +indication that the near future will bring the Allies into +Constantinople. + +In Galicia the Spring began with the capitulation of Przemysl and the +surrender to the Russians of about 125,000 Austrians. This was the +greatest victory in the eastern theatre thus far, and immediately +opened the way wide to the passes in the Carpathians that led to the +Hungarian plains and to Cracow. Russia evidently felt that if she +confined her operations to Austria she could, by pushing the attack +into Hungary, crush Austria completely and eliminate her from the war. +Accordingly, the opportunity of laying siege to Cracow was passed by +and Russian efforts concentrated in forcing the Carpathian passes. + +For weeks the battle of the Carpathians was in progress. The +Austrians, reinforced by strong German contingents, fought +desperately, and, although several of the passes were finally +captured, Uzok Pass, the centre of the line and the key to the whole +Carpathian situation, held out. While the battle for its possession +was in progress the Germans were quietly concentrating along the +Dunajec. Suddenly their attack was launched, the line of the Dunajec +forced, and the Russian flank and their lines of communication were +seriously involved. To prevent being cut off, the forces in the +Carpathians were compelled to fall back to their lateral lines. +Preponderance of artillery forced the retreat through Galicia, and in +an incredibly short time Jaroslaw, Przemysl, and Lemberg were again in +the hands of the Teutons and Galicia practically cleared of the +Russian invaders. + +Earlier in the Spring the Germans under von Buelow had landed in +Northern Russia and the Gulf of Riga, and, gradually working south, +had effected a junction with von Hindenburg's army in front of Warsaw. +Coming north through Galicia, Mackensen had driven the Russians back +to the line of the Ivangorod-Lublin railroad and had established +connections with von Hindenburg's right. Von Linsengen and the +Austrian Archduke Francis Joseph completed the line facing the +Russians along the upper Viprez, the Bug, the Flota Lipa, and the +Dniester. Simultaneously, with all flanks guarded, the Teutons began +to close in on Warsaw in the most stupendous military movement of +history. As this article is written it seems that nothing can save the +Polish capital; before it goes to press, even Warsaw may be in German +hands. One thing is evident--the Kaiser has returned to his plan of a +year ago--Napoleon's plan--the only plan that can succeed--completely +to crush one opponent first and then turn against the other; only now +it is Russia and not France upon which the blows are falling. + + NOTE: A military review of the European warfare during + August will appear in the next number of CURRENT HISTORY, in + connection with the Chronology.--[_Editor_, CURRENT + HISTORY.] + + + + +Inferences from Eleven Months of the European Conflict + +By Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University + + +Asticou, Maine, July 16, 1915. + +_To the Editor of the New York Times:_ + +The inferences of the first importance are military and naval. In the +conduct of war on land it has been demonstrated during the past eleven +months that success in battle depends primarily on the possession and +skillful use of artillery and machine guns. The nation which can +command the largest quantity of artillery in great variety of calibre +and range, has developed the amplest and quickest means of +transporting artillery and supplies of all sorts, and whose troops can +use mortars, howitzers, and cannon at the highest speed and with the +greatest accuracy will have important advantages over an enemy less +well provided, or less skillful. Before every assault by infantry +artillery must sweep and plow the position to be captured, and so soon +as the enemy has lost a trench or a redoubt the enemy's artillery will +try to destroy the successful troops with shell and shrapnel, before +the enemy's infantry makes a counter-attack. Whenever troops have open +ground to cross before they reach the intrenchments of the enemy, they +encounter a withering fire from machine guns, which is so effective +that assaults over open ground have, for the most part, to be +undertaken at night or in fog, or by some sort of surprise. + +In general the defense has great advantage over the attack, as regards +expenditure of both men and munitions. So decided is the advantage of +the defense, that Germany can dismiss all those apprehensions about +invasion by the Russian hordes with which she set out on this war. +Success in military movements on a large scale depends on the means of +transportation at hand; and these means of transportation must include +railroads, automobiles, and horse wagons, the function of the +automobile being of high importance wherever the roads are tolerably +good. There is little use for cavalry in the new fighting; for +aeroplanes can do better scouting and more distant raiding than +cavalry ever could, and large bodies of infantry with their +indispensable supplies can be moved faster and further by automobiles +than cavalry could ever be. + +The aeroplane also defeats the former use of cavalry to screen from +the enemy's view the movements of troops and their trains behind the +actual fronts. Moreover, cavalry cannot stand at all against the new +artillery and the machine gun. An old-fashioned cavalry charge in the +open is useless, and indeed impossible. Aerial warfare is still +undeveloped, but the war has proved that the aeroplane, even in its +present imperfect condition, is a useful instrument. The Zeppelin, on +the other hand, seems to be too fragile and too unmanageable for +effective use in war. Rifle fire is of far less importance than +artillery and machine gun fire; and, indeed, the abandonment of the +rifle as the principal arm for infantry is clearly suggested. + +Elaborate forts made of iron and concrete are of little use against a +competent invader, and fortifications round about cities are of no use +for protection against an enemy that possesses adequate artillery. For +the defense of a frontier, or of the approaches to a railroad junction +or a city, a system of trenches is immeasurably superior to forts, +particularly if behind the trenches a network of railways or of smooth +highways exists. Wounds are often inflicted by jagged pieces of metal +which carry bits of dirty clothing and skin into the wounds, and the +wounded often lie on the ground for hours or even days before aid can +reach them. Hence the surgery of this war is largely the surgery of +infected wounds, and not of smooth aseptic cuts and holes. A +considerable percentage of deaths and permanent disabilities among the +wounded is the inevitable result. Surgeons and dressers are more +exposed to death and wounds than in former wars, because of the large +use of artillery of long range, the field hospitals being often under +fire. + +From these changes in the methods of war on land it may be safely +inferred that a nation which would be strong in war on land must be +strong in all sorts of manufacturing, and particularly in the +metallurgical industries. A nation chiefly devoted to agriculture and +the ancient trades cannot succeed in modern war, unless it can beg, +borrow, or buy from sympathizers or allies the necessary artillery and +munitions. No amount of courage and devotion in troops can make up for +an inadequate supply of artillery, machine guns, shells, and shrapnel, +or for the lack of ample means of rapid transportation. Only in a +rough country without good roads, like the United States in 1861-65, +or Serbia or Russia now, can the rifle, light artillery, and horse or +ox wagons win any considerable success; and in such a country the +trench method can bring about a stalemate, if the combatants are well +matched in strength, diligence, and courage. + +The changes in naval warfare are almost equally remarkable. Mines and +submarines can make the offensive operation of dreadnoughts and +cruisers near ports practically impossible, and can inflict great +damage on an enemy's commerce. Hence important modifications in the +rules concerning effective blockade. In squadron actions victory will +probably go to the side which has the gun of longest range +well-manned. Defeated war vessels sink as a rule with almost all on +board. Commercial vessels can seldom be taken into port as prizes, and +must therefore be sunk to make their capture effective. There have +been no actions between large fleets; but the indications are that a +defeated fleet would be sunk for the most part, the only vessels to +escape being some of the speedier sort. Crews would go down with their +vessels. Shore batteries of long-range guns can keep at a distance a +considerable fleet, and can sink vessels that come too near. Mines and +shore batteries together can prevent the passage of war vessels +through straits ten to fifteen miles wide, no matter how powerful the +vessel's batteries may be. Every war vessel is now filled with +machinery of various sorts, much of which is delicate or easily +disabled. Hence a single shell exploding violently in a sensitive spot +may render a large ship unmanageable, and therefore an easy victim. A +crippled ship will probably be sunk, unless a port is near. + +To build and keep in perfect condition a modern fleet requires +dockyards and machine shops of large capacity, and great metallurgical +industries always in operation within the country which maintains the +fleet. No small nation can create a powerful fleet; and no nation +which lives chiefly by agriculture can maintain one. A great naval +power must be a mining, manufacturing, and commercial power, with a +sound banking system available all over the world. + +The war has proved that it is possible for a combination of strong +naval powers to sweep off the ocean in a few months all the warships +of any single great power, except submarines, and all its commerce. +Germany has already suffered that fate, and incidentally the loss of +all her colonies, except portions of German East Africa and Kamerun, +both of which remnants are vigorously assailed and will soon be lost. +Nevertheless, she still exports and imports through neutral countries, +though to a small amount in comparison with the volume of her normal +trade. Here is another illustration of the general truth that colonies +are never so good to trade with as independent and prosperous nations. + +Again the war has proved that it is not possible in a normal year to +reduce by blockade or non-intercourse the food supply of a large +nation to the point of starvation, or even of great distress, although +the nation has been in the habit of importing a considerable fraction +of its food supply. An intelligent population will make many economies +in its food, abstain from superfluities, raise more food from its +soil, use grains for food instead of drinks, and buy food from neutral +countries so long as its hard money holds out. Any large country which +has a long seaboard or neutral neighbors can probably prevent its +noncombatant population from suffering severely from want of food or +clothing while at war. This would not be true of the districts in +which actual fighting takes place or over which armies pass; for in +the regions of actual battle modern warfare is terribly +destructive--as Belgium, Northern France, Poland, and Serbia know. + +A manufacturing people whose commercial vessels are driven off the +seas will, of course, suffer the loss of such raw materials of its +industries as habitually came to it over seas in its own bottoms--a +loss mitigated, however, by the receipt of some raw materials from or +through neutral countries. This abridgment of its productive +industries will, in the long run, greatly diminish its powers of +resistance in war; but much time may be needed for the full +development of this serious disability. + +Because of the great costliness of the artillery, munitions of war, +and means of transportation used in the present war, the borrowings of +all the combatant nations are heavy beyond any precedent; so that +already all the nations involved have been compelled to raise the +rates of interest on the immense loans they have put upon the market. +The burdens thus being prepared for the coming generations in the +belligerent nations will involve very high rates of taxation in all +the countries now at war. If these burdens continue to accumulate for +two or three years more, no financier, however experienced and +far-seeing, can imagine today how the resulting loans are to be paid +or how the burden of taxation necessary to pay the interest on them +can be borne or how the indemnities probably to be exacted can be paid +within any reasonable period by the defeated nation or nations. + +It follows from these established facts that a small nation--a nation +of not more than fifteen millions, for example--can have no +independent existence in Europe except as a member of a federation of +States having similar habits, tendencies, and hopes, and united in an +offensive and defensive alliance, or under guarantees given by a group +of strong and trustworthy nations. The firm establishment of several +such federations, or the giving of such guarantees by a group of +powerful and faith-keeping nations ought to be one of the outcomes of +the war of 1914-15. Unless some such arrangement is reached, no small +State will be safe from conquest and absorption by any strong, +aggressive military power which covets it--not even if its people live +chiefly by mining and manufacturing as the Belgians did. + +The small States, being very determined to exist and to obtain their +natural or historical racial boundaries, the problem of permanent or +any durable peace in Europe resolves itself into this: How can the +small or smaller nations be protected from attack by some larger +nation which believes that might makes right and is mighty in +industries, commerce, finance, and the military and naval arts? The +experience gained during the past year proves that there is but one +effective protection against such a power, namely, a firm league of +other powers--not necessarily numerous--which together are stronger in +industries, commerce, finance, and the military and naval arts than +the aggressive and ambitious nation which heartily believes in its own +invincibility and cherishes the ambition to conquer and possess. + +Such a league is the present combination of Great Britain, France, +Russia, Italy, and Japan against the aggressive Central Monarchies and +Turkey; but this combination was not formed deliberately and with +conscious purpose to protect small States, to satisfy natural +national aspirations, and to make durable peace possible by removing +both fear of invasion and fear of the cutting off of overseas food and +raw materials. In spite of the lack of an explicit and comprehensive +purpose to attain these wise and precious ends, the solidity of the +alliance during a year of stupendous efforts to resist military +aggression on the part of Germany and Austria-Hungary certainly +affords good promise of success for a somewhat larger league in which +all the European nations--some, like the Scandinavian and the Balkans, +by representation in groups--and the United States should be included. +Such a league would have to act through a distinct and permanent +council or commission which would not serve arbitrary power, or any +peculiar national interest, and would not in the least resemble the +"Concert of Europe," or any of the disastrous special conferences of +diplomatists and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, called after wars +since that of 1870-71 to "settle" the questions the wars raised. + +The experience of the past twelve months proves that such a league +could prevent any nation which disobeyed its orders from making use of +the oceans and from occupying the territory of any other nation. +Reduction of armaments, diminution of taxation, and durable peace +would ensue as soon as general confidence was established that the +league would fairly administer international justice, and that its +military and naval forces were ready and effective. Its function would +be limited to the prevention and punishment of violation of +international agreements, or, in other words, to the enforcement of +treaty obligations, until new treaties were made. + +The present alliance is of good promise in three important +respects--its members refuse to make any separate peace, they +co-operate cordially and efficiently in military measures, and the +richer members help the poorer financially. These policies have been +hastily devised and adopted in the midst of strenuous fighting on an +immense scale. If deliberately planned and perfected in times of +peace, they could be made in the highest degree effective toward +durable peace. + +The war has demonstrated that the international agreements for the +mitigation of the horrors of war, made by treaties, conferences, and +conventions in times of peace, may go for nothing in time of war; +because they have no sanction, or, in other words, lack penalties +capable of systematic enforcement. To provide the lacking sanction and +the physical force capable of compelling the payment of penalties for +violating international agreements would be one of the best functions +of the international council which the present alliance foreshadows. +Some years would probably be required to satisfy the nations concerned +that the sanction was real and the force trustworthy and sufficient. +The absolute necessity of inventing and applying a sanction for +international law, if Europe is to have international peace and any +national liberty, will be obvious to any one who has once perceived +that the present war became inevitable when Austria-Hungary, in +violation of an international agreement to which she was herself a +party, seized and absorbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, and became general +and fierce when Germany, under Prussian lead, in violation of an +international agreement to which she was herself a party, entered and +plundered neutralized Belgium. + +A strong, trustworthy international alliance to preserve the freedom +of the seas under all circumstances would secure for Great Britain and +her federated commonwealths everything secured by the burdensome +two-navies policy which now secures the freedom of the seas for +British purposes. The same international alliance would secure for +Germany the same complete freedom of the seas which in times of peace +between Germany and Great Britain she has long enjoyed by favor of +Great Britain, but has lost in time of war with the Triple Entente. +This security, with the general acceptance of the policy of the "open +door," would fully meet Germany's need of indefinite expansion for her +manufacturing industries and her commerce, and of room "in the sun" +for her surplus population. + +It is a safe inference from the events of the past six months that the +longer the war lasts the more significant will be the political and +social changes which result from it. It is not to be expected, and +perhaps not to be desired, that the ruling class in the countries +autocratically governed should themselves draw this inference at +present, but all lovers of freedom and justice will find consolation +for the prolongation of the war in this hopeful reflection. + +To devise the wise constitution of an international council or +commission with properly limited powers, and to determine the most +promising composition of an international army and an international +navy are serious tasks, but not beyond the available international +wisdom and goodwill, provided that the tasks be intrusted to +international publicists, business men of large experience, and +successful administrators, rather than to professional diplomatists +and soldiers. To dismiss such a noble enterprise with the remark that +it is "academic," or beyond the reach of "practical" politics, is +unworthy of courageous and humane men; for it seems now to be the only +way out of the horrible abyss into which civilization has fallen. At +any rate, some such machinery must be put into successful operation +before any limitation of national armaments can be effected. The war +has shown to what a catastrophe competitive national arming has led, +and would probably again lead the most civilized nations of Europe. +Shall the white race despair of escaping from this hell? The only way +of escape in sight is the establishment of a rational international +community. Should the enterprise fail after fair trial, the world will +be no worse off than it was in July, 1914, or is today. + +Whoever studies the events of the past year with some knowledge of +political philosophy and history, and with the love of his neighbor in +his heart, will discover, amid the horrors of the time and its moral +chaos, three hopeful leadings for humanitarian effort, each involving +a great constructive invention. He will see that humanity needs +supremely a sanction for international law, rescue from alcoholism, +and a sound basis for just and unselfish human relations in the great +industries, and particularly in the machinery industries. The war has +brought out all three of these needs with terrible force and +vividness. Somehow they must be met, if the white race is to succeed +in "the pursuit of happiness," or even to hold the gains already made. + +CHARLES W. ELIOT. + + + + +"Revenge for Elisabeth!" + + +_The Vienna "Arbeiter Zeitung" of June 22, 1915, prints the appeal of +Dr. Wolfgang Madjera, a well-known authority on municipal affairs, +which he has issued to Austrian soldiers departing for the Italian +front. He says:_ + +"The day has arrived," says Herr Madjera, "when you will have to +revenge your murdered Empress [the late Empress Elisabeth who was +murdered in Geneva by an Italian named Luccheni]. It was a son of that +land which has now committed a scandalous act of treason on Austria +who made your old Emperor a lonely man on his throne of thorns. Take a +thousandfold revenge on the brethren of that miserable wretch. +Austria's warriors feel the strength within them to defeat and smash +with iron hand the raised hand of the murderer. It is Luccheni's +spirit which leads the army of our enemy. May Elisabeth's spirit lead +our spirit!" + + + + +A Year of the War in Africa and Asia + +By Charles Johnston + + +I. RE-MAPPING THE WORLD. + +Speaking on July 14, A. Bonar Law, British Colonial Secretary, +announced that the Entente Allies have already occupied 450,000 square +miles of German colonial possessions. Add Turkish possessions in Asia +in the hands of the Entente powers, and the total reaches 500,000 +square miles. + +Two outstanding facts are that this transfer, if permanent, will +change the destiny of all Africa and Asia, and that, for the first +time in history, the oversea dominions of Britain have initiated and +carried on wars of conquest, Australia and New Zealand, in union, +having already taken 100,000 square miles of German colonies in the +Pacific; while the Union of South Africa has conquered German +Southwest Africa. + +In other parts of Africa, France and Belgium are co-operating with +English imperial forces, while in East Africa and on the Persian Gulf +the brunt of the fighting is being borne by British Indian troops and +troops provided by the Princes of India. The movement now in progress +will, if completed, give the Entente powers the whole of Africa; will +give Britain all Southern Asia, from the Mount Sinai peninsula to +Siam; and will, in all probability, make the Entente powers heirs of +the whole Eastern Hemisphere. + +These immense territories are the ultimate stakes of the battles in +France, in Poland, on the Dardanelles. We lose sight of them, perhaps, +in the details of local fighting. In reality, nothing less is being +effected than the re-mapping of the whole eastern hemisphere. + + +II. TOGOLAND AND KAMERUN. + +On Aug. 1, a year ago, German colonial possessions in Africa totaled +over a million square miles, in four regions--Togo, Kamerun, Southwest +Africa, and East Africa. Togo, running from the north shore of the +Gulf of Guinea, is wedged between French and English colonies. In +August, France and England joined in attacking it, and on Aug. 26 +their occupation was complete, a rich area of 33,000 square miles thus +passing from Germany to the Entente powers. + +[Illustration: Togo, the German Colony which was surrendered to a +Franco-English expeditionary force.] + +[Illustration: German East Africa + +Scene of Operation of Anglo-French forces against the German Colony of +Kamerun] + +Kamerun, in the elbow of the Gulf of Guinea, is about ten times as +large, one-third of this having been conceded by France to Germany in +1911, through the agency of M. Caillaux. Recent letters to The +London Times describe the fighting there: + + On the 7th (May) we had a trying experience. Our company + commander went out with myself and another subaltern and + about forty men. We crossed the Mungo River in canoes, and + then did a long and very difficult march all through the + night in absolute dense forest. However the guides managed + it passes comprehension. + + About 5 in the morning, when it was just getting light, our + advance party were just on the point of stumbling on to the + German outpost, when what should happen but an elephant + suddenly walked in between and scattered our opposing + parties in all directions. I was in the rear of our little + column, and was left in bewilderment, all our carriers + dropping their loads and every one disappearing into the + bush. After a few minutes we got our men together and our + scouts went forward again, and found the Germans had bolted + from their outpost, but soon returned and opened fire on our + scouts. + +A British officer writes: + + I hope you have heard ere this of our capture of Duala and + Bonaberi, and our further advance along the Duala Railway to + Tusa, and along the Wari River to Jabassi. The heat and + climate are very trying. It's awfully hot, far hotter than + the last coast place I was in; a drier heat and sun + infinitely more powerful, and yet the rains are full on and + we get terrific tornadoes. The nights, however, are cooler. + + We are surrounded by mangrove swamps, and they breed + mosquitos, and consequently malaria and black-water fever. + + This is quite a pretty little place (Duala) with some jolly + houses, typical German of the Schloss villa type; nice + inside and out. The country is pretty, the soil good. A good + deal of timber and rubber. I found some beautiful tusks the + other day, worth a good bit. Elephants abound. The native + villages around are totally different from other West + African ones--here their houses are mostly one long mud or + palm erection, with thatched roof, and are divided into + compartments instead of the smaller separate huts one is + accustomed to see in these parts. + + The notices all over the place are strangely reminiscent of, + say, the Black Forest--"Baekerei," "Conditorei," &c., and yet + it is the heart of tropical Africa. None of the natives, + strange to say, talk German; all pigeon English. The Hausa + boys are splendid chaps, as different from the Duala boys or + Sierra Leone boys as chalk from cheese. Smile and make an + idiotic but beautiful remark, they rush with a roar of + laughter for the biggest load. + + We get some beautiful sunset effects here. At sundown night + before last, on the sea near mouth of river, it was + absolutely gorgeous with the purple mountains standing + clear out against the orange and emerald sky and the dark + gray shapes of our ships lying sombrely in the background, + talking to each other in flashing Morse. The great mountain, + Fernando Po, standing up out of the water to starboard and + the Peak of Cameroon (13,760 feet) wreathed in mist to port; + Victoria invisible, as also Buea--both hidden behind the + clouds as we passed disdainfully by and entered the estuary + of the Cameroon River. + +As an added detail for West Africa, it should be recorded that, on +March 19, a combined French and Belgian force occupied Molundu in the +German Congo territory, and Ngaundere on June 29. + + +III. WITH BOTHA IN SOUTHWEST AFRICA. + +On July 13 a resolution, moved by Premier Asquith, was passed by +acclamation in the House of Commons thanking General Louis Botha, +General Smuts and the forces of the Union of South Africa for their +work in "the remarkable campaign which has just been brought to a +remarkable and glorious conclusion." Premier Asquith concluded: + + The German dominion of Southwest Africa has ceased to exist. + I ask the House to testify to the admiration of the whole + empire for its gratitude to the illustrious General who has + rendered such an inestimable service to the empire, which he + entered by adoption and of which he has become one of the + most honored and cherished sons, and to his dauntless and + much enduring troops, whether of Burgher or British birth, + who fought like brethren, side by side, in the cause which + is equally dear to them as to us--the broadening of the + bounds of human liberty. + +The event which the British Premier thus read into the minutes of +history marks the end of a campaign begun by General Botha on Sept. +27, when troops of the Union of South Africa first entered German +territory. On Christmas Day Walfisch (Whale) Bay was occupied, and on +Jan. 14 Swakopmund, a military railroad joining them being finished a +month later. + +[Illustration: The German Colonial Possessions] + +The progress of General Botha's campaign from the south and west is +thus summarized by The Sphere (July 3): + + The occupation of Windhoek was effected by General Botha's + North Damaraland forces working along the railway from + Swakopmund. At the former place General Vanderventer + joined up with General Botha's forces. The force from + Swakopmund met with considerable opposition, first at + Tretskopje, a small township in the great Namib Desert fifty + miles to the northeast of Swakopmund, and secondly at + Otjimbingwe, on the Swakop River, sixty miles northwest of + Windhoek. + + [Illustration: The theatre of operations in German South + West Africa.] + + Apart from these two determined stands, however, little + other opposition was encountered, and Karibib was occupied + on May 5 and Okahandja and Windhoek on May 12. With the fall + of the latter place 3,000 Europeans and 12,000 natives + became prisoners. + + The wireless station--one of Germany's most valuable + high-power stations, which was able to communicate with one + relay only with Berlin--was captured almost intact, and much + rolling stock also fell into the hands of the Union forces. + + The advance from the south along the + Luederitzbucht-Seeheim-Keetmanshoop Railway, approximately + 500 miles in length, was made by two forces which joined + hands at Keetmanshoop. The advance from Aus (captured on + April 1) was made by General Smuts's forces. Colonel + (afterward General) Vanderventer, moving up from the + direction of Warmbad and Kalkfontein, around the flanks of + Karas Mountain, pushed on after reaching Keetmanshoop in the + direction of Gibeon. Bethany had previously been occupied + during the advance to Seeheim. At Kabus, twenty miles to the + north of Keetmanshoop, and at Gibeon pitched battles were + fought between General Vanderventer's forces and the enemy. + No other opposition of importance was encountered, and the + operations were brought to a successful conclusion at + Windhoek. + +A part of the German forces had retreated to the northward, intending +to carry on guerrilla warfare in the hills. General Botha went in +pursuit. A Reuter's telegram, dated June 26, announced that +Otjivarongo, approximately 120 miles north of Karibib, on the Otavi +Railway, was occupied on that day by General Botha, the enemy having +retired northward during the previous night. General Botha's movements +have again been characterized by rapid and extraordinary marching +through dense bush country, which is almost waterless. The retirement +of the enemy was more suggestive of a flight than a strategic retreat. + +A telegram from Lord Buxton, the Governor General of the Union of +South Africa, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, concludes +the story: + + This morning, July 9, General Botha accepted from Governor + Seitz the surrender of all the German forces in Southwest + Africa. Hostilities have ceased and the campaign has thus + been brought to a successful conclusion. + +The newly conquered territory, which is half as large again as the +German Empire, is destined to become a part of the South African +Union. As a great part of it is 5,000 feet above sea level, it is well +adapted for white settlers. Its chief resources are diamond mines and +grazing. + +General Botha's force is likely to be divided between the European +seat of war, to which the South African Union has up to the present +sent no troops, and German East Africa, much of which still remains in +the hands of the Germans. + + +IV. GERMAN EAST AFRICA. + +The early stage of the struggle for German East Africa is lucidly +summarized in The Sphere for May 8: + + The fighting in British East Africa (immediately north of + the German colony) may be said to have really begun toward + the end of September, 1914, when the Germans made a + determined attempt to capture Mombasa, the commercial + capital of British East Africa and the terminus of the + Uganda Railway. + + Previous to this, somewhat half-hearted attempts had been + made by them to wreck the railway line at various points, + destroy the telegraph, and occupy Voi and Mombasa. The + Germans, who were in strong force, were, however, for + various reasons, unable to cut the railway or even to + destroy the bridge across the Tsava River, and they were + beaten back both at Voi and the post at Taveta. + + The attack on Mombasa itself was repulsed at Gazi, some + twenty-five miles to the southwest. The German plan of + action was to move up the road from Vanga to Mombasa, + arriving at the latter place somewhere about the time the + Koenigsburg was expected to arrive and bombard it from the + sea. The Koenigsburg was, of course, prevented from doing + this by the proximity of British warships, and the land + attack was also frustrated. + + The Germans were held at Nargerimi by a mere handful of + Arabs and King's African Rifles--about 300 men all + told--until the arrival of the Indian troops strengthened + our position and the enemy was beaten back to his original + lines. + + The next big actions were the British attack on Tanga and + Jassin very early in November; this was the direct outcome + of the German attack on Mombasa. Tanga is a post of + considerable importance in German East Africa, and lies + midway between Zanzibar and Mombasa. It is the seaport of an + important railway line which connects it with Moshi, lying + among the foothills of Kilimanjaro (18,700 feet) and which + taps most of the intervening country. + + The force dispatched for the attack on Tanga consisted of + 4,000 Indian Imperial Service troops, 1,000 Indian regulars, + together with 1,000 white regulars. The force took no kit of + any kind except rations. It was disembarked from the + troopship near Tanga, and then moved against the position. + + The day the British attacked, however, 1,000 Germans had + been rushed up from Moshi and then took up a position to the + right of the town. With them were great numbers of + quick-firing guns of various sorts. This unexpected + reinforcement made the capture of Tanga almost impossible by + the forces present. During the fight many casualties were + incurred on both sides. + + As regards the advance against Tanga and Jassin, the German + forces which had previously advanced on Mombasa were, up to + as recently as January, maintaining themselves in the valley + of the Umba River. To drive them from their positions a + column of 1,800 men, composed of Indians and King's African + Rifles, with artillery, was dispatched. + + After gaining Jassin and leaving a garrison of 300 men, the + post was attacked and subsequently surrendered to a force of + 2,000 Germans. The minor operations along the + Anglo-German frontier include the attack on Shirati--a + German post on the southeast shore of Lake Victoria + Nyanza--on Jan. 9. + + Fighting also took place near Karunga in March, and on this + occasion the German force was driven back in disorder and + with heavy loss into their own territory, while Kisu--which + had been captured by the Germans--was reoccupied after the + defeat of Karunga. On Jan. 10 the large Island of Mafia, off + the coast of the German colony, was taken by the British and + is being administered by them. + +[Illustration: SIR CECIL ARTHUR SPRING-RICE + +British Ambassador to Washington. Present When J.P. Morgan was +Assaulted by Erich Muenter, Alias Holt] + +[Illustration: J.P. MORGAN + +Whose Life was Recently Attempted, because of his relations with the +Allied Governments in the Supply of War Munitions. + +The lower picture is of Erich Muenter, Alias Frank Holt, His +Assailant. Photograph taken Immediately after his Arrest.] + +[Illustration: German East Africa and the fighting which has taken +place.] + +The history of the war in this region is brought up to date by a +British Press Bureau statement issued on June 30: + + Further details are now to hand of the operations which have + been taking place west of Lake Victoria Nyanza. It will be + remembered that the general scheme for the attack on Bukoba + was to be a simultaneous advance on the part of two forces, + one starting from the line of the Kagera River, south of + Uganda, the other starting on steamers from Kisumu. + + The junction of the two forces was successfully + accomplished, and the attack took place on June 22. During + the action the enemy received reinforcements which brought + his force up to 400 rifles, and he made a most determined + resistance, the Arabs especially fighting most bravely. They + were, however, heavily outnumbered, and eventually the whole + force broke and fled, utterly demoralized.... Our troops + distinguished themselves greatly, both in the arduous march + from the Kagera and in the subsequent fighting. A telegram + was sent on June 28 from Lord Kitchener to Major Gen. + Tighe, commanding the troops in British East Africa, + congratulating him on the success of the operations. + +[Illustration: Conquered German African Territory.] + + +V. THE PERSIAN GULF AND MESOPOTAMIA. + +Turkey's entry into the war has had four results: 1, The annexation of +Cyprus (previously a protectorate) by Britain on Nov. 5; 2, the +British expedition against Turkish territory on the Persian Gulf two +weeks later; 3, the loss of Turkey's suzerainty over Egypt, which +became a British protectorate under a Sultan on Dec. 17, and, 4, the +attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula, still in progress. + +An excellent summary of the Persian Gulf expedition is given in The +Sphere, May 15: + + The Shatt-el-Arab, (the united Euphrates and Tigris,) for + the greater part of its course, forms the boundary between + Persia and Turkey. Some twenty miles below Basra (or + Bussorah) it is joined by the Kasun, near whose course, + about a hundred miles from its mouth, are the Anglo-Persian + Company's oil fields. + + The effective protection of these is necessarily an object + of vital importance. It was also of considerable importance + to create a diversion which should cause the Osmanli + Generals to feel uneasiness as to a possible advance up the + Euphrates. Whether more than the occupation of Basra and the + protection of the oil fields was or is intended cannot, of + course, be at present definitely stated. + + The expeditionary force, under Lieut. Gen. Sir Arthur + Barrett, consisted--apparently--of three Indo-British + infantry brigades, a brigade of Indian cavalry, and + artillery and auxiliary services in proportion--in all + probability some 15,000 to 18,000 men. It included at least + three British battalions--the Second Dorsets, the Second + Norfolks, and the Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry. + + The advanced brigade reached the Shatt-el-Arab on Nov. 7, + and after a brief fight occupied Fao, a few miles up the + river. On the 9th a night attack was made upon it by a force + from Basra, which was easily beaten off. Shortly afterwards + the main body of the expeditionary force began to arrive, + and by the 16th it had entirely disembarked at Saniyeh, a + place above Fao. + + The weather was wretched. Rain converted the alluvial flats + into a wilderness of mud. The men were drenched and caked + with the riverine clay, the very rifles were often choked. + + Meanwhile the advance guard carried out a reconnoissance up + the river and located the enemy in position at Sahilo, about + nine miles distant. They numbered about 5,000 men, with + twelve guns, under General Subr Bey, the Vali (Governor) of + Basra. The reconnoissance carried an advanced position with + a loss of sixty killed and wounded, and withdrew unmolested + to report. + + On the 17th General Barrett paraded for the attack the bulk + of his force. After a trying march through a veritable + quagmire, the troops sometimes up to their waists in slush, + the division at about 9 A.M. came within range of the + Turkish position, and the leading brigade, the Belgaum, + (Major Gen. Fry,) deployed for attack. + + The ground was absolutely open, and the Turks had a perfect + field of fire. On our side the men had the greatest + difficulty in getting forward through the clayey mud-beds + and the worn-out horses could not bring up the field + artillery. Nevertheless, the Belgaum brigade steadily + advanced, and the attack being presently supported by other + troops and assisted by the first of the two gunboats on the + river, at last closed upon the Turkish intrenchments and + carried them, capturing two guns and one hundred prisoners, + besides inflicting a very heavy loss in killed and wounded. + + The retreat of the enemy was assisted by a mirage which + disconcerted our gunners. Subr Bey retreated on Basra, but + he had no hope of being able to hold the big spreading place + with his small force, and evacuated it. He retreated to + Kurna, where the Tigris joins the Euphrates. There he + intrenched himself. His main body was in Kurna, a large + village encircled by palm groves, in the marshy angle formed + by the two rivers, with a strong detachment in the + straggling village of Mazera, on the left bank of the + Tigris. + +[Illustration: The scene of the Persian Gulf Campaign.] + + On Dec. 7 General Fry advanced upon the Kurna position. The + defenders of Mazera made a hard fight of it, assisted by the + strength of their position among a maze of pottery works + backed up by the ubiquitous palms, but in the afternoon the + village was carried. + + Kurna was now isolated, but its capture presented great + difficulties. All through the 8th General Fry bombarded it + from Mazera, while his infantry were slowly ferried over + higher up. This was prepared by some daring sappers, who + swam the broad river and fixed a wire rope by which the + boats were worked backward and forward, and an advance was + made against Kurna from the rear. + + Subr Bey had lost very heavily at Mazera, so he accepted the + inevitable and surrendered. So a brilliant little episode + came to a victorious conclusion. Subr Bey was returned his + sword and complimented on his stubborn defense. + + The capture of Kurna secured the possession of the Basra + region. Since then operations have been directed to securing + it against Turkish attempts at recovery. + +[Illustration: German Colonial Possessions in the Pacific] + +A recent stage of this campaign is thus described in The Pioneer Mail +(Allahabad) June 4, 1915: + + It is announced from Simla that on the morning of May 31 a + further advance up the Tigris River was made by the British + expeditionary force in close co-operation with the navy. + Notwithstanding the excessive heat the troops advanced with + great dash and determination, and successively captured four + positions held by the enemy. As far as reported we suffered + only a few casualties. Valuable work was performed by our + aeroplanes. The operations are proceeding. + +The British force at the end of June had reached Shaiba. + + +VI. THE "UNREST" IN INDIA. + +The splendid work done by Indian regulars and Indian imperial forces +(the forces supplied by native Princes) in Europe, in Africa, in +Egypt, in Mesopotamia is a sufficient answer to the suggestion that +British influence in India has been weakened by the war. The +enthusiastic formation of volunteer corps, both of Europeans and of +natives, is a further proof that the peoples of India, now more than +ever, realize the benefits of liberty and security which they enjoy. +In India the torpedoing of the Lusitania made a profound impression, +as the native press proves. + +A notable trial, the Lahore conspiracy case, disclosed the curious +fact that almost the only case of "unrest" in India was "made in +America" by returned emigrants from Canada and California, who, on +their way back, were interviewed by the German Consuls at Chinese +ports and advised to stir up an insurrection. This they tried to do, +using bombs made of brass inkpots, and bombarding the houses of +well-to-do natives, seeking in this way to raise money to finance the +rising. + +The Pioneer Mail (Allahabad) gives an interesting account of the trial +of these peculiar patriots, half of whom seem to have informed on the +other half. It appears that they, or others like them, were +instrumental in causing the recent riot at Singapore, in which some +twenty European men and women were killed. + + +VII. GERMAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC. + +A curious result of the world war has been the expeditions initiated +by the great oversea dominions of Britain and by India. The work of +two of these, in Africa and Mesopotamia, has been already described. +There remain the joint Australian and New Zealand expeditions against +the island colonies of Germany and the great semi-continental area of +New Guinea. + +A lively account of the expedition against the Samoa Islands is +printed in The Sydney Bulletin for Sept. 24: + + The recent expedition to Samoa furnished many surprises, + chief among which was the adaptability of the Maorilanders + to military discipline. When the men came on board the + transports (Moeraki and Monowai) discipline simply wasn't in + their dictionaries. They acknowledged orders with a "Right + O, Sport," or with an argument. Companies were referred to + as mobs, the commanding officer as the boss or the + admiral.... + + The night before we reached Samoa an English military + officer on board told me it was remarkable, and highly + creditable, the rapidity with which the men had adapted + themselves to the changed circumstances.... + + The expedition called at Noumea to pick up the French + warship Montcalm, also the Australia and Melbourne of ours. + Noumea had been very worried since the war began, lest the + German fleet from Samoa would come along and bombard the + place. Had notices up to the effect that five shots would + signify the arrival of the Germans, and that every + inhabitant was then to grab rations and make for the + horizon. The welcome the French handed to us would have + stirred the blood of a jellyfish. + + Samoa proved a walk-over. Not a gun, not a ship, not a mine. + A bunch of schoolboys with Shanghais and a hatful of rocks + could have taken it. The German fleet that was supposed to + be waiting to welcome us hadn't been around for eleven + months. Seemingly the German fleet has gone into the + business of not being around. + + +VIII. GERMAN NEW GUINEA. + +The Australasian (Melbourne) for Sept. 19 prints the following, +describing the conquest of German New Guinea, which, with the Bismarck +Archipelago, off the coast, has an area of 90,000 square +miles--something less than half the size of the German Empire: + + The Minister for Defense (Mr. Millen) has received the + following further information by wireless regarding the + operations at Herbertshohe and Rabaul, from Admiral Patey: + The Australian naval reserve captured the wireless station + at Herbertshohe at 1 P.M. on Sept. 12, after eighteen hours' + bush fighting over about six miles. Herbertshohe and Rabaul, + the seat of Government, have been garrisoned and a base has + been established at Simpsonshafen. + + Have prisoners: German officers, 2, including commandant; + German non-commissioned officers, 15; and native police, 56. + German casualties about 20 to 30 killed. Simpsonshafen swept + and ready to be entered Sept. 12. + + Naval force landed under Commander Beresford of the + Australian Navy met with vigorous opposition. Advanced party + at dawn established landing before enemy aware of intention. + From within a few hundred yards of landing bush fight for + almost four miles. Roads and fronts also mined in places, + and stations intrenched. Officer commanding German forces in + trench 500 yards seaward side of station has surrendered + unconditionally. + + Our force have reconnoitred enemy strength holding station. + Have landed 12-pounder guns, and if station does not + surrender intend shelling. Regret to report following + casualties: 4 killed, 3 wounded. + +Later a wireless message from Rear-Admiral Sir George Patey informed +the Minister for Defense (Mr. E.D. Millen) on Monday, Sept. 14, that, +as a result of the operations of the Australian Expeditionary Force, +Rabaul, the seat of government in German New Guinea, had been +occupied. The British flag was hoisted over the town at 3:30 on Sunday +afternoon (Sept. 13, 1914) and it was saluted. A proclamation was then +read by Rear-Admiral Patey, formerly setting out the occupation. + +Apia (Samoa) had been occupied by British forces on Aug. 29. The +Caroline Islands, first occupied by Japan, were turned over to New +Zealand. The Marshall and Solomon Islands were likewise occupied on +Dec. 9, thus completing the tale of Germany's colonial possessions in +the Pacific. + +There remain large areas in Kamerun and East Africa, but in both cases +the coast line is in the possession of the Entente powers. + + +IX. FIGHTING IN THE CAUCASUS. + +The first considerable battle in the Caucasus, after Turkey entered +the war, was decided in favor of Russia, on Jan. 3. On Jan. 16 the +Eleventh Corps of the Turkish Army was cut up at Kara Urgaun. On Jan. +30 the Russians occupied Tabriz. On Feb. 8 Trebizond was bombarded by +Russian destroyers. On May 4 the Turks were again defeated, leaving +3,500 dead. + +The most recent considerable action was the taking of the ancient and +important City of Van, which is graphically described in Novoe Vremya, +June 19: + + "When our armies scattered the forces of Halil Bey and + gained marked successes in the western part of Azerbijan, + the question of taking Van and the more important towns on + Lake Van arose. At the same time we received news of the + desperate situation of the Christians (Armenians) of the Van + vilayet, who had been compelled to take up arms against the + Kurds. + + "Our division was directed to go to Van through the Sanjak + of Bajazet, crossing the Tatar Pass under fire of Turkish + regulars and Kurds. In spite of the Spring season, the whole + pass was covered with a thick carpet of snow, in places up + to our men's belts. At the highest point of the pass, 10,000 + feet, we were forced to halt. After a brief rest we reached + Taparitz and were immediately in contact with the enemy, who + attacked with shell and rifle fire, but we soon silenced + them with our rifles and machine guns. Scattering, the Turks + and Kurds hid among the rocks and sniped at us. + + "From Taparitz we advanced much more rapidly along the Abaga + Valley, then turned to the west along the River + Bendimach-Su, the best route to Van. We were informed that + Begri-Kala was strongly occupied by Turks who were + determined to defend it to the last. + + "They began an irregular fire, which soon developed into a + hotly contested battle. We were compelled to reply with + bullet and bayonet. We took several mountain guns, many + rifles and cartridges and much ammunition. Many of the + enemy threw up their hands and surrendered. We liberated + several dozen Christian girls who had been captured by the + Kurds at the time of the Turk and Kurd raid on the Armenian + villages. + + "We then resumed our march on Van, after driving the Turks + from the Village of Sor. The enemy gathered in the Town of + Janik, one march from Van, on the northeast shore of Lake + Van. To take Janik cost us several days' fighting. The Turks + fought desperately, undaunted by enormous losses, their dead + falling in heaps on all sides. The Turkish infantry fought a + brave and honorable fight, but the Kurds are foul fighters, + murdering and looting. + + "Attacking directly with only a part of our forces, we sent + the rest by a long detour around the enemy's position, + taking the Turks in flank; then our men charged with the + bayonet, and the fight was over. + +[Illustration: Scene of operation of Russians against the Turks in the +Caucasus.] + + "The fall of Janik decided the fate of Van. On the night of + May 5 (18) the Turks evacuated Van, leaving twenty-six guns, + 3,000 poods (a pood equals 36 pounds) of powder, their + treasure and documents; they went so silently that the + inhabitants did not know of it until the next morning. + + "On May 6 (19) the birthday of Czar Nicholas II., we entered + antique Van, the centre of the large and once wealthy + vilayet of the same name, amid extraordinary rejoicings, the + entire Christian population coming forth to meet us, + strewing flowers and green branches in the streets and + decking our soldiers with garlands. + + "The capture of Van is as important politically as it is + strategically. The advance on Mush and Bitlis is a necessary + consequence." + + + + +An "Insult" to War + + +Mount Kisco, N.Y., July 11, 1915. + +_To the Editor of The New York Times:_ + +On Friday night at Carnegie Hall Miss Jane Addams stated that in the +present war, in order to get soldiers to charge with the bayonet, all +nations are forced first to make them drunk. I quote from THE TIMES +report: + + In Germany they have a regular formula for it [she said]. In + England they use rum and the French resort to absinthe. In + other words, therefore, in the terrible bayonet charges they + speak of with dread, the men must be doped before they + start. + +In this war the French or English soldier who has been killed in a +bayonet charge gave his life to protect his home and country. For his +supreme exit he had prepared himself by months of discipline. Through +the Winter in the trenches he has endured shells, disease, snow and +ice. For months he had been separated from his wife, children, +friends--all those he most loved. When the order to charge came it was +for them he gave his life, that against those who destroyed Belgium +they might preserve their home, might live to enjoy peace. + +Miss Addams denies him the credit of his sacrifice. She strips him of +honor and courage. She tells his children, "Your father did not die +for France, or for England, or for you; he died because he was drunk." + +In my opinion, since the war began, no statement had been so unworthy +or so untrue and ridiculous. The contempt it shows for the memory of +the dead is appalling; the credulity and ignorance it displays are +inconceivable. + +Miss Addams does not know that even from France they have banished +absinthe. If she doubts that in this France had succeeded let her ask +for it. I asked for it, and each maitre d'hotel treated me as though I +had proposed we should assassinate General Joffre. + +If Miss Addams does know that the French Government has banished +absinthe, then she is accusing it of openly receiving the +congratulations of the world for destroying the drug while secretly +using it to make fiends of the army. If what Miss Addams states is +true, then the French Government is rotten, French officers deserve +only court-martial, and French soldiers are cowards. + +If we are to believe her, the Canadians at Ypres, the Australians in +the Dardanelles, the English and the French on the Aisne made no +supreme sacrifice, but were killed in a drunken brawl. + +Miss Addams desires peace. So does every one else. But she will not +attain peace by misrepresentation. I have seen more of this war and +other wars than Miss Addams, and I know all war to be wicked, +wasteful, and unintelligent, and where Miss Addams can furnish one +argument in favor of peace I will furnish a hundred. But against this +insult, flung by a complacent and self-satisfied woman at men who gave +their lives for men, I protest. And I believe that with me are all +those women and men who respect courage and honor. + +RICHARD HARDING DAVIS. + + + + +The Drive at Warsaw + +Germany's Story of the Eastern Campaign + +Battles of Radymno, Przemysl, Lemberg, the Dniester, Krasnik, +Przasnysz, Ostrolenka + + The grand sweep of the victorious German armies through + Galicia and into Poland, on a more tremendous scale than has + hitherto been witnessed in the warfare of history, is + recorded in the semi-official German accounts of the Wolff + Telegraphic Bureau, published by the Frankfurter Zeitung + from June 3 to June 29, and translated below. The official + German reports of the campaign concentrated upon the Polish + capital of Warsaw follow. On July 19 a Petrograd dispatch to + the London Morning Post reported that Emperor William had + telegraphed his sister, the Queen of Greece, to the effect + that he had "paralyzed Russia for at least six months to + come" and was on the eve of "delivering a coup on the + western front that will make all Europe tremble." + + +STORMING OF RADYMNO + +_The semi-official report dispatched by the Wolff Telegraphic Bureau +from Berlin on June 3, 1915, reads as follows:_ + +From the Great Headquarters we learn the following concerning the +battles at Radymno: + +The corps of General von Mackensen, on the evening of the 23d of May, +stood on both sides of the San in a great bow directed toward the +east. On the right wing Bavarian troops stood on the watch facing the +northwest front of the fortress of Przemysl. In touch with the +Bavarian troops German and Austro-Hungarian forces stood south of the +San before the strongly fortified bridgehead of Radymno. Farther north +still other troops linked up with the army. + +The bridgehead of Radymno consisted of a threefold line of field +works. There was in the first place the main position well provided +with wire entanglements. This ran along the heights that lie westward +of the village of Ostroro and through the low lands of the San up to +this river. Then there was a well-constructed intermediate position +which was laid through the long straggling village of Ostroro. Finally +there was the so-called bridgehead of Zagrody which was constructed +for the protection of the street and railroad bridges crossing the +river to the east of Radymno. Air-men had photographed all these +positions and had reduced the views by the photogrammeter and +transferred them to the map. + +The first task was to render the enemy's main positions ripe for +attack. With this object the artillery on the afternoon of May 23 +began its fire, which was continued on the next day. From the heights +near Jaroslau could be seen the valley of the San lying in the mists, +out of which jutted the cupola towers of Radymno and the hamlets of +Ostroro, Wietlin, Wysocko, etc. The artillery fire was raised to the +utmost pitch of intensity. The heavy projectiles howling, furrowed the +air, lit great fires as they struck and excavated vast pits in the +earth. The Russian artillery replied. + +At six o'clock in the morning the long infantry lines rose in their +storming positions and advanced to the attack. The flyers reported +that behind the enemy's positions they observed grazing cattle and +baggage carts. The enemy seemed not to expect a serious attack. +Anyhow, the Petersburg bulletin had announced that the battles in +Galicia had decreased in intensity, that the Teutonic allies had +practically throughout gone over to the defensive. + +At six-thirty in the morning the enemy's main position in its whole +extent was in the hands of the German troops. Shaken by the heavy +artillery fire the enemy had made only brief resistance; he was in +hasty retreat toward the east. + +But just in that direction and into Radymno, whence the enemy's +reinforcements were to be expected, the artillery had in the meantime +turned its fire. Great clouds of smoke covered these villages set +afire by the bombardment. The Russians thus did not have the chance to +take permanent footing in Ostroro. The troops holding the town +surrendered, leaving hundreds of guns and great quantities of +ammunition in the hands of the victors. + +Along the whole line the German infantry was now advancing upon +Radymno and the villages connecting with this place, Skolowszo and +Zamojsce. With every step forward the number of prisoners was +increased. Soon one division reported to headquarters that it did not +have enough men to attend to the removal of the great masses of +prisoners without prejudice to the conduct of the action. Cavalry was +therefore assigned to this task. + +At Radymno the enemy's troops had become jammed in crowds. A wooden +wagon bridge over the San had been burned down too soon. From the +position of the staff directing the battle one could see the leaping +flames and the clouds of heavy black smoke caused by the pouring on of +naphtha. One could also see long columns fleeing eastward covering the +street toward Dunkowice with their disordered crowds. As the Russian +recruits which had been gathered in Radymno made only a brief +resistance, this place together with all the artillery which was +attempting to escape through the town to the San, was also lost. Only +at the bridgehead of Zagrody did the Russian leaders, by hastily +bringing up fresh reserves, finally check the attack of the Germans. +On this day 70 officers, 9,000 men, 42 machine guns, 52 cannon of +which 10 were heavy, 14 ammunition wagons, and extensive other booty +was reported. But also on the north bank of the San a great battle had +developed. + + +PRZEMYSL + +_A semi-official dispatch by the Wolff Telegraphic Bureau dated +Berlin, June 6, said:_ + +From the Great Headquarters we have received the following telegram +concerning the fall of the fortress Przemysl: + +When on the 2d of May the offensive of the allies in West Galicia +began, few probably could have imagined that four weeks later the +heavy guns of the Central Powers would open their fire on Przemysl. +The Russian staff was not likely to have been prepared for this +possibility. Its decision swayed this way and that, whether, as +originally planned, to hold the fortress, for "political reasons" or +"voluntarily to withdraw" from it. Constantly our airmen reported the +marching of troops in and out of the fortress. On the 21st of May the +decision seemed to have been reached to abandon it. In spite of this, +eight days later the place was stubbornly defended. + +[Illustration: Eight German military positions about Przemysl and +Lemberg.] + +General von Kneussl pushed the line of his Bavarian regiments from the +north closer to the fortress to shut in the foe. About eleven o'clock +in the forenoon the heavy batteries began to engage the forts on the +north front. In the night from the 30th to the 31st of May the +infantry pushed forward closer to the wire entanglements. It awaited +the effect of the heavy artillery. This confined the defenders to +their bomb-proof shelters, so that our infantry could step out of its +trenches and from the top of the breastworks watch the tremendous +drama of destruction. The lighter guns of the assailants found ideal +positions in the battery emplacements formerly built by the Russians +as part of their siege works when operating against the Austrians in +Przemysl. So, too, General von Kneussl with his staff found shelter +near, and the chief of artillery in the observation station +constructed by the Russians near Batycze. From this point, distant +from the line of forts only a little more than two kilometers, one +could observe the whole front of Forts 10 and 11. On the 31st of May, +at four in the afternoon, the heavy guns ceased firing. Simultaneously +the infantry, Bavarian regiments, a Prussian regiment and a detachment +of Austrian sharp-shooters, moved to the attack. The destruction of +the works and advanced points of support of the fortress by the heavy +artillery had such a shattering and depressing effect on its garrison +that it was not capable of offering any effective resistance to the +attacking infantry. + +The troops manning Forts 10a, 11a, and 11, such of them as did not lie +buried in the shattered casemates, fled, leaving behind their entire +war material, including a great number of the newest light and heavy +Russian guns. The enemy replied to the assailants who pushed forward +to the circular connecting road, only with artillery fire, and in the +night made no counter attack of any kind. On the 1st of June the enemy +threw several single battalions into a counter attack. These attacks +were repulsed without difficulty. + +The heavy artillery now fought down Forts 10 and 11. The Prussian +infantry regiment No. 45, jointly with Bavarian troops, stormed two +earthworks lying to the east of Fort 11 which the enemy had +stubbornly defended. On the 2d of June, at noon, the 22d regiment of +Bavarian infantry stormed Fort 10, in which all "bombproofs" except +one had been made heaps of debris by the action of the heavy +artillery. A battalion of fusiliers of the Queen Augusta Guard +regiment of grenadiers in the evening took Fort 12. Works 10b, 9a and +9b capitulated. + +In the evening the troops of General von Kneussl began the attack in +the direction of the city. The village Zurawica and the fortified +positions of the enemy situated there were captured. The enemy now +desisted from all further resistance. Thus the German troops, followed +later by the 4th Austro-Hungarian cavalry division were able to occupy +the strongly built inner line of forts, and at 3 o'clock in the +morning after making numerous prisoners, to march into the relieved +city of Przemysl. + +Here, where a battalion of the third infantry regiment of the Guard +was the first troop to enter, there was still a last halt before the +burned bridges over the San. But these were soon replaced with +military bridges. After a siege of only four days the fortress of +Przemysl was again in the hands of the allies. The Russians had in +vain attacked this fortress for months. Although they brought +hecatombs of bloody sacrifices they had not succeeded in taking the +fortress by storm. Only by starvation did they bring it to fall, and +they were enabled to enjoy their possession only nine weeks. Energetic +and daring leadership, supported by heroically fighting troops and +excellent heavy artillery, had in the briefest possible space of time +reduced the great fortress. + + +BATTLE OF GRODEK + +_A semi-official dispatch by the Wolff Telegraphic Bureau, dated +Berlin, June 27, reported as follows:_ + +From the Great Headquarters we have received the following telegram +about the battle for Grodek and the Wereszyca position: + +In the night from the 15th to the 16th of June the enemy began his +retreat in front of the allied troops in an easterly and northeasterly +direction. He was now unquestionably withdrawing to his defenses on +the Wereszyca and the so-called Grodek position. The Wereszyca is a +little stream that rises in the hilly lands of Magierow and flows in a +southerly course to the Dniester. Insignificant as the streamlet is in +itself, it yet forms, because of the width of its valley and the ten +rather large lakes in it, a locality peculiarly well fitted for +defense. + +Whatever was lacking to the situation in natural strength had been +supplied by art. This the Russians displayed above all in the Grodek +position which, joining the Wereszyca on the north at Janow, stretches +for a distance of more than 70 kilometres in a northwestern direction +as far as the region of Narol Miasto. Thousands of laborers had here +worked for months to construct a fortified position which does honor +to the Russian engineers. Here extensive clearings have been made in +the forests. Dozens of works for infantry defense, hundreds of +kilometres of rifle trenches, covering and connecting trenches, had +been dug, the hilly forest land quite transformed, and finally vast +wire entanglements stretched along the entire Wereszyca and Grodek +front. Taken as a whole this position formed the last great bulwark +with which the Russians hoped to check their victorious opponents and +to bring their advance upon Lemberg to a permanent halt. + +The Russian army found itself incapable of acting up to these +expectations of its leaders. A cavalry regiment of the Guard, with the +cannon and machine guns assigned to it, succeeded on the 16th of June, +on the road Jaworow-Niemirow, in making a surprise attack on a Russian +infantry brigade marching northward to the Grodek position and in +scattering it in the forests. In the evening the city of Niemirow was +stormed. On the 18th of June the armies of General von Mackensen +deployed into line of battle before the Russian positions. On the +following day they moved to the attack. Early in the morning the +decisive onslaught was made on the Grodek position and in the evening +on the Wereszyca line. Very soon the hostile positions on both sides +of the Sosnina forest were taken. Four of the enemy's guns were +captured, and the Russian positions on Mt. Horoszyko, which had been +built up into a veritable fortress, were stormed. + +The main attack was made by regiments of the Prussian Guard. Before +them lay, to the west of Magierow, Hill 350. Even from a distance it +can be seen that this elevation, rising to a height of fifty metres +above the slope, is the key to the whole position. The defenses +consisted of two rows of trenches, lying one over the other, with +strong cover, and with wire entanglements and abattis in front of +them. At daybreak began the artillery battle. This already at six +o'clock in the morning resulted in the complete subduing of the +Russian artillery, which, as always in the recently preceding days, +held back and only very cautiously and with sparing use of ammunition +took part in the battle. At seven the hostile position was considered +ripe for storming and the infantry attack ordered. Although the forces +manning the heights still took up the fire against the attackers, it +was without, however, inflicting on them losses worth mentioning. The +German heavy artillery had done its duty. The enemy was so demoralized +that, although in the beginning he kept up his fire, he preferred to +absent himself before the entry of the Germans into his trenches. + +More than 700 prisoners and about a dozen machine guns fell into the +hands of the attackers. In the ditches that were taken alone there lay +200 dead Russians. In the meantime the attack was directed against the +neighboring sections. Soon the Russians found themselves compelled +also to vacate without giving battle the very strong position running +north of the street that leads to Magierow, with its front toward the +south. Since the German troops were able to penetrate with the fleeing +enemy into Magierow and to advance north of the city toward the east, +the position at Bialo-Piaskowa also became untenable. The Russians +flowed backward and only at Lawryko again tried to get a firm +footing. Late in the evening a Guard regiment took the railroad +station of Dabrocin, where but a short time before the Russians had +been trans-shipping troops, and thus won the Lemberg-Rawa-Ruska road. +The adjoining corps in the evening stood about on a level with the +regiments of the Guard. Again penetration of the Russian front had +succeeded to a width of 25 kilometres, and the fate of Lemberg had +been decided here and on the Wereszyca. This line was stormed late in +the evening and partly in the early morning hours of the 20th of June. +The German corps, which on this day had been joined by the German +Emperor, stormed the hostile positions of Stawki as far as the Bulawa +outwork. Since the morning hours of the 20th of June the enemy, who in +places had already withdrawn in the night, was in full retreat toward +the east along the whole front. The pursuit was at once undertaken. On +the evening of the same day Royal and Imperial troops stood close +before the fortifications of Lemberg. + + +THE FALL OF LEMBERG + +_A semi-official report dispatch by the Wolff Telegraphic Bureau from +Berlin, June 28, reads:_ + +From the Great Headquarters we have received the following telegram +about the taking of Lemberg: + +The Russians entered Lemberg, the capital of Galicia, a city of +250,000 inhabitants, in the beginning of September, 1914. They at once +restored to the city its Polish name, Lwow, and during their reign in +the beautiful town made themselves exceedingly well at home. They +began promptly to develop Lemberg into a great fortress and for the +further protection of their new possession to construct the fortified +lines of Grodek and Wereszyca. The protective works of Lemberg built +by the Austrians were strengthened and extended by the Russians, +especially along the south and southwest fronts. The existing depot +facilities were enlarged and a number of railways, both field and +permanent, extended throughout the domain of the fortress. To +guarantee the maintenance of the fortress of Lemberg, even in case the +Grodek position should be penetrated and have to be given up, a +strongly fortified supporting work had been built. This ran along the +heights to the west of the Lemberg-Rawa-Ruska railway to the vicinity +of Dobrocin. + +After the armies of General von Mackensen had broken through the +Grodek and Wereszyca position, German divisions and allied troops +struck these supporting works. The centre of the Army Boehm-Ermolli +simultaneously approached the west from Lemberg. The main body of this +army attacked sections of the hostile army which had prepared for +renewed resistance behind the Szczerzek and Stavczonka streams and in +contact with the fortress on the south. This position on the evening +of the 21st of June was successfully penetrated at several points and +the attacking troops were pushed closer to the defenses on the west +front of Lemberg. German connecting troops under the leadership of +General von der Marwitz on the same day stormed the most important +points of the stubbornly defended supporting position. They thus +compelled the enemy to evacuate this position in the whole of its +extent and opened for the adjacent Austrian troops the road to the +defenses on the northwest front of the fortress. In consequence the +Austro-Hungarian troops were able on the 22d of June to take the works +on the northwest and west fronts. + +At five o'clock in the morning fell the fortification Rzesna, soon +thereafter Sknilow, and toward eleven Lysa Gora. This work was +conquered by infantry regiment No. 34, "William I., German Emperor and +King of Prussia." In the Rzesna fortification alone, besides gun +limbers and machine guns, 400 prisoners were taken who belonged to no +less than eighteen different Russian divisions. In the work there was +found, besides masses of weapons and ammunition, a large number of +unopened wooden boxes containing steel blinders (Stahlblenden). + +At noon of that day the victorious troops set foot in the Galician +capital in which the Russians had ruled for nearly ten months. About +four o'clock in the afternoon the Austrian commander made his entry +into the city, which was quite undamaged and decked with flags. In the +streets, in the windows and on balconies stood thousands and thousands +of the inhabitants, who enthusiastically greeted their deliverers and +showered the automobiles with a rain of flowers. The next day the +commander-in-chief, General von Mackensen, congratulated in Lemberg +the conqueror of the fortress, the Austrian General of Cavalry von +Boehm-Ermolli. The German Emperor, on receiving the announcement of +the fall of Lemberg, sent the following telegram to General von +Mackensen: + +"Accept on the crowning event of your brilliantly led Galician +campaign, the fall of Lemberg, my warmest congratulations. It +completes an operation which, systematically prepared and executed +with energy and skill, has led in only six weeks to successes in +battles and amount of booty, and that, too, in the open field, seldom +recorded in the history of wars. To God's gracious support we, in the +first instance, owe this shining victory, and then to your +battle-tried leadership and the bravery of the allied troops under +you, both fighting in true comradeship. As an expression of my +thankful recognition I appoint you field marshal. + +(Signed) "Wilhelm I.R." + +At the same time the commander of the Austrian army, Grand Duke +Frederick, was appointed a Prussian general field marshal. The +faithful working together of the allied armies had borne rich fruits. + + +THE CZAR'S RESCRIPT + +_The following Imperial Rescript addressed to the Premier, M. +Goremykin, was announced at Petrograd on June 30:_ + +From all parts of the country I have received appeals testifying to +the firm determination of the Russian peoples to devote their strength +to the work of equipping the Army. I derive from this national +unanimity the unshakable assurance of a brilliant future. A prolonged +war calls for ever-fresh efforts. But, surmounting growing +difficulties and parrying the vicissitudes which are inevitable in +war, let us strengthen in our hearts the resolution to carry on the +struggle, with the help of God, to the complete triumph of the Russian +arms. The enemy must be crushed, for without that peace is impossible. + +With firm faith in the inexhaustible strength of Russia, I anticipate +that the governmental and public institutions of Russian industry and +all faithful sons of the Fatherland, without distinction of ideas and +classes, will work together in harmony to satisfy the needs of our +valiant Army. This is the only and, henceforth, the national problem +to which must be directed all the thoughts of united Russia, +invincible in her unity. + +Having formed, for the discussion of questions of supplying the Army, +a special commission, in which members of the Legislative Chambers and +representatives of industry participate, I recognize the necessity, in +consequence, of advancing the date of the reopening of these +Legislative bodies in order to hear the voice of the country. + +Having decided that the sessions of the Duma and the Council of the +Empire shall be resumed in the month of August at the latest, I rely +on the Council of Ministers to draw up, according to my indications, +the Bills necessitated by a time of war.--_Reuter._ + + +RUSSIA'S DEFENSIVE PLAN + +_A dispatch to the London Daily Chronicle from Petrograd on July 6 +said:_ + +The Russian defense is now a two-fold and rather complex process. +Along the frontiers the army is parrying blows of the enemy and +wearing him down, avoiding big battles, losing territory indeed, +little by little, but gaining time and husbanding resources. + +The other side of the process is the rally of the nation to the +support of the army. It would be wholly wrong to regard the gradual +advance of the Germans and Austrians in Russian territory as evidence +that Russian resistance is breaking down. On the contrary the nation +has never been so thoroughly aroused as now. + +The broad back of the Russian soldier has done marvels in sustaining +the heavy burden of war, but when retreat in Galicia began it suddenly +flashed on the nation that this was not enough--valor must be +reinforced by technique. The attitude of the nation to the war +immediately changed. Formerly it was a spectator watching with eager +hope mingled with anxiety the deeds of the army that was part of its +very self. Now it has become an active reserve of the army and in +securing liberty to act it has gained in moral force. + +The Cabinet is being strengthened, more effective contact is being +established between the Government and the nation, and the War Office +is now the centre of popular interest. + +Russia has not yet followed the example of her allies in appointing a +Minister of Munitions, but the course of events is tending in this +direction and the new War Minister, General Polivanoff, commands the +confidence of the Duma and nation generally. The War Office has become +the focus of the new national organizing movement of which all +existing public bodies are being made the nucleus. + + +FIGHTING ON TWO RIVERS + +_The statement issued by the German Army Headquarters Staff in Berlin +on June 30 reported:_ + +Between the Bug and the Vistula Rivers the German and Austro-Hungarian +troops have reached the districts of Belz, Komanow and Zamosc and the +northern border of the forest-plantations in the Tanew section. Also +on a line formed by the banks of the Vistula and in the district of +Zawichost, to the east of Zarow, the enemy has commenced a retreat. + +An enemy aeroplane was forced to descend behind our lines. The +occupants of the machine were made prisoners. + +_On July 1 the situation on the Russian front was thus officially +reported from Berlin:_ + +Eastern theatre of war: Our positions here are unchanged. The booty +taken during June amounts to two flags and 25,695 prisoners, of whom +120 were officers; seven cannon, six mine throwers, fifty-two machine +guns, and one aeroplane, besides much material of war. + +Southeastern theatre of war: After bitter fighting the troops under +General von Linsingen yesterday stormed the Russian positions east of +the Gnila Lipa River near Kunioze and Luozynoe and to the north of +Rohatyn. Three officers and 2,328 men were made prisoners and five +machine guns were captured. + +East of Lemberg the Austro-Hungarian troops have pressed forward into +the enemy positions. The army under Field Marshal von Mackensen is +continuing to press forward between the Bug and Vistula Rivers. West +of the Vistula, after stubborn fighting by the Russians, the Teutonic +allies are advancing on both sides of the Kamenna in pursuit. + +The total amount of captures during June made by the Teutonic allied +troops under General von Linsingen, Field Marshal von Mackensen, and +General von Woyrich amounts to 409 officers and 140,650 men and 80 +cannon and 268 machine guns. + +_From Vienna--The following official communication was issued on July +1 by the War Office:_ + +Battles in Eastern Galicia continued on July 1 on the Gnila Lipa and +in the region east of Lemberg. Our troops advanced in several places +on the heights east of the Gnila Lipa and broke through hostile +positions. The allied troops also succeeded, after stubborn fighting, +in reaching the eastern bank of the Rohatyn. + +On the Dniester complete calm prevails. In the region of the source of +the Wieprz we occupied Zamoso, north of the Tanew all lower lands are +occupied. West of the Vistula our troops pursued the flying enemy up +to Tarlow. + +The total booty taken during June by the allied troops during the +fighting in the northeast comprises 521 officers and 194,000 men, 93 +guns, 164 machine guns, 78 caisson, and 100 military railroad +carriages. + + +KRASNIK REACHED + +_The statement issued by German Army Headquarters on July 2 says:_ + +In the Eastern Theatre: Southwest of Kalwarya, after stubborn fighting +we took a mine position from the enemy and made 600 Russians +prisoners. + +In the Southeastern Theatre: After storming the heights southeast of +Bu-Kaszowice, north of Halicz, the Russians along the whole front from +the district of Maryampol to just north of Firjilow have been obliged +to retreat. Troops under General von Linsingen are pursuing the +defeated enemy. + +Up to yesterday we had taken 7,765 prisoners, of whom 11 are officers. +We also captured eighteen machine guns. + +_The German official report of July 3 reads:_ + +In the Southeastern Theatre: North of the Dniester River our troops +are advancing under continuous fighting in pursuit of the enemy and +penetrating by way of the line of Mariampol, Narajoa and Miasto toward +the Zlota Lipa section. They have reached the Bug at several places +between Kamionka and Strzumilowa and below Krylow and are quickly +advancing in a northerly direction between the Bug and the Vistula. + +The lowlands of the Labunka now are in our possession, after our +opponents had offered stubborn resistance at certain places. + +German troops also obtained a firm foothold on the northern bank of +the river in the Wysnica section, between Krasnik and the mouth of the +Labunka. + +Between the left bank of the Vistula and the Pilica River the +situation remains generally unchanged. + +A Russian counter-attack southeast of Radom was repulsed. + +_The following Austrian official war statement was given out in Vienna +on July 3:_ + +In East Galicia the Teutonic allied troops are advancing, pursuing the +enemy east of Halicz and across the Narajowska, and to the north +attacking successfully on the heights east of Janozyn. On the Bug +River the situation is unchanged. + +Between the Vistula and the Bug Rivers the Teutonic allied troops are +steadily advancing, with fierce fighting. Zamosc has been stormed. +West of there the Russians everywhere have been repulsed beyond the +Por Plain, which is in our possession. At several places we forced a +passage of the brook. + +East of Krasnik, for which fighting is still proceeding, Studzianki +has been captured. The village of Wysnica, west of Krasnik, also was +stormed. Here and elsewhere in this sector the enemy was repulsed. + +Friday on the Por and near Krasnik, 4,800 prisoners were captured, and +three machine guns were taken. + +West of the Vistula there were artillery duels. + +_Following is the official report of the operations on the front in +Galicia and Southern Poland, wirelessed July 4 from Berlin to +Sayville, N.Y.:_ + +General von Linsingen's army, in full pursuit of the enemy, is +advancing toward the Zlota Lipa. Three thousand Russians were taken +prisoners yesterday. Under pressure of the Germans the enemy is +evacuating his positions from Narajow to Miasto, and to the north of +Przemyslany from Kamionka to Krylow. + +[Illustration: H.R.H. PRINCE GEORGE + +Duke of Sparta and Crown Prince of Greece + +(_Photo from P.S. Rogers._)] + +[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR HENRY B. JACKSON + +Who Succeeded Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord of the British Admiralty + +(_Photo by Elliott & Fry._)] + + +ON ZLOTA LIPA RIVER + +_Following is the Austrian official war statement given out from +Vienna on July 6:_ + +In Eastern Galicia the Teutonic allied troops under General von +Linsingen, after two weeks of successful battles, have reached the +Zlota Lipa River, the western bank of which has been cleared of the +enemy. In the sectors of Kamionka Strumilowa and Krasno battles +against the Russian rearguards are continuing. + +Near Krylow (on the Bug River), in Southern Russian Poland, near the +Galician border, the enemy has evacuated the western bank of the Bug +and burned the village of Krylow. + +Fighting is proceeding on both banks of the Upper Wieprz. + +The Teutonic allied troops drove the enemy from positions north of the +small River Por and advanced to Faras and Plonka. + +The western army, commanded by Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, after +several days' battle, broke through the Russian front on both sides of +Krasnik and drove the Russians back with heavy losses in a northerly +direction. We captured twenty-nine officers and 8,000 men and took six +caissons and six machine guns. + +West of the Vistula River the situation is unchanged. + +_The Petrograd correspondent of The London Times telegraphed on July +6:_ + +No apprehension is entertained as to the fate of Warsaw, for the city +bids fair to be protected. Even if the Germans should reach Ivangorod, +this would not necessarily involve the surrender of Warsaw. + +The Russian waiting game in fact has been justified. The critic of the +Novoe Vremya correctly explains the withdrawal as a manoeuvre +deliberately undertaken with the object of accepting battle under the +best conditions for the Russians. He adds that on the Vistula front +the ground which offers the Russians the greatest advantage is that +with Brest Litovsk as a base, Ivangorod on the right flank and a +strong army occupying the flank and rear positions in relation to the +right flank of General von Boehm-Ermolli's Army. + +_The War Department at Vienna on July 6 gave out the following +official statement:_ + +The Russians, who, in the second battle of Krasnik, were defeated by +the army of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, are retreating in a northern +and north-eastern direction, pursued by the Austrians who are pressing +to attack. + +The Austrians on Monday captured the district of Cieszanow and the +heights north of Wysnica. Under pressure of our advance the enemy is +retreating on the Wieprz beyond Tarnogora. Our booty in this fighting +has increased to 41 officers and 11,500 men and 17 machine guns. + +On the Bug River and in East Galicia the situation is unchanged. + +On the Zlota Lipa and Dniester Rivers quiet prevails. + +_German Army Headquarters wirelessed the following report from Berlin +to Sayville, N.Y., on July 7:_ + +During pursuit of the Russians to the Zlota Lipa River from July 3 to +July 5 the Germans captured 3,850 men. The number of prisoners made +south of Biale River has been increased to seven officers and about +800 men. + +In Poland, south of the Vistula, the Germans stormed Height 95, to the +east of Dolowatka and south of Borzymow. The Russian losses were very +considerable. Ten machine guns, one revolver gun and a quantity of +rifles were taken. + +More to the northward, near the Vistula, a Russian charge was +repulsed. + +The Czernowitz, Bukowina, correspondent of the Zeitung am Mittag, +says: + +"The scarcity of rifles with the Russians is growing greater daily. +The reserves are unarmed until they begin the attack, and then they +take rifles from their fallen comrades. The Russian artillery fire, +however, has grown more active." + + +DEFEAT AT KRASNIK + +_From Austrian Army Headquarters in Galicia, July 11, came the +following:_ + +The relative subsidence of activity on the part of the Teutonic allies +during the last week may be explained by the fact that the goal set +for the Lemberg campaign already has been attained. This was the +recapture of the city and the securing of strong defensive positions +to the eastward and northward. These positions have now been secured +along the line of the Zlota Lipa and Bug Rivers and the ridge to the +northward of Krasnik. + +The Russians attempted a counter-offensive from Lubin against the +Austro-German positions north of Krasnik, bringing up heavy +reinforcements for this purpose. Owing to this movement the Austrian +troops, which had rushed beyond the positions originally selected, +withdrew to the ridge, where they have been successfully resisting all +Russian attacks. They feel secure in their present positions, and it +is believed here that they can be easily held against whatever forces +Russia can throw against them. + +Indications now point to a period of quiet along the Russo-Galician +front, while the Teutonic allies are preparing for operations in other +quarters. + +_This statement from Russian General Headquarters was published in +Petrograd on July 14:_ + +In the direction of Lomza (Russian Poland) on the evening of July 12 +and also on the 13th, the enemy developed an intensive artillery fire. +On the right bank of the Pissa, on July 13, the Germans succeeded in +capturing Russian trenches on a front of two versts (about one and +one-third miles). They, however, were driven back by a counter-attack +and the trenches were recaptured. + +On both banks of the Shikva stubborn fighting has taken place. +Considerable enemy forces between the Orjetz (Orzyc?) and the Lydymia +adopted the offensive and the Russians, declining a decisive +engagement, retreated during the night of the 13th to their second +line of positions. On the left bank of the Vistula the situation is +unchanged. + +In the battle near Wilkolaz, south of Lublin, during the week ending +July 11 the Russians captured 97 officers and 22,464 men. + +In the Cholm region engagements have taken place along the Volitza +River, and on the night of July 13 we captured over 150 prisoners. + +On the rest of the front there have been the usual artillery +engagements. On the evening of July 12 the enemy assumed the offensive +on the Narew front. + + +PRZASNYSZ OCCUPIED + +In the eastern theater: In the course of minor fights on the Windau +below Koltany 425 Russians were taken prisoners. + +South of the Niemen River, in the neighborhood of Kalwarya, our troops +captured several outer positions at Franziskowa and Osowa and +maintained them against fierce counter-attacks. + +To the northeast of Suwalki the Heights of Olszauka were taken by +storm. + +South of Kolno we captured the village of Konsya, and the enemy +positions east of this village and south of the Tartak line. Two +thousand four hundred prisoners and eight machine guns fell into our +hands. + +Battles in the neighborhood of Przasnysz are being continued. Several +enemy lines were captured by our troops, and the City of Przasnysz, +for which we were fighting hotly in the last days of February, and +which was strongly fortified by the Russians, we have occupied by our +troops. + +In the southeastern theater the situation generally is the same. + + +GERMAN "NUT-CRACKER" + +_A Petrograd dispatch to the London Morning Post said on July 15:_ + +The Germans have opened a new campaign for the conquest of Russia. +Their plan is to catch the Russian armies like a nut between +nutcrackers. + +The German line of advance from the northwest lies between the +Mlawa-Warsaw Railway line and the River Pissa and from the south from +the Galician line. On paper the German scheme is that these two fronts +shall move to meet one another and everything between them must be +ground to powder. But the nut to be cracked is rather a formidable +area of space and well fortified, the kernel sound and healthy, being +formed of the Russian armies inspired not merely with the +righteousness of their cause, but the fullest confidence in themselves +and absolute devotion to the proved genius of their Commander in +Chief. The area referred to cannot be less than eighty miles in +extent, north to south, by 120 miles west to east. That is the mere +nucleus and minimum area, as contained between the Novo Georgievsk +fortress in the north to the Ivangorod fortress in the south and the +Russian lines on the Bzura in the west to Brest-Litovsk on the east. + +[Illustration: The German battle line on July 24, in Russian Poland.] + +The Germans have an incalculable amount of fighting to face before +they win to that area, the nut to be cracked, and then the cracking is +still to be done. It is all sheer frontal fighting. The Germans have +been twelve months trying frontal attacks against Warsaw on a +comparatively narrow front, and in vain. What chance have they of +success by dividing their forces against the united strength of +Russia? + + +BREAKING RUSSIA'S LINES + +_An official German bulletin dated Berlin, July 17, reported:_ + +The offensive movement begun a few days ago in the eastern theatre of +war, under command of Field Marshal von Hindenburg, has led to great +results. The army of General von Buelow, which on July 14 crossed the +Windau River near and north of Kurshany, continued its victorious +advance. Eleven officers and 2,450 men were taken prisoners, and three +cannon and five machine guns were captured. + +The army of General von Gallwitz proceeded against the Russian +positions in the district south and southeast of Olawa. After a +brilliant attack three Russian lines, situated behind each other +northwest and northeast of Przasnysz, were pierced. Dzielin was +captured and Lipa was reached and attacked by pressure exerted from +both these directions. The Russians retreated, after the evacuation of +Przasnysz on the 14th, to their line of defense from Ciechanow to +Krasnosielo, lying behind them. On the 15th German troops also took +these enemy positions by storm, and pierced the position south of +Zielona, over a front of seven kilometers, forcing their opponents to +retreat. They were supported by troops under General von Scholtz, +which are occupied with a pursuit from the direction of Kolno. Since +yesterday the Russians have been retreating on the center front, +between the Pissa and Vistula Rivers, in the direction of Narew. + +Southeastern Theatre of War.--After the Teutonic allies had taken +during the last few days a series of Russian positions on the River +Bug and between the Bug and the Vistula, important battles developed +yesterday on this entire front under the leadership of Field Marshal +von Mackensen. West of the Vierpz, in the district southwest of +Krasnostav, German troops broke through the enemy's line. So far 28 +officers and 6,380 men have fallen into our hands, and 9 machine guns +have been captured. + +West of the Upper Vistula the offensive has again been begun by the +army of General von Woyrich. + +_An official statement issued by general headquarters in Vienna on +July 18 says:_ + +On the Bug River, in the region of Sokol, our troops drove the enemy +from a series of stubbornly defended places. To the northeast of +Sienvno we broke through the Russian front. + +The enemy is evacuating his positions between the Vistula and the +Kielce-Radom Railway. + +_An earlier bulletin, dated July 17, read as follows:_ + +Between the Vistula and the Bug Rivers important battles have +developed favorably for the allied troops. Some Austro-Hungarians, +operating closely with the Germans west of Grabovetz, took an +important enemy point of support after storming it several times, and +pressed forward into the enemy's main position. + +Southwest of Krasnostav the Germans broke through the enemy's lines. + +On the Upper Bystrcz and north of Krasnik our troops took advanced +positions of the enemy. The offensive also was resumed successfully +west of the Vistula. + + +BERLIN'S REJOICING + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Berlin via London on July 18 said:_ + +The news of Field Marshal von Hindenburg's newest surprise for the +Russians, which the War Office announces has resulted in important +victories, was made known late yesterday, causing general rejoicing +and the appearance of flags all over the city. + +Military critics attach great significance to the breaking of the +Russian lines and the consequent Russian retreat toward the Narew +River, particularly as the German advance between the Pissa and +Vistula rivers threatens to crumple the right flank positions of the +Russians. + +With Field Marshal von Mackensen proceeding against the other flank, +the maintenance of communications offers a serious problem for the +Russians. The breaking of the Russian line near Krasnostav, +thirty-four miles south of Lublin, brings the Germans dangerously near +Cholm and Lublin, both of which points are of the highest importance +for the Russians in maintaining their position in the Vistula region. + +The following official bulletin concerning the operations was issued +tonight by the War Office: + + Portions of the army of General von Buelow have defeated the + Russian forces near Autz, where 3,620 men and six guns and + three machine guns were captured. They are pursuing the + enemy in an easterly direction. + + Other portions of this army are fighting to the northeast of + Kurshany. East of that town an enemy advance position has + been stormed. + + On the southeastern front the offensive was taken by the + army under General von Woyrich, which made successful + progress under the heavy fire of the enemy. + + Our troops on Saturday morning took a narrow point in the + wire entanglements of a strongly fortified enemy main + position, and through this opening stormed an enemy trench + on a front of 2,000 meters (about a mile and a third). In + the course of the day the wedge was widened and pushed + forward, with tenacious hand-to-hand fighting, far into the + enemy's position. + + In the evening the enemy's Moscow Grenadier Corps was + defeated by our landwehr and reserve troops. The enemy + retreated during the night behind the Iljanka River to the + district south of Zwolen, suffering heavy losses in their + retirement. + + Between the Pissa and Vistula Rivers the Russian troops are + retreating and the troops of General von Schaltz and von + Gallwitz are close behind them. + + The enemy is attacked and driven back where he offers + resistance in prepared positions. + + Reserve troops and a levy of troops of General von Schaltz + have stormed the towns of Poremky and Wykplock, and + regiments of General von Gallwitz have broken through the + extended positions of Mlodzi, Nome and Kaniewo. The number + of prisoners was considerably increased and four guns were + captured. + + From the north of the Vistula to the Pilica the Russians + also have begun to retreat. Our troops in a short engagement + during the pursuit made 620 prisoners. + + Between the Upper Vistula and the Bug fighting continues + under the command of Field Marshal von Mackensen. The + Russians have been driven by the German troops from the + hills of Biclaczkowice, south of Piaski, as far as + Krosnoskow, and both these places have been taken by storm. + The fire of the Siberian army corps could not ward off + defeat. We made more than 1000 prisoners. + + +WARSAW'S EVACUATION + +_An Associated Press dispatch from London dated July 20 recorded the +doubt in the English capital of Warsaw's holding out, as follows:_ + +The Morning Post's Budapest correspondent reports that the gradual +evacuation of Warsaw has been ordered by the Russians. + +Continued successes of the great Teutonic movement against the Polish +capital were indicated in the German official bulletin received from +Berlin this morning. This stated that the Russians were retreating +along the whole front between the Vistula and the Bug. The bulletin +reads: + + The Germans have occupied Tukum and Windau (Province of + Courland). + + Between the Vistula and the Bug the battle continues with + unabated violence. + + The Austro-Hungarians have forced a crossing of the Wolicza + River in the neighborhood of Grabovetz and advanced across + the Bug to the north of Sokal, the Russians having during + the night retreated along the whole front between the + Vistula and the Bug. + + The Germans captured from July 16 to July 18 16,000 + prisoners and twenty-three machine guns. + +[Illustration: Scene of German operations in Courland] + +That German columns have occupied Tukum, thirty-eight miles west of +Riga, and Doblen eighteen miles west of Mitau, is admitted by an +official statement issued at the headquarters of the Russian general +staff. The same report admits that the Austrians have gained the right +bank of the Volitza and have crossed the Bug River on a front reaching +to Sokal. The bulletin says: + + On the Narew front the night of the 18th the enemy took the + offensive, capturing the village of Poredy, on the right + bank of the Pissa River. On the left bank of the Skwa enemy + attacks against the villages of Vyk and Pchetchniak were + repulsed with success. West of the Omulew our troops, + retiring progressively toward a bridgehead on the Narew, + delivered on the evening of the 17th a rearguard action of a + stubborn character near the town of Mahoff. Near the village + of Karnevo we made a brilliant counter-attack. + + In the direction of Lublin enemy attacks during the 18th on + the front Wilkolaz-Vychawa (east and north of Krasnik) were + successfully repulsed. + + At dawn of the 18th the enemy captured Krasnostav, + thirty-four miles south of Lublin on the Vieprz, and crossed + upstream. During the course of the 19th enemy attacks + between the stream flowing from Rybtchevbitze toward the + village of Piaski and the Vieprz remained without result. On + the right bank of the Vieprz we repulsed near Krasnostav + and the River Volitza many extremely stubborn enemy attacks. + + Nevertheless, near the mouth of the Volitza and the village + of Gaevniki the enemy succeeded in establishing himself on + the right bank of this river, after which we judged it + advisable to retire to our second-line positions. + + In the region of the village of Grabovetz on the 18th we + repulsed four furious enemy attacks on a wide front, + supported by a curtain of fire from his artillery. + + Between Geneichva and the Bug on the evening of the 17th, + after a desperate fight we drove the enemy from all the + trenches previously occupied by him. + + On the Bug energetic fighting continued against the enemy, + who crossed on the 18th on the front Skomorskhy-Sokal. + +"Can Warsaw be held?" is the question now being asked here. + +With the German Field Marshals, von Hindenburg on the north and von +Mackensen on the south, whipping forward the two ends of a great arc +around the city, it is realized in England that Grand Duke Nicholas, +Commander in Chief of the Russian armies, has the most severe task +imposed on him since the outbreak of the European war, and the +military writers of some of the London papers seem to think that the +task is well-nigh impossible. + +There was sustained confidence that Germany's previous violent attacks +along the Bzura-Rawka front would never pierce the Russian line, but +the present colossal co-ordinate movement was developed with such +suddenness, and has been carried so far without meeting serious +Russian resistance, that more and more the British press is +discounting the fall of the Polish capital, and, while not giving up +all hope of its retention, is pointing out the enormous difficulty the +Russian armies have labored under from the start by the existence of +such a salient. + +_An Associated Press dispatch from London on July 21 said:_ + +From the shores of the Gulf of Riga in the north to that part of +Southern Poland into which they drove the Russians back from Galicia, +the Austro-German armies are still surging forward, and if Warsaw can +be denied them it will be almost a miracle. + +This seems to be the opinion even among those in England who +heretofore have been hopeful that the Russians would turn and deliver +a counter-blow, and news of the evacuation of the Polish capital, +followed by the triumphant entry of the Germans amid such scenes as +were enacted at Przemysl and Lemberg, would come as no surprise. + +The German official statement, beginning at the northern tip of the +eastern battle line, records the progress of the German troops to +within about fifty miles of Riga. Then, following the great battle arc +southward, chronicles further successes in the sector northeast of +Warsaw, culminating in the capture of Ostrolenka, one of the +fortresses designed to shield the capital. + +The acute peril to Warsaw is accentuated by the Russian official +communication which says that German columns are within artillery +range of the fortress of Novo Georgievsk, the key to the capital from +the northwest, and only about twenty miles from it. + +Immediately southwest of the city, seventeen miles from it, Blonie has +fallen, and further south Grojec, twenty-six miles distant, while +German cavalry have captured Radom, capital of the province of that +name, on the railroad to the great fortress of Ivangorod. The +Lublin-Chelm Railway is still in the hands of the Russians, so far as +is known, but the Russian Commander-in-Chief has issued, through the +Civil Governor, an order that in case of a retreat from the town of +Lublin, the male population is to attach itself to the retiring +troops. + +The belief is expressed in Danish military circles, according to a +Copenhagen dispatch to the Exchange Telegraph Company, that the +Germans intend to use Windau and Tukum as bases for operations +designed to result in the capture of Riga, which would be used as a +new naval base after the Gulf of Riga had been cleared of mines. + + +OSTROLENKA FORT TAKEN + +_From Berlin on July 20 came this report from the German War Office:_ + +Eastern theatre of war: In Courland the Russians were repulsed near +Grosschmarden, east of Tukum, and near Gruendorf and Usingen. East of +Kurshany the enemy also is retreating before our attack. + +North of Novgorod, on the Narew, German troops captured enemy +positions north of the confluence of the Skroda and Pissa rivers. +Fresh Landsturm troops who were under fire for the first time +especially distinguished themselves. North of the mouth of the Skwa we +reached the Narew. The permanent fortifications of Ostrolenka, on the +northwest bank of the river, were captured. + +South of the Vistula our troops advanced into hostile positions to +Blonie and Grojec. (Blonie is seventeen miles west of Warsaw, and +Grojec twenty-six miles south of the city.) In rearguard fighting the +Russians lost 560 prisoners and two machine guns. + +Southeastern theatre of war: German Landwehr and reserve troops of the +army of General von Woyrich repulsed superior forces of the enemy from +their position at Ilzanka. All counter attacks made by Russian +reserves, which were brought up quickly, were repulsed. We captured +more than 5,000 prisoners. Our troops are closely pursuing the enemy. +Our cavalry already has reached the railway line from Radom to +Ivangorod. + +Between the upper Vistula and the Bug we are following the retreating +enemy. + +_A bulletin, issued early on July 20, had announced the capture of the +Baltic port of Windau, thus bringing the Germans within a few miles of +Riga, seat of the Governor General of the Baltic Provinces. It read:_ + +German troops occupied Tukum and captured Windau. (Windau is a seaport +in Courland on the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Windau River, 100 +miles northwest of Mitau.) Pursuing the enemy, who was defeated on the +Aa River at Alt Autz, our troops yesterday undiminished energy, and +at some points report that progress has been made. + +They are operating, however, through country which the retiring troops +have laid waste and in which what roads there are, are little suited +for the movement of the heavy artillery which is necessary for the +bombardment of the great fortresses that bar their way. + +It is not expected, therefore, that decisive actions on any of the +fronts will be fought for a few days yet, although the battle between +the Vistula and the Bug Rivers, where the German Field Marshal von +Mackensen's army is advancing toward the Lublin-Chelm Railroad, has +about reached a climax. Here, according to the German official +communication issued this afternoon, the Germans have succeeded in +breaking the obstinate resistance of the Russians at several points +and forced them to retreat. + + + + +Naval Losses During the War + + +The following diagram, compiled mainly from information given in a +June number of the Naval and Military Record and appearing in the +London Morning Post of July 8, 1915, shows the different causes of +loss to each side in tonnage of capital ships, gunboats, destroyers, +submarines, torpedo-boats, and armed merchantmen to the end of May. +The diagram being drawn to scale the true proportion of each loss from +each cause can be accurately gauged at a glance. It will be seen that +the Triple Entente and Japan have had no loss from capture or +internment, that the Entente's characteristic of fighting has been +"above board," _i.e._, by gunfire, while that of the enemy has been by +submarines and mines. + +[Illustration: [diagram]] + + + + +Battles in the West + +Sir John French's Own Story + +France's "Eyewitness" Reports and Germany's Offensive in the Argonne + + Since June 15, 1915, the British army, reinforced by + divisions of the "new" army now in France, has held + practically the same position on the front to the north and + south of Ypres. The subjoined report by Sir John French, + Commanding-in-Chief the British forces in France, published + July 12, covers the operations from April 5 down to June 15, + and deals particularly with the great poison-gas attacks by + the enemy, the capture and loss of Hill 60, the second + battle of Ypres, and the battle of Festubert. It embodies + the story by Sir Herbert Plumer of the terrible fighting + that began May 5. France's official reports, following, tell + of the battle of Hilgenfirst in the Vosges, the week's + battle in the Fecht valley, the 120 days' struggle between + Betlaine and Arras, and the battle of Fontenelle. The Crown + Prince's "drive" in the Argonne resulting in German + advantages is also dealt with. + + +FROM THE FIELD-MARSHAL COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF THE BRITISH ARMY IN FRANCE + +To the Secretary of State for War, War Office, London, S.W. + +GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, +June 15, 1915. + +My Lord, + +I have the honor to report that since the date of my last dispatch +(April 5, 1915) the Army in France under my command has been heavily +engaged opposite both flanks of the line held by the British Forces. + +1. In the North the town and district of Ypres has once more in this +campaign been successfully defended against vigorous and sustained +attacks made by large forces of the enemy and supported by a mass of +heavy and field artillery, which, not only in number, but also in +weight and caliber, is superior to any concentration of guns which has +previously assailed that part of the line. + +In the South a vigorous offensive has again been taken by troops of +the First Army, in the course of which a large area of entrenched and +fortified ground has been captured from the enemy, whilst valuable +support has been afforded to the attack which our Allies have carried +on with such marked success against the enemy's positions to the east +of Arras and Lens. + +2. I much regret that during the period under report the fighting has +been characterized on the enemy's side by a cynical and barbarous +disregard of the well-known usages of civilized war and a flagrant +defiance of The Hague Convention.[2] + +[Footnote 2: In a long statement seeking to justify the use of +asphyxiating gases in warfare the semi-official Wolff Telegraph Bureau +asserted in German newspapers of June 25 that the Allies first used +such gases against the Germans, and it cites French documents as proof +that France in February, months before the German advance at Ypres, +made extensive preparations for the application of gases and for +counteracting their effects on the attacking troops. + +After quoting the official German war report of April 16 that the +French were making increased use of asphyxiating bombs, the statement +says: + +"For every one who has kept an unbiased judgment, these official +assertions of the strictly accurate and truthful German military +administration will be sufficient to prove the prior use of +asphyxiating gases by our opponents. But let whoever still doubts +consider the following instructions for the systematic preparation of +this means of warfare by the French, issued by the French War +Ministry, under date of Feb. 21, 1915: + + Minister of War, Feb. 21, 1915. + + Remarks concerning shells with stupefying gases: + + The so-called shells with stupefying gases that are being + manufactured by our central factories contain a fluid which + streams forth after the explosion, in the form of vapors + that irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. There are two + kinds: hand grenades and cartridges. + + Hand Grenades.--The grenades have the form of an egg; their + diameter in the middle is six centimeters, their height + twelve centimeters, their weight 400 grams. They are + intended for short distances, and have an appliance for + throwing by hand. They are equipped with an inscription + giving directions for use. They are lighted with a small bit + of material for friction pasted on the directions, after + which they must be thrown away. The explosion follows seven + seconds after lighting. A small cover of brass and a top + screwed on protect the lighted matter. Their purpose is to + make untenable the surroundings of the place where they + burst. Their effect is often considerably impaired by a + strong rising wind. + + Cartridges.--The cartridges have a cylindrical form. Their + diameter is twenty-eight millimeters, their height ten + centimeters, their weight 200 grams. They are intended for + use at longer distances than can be negotiated with the hand + grenades. With an angle of twenty-five degrees at departure + they will carry 230 meters. They have central lighting + facilities and are fired with ignition bullet guns. The + powder lights a little internal ignition mass by means of + which the cartridges are caused to explode five seconds + after leaving the rifle. The cartridges have the same + purpose as the hand grenades but because of their very small + amount of fluid they must be fired in great numbers at the + same time. + + Precautionary measures to be observed in attacks on trenches + into which shells with asphyxiating gases have been + thrown.--The vapors spread by means of the shells with + asphyxiating gases are not deadly, at least when small + quantities are used and their effect is only momentary. The + duration of the effect depends upon the atmospheric + conditions. + + It is advisable therefore to attack the trenches into which + such hand grenades have been thrown and which the enemy has + nevertheless not evacuated before the vapors are completely + dissipated. The attacking troops, moreover, must wear + protective goggles and in addition be instructed that the + unpleasant sensations in nose and throat are not dangerous + and involve no lasting disturbance. + +"Here we have a conclusive proof that the French in their State +workshops manufactured shells with asphyxiating gases fully half a +year ago at least," says the semi-official Telegraph Bureau. "The +number must have been so large that the French War Ministry at last +found itself obliged to issue written instructions concerning the use +of this means of warfare. What hypocrisy when the same people grow +'indignant' because the Germans much later followed them on the path +they had pointed out! Very characteristic is the twist of the French +official direction: 'The vapors spread by the shells with asphyxiating +gases are not deadly, at least not when used in small quantities.' It +is precisely this limitation that contains the unequivocal confession +that the French asphyxiating gases work with deadly effect when used +in large quantities."] + +All the scientific resources of Germany have apparently been brought +into play to produce a gas of so virulent and poisonous a nature that +any human being brought into contact with it is first paralyzed and +then meets with a lingering and agonizing death. + +The enemy has invariably preceded, prepared and supported his attacks +by a discharge in stupendous volume of these poisonous gas fumes +whenever the wind was favorable. + +Such weather conditions have only prevailed to any extent in the +neighborhood of Ypres, and there can be no doubt that the effect of +these poisonous fumes materially influenced the operations in that +theater, until experience suggested effective counter-measures, which +have since been so perfected as to render them innocuous. + +The brain power and thought which has evidently been at work before +this unworthy method of making war reached the pitch of efficiency +which has been demonstrated in its practice shows that the Germans +must have harbored these designs for a long time. + +As a soldier I cannot help expressing the deepest regret and some +surprise that an Army which hitherto has claimed to be the chief +exponent of the chivalry of war should have stooped to employ such +devices against brave and gallant foes. + + +BATTLE OF HILL 60 + +3. On the night of Saturday, April 17, a commanding hill which +afforded the enemy excellent artillery observation toward the west +and northwest was successfully mined and captured. + +This hill, known as Hill 60, lies opposite the northern extremity of +the line held by the 2d Corps. + +The operation was planned and the mining commenced by Major-General +Bulfin before the ground was handed over to the troops under +Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Fergusson, under whose supervision the +operation was carried out. + +The mines were successfully fired at 7 P.M. on the 17th inst., and +immediately afterwards the hill was attacked and gained, without +difficulty, by the 1st Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment and the 2d +Battalion King's Own Scottish Borderers. The attack was well supported +by the Divisional Artillery, assisted by French and Belgian batteries. + +During the night several of the enemy's counter-attacks were repulsed +with heavy loss, and fierce hand-to-hand fighting took place; but on +the early morning of the 18th the enemy succeeded in forcing back the +troops holding the right of the hill to the reverse slope, where, +however, they hung on throughout the day. + +On the evening of the 18th these two battalions were relieved by the +2d Battalion West Riding Regiment and the 2d Battalion King's Own +Yorkshire Light Infantry, who again stormed the hill under cover of +heavy artillery fire, and the enemy was driven off at the point of the +bayonet. + +In this operation fifty-three prisoners were captured, including four +officers. + +On the 20th and following days many unsuccessful attacks by the enemy +were made on Hill 60, which was continually shelled by heavy +artillery. + +On May 1 another attempt to recapture Hill 60 was supported by great +volumes of asphyxiating gas, which caused nearly all the men along a +front of about 400 yards to be immediately struck down by its fumes. + +The splendid courage with which the leaders rallied their men and +subdued the natural tendency to panic (which is inevitable on such +occasions), combined with the prompt intervention of supports, once +more drove the enemy back. + +A second and more severe "gas" attack, under much more favorable +weather conditions, enabled the enemy to recapture this position on +May 5. + +The enemy owes his success in this last attack entirely to the use of +asphyxiating gas. It was only a few days later that the means, which +have since proved so effective, of counteracting this method of making +war were put into practice. Had it been otherwise, the enemy's attack +on May 5 would most certainly have shared the fate of all the many +previous attempts he had made. + + +SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES + +4. It was at the commencement of the second battle of Ypres on the +evening of April 22, referred to in paragraph 1 of his report, that +the enemy first made use of asphyxiating gas. + +Some days previously I had complied with General Joffre's request to +take over the trenches occupied by the French, and on the evening of +the 22d the troops holding the lines east of Ypres were posted as +follows: + +From Steenstraate to the east of Langemarck, as far as the +Poelcappelle Road, a French Division. + +[Illustration: The British battle line in Flanders, Belgium.] + +Thence, in a south-easterly direction toward the +Passchendaele-Becelaere Road, the Canadian Division. + +Thence a Division took up the line in a southerly direction east of +Zonnebeke to a point west of Becelaere, whence another Division +continued the line southeast to the northern limit of the Corps on its +right. + +Of the 5th Corps there were four battalions in Divisional Reserve +about Ypres; the Canadian Division had one battalion of Divisional +Reserve and the 1st Canadian Brigade in Army Reserve. An Infantry +Brigade, which had just been withdrawn after suffering heavy losses on +Hill 60, was resting about Vlamernighe. + +Following a heavy bombardment, the enemy attacked the French Division +at about 5 P.M., using asphyxiating gases for the first time. Aircraft +reported that at about 5 P.M. thick yellow smoke had been seen issuing +from the German trenches between Langemarck and Bixschoote. The French +reported that two simultaneous attacks had been made east of the +Ypres-Staden Railway, in which these asphyxiating gases had been +employed. + +[Illustration: The Arras region, showing battle line and scene of +fiercest battle in recent months.] + +What follows almost defies description. The effect of these poisonous +gases was so virulent as to render the whole of the line held by the +French Division mentioned above practically incapable of any action at +all. It was at first impossible for any one to realize what had +actually happened. The smoke and fumes hid everything from sight, and +hundreds of men were thrown into a comatose or dying condition, and +within an hour the whole position had to be abandoned, together with +about fifty guns. + +I wish particularly to repudiate any idea of attaching the least blame +to the French Division for this unfortunate incident. + +After all the examples our gallant Allies have shown of dogged and +tenacious courage in the many trying situations in which they have +been placed throughout the course of this campaign it is quite +superfluous for me to dwell on this aspect of the incident, and I +would only express my firm conviction that, if any troops in the world +had been able to hold their trenches in the face of such a treacherous +and altogether unexpected onslaught, the French Division would have +stood firm. + + +THE CANADIANS' PART + +The left flank of the Canadian Division was thus left dangerously +exposed to serious attack in flank, and there appeared to be a +prospect of their being overwhelmed and of a successful attempt by the +Germans to cut off the British troops occupying the salient to the +East. + +In spite of the danger to which they were exposed the Canadians held +their ground with a magnificent display of tenacity and courage; and +it is not too much to say that the bearing and conduct of these +splendid troops averted a disaster which might have been attended with +the most serious consequences. + +They were supported with great promptitude by the reserves of the +divisions holding the salient and by a brigade which had been resting +in billets. + +Throughout the night the enemy's attacks were repulsed, effective +counter-attacks were delivered, and at length touch was gained with +the French right, and a new line was formed. + +The 2d London Heavy Battery, which had been attached to the Canadian +Division, was posted behind the right of the French Division, and, +being involved in their retreat, fell into the enemy's hands. It was +recaptured by the Canadians in their counter-attack, but the guns +could not be withdrawn before the Canadians were again driven back. + +During the night I directed the Cavalry Corps and the Northumbrian +Division, which was then in general reserve, to move to the west of +Ypres, and placed these troops at the disposal of the General Officer +Commanding the Second Army. I also directed other reserve troops from +the 3d Corps and the First Army to be held in readiness to meet +eventualities. + +In the confusion of the gas and smoke the Germans succeeded in +capturing the bridge at Steenstraate and some works south of Lizerne, +all of which were in occupation by the French. + +The enemy having thus established himself to the west of the Ypres +Canal, I was somewhat apprehensive of his succeeding in driving a +wedge between the French and Belgian troops at this point. I directed, +therefore, that some of the reinforcements sent north should be used +to support and assist General Putz, should he find difficulty in +preventing any further advance of the Germans west of the canal. + +At about ten o'clock on the morning of the 23d connection was finally +ensured between the left of the Canadian Division and the French +right, about 800 yards east of the canal; but as this entailed the +maintenance by the British troops of a much longer line than that +which they had held before the attack commenced on the previous night, +there were no reserves available for counter-attack until +reinforcements, which were ordered up from the Second Army, were able +to deploy to the east of Ypres. + +Early on the morning of the 23d I went to see General Foch, and from +him I received a detailed account of what had happened, as reported by +General Putz. General Foch informed me that it was his intention to +make good the original line and regain the trenches which the French +Division had lost. He expressed the desire that I should maintain my +present line, assuring me that the original position would be +re-established in a few days. General Foch further informed me that he +had ordered up large French reinforcements, which were now on their +way, and that troops from the North had already arrived to reinforce +General Putz. + +I fully concurred in the wisdom of the General's wish to re-establish +our old line, and agreed to co-operate in the way he desired, +stipulating, however, that if the position was not re-established +within a limited time I could not allow the British troops to remain +in so exposed a situation as that which the action of the previous +twenty-four hours had compelled them to occupy. + +During the whole of the 23d the enemy's artillery was very active, and +his attacks all along the front were supported by some heavy guns +which had been brought down from the coast in the neighborhood of +Ostend. + +The loss of the guns on the night of the 22d prevented this fire from +being kept down, and much aggravated the situation. Our positions, +however, were well maintained by the vigorous counter-attacks made by +the 5th Corps. + +During the day I directed two brigades of the 3d Corps, and the Lahore +Division of the Indian Corps, to be moved up to the Ypres area and +placed at the disposal of the Second Army. + +In the course of these two or three days many circumstances combined +to render the situation east of the Ypres Canal very critical and most +difficult to deal with. + +The confusion caused by the sudden retirement of the French Division, +and the necessity for closing up the gap and checking the enemy's +advance at all costs, led to a mixing up of units and a sudden +shifting of the areas of command, which was quite unavoidable. Fresh +units, as they came up from the South, had to be pushed into the +firing line in an area swept by artillery fire, which, owing to the +capture of the French guns, we were unable to keep down. + + +HEAVY CASUALTIES + +All this led to very heavy casualties, and I wish to place on record +the deep admiration which I feel for the resource and presence of mind +evinced by the leaders actually on the spot. + +The parts taken by Major-General Snow and Brigadier-General Hull were +reported to me as being particularly marked in this respect. + +An instance of this occurred on the afternoon of the 24th, when the +enemy succeeded in breaking through the line at St. Julien. + +Brigadier-General Hull, acting under the orders of Lieutenant-General +Alderson, organized a powerful counter-attack with his own brigade and +some of the nearest available units. He was called upon to control, +with only his brigade staff, parts of battalions from six separate +divisions which were quite new to the ground. Although the attack did +not succeed in retaking St. Julien, it effectually checked the enemy's +further advance. + +It was only on the morning of the 25th that the enemy were able to +force back the left of the Canadian Division from the point where it +had originally joined the French line. + +During the night, and the early morning of the 25th, the enemy +directed a heavy attack against the Division at Broodseinde +cross-roads, which was supported by a powerful shell fire, but he +failed to make any progress. + +During the whole of this time the town of Ypres and all the roads to +the East and West were uninterruptedly subjected to a violent +artillery fire, but in spite of this the supply of both food and +ammunition was maintained throughout with order and efficiency. + +During the afternoon of the 25th many German prisoners were taken, +including some officers. The hand-to-hand fighting was very severe, +and the enemy suffered heavy loss. + +During the 26th the Lahore Division and a Cavalry Division were pushed +up into the fighting line, the former on the right of the French, the +latter in support of the 5th Corps. + +In the afternoon the Lahore Division, in conjunction with the French +right, succeeded in pushing the enemy back some little distance toward +the north, but their further advance was stopped owing to the +continual employment by the enemy of asphyxiating gas. + +On the right of the Lahore Division the Northumberland Infantry +Brigade advanced against St. Julien and actually succeeded in +entering, and for a time occupying, the southern portion of that +village. They were, however, eventually driven back, largely owing to +gas, and finally occupied a line a short way to the south. This attack +was most successfully and gallantly led by Brigadier-General Riddell, +who, I regret to say, was killed during the progress of the operation. + +Although no attack was made on the southeastern side of the salient, +the troops operating to the east of Ypres were subjected to heavy +artillery fire from this direction, which took some of the battalions, +which were advancing north to the attack, in reverse. + +Some gallant attempts made by the Lahore Division on the 27th, in +conjunction with the French, pushed the enemy further north; but they +were partially frustrated by the constant fumes of gas to which they +were exposed. In spite of this, however, a certain amount of ground +was gained. + +The French had succeeded in retaking Lizerne, and had made some +progress at Steenstraate and Het Sas; but up to the evening of the +28th no further progress had been made toward the recapture of the +original line. + +I sent instructions, therefore, to Sir Herbert Plumer, who was now in +charge of the operation, to take preliminary measures for the +retirement to the new line which had been fixed upon. + +[Illustration: COUNT ZEPPELIN + +Inventor of the Air-ship that has Still to Demonstrate its Efficiency +as an Engine of War] + +[Illustration: GENERAL ERICH VON FALKENHAYN + +Chief of the General Staff of the German Army + +(_Photo from Ruschin._)] + + +STRONG REINFORCEMENTS + +On the morning of the 29th I had another interview with General Foch, +who informed me that strong reinforcements were hourly arriving to +support General Putz, and urged me to postpone issuing orders for any +retirement until the result of his attack, which was timed to commence +at daybreak on the 30th, should be known. To this I agreed, and +instructed Sir Herbert Plumer accordingly. + +No substantial advance having been made by the French, I issued orders +to Sir Herbert Plumer at one o'clock on May 1 to commence his +withdrawal to the new line. + +The retirement was commenced the following night, and the new line was +occupied on the morning of May 4. + +I am of opinion that this retirement, carried out deliberately with +scarcely any loss, and in the face of an enemy in position, reflects +the greatest possible credit on Sir Herbert Plumer and those who so +efficiently carried out his orders. + +The successful conduct of this operation was the more remarkable from +the fact that on the evening of May 2, when it was only half +completed, the enemy made a heavy attack, with the usual gas +accompaniment, on St. Julien and the line to the west of it. + +An attack on a line to the east of Fortuin was made at the same time +under similar conditions. + +In both cases our troops were at first driven from their trenches by +gas fumes, but on the arrival of the supporting battalions and two +brigades of a cavalry division, which were sent up in support from +about Potijze, all the lost trenches were regained at night. + +On May 3, while the retirement was still going on, another violent +attack was directed on the northern face of the salient. This was also +driven back with heavy loss to the enemy. + +Further attempts of the enemy during the night of the 3d to advance +from the woods west of St. Julien were frustrated entirely by the fire +of our artillery. + +During the whole of the 4th the enemy heavily shelled the trenches we +had evacuated, quite unaware that they were no longer occupied. So +soon as the retirement was discovered the Germans commenced to +entrench opposite our new line and to advance their guns to new +positions. Our artillery, assisted by aeroplanes, caused him +considerable loss in carrying out these operations. + +Up to the morning of the 8th the enemy made attacks at short +intervals, covered by gas, on all parts of the line to the east of +Ypres, but was everywhere driven back with heavy loss. + +Throughout the whole period since the first break of the line on the +night of April 22 all the troops in this area had been constantly +subjected to violent artillery bombardment from a large mass of guns +with an unlimited supply of ammunition. It proved impossible whilst +under so vastly superior fire of artillery to dig efficient trenches, +or to properly reorganize the line, after the confusion and +demoralization called by the first great gas surprise and the +subsequent almost daily gas attacks. Nor was it until after this date +(May 8) that effective preventatives had been devised and provided. In +these circumstances a violent bombardment of nearly the whole of the +5th Corps front broke out at 7 A.M. on the morning of the 8th, which +gradually concentrated on the front of the Division between north and +south of Frezenberg. This fire completely obliterated the trenches and +caused enormous losses. + +The artillery bombardment was shortly followed by a heavy infantry +attack, before which our line had to give way. + + +SIR H. PLUMER'S STORY[3] + +[Footnote 3: General Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, K.C.B., was +born in 1857. He entered the York and Lancaster Regiment in 1876, and +served with distinction in the Sudan and South Africa. He was Q.M.G. +and third military member of the Army Council, 1904-5, and commanded +the 5th Division Irish Command, 1906-9. He was knighted in 1906.] + +I relate what happened in Sir Herbert Plumer's own words: + +"The right of one brigade was broken about 10.15 A.M.; then its +centre, and then part of the left of the brigade in the next section +to the south. The Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, +however, although suffering very heavily, stuck to their fire or +support trenches throughout the day. At this time two battalions were +moved to General Headquarters second line astride the Menin road to +support and cover the left of their division. + +"At 12.25 P.M. the center of a brigade further to the left also broke; +its right battalion, however, the 1st Suffolks, which had been refused +to cover a gap, still held on, and were apparently surrounded and +overwhelmed. Meanwhile, three more battalions had been moved up to +reinforce, two other battalions were moved up in support to General +Headquarters line and an infantry brigade came up to the grounds of +Vlamertinghe Chateau in corps reserve. + +"At 11.30 A.M. a small party of Germans attempted to advance against +the left of the British line, but were destroyed by the 2d Essex +Regiment. + +"A counter-attack was launched at 3.30 P.M. by the 1st York and +Lancaster Regiment, 3d Middlesex Regiment, 2d East Surrey Regiment, 2d +Royal Dublin Fusiliers, and the 1st Royal Warwickshire Regiment. The +counter-attack reached Frezenberg, but was eventually driven back and +held up on a line running about north and south through Verlorenhoek, +despite repeated efforts to advance. The 12th London Regiment on the +left succeeded at great cost in reaching the original trench line, and +did considerable execution with their machine gun. + +"The 7th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and the 1st East Lancashire +Regiment attacked in a northeasterly direction toward Wieltje, and +connected the old trench line with the ground gained by the +counter-attack, the line being consolidated during the night. + +"During the night orders were received that two Cavalry Divisions +would be moved up and placed at the disposal of the 5th Corps, and a +Territorial Division would be moved up to be used if required. + +"On the 9th the Germans again repeated their bombardment. Very heavy +shell fire was concentrated for two hours on the trenches of the 2d +Gloucestershire Regiment and 2d Cameron Highlanders, followed by an +infantry attack which was successfully repulsed. The Germans again +bombarded the salient, and a further attack in the afternoon succeeded +in occupying 150 yards of trench. The Gloucesters counter-attacked, +but suffered heavily, and the attack failed. The salient being very +exposed to shell fire from both flanks, as well as in front, it was +deemed advisable not to attempt to retake the trench at night, and a +retrenchment was therefore dug across it. + +"At 3 P.M. the enemy started to shell the whole front of the center +Division, and it was reported that the right Brigade of this Division +was being heavily punished, but continued to maintain its line. + +"The trenches of the Brigades on the left center were also heavily +shelled during the day and attacked by infantry. Both attacks were +repulsed. + +"On the 10th instant the trenches on either side of the Menin-Ypres +road were shelled very severely all the morning. The 2d Cameron +Highlanders, 9th Royal Scots, and the 3d and 4th King's Royal Rifles, +however, repulsed an attack made, under cover of gas, with heavy loss. +Finally, when the trenches had been practically destroyed and a large +number of the garrison buried, the 3d King's Royal Rifles and 4th +Rifle Brigade fell back to the trenches immediately west of +Bellewaarde Wood. So heavy had been the shell fire that the proposal +to join up the line with a switch through the wood had to be +abandoned, the trees broken by the shells forming an impassable +entanglement. + +"After a comparatively quiet night and morning (10th-11th) the hostile +artillery fire was concentrated on the trenches of the 2d Cameron +Highlanders and 1st Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders at a slightly +more northern point than on the previous day. The Germans attacked in +force and gained a footing in part of the trenches, but were promptly +ejected by a supporting company of the 9th Royal Scots. After a second +short artillery bombardment the Germans again attacked about 5.15 +P.M., but were again repulsed by rifle and machine-gun fire. A third +bombardment followed, and this time the Germans succeeded in gaining +a trench--or rather what was left of it--a local counter-attack +failing. However, during the night the enemy were again driven out. +The trench by this time being practically non-existent, the garrison +found it untenable under the very heavy shell fire the enemy brought +to bear upon it, and the trench was evacuated. Twice more did the +German snipers creep back into it, and twice more they were ejected. +Finally, a retrenchment was made, cutting off the salient which had +been contested throughout the day. It was won owing solely to the +superior weight and number of the enemy's guns, but both our infantry +and our artillery took a very heavy toll of the enemy, and the ground +lost has proved of little use to the enemy. + +"On the remainder of the front the day passed comparatively quietly, +though most parts of the line underwent intermittent shelling by guns +of various calibers. + +"With the assistance of the Royal Flying Corps the 31st Heavy Battery +scored a direct hit on a German gun, and the North Midland Heavy +Battery got on to some German howitzers with great success. + +"With the exception of another very heavy burst of shell fire against +the right Division early in the morning the 12th passed uneventfully. + +"On the night of the 12th-13th the line was reorganized, the center +Division retiring into Army Reserve to rest, and their places being +taken in the trenches by the two Cavalry Divisions; the Artillery and +Engineers of the center Division forming with them what was known as +the 'Cavalry Force,' under the command of General De Lisle. + +"On the 13th, the various reliefs having been completed without +incident, the heaviest bombardment yet experienced broke out at 4.30 +A.M., and continued with little intermission throughout the day. At +about 7.45 A.M. the Cavalry Brigade astride the railway, having +suffered very severely, and their trenches having been obliterated, +fell back about 800 yards. The North Somerset Yeomanry, on the right +of the Brigade, although also suffering severely, hung on to their +trenches throughout the day, and actually advanced and attacked the +enemy with the bayonet. The Brigade on its right also maintained its +position; as did also the Cavalry Division, except the left squadron, +which, when reduced to sixteen men, fell back. The 2d Essex Regiment, +realizing the situation, promptly charged and retook the trench, +holding it till relieved by the cavalry. Meanwhile a counter-attack by +two cavalry brigades was launched at 2.30 P.M., and succeeded, in +spite of very heavy shrapnel and rifle fire, in regaining the original +line of trenches, turning out the Germans who had entered it, and in +some cases pursuing them for some distance. But a very heavy shell +fire was again opened on them, and they were again compelled to retire +to an irregular line in rear, principally the craters of shell holes. +The enemy in their counter-attack suffered very severe losses. + +"The fighting in other parts of the line was little less severe. The +1st East Lancashire Regiment were shelled out of their trenches, but +their support company and the 2d Essex Regiment, again acting on their +own initiative, won them back. The enemy penetrated into the farm at +the northeast corner of the line, but the 1st Rifle Brigade, after a +severe struggle, expelled them. The 1st Hampshire Regiment also +repelled an attack, and killed every German who got within fifty yards +of their trenches. The 5th London Regiment, despite very heavy +casualties, maintained their position unfalteringly. At the southern +end of the line the left brigade was once again heavily shelled, as +indeed was the whole front. At the end of a very hard day's fighting, +our line remained in its former position, with the exception of the +short distance lost by one cavalry division. Later, the line was +pushed forward, and a new line was dug in a less exposed position, +slightly in rear of that originally held. The night passed quietly. + +"Working parties of from 1,200 to 1,800 men have been found every +night by a Territorial Division and other units for work on rear +lines of defence, in addition to the work performed by the garrisons +in reconstructing the front line trenches which were daily destroyed +by shell fire. + +"The work performed by the Royal Flying Corps has been invaluable. +Apart from the hostile aeroplanes actually destroyed, our airmen have +prevented a great deal of aerial reconnaissance by the enemy, and have +registered a large number of targets with our artillery. + +"There have been many cases of individual gallantry. As instances, may +be given the following: + +"During one of the heavy attacks made against our infantry gas was +seen rolling forward from the enemy's trenches. Private Lynn, of the +2d Lancashire Fusiliers, at once rushed to the machine-gun without +waiting to adjust his respirator. Single-handed he kept his gun in +action the whole time the gas was rolling over, actually hoisting it +on the parapet to get a better field of fire. Although nearly +suffocated by the gas, he poured a stream of lead into the advancing +enemy and checked their attack. He was carried to his dug-out, but, +hearing another attack was imminent, he tried to get back to his gun. +Twenty-four hours later he died in great agony from the effects of the +gas. + +"A young subaltern in a cavalry regiment went forward alone one +afternoon to reconnoiter. He got into a wood 1,200 yards in front of +our lines, which he found occupied by Germans, and came back with the +information that the enemy had evacuated a trench and were digging +another--information which proved most valuable to the artillery as +well as to his own unit. + +"A patrol of two officers and a non-commissioned officer of the 1st +Cambridgeshires went out one night to reconnoiter a German trench 350 +yards away. Creeping along the parapet of the trench they heard sounds +indicating the presence of six or seven of the enemy. Further on they +heard deep snores apparently proceeding from a dug-out immediately +beneath them. Although they knew that the garrison of the trench +outnumbered them they decided to procure an identification. +Unfortunately in pulling out a clasp knife with which to cut off the +sleeper's identity disc, one of the officer's revolvers went off. A +conversation in agitated whispers broke out in the German trench, but +the patrol crept safely away, the garrison being too startled to fire. + +"Despite the very severe shelling to which the troops had been +subjected, which obliterated trenches and caused very many casualties, +the spirit of all ranks remains excellent. The enemy's losses, +particularly on May 10 and 13, have unquestionably been serious. On +the latter day they evacuated trenches (in face of the cavalry +counter-attack) in which were afterwards found quantities of equipment +and some of their own wounded. The enemy have been seen stripping our +dead, and on three occasions men in khaki have been seen advancing." + + +JOINT BRITISH AND FRENCH ATTACKS + +The fight went on by the exchange of desultory shell and rifle fire, +but without any remarkable incident until the morning of May 24. +During this period, however, the French on our left had attained +considerable success. On May 15 they captured Steenstraate and the +trenches in Het Sas, and on May 16 they drove the enemy headlong over +the canal, finding 2,000 German dead. On May 17 they made a +substantial advance on the east side of the canal, and on May 20 they +repelled a German counter-attack, making a further advance in the same +direction, and taking 100 prisoners. + +On the early morning of May 24 a violent outburst of gas against +nearly the whole front was followed by heavy shell fire, and the most +determined attack was delivered against our position east of Ypres. + +The hour the attack commenced was 2.45 A.M. A large proportion of the +men were asleep, and the attack was too sudden to give them time to +put on their respirators. + +The 2d Royal Irish and the 9th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, +overcome by gas fumes, were driven out of a farm held in front of the +left Division, and this the enemy proceeded to hold and fortify. + +All attempts to retake this farm during the day failed, and during the +night of May 24-25 the General Officer Commanding the left Division +decided to take up a new line which, although slightly in rear of the +old one, he considered to be a much better position. This operation +was successfully carried out. + +Throughout the day the whole line was subjected to one of the most +violent artillery attacks which it had ever undergone; and the 5th +Corps and the Cavalry Divisions engaged had to fight hard to maintain +their positions. On the following day, however, the line was +consolidated, joining the right of the French at the same place as +before, and passing through Wieltje (which was strongly fortified) in +a southerly direction on to Hooge, where the cavalry have since +strongly occupied the chateau, and pushed our line further east. + +In pursuance of a promise which I made to the French +Commander-in-Chief to support an attack which his troops were making +on May 9 between the right of my line and Arras, I directed Sir +Douglas Haig to carry out on that date an attack on the German +trenches in the neighborhood of Rougebanc (northwest of Fromelles) by +the 4th Corps, and between Neuve Chapelle and Givenchy by the 1st and +Indian Corps. + +The bombardment of the enemy's positions commenced at 5 A.M. + +Half an hour later the 8th Division of the 4th Corps captured the +first line of German trenches about Rougebanc, and some detachments +seized a few localities beyond this line. It was soon found, however, +that the position was much stronger than had been anticipated and that +a more extensive artillery preparation was necessary to crush the +resistance offered by his numerous fortified posts. + +Throughout May 9 and 10 repeated efforts were made to make further +progress. Not only was this found to be impossible, but the violence +of the enemy's machine-gun fire from his posts on the flanks rendered +the captured trenches so difficult to hold that all the units of the +4th Corps had to retire to their original position by the morning of +May 10. + + +GENERAL PLAN OF ATTACK + +The 1st and Indian Divisions south of Neuve Chapelle met with no +greater success, and on the evening of May 10 I sanctioned Sir Douglas +Haig's proposal to concentrate all our available resources on the +southern point of attack. + +The 7th Division was moved round from the 4th Corps area to support +this attack, and I directed the General Officer Commanding the First +Army to delay it long enough to insure a powerful and deliberate +artillery preparation. + +The operations of May 9 and 10 formed part of a general plan of attack +which the Allies were conjointly conducting on a line extending from +the north of Arras to the south of Armentieres; and, although +immediate progress was not made during this time by the British +forces, their attack assisted in securing the brilliant successes +attained by the French forces on their right, not only by holding the +enemy in their front, but by drawing off a part of the German +reinforcements which were coming up to support their forces east of +Arras. + +On May 15 I moved the Canadian Division into the 1st Corps area and +placed them at the disposal of Sir Douglas Haig. + +The infantry of the Indian Corps and the 2d Division of the 1st Corps +advanced to the attack of the enemy's trenches which extended from +Richebourg L'Avoue in a south-westerly direction. + +Before daybreak the 2d Division had succeeded in capturing two lines +of the enemy's trenches, but the Indian Corps were unable to make any +progress owing to the strength of the enemy's defenses in the +neighborhood of Richebourg L'Avoue. + + +BATTLE OF FESTUBERT + +At daybreak the 7th Division, on the night of the 2d, advanced to the +attack, and by 7 A.M. had entrenched themselves on a line running +nearly north and south, halfway between their original trenches and La +Quinque Rue, having cleared and captured several lines of the enemy's +trenches, including a number of fortified posts. + +As it was found impossible for the Indian Corps to make any progress +in face of the enemy's defenses, Sir Douglas Haig directed the attack +to be suspended at this point and ordered the Indian Corps to form a +defensive flank. + +The remainder of the day was spent in securing and consolidating +positions which had been won, and endeavoring to unite the inner +flanks of the 7th and 2d Divisions, which were separated by trenches +and posts strongly held by the enemy. + +Various attempts which were made throughout the day to secure this +object had not succeeded at nightfall in driving the enemy back. + +The German communications leading to the rear of their positions were +systematically shelled throughout the night. + +About 200 prisoners were captured on May 16. + +Fighting was resumed at daybreak; and by eleven o'clock the 7th +Division had made a considerable advance, capturing several more of +the enemy's trenches. The task allotted to this Division was to push +on in the direction of Rue D'Ouvert, Chateau St. Roch and Canteleux. + +The 2d Division was directed to push on when the situation permitted +toward the Rue de Marais and Violaines. + +The Indian Division was ordered to extend its front far enough to +enable it to keep touch with the left of the 2d Division when they +advanced. + +On this day I gave orders for the 51st (Highland) Division to move +into the neighborhood of Estaires to be ready to support the +operations of the First Army. + +At about noon the enemy was driven out of the trenches and posts which +he occupied between the two Divisions, the inner flanks of which were +thus enabled to join hands. + +By nightfall the 2d and 7th Divisions had made good progress, the area +of captured ground being considerably extended to the right by the +successful operations of the latter. + +The state of the weather on the morning of May 18 much hindered an +effective artillery bombardment, and further attacks had, +consequently, to be postponed. + +Infantry attacks were made throughout the line in the course of the +afternoon and evening, but, although not very much progress was made, +the line was advanced to the La Quinque Rue-Bethune Road before +nightfall. + +On May 19 the 7th and 2d Divisions were drawn out of the line to rest. +The 7th Division was relieved by the Canadian Division and the 2d +Division by the 51st (Highland) Division. + +Sir Douglas Haig placed the Canadian and 51st Divisions, together with +the artillery of the 2d and 7th Divisions, under the command of +Lieutenant-General Alderson, whom he directed to conduct the +operations which had hitherto been carried on by the General Officer +Commanding First Corps; and he directed the 7th Division to remain in +Army Reserve. + +During the night of May 19-20 a small post of the enemy in front of La +Quinque Rue was captured. + +During the night of May 20-21 the Canadian Division brilliantly +carried on the excellent progress made by the 7th Division by seizing +several of the enemy's trenches and pushing forward their whole line +several hundred yards. A number of prisoners and some machine guns +were captured. + +On May 22 the 51st (Highland) Division was attached to the Indian +Corps, and the General Officer Commanding the Indian Corps took charge +of the operations at La Quinque Rue, Lieutenant-General Alderson with +the Canadians conducting the operations to the north of that place. + +On this day the Canadian Division extended their line slightly to the +right and repulsed three very severe hostile counter-attacks. + +On May 24 and 25 the 47th Division (2d London Territorial) succeeded +in taking some more of the enemy's trenches and making good the +ground gained to the east and north. + +I had now reason to consider that the battle, which was commenced by +the First Army on May 9 and renewed on May 16, having attained for the +moment the immediate object I had in view, should not be further +actively proceeded with; and I gave orders to Sir Douglas Haig to +curtail his artillery attack and to strengthen and consolidate the +ground he had won. + +In the battle of Festubert above described the enemy was driven from a +position which was strongly entrenched and fortified, and ground was +won on a front of four miles to an average depth of 600 yards. + +The enemy is known to have suffered very heavy losses, and in the +course of the battle 785 prisoners and ten machine guns were captured. +A number of machine guns were also destroyed by our fire. + +During the period under report the Army under my command has taken +over trenches occupied by some other French divisions. + +I am much indebted to General D'Urbal, commanding the 10th French +Army, for the valuable and efficient support received throughout the +battle of Festubert from three groups of French 75 centimetre guns. + +In spite of very unfavorable weather conditions, rendering observation +most difficult, our own artillery did excellent work throughout the +battle. + +As an instance of the successful attempts to deceive the enemy in this +respect it may be mentioned that on the afternoon of May 24 a +bombardment of about an hour was carried out by the 6th Division with +the object of distracting attention from the Ypres salient. + +Considerable damage was done to the enemy's parapets and wire; and +that the desired impression was produced on the enemy is evident from +the German wireless news on that day, which stated, "West of Lille the +English attempts to attack were nipped in the bud." + +I have much pleasure in again expressing my warm appreciation of the +admirable manner in which all branches of the Medical Services now in +the field, under the direction of Surgeon-General Sir Arthur Sloggett, +have met and dealt with the many difficult situations resulting from +the operations during the last two months. + +The medical units at the front were frequently exposed to the enemy's +fire, and many casualties occurred amongst the officers of the +regimental Medical Service. At all times the officers, non-commissioned +officers and men, and nurses carried out their duties with fearless +bravery and great devotion to the welfare of the sick and wounded. + +The whole organization of the Medical Services reflects the highest +credit on all concerned. + +I have once more to call your Lordship's attention to the part taken +by the Royal Flying Corps in the general progress of the campaign, and +I wish particularly to mention the invaluable assistance they rendered +in the operations described in this report, under the able direction +of Major-General Sir David Henderson. + +The Royal Flying Corps is becoming more and more an indispensable +factor in combined operations. In co-operation with the artillery, in +particular, there has been continuous improvement both in the methods +and in the technical material employed. The ingenuity and technical +skill displayed by the officers of the Royal Flying Corps in effecting +this improvement have been most marked. + +Since my last dispatch there has been a considerable increase both in +the number and in the activity of German aeroplanes in our front. +During this period there have been more than sixty combats in the air, +in which not one British aeroplane has been lost. As these flights +take place almost invariably over or behind the German lines, only one +hostile aeroplane has been brought down in our territory. Five more, +however, have been definitely wrecked behind their own lines, and many +have been chased down and forced to land in most unsuitable ground. + +In spite of the opposition of hostile aircraft, and the great number +of anti-aircraft guns employed by the enemy, air reconnaissance has +been carried out with regularity and accuracy. + +I desire to bring to your Lordship's notice the assistance given by +the French military authorities, and in particular by General +Hirschauer, Director of the French Aviation Service, and his +assistants, Colonel Bottieaux and Colonel Stammler, in the supply of +aeronautical material, without which the efficiency of the Royal +Flying Corps would have been seriously impaired. + +In this dispatch I wish again to remark upon the exceptionally good +work done throughout this campaign by the Army Service Corps and by +the Army Ordnance Department, not only in the field, but also on the +lines of communication and at the base ports. + +To foresee and meet the requirements in the matter of ammunition, +stores, equipment, supplies, and transport has entailed on the part of +the officers, non-commissioned officers and men of these services a +sustained effort which has never been relaxed since the beginning of +the war, and which has been rewarded by the most conspicuous success. + +The close co-operation of the Railway Transport Department, whose +excellent work, in combination with the French Railway Staff, has +ensured the regularity of the maintenance services, has greatly +contributed to this success. + +The degree of efficiency to which these services have been brought was +well demonstrated in the course of the second battle of Ypres. + +The roads between Poperinghe and Ypres, over which transport, supply +and ammunition columns had to pass, were continually searched by +hostile heavy artillery during the day and night; whilst the passage +of the canal through the town of Ypres, and along the roads east of +that town, could only be effected under most difficult and dangerous +conditions as regards hostile shell fire. Yet, throughout the whole +five or six weeks during which these conditions prevailed the work was +carried on with perfect order and efficiency. + + +THE "NEW" BRITISH ARMY + +Since the date of my last report some divisions of the "New" Army have +arrived in this country. + +I made a close inspection of one division, formed up on parade, and +have at various times seen several units belonging to others. + +These divisions have as yet had very little experience in actual +fighting; but, judging from all I have seen, I am of opinion that they +ought to prove a valuable addition to any fighting force. + +As regards the infantry, their physique is excellent, whilst their +bearing and appearance on parade reflects great credit on the officers +and staffs responsible for their training. The units appear to be +thoroughly well officered and commanded. The equipment is in good +order and efficient. + +Several units of artillery have been tested in the firing line behind +the trenches, and I hear very good reports of them. Their shooting has +been extremely good, and they are quite fit to take their places in +the line. + +The Pioneer Battalions have created a very favorable impression, the +officers being keen and ingenious, and the men of good physique and +good diggers. The equipment is suitable. The training in field works +has been good, but, generally speaking, they require the assistance of +Regular Royal Engineers as regards laying out of important works. Man +for man in digging the battalions should do practically the same +amount of work as an equivalent number of sappers, and in riveting, +entanglements, etc., a great deal more than the ordinary infantry +battalions. + +During the months of April and May several divisions of the +Territorial Force joined the Army under my command. + +Experience has shown that these troops have now reached a standard of +efficiency which enables them to be usefully employed in complete +divisional units. + +Several divisions have been so employed; some in the trenches, others +in the various offensive and defensive operations reported in this +dispatch. + +In whatever kind of work these units have been engaged, they have all +borne an active and distinguished part, and have proved themselves +thoroughly reliable and efficient. + +The opinion I have expressed in former dispatches as to the use and +value of the Territorial Force has been fully justified by recent +events. + +The Prime Minister was kind enough to accept an invitation from me to +visit the Army in France, and arrived at my Headquarters on May 30. + +Mr. Asquith made an exhaustive tour of the front, the hospitals and +all the administrative arrangements made by Corps Commanders for the +health and comfort of men behind the trenches. + +It was a great encouragement to all ranks to see the Prime Minister +amongst them; and the eloquent words which on several occasions he +addressed to the troops had a most powerful and beneficial effect. + +As I was desirous that the French Commander-in-Chief should see +something of the British troops, I asked General Joffre to be kind +enough to inspect a division on parade. + +The General accepted my invitation, and on May 27 he inspected the 7th +Division, under the command of Major-General H. de la P. Gough, C.B., +which was resting behind the trenches. + +General Joffre subsequently expressed to me in a letter the pleasure +it gave him to see the British troops, and his appreciation of their +appearance on parade. He requested me to make this known to all +ranks. + +The Moderator of the Church of Scotland, the Right Rev. Dr. Wallace +Williamson, Dean of the Order of the Thistle, visited the Army in +France between May 7 and 17, and made a tour of the Scottish regiments +with excellent results. + +In spite of the constant strain put upon them by the arduous nature of +the fighting which they are called upon to carry out daily and almost +hourly, the spirit which animates all ranks of the Army in France +remains high and confident. + +They meet every demand made upon them with the utmost cheerfulness. + +This splendid spirit is particularly manifested by the men in +hospital, even amongst those who are mortally wounded. + +The invariable question which comes from lips hardly able to utter a +sound is, "How are things going on at the front?" + +In conclusion, I desire to bring to your Lordship's special notice the +valuable services rendered by General Sir Douglas Haig in his +successful handling of the troops of the First Army throughout the +Battle of Festubert, and Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Plumer for his +fine defence of Ypres throughout the arduous and difficult operations +during the latter part of April and the month of May. + +I have the honor to be your Lordship's most obedient servant, + +J.D.P. FRENCH, +Field-Marshal, Commanding-in-Chief, +the British Army in France. + + + + +France's "Eyewitness" Reports + + +HILGENFIRST + +_The following details published in Paris on July 11 by an official +"Eyewitness" with the French army of the desperate fighting which +resulted in the capture of the summit of Hilgenfirst, more than 3,000 +feet high, in the Langenfeldkopf region, in the Vosges Mountains, are +given in an account of the struggle written by an official eyewitness +with the French army._ + +In the fight for the capture of the eminence of Hilgenfirst, one +company of our advance guard which forced a breach in the German lines +was cut off from its battalion as the result of a German +counter-attack. This company, nevertheless, succeeded in maintaining +the conquered position four days until finally relieved. + +On June 14 the Sixth Company of the Seventh Battalion crawled from its +trenches and deployed toward a clearing in the woods opposite. It then +charged, taking the German trenches. The Germans fled to the woods, +leaving a quick-firer. Our men immediately began fortifying the +position, but our sentries reported that German patrols had been seen +encircling the French. Other companies were ordered forward +immediately to support the one in the trench. + +Meanwhile large German reinforcements had been brought up, making it +impossible to reach our men. The captain in the trench, realizing that +he was surrounded, ordered some of his men to form a hollow square and +defend the position while others dug trenches on four sides. The +Germans attacked in great force with quick firers and rifles, but +withdrew at nightfall after a battle lasting two hours. Our men +defending the position numbered 137, including five officers. One +officer and twenty-seven men were wounded. + +The following day, despite a well-directed fire from our main +positions, the Germans again attacked in large numbers, advancing in +columns of four. The situation now began to look critical, but at the +crucial moment a hail of shrapnel from our 75.8 completely decimated +one advancing column. The edge of the wood out of which the column +advanced was piled high with German bodies and the remainder of the +force scattered in flight. + +In the afternoon the Germans again prepared for an attack, but the +attempt was frustrated by our infantry fire. During the night the +captain told off men to rest in squads, the others being constantly on +the alert. At dawn a second lieutenant and a few men surprised a small +German scouting detachment of twenty men commanded by a +non-commissioned officer. Our men threw themselves upon the Germans, +killing the officer and two men, the others taking to their heels at +top speed. + +At 10 o'clock the main body of our troops succeeded in establishing +communications with the isolated company which called for help in the +provincial dialect. We answered that we would attack at nightfall, but +that the attack would be preceded by a heavy bombardment. + +Accordingly, they constructed heavy bomb-proof shelters on the four +sides of the square and anxiously waited. At 9 o'clock the attack was +begun with artillery, quick firers and rifles, but it was insufficient +to drive out the Germans, who had in the meanwhile established +well-protected trenches and, with an excellent telephone system, made +any surprise movement impossible. + +The company's rations were now becoming very low. Delirious cries of +the wounded added to the discomfiture of the men. The following +morning a German patrol tried to take the position by storm, and some +of the men succeeded even in mounting the parapet. These were driven +off by a quick firer which had been captured from the Germans. On +other advancing troops of the enemy huge boulders, dug from the +hillside, were rolled down and we succeeded in dispersing the attack. + +Another attack was prepared by us for that night, but the danger was +great on account of the narrowness of the position occupied by the +company. The captain of the company was ordered to light fires at the +opposite ends of his position, so that our artillery could better +regulate its fire, as there was great danger of killing our own men. + +The artillery opened a crushing fire, and the Germans began to +retreat. As they passed the company's position their men were mowed +down by the exactness of the fire of our troops, and finally the brave +company was delivered. + +The general in command of the army in the Vosges said, in +complimenting the men for their bravery, the company henceforth should +be called "Company Sid Ibrahim." + +[Illustration: Battle line in the Vosges, July 20] + + +BATTLE OF FONTENELLE + +_The official French "Eyewitness" at the front reported on July 18 +giving details of the French success in the battle of Fontenelle, in +the Vosges. The scene of the conflict is in the neighborhood of the +village of Senones and the forest of Ormont, and the ground is +described as undulating and cut by deep ravines._ + +_It was in this region, says the observer, that the Germans, after the +battle of the Marne, look up a position on a summit commanding the +surrounding countryside. This hill was Height 627, which is known as +Fontenelle._ + +On June 22, after severe losses, the enemy succeeded in occupying +Fontenelle, says the observer. Although we counter-attacked +vigorously, taking 142 prisoners, the enemy held the summit. General +Van Kuderzen, in a report dated July 3, said that after a careful +inspection of the German works and trenches he finally believed that +the hill had been transformed into an impregnable fortress, and that +its capture would necessitate tremendous losses. + +On July 8 all necessary preparations for the attack had been +completed. The same day, at nightfall, three columns, aided by a +remarkably accurate artillery fire, took a portion of the enemy's +trenches. In the center we also attacked, forcing the enemy to the +west of Launois in ten minutes. The attack on the left proceeded more +slowly, but, aided by gathering darkness, we took possession of the +northwestern portion of the hill. + +At daybreak not only the whole of the summit had been retaken, but a +majority of the German defenses as far as the road from Launois to +Moyen-Moutier. Thanks to our artillery, all preparations for +counter-attacks were immediately stopped. + +During the battles of July 8 and 9 we took 881 prisoners, including 21 +officers. When questioned the prisoners gave great praise to our +excellent artillery marksmanship, saying: "We did not believe there +could be such a hell of fire." + + +BETWEEN BETHUNE AND ARRAS + +_An Associated Press dispatch dated on the heights of Notre Dame de +Lorette, near Arras, July 10, gave the following account of the 120 +days' fight ended successfully by the use of high explosives:_ + +After fighting 120 days for the hill country between Bethune and +Arras, the French forces are in possession of all the eminences +looking out upon the plain of Flanders. Lille, Douai, and Chambrai all +are visible from here. + +Every position along the broad national road between Arras and Bethune +has been won except Souchez, and last night another quarter mile of +trenches in the Souchez web was torn away. The attack was made under +parachute rocket lights, the French burning bluish white and the +Germans greenish white, covering the scene of the desperate conflict +with a ghastly glow. + +The most desperate fighting has been along the short ten-mile front +from Arras to Aix-Noulette, which began March 9 with the taking of a +few hundred yards of trenches on the watershed of Notre Dame de +Lorette, where there are the ruins of an old Merovingian military +road. Every day since then some section of the German trenches has +been taken, lost, or retaken. + +Each side has been employing formidable artillery both of small and +heavy calibre, the French guns being somewhat more numerous and served +with unlimited quantities of high explosive shells. + +A correspondent of The Associated Press today went through five or six +miles of the trenches formerly held by the Germans and reconstructed +by the French, who now have abandoned them to move forward. Upward of +100,000 Germans have fallen or been captured in these trenches, +according to the French official count, since the second week of +March. The French losses, the correspondent was confidentially +informed, while serious, have been much smaller than those of the +Germans. There are thickets of little crosses made of twigs tied +together, marking the graves between the trenches. Some of these +graves have been torn up by the shell fire. + +Almost every square yard of this region is marked by miniature craters +caused by exploding shells. Spots where shells penetrated the earth +without exploding are indicated by signs bearing the words "Live +Shell." + +One line of the German works was just below the summit of a steep +slope which, from the nature of the ground, could not be shelled +without danger to the French position a little higher up. The Germans +were sheltered in dugouts under the hillside, and their French +assailants, sliding or jumping down into the trenches, were shot or +bayoneted from caves. The line was finally taken by tossing grenades +by the basketful into the trenches until most of the defenders in the +concaved shelters were killed or wounded. Every curve or angle in the +miles of labyrinthine cuttings has its story of tragedy and heroism. + +In the party which went over this ground and into the firing trenches +within calling distance of the German lines with The Associated Press +correspondent were Owen Johnson, Arnold Bennett, Walter Hale and +George H. Mair, the last representing the British Foreign Office. As +they approached the lines one shell from a four-inch gun burst within +twenty-five yards of them, while others exploded only thirty or forty +yards away. This incident seemed greatly to amuse the soldiers in the +trenches, who laughed heartily at the embarrassment of the civilians. + +The visitors were invited by the soldiers into their shelters, which +are dry caves with narrow entrances and with clay floors covered with +matting or sacking and faintly illuminated by the light which filters +in from the entrance or by bits of candle on the inside. Men who had +been on duty throughout the night were sleeping in these caves. + +The men on the firing line express the utmost confidence that what was +done yesterday and this morning they can keep on doing until the war +has been won. They never hear the vague, unverified reports circulated +in Paris, sometimes of tremendous and impossible victories, sometimes +sinister hints of disaster. They know what they have done since March +9, when they were ordered to act on this part of the Aisne. They talk +as a matter of course of another winter campaign, because, they say, +it will take another year to break the German power. + + +ARRAS' GRASS-GROWN STREETS + +_An Associated Press dispatch of July 9 from Arras via Paris reads:_ + +Shells have been dropping into Arras at intervals today, as they have +been for 250 days. Each twenty-four hours a few more buildings crumple +or burn, although the Fire Department still is efficient in +extinguishing flames. + +One thousand civilians out of a former population of 35,000 are still +here. There were 4,000 in December when The Associated Press +correspondent first visited the town. A few scores of the inhabitants +have been killed or wounded, while the others have been persuaded by +the military authorities to go away. None of those remaining thinks of +sleeping anywhere except in a cellar. The rest of their time they +spend out of doors, when no shells are falling. + +The streets, which formerly were filled with traffic, are now +grass-grown. Two postmen deliver the mail, which comes regularly once +a day by military post. Several shops located underground are open for +business. Displayed on cellar doors are baskets of fresh vegetables, +which can be bought at about the same prices as in Paris. Inside the +principal grocery are many standard brands of American, French, and +British canned goods. + +About half the outer walls of the beautiful City Hall are still +standing, but there remains only one jagged corner of the imposing +belfry which once adorned the great square of Arras. A citizen +occupying a cellar on the other side of the square counted the shells +which struck the belfry, and says it took 360 to shatter the beautiful +bit of architecture. + + +ARRAS CATHEDRAL + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Paris dated July 13 reports:_ + +Since June 27 the Germans have systematically bombarded various parts +of Arras with projectiles of all calibres, says an official +communication given out today by the French War Department. + +On June 27 the bombardment was extremely violent and was executed by +six-inch, eight-inch and seventeen-inch guns, between the hours of 8 +A.M. and 2 P.M., and between 6 P.M. and 7:30 P.M. The fire was +directed particularly at the citadel and neighboring streets. + +On July 3, toward 6:30 o'clock in the evening, a further bombardment +took place in which incendiary shells were used, and they started a +most violent fire. + +On July 5 at 4:30 P.M., the statement continues, the enemy recommenced +its bombardment of the city, concentrating its fire upon the environs +of the cathedral, more especially upon St. Vaast, the ancient Bishop's +palace, which had been transformed into a museum. Incendiary shells +set the building on fire, and the use of fuse shells from three-inch +and four-inch guns prevented our organizing to combat the fire, which +soon assumed great proportions and completely destroyed the palace. +During the night there was an intermittent bombardment. + +On July 6, about 7 A.M., shells fell on the Cathedral, the roof of +which took fire, and, despite the efforts of our troops, was entirely +consumed, as were the Cathedral organs. + +The departmental archives, which had been deposited in the Palace of +St. Vaast, had been placed in the cellar of the palace before the +bombardment and were saved. The sacred ornaments and part of the +furnishings in the Cathedral were removed. + + +IN THE FECHT VALLEY + +_The French official "Eyewitness" reported on July 15 the French +victory in the battle of Metzeral in upper Alsace, as follows:_ + +The operations by which our troops captured the towns of Metzeral and +Sondernach, which are situated in the Fecht Valley, have been +remarkable because of the means employed and the results obtained, and +as the Alpine troops have been forced to surmount all possible +difficulties. + +_Metzeral, the eyewitness explains, is situated in a valley surrounded +by high hills, the sides of which dropped precipitously down to the +Fecht region. On these hills was stationed artillery, to the rear of +which, within easy access, large reinforcements could be massed and +brought to the front when needed. He continued:_ + +From prisoners we learned that the Germans considered their position +impregnable. It was surrounded by several lines of trenches and barbed +wire entanglements. We made long preparations for the attack, +concentrating troops and bringing supplies up the Vosges through +winding, narrow, and hastily constructed roads, twenty miles in +length. New trenches were dug, mines laid, and various other details +attended to. + +On June 15, after prolonged and heavy artillery fire on both sides of +the valley, the attack was begun against Hill 830, on which we +captured trenches situated on the slopes, taking two companies +prisoners. A portion of the trenches on Braunkopf also fell into our +hands. + +At Eichwald we gained less, as here the German fortifications were +strongest. At Anlass, also, although many grenades were thrown, the +fortifications were of such a character as to make it impossible to +break through. + +On the day following the attack was resumed, with the purpose of +gaining us all the positions on Braunkopf and Hill 830. We began at +this point to encircle Eichwald, as the road to Metzeral now lay open. +The Germans remained at Anlass, where our attack always stopped, and +with their fire across the valley on Braunkopf made it impossible for +us to proceed. + +All our efforts were now concentrated on Anlass. We attacked on June +18 and 19, and on the 20th the German positions fell into our hands. +Our troops continued on down the valley, capturing 6 officers, 11 +non-commissioned officers, and 140 men. + +An attack directed at the same time against Winterhagel, situated to +the south of Anlass, was marked by a sad incident. A small group of +chasseurs who succeeded in breaking through the barbed-wire +entanglements found themselves under a crossfire of quick-firers. The +men tried to construct a shelter with the tools they carried. The +Germans cried "Surrender!" Not one man answered. The quick-firers +accomplished their work, and the men were found lying with faces to +the ground, as if they had dropped when drawn up in line for parade. + +Our attacks were now centred on Metzeral. The factory at Steinbruck +was taken on the night of June 17, and a battalion entered Altenkof +the day following. On June 21 our men came down from Braunkopf, +surrounded the village on the north, and took the railway station. The +Germans in Metzeral, threatened with capture, placed quick-firers in +several houses to protect their retreat and prepared to set the place +on fire. Our artillery quickly demolished the houses in which German +artillery had been placed, and our troops entered the flaming streets +from the north and west. The village was burned. + +On the two following nights, while our troops harassed the retreating +enemy, Winterhagel and Sondernach fell into our hands and our line was +established along the length of the valley of the Fecht as far as +Sondernach. + +The action resulted in the capture of 20 officers, 53 non-commissioned +officers, and 638 men. + + + + +The Crown Prince in the Argonne + + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Paris stated on June 30 that the +German attempt to divert the attention of the French from the latter's +offensive in the region north of Arras has been productive of gains in +the Argonne, where a three-days' bombardment of the French trenches +was followed by the capture of French positions near Bagatelle. +Elsewhere, particularly on the Yser, to the north of Arras, north of +Verdun and near Metzeral in Alsace, there have been artillery +exchanges without notable results._ + +_The dispatch recorded the following French official communication, +issued June 30:_ + +In the Argonne, after a bombardment lasting three days, the Germans +attacked our positions on the road between Binarville and Le Four de +Paris, but were twice repulsed. They succeeded only in their third +attack in gaining a foothold in some parts of our lines near +Bagatelle, and they were everywhere else thrown back after a violent +engagement. + +There has been a bombardment on the front north of Verdun, in the Bois +d'Ailly, as well as in the region of Metzeral. + +_On July 4 Berlin's official report said:_ + +In the Argonne the Germans continue their offensive. Our booty has +increased considerably, and amounted on July 1 and 2 to 2,556 +prisoners--among them 37 officers--25 machine guns, 72 mine throwers, +and one revolver gun. + +_It was reported from London on July 14 that the attack of the German +Crown Prince's army in the Argonne, having for its objective the +investment of the French forts of the Verdun area, had resulted in an +advance of two-thirds of a mile and the capture of 2,581 prisoners and +several pieces of artillery, according to German official reports. A +communique issued in Paris, while admitting the German success, +asserts that nowhere did the assailants gain more than a quarter of a +mile and announces that the Crown Prince's offensive had been +definitely checked._ + +_Following is the text of the German official statement of July 14:_ + +In the Argonne a German attack resulted in complete success northeast +of Vienne-le-Chateau. Our troops took by storm the enemy positions in +the hills extending over a width of three kilometers (about a mile and +three-quarters) and a depth of one kilometer. Hill No. 285, La Fille +Morte, is in our possession. Two thousand five hundred and eighty-one +uninjured prisoners, including fifty-one officers, fell into our +hands. In addition, 300 wounded were taken under our care. Two field +cannon, two revolver cannon, six machine guns, and a large quantity of +tools were captured. Our troops advanced as far as the positions of +the French artillery and rendered eight cannon useless. These are now +standing between the French and German lines. + +[Illustration: Scene of the German Crown Prince's drive in the +Argonne.] + +_The official statement issued at Berlin on July 15 says:_ + +The French made repeated attempts yesterday, which lasted into the +night, to recapture the positions we took from them in the Forest of +Argonne. Notwithstanding the employment of large quantities of +ammunition and of strong forces recently brought up, all their attacks +broke down. In many places there was bitter fighting with hand +grenades and encounters at close quarters. + +The enemy paid for his unsuccessful efforts with extraordinarily heavy +losses. The number of French prisoners has been increased to 68 +officers and 3,688 men. + +The success of our troops was all the more remarkable as, according to +corresponding statements made by prisoners, the French had prepared +for a great attack against our positions on the Argonne front on July +14, their national festival day. + +_The text of the German official statement published July 16 is as +follows:_ + +French attacks delivered yesterday and the day before to the west of +the Argonne Forest failed in the face of the North German Landwehr, +who inflicted large and sanguinary losses on the enemy in bitter +hand-to-hand fighting. We captured 462 prisoners. + +Since June 20 our troops have fought continually in the Argonne and to +the west of that forest, with the exception of short interruptions. In +addition to the gain in territory and booty in materials a total of +116 officers and 7,009 French prisoners has been reached up to the +present. + +On our front which joins the Argonne to the east, lively artillery +battles are in progress. Attacks made by the enemy in this region were +repulsed without difficulty. + +_In a dispatch from Berlin, dated July 16, by Wireless to Sayville, +N.Y., it is reported that in the news items given out by the Overseas +News Agency was the following:_ + +German military tacticians point out that the German victory in the +Forest of Argonne, in France, is of special importance, as it shows +that the connections toward Western France are gradually being cut. + +The large amount of war materials captured by the Germans in the last +battle illustrates the importance attributed to the positions by the +French commanders. The French, however, were unable to resist the +terrific offensive of the Crown Prince's army. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Gallipoli's Shambles + +Allied Operations Around the Turks' Fortress of Achi Baba + + The subjoined narratives, official and semi-official, show + clearly the formidable nature of the Allies' land + undertaking in the attempt to force the passage of the + Dardanelles. It will be noted that Compton Mackenzie, the + novelist, has temporarily replaced E. Ashmead-Bartlett as + the British press "eyewitness" on the peninsula, and that + General Sir Ian Hamilton's reports have for the first time + begun to appear. A notable sketch of his career appears in + the Atlantic Monthly for July by the pen of Alfred G. + Gardiner. A poet and a man of romantic ancestry and taste, + experienced in commands in India, in Egypt, and in South + Africa, General Hamilton was called by the late Lord Roberts + the ablest commander in the field. For his qualities of + daring and inspiration, as well as for his coolness in + directing the complex movements of the battlefield, he was + chosen for this most dangerous and bloody of enterprises + against the German-officered Turks.[4] + + Mr. Mackenzie estimates the losses of the Turks up to June + 30 at not less than 70,000. Prime Minister Asquith in the + House of Commons, on July 1, announced that the British + naval and military losses up to May 31 aggregated 38,635 + officers and men. Yet the great fortress of Achi Baba, by + that time one of the most powerful in the world, was untaken + up to July 20, and the French and British Allies held but a + small corner of the area to be conquered. + +[Footnote 4: His first report, covering the actions from March 13, +when he left London, to May 20, is here omitted because other official +reports covering the same period were printed in the June and July +numbers of CURRENT HISTORY.] + + +BATTLE OF THE LONGEST DAY + +By Compton Mackenzie + +Authorized Press Representative at the Dardanelles. + +Dardanelles, via Alexandria, +June 30, 1915. + +The battle of the Fourth of June ended with substantial progress on +our centre, although on our left and on our right, notwithstanding the +most violent charges and counter-charges, we were unable to +consolidate some of our initial gains. The reason of this may be found +in the natural strongholds of the Turkish flanks, natural strongholds +that are helped by the most elaborate fortifications. + +The British and French line from the Aegean to the Dardanelles is +confronted by rising ground that culminates in the centre with the +flat summit of Achi Baba, 800 ft. high. On either side the ground +falls away to the sea in ravines and dry watercourses (_deres_), which +the Turks have had time to make impregnable to any except those superb +troops that are now fighting to pass over them. + +There is no room upon the Gallipoli Peninsula to find weak points, and +we are now in the position of having to storm an immensely strong +fortress, the advanced works of which, by an amazing feat of arms, we +already hold, and the glacis of which has to be crossed before we move +forward to the assault upon the bastion of Achi Baba and beyond to the +final assault upon the very walls of that fortress, the Kilid Bahr +Plateau. + +Farther up the coast the Australians and New Zealanders have made a +lodgment upon one of the strongest advanced works of the Kilid Bahr +Plateau. As seen from the northwest here they threaten the +communications of the "fortress" and are drawing against them a large +part of the garrison. This is composed of the flower of the Turkish +Army, and, notwithstanding casualties that must already amount to +70,000, the troops are fighting with gallantry--with desperation, +indeed, because they realize that when the bastion of Achi Baba falls +the occupation of the Kilid Bahr Plateau becomes a mere question of +time, and that when Kilid Bahr falls the doom of Constantinople is at +hand. In view of the difficulties--were it not for the landing one +would be tempted to say the impossibilities--which confront our men, +the gain of a score of yards in the Gallipoli Peninsula may fairly +represent for the purposes of comparison a gain of 500 yards in the +Western theatre of war. Therefore, to find its importance the gain of +500 yards on June 4 must be measured with affairs like Neuve Chapelle; +and the few quiet days that succeeded may be accepted as repose. + +[Illustration: Map of Gallipoli Peninsula, showing the mountainous +nature of the terrain, and Achi Baba.] + +After a violent effort on the night of June 11 to 12 there was a +brilliant little action by the Border Regiment and the South Wales +Borderers which resulted in the gain of two trenches. On the 16th the +enemy, led by a Turkish and a German officer, made an assault on the +trenches of the 88th Brigade, but were driven off with loss. However, +that night the trenches gained by the two regiments on the 11th were +heavily bombed, so heavily that our men were forced to retire about 30 +yards and dig themselves in. At dawn we were able to enfilade with +machine-guns the vacated trenches. + +Then the Dublin Fusiliers charged with the bayonet, and once more gave +us possession of our gains at heavy cost to the Turks, whose dead +filled one trench. + +On the evening of the 18th the enemy bombarded very heavily another +portion of our trenches on this side of the line. They were evidently +attempting in miniature our own methods of Neuve Chapelle and June 4, +as immediately after the bombardment they were seen to be massing for +an attack. However, the imitation ended rather abruptly at this point, +and the affair petered out. + +On the evening of the 19th the Turks by a fierce attack, managed to +get into an awkward salient which had remained in our hands after June +4. For some time there was great difficulty in recovering this, but +the 5th Royal Scots and a company of the Worcesters, led by +Lieut.-Colonel Wilson of the former regiment, made a glorious attack, +and drove out the Turks. + +Of the Royal Scots, one can add nothing but that they are Edinburgh +Territorials brought in by the fortune of war to make the twelfth +regiment of the immortal 29th Division whose deeds since April 25 +might have stirred the ghost of Homer to sing their valour. + +Mention has been made already of the difficulties that oppose our +advance upon the two flanks. On June 21 it was determined to +straighten the line upon the extreme right, and at 1.30 A.M. the +preliminary bombardment began. The dawn had been clear, but soon a +curtain of silver, through which gleamed the ghost of the rising sun, +hung over the Kereves Dere. This was the smoke of bursting shells. +Slowly as the sun climbed up the curtain became more substantial. Then +it seemed to droop and sweep along the hollows like a vanishing mist +of dawn, and during a respite the thin blue smoke of the bivouac fires +came tranquilly up into the still air. The respite was very brief, and +the bombardment began again with greater fierceness than before. The +75's drummed unceasingly. The reverberation of the 125's and of the +howitzers shook the observation post. Over the Kereves Dere, and +beyond, upon the sloping shoulders of Achi Baba, the curtain became a +pall. The sun climbed higher and higher. All that first mirage of +beauty had disappeared, and there was nothing but the monstrous shapes +of bursting shells, giants of smoke that appeared one after another +along the Turkish lines. All through the morning the cannonade went +on. + +By noon the Second Division of the French had on the left stormed and +captured all the Turkish trenches of the first two lines. Even the +Haricot Redoubt, with its damnable entanglements and its maze of +communicating trenches, was in French hands. On the right, however, +the First Division, after reaching their objective, had been +counter-attacked so effectively that they had fallen back. Again they +advanced; again they took the trenches; again they were driven out. It +began to look as if the victory upon the left would be fruitless, that +the position would become an untenable salient and the Haricot Redoubt +revert to the enemy. + +At this moment a message was sent to say that the trenches must be +recaptured, and, when recaptured, held. There were still five hours of +daylight for this battle of the longest day. British guns and +howitzers were asked for and were lent at once. The bombardment was +resumed throughout that afternoon, and at half-past five it seemed as +if every gun on earth were pouring shells on the Turkish lines. + +At six o'clock the third assault was delivered. In one trench there +was a temporary shortage of ammunition, but the enemy fought even with +stones and sticks and fists. A battalion came hurrying up from the +Turkish right to reinforce it, was caught on open ground by the +drumming 75's, and it melted away. Six hundred yards of Turkish +trenches were taken, and still the bombardment was continued in order +to ward off the counter-attack that was anticipated. + +The smoke of the shells, which at dawn had been ethereal, almost +translucent, was now, in the sunset, turbid and sinister, yet the +sunset was very splendid, flaming in crimson streamers over Imbros, +tinting the east with rosy reflections and turning the peaks of Asia +to sapphires. It had a peculiar significance on this longest day of +the year, crowning as it did those precious five hours of daylight +that, for the French, had been fraught with such achievement. Slowly +the colour faded out, and now, minute by minute, the flashes of the +guns became more distinct; the smoke was merged in the gathering dusk, +and away over the more distant Turkish lines the bursts of shrapnel +came out like stars against the brief twilight. One knew the anxiety +there would be in the darkness that now was falling upon this 21st of +June, but in the morning we heard gladly that the enemy's +counter-attacks had failed, and that our Allies were indeed firmly +established. + +The Turkish casualties were at least 7,000. One trench, 200 yards long +and 10 feet deep, was brimming over with the dead. They were valiant +those dead men. French officers who have fought in the West say that, +as a fighting unit, one Turk is worth two Germans; in fact, with his +back to the wall, the Turk is magnificent. The French casualties were +marvellously few considering what a day it had been, what an enemy was +being attacked, and how much had been gained. + +The right of the line now commands Kereves Dere, and the profile of +Achi Baba seems to write itself less solidly against the sky. + + +ATTACK BY LAND AND SEA + +_The British Press Bureau on June 30, 1915, issued the following:_ + +General Sir Ian Hamilton reports that the plan of operations on the +28th was to throw forward the left of his line southeast of Krithia, +pivoting on a point about one mile from the sea, and after advancing +on the extreme left for about half a mile to establish a new line +facing east on ground thus gained. This plan entailed the capture in +succession of two lines of the Turkish trenches east of the Saghir +Dere, and five lines of trenches west of it. The Australian Corps was +ordered to co-operate by making a vigorous demonstration. + +The action opened at nine o'clock with a bombardment by heavy +artillery. The assistance rendered by the French in this bombardment +was most valuable. + +At 10.20 the Field Artillery opened fire to cut wire in front of +Turkish trenches, and this was effectively done. The effect on the +enemy's trench near the sea was great. The very accurate fire of his +Majesty's ships Talbot, Scorpion and Wolverine succeeded in keeping +down his artillery fire from that quarter. + +At 10.45 a small Turkish advanced work in the Saghir Dere known as the +Boomerang Redoubt was assaulted. This little fort, which was very +strongly sited and protected by extra strong wire entanglements, has +long been a source of trouble. After special bombardment by trench +mortar, and while bombardment of surrounding trenches was at its +height, part of the Border Regiment at the exact moment prescribed +leapt from their trenches as one man like a pack of hounds, and +pouring out of cover raced across, and took the work most brilliantly. + +The artillery bombardment increased in intensity till 11 A.M., when +the range was lengthened, and infantry advanced. The infantry attack +was carried out with great dash along the whole line. + +West of Saghir Dere three lines of trenches were captured with little +opposition. The trenches were full of dead Turks, many buried by the +bombardment, and one hundred prisoners were taken in them. + +East of the Ravine the Royal Scots made a fine attack, capturing the +two lines of trenches assigned to their objective, but the remainder +of the Brigade on their right met with severe opposition and were +unable to get forward. + +At 11.30 the Royal Fusiliers led its Brigade in the second phase of +the attack west of the Ravine. The Brigade advanced with great +steadiness and resolution through the trenches already captured, and +on across the open, and taking two more lines of trenches reached the +objective allotted to them, the Lancashire Fusiliers inclining +half-right and forming line to connect with our new position east of +the Ravine. + +The northernmost objective had now been attained, but the Gurkhas +pressing on under the cliffs captured an important knoll still further +forward, actually due west of Krithia. This they fortified and held +during the night, making our total gain on the left precisely one +thousand yards. + +During the afternoon the trenches, a small portion of which remained +uncaptured on the right, were attacked, but the enemy held on +stubbornly supported by machine-guns and artillery, and the attacks +did not succeed. + +During the night the enemy counter-attacked the furthest trenches +gained, but was repulsed with heavy loss. A party of Turks, who +penetrated from the flank between two lines of captured trenches, was +subjected to machine-gun fire at daybreak, suffered very heavily, and +the survivors surrendered. + +Except for a small portion of trench already mentioned, which is still +held by the enemy, all and more than was hoped for from operations has +been gained. On the extreme left the line has been pushed forward to a +specially strong point well beyond the limit of the advance originally +contemplated. + +All engaged did well, but certainly the chief factor in the success +was the splendid attack carried out by the 29th Division, whose +conduct on this, as on previous occasions, was beyond praise. + + +AUSTRALIANS IN ACTION + +_The British Press Bureau states on July 1 that, in continuation of +his last message respecting the British advance in the Gallipoli +Peninsula, Sir Ian Hamilton had reported as follows:_ + +Further details have now been received with regard to the part played +by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in the operations of the +29th. As previously stated, the General Officer Commanding the +Australian and New Zealand Army Corps was instructed to undertake +operations with a view to preventing the enemy in his front from +detaching troops to the southern area. + +Between 11.30 A.M. and 12 noon the action was opened, His Majesty's +ships Humber, Pincher, and Chelmer engaging enemy's heavy guns. At 1 +P.M. part of the Second Light Horse Brigade and the Third Infantry +Brigade moved out on the right of the position, advancing some 700 +yards, when the enemy was encountered in strength. Meanwhile the +artillery engaged the enemy's reserves, which were collecting in the +ravine opposite right centre, by shelling them effectively with guns +and howitzers. + +About 2.30 P.M. the enemy appeared to be preparing a counter-attack +against the left of our advanced troops, but on howitzer and +machine-gun fire being turned on the enemy's attacks were easily +repulsed. The retirement of the advanced troops was begun at 3 P.M., +well covered by rifle, machine-gun, and artillery fire, and the troops +were all back in the trenches between 4.30 and 5.30 P.M. + +Our machine-guns and artillery did considerable execution. Naval gun +fire also gave valuable assistance. Demonstrations made after dark at +8.45 and 11.30 P.M. with flares, star shell, and destroyer bombardment +were successfully carried out. + +The Eighth Corps report 180 prisoners taken since the morning of the +28th, namely, 38 of the Sixteenth Regiment, 139 of the Thirty-third +Regiment, and three of the Thirteenth Regiment. A Circassian prisoner +carried a wounded private of Royal Scots into our lines under fire. + + +ATTACKED BY THE TURKS + +_Sir Ian Hamilton reported, as published by the British Press Bureau +on July 6, the following details of the attack made by the Turks on +the night of 29th-30th June:_ + +About 2 A.M. searchlights of His Majesty's ship Scorpion discovered +half a Turkish battalion advancing near the sea northwest of Krithia. +Scorpion opened fire, and few of the enemy got away. Simultaneously +the enemy attacked the knoll we captured due west of Krithia, +advancing from a nullah in close formation in several lines. The +attack came under artillery and enfilade rifle fire, and the enemy +lost heavily. The foremost Turks got within forty yards of the +parapet, but only a few returned. + +The Turks made several heavy bomb attacks during the night, our troops +being twice driven back a short distance. Early in the morning we +regained these trenches by bayonet attack, and they have since been +strengthened. + +At 5.30 A.M. 2,000 Turks, moving from Krithia into the ravine, were +scattered by machine-gun fire. The operations reflect great credit on +the vigilance and accurate shooting of His Majesty's ship Scorpion. +The Turkish losses in the nullah and ravine are estimated at 1,500 to +2,000 dead. + +About 10 P.M. on the 30th of June the Turks again attacked with bombs +a portion of the most northerly trench captured by us on 28th. An +officer of the Gurkhas being wounded, not dangerously as it turned +out, the men became infuriated, flung all their bombs at the enemy, +and then charging down out of the trench used their kukris for the +first time and with excellent effect. About dawn the Turks once more +attempted an attack over the open, but nearly the whole of these +attacking forces, about half a battalion, were shot down, and a final +bomb attack, though commenced, failed utterly. + +Further reports from Australia and New Zealand Corps, as to the +enemy's attack on 29th-30th on our right flank, state that the action +commenced by very heavy fire from midnight till 1.30 A.M., to which +our men only replied by a series of cheers. The Turks then launched +their attack, and came right on with bayonet and bombs. Those who +succeeded in getting into our saps were instantly killed; the +remainder were dealt with by bomb and rifle fire from the 7th and 8th +Light Horse. By 2 A.M. the enemy broke, and many were killed while +withdrawing. The enemy's attack was strongest on his right. They were +completely taken aback by a concealed sap constructed well ahead of +our main line, and the dead are lying thickly in front of this. Some +got into the sap and several across it; all these were wiped out by +fire from the main parapet farther back. + +Following the defeat of this attack, the enemy attacked at 3 A.M. on +our left, and 30 men came over the parapets in front of the right of +Quinn's Post. These were duly polished off. Prisoners brought in state +that three fresh battalions were employed in the main attack, which +was made by the personal order of Enver Pasha, who, as they definitely +assert, was present in the trenches on June 29. This is confirmed by +the statement of an intelligent Armenian prisoner captured on that +date. According to him, stringent orders were recently issued that no +further attacks were to be made, because if the Turks remained on the +defensive the British would be forced to attack, and would suffer as +severely as the Turks had hitherto suffered. But Enver Pasha, when he +arrived in the northern section, overrode this instruction, and orders +were received by the prisoner's regiment that the Australians were to +be driven into the sea. + +On July 2, after a heavy bombardment of our advanced positions by high +explosives and shrapnel, lasting half an hour, the enemy infantry +advanced, but were driven back to the main nullah about a mile to our +front by the accurate shooting of His Majesty's ship Scorpion and by +our rifle and machine-gun fire. About 7 P.M. the Turkish artillery +recommenced their bombardment, under cover of which two battalions +emerged from the nullah to the northeast of our most advanced trench +and commenced an attack across the open, advancing in two regular +lines. At the outset very effective shrapnel fire from the 10th +Battery Royal Field Artillery caused great execution among the +attackers. Gurkha supports then advanced, and there being insufficient +room in trenches took up a position on some excavated earth in rear, +whence deadly rifle fire was poured into the advancing lines. Turkish +officers could be seen endeavouring to get their men forward, but they +would not face the fire and retreated in disorder after suffering +heavy casualties. + +The ground in front of our trenches in every direction can be seen +covered with Turkish dead, and patrols sent out at night report that +the valleys and ravine are also full of them. There can be no possible +doubt that the enemy's losses have been very heavy. After checking and +counter-checking reports from all sources, I put down their total +casualties between June 28 and July 2 at 5,150 killed and 15,000 +wounded. The number of killed is, therefore, approximately correct, +while the wounded is an estimate based partly on the knowledge of the +number already reported arrived at Constantinople, and on experience +of proportion of wounded to killed in previous engagements. Since June +29 the total amount of Turkish arms and ammunition collected is 516 +rifles, 51 bayonets, 200 sets of equipment, 126,400 rounds of +ammunition, 100 bombs. + +The following is an extract from captured divisional orders: "There is +nothing that causes us more sorrow, increases the courage of the +enemy, and encourages him to attack more freely, causing us great +losses, than the losing of these trenches. Henceforth commanders who +surrender these trenches, from whatever side the attack may come, +before the last man is killed will be punished in the same way as if +they had run away. Especially will the commanders of units told off to +guard a certain front be punished if, instead of thinking about their +work, supporting their units and giving information to the higher +command, they only take action after a regrettable incident has taken +place. + +"I hope that this will not occur again. I give notice that if it does +I shall carry out the punishment. I do not desire to see a blot made +on the courage of our men by those who escape from the trenches to +avoid the rifle and machine-gun fire of the enemy. Henceforth I shall +hold responsible all officers who do not shoot with their revolvers +all the privates who try to escape from the trenches on any pretext. +Commander of the 11th Div., Colonel Rifaat." + +To the copy from which this extract was taken the following note is +appended: "To Commander of the 1st Battalion. The contents will be +communicated to the officers, and I promise to carry out the orders +till the last drop of our blood has been shed. Sign and return. +Signed. Hassan, Commander, 127th Regiment. Then follow signatures +company commanders." + + +HEAVY TURKISH LOSSES + +_The British Press Bureau on July 7 issued this report by General Ian +Hamilton:_ + +The night of July 3-4 was quiet in the northern section, but at 4 A.M. +the enemy started a heavy bombardment of the trenches. All the guns +previously used against us, and some new ones, were in action, but the +bombardment died away about 6 A.M. without doing much damage. During +the bombardment about twenty 11.2-inch shells were dropped from a +Turkish battleship in the strait. + +In the southern section the Turks kept up a heavy musketry fire along +the whole line during the night and did not leave their trenches. At 4 +A.M. their batteries started the most violent bombardment that has yet +been experienced. At least 5,000 rounds of artillery ammunition were +expended by them. + +Meanwhile this shelling of our lines on the peninsula proved the +preliminary to a general attack on our front with special efforts at +certain points. The principal effort was made at the junction of the +Royal Naval Division section with that of the French. + +Here, at 7.30 A.M., the Turks drove back our advanced troops and +assaulted a portion of the line held by the Royal Naval Division. Some +fifty Turks gained a footing in our trench, where, nevertheless, some +men of the Royal Naval Division held on to our supports, and the men +who had retired counter-attacked immediately and hurled the Turks out +of the trench again. + +Another attack on the right of the Twenty-ninth Division section, was +practically wiped out by rifle and machine-gun fire. On our left the +Turks massed in a nullah, to the northeast of our newly-captured +trenches, and attempted several attacks. None of these was able to get +home owing to the steadiness of our troops and our effective artillery +support. The bombardment died down toward 11 A.M., though it was +resumed at intervals. + +Not only was the result a complete failure, but while our losses were +negligible and no impression was made on our line, the enemy added a +large number to his recent very heavy casualties. It seems plain from +the disjointed nature of his attack that he is finding it difficult to +drive his infantry forward to face our fire. + + +SLAUGHTER BY CANNON LIGHT + +_In a dispatch by George Renwick to The London Daily Chronicle, dated +at Lemnos, July 11, the following description of fighting, followed by +heavy Turco-German casualties, appeared:_ + +The heaviest fighting which has taken place on Gallipoli Peninsula +since the allied forces landed there began late on Tuesday and lasted +well into Wednesday. It resulted in a swing forward of the southern +line of the allied armies for five furlongs and in the infliction of +staggering losses on the enemy. Those who were in the battle place the +Turco-German casualties at 7,000 killed and from 14,000 to 15,000 +wounded. Many prisoners were taken. + +The whole army in the southern part of the peninsula was engaged, and +the Australians and New Zealanders further north also played a part. +The victory marks a definite stage in the initial work of throwing +forces around Achi Baba, which may now be described as one of the +strongest fortresses in the world. + +The Allies had been resting in comparative tranquillity and the Turks +had evidently become persuaded the enemy was experiencing a shortage +of ammunition. This belief convinced them of the excellent opportunity +of driving the invaders into the sea. Late Tuesday night the first +signs of the enemy's movement were detected. No time was lost in +flashing a warning message to headquarters. The French were soon alert +and the artillery at that portion of the line against which the attack +was being prepared was quickly and strongly reinforced. + +French and British machine guns were rushed to the front until a +perfect wall of heavy and light guns was in position. Then there came +a short interval of silence and waiting, almost oppressive. Suddenly +the stillness was broken by a tremendous burst of shells from the +Turkish guns, and for a time shrapnel poured down on the French front. +But the men were safely positioned in dugouts and little loss +resulted. From the strait loud booming began. The battered Goeben was +at work again, and during the bombardment she pounded our right with +some forty 11-inch shells. Many did not burst--they were apparently of +Turkish manufacture. + +This hail of shells lasted just an hour and a half and was the +severest bombardment to which our lines have been subjected during the +weeks of struggle on the peninsula. No sooner had the heavy fire +ceased than great solid masses of Turks leaped forward to the attack. +On they came, the silence unbroken save for their shouts, until they +reached a point within sixty or seventy yards of the French position. +Then from 200 well placed machine guns a devastating answering fire +burst from our Allies' trenches, and the rifles joined in, 20,000 of +them. The big guns flared and cast a lurid light over the scene. + + + + +Italy's War on Austria + +Second Month Closes with Offensive Operations in Swing Against Gorizia + + On July 23, after two months of her war against Austria, an + appraisement may be taken of Italy's extensive and + business-like preparation for the conflict. Rapidly the + passes leading to the Trentino, Carinthia, Friuli, and the + valley of the Isonzo were secured, almost over night; and + then, with the regularity of a railway time-table, the + Italians began their hard, patient work, in hitherto + impassable regions, of neutralizing the Trentino, so as to + make impossible an invasion from that territory, and of + linking up their columns along the Isonzo, so that now, at + the beginning of August, a battle-front of seventy-five + miles extending from Tarvis to the Adriatic, is ready to + move eastward in the direction of Klagenfurt, beyond which + there are no Austrian fortifications until Vienna is + reached, 170 miles away--about as far as Cape Cod is from + New York City. The right flank of this battle-front has been + developed along the Carso plateau so as to neutralize, as + the Trentino was neutralized, the Peninsula of Istria with + the great commercial port of Trieste, the naval base of + Pola, and the Hungarian Free City of Fiume. + + +The Italian field of activity saw during the week ended July 24 the +blazing out of the Italian offensive. Italy apparently was then +satisfied that all the passages by means of which Austria could pour +troops to attack her rear are effectively stopped and has therefore +begun a determined advance along the Isonzo front from Tarvis to the +Adriatic, with the object of breaking down completely Austria's first +defensive screen. The battle is, as is natural, centring around +Gorizia. + +Once Gorizia falls, the Italian problem in so far as Trieste is +concerned, will be near solution. The Italians have made notable +advances in Cadore and along the Isonzo, on the plateau of Carso. But +Gorizia must be taken before a decided local victory can be recorded. +The fighting has not progressed as yet to the point where definite +information is available, but in late July it seemed to have reached +the culminating stage. The surroundings of Gorizia, which is the key +to the Isonzo district and the junction of five main roads and four +main railway lines, are protected with all manner of fortifications. +The official report from Rome on June 25 recorded the Italian +occupation of Globna, north of Plava, and of the edge of the plateau +between Sagrado and Monfalcone. From that date reports from Vienna +recorded continuous and heavy Italian attacks from the bridgehead at +Goritz to the sea. The correspondent of the Berliner Tageblatt at the +Isonzo front reported on July 7 that the second great Italian +offensive had forced its way into the Austrian line at Podzora--a +height covering the bridgehead at Goritz--and at Vermegliano, between +Doberdo and Monfalcone. A Geneva dispatch, dated July 14, reported the +capture by the Italians of two miles of trenches in the Carnic Alps, +the Alpine troops dragging their artillery to an altitude of 6,600 +feet near Roskopel, and capturing to the south of Gorizia two +important forts. On July 16 a dispatch from Rome told of a war council +at the front held by King Victor Emmanuel and Premier Salandra, with +Count Cadorna, Chief of the General Staff, and General Porro, his +chief assistant. A Vienna official dispatch of that date reported +increased artillery activity in the coast district and in Carinthia. +Two passes at a height of over 10,000 feet were taken by the Italians +at Venerodolol and Brizio, as reported July 17, and on July 18 they +began an advance in Cadore, attacking a ring of powerful forts at a +great height at Paneveggio, San Pelegrino, Monet, Livinallongo, and +Tresassi, while Goritz was shelled from land and air. + +[Illustration: The Austro-Italian frontier, the scene of the +fighting.] + +Then began, on July 20, a great general Italian assault on a 75-mile +line from Tarvis to the Adriatic shore. A dispatch from Turin from the +correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle announced a victorious +advance by the Italians on the Carso plateau, east of Sagrado, with +the capture of 2,000 Austrian prisoners. The War Office in Rome +reported on July 21 that while the Italian defense continued to +develop energetically in Cadore, and the artillery was effectively +working in Carnia, the struggle in the Isonzo zone continued with +increasing intensity. Toward Goritz the Italians gained part of the +line of the heights which form the right bank of the river commanding +the town and the Isonzo bridges. On the Carso Plateau the Austrians +were reported driven from some trenches, and 3,500 prisoners and much +material captured. On July 22 the fall of Goritz and Tolmino was +reported to be near, the War Office in Rome announcing a development +of the offensive "along the whole front from Monte Nero to the Carso +Plateau. Vienna reported that the heavy attacks were being repulsed. +But on July 23 the official report from Rome for the first time +declared that the Italian armies in the battle along the whole Isonzo +front were achieving success," which was "constantly becoming more +clearly apparent." On July 24 a dispatch from Udine said that General +Cadorna was personally directing the battle in the presence of King +Victor Emmanuel and the Duke of Aosta. A Milan dispatch to The London +Daily News on July 25 reported the evacuation of Goritz by the +Austrian General Staff in view of the imminence of its fall. Below +appears a prospective account of Italy's formidable task, written on +July 1 by an Italian correspondent of The London Morning Post. + + + + +The Task of Italy + +[By a Special Correspondent of The London Morning Post] + + +Cormons, July 1. + +The Italian battle for the conquest of the fortified lines on the +Isonzo and the entrenched camps of Gorizia is one of the most +important in the European conflict. The battle of the Isonzo is not to +be regarded as a mere episode, but a prolonged siege over a front of +more than a hundred miles of a natural fortress, consisting of a chain +of precipitous mountains. Perhaps never before in a European war has +the value of individual qualities been shown so conclusively as by the +Italian troops in this war. The very steep cliffs, which are almost +perpendicular, along the course of the river are almost impossible to +scale. The mountain passes which open along the river are very few and +also narrow. In addition the geological nature of that district, +composed of strong walls of granite towers, which dominate the River +Isonzo, is favorable to its defence. + +To this natural defense have been added strong fortifications built by +the Austrians during past years in anticipation of being used for the +subjugation of Italians at some time or other. Finally, during the +last nine months of Italy's neutrality the Austrians have employed the +latest technical improvements in defensive warfare, and I have never +seen their equal during my excursions to the front in France and +Belgium, not even at Antwerp. This remark applies especially to Carso +and Gorizia. + +The artillery officers of the Italian Military Staff whom I met at the +front have explained to me the nature of the Austrian defensive works. +Upon the Carso and around Gorizia the Austrians have placed +innumerable batteries of powerful guns mounted on rails and protected +by armor plates. Numerous other artillery advantages are possessed by +the Austrians in the form of medium and smaller guns, though the +efficiency of their action is modified by the long distances +separating the armies. + +In view of these advantages possessed by the Austrians, the Italians +have accomplished marvels and are worthy of great admiration. The +infantry is much exposed while crossing large and deep rivers. With +the exception of the two positions of Podgora and Sabotino, all the +Austrian line on the Isonzo has been taken by the Italians. + +To the conquest of Gorizia are directed the efforts of the Eastern +Italian Army. The Italian infantry which crossed the Isonzo ran +against a net of trenches which the Austrians had excavated and +constructed in cement all along the edge of the hills which dominate +the course of the river. These trenches, already occupying a position +nearly impregnable because so mountainous, are defended by every +modern protective device. They are armed with numerous machine-guns +surrounded by wire entanglements, through which runs a strong electric +current. These lines of trenches follow without interruption from the +banks of the Isonzo to the summit of the mountains which dominate it. +They form a kind of formidable staircase, which must be conquered step +by step with enormous sacrifice. The Italian troops have accomplished +this marvel. + +The crossing of the Isonzo and the conquest of the first mountainous +positions were accomplished by the Italians in four strategic places: +At Caporetto, at Tolurino, at Plava, and at Sagrado. These four +places, situated in the strong line of Austrian defense, are about +twenty miles distant from one another. The chain of fortifications of +which Gorizia is a center was broken in these four essential points. +The immediate effect has been the disorganization of the defensive +plans of the enemy. The crossing of the river was accomplished +generally at night, and was conducted with a rapidity which took the +enemy by surprise. Complete regiments crossed in the night upon light +bridges constructed in a short time by the engineers, whose technical +skill was equal to their audacity. These "bridge-heads," which were +constructed with incredible courage, made possible an attack by the +reinforcements which followed them. When these came in contact with +the lower lines of the Austrian trenches they attacked the defenders +in such a way that the latter were unable to impede seriously the more +important work of the construction of strong bridges. + + + + +Two Devoted Nations + +By MAURICE MAETERLINCK + + The subjoined letter, dedicated by the Belgian writer to + stricken Poland, was received on July 12, 1915, by the + Polish Relief Committee of New York, of which Mme. Marcella + Sembrich is President. + + +In the Name of Belgium I Bring the Homage of a Martyred Nation to the +Nation Crucified: + +Of all the people engaged in this frightful war, Poland and Belgium +will have suffered most, and we must add (though all the horrors of +war are most revolting) they will have suffered most innocently. They +are two victims of their innocence and grandeur of soul. + +In misfortune and in glory their fates are the same. One, in +sacrificing herself wholly to a cult, to an unparalleled passion for +honor, has by breaking the first blow of barbarous invasion probably +saved Europe, just as the other, the older sister, in grief and +heroism several centuries ago saved Europe many times. + +They are now joined forever in the memory of men. Across the combats +and the sorrows which they are now enduring their hands meet in the +same sacrifice, in the same invincible hope. Today these countries are +but ruins. Nothing remains of them. They appear to be dead. But we, +who are their sons and who know them as we know our mother, we know, +we feel in our hearts, that they were never more alive, never purer, +never more beautiful. + +After having offered to the world a great example of pride, of +abnegation, of heroism, they are again giving to it a deeper lesson, a +more valuable, a more efficacious one. They are proving that no +misfortune counts, that nothing is lost while the soul does not +abdicate. The powers of darkness will never prevail against the forces +of light and love that are leading humanity towards the heights which +victory is already making clear to us on the horizon. + + + + +Rumania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece + +Comment About Continued Neutrality from the Balkan and Russian +Capitals + + +An elaborate argument that Italy is about to co-operate with the +Allies at the Dardanelles in order to influence Greece and the Balkan +States generally to intervene against the Germanic Powers appeared in +The Frankfurter Zeitung near the close of June. A dispatch from +Bucharest on July 12 announced that Austria had made concessions to +Rumania in the hope of averting intervention by that Power, +accompanying the offer with an ultimatum setting a month for Rumania's +reply. The German Social-Democratic paper Vorwaerts published on July +17 a statement that Rumania had definitely refused to permit German +arms and ammunition to traverse her territory to Turkey. This shows a +distinct turning away from the German propaganda in that kingdom, +which on May 26 spoke through the editorial columns of Moldova, a +daily of Bucharest, as follows: + + We must tread in the path opened to us by the late King + Carol and the great Rumanian statesmen. We must always be + attached to the Central European Powers, from which we shall + secure the fulfillment of our aspirations, on that day when + we shall move against Russia. + +From Lupte, a Nationalist daily of Bucharest, a definite declaration +of the kingdom's policy was demanded on June 4: + + The smaller a nation is the more dangerous to her existence + are diplomatic intrigues. Mr. Bratiano's Government has for + the past eight months been coquetting with Petrograd as well + as with Berlin and Vienna. With which side are we in this + war? The two belligerent groups are asking this and the same + question is asked of Bulgaria and Greece. We must have a + sound national policy, for in this most modern war there is + no profit in the old Machiavellian tactics. + +That a crisis is approaching in Balkan affairs is clearly indicated in +an editorial warning headed "Beware, ye Balkan Peoples!" appearing on +May 29 in Dnevnik, an independent Bulgarian daily of Sofia. It says: + + The lust of Europe for territorial aggrandizement becomes + every day more pronounced. From a struggle for self-defense + this has become a war of conquest. Germany has appropriated + Belgium, Russia fights for the Bosporus and Constantinople, + Italy has almost taken Albania--with the approval of + Austria, as we have discovered. The westernmost edge of the + Balkan Peninsula has fallen; tomorrow the easternmost + extremity will fall, together with Constantinople. Will the + European Powers then spare us?... What the United States of + America did for the preservation of their independence + against foreign conquest we Balkan peoples must do unless we + would see our doom sealed. + +"The Dangers of a Neutral Policy" is the theme of Mir, the organ of +the Bulgarian Nationalist Party of Sofia, which on May 29 said: "If +Bulgaria remains neutral to the end of the war, she runs the risk of +being condemned to live forever within the narrow limits she has +today, hemmed in on every side. The duty of the Balkan States is to +act in a war which will solve all pending political and national +problems." + +Serbia's jealousy of Italy, despite that nation's late adhesion to the +Allies, was voiced on May 25 by Politika, a Nationalist daily of +Belgrade, which accuses Italy of trying to profit at Serbia's expense. +The Entente Powers must pay for Italian aid, this paper says; and +Italy may be "satisfied with Savoy, Corsica, Malta, Tunis, Algiers, +Asia Minor, or Egypt." + +[Illustration: Balkan Newspapers + +In the left upper corner, the Bulgarian daily Narodai Prava (National +Rights) of Sofia, semi-official organ of the Bulgarian Government of +Dr. B. Radoslavoff; upper right, the Athenian daily Athinae (Athens), +representing the extreme anti-Venizelists; at lower right, the daily +Politika (Politics), an independent paper of Belgrade, Serbia; lower +left, the Bucharest (Rumania) daily Dimineata (Morning), an +Interventionist paper, and, at center, the Constantinople Khavar +(Star), a Pro-Islamist daily.] + +The Ottoman Empire being under martial law, comment by the Turkish +papers regarding military and political events is restricted by the +Government. But Enver Pasha, the all-powerful young Turk leader, and +his colleague for the Interior, Talaat Bey, early in May gave an +interview printed in the Vienna Neue Freie Presse. Enver Pasha +predicts the collapse of the Allied campaign on the Gallipoli +Peninsula, where the French and British hold a small corner against +overwhelming odds. "The bringing thither of provisions is extremely +difficult," he says, and "even the drinking water for the troops must +be brought from the ships." Both he and Talaat Bey report the morale +of the Turkish troops to be excellent, "as many of the older officers +have been replaced by energetic young men." + +Greece is in suspense. The Kairoi, an independent daily of Athens, +said on June 22 that, while Greece does not forget her debt to the +three protective powers, France, England, and Russia, she must +nevertheless weigh the promise of Germany to give full protection to +Greek interests in the event of her continued neutrality. "Just how +Germany keeps her promises," this paper says, is "shown by Cavalla, +the Macedonian city allotted to Greece after the second Balkan war at +the express instance of the Kaiser;" and it notes that the Entente +Powers are now eager to cede this territory to Bulgaria. The Embros, +an independent daily of Athens, prophesied on June 22: + + We can afford to follow events with growing solicitude and + remain neutral as long as we may. Whether or not we maintain + this neutrality to the end our action can change neither the + fortunes of Greece nor the position of other Powers. It is + to be presumed that the power driving this giant conflict to + the conclusion has more remote motives and that to all + appearance, the war will end without any of the participants + suffering a crushing defeat. + +While Russian aspirations are generally considered to be in harmony +with those of the Balkan kingdoms, the following extracts from Russian +papers representing varying shades of Muscovite opinion show now an +unfavorable or critical attitude. Thus the foremost organ of the +Panslavist Party, the Russian weekly Slavianski Izvestija, April No. +8, disapproved the Bulgarian plea to give Thrace and Adrianople +through Russian influence. Of the Macedonian question this paper +said: + + Bulgarians expect that Russia will get for them Macedonia + Thrace, and Dobrudja, to reward their honest labors. Alas, + they must learn that not every day, but every hour, + Macedonia is receding from their grasp. For Russia the + Macedonian question hardly exists. If Macedonia finds it + hard to be under heroic and benevolent Serbia, what would + become of her on the day when she should fall into the hands + of Bulgaria? And should we Russians, in order to assure + Macedonia such a future, grieve now our dear ally Serbia? + +The semi-official Novoye Vremya of Petrograd commented on May 27, on +the statement of the Bulgarian Premier Radoslavoff published in +Vienna, that Bulgaria cannot engage to intervene without a formal +treaty, a policy, it believes, that says but one thing, namely: "You +Russians tricked us Bulgarians once; you shall not trick us again." +This attitude of Bulgaria shows, the Novoye Vremya thinks, "how +thick-headed and insensate its people are." The Birjevaja Viedomosti, +a standpat Russian daily of Petrograd, on May 23 warned Serbia that, +whereas the war began in her behalf and on her account rivers of blood +are flowing, her complaints of the allotment of Dalmatia to Italy +should not "assert principles which have nothing to do with +actualities." The same newspaper says of the whole Balkan situation: + + The German policy of von Buelow, having failed in Rome, is + courting failure in Bucharest. In fact, all the German + promises to Rumania seem to go no further than sharpening + the Rumanian appetite for Russian Bessarabia, while holding + out as a last bait the cession of a small parcel of + Bukowina--supposing the Hungarians never consent to yielding + Transylvania to Rumania. + + On the other hand, Germany promises Bulgaria the Turkish + province of Thrace and Serbian and Greek Macedonia; but + these compensations have as much value as the cessions of + Corsica and Nice and Tunis in the early days of the war. + +But Germany cannot give to Bulgaria Serbian Macedonia so long as the +Austrian armies are not masters of the whole of Serbia; she cannot +give her Thrace because Turkey objects to such cession, and Turkey is +her ally; and, finally, she cannot urge Greece too closely to cede +Cavalla to Bulgaria, because such a pressure may bring a contrary +result, i.e. make Greece to declare herself openly an ally of the +Entente. Therefore both Bulgaria and Rumania must perforce side with +the great European Alliance. Had Italy remained neutral matters would +be different, but as it is now Bulgars and Rumanians, and the Balkan +peoples in general, have to fight with us, unless they want the +diplomacy of the Entente to disappoint utterly the ever-growing +appetite of these small nationalities.... + +It will be noted that all the opinions quoted concerning the Balkans +relate to the division of territory as the price of neutrality or +intervention. + + + + +Dr. Conybeare's Recantation + +By SIR WALTER RALEIGH + + +_To the Editor of the [London] Times:_ + +Sir,--During a recent visit to America I saw Dr. Conybeare's letter in +a paper called the _Vital Issue_. All who know Dr. Conybeare know him +to be honest and frank, and to be very deeply distressed by the +sufferings and cruelties of the war. After my return, I wrote to him, +pointing out that his letter is being widely circulated in America, +and that the material points in his accusation of Sir Edward Grey and +Mr. Asquith have been answered. I enclose Dr. Conybeare's reply, for +which he desires the fullest publicity. + +Yours faithfully, + +WALTER RALEIGH. + +The Hangings, Ferry Hinksey, near Oxford, July 1, 1915. + + * * * * * + +Banbury-road, Oxford, June 30. + +Dear Sir Walter Raleigh,--During the past week I have been studying +afresh the published records of the diplomatic transactions of last +July, and on my return to Oxford I find your kind letter, and +therefore take the liberty of addressing this to yourself. My new +study has forced upon me the conviction that in my letter to a friend +residing in America, which, against my wishes and injunctions, was +published there, apart from the deplorable tone of my allusions to Sir +E. Grey and Mr. Asquith, I was quite wrong in imputing the motives +which I did, especially to the former. It does appear to me, as I read +these dispatches over again, that Sir Edward throughout had in view +the peace of Europe, and that I ought to have set down to the awful +contingencies with which he was faced many passages which I was guilty +of grossly misinterpreting. I was too ready to forget that in the +years of the Balkan wars it was after all he alone who, by his patient +and conciliatory treatment of the situation, held in check the +antagonistic forces which last July he was ultimately unable to +control. I was too ready to ascribe to want of good will on his part +results which harsh necessity entailed on him; and I deeply regret +that I mistook his aims and, in my endeavour to be fair to the enemy, +was grossly unjust to him. I am only anxious to undo, if it be still +possible, some of the harm which my hasty judgment and intemperate +language has caused. + +If you think it would do any good to print this, I beg you to send it +to _The Times_ and _Morning Post_, whose remarks led me to go back +once more to the documentary sources. Second thoughts are best, and if +I had only kept my American letter till the morning for revision, I +should first have struck out all the vituperation and all the +imputation of motives, and have ended by never sending it at all. + +I remain yours very sincerely, + +FRED. C. CONYBEARE. + + + + +The Case of Muenter + +Attack on Mr. Morgan's Life and the Setting of Fire-Bombs on Ships + + +That a group of bankers in New York City, headed by J.P. Morgan & +Company, was negotiating with the British Treasury authorities for the +flotation in the United States of $100,000,000 of the new British war +loan was announced in the newspapers on July 3, 1915. Mr. Morgan's +firm had handled contracts to furnish war munitions to the Allies, +amounting to $500,000,000, and this had been widely published. On the +morning of July 3 J.P. Morgan was attacked and wounded with a revolver +at his country estate on East Island, near Glen Cove, Long Island, by +Erich Muenter, alias Frank Holt. Holt was an Instructor in German at +Cornell University; Muenter was a Harvard instructor for whom the +police had been seeking since the spring of 1906 on a charge of +murdering his wife. After his suicide in jail on July 6, Professor +C.N. Gould, of the University of Chicago, and Professor Hugo +Muensterberg, of Harvard, among others, identified Holt and Muenter as +the same person. + +Muenter's insane attack on Mr. Morgan, because he had failed to "use +his influence to prevent the exportation of arms and ammunition," +followed the wrecking of the United States Senate reception room in +the Capitol at Washington on July 2 by the explosion of an infernal +machine set by Muenter. On July 6 a trunk owned by Muenter containing +twenty pounds of explosives was found in New York. During his stay in +jail Muenter wrote to his wife that two ships were to sink at sea on +July 7, if his calculations went right, naming the Philadelphia and +the Saxonia. The ships were duly warned by wireless, but no bombs were +found aboard them, nor were any confederates of Muenter discovered. On +July 7 the steamship Minnehaha reported by wireless a "fire caused by +explosion" under control. + +Incendiary bombs had been discovered aboard four freight steamships +sailing from New York for Havre in April and May. On July 12 Secretary +of the Navy Daniels, acting on advices received from The New Orleans +Picayune, directed the naval radio station at Arlington, Virginia, to +flash a warning to all ships at sea to be on the lookout for bombs +supposed to have been placed on board certain vessels, and warning +particularly the steamers Howth Head and Baron Napier that information +had come to the Navy Department that explosive bombs might have been +placed on those two vessels. All ships were requested to try to +communicate with the Howth Head and the Baron Napier. On July 11 a +written threat to assassinate J.P. Morgan, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, the +British Ambassador, and destroy by bombs British ships clearing from +American ports, thus carrying out some of the plans of Erich Muenter, +was reported in a letter signed "Pearce," who styled himself a partner +and intimate associate of Muenter. This letter was received by The New +Orleans Times-Picayune. + +Two more "Pearce" letters were received on July 13 by an afternoon +newspaper of New Orleans and by its Chief of Police, saying that Erich +Muenter had taught the writer the use of explosives. On the same day +the Samland of the Atlantic Transport Line and the Strathlay, +chartered by the Fabre Line, survived attempts to destroy them by fire +bombs, and on July 15 "Pearce" threatened in another letter to destroy +the Rochambeau. A bomb thought to be intended for the Orduna in a car +loaded with coal consigned to the Cunard Line was discovered at +Morrisville, N.J., on July 18. The Washington Times, the Philadelphia +Public-Ledger and the Brooklyn Eagle received on July 16, 19 and 20, +respectively, letters from "Pearce" declaring that henceforth persons +leaving America on British ships would do so at their peril, and +harking back to the German Embassy's warning before the Lusitania was +torpedoed. On July 26 an SOS call was received at the Fire Island +station, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and by the coast guard ship +Mohawk, but the distressed ship's appeal for help was broken off +before her name or position could be given. "Pearce's" letter to The +Brooklyn Eagle reads as follows: + +"Sir: You people of Brooklyn have already had one experience with the +work of our men, and so, perhaps, it will be unnecessary to say more +than a few words of warning. The Kirkoswald affair is still fresh in +your memory; therefore, we will not waste words discussing this +matter. The purpose of this communication is to warn the American +citizens living in your vicinity to keep clear of British vessels +sailing from Brooklyn, New York, New Orleans, Savannah, Newport News, +and Montreal. Our men are now operating from each of these ports, and +Americans will do well to heed this warning ere it is too late. + +"The Imperial German Government derives no satisfaction or profit from +the killing of neutral Americans, and we are instructed to go to great +lengths in order to give timely warnings to all Americans who +contemplate voyages to Europe within the next two months. The +explosive operations will supplement the submarine operations, which +have proved inadequate to prevent the enemy from importing munitions +from America. + +"We earnestly advise Americans who find it imperative to travel to +Europe to sail only on vessels flying the American flag. Such steamers +as those of the American Line, for instance, will be perfectly immune +from either submarine or explosive operation. The Imperial German +Government will, if requested, offer no objection to the American +Government pressing into service the interned German vessels if the +American vessels are found to be unable to accommodate the traffic to +Europe. By publishing this warning American lives may be spared. + +"The circumstances under which this communication is written make it +impossible for us to affix our proper signatures; therefore, we trust +that you will accept for a signature our pen name. + +"PEARCE." + + + + +Devotion to the Kaiser + + +_The annual general conference of the clergy of the North German +Lutheran Churches met in Berlin during the week of June 24, 1915, and +sent the following "telegram of devotion" to the Kaiser:_ + +"Your Imperial and Royal Majesty will most graciously deign to accept +this most humble blessing and the assurance of true German devotion +from the preachers of the North German Evangelical Conference +assembled in conference. We raise our eyes with respect and love to +your Majesty, the powerful and purposeful leader of the German nation. +We are filled with the consciousness that the sources of German power +are unconquerable, not only because of the complete union of the +German princes and peoples, but because of the unexampled spirit of +sacrifice which animates rich and poor alike, and, before all else, +because we are a praying nation. + +"However great the pressure of our enemies may be on our victorious +armies, the army of those who are praying at home will wrestle all the +more earnestly in prayer, praying before God's throne for victory." + + + + +Scientists and the Military + +Movement in Great Britain and the United States to Consult Civilian +Experts + + +Early in June, H.G. Wells, the "novelist of science," wrote to the +London Times a letter urging the necessity of mobilizing Great +Britain's scientific and inventive forces for the war. On June 22 The +London Times printed a second letter from Mr. Wells proposing the +establishment of a bureau for inventors--"a small department +collateral rather than subordinate to the War Office and Admiralty." +At the annual meeting in London of the British Science Guild on July +1, eminent scientists and chemists, Sir William Mather, Sir William +Ramsay, Sir Boverton Redwood, Sir Philip Magnus, Professor Petry, Sir +Ronald Ross, Sir Archibald Geikie and Sir Alexander Pedler, condemned +the attitude adopted by the British Government toward science in +connection with the war, and demanded that in future greater use +should be made of the opportunities afforded by scientific knowledge +in the prosecution of the struggle. A letter conveying this opinion +was sent by these scientists to Prime Minister Asquith. On July 18 it +was announced in London that a number of eminent scientists and +inventors had been appointed to assist Admiral Lord Fisher, as +Chairman of the Invention Board, to co-ordinate and encourage +scientific work in relation to the requirements of the British navy. +Lord Bryce was said to be instrumental in this undertaking. + +In the United States a similar movement was in progress. THE NEW YORK +TIMES published on May 30 an interview with Thomas A. Edison declaring +that in its preparations for war the American Government should +"maintain a great research laboratory, jointly under military and +naval and civilian control." In this could be developed the +"continually increasing possibilities of great guns, the minutiae of +new explosives, all the technique of military and naval progression, +without any vast expense." If any foreign power should seriously +consider an attack upon this country "a hundred men of special +training quickly would be at work here upon new means of repelling the +invaders," Mr. Edison said; "I would be at it, myself." + +Secretary of the Navy Daniels thereupon wrote to Mr. Edison a +congratulatory letter, saying: "I think your ideas and mine coincide +if an interview with you recently published in THE NEW YORK TIMES was +correct." He added: + + One of the imperative needs of the navy, in my judgment, is + machinery and facilities for utilizing the natural inventive + genius of Americans to meet the new conditions of warfare as + shown abroad, and it is my intention if a practical way can + be worked out, as I think it can be, to establish at the + earliest moment a department of invention and development, + to which all ideas and suggestions, either from the service + or from civilian inventors, can be referred for + determination as to whether they contain practical + suggestions for us to take up and perfect.... + + What I want to ask is if you would be willing, as a service + to your country, to act as an adviser to this board, to take + such things as seem to you to be of value, but which we are + not, at present, equipped to investigate, and to use your + own magnificent facilities in such investigation if you feel + it worth while. + +The consequence was Mr. Edison's appointment to head an advisory board +of civilian inventors and engineers for a Bureau of Invention and +Development created in the Navy Department. After a conference with +Mr. Edison Secretary Daniels on July 19 wrote to eight leading +scientific societies asking each of them to select two members to +serve on the Naval Advisory Committee, and as a first fruit of the +movement it was announced on July 23 that at the request of Mr. +Edison, the American Society of Aeronautic Engineers had been formed +with Henry A. Wise Wood as President and Orville Wright, Glenn H. +Curtiss, W. Starling Burgess, Peter Cooper Hewitt, Elmer A. Sperry and +John Hays Hammond, Jr., as Vice-presidents. + + + + +Hudson Maxim on Explosives + + +THE NEW YORK TIMES _on July 11 printed an interview with Hudson Maxim, +the inventor of explosives, in which Mr. Maxim said:_ + +Modern war is a warfare of explosives. The highly developed methods of +defense, designed especially against explosives, are practically proof +against everything but them. + +Attacking forces must disemburrow the defending forces; they must be +blasted out of the ground. This warfare amounts, literally, to that. +It is as if boys hunted woodchucks with dynamite. + +Each of the hard-won successes of the war has been a victory for +well-placed high explosives. In the last fight around Przemysl the +Germans fired in one hour, from field guns, 200,000 shells carrying +high explosives. + +Reports indicate that the result of this was literally unprecedented. +It actually changed the topography of the country. Valleys were dug +and hills razed. + +Recently Lloyd George used an expressive phrase. "The trenches," he +said, "were sprayed with exploding shells." + +Such "spraying" only could be possible through the use of an +incredible number of explosive projectiles. + +America's plants for the production of explosives, cartridges, +shrapnel, and rifles have so increased their capacity that we have +today ten times the capacity which we had at the time of the war's +outbreak, and, for certain things, the increase has been even greater. +By the middle of next winter our capacity will be thirtyfold what it +was at the beginning of the war. + +Thus the fighting among other nations has done much toward preparing +us for war, and, therefore, much toward insuring international peace +for us, but even our tremendous contribution to the supplies of the +Allies amounts to only about 2 per cent. of what they are consuming, +and the war has not been running a year. + +This indicates that if we should suddenly be involved in warfare with +a great power we should be whipped unless we devised means for the +increase of our productivity of war supplies, especially explosives +and all ammunition materials, by a hundredfold. + +The consumption of war material has been unprecedented, and this +indicates what may be expected in future wars. In trench fighting, for +example, it is estimated that four times as many rifles as men are +required. The fighting man must have two because one quickly gets hot +and becomes unusable; he must have a third so that he may still have +two if one is hit by the return fire or otherwise rendered +inefficient; he must have the fourth so that at least one of his +weapons may be in the arms hospital undergoing repairs if necessary, +and be ready for him in case one of his others is demolished. This +development of modern warfare means that a million modern soldiers +need four million modern rifles. + +This indicates the enormous necessities which would devolve upon this +country in case we were forced into a war. During the past week I have +received a cable from an old friend in England who has been selling +war munitions to the Allies. He asked me how quickly I could get a +million rifles made in the United States. The best bids I have been +able to obtain have guaranteed a first delivery at the end of one +year and final deliveries at the end of three years. + +One of the chief developments in the matter of explosives has been the +fact that the United States has found it possible to teach Europe much +during this war in regard to smokeless powder. Several years ago the +du Pont Powder Company developed a smokeless rifle powder which +permits the firing of more than 20,000 rounds from an ordinary army +rifle without destroying its accuracy. + +When the du Ponts developed their new rifle powder the best European +powder destroyed the rifling and accuracy of the gun at about 3,000 +rounds. This American invention, therefore, has increased the life of +military rifles by sevenfold. Say that an equipment of military rifles +cost at the rate of, say, $20 each, and we will find that this means a +saving of, roughly, $100,000,000 in the equipment of a million men +with one rifle each, and, as they need four rifles each, it means a +saving of $400,000,000. + +American smokeless powder for cannon also has its advantages. It +erodes the guns much less than any European powder except, possibly, +that of the Germans. They have a pure nitro-cellulose powder somewhat +similar in quality to that of the United States, but ours has an +advantage in being multi-perforated, whereby a higher velocity is +insured at a lower pressure with, in consequence, a lessened erosive +effect upon the guns. + +In the early nineties I made the discovery that tri-nitro-cellulose, +when combined with pyro-nitro-cellulose, could be much more readily +gelatinated and made an excellent smokeless powder, while powder made +from pure nitro-cellulose would warp and crack all to pieces in +drying. The present German powder is made from such a compound of +tri-nitro-cellulose and soluble nitro-cellulose. + +Nevertheless, this compound is a makeshift as compared with the +nitro-cellulose used by this Government. Ours is a far better +explosive, and is less erosive on the guns, because the gases which it +generates are not so hot. We have the best smokeless powder in the +world, and, after this war is over, our powder will be universally +used. + + + + +Thor! + +By BEATRICE BARRY + + + I am the God of War--yea, God of Battle am I, + And the evil men speak about me has moved me to fierce reply. + Does not the surgeon's knife + Torture--to save a life? + So, for the life of nations, men learn to fight and die-- + Even die! + + Craven through love or fear do the weak of the earth await me + Tensely, with bated breath--yea, teaching their sons to hate me. + Lured by my rolling drum, + Nevertheless they come + Proudly, their youth and manhood offering up to sate me! + + You who would grudge me aught but harvest of woe and shame-- + Answer me, you who hate me, cursing my very name-- + When was a serf made free, + Save and alone through me? + When was a tyrant vanquished, save through my purging flame? + + After an age of peace do your sons wax soft, their weakness + Shown in a love of ease, of sensuousness, and sleekness; + Then, lest a nation die, + Loud rings my battle-cry! + Lo, they forsake snug warmth for desolate cold and bleakness! + + I am the God of War--yea, God of Battle am I, + And the bolts of my savage anger I hurl from a threatening sky. + Speak of me as you will, + Swift though I be to kill, + I have made men of weaklings--I teach men how to die-- + Even I! + + + + +"I am the Gravest Danger" + +By George Bernard Shaw + + +_In a cablegram to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _dated July 17, 1915, it is +reported that an article by George Bernard Shaw in The New Statesman +begins with a review of Professor Gilbert Murray's book, "The Foreign +Policy of Sir Edward Grey," and ends with the following characteristic +reference to himself:_ + +"Like other Socialists, I have been too much preoccupied with the +atrocities of peace and the problems they raise to pay due attention +to the atrocities of war, but I have not been unconscious of the +European question and I have made a few shots at solutions from time +to time. None of these have been received with the smallest approval, +but at least I may be permitted to point out that they have all come +out right. + +"I steadily ridiculed anti-armament agitation, and urged that our +armaments should be doubled, trebled, quadrupled, as they might have +been without costing the country one farthing that we were not wasting +in the most mischievous manner. + +"I said that the only policy which would secure the peace of Europe +was a policy of using powerful armament to guarantee France against +Germany and Germany against Russia, aiming finally at a great peace +insurance league of the whole northwest of Europe with the United +States of America in defense of Western democratic civilization +against the menace of the East and possible crusades from primitive +black Christians in Africa. + +"When the war broke out I said some more things which were frantically +contradicted and which have all turned out to be precisely true. I set +the example of sharp criticism of the Government and the War Office, +which was denounced as treasonable and which now proves to be the only +way of saving our army from annihilation, the Government having +meanwhile collapsed and vanished, as every ordinarily self-possessed +person foresaw that it must. + +"One fact seems established by this beyond doubt; to wit, that I am +the gravest public danger that confronts England, because I have the +strange power of turning the nation passionately away from the truth +by the simple act of uttering it. The necessity for contradicting me, +for charging heroically in the opposite direction to that pointed out +by me, is part of the delirium of war fever. + +"Sir Edward Grey, on the other hand, is spoken well of by all men, but +he, too, is the victim of a mysterious fate. He is, as Professor +Murray has repeatedly testified, the most truthful of men, yet he +never opens his mouth without deceiving us. He is the most loyal of +simple, manly souls, yet he is accused of betraying every country and +every diplomatist who trusted him. He is the kindest of men, and yet +he has implicated us in the tortures of Denshawai and brought upon us +the slaughters of Armageddon. + +"Clearly, there are two men in England who must be sent into permanent +retirement. Depend on it, there is something fundamentally wrong with +them. It is a pity, for they are stuffed with the rarest of +virtues--though I say it, who should not. One of them is Sir Edward +Grey and the other is G.B.S." + + + + +THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS + + +[American Cartoon] + +[Illustration: The Postscript + +_--From The Tribune, New York._] + + +[German Cartoon] + +[Illustration: The Paper Blockade + +_--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._ + +"Look out there, mate; don't puff so hard, or you'll smash up +Churchill's blockade!"] + + +[American Cartoon] + +[Illustration: Donnerwetter! + +_--From The World, New York._ + +Germany Dishonored: None Drowned.] + + +[German Cartoon] + +[Illustration: The Powder Chest + +_--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._ + +John Bull: "Don't be afraid, Mister Moneymaker. There's no safer way +to travel to Europe than on my peaceful vessel!"] + + +[English Cartoon] + +[Illustration: In the Eastern Arena + +_--From Punch, London._ + +It was the policy of the _retiarius_ to retreat in order to gather his +net together for a fresh cast.] + + +[French Cartoon] + +[Illustration: Circumstances Alter Cases + +_--From La Revue Hebdomadaire, Paris._ + +When Wilson's daughter is aboard one of these days it won't be a +laughing matter.] + + +[German Cartoon] + +[Illustration: A Risky Road + +_--From Jugend, Munich._ + +Destruction awaits them even though the wheels are made of dollars.] + + +[American Cartoon] + +[Illustration: Sherman Was Right! + +_--From The Sun, New York._ + +"Close up these factories! Be neutral!"] + + +[Italian Cartoon] + +[Illustration: On the Bosporus + +_--From Numero, Turin._ + +The last serenade.] + + + + +The Belligerents' Munitions + +Growing Problems of Germany and Her Opponents in Supplying Arms + + The threatened strike in the Krupp works at Essen, Germany, + simultaneously with the strike of the Welsh coal miners and + the walkout in the Remington Arms Factory in the United + States, would tend to show that labor in the belligerent and + neutral countries is seeking advantages under the strain of + the enormous output of munitions to feed the war. Only in + France, whose people are making supreme sacrifices, and in + Russia, whose factories are not yet organized for the + nation, does industrial peace prevail. In England the + Munitions bill, with its proposals for compulsory + arbitration and for limiting profits unweakened, was passed + on July 1st. The bill retained, also, the power for the + Government to proclaim the extension of its strike-stopping + authority to other trades than the munitions trades. + + An account of the conditions relating to labor in the + various countries, beginning with the speech, in part, of + Lloyd George, introducing the Munitions bill in the House of + Commons on June 20, appears below. + + +A Volunteer Army of Workers + +By Lloyd George, British Minister of Munitions + +_Addressing the House of Commons on June 20, 1915, Mr. Lloyd George +said, in part:_ + +What I want to impress not merely upon the House but on the country is +that the duration of the war, the toll of life and limb levied by the +war, the amount of exhaustion caused by the war, the economic and +financial effect--and in order to understand the whole depth and +meaning of the problem with which we are confronted I would state the +ultimate victory or defeat in this war--depend on the supply of +munitions which the rival countries can produce to equip their armies +in the field. That is the cardinal fact of the military situation in +this war. (Cheers.) + +I heard the other day on very good authority--and this will give the +House an idea of the tremendous preparations made by the enemy for +this war and of the expansion which has taken place even since the +war--that the Central European Powers are turning out 250,000 shells +per day. That is very nearly eight million shells per month. The +problem of victory for us is how to equal, how to surpass, that +tremendous production. (Hear, hear.) + +The Central European Powers have probably attained something like the +limits of their possible output. We have only just crossed the +threshold of our possibilities. In France I had the privilege of +meeting M. Thomas, the Under Secretary for War, a man to whose great +organizing capacity a good deal of the success of the French +provisions of war is attributable, and I am very reassured not merely +as to what France is doing and what France can do but as to what we +can do when I take into account what France has already accomplished. + +Let us see the position France is in. Her most important industrial +provinces were in the hands of the enemy. Seventy per cent. of her +steel production was in the hands of the enemy. She had mobilized an +enormous army and therefore had withdrawn a very considerable +proportion of her population from industry. She is not at best as +great an industrial country as we are. She is much of an agricultural +and pastoral country. It is true that we have certain disadvantages +compared with France, and they are important. She has not the same +gigantic Navy to draw upon the engineering establishments of the +country. That makes a very great difference. She has more complete +command over her labor. That makes an enormous difference, not merely +in the mobility of labor and the readiness with which she can transfer +that labor from one center to another, but in the discipline which +obtains in the workshops. She has another advantage with her arsenals, +which at the outbreak of war corresponded to the magnitude of her +Army--a huge Army. We had a small Army to provide for. She, in +addition to that, had undoubtedly a very great trade with other +countries in the production of munitions of war. These are the +advantages and disadvantages. Still, knowing these things and taking +them all into account, the surplus of our engineering resources +available for the materials of war is undoubtedly greater than that of +France, and if we produce these things within the next few months as +much as they are likely to produce the Allies would not merely equal +the production of the Central Powers, but they would have an +overwhelming superiority over the enemy in the material essential to +victory. That is the first great fact I would like to get into the +minds of all those who can render assistance to the country. + +Germany has achieved a temporary preponderance of material. She has +done it in two ways. She accumulated great stores before the war. She +has mobilized the whole of her industries after the war, having no +doubt taken steps before the war to be ready for the mobilization of +the workshops immediately after war was declared. Her preponderance in +two or three directions is very notable. I mention this because it is +essential they should be understood in inviting the assistance of the +community to enable us to compete with this formidable enemy. The +superiority of the Germans in material was most marked in their heavy +guns, their high explosive shells, their rifles, and perhaps most of +all their machine-guns. These have turned out to be about the most +formidable weapons in the war. They have almost superseded the rifle +and rendered it unnecessary. + +The machinery for rifles and machine-guns takes eight and nine months +to construct before you begin to turn a single rifle or machine-gun. +The Germans have undoubtedly anticipated the character of the war in +the way no other Power has done. They realized it was going to be a +great trench war. They had procured an adequate supply of machinery +applicable to those conditions. The professional man was essentially a +very conservative one--(hear, hear)--and there are competent soldiers +who even today assume that his phase is purely a temporary one, that +it would not last long, and we shall be back on the old lines. + +I have no doubt much time was lost owing to that opposition. The +Germans never harbored that delusion, and were fully prepared to +batter down the deepest trenches of the enemy with the heavy guns and +high explosives, and to defend their own trenches with machine-guns. +That is the story of the war for ten months. We assumed that victory +was rather due as a tribute from fate, and our problem now is to +organize victory, and not take it for granted. (Cheers.) To do that +the whole engineering and chemical resources of this country--of the +whole Empire--must be mobilized. When that is done France and +ourselves alone, without Italy or Russia, can overtop the whole +Teutonic output. + +The plan on which we have proceeded until recently I explained to the +House in April. We recognized that the arsenals then in existence were +quite inadequate to supply the new Army or even the old Army, giving +the necessary material and taking into account the rate at which +ammunition was being expended. We had, therefore, to organize new +sources of supply, and the War Office was of opinion that the best +method of attaining that object was to work through existing firms, +so as to have expert control and direction over companies and +workshops, which up to that time had no experience in turning out +shells and guns and ammunition of all sorts. There was a great deal to +be said for that. There was, first of all, a difficulty unless +something of that kind was done of mobilizing all the resources at the +disposal of the State. The total Army Estimates were L28,000,000 in +the year of peace. They suddenly became L700,000,000. All that +represents not merely twenty or twenty-five times as much money; it +means twenty or twenty-five times as much work. It means more than +that, because it has to be done under pressure. The sort of business +which takes years to build up, develop, strengthen, and improve has +suddenly to be done in about five, six, seven, or eight months. The +War Office came to the conclusion that the best way of doing that was +to utilize the skill of existing firms which were capable of doing +this work. The War Office staff are hard-working, capable men, but +there are not enough. There is one consideration which cannot be left +out of account, and that is that men who are quite equal to running +long-established businesses run on old-established lines, may not +always be adequate to the task of organizing and administering a +business thirty times its size on novel and original lines. + +To be quite candid, the organizing firms--the armament firms--were +also inadequate to the gigantic task cast upon them of not merely +organizing their own work but of developing the resources of the +country outside. They could not command the stock, and sub-contracting +has undoubtedly been a failure. Sub-contracting has produced something +like 10,000 shells a month. We have only been at it a few days, and we +have already placed with responsible firms orders for 150,000 shells a +month. In a very short time I am confident it will be a quarter of a +million or 300,000. (Cheers.) It is a process of inviting business men +to organize themselves and to assist us to develop the resources of +their district. + +We have secured a very large number of business men; many business men +are engaged in organizing and directing their own business, business +which is just as essential to the State in a period of war as even the +organization of this office; but still there are the services of many +able business men which are available, and we propose to utilize them +to the full, first, in the Central Office to organize it; secondly, in +the localities to organize the resources there; and, thirdly, we +propose to have a great Central Advisory Committee of business men to +aid us to come to the right conclusions in dealing with the business +community. + +I should like just to point out two or three of the difficulties, in +order to show the steps which are taken to overcome them. The first +difficulty, of course, is that of materials. There is, as I pointed +out, material of which you have abundance in this country, but there +are others which you have got to husband very carefully, and there is +other material on which you have got to spend a considerable sum of +money in order to be able to develop it at a later stage. With regard +to this question, I think that it might be necessary ultimately for us +to take complete control of the Metal Market, so that available +material should not be wasted on non-essential work. (Hear, hear.) To +a certain extent we have done that. + +I should like to say a word with regard to raw material for +explosives. We are building new factories so that the expansion of +explosives shall keep pace with that of shells, and in this respect, +again, I should like to dwell upon the importance of keeping up our +coal supplies in this country. It is the basis of all our +high-explosives, and if there were a shortage for any reason the +consequences would be very calamitous. + +Sometimes we do not get the best in these yards through the slackness +of a minority and sometimes through regulations, useful, perhaps +essential, in times of peace for the protection of men against undue +pressure and strain, but which in times of war have the effect of +restricting output. If these are withdrawn no doubt it increases the +strain on the men, and in a long course of years they could not stand +it. But in times of war everybody is working at full strain, and +therefore it is difficult to exaggerate the importance of suspending +restrictions which have the effect of diminishing the output of war +material. + +The fourth point is that the danger of having stoppages of work by +means of strikes and lock-outs ought to be removed during the time of +the war. (Hear, hear.) I should have liked to have seen strikes and +lock-outs during the war made impossible in any trade, and I do not +despair of getting the assent of those who object to compulsory +arbitration under normal conditions to a temporary application of that +principle during the period of the war. + +The next step is one in which the Trade Unions are concerned. There +was a very frank discussion between the leaders of the Trade Unions +and myself, and I was bound to point out that if there were an +inadequate supply of labor for the purpose of turning out munitions of +war which are necessary for the safety of the country compulsion would +be inevitable. + +They put forward as an alternative that the Government should give +them the chance of supplying that number of men. They said, "Give us +seven days, and if in seven days we cannot get the men we will admit +that our case is considerably weakened." They asked us to place the +whole machinery of Government at their disposal, because they had not +the organization to enlist the number. We have arranged terms upon +which the men are to be enlisted, and tomorrow morning the seven days +begin. Advertisements will appear in all the papers, an office has +been organized, and the Trade Union representatives are sitting there +in council directing the recruiting operations. I am not sure, but I +believe my honorable friend Mr. Brace is the Adjutant-General. +Tomorrow we hope to be able to make a start. We have 180 town halls in +different parts of the country placed entirely at our disposal as +recruiting offices. We invite the assistance of everybody to try to +secure as many volunteers as they possibly can--men who are not +engaged upon Government work now, skilled men--to enroll themselves in +the Trade Union army for the purpose of going anywhere where the +Government invited them to go to assist in turning out different +munitions of war. If there are any honorable friends of mine who are +opposed to compulsion, the most effective service they can render to +voluntarism is to make this army a success. (Cheers.) If we succeed by +these means--and the Board of Trade, the Munitions Department, and the +War Office are placing all their services at the disposal of this new +recruiting office--if within seven days we secure the labor, then the +need for industrial compulsion will to that extent have been taken +away. + + +CALL TO BRITISH WORKERS + +_In a special cable dispatch to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _dated June 24, +appeared the following:_ + +"England expects every workman to do his duty," is the new rendering +of Nelson's Trafalgar signal which is being flagged throughout the +country today. Lloyd George has issued an appeal to organized labor to +come forward within the next seven days in a last supreme effort on +behalf of the voluntary system, and if it fails nothing remains but +compulsion. + +The appeal is being put before them by advertisements in newspapers, +by speeches from labor leaders, and by meetings throughout the +country. A new workmen's army is being recruited just as Kitchener's +army was, and only seven days are given to gather together what may be +termed a mobile army of industry. It is estimated that a quarter of a +million men well equipped for the purposes required are available +outside the ranks of those already engaged in the manufacture of +munitions. Nearly two hundred industrial recruiting offices throughout +the country opened at six o'clock last night, and, judging by reports +already to hand, the voluntary system seems again likely to justify +itself. + +"To British Workmen: Your skill is needed," runs one advertisement. +"There are thousands of skilled men who are burning to do something +for King and country. By becoming a war munitions volunteer each of +them can do his bit for his homeland. Get into a factory and supply +the firing line." + +Posters and small bills with both an artistic and literary "punch" are +being prepared and sent out for distribution. Newspapers with special +working class clientele are making direct appeals to their readers. + + +TEN THOUSAND MEN A DAY + +_Mr. H.E. Morgan, of the War Munitions Ministry, said in an interview +printed by The London Daily Chronicle on July 1:_ + +The War Munition Volunteers have amply justified their formation. +During the last two days the enrolments throughout the country have +averaged ten thousand skilled and fully qualified mechanics, who are +exactly the type of worker we want. So far as the men are concerned, +the voluntary principle in industrial labor has triumphed. + +We have already transferred a large number of skilled mechanics from +non-war work to munition making, and daily the number grows. London +compares excellently with other places as regards the number of +volunteers, but naturally most of the men are coming from the great +engineering centres in the North and Midlands. + + +A REGISTER OF 90,000 + +_In a London dispatch of the Associated Press, dated July 16, this +report appeared:_ + +After upward of a fortnight's work in the six hundred bureaus which +were opened when the Minister of Munitions, David Lloyd George, gave +labor the opportunity voluntarily to enroll as munitions operatives, +closed today with a total registration of ninety thousand men. +Registration hereafter will be carried out through the labor +exchanges. + +More men are needed, but the chief difficulty now is to place them on +war work with a minimum of red tape. H.G. Morgan, assistant director +of the Munitions Department, said today that this problem was causing +some unrest among the workers, but that the transfers would take time, +for the Government was anxious not to disturb industry more than +necessary. + +"The problem almost amounts to a rearrangement of the whole skilled +labor of the country," said Mr. Morgan. "This, of course, will take +considerable time." + + +THE CAMPAIGN CONTINUED + +_A cable dispatch from London to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _said on July +15:_ + +The Daily Chronicle says that a campaign to urge munition workers to +even greater efforts is to open today with a meeting at Grantham, and +next week meetings will be held at Luton, Gloucester, Stafford, +Preston, and other centres. In the course of the next few weeks +hundreds of meetings will take place in all parts of the Kingdom. + +The campaign has been organized by the Munitions Parliamentary +Committee, the secretaries of which have received the following letter +from Munitions Minister Lloyd George: + +"I am glad to hear that members of the House are responding so +enthusiastically to my pressing appeal to them to undertake a campaign +in the country to impress upon employers and workers in munitions +shops the urgent and even vital necessity for a grand and immediate +increase in the output of munitions of war." + +Professor Mantoux has been asked by the French Munitions Minister to +keep in touch with the campaign and to report from time to time as to +the results achieved. It is felt that what affects England affects +France, and later a similar campaign may be inaugurated in that +country. + +Sixty members of Parliament have promised to speak at the meetings. + + +COAL STRIKE IN WALES + +_Most of the coal for Great Britain's navy comes from South Wales, and +the supply was reduced by the enlistment of sixty thousand Welsh +miners in the army. The labor crisis was first threatened three months +ago, when the miners gave notice that they would terminate the +existing agreements on July 1, and, in lieu of these, they proposed a +national program, giving an all-around increase in wages. The owners +objected to the consideration of the new terms during the war and +asked the miners to accept the existing agreements plus a war bonus. +After a series of conferences the union officials agreed to recommend +a compromise, which was arranged through the Board of Trade. The +miners, however, voted yesterday against this, and the Government was +obliged to take action._ + +_On July 16 the Associated Press cabled from London:_ + +The Executive Committee of the South Wales Miners' Federation, most of +the members of which are opposed to the strike, came to London today +and conferred with Walter Runciman, President of the Board of Trade, +who, it is understood, made new proposals for a settlement of the +trouble, which will be considered at a meeting in the morning. + +There is no indication of any weakening on the part of the men. Even +the men in one district who last night decided to resume work reversed +their decision, and not a pick was moving today. + +However, the impression still prevails that a few days will see an end +of the walkout. It is not believed that the introduction of the +Munitions of War act can force the men to return to work, for it is +impossible to bring 150,000 men before the courts to impose fines for +contravening the act. + +In fact, the resort to this measure is believed rather to have made +the situation worse, and the men's demands now include its withdrawal +so far as coal mining is concerned. + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Cardiff, Wales, on July 20 +reported:_ + +Subject to ratification by the miners themselves through delegates who +will assemble tomorrow, representatives of the Government and of the +coal mine owners on the one hand, and the Executive Committee of the +South Wales Miners' Federation on the other, agreed today to terms +that, it is thought, will end the coal miners' strike, which, since +last Thursday, has tied up the South Wales coal fields and menaced the +fuel supply of the navy. + +The terms arrived at grant a substantial increase in wages and involve +concessions to the strikers which are considered by their Executive +Committee as tantamount to an admission of the miners' claims on +nearly all the outstanding points. Tonight the delegates were visiting +their districts, canvassing the sentiment there preparatory to +tomorrow's vote. + +If tomorrow's meeting should bring a settlement of the strike the +thanks of the country will go chiefly to David Lloyd George, the +Munitions Minister, for it was his arrival here last night that paved +the way for breaking the deadlock between the miners and the mine +owners. + +If the vote tomorrow is favorable to ending the strike, two hundred +thousand men will return to work immediately and agree to abide by the +terms of the settlement until six months after the termination of the +war. + + +AMMUNITION IN FRANCE + +_M. Millerand, French Minister of War, after the Senate had approved, +on June 29, the bill appropriating $1,200,000,000 for war expenses of +the third quarter of the year, reported as quoted by the Associated +Press:_ + +From August 1 to April 1 France has increased her military production +sixfold. The curve for munitions has never ceased to mount, nor that +representing the manufacture of our 75s. I can give satisfying +assurances also regarding the heavy artillery and small arms. From the +1st of January to the 15th of May the other essentials of the war have +been equally encouraging. We are determined to pursue our enemies, +whatever arms they may employ. + +_Yves Guyot, the economist and late Minister of Public Works in +France, said to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _correspondent on July 3:_ + +France can hold her own against Germany. She herself makes all the +shells that play such havoc in the enemy's ranks, and she will keep on +making all she needs. + +The munitions problem in France is not so acute as in England. In +France as soon as the war started we began turning out the shells as +fast as our factories could work. So, in a short time, they were going +full blast. We have been able to supply our army with ample ammunition +and to have shells enough to shake up the enemy whenever we put on +spurts. + +It is vitally important that England has come to the realization of +the need of equipping her own army with adequate ammunition. Up to now +the English Army has been sadly handicapped, but with the energetic +Lloyd George in command the munitions output in the near future is +certain to bring a sudden change in the status of England in the war. + +We in France being in such immediate contact with the horrors of war +had a stern sense of the necessity of fully equipping our army forced +upon us at the very beginning of the conflict. The only thing we have +lacked has been steel, and we have been getting some of that from our +old friend, the United States. France has steel plants, and they do a +tremendous amount of work, but altogether they do not turn out enough +for our ammunition works. So we had to turn elsewhere for some of this +product, and it was America that came to our aid. + +We have got the steel with which to make shells. Our workmen are well +organized and the whole spirit prevailing among them is to help France +to win the bloodiest war of her history. + +_The London Daily Chronicle in an interview with Albert Thomas, French +Minister of Munitions, quoted him as follows on July 8:_ + +It is our duty to organize victory. To this we are bending all our +energies. The war may be long; difficulties may reach us of which we +had no prevision at the start; but we shall keep on until the end. + +We know how great are the resources of Britain. We know what immense +efforts she has put forth, which have been a surprise not only to us +but to the enemy as well, and we have every reason for believing and +knowing that these immense resources will continue to be used in the +service of the Allies. + +Understand me, I do not say that our common task is an easy one, nor +do I say that we are on the eve of a speedy victory; but what I do say +is that be the struggle long or short, we are both ready to double, to +treble, to quadruple, and, if necessary, to increase tenfold the +output of munitions of war. + +We have pooled our resources, and I, for one, have no doubt, that +these resources are great enough to stand any strain which we may be +called upon to put upon them; nor have I any fear of an ultimate +triumph. All the great moral forces of the world are on our side. The +Allies are fighting for the freeing of Europe from the domination of +militarism; and that is fighting into which every democrat can throw +himself heart and soul. Defeat in such a cause is unthinkable. + + +RUSSIAN INDUSTRIALISTS RALLY + +_The Petrograd correspondent of the London Morning Post reported on +June 11th the annual assembly of leading members of the world of +commerce and industry, as follows:_ + +Speakers urged a general rally round the Rulers of the States, and +proposals were made that they should express collectively to the +Ministers the readiness of the whole industrial and mercantile class +represented at that congress to place themselves at the disposal of +the State for the purpose of making better provision for the war. The +example of England in instituting a Ministry of Munitions should serve +as a guide to Russia. A deputation, it was urged, should be appointed +to lay at the feet of the Emperor the heartfelt desire of all to +devote themselves to the sole purpose of obtaining victory over +Germanism and to expound the ideas of their class for the best means +of employing their resources. England had turned all its manufacturing +resources into factories of munitions of war, and Russia must do the +same. + +Some speakers referred to the lack of capital for the proper +exploitation of the resources of the country, saying that this would +be especially felt after the war was over. The Congress, however, +declined to look beyond the all-important need of the moment, namely, +to direct the entire resources of the country to the achievement of +victory over Germanism. + +The final sitting was attended by the President of the Duma, M. +Rodzjanko, whose speech was listened to with profound feeling. The +Congress passed with acclamation various patriotic resolutions, its +main decision being to establish immediately a Central Committee for +the provision of munitions of war. It is expected that by this means +Russia will be able to accomplish what England is believed to be +achieving in the same direction. Every factory and workshop throughout +the country is to be organized for the supply of everything needed by +the armies in the field. + + +SPEEDING GERMAN WORKMEN + +_A "Neutral" correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle, just +returned from Germany, was thus quoted in a cable dispatch to_ THE NEW +YORK TIMES _on June 28:_ + +It is in towns, particularly industrial towns, where one sees how +entirely the German nation is organized for war. Into these towns an +enormous number of men have been drafted from the country to work in +factories, which are humming day and night with activity to keep up +the supply of all things necessary for the fighting line. + +In general, the relations between capital and labor there have +experienced notable amelioration. Indeed, the impression one gains in +traveling about Germany is one of absolute settled industrial peace, +but I know this has only been secured because all parties know that +the first signs of dissatisfaction would be treated "with the utmost +rigor of the law." + +At some of the largest factories men are often at work fifteen, +twenty, and even thirty hours on a stretch, with only short intervals +for rest. Though it is said that there are ample stocks of all kinds +of ammunition, there is noted daily and nightly a feverish haste in +the factories where it is made. + +The Government has not officially taken over the factories, but it is +well known that all factory owners who want Government work can get +it, and, as this is almost the only profitable use to which factories +can just now be put, there is no lack of candidates for recognition as +army contractors. + +Whenever a Government contract is given out there is a clause in the +contract which fixes rates of wages for every grade of workmen so that +any questions of increases that the men might raise are out of the +hands of the employer, and he points to the fact that both he and the +workmen are in the hands of the State. Strikes are therefore unknown, +a further deterrent being the knowledge that any man who does not do +his utmost without murmuring will quickly be embodied in some regiment +destined for one of the hottest places at the front. + +In factories where Government work is being done wages are high, and +even in the few cases where wages of certain unskilled workers have +fallen, the men are allowed to work practically until they drop and so +make up by more hours what they have lost by the lowered rates. + +There is keen competition to obtain work in the factories working for +the State, as the men engaged in these know almost certainly that for +some time at least they will not be sent to the front, which seems to +be the chief dread underlying all other thoughts and feelings. + +For work done on Sunday wages are 50 per cent. higher than the usual +rate. The men are encouraged to work on Sundays and overtime on +weekdays and the prices of food are so high they need little +encouragement. Where women have taken the places of men their wages +are in most cases lower. + + +KRUPPS' IMPENDING STRIKE + +_An Associated Press dispatch from Geneva on July 15 said:_ + +A report has reached Basle that a big strike is threatened at the +Krupp Works at Essen, Germany, the movement being headed by the Union +of Metallurgical Workmen and the Association of Mechanics. They demand +higher wages, the report says, because of the increased cost of living +and shorter hours because of the great strain under which they work. + +The workmen, according to these advices, are in an angry mood and +threaten the destruction of machinery unless their demands are granted +immediately, as they have been put off for three months with promises. +Several high officials have arrived at the Krupp Works in an effort to +straighten out matters and calm the workmen, the advices add, and +Bertha Krupp is expected to visit the plant and use her great +influence with the workers. + +The Frankfort Gazette, according to the news reaching Basle, has +warned the administration of the Krupp plant of the seriousness of the +situation, and has advised that the men's demands be granted. +Meanwhile, the reports state, several regiments have been moved to the +vicinity of the works to be available should the trouble result in a +strike. + +_A dispatch to The London Daily Chronicle, dated Chiasso, July 16, +reported:_ + +According to a telegram from Munich to Swiss papers, the German +military authorities have informed the management and union officials +of the Krupps, where disputes occasioned by the increased cost of +living have arisen in several departments, that in no circumstances +will a strike be tolerated. + +_On July 19 an Associated Press dispatch from Geneva reads:_ + +An important meeting was held at Essen yesterday, according to advices +received at Basle, between the administration of the Krupp gun works +and representatives of the workmen, in order to settle the dispute +which has arisen over the demands of the men for an increase in wages. + +Directly and indirectly, about one hundred thousand men are involved. +Minor cases in which machinery has been destroyed have been reported. + +The military authorities before the meeting, the Basle advices say, +warned both sides that unless an immediate arrangement was reached +severe measures would be employed. + +The Krupp officials are understood to have granted a portion of the +demands of the employees, which has brought about a temporary peace, +but the workmen still appear to be dissatisfied, and many have left +the works. + +A strike would greatly affect the supply of munitions, and for this +reason the military have adopted rigorous precautions. + +_On the same date the following brief cable was sent to_ THE NEW YORK +TIMES _from London:_ + +A telegram to The Daily Express from Geneva says many men have already +left the Krupp works because they are unable to bear the strain of +incessant labor, and would rather take their chances in the trenches +than continue work at Essen under the present conditions. + +Some minor cases of sabotage have already been reported. + + +REMINGTON ARMS STRIKE + +_In a special dispatch to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES, _dated Bridgeport, +Conn., July 14, appeared the following news of labor trouble in the +American munitions factory:_ + +One hundred workmen, twenty guards, and the Bridgeport police reserves +took a hand in a riot tonight at the new plant of the Remington Arms +Company, where it is planned to make small arms for the Allies. The +riot brings to fever heat the labor excitement of the last week, which +yesterday caused the walkout of the structural ironworkers at the +plant and today a walkout of the millwrights and the ironworkers on +the new plant of the sister company, the Remington Union Metallic +Cartridge Company. + +The three thousand workmen have been stirred into a great unrest in +the last week by some unseen influence. Major Walter W. Penfield, +U.S.A., retired, head of the arms plant, says pro-Germans are back of +the strike. This the labor leaders deny. + +_On July 15 the spread of the strike was reported in a special +dispatch from Bridgeport to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES: + +The strike at the giant new plant of the Remington Arms Company under +construction to make arms for the Allies, as well as, it is supposed, +for the United States Government, spread today from the proportions of +a picayune family labor quarrel to an imminent industrial war which +would paralyze Bridgeport, curtailing the shipment of arms and +ammunition from this centre, and which threatens to spread to other +cities in the United States, especially to those where munitions of +war are being manufactured. + +_On July 20_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _published the demands of the workmen +at the Remington Arms plant, as outlined by J.J. Keppler, +vice-president of the Machinists' Union:_ + +Mr. Keppler was asked to tell concisely just what the unions wanted. + +"There are at present," he replied, "just three demands. If the strike +goes further the demands will increase. The demands are: + +"1. Recognition of the millwrights as members of the metal trade +unions and not of the carpenters', and fixing of the responsibility +for the order some one gave for the millwrights to join the +carpenters' union, an attempt on the part of the Remington or the +Stewart people to dictate the international management of the unions. + +"2. A guarantee of a permanent eight-hour day in all plants in +Bridgeport making war munitions. This carries with it a demand for a +guarantee of a minimum wage and double pay for overtime. + +"3. That all men who go on strike will be taken back to work." + +In addition, of course, Mr. Johnston demands that Major Penfield +retract his charge of German influence being back of the strike. + +_A check, if not a defeat, administered to the fomenters of the strike +was reported to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _in a Bridgeport dispatch dated +July 20, as follows:_ + +John A. Johnston, International vice-president of the Iron Workers' +Union, and J.J. Keppler, vice-president of the Machinists', were on +hand to inaugurate the big strike. All of Bridgeport's available +policemen were on duty at the plant. + +As the whistle blew the crowd surged about the gates, where barbed +wire and guards held them back. Five minutes passed, ten, twenty, and +12.30 saw Keppler and Johnston pacing up and down before the plant +awaiting their men. At 1 o'clock not a machinist had issued from the +portals. The hoarse whistle blew, calling back the two thousand +workers to their task, and Keppler and Johnston and the rest were left +in wonder. + +A cog had slipped in this way: + +Before the noon whistle blew, Major Walter G. Penfield, works manager +of the plant, placed guards at all the exits to ask the machinists to +wait a few minutes. They did. The foreman told them that, on behalf of +the Remington Company, Major Penfield desired to assure them a +permanent eight-hour day, beginning August 1, and to guarantee a +dollar a day increase in pay. + + + + +The Power of the Purse + +How "Silver Bullets" Are Made in Britain + +By Prime Minister Asquith + + For the first time in the financial history of Great + Britain, Prime Minister Asquith declared in his Guildhall + speech of June 29, an unlimited and democratic war loan was + popularized, appealing to all classes, including the + poorest, and advertising the sale through the Post Office of + vouchers for as low as 5 shillings to be turned into stock. + His speech was intended also to initiate a movement for + saving and thrift among the people as the only secure means + against national impoverishment by the war. + + A statement by Reginald McKenna, the Chancellor of the + Exchequer, in the House of Commons on July 13, showed that + approximately L600,000,000, or $3,000,000,000, had been + subscribed, making this the greatest war loan raised in the + history of any nation. The total number of subscribers + through the Bank of England was 550,000, aggregating + L570,000,000, or $2,850,000,000, while 547,000 persons had + subscribed $75,000,000 through the Post Office. Besides this + no estimate of the small vouchers taken out had been made, + and the Post Office subscriptions had not been closed. The + gigantic total, Mr. McKenna said, represented only new + money, and not any stock which will be issued for purposes + of conversion. Prime Minister Asquith's speech appears in + full below. + + +_In his speech in the Guildhall, London, on June 29, 1915, Mr. Asquith +said:_ + +This is, I think, the third time since the war began that I have had +the privilege of addressing you in this hall. On the first occasion, +as far back as September last, I came here to appeal to you to supply +men to be trained to fight our battles at the front. Today I have come +to ask you here in the City of London for what is equally necessary +for the success of our cause--for the ways and means which no +community in the Empire is better qualified to provide, to organise, +and to replenish. + +This is the costliest war that has ever been waged. A hundred years +ago our ancestors spent eight hundred millions to vindicate, as we are +vindicating today, the freedom of Europe, in a war which lasted the +best part of 20 years, which brings out a rough average of +considerably less than a million pounds a week. Our total expenditure +today approaches for one year a thousand millions, and we are spending +now, and are likely to spend for weeks and months to come, something +like three million pounds a day. Our daily revenue from taxation, I +suppose, works out less than three-quarters of a million per day. + +Those are facts which speak for themselves, and they show the urgent +necessity, not only for a loan, but for a national loan--a loan far +larger in its scale, far broader in its basis, and far more imperious +in its demand upon every class and every section of the community than +any in our history. + +For the first time in our financial experience no limit has been +placed on the amount to be raised; and that means that every citizen +in the country is invited to subscribe as much as he can to help us to +a complete and speedy victory. I need not dwell on its attractiveness +from the mere investor's point of view. Indeed, the only criticism +which I have heard in or outside the House of Commons is that it is +perhaps a little too generous in its terms. That is a fault, if it be +a fault, upon the right side. + +For L100 in cash you get L100 in stock, with interest at 4-1/2 per +cent. on the credit of the British Exchequer. The loan is redeemable +in thirty years, when every subscriber, or those who succeed him, must +get his money back in full, and the Government retain an option to +repay at the end of ten years. That is the earliest date on which any +question of re-investment can arise. Further, the stock or bonds will +be accepted at par, with an allowance for accrued interest as the +equivalent of cash, for subscription to any loan that the Government +may issue in this country throughout the war. + +I want especially to emphasise that this is for the first time in our +financial history a great democratic loan. The State is appealing to +all classes, including those whose resources are most limited, to step +in and contribute their share to meet a supreme national need. The +Post Office will receive subscriptions for L5, or any multiple of L5, +and will sell vouchers for 5s. and upwards which can be gradually +accumulated, and by December 1st next turned into stock of the new +loan. + +Every advantage which is given to the big capitalist is granted also +in the same degree to the smallest supporter of the country's credit +and finance. And, under such conditions, I am confident that the +success of the loan as a financial instrument ought to be, and indeed +is now, absolutely secured. (Cheers.) + +This meeting was called not only to advertise the advantages of the +War Loan, but to initiate a concerted national movement for what may +be called war economy. My text is a very simple one. It is this: +"Waste on the part either of individuals or of classes, which is +always foolish and shortsighted, is, in these times, nothing short of +a national danger." According to statisticians, the annual income of +this country--I speak of the country and not of the Government--the +annual income of this country is from two thousand two hundred and +fifty to two thousand four hundred millions, and the annual +expenditure of all classes is estimated at something like two thousand +millions. It follows that the balance annually saved and invested, +either at home or abroad, is normally between three hundred and four +hundred millions. + +Upon a nation so circumstanced, and with such habits, there has +suddenly descended--for we did not anticipate it, nor prepared the way +for it--the thundercloud of war--war which, as we now know well, if we +add to our own direct expenditure the financing of other countries, +will cost us in round figures about a thousand millions in the year. +Now how are we, who normally have only three hundred or four hundred +millions to spare in a year, to meet this huge and unexpected +extraordinary draft upon our resources? + +The courses open are four. The first is the sale of investments or +property. We have, it is said, invested abroad something like four +thousand millions sterling. Can we draw upon that to finance the war? +Well, there are two things to be said about any such suggestion. The +first is that our power of sale is limited by the power of other +countries to buy, and that power, under existing conditions, is +strictly limited. + +The second thing to be said is this: That, if we were to try, assuming +it to be practicable, to pay for the war in this way, we should end it +so much poorer. The war must, in any case, impoverish us to some +extent, but we should end it so much poorer, because the income we now +receive, mainly from goods and services from abroad, would be +proportionately, and permanently, reduced. I dismiss that, therefore, +as out of the question. + +Similar considerations seem to show the impracticability on any +considerable scale of a second possible expedient, namely, borrowing +abroad. The amount that could be raised in any foreign market at this +moment, in comparison with the sum required, is practically +infinitesimal, and, if it were possible on any considerable scale, we +should again have to face the prospects of ending the war a debtor +country, with a huge annual drain on our goods and our services, which +would flow abroad in the payment of interest and the redemption of +principal. That again, therefore, for all practical purposes, may be +brushed aside. + +There is a third course--payment out of our gold reserve, but that +need only be stated to be discarded. We cannot impair the basis of the +great system of credit which has made this City of London the +financial centre and capital of the world. + +There remains only one course, the one we have come here today to +advocate, and to press upon our fellow-countrymen--to diminish our +expenditure and to increase our savings. + +If you save more you can lend the State more, and the nation will be +proportionately enabled to pay for the war out of its own pocket. A +second proposition, equally simple, and equally true, is this. If you +spend less, you either reduce the cost and volume of our imports, or +you leave a larger volume of commodities available for export. + +The state of the trade balance between ourselves and other countries +at this moment affords grounds--I do not say for anxiety, but for +serious thought. If you look at the Board of Trade returns for the +first five months--that is, to the end of the month of May--of the +present year--you will find, as compared with the corresponding period +of last year, that our imports have increased by thirty-five and a +half millions; while our exports and re-exports have decreased by +seventy-three and three-quarter millions. What does that mean? It +means a total addition in five months of our indebtedness to other +countries of nearly a hundred and ten millions, and if that rate were +to continue till we reached the end of a completed year, the figure of +indebtedness would rise to over two hundred and sixty millions. + +That is a serious prospect, and I want to ask you, and those outside, +how can that tendency be counteracted? The answer is a very simple +one--by reducing all unnecessary expenditure, first, of imported +goods--familiar illustrations are tea, tobacco, wine, sugar, petrol; I +could easily add to the list--and that would mean that we should have +to buy less from abroad; and next, as regards goods which are made at +home--you can take as an illustration beer--setting a larger quantity +free for export, which means that we have more to sell abroad, and +enable capital and labour here at home to be more usefully and +appropriately applied. That may seem a rather dry and technical +argument--(laughter)--but it goes to the root of the whole matter. + +If you ask me to state the result in a sentence, it is this: All money +that is spent in these days on superfluous comforts or luxuries, +whether in the shape of goods or in the shape of services, means the +diversion of energy which can be better employed in the national +interests, either in supplying the needs of our fighting forces in the +field or in making commodities for export which will go to reduce our +indebtedness abroad. + +And, on the other hand, every saving we make by the curtailment and +limitation of our productive expenditure increases the resources which +can be put by our people at the disposal of the State for the +triumphant vindication of our cause. + +I said our cause. That, after all, is the summary and conclusion of +the whole matter. We are making here and throughout the Empire a great +national and Imperial effort, unique, supreme. The recruiting of +soldiers and sailors, the provision of munitions, the organisation of +our industries, the practice of economy, the avoidance of waste, the +accumulation of adequate war funds, the mobilisation of all our +forces, moral, material, personal--all these are contributory and +convergent streams which are directed to and concentrated upon one +unifying end, one absorbing and governing purpose. + +It is not merely with us a question of self-preservation, of +safeguarding against hostile design and attack the fabric which has +withstood so many storms of our corporate and national life. That in +itself would justify all our endeavours. But there is something even +larger and worthier at stake in this great testing trial of our +people. + +There is not a man or a woman among us but he or she is touched even +in the faintest degree with a sense of the higher issues which now +hang in the balance, who has not, during this last year, become +growingly conscious that, in the order of Providence, we here have +been entrusted with the guardianship of interests and ideals which +stretch far beyond the shores of these islands, beyond even the +confines of our world-spread Empire, which concern the whole future of +humanity. (Cheers.) + +Is right or is force to dominate mankind? Comfort, prosperity, luxury, +a well-fed and securely sheltered existence, not without the +embellishments and concentrations of art and literature, and perhaps +some conventional type of religion--all these we can purchase at a +price, but at what a price! At the sacrifice of what makes life, +national or personal, alone worth living. My Lord Mayor and citizens +of London, we are not going to make that sacrifice (loud and prolonged +cheers, the audience rising and waving their hats). Rather than make +it, we shall fight to the end, to the last farthing of our money, to +the last ounce of our strength, to the last drop of our blood. (Loud +cheers.) + + + + +Cases Reserved + +By SIR OWEN SEAMAN + +[From Punch.] + + "The Government are of opinion that the general question of + personal responsibility shall be reserved until the end of + the War."--_Mr. Balfour in the House._ + + + Let sentence wait. The apportionment of blame + To those who compassed each inhuman wrong + Can bide till Justice bares her sword of flame; + But let your memories be long! + + And, lest they fail you, wearied into sleep, + Bring out your tablets wrought of molten steel; + There let the record be charactered deep + In biting acid, past repeal. + + And not their names alone, of high estate, + Drunk with desire of power, at whose mere nod + The slaves that execute their lust of hate + Laugh at the laws of man and God; + + But also theirs who shame their English breed, + Who go their ways and eat and drink and play, + Or find in England's bitter hour of need + Their chance of pouching heavier pay; + + And theirs, the little talkers, who delight + To beard their betters, on great tasks intent, + Cheapening our statecraft in the alien's sight + For joy of self-advertisement. + + Today, with hands to weightier business set, + Silent contempt is all you can afford; + But put them on your list and they shall get, + When you are free, their full reward. + + + + +New Recruiting in Britain + +By Field Marshal Earl Kitchener, Secretary of State for War + + State registration of all persons, male and female, between + the ages of fifteen and sixty-five, the particulars to + include each person's age, work, and employers, and his + registering to be accompanied by an invitation that he + volunteer for work for which he may have special fitness, + was the provision introduced in the House of Commons on June + 29, 1915, and passed by that body on July 8. In explaining + the bill's intent its introducer, Mr. Walter Long, who is + President of the Local Government Board, replied on July 9 + to the objection of critics who saw in it the first steps to + compulsory service. He said that the National Register stood + or fell by itself. So far as the use of it went, so far as + the adoption of compulsion went, he declared frankly that + the Prime Minister would be the last man in England to say, + in the face of the situation in which Britons found + themselves, anything which would prevent the Government + adopting compulsory service tomorrow if they believed it to + be right and necessary in order to bring this war to an end. + Their hands were absolutely free. On the same day Earl + Kitchener opened a recruiting campaign with a speech in the + London Guildhall, which appears in part below. + + +_The Lord Mayor of London, in calling upon Lord Kitchener, said the +Empire had indeed been highly fortunate in having him at the head of +the War Office in this great national crisis. Earl Kitchener was +received with cheers as he said:_ + +Hitherto the remarks that I have found it necessary to make on the +subject of recruiting have been mainly addressed to the House of +Lords; but I have felt that the time had now come when I may with +advantage avail myself of the courteous invitation of the Lord Mayor +to appear among you, and in this historic Guildhall make another and a +larger demand on the resources of British manhood. Enjoying as I do +the privilege of a Freeman of this great City--(hear, hear!)--I can be +sure that words uttered in the heart of London will be spread +broadcast throughout the Empire. (Cheers.) Our thoughts naturally turn +to the splendid efforts of the Oversea Dominions and India, who, from +the earliest days of the war, have ranged themselves side by side +with the Mother Country. The prepared armed forces of India were the +first to take the field, closely followed by the gallant +Canadians--(cheers)--who are now fighting alongside their British and +French comrades in Flanders, and are there presenting a solid and +impenetrable front against the enemy. In the Dardanelles the +Australians and New Zealanders--(cheers)--combined with the same +elements, have already accomplished a feat of arms of almost +unexampled brilliancy, and are pushing the campaign to a successful +conclusion. In each of these great Dominions new and large contingents +are being prepared, while South Africa, not content with the +successful conclusion of the arduous campaign in South-West Africa, is +now offering large forces to engage the enemy in the main theatre of +war. (Cheers.) Strengthened by the unflinching support of our +fellow-citizens across the seas, we seek to develop our own military +resources to their utmost limits, and this is the purpose which brings +us together today. + +Napoleon, when asked what were the three things necessary for a +successful war, replied: "Money, money, money." Today we vary that +phrase, and say: "Men, material, and money." As regards the supply of +money for the war, the Government are negotiating a new loan, the +marked success of which is greatly due to the very favorable response +made by the City. To meet the need for material, the energetic manner +in which the new Ministry of Munitions is coping with the many +difficulties which confront the production of our great requirements +affords abundant proof that this very important work is being dealt +with in a highly satisfactory manner. (Cheers.) There still remains +the vital need for men to fill the ranks of our Armies, and it is to +emphasize this point and bring it home to the people of this country +that I have come here this afternoon. When I took up the office that I +hold, I did so as a soldier, not as a politician--(loud cheers)--and I +warned my fellow countrymen that the war would be not only arduous, +but long. (Hear, hear.) In one of my earliest statements made after +the beginning of the war I said that I should require "More men, and +still more, until the enemy is crushed." I repeat that statement today +with even greater insistence. All the reasons which led me to think in +August, 1914, that this war would be a prolonged one hold good at the +present time. It is true we are in an immeasurably better situation +now than ten months ago--(hear, hear)--but the position today is at +least as serious as it was then. The thorough preparedness of Germany, +due to her strenuous efforts, sustained at high pressure for some +forty years, have issued in a military organization as complex in +character as it is perfect in machinery. Never before has any nation +been so elaborately organized for imposing her will upon the other +nations of the world; and her vast resources of military strength are +wielded by an autocracy which is peculiarly adapted for the conduct of +war. It is true that Germany's long preparation has enabled her to +utilize her whole resources from the very commencement of the war, +while our policy is one of gradually increasing our effective forces. +It might be said with truth that she must decrease, whilst we must +increase. + +It would be difficult to exaggerate the value of the response that has +been made to my previous appeals, but I am here today to make another +demand on the manhood of the country to come forward to its defence. I +was from the first unwilling to ask for a supply of men in excess of +the equipment available for them. I hold it to be most undesirable +that soldiers, keen to take their place in the field, should be thus +checked and possibly discouraged, or that the completion of this +training should be hampered owing to lack of arms. We have now happily +reached a period when it can be said that this drawback has been +surmounted, and that the troops in training can be supplied with +sufficient arms and material to turn them out as efficient soldiers. + +When the great rush of recruiting occurred in August and September of +last year, there was a natural difficulty in finding accommodation for +the many thousands who answered to the call for men to complete the +existing armed forces and the New Armies. Now, however, I am glad to +say we have throughout the country provided accommodation calculated +to be sufficient and suitable for our requirements. Further, there was +in the early autumn a very natural difficulty in clothing and +equipping the newly raised units. Now we are able to clothe and equip +all recruits as they come in, and thus the call for men is no longer +restricted by any limitations, such as the lack of material for +training. + +It is an axiom that the larger an army is, the greater is its need of +an ever-swelling number of men of recruitable age to maintain it at +its full strength; yet, at the very same time the supply of those very +men is automatically decreasing. Nor must it be forgotten that the +great demand which has arisen for the supply of munitions, equipment, +etc., for the armed forces of this country and of our Allies also, as +well as the economic and financial necessity of keeping up the +production of manufactured goods, involves the retention of a large +number of men in various trades and manufactures, many of whom would +otherwise be available for the Colors. In respect of our great and +increasing military requirements for men, I am glad to state how much +we are indebted to the help given to the Recruiting Staff of the +Regular Army and to the Territorial Associations throughout the +country by the many Voluntary Recruiting Committees formed in all the +counties and cities, and in many important boroughs for this purpose. + +The public has watched with eager interest the growth and the rapidly +acquired efficiency of the New Armies, whose dimensions have already +reached a figure which only a short while ago would have been +considered utterly unthinkable. (Cheers.) But there is a tendency, +perhaps, to overlook the fact that these larger armies require still +larger reserves, to make good the wastage at the front. And one cannot +ignore the certainty that our requirements in this respect will be +large, continuous, and persistent; for one feels that our gallant +soldiers in the fighting line are beckoning, with an urgency at once +imperious and pathetic, to those who remain at home to come out and +play their part too. Recruiting meetings, recruiting marches, and the +unwearied labors of the recruiting officers, committees, and +individuals have borne good fruit, and I look forward with confidence +to such labors being continued as energetically as hitherto. + +But we must go a step further, so as to attract and attach individuals +who from shyness--(laughter)--or other causes--(renewed +laughter)--have not yet yielded to their own patriotic impulses. The +Government have asked Parliament to pass a Registration Bill, with the +object of ascertaining how many men and women there are in the country +between the ages of fifteen and sixty-five eligible for the national +service, whether in the navy or army, or for the manufacture of +munitions, or to fulfil other necessary services. When this +registration is completed we shall anyhow be able to note the men +between the ages of nineteen and forty not required for munition or +other necessary industrial work and therefore available, if physically +fit, for the fighting line. Steps will be taken to approach, with a +view to enlistment, all possible candidates for the Army--unmarried +men to be preferred before married men, as far as may be. (Loud +cheers.) Of course, the work of completing the registration will +extend over some weeks, and meanwhile it is of vital and paramount +importance that as large a number of men as possible should press +forward to enlist, so that the men's training may be complete when +they are required for the field. I would urge all employers to help +in this matter, by releasing all men qualified for service with the +Colors and replacing them by men of unrecruitable age, or by women, as +has already been found feasible in so many cases. + +When the registration becomes operative I feel sure that the +Corporation of the City of London will not be content with its earlier +efforts, intensely valuable as they have been, but will use its great +facilities to set an example of canvassing for the cause. This canvass +should be addressed with stern emphasis to such unpatriotic employers +as, according to returns, have restrained their men from enlisting. + +What the numbers required are likely to be it is clearly inexpedient +to shout abroad. (Hear, hear.) Our constant refusal to publish either +these or any other figures likely to prove useful to the enemy needs +neither explanation nor apology. It is often urged that if more +information were given as to the work and whereabouts of various +units, recruiting would be strongly stimulated. But this is the +precise information which would be of the greatest value to the enemy, +and it is agreeable to note that a German Prince in high command +ruefully recorded the other day his complete ignorance as to our New +Armies. (Laughter and cheers.) + +But one set of figures, available for everybody, and indicating with +sufficient particularity the needs of our forces in the field, is +supplied by the casualty lists. With regard to these lists, +however--serious and sad as they necessarily are--let two points be +borne in mind, first, that a very large percentage of the casualties +represents comparatively slight hurts, the sufferers from which in +time return to the front; and, secondly, that, if the figures seem to +run very high, the magnitude of the operations is thereby suggested. +Indeed, these casualty lists, whose great length may now and again +induce undue depression of spirits, are an instructive indication of +the huge extent of the operations undertaken now reached by the +British forces in the field. + + + + +American War Supplies + +By George Wellington Porter + + The subjoined article appraising the stimulation given to + the war industries of the United States by the European + conflict appeared originally in THE NEW YORK TIMES of July + 18. + + +Within the last ten months contracts for war supplies estimated to +exceed $1,000,000,000 have been placed in the United States. + +When war was declared last August this country was suffering from +acute industrial depression; many factories shut down, others +operating on short time, and labor without employment. After the +paralyzing effect of the news that war was declared had worn away, +business men here realized the great opportunity about to be afforded +them of furnishing war supplies which must soon be in demand. Their +expectations were soon fulfilled, as almost immediately most of the +Governments sent commissions to the United States. Some had orders to +buy, while others were authorized to get prices and submit samples. + +It was not long until mills and factories were being operated to +capacity, turning out boots and shoes, blankets, sweaters, socks, +underwear, &c. The manufacturers of these articles were merely +required to secure additional help in order to increase their plants' +production. + +The situation was different in relation to filling orders for arms and +ammunition. At first, as was natural, this business was placed with +concerns engaged in the manufacture of these commodities. Shortly they +were swamped with orders, and to be able to fill them plants were +enlarged, new equipment added, and additional help employed. + +More and more orders came pouring in, and, as the arms and munition +houses were by this time up to and some over capacity, acceptance by +them of further business was impossible. Here, then, was the +opportunity for the manufacturers of rails, rivets, electrical and +agricultural machinery, locomotives, &c., to secure their share of +this enormous business being offered. The manner in which they arose +to the occasion is striking testimony of the great resourcefulness, +efficiency, ingenuity, and adaptability of the American manufacturer. + +The question of labor was of minor importance, due primarily to the +fact that many thousands of men were without employment and anxious to +secure work, and secondarily for the reason that skilled labor was not +an essential factor. Most of the work is done by machinery and in a +short period of time a mechanic of ordinary intelligence will become +proficient in running a machine. The necessary trained labor could be +secured without difficulty. Numbers of highly trained employes at +Government arsenals are now with private arms and ammunition concerns. +The labor problem therefore was negligible. However, three serious +difficulties had yet to be overcome by the manufacturers wishing to +engage in this new line of business--the securing of new machinery, +raw materials, and capital. + +The larger concerns had machinery and apparatus on hand suitable to +most of the work, but much new machinery was needed, especially for +the manufacture of rifles, and needed in a hurry. Time is the essence +of these war supplies contracts, and, as many manufacturers agreed to +make early deliveries, it was up to them to secure this new machinery +and have it installed without delay; otherwise they could not +manufacture and make deliveries as agreed to. + +In this event they would suffer the penalty for non-fulfillment, as +stipulated in the bond given by them to the purchaser at the time of +signing the contract. These bonds are known as "fulfillment bonds" +and are issued by responsible surety companies, usually to the amount +of 5 per cent. of the total contract price, on behalf of the vendors, +guaranteeing their deliveries and fulfillment of the contract. + +In the earlier stages of this war supply business the question of his +ability to secure raw materials with which to manufacture arms and +ammunition or picric acid--this latter being used to manufacture +higher explosives--was of no great concern to the manufacturer taking +an order; but as orders came pouring in from abroad for ever larger +amounts of supplies it was clearly evident that the demand for raw +materials would shortly equal, if not exceed, the supply thereof. This +condition was soon brought about, and today is one to be most +seriously reckoned with by the manufacturer before accepting a +contract. + +Some of the materials needed with which to manufacture the supplies +are mild carbon steel for the barrels, bayonets, bolt, and locks; +well-seasoned ash or maple, straight-grained, for the stocks; brass, +iron, powder, antimony, benzol or phenol, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, +and caustic soda, &c. Of these various materials the most difficult to +secure are those used in the manufacture of picric acid. + +Today it is almost impossible to secure phenol, certainly in any +considerable quantities, and it is almost as difficult to secure +sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Germany has been the source of supply +in the past for picric acid. Before the war it sold around 35 cents to +40 cents per pound, dry basis; recently it has sold at over $2 per +pound for spot, that is immediate delivery, and is quoted at from +$1.25 to $1.60 per pound for early future deliveries. + +Antimony is becoming so scarce, never having been produced in any +great quantity in this country, that in the new contracts being +submitted for shrapnel shell it is stipulated that some other +hardening ingredients may be substituted in the bullets, either +totally or partly replacing the antimony. + +Brass is essential to the manufacture of cartridges. The term "brass" +is commonly understood to mean an alloy of copper and zinc. + +Up to a short time ago electrolytic copper was selling at 20-1/2 cents +a pound, lead at 7 cents a pound, commercial zinc at 29-1/2 cents a +pound. Zinc ore, from which spelter is obtained, reached the price of +$112 a ton. American spelter was nearly $500 a ton, compared with $110 +a ton before the war. Spelter was almost unobtainable. In England the +situation was acute, the metal there being quoted only nominally at +around $550 a ton for immediate delivery. + +Within the last few days prices have dropped materially, but how long +they will remain at these lower levels it is impossible to predict. If +the war continues for any length of time the demand for all these +metals is certainly bound to increase, and this will automatically +again send up prices. + +The world's production of spelter in 1913 (the latest authentic +figures obtainable) was 1,093,635 short tons. Of this the United +States produced 346,676 tons, or 31.7 per cent.; Germany, 312,075 +tons, or 28.6 per cent.; Belgium, 217,928 tons, or 19.9 per cent.; +France and Spain, 78,289 tons; and Great Britain, 65,197 tons. The +world's production of spelter in 1913 exceeded that of 1912 by 25,590 +tons, or 2.2 per cent. The greatest increase was contributed by +Germany, which exceeded its production of 1912 by 4.4 per cent. The +United States made a gain of 2.3 per cent. The excess of the world's +production over consumption in 1913 was only 27,316 tons. + +As can be seen from the above figures, Germany has control of +practically one-half, possibly now over one-half, of the world's +production of spelter. Her position with respect to iron and coal is +equally strong, the United States not included. In 1913 Germany's +production of pig iron was 19,000 tons; Great Britain, 10,500 tons; +France, 5,225 tons; Russia, 4,475 tons; Austria and Belgium, over +2,000 tons each; Italy, negligible. She has captured a large +proportion of the coal resources of France as well. Her strength is +her own plus that of conquered territory. + +Before a contract for war supplies is let, more particularly with +reference to contracts for arms and ammunition, the manufacturer is +requested to "qualify." This means he must show his ability to "make +good" on the contract he wishes to secure. If he is now or has been in +the past successfully engaged in the manufacture of the particular +article in question, this is usually sufficient; if it is out of his +regular line, then he must prove to the satisfaction of the War +Department or the purchasing agent, as the case may be, that he has +the technical knowledge necessary for its production. In either event +he must have an efficient organization, suitable plants, with proper +equipment and men to operate same; also the necessary raw materials in +hand or under option to purchase. + +In most instances the manufacturer taking these war orders has been +obliged to enlarge his plants, add new machinery and purchase raw +materials so as to be able to handle the business. This meant the +expenditure of large amounts of money on his part. + +He did not have to depend, however, upon his own normal financial +resources, as the contracts carry a substantial cash payment in +advance, usually 25 per cent. of the total contract price. This +advance payment is deposited in some New York bank simultaneously with +the manufacturer's depositing a surety bond guaranteeing his +deliveries, and upon the manufacturer executing an additional surety +bond guaranteeing his responsibility he could draw down all or any +part of the cash advance he might wish to use for his immediate needs. + +Before issuing these bonds the surety companies make rigid examination +as to the ability of the manufacturer to fulfill his contract. The +commission charged for issuing these bonds is from 2-1/2 to 5 per +cent. on the amount involved. The demand for bonds has been so great +during the last six months that it has taxed to the limit the combined +resources of all the surety companies in the country. + +The remaining part of the contract price is usually guaranteed by +bankers' irrevocable letters of credit or deposits made with New York +banks, to be drawn against as the goods are delivered, f.o.b. the +factory--that is, free on board the cars--or f.a.s. the seaboard--that +is, free alongside ship--as the terms may provide. + +Banks here are beginning to purchase bank acceptances or bank-accepted +bills of exchange, and in this manner payment is also being made to +American manufacturers for goods sold to the Allies. For example, when +a purchasing agent in Paris places an order for ammunition here he +makes arrangements whereby the manufacturer will be authorized to draw +on a New York banking institution at a stipulated maturity, and after +acceptance of his drafts by such banking institution he could then +negotiate these time drafts with his own banker--thus making them, +less the discount, equivalent to cash--through whom they could be +rediscounted by the Federal Reserve banks. These bank-accepted bills +are discounted at a nominal rate of interest. + +Before the war we were a debtor nation; today we are rapidly becoming, +if we have not already become, a creditor nation. A year ago we were +selling abroad only about as much goods as we were buying; now the +balance of trade is greatly in our favor, due to the enormous export +of foodstuffs and war supplies of all kinds. Monthly our exports are +exceeding our imports by many millions of dollars. This indicates that +foreign nations are going into debt to us. + +At the time of writing this article foreign exchange was quoted as +follows: London exchange, sterling, 4.76-1/2; Paris exchange, franc, +5.45-3/4. By paying down $4.76-1/2 in New York you can get L1 in +London, which on a par gold basis is equivalent to $4.86 in London. By +paying down 94-1/2 cents in New York you can get the equivalent to 100 +cents in Paris. + +We now come to another interesting phase of this war supply business, +namely, how some persons thought these war orders could be secured and +how they are actually being placed. Almost immediately after the +declaration of war, most of the belligerent Governments dispatched +"commissions" to the United States. Some had orders to buy, and +others were authorized to get prices and submit samples. In an +incredibly short period of time it became generally known that foreign +Governments were shopping and buying in our markets. The knowledge of +this fact brought about a condition unique in our business life. + +Men in all walks of life, from porters, barbers, clerks in offices, to +doctors, lawyers, real estate agents, merchants, Wall Street brokers +and bankers, seemed suddenly imbued with the idea of securing or +bringing about the placing of a war order. Self-appointed agents, +middlemen and brokers sprang up over night like mushrooms, each and +every one claiming he had an order or could get an order for war +supplies; or, as the case might be, he personally knew some +manufacturer, or he knew a friend who had a friend who knew a +manufacturer, who in turn wished to secure a contract. An official in +one of our large steel companies told me some weeks ago that among +others who had called at his company's offices, asking prices on +shrapnel, was an undertaker. + +In most instances the lack of salesmanship experience, to say nothing +of any knowledge of the business and how the particular articles are +manufactured, was of no consequence to the self-appointed agent in his +mad desire for business. + +The lobbies of our New York hotels were filled with horsemen and +would-be horsemen, some months ago, almost every State being +represented as far west as California; also with manufacturers and +manufacturers' agents, all eager to secure a "war contract," be it for +horses, shrapnel, rifles, picric acid, guncotton, toluol, cartridges, +boots, shoes, sweaters, blankets, machinery and materials, &c. The +very atmosphere of Manhattan Island seems impregnated with "war +contractitis." We breathe it, we think it, we see it, we talk it, on +our way downtown, at our offices and places of business, at our clubs, +on our way home at night, in our homes, and I have been told that some +have even slept it, the disease taking the shape of a nightmare. + +The day of the broker, if indeed he ever had one in this business, is +passed. The original commissioners have been withdrawn, or those who +have been kept here are now acting as inspectors and have been +replaced by purchasing agents. The firm of J.P. Morgan & Co. has been +acting as purchasing agent for the English Government for some months +past, is now acting in like capacity for the French Government, and +has also done considerable buying for the Russian Government. + +In order properly to handle this vast volume of business, a separate +department was created, known as the Export Department. Connected with +this department are experts in all lines--men who are thoroughly +familiar with the various Governments' requirements, who know what +prices should be paid, who are in close touch with each market, and +who understand fully the materials they are buying. + +There are a few more concerns, among which are one or two banks, trust +companies, and Wall Street houses, which also have formed separate +organizations for the purpose of purchasing war supplies for the +Allies. As all these concerns are in close touch with the +manufacturers and will only deal directly with them, the brokers and +middlemen have very little, if any, chance of doing business. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Magazinists of the World on the War + +Condensed from the Leading Reviews + + While the armies and generals of the belligerents are trying + to execute by force the policies of their respective + Governments, their publicists are not less busy in the work + of voicing the national aspirations. Moreover, such a + critical examination of the status of each armed Power, from + its own standpoint and in comparisons and contrasts with its + opponents, has never been conducted before the peoples of + the world. It is a time of national heart-searchings, both + among the warring nations and of neutrals whose destinies + are only less affected. Resumes of this great process as + reflected in the world's leading reviews appear below, + beginning with the British publications. + + +Germany's Long-Nourished Powers + +That Germany has been preparing forty years for this war is flatly +contradicted by J. Ellis Barker in his article entitled "The Secret of +Germany's Strength," appearing in the Nineteenth Century and After for +July. + +Not forty years, but for 260 years, since Frederick William, the Great +Elector, came to the Prussian throne, the slow-growing plants of +German efficiency and thoroughness have steadily unfolded, Mr. Barker +says, in the administrative, military, financial, and economic policy +that make modern Germany. It was the Great Elector who "ruthlessly and +tyrannously suppressed existing self-government in his possessions, +and gave to his scattered and parochially minded subjects a strong +sense of unity," thus clearing the way for his successors. Frederick +William I. founded in the Prussia prepared by his grandfather "a +perfectly organized modern State, a model administration, and created +a perfectly equipped and ever ready army." Of him Mr. Barker says: + + The German people are often praised for their thoroughness, + industry, frugality, and thrift. These qualities are not + natural to them. They received them from their rulers, and + especially from Frederick William the First. He was an + example to his people, and his son carried on the paternal + tradition. Both Kings acted not only with thoroughness, + industry, frugality, and economy, but they enforced these + qualities upon their subjects. Both punished idlers of every + rank of society, even of the most exalted. The regime of + Thorough prevailed under these Kings who ruled during + seventy-three years. These seventy-three years of hard + training gave to the Prussian people those sterling + qualities which are particularly their own, and by which + they can easily be distinguished from the easy-going South + Germans and Austrians who have not similarly been + disciplined. + +While the Great Elector prepared the ground, and King Frederick +William I. firmly laid the foundations, "Frederick the Great erected +thereon the edifice of modern Germany." Mr. Barker adds: + + Among the many pupils of Frederick the Great was Bismarck. + It is no exaggeration to say that the writings which + Frederick the Great addressed to posterity are the _arcana + imperii_ of modern Germany. Those who desire to learn the + secret of Germany's strength, wealth, and efficiency, should + therefore most carefully study the teachings of Frederick + the Great. + + Frederick's "Political Testament" of 1752 addressed to his + successors begins with the significant words: + + "The first duty of a citizen consists in serving his + country. I have tried to fulfil that duty in all the + different phases of my life." + +Frederick William I. looked out for the education of his successors in +his own militarist ideals. Instructing Major Borcke in 1751 on the +tutoring of his grand-nephew, the Heir-Presumptive of Prussia, he +wrote: + + It is very important that he should love the Army. Therefore + he must be told at all occasions and by all whom he meets + that men of birth who are not soldiers are pitiful wretches. + He must be taken to see the troops drilling as often as he + likes. He ought to be shown the Cadets, and be given five or + six of them to drill. That should be an amusement for him, + not a duty. The great point is that he should become fond of + military affairs, and the worst that could happen would be + if he should become bored with them. He should be allowed to + talk to all, to cadets, soldiers, citizens and officers, to + increase his self-reliance. + +A thorough monarchist, who noted that "when Sweden was turned into a +republic it became weak," Frederick the Great preached a doctrine not +different from that which inspires the speeches of Kaiser Wilhelm II. +when he said in his "Political Testament" of 1752: + + As Prussia is surrounded by powerful states my successors + must be prepared for frequent wars. The soldiers must be + given the highest positions in Prussia for the same reason + for which they received them in ancient Rome when that State + conquered the world. Honors and rewards stimulate and + encourage talent and praise arouses men to a generous + emulation. It encourages men to enter the army. It is + paradoxical to treat officers contemptuously and call theirs + an honored profession. The men who are the principal + supports of the State must be encouraged and be preferred to + the soft and insipid society men who can only grace an + ante-chamber. + +Mr. Barker comments on the fact that in 1776, thirteen years after the +ruinous Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great had accumulated +financial resources sufficient to pay for another war lasting four +years, and that he pursued the food policy of his fathers "which is +still pursued by the Prusso-German Government." Moreover, he first +exalted the German professor: + + A hundred and fifty years ago Prussia was a land peopled by + boors. Now it is a land peopled by professors, scientists, + and artists. Frederick the Great was the first Prussian + monarch to realize that science and art increase the + strength and prestige of nations. Hence, he began + cultivating the sciences and arts, and his successors + followed his example. As science and art were found to be + sources of national power, they were as thoroughly promoted + as was the army itself, while in this country [England] + education remained amateurish. Men toyed with science and + the universities rather taught manners than efficiency. + +The lesson of this centuries-old efficient governmental machine is a +supreme one to democratic England, Mr. Barker thinks. Not that it is +hopeless for a democracy to compete with a highly organized monarchy, +for has not Switzerland shown that "a democracy may be efficient, +business-like, provident, and ready for war?" England, on the other +hand, has been a lover of luxury and ease. She must gird up her loins +and fight or die. The Anglo-Saxon race is fighting for its existence, +and delay is dangerous: + + War is a one-man business. Every other consideration must be + subordinated to that of achieving victory. When the United + States fought for their life, they made President Lincoln + virtually a Dictator. The freest and most unruly democracy + allowed Habeas Corpus to be suspended and conscription to be + introduced, to save itself. Great emergencies call for great + measures. The War demands great sacrifices in every + direction. However, if it leads to England's modernization, + to the elimination of the weaknesses and vices of + Anglo-Saxon democracy, if it leads to the unification and + organization of the Empire, the purification of its + institutions, and the recreation of the race, the gain may + be greater than the loss, the colossal cost of the War + notwithstanding. The British Empire and the United States, + the Anglo-Saxon race in both hemispheres, have arrived at + the turning point in their history. The next few months will + confirm their greatness or mark the beginning of their fatal + decline. + + +"To Avenge" + +Stern is the denunciation of W.S. Lilly, in the same issue of The +Nineteenth Century and After, upon the atrocities recounted in an +article on German atrocities in France by Professor Morgan, appearing +in the next preceding number. Mr. Lilly quotes Thomas Carlyle's +sarcastic words about the "blind loquacious prurience of +indiscriminate Philanthropism" that commands no revenge for great +injustice. He says: + + Apart from the "fierce and monstrous gladness," with which + the German people have welcomed the hellish cruelty of their + soldiery, they must be held responsible for its crimes. + General von Bernhardi, indeed, assures them that "political + morality differs from individual morality because there is + no power above the State." And they have been given over to + a strong delusion to believe this lie. Above the State is + the Eternal Rule of Right and Wrong: above the State is the + Supreme Moral Governor of the Universe; yes, above the State + is God. Let us proclaim this august verity though in France + Atheism has been triumphant; in England Agnosticism is + fashionable; in Lutheran Germany--worst of all--evil has + been enthroned in the place of good, and "devils to adore + for deities" is the proper cult. + +The resolution of the old Roman patriot that "Carthage must be +destroyed" is quoted by this writer. He adds: + + As stern a resolution is in the minds and on the lips of all + true lovers of their country and of mankind, be they English + or French, Russian, Italian, Japanese, and I do not hesitate + to add American. German militarism must be utterly destroyed + and the monstrous creation of blood and iron overthrown. + Such is the plainest dictate of the instinct of + self-preservation. It is also the plainest dictate of + justice. Germany must be paid that she has deserved. When + the triumphant Allies shall have made good their footing on + her soil, they will not indeed rival her exploits or + violating women and butchering children, of murdering + prisoners and wounded, of slaying unoffending and peaceful + peasants, of destroying shrines of religion and learning. + But they will assuredly shoot or hang such of the chief + perpetrators of these and the like atrocities as may fall + into their hands. They will strip her of ill-gained + territory. They will empty her arsenals and burn her war + workshops. They will impose a colossal indemnity which will + condemn her for long years to grinding poverty. They will + confiscate her fleet. They will remove the treasures of her + galleries and museums, and take toll of her libraries, to + make compensation for her pillage and incendiarism in + Belgium. The measure of punishment is always a matter of + difficulty. But surely anything less than this would be + wholly disproportionate to the rank offences of Germany. The + reckoning, the retribution, the retaliation to be just must + be most stern. The victorious Allies, who will be her + judges, will not be moved by "mealymouthed philanthropies." + "Justice shall strike and Mercy shall not hold her hands: + she shall strike sore strokes, and Pity shall not break the + blow." + + +The Pope, the Vatican, and Italy + +In The Fortnightly Review for July E.J. Dillon is sweeping in his +arraignment of the new Pope Benedict XV. and the Vatican, of the Pope +because of his "neutrality in matters of public morality," and of the +Vatican because of its hostility to the cause of Allies. Toward +martyred Belgium and suffering France the Pope "has been generous in +lip sympathy and promises of rewards in the life to come," Mr. Dillon +says; but he has "found no word of blame for their executioners." Mr. +Dillon personally offered Benedict XV. "some important information on +the subject which seemed adequate to change his views or modify his +action," but he "turned the conversation to other topics." In fairness +he adds that "personally Benedict XV. had been careful to keep aloof +from Buelow and his band," and has neither said nor done anything +blameworthy with the sole exception of the interview and message which +he was reported to have given "to an American-German champion of +militarism at the instigation of his intimate counsellor, Monsignor +Gerlach"--an interview, by the way, which the Pope has since expressly +repudiated. + +Monsignor Gerlach, Mr. Dillon says, is "one of the most compromising +associates and dangerous mentors that any sovereign ever admitted to +his privacy," and continues: + + Years ago, the story runs, Gerlach made the acquaintance of + a worldly minded papal Nuntius in the fashionable salons of + gay Vienna, and, being men of similar tastes and + proclivities, the two enjoyed life together, eking out the + wherewithal for their costly amusements in speculations on + the Exchange. When the Nuntius returned to Rome, donned the + Cardinal's hat, and was appointed to the See of Albano as + Cardinal Agliardi, he bestowed a canonry on the boon + companion who had followed him to the eternal city. The + friendship continued unabated, and was further cemented by + the identity of their political opinions, which favored the + Triple Alliance. Gerlach became Agliardi's tout and + electioneering agent when that Cardinal set up as candidate + for the papacy on the death of Leo XIII. But as his chances + of election were slender, the pair worked together to defeat + Rampolla, who was hated and feared by Germany and Austria. + Their bitter opponent was Cardinal Richard, a witty French + prelate who labored might and main for Rampolla, and told me + some amusing stories about Agliardi. Some years ago + Gerlach's name emerged above the surface of private life in + Rome in connection with what the French term _un drame + passionel_, which led to violent scenes in public and to a + number of duels later on. That this man of violent + Pan-German sentiments should be the Pope's mentor and guide + through the labyrinth of international politics seems a + curious anachronism. + +Although Cardinal della Chiesa, shortly before he became Benedict XV., +was spoken of as the inheritor of Rampolla's Francophile leanings, it +is "now conjectured that at the Conclave this legend secured from his +not only the votes of the Teutonic Cardinals, who knew what his +sentiments really were, but also those of the French and Belgians, who +erroneously fancied that they knew," Dr. Dillon says. He does not +hesitate to believe that the Pope is "at heart a staunch friend of +Austria and a warm admirer of Germany, whom he looks upon as the +embodiment of the principle of authority and conservatism." For the +Vatican his words are more unsparing: + + The Vatican, as distinguished from the Pope, was and is + systematically hostile to the Allies. Its press organs, + inspired by an astute and influential Italian ecclesiastic + named Tedeschini, by Koeppenberg, a rabid German convert, + and by the Calabrian Daffina, organized a formidable + campaign against the King's Government and their supposed + interventionist leanings. Its agents, including the priest + Boncampagni and the German Catholics Erzberger, Koeppenberg, + and others, were wont to meet in the Hotel de Russie to + arrange their daily plan of campaign, and when at last the + people rose up against Giolitti and his enormities, the + Vatican had its mob in readiness to make + counter-demonstrations, and was prevented from letting it + loose only by the superhuman efforts of decent Catholics and + orderly citizens. It is a fair thing to add that the + attitude of the Roman Catholic clergy throughout Italy has + with some few exceptions been consistently patriotic. Even + the bishops and archbishops of the provinces have deserved + well of their King and country, while their flocks have left + nothing to be desired on the score of loyalty and + patriotism. + +Buelow's mission to Italy and his relations with Giolitti, the +defeated abettor of Austria in the business preceding Italy's +declaration of war, when they encountered the statecraft of Sonnino +and Salandra, are given in this version of Buelow's playing of his +"trump card": + + Although the die was cast and Italy's decision taken, he had + the Austrian concessions greatly amplified, and he offered + them, _not to the King's Government_, but to Giolitti, his + secret ally, who was not in office, but was known to be the + Dictator of Italy. And Giolitti accepted them on the + condition, to be fulfilled after the Cabinet's fall, that + the territory would be further enlarged and consigned to + Italy before the end of the war. The increase of prestige + which this concession would bestow on the tribune was to be + his reward for co-operation with the German Ambassador. + Giolitti having thus approved the offer, undertook to have + it ratified by Parliament, _in spite of the engagements + which the Cabinet had already entered into with the Allied + Powers_. In this sense he spoke to the King, wrote a letter + designed for the nation, and obtained the public adhesion of + a majority of the Chamber which was not then sitting. + Thereupon the Cabinet resigned and left the destinies of + Italy in the hands of the King and the nation. On the part + of the Cabinet this was a brilliant tactical move and a + further proof of the praiseworthy moral courage which it had + displayed throughout the crisis. Indeed, the firmness, + perseverance, and dignified disregard of mild invective and + more deliberate criticism manifested by Sonnino and + Salandra, entitle these Ministers to the lasting gratitude + of their country. For it should be borne in mind that they + had against them not only the Senate, the Chamber, a section + of the Press, the "cream" of the aristocracy, the puny sons + and daughters of the leaders of the Risorgimento, but also, + strange to say, the majority of Italian diplomatists in the + capitals of the Great Powers, one of whom actually fell ill + at the thought that Italy was about to fight shoulder to + shoulder with the State to which he was accredited. It would + be interesting to psychologists to learn how this + diplomatist and one or two of his colleagues felt when a few + days later they were serenaded by enthusiastic crowds whom + they were constrained to address. + + +Are the Allies Winning? + +In a Doubting Thomas article headed "Are We Winning?" the anonymous +"Outis" in The Fortnightly Review concludes that "the Allies are +winning, but very slowly. If their conquest is to be assured, Great +Britain's task is to mobilize every soldier and every workman, in +order to prove that whoever may fail, she at least does not intend to +desist until the final triumph is won." Moreover, the conquest must be +in the West "if anywhere," and he looks somewhat askance at the +Dardanelles adventure: + + A good many competent authorities have disliked the idea of + the Dardanelles expedition, on the strength of a general + principle applicable to all military operations. It is said + that in every war there is one distinct objective, and that + that should never be neglected for any subsidiary + operations. Thus, in the present instance, our main effort + is to drive the Germans out of France and Belgium, and then + to attack them in their own territory. Anything which + interferes with this or throws it, however temporarily, into + the background, is held to be unwise, because it leads to + the most dangerous of results in warfare--the dissipation of + forces, which, if united, would win the desired success, but + if disunited will probably fail. Thus we are told that we + must not fritter away our energies in enterprises which, + however important in themselves, are not comparable with the + one unique preoccupation of our minds--the conquest of + Germany in Europe. + + +Selling Arms to the Allies + +Horace White has no two opinions in his article in The North American +Review for July as to the wisdom and justice of the practice of +American manufacturers in selling munitions which the Allies are using +to kill their Germanic enemies. Mr. White expresses it as the belief +of the great majority of people in the United States that Germany's +war is without sufficient cause, and that when she invaded Belgium she +"made herself the outlaw of the nations--a country whom no agreements +can bind." Therefore he can see why no limit should ever be put to the +world's expenditure for armaments "while one incorrigible outlaw is at +large." He adds: + + It is the opinion of most Americans that the most + incorrigible and dangerous outlaw and armed maniac now + existing is Germany, and that the first and indispensable + step toward a restriction of armaments and a quiet world is + to throttle and disarm her, and that no price is too great + to pay for such a consummation. Any result of the present + war which falls short of this will be the preliminary to a + new armament and another war on a wider scale than the + present one, since the United States will make preparations + for the next one and most probably take part in it. + +Hence proceeds Mr. White's justification for this neutral nation's +supplying the Allies with arms: + + Germany, by bursting her way through Belgium, was enabled to + seize eighty to ninety per cent. of the coal and iron + resources of France and the greater part of her apparatus + for the production of arms. She holds also the entire + resources of Belgium, both of raw material and finished + product. The foul blow by which she possessed herself of + these indispensable treasures had two consequences which she + did not look for--the active hostility of England and the + moral indignation of all other nations. In helping France to + make good the loss which she sustained through such perfidy + the American people think that they are doing God's service, + and their only regret is that they cannot do more of it. If + they had foreseen the present conditions they would have + enlarged their gun factories and powder mills to meet the + emergency more promptly. + + A German writer in the New York _Times_ of May 30, Mr. Vom + Bruck, says: "If the German nation is wiped out with the + help of American arms and ammunition no man of the white + race in the United States would be able to think of such a + catastrophe without horror and remorse." All of the + contending nations say that they are fighting for existence, + which means that if they do not win in the end they will be + wiped out. With such an alternative staring us in the face + very few tears would be shed by Americans, of any color, if + both the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs, with all their + belongings, should be wiped off the face of the earth. + + +War and Non-Resistance + +The pacifist "mollycoddle," as Theodore Roosevelt dubbed him in his +San Francisco Exposition speech, finds expression in these words of +Bertrand Russell in the August number of the Atlantic Monthly: + + All these three motives for armaments--cowardice, love of + dominion, and lust for blood--are no longer ineradicable in + civilized human nature. All are diminishing under the + influence of modern social organization. All might be + reduced to a degree which would make them almost innocuous, + if early education and current moral standards were directed + to that end. Passive resistance, if it were adopted + deliberately by the will of a whole nation, with the same + measure of courage and discipline which is now displayed in + war, might achieve a far more perfect protection for what is + good in national life than armies and navies can ever + achieve, without demanding the carnage and waste and welter + of brutality involved in modern war. + +But it is hardly to be expected, Mr. Russell reluctantly concludes, +that progress will come in this way, because "the imaginative effort +required is too great." He adds: + + It is much more likely that it will come, like the reign of + law within the state, by the establishment of a central + government of the world, able and willing to secure + obedience by force, because the great majority of men will + recognize that obedience is better than the present + international anarchy. + + A central government of this kind would command assent not + as a partisan, but as the representative of the interests of + the whole. Very soon resistance to it would be seen to be + hopeless and wars would cease. Force directed by a neutral + authority is not open to the same abuse or likely to cause + the same long-drawn conflicts as force exercised by + quarreling nations, each of which is the judge in its own + cause. Although I firmly believe that the adoption of + passive instead of active resistance would be good if a + nation could be convinced of its goodness, yet it is rather + to the ultimate creation of a strong central authority that + I should look for the ending of war. But war will end only + after a great labor has been performed in altering men's + moral ideals, directing them to the good of all mankind, and + not only of the separate nations into which men happen to + have been born. + + +"Good Natured Germany" + +The leading article in the June issue of the Sueddeutsche Monatshefte +(Munich) is by Dr. George Grupp, one of Germany's most able scholars, +and is entitled, "Never Can Germany be Overcome if She be United." Dr. +Grupp finds evidences for this assertion all through history, and +quotes some of the earliest commentators and historians to this +effect: + + As early as 1487 Felix Fabri, a Dominican of Ulm wrote: "Si + Germani essent ubique concordes, totum orbem domarent." (If + the Germans were united they would conquer the whole world.) + + The sentence is an echo of the fiery address which one + Aeneas Silvius, later to become pope, delivered to the + German princes after the fall of Constantinople, and from + which Felix Fabri himself gives a quotation.... + + To Germany alone the Greeks looked for any considerable + help. An evidence of this is the beautiful and often quoted + remark of the Athenian Laonikos Chalkokondylas: "If the + Germans were united and the princes would obey, they would + be unconquerable and the strongest of all mortals." + + We encounter similar statements very frequently, both + earlier and later, from the Roman courtier Dietrich von + Nieheim and from the humanists, from the Alsatian Wimpheling + and Sebastian Brant, from the Swabian Nauclerus and the + Frank Pirckheimer. "What could Germany be," they cry, "if + she would only make use of her own strength, exploit her own + resources for herself! No people on earth could offer her + resistance!" + +Dr. Grupp claims that Germany's lack of unity has resulted only from +her rule of goodwill toward all, within her borders as well as +without. + + It never occurred to the Germans as to other peoples to + disturb the peaceful development of their neighbors. They + allowed mighty powers to build themselves up unmolested and + to rise above Germany's head. In their internal affairs they + observed the same principle of justice; no line, no class, + no province, no grant succeeded in obtaining so oppressive + an ascendancy, that other lines and classes, other provinces + and grants were simply annihilated. The unfortunate + consequence was lack of unity. + + Nowhere were or are there so many cultural centres, so many + different movements, tendencies, parties. This great + multifariousness of the German life was recognized and + admired by others. But this very multifariousness had its + darker side, the fatal, much deplored lack of unity. + +Through the centuries, Dr. Grupp claims, Germany has been altogether +too good-natured, allowing other nations to all but bleed her to +death. + + In her peaceable disharmony Germany has dreamed along + carelessly and good-naturedly for centuries until the abrupt + awakening when she saw a yawning abyss opened up at her + feet. Good-naturedly she has allowed herself to be plundered + and faithfully she has fought other nations' battles. As + early as the 15th century the humanists remarked the fact + that alien states gladly took German soldiers into their + service, and later on it was worse than that. Foreign + countries gladly waged their wars on German territory. Here + was decided for the most part the fate of the Spanish + world-empire, here France and England battled for supremacy. + The Seven Years' War was not only a question of Schleswig; + it was a question of whether North America and even far-away + India should be French or English. + + Now the condition is suddenly reversed; the Germans are + fighting for themselves, and the fact arouses the limitless + rage of their opponents. Let us console ourselves with the + fact that even in the Middle Ages it was said: "Teutonici + nullius amici," in spite of their peaceableness. + + +Italy's Defection + +Dr. Eduard Meyer has contributed an article to the Sueddeutsche +Monatshefte (Munich) on "Ancient Italy and the Rise of the Italian +Nation." Dr. Meyer is professor of history in the University of +Berlin, and is a brother of Dr. Kuno Meyer who recently attracted much +attention in this country by severing his connection with Harvard +University because of a prize "war poem" written by one of the +undergraduates. A postscript reflects Dr. Meyer's present feeling +toward Italy's defection: + + The views which I have presented in this article are the + fruit of long years of study and research; and I feel myself + constrained to state explicitly that they are in no wise + influenced by the events which we have experienced during + the last few weeks. But it may be that a short postscript is + necessary. + + Italy has not won her present national unity by reason of + her own strength; she owes it to the combinations of the + changing world-situation and the victories of foreign + powers, which her statesmen have known how to use to the + best advantage. + +According to Dr. Meyer, Italy's claim to be one of the great powers is +not based on any actual ability to uphold that claim; it merely +happens that her assertion has not been challenged. + + She has claimed for herself the status of a great power on a + par with the other large nations of the world; but she has + not possessed the inner strength of herself to support such + a claim without the help of stronger powers. + + In August, 1914, Italy had the opportunity to decide her + fate. If she could have made the choice then, if she could + have gone into the world-war with all the might that she + possessed and, staking her whole existence, have fought + toward the highest goal, she might have won for herself a + powerful and self-sufficient place in the world. + +On account of his many utterances since the outbreak of the war, +Ludwig Thoma's Maerz (Munich), a weekly founded by him, has attracted +much attention. An article entitled "Italy's Defection," in a recent +issue, is most bitter in tone, accusing Italy of long-standing +intrigue and treachery. + + We know that Italy went still further from the fact that at + the renewal of the alliance in 1912 in Paris she expressly + announced that she would not march against France. It will + be remembered how quick the French army command was to take + stock of relations on the southeastern border, with the + result that in the very first days of mobilization their + troops were called from the Savoy Alps and by the eighth of + August were giving battle on the Alsatian border. + + But Italy still guarded the neutrality which she had + proclaimed and with apparent reasonableness she was able to + hold that the letter of the Triple Alliance did not compel + her to enter the conflict. Laughing in her sleeve she could + even give it out that her sympathetic neutrality would + sufficiently guarantee to her allies certain suspended + contracts of an economic nature. Neutral Italy furnished + Germany to a considerable extent with products of its own + land and others which were not unwelcome. + + That the mobilization of an Italian army on France's borders + might have been able to decide the war as far back as + September, is a consideration which, in the face of this + hypocritical neutrality, one cannot face without driving + one's nails into one's flesh! + +It was through the connivance of England that Italy weakly found +herself forced to enter the war against her former allies. + + Sir Edward Grey found the way to do it. Italy learned that + England was no longer in a situation to hold the Straits of + Gibraltar and the Suez Canal open and was obliged to take + over the control of Italian imports. Even before this + British agents had control of the port of Genoa and there + was no doubt that through most irritating measures on + England's part which skillfully concealed the motive behind + them, a blow would be struck at the very roots of Italy's + existence and famine would set in. Presently the Italian + politicians and the crown were confronted with a dilemma + which left them the choice only between war and + revolution.... + + Not every people has the political government which it + deserves; the Italian people are the victims of a + government, essentially undeserved but traditionally + faithless. + + But Mars is now shaking the dice and behind the curtain of + the future Revolution stands waiting. + + +Apologies for English Words + +An indication of the height to which the "Gott Strafe England" feeling +has climbed in Germany is shown in the following announcement by the +management of Die Woche (Berlin): + + TO OUR READERS! + + Many readers of Die Woche have taken offense at the words + "Copyright by ..." (in English) and demand that this English + formula be rendered hereafter in German. This desire, + springing from patriotic motives, is easily understood, but + unfortunately cannot be carried out for the form "Copyright + by ..." is demanded by the American copyright law in this + form. If we did not print these words in English, which is + the official language of the United States, our copyright in + America would be void and the protection both of ourselves + and our writers would be forfeited. + + +Germanic Peace Terms + +[From the Budapest Correspondent of The London Morning Post.] + +To the Revue de Hongrie, the only French paper in Budapest, Count +Andrassy contributes an article for July entitled "Les garanties d'une +paix durable," and discusses the peace terms the Central Empires are +to put forward in the event of final victory. He objects to the idea +of annexation or anything more than "boundary corrections," and says: + + Our war is a defensive war, which will achieve its aim when + our enemies have been expelled from our territory and their + ring has been broken. This aim could be best served by + making peace with one or other of our enemies and winning + him over to our cause. This would be of immense advantage to + the future of civilization and ensure us against the horrors + of a prolonged war. A separate peace would be the best + chance for certain Powers to change their international + policy. To my mind the issues of this war will greatly + change the attitude of some hostile States toward us, and + will bring about more intimate relations between them and + ourselves, besides widening the foundations of the alliance + between Hungary and her allies. And this is to be the rock + upon which the European balance of power is to rest in the + future. Our war is not a war of conquest, and the boundary + changes of which some people speak are not the _sine qua + non_ of a good peace. Therefore I do not even wish to speak + about certain territorial alterations, which, nevertheless, + might be necessary. + +Regarding the question of England and nationality, Count Andrassy +says: + + Victory no doubt affords us the right to demand the + alteration of the map of Europe, yet, this not being our aim + and not to our interest, we can be satisfied with certain + compensations, as no doubt our enemies would not spare us if + they were victorious. Lloyd George said that the States are + to be shaped in the future according to nationalities, which + means that the Monarchy is to be disrupted. An English + scholar not long ago expressed the same view, and, in fact, + in England this idea is being impressed upon the people. + This policy is sounded in a country which dominates so many + millions of alien nationalities. If England speaks in this + way, though she is not in direct conflict with us, what can + we expect from Russia or Italy? Everyone knows that Russia + wants Galicia, the Bukovina, Maramaros; Serbia wants Bosnia, + Herzegovina, Croatia, Slavonia, and the Banat; Italy they + won to their side by promising her our territory; + Transylvania is promised to the one who cares to take it; + henceforth, if we wish to defend it, we shall have to + prepare for a new attack from another quarter. Yet nothing + would be more alien to our thoughts than that if victorious + we should annex foreign territory, for we would have + seriously to consider if such conquest would be to our + advantage or not. The same policy ought to be applied in + Germany. Though her enemies would not spare her either, she + must be cautious not to go too far in her appetites, and + should seek for monetary compensations. Most of all she has + to be careful not to claim territory, which would mean + everlasting unrest and a new irredentism. It would be a bad + policy even to touch the Balkans, for such interference + would sooner or later bring Russia back to the Balkans, and + the peoples there, menaced in their independence by us, + would turn to Russia. We would thus place nations used to + independence under alien rule, and such an act would neither + be a wise nor a paying policy. + +As regards Italy, Count Andrassy has also a solution which is quite +generous. He says: + + We would not do well if we were influenced by just revenge + and turned our eyes on Italian territory. To force territory + from a country whose people are so patriotic would be a + source of weakness on our part. In the worst case, only + boundary corrections can be thought of, and no conquest. + Italy must recompense us by money and not territory, for not + the Italian people, but its Government, committed a breach + of faith against us. + + +France's Bill of Damages + +The agricultural problem in France is the subject of an article by +Professor Daniel Zolla in La Revue Hebdomadaire (Paris). Professor +Zolla is a leader in the agricultural school at Grignon, and the main +part of his article is a discussion of France's agricultural losses +and how to repair them. He sums the present situation as follows: + + At the end of May the enemy were occupying territory + amounting to about two million hectares. In this zone as in + the regions invaded though immediately evacuated, the + agricultural losses have been admittedly severe: harvests, + livestock, implements, fodder, have been stolen or + destroyed; the buildings, burned or ruined, will have to be + entirely rebuilt. The soil itself, ploughed with trenches, + dug up by shells, infested with weeds, has lost much of its + fertility.... + + In the invaded region which is one of the richest and most + fertile in all France, the farming capital amounts at the + least to five hundred francs per hectare, not counting the + value of the buildings and of the land itself. For a total + of two million hectares, the sum thus represented in the + personal advances of farmers reach or surpass a billion, for + in French Flanders and in Artois this minimum estimate of + five hundred francs is greatly exceeded. + +Concerning future indemnification for these losses, Professor Zolla +writes: + + It is the entire country at which the enemy wished to strike + by ruining a certain number of the people; it is the country + which should repair the ruin and indemnify the losses. Never + will the principle of national solidarity apply with more + justice and reason. The interest of the state can demand, it + is true, that the victim who has become a creditor of the + country shall not exact immediate payment of the sums due + him. This is a question of the time needed to enable the + country to pay and the representatives of the nation must be + the judges of that. + + But admitting the principle, it will suffice if it be known + that the Treasury accepts the liability; it will be + sufficient if certain annuities are promised and managed so + that the parties can procure through the ordinary avenues of + credit, the necessary indemnities. + + This is the method which the National Assembly adopted in + 1873. A sum of one hundred and eleven millions voted as + relief, was represented by twenty-six annuities including + interest at five per cent. and redemption. + +Professor Zolla admits that France is going to encounter a serious +difficulty in the scarcity of labor which is sure to follow the close +of the war. It is not too early, he advises, to begin working on the +solution of this problem so that France will be ready to meet it when +it arises: + + There are in the main, two methods by which the scarcity of + farm labor can be offset: + + 1. By multiplying the machines which replace manual labor, + + 2. By modifying our agricultural methods so that preference + is given to those which demand the least proportion of + manual labor.... + + All the associations which are fortunately so numerous in + our country, all the agricultural societies, all the + co-operative societies which are already formed, should + double their efforts to put at the disposition of their + members those implements which on account of their high + price are not available for the individual farmer. + +Prices will rise after the war, but this, argues Professor Zolla, will +be beneficial rather than otherwise. + + High prices will be offset by large production: this excess + of production will, however, follow on the activity of the + rural producer, and that activity will be maintained and + increased by high prices which always insure large profits. + + In short, the rise in price wall be most favorable to the + agricultural interests just at a time when the difficulties + of obtaining labor will come to swell the necessary expenses + of production. The crisis which might be in store is thus + dissipated and the agricultural situation remains much as it + was before the war--that is to say, very satisfactory. + + The losses undergone will be considerable in the invaded + regions, the obstacles which the farmer must overcome will + be great but not insurmountable, but success will recompense + the valor and the hard labor of our countrymen. And to be + just we must not forget that this will be made possible by + the work of the French women in the fields. + + +A French Rejoinder + +In the Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris), of which he is managing editor, +M. Francis Charmes, of the Academie Francaise, replies to a speech +made by von Bethmann-Hollweg before the Reichstag, in which the German +Chancellor expressed sympathy for the deluded French soldiers, who +had not an inkling of the true course which the war was taking. M. +Charmes ironically remarks: + + We do not publish, he [von Bethmann-Hollweg] claims, any of + the German dispatches, so that opinion is quite + unenlightened as to what is actually happening on the field + of battle. + + One would think, according to M. de Bethmann-Hollweg, that + the German dispatches are a source on which one can rely + with full confidence, and one would imagine, too, since he + had thus reproached us, that the German newspapers published + the French dispatches. + + As a matter of fact, they do not and if it is necessary to + hear both sides to know the truth then the Germans are quite + ignorant of it. They are indeed very far removed from + knowing it, and it is a constant surprise to our officers + and our soldiers to discover when they question their + prisoners, the profound illusions under which they labor. + + +Dr. von Bode's Polemic + +Some time ago Dr. Wilhelm von Bode, the well-known director of the +Berlin Art Museums and Germany's authority in matters of art, issued a +justification of German conduct in Rheims and Louvain, which he +supported by a review of Germany's world-contribution to art. "The +German Science of Art and the War," was the title of the article. +Jacques Mesnil, writing in the Mercure de France, presents a reply to +Dr. von Bode's polemic. + +He brands as infantile the reasoning by which Dr. Bode proves the +German soldier incapable of destroying a work of art. The German +professor stated that civilization, and with it art, could not have +survived were it not for the protection of German militarism. M. +Mesnil replies: + + M. Bode should have been able to separate a little better + two things which have nothing to do with each other: + strategy and the history of art. He should have explained + the conduct of the soldiers by the service which is required + of them; he should have pointed out precisely the point of + view of the archaeologist as incompatible with that of the + warrior and he should have freed of responsibility those + who, loving the picturesque old cities and the pure + creations of artists, could not sympathize with those who + destroy them. + + Far from this, he has invoked the merits of German science + to justify the outrages of the soldiery and in his eyes the + fact that German savants have added to the progress of + archaeology suffices to prove that the German army is + incapable of destroying works of art. + +Examination of Professor von Bode's claim that Germany leads the world +in the "science of art," would seem to M. Mesnil to show that the +German art-scientist is little more than a painstaking classifier, a +mere cataloguer. + + Taken as a whole, the art historians in Germany are a lot of + excellent laborers, energetic and conscientious, who could + render valuable service were they well directed. But it is + precisely their direction which is at fault. Those among + them who play the role of leader do not know how to + distinguish the relative importance of the problems which + come to their consideration; in confused multitude of facts, + they follow a purely exterior and quite military order in + their classifications; in the same way that a man in the + army is a man only and that all the human units are in rigid + divisions, so for the apostles of "the science of art" a + fact is a fact and automatically falls under the head + destined for it. + + +"Carnegie and German Peace" + +An article in La Revue (Paris), "Carnegie and the German Peace," would +seem to indicate that France is not yet looking toward peace. The +article is by Jean Finot himself, the well-known editor and publisher +of La Revue, and it gives the pacifists short shrift indeed. The +American peace propaganda, M. Finot characterizes as "the attempt at +corruption," and he holds Mr. Carnegie responsible: + + Unfortunately Mr. Carnegie endeavors to keep them [his + opinions regarding peace] alive by supporting them with + considerable sums of money for their diffusion abroad. A + movement for "a German peace" has thus sprung up in America + and it is taking on more and more disquieting + proportions.... + + Mr. Carnegie has been accused and not perhaps without + reason, of subsidizing many Germanophile publications and + thus of aiding in the work of corruption which Germany and + her agents are carrying on throughout the whole world. + +The recent peace congress of women at The Hague comes in for some +strong language: + + The international congress of women pacifists seems to be + due to Mr. Carnegie's generosity. This poisoning of public + opinion, carried out systematically by his agents and his + money, has become particularly odious. We do not suspect the + honesty of his intentions, but we deplore his profound lack + of comprehension of the events which have been taking place + before his eyes. + + Among the American women noted for their talent and + character, Miss Jane Addams occupies a prominent place. But + it seems that her sturdy honesty was not sufficient to + resist the temptation of putting herself at the heels of Mr. + Carnegie. We are convinced the charges of other than purely + disinterested motives against Miss Addams are wholly + unjustified. But she has participated in the women's + congress at The Hague under truly regrettable conditions. + +M. Finot's references to Chautauqua and the part it plays in the +preparation of American opinion are veiled but none the less +suggestive: + + The important role which the Chautauqua conferences play in + the United States is well known. These conferences of + teachers which have so profound an influence on American + opinion have been supported by Mr. Carnegie in the interests + of realizing this idea of a precipitate peace, of a German + peace. All manner of adventurers and seekers of easy + fortunes have gathered around this strange deviation of the + pacifist ideal represented by the multi-millionaire and the + men of his stripe. + + +Russia's Supply of Warriors + +In an article headed "Ought the War to Last Long--and Can It Last +Long?" V. Kuzmin-Karavaeff says in the Russian European Messenger for +June: + + It is, of course, impossible to say how long the war will + last. But the case is altered if the question be put in + another form: _Ought_ the war to last long, and _can_ it + last long? The ten months which have elapsed make it + entirely possible to answer it, for, in answering it, there + is no need to guess at the thoughts, wishes, and hopes of + the Germans which are bound up with the war. + + In the eyes of Russia and her Allies the present war has as + its object the crushing and dispersing of "the nest of + militarism," constructed in the centre of Europe by the hand + of Bismarck and the vainglory of Wilhelm II. That was + clearly defined last autumn by our diplomatic department. + That is precisely the way in which it was and is defined by + all classes of the Russian people, not excluding those who + are represented by Kropotkin and Plekhanoff. The present war + became far more for Germany than a war for the integrity of + her territory, for her colonial interests, or for her + commercial supremacy, from the moment when three--now + four--great powers rose at her arrogant challenge. Germany + is everywhere attacking, but, in reality, she is conducting + a desperate war of defence for the organization of her + existence, which, for the space of forty years, has rested + on a nervous anticipation of war with her neighbors. + Germany's offensive is a strategical manoeuvre. As a + matter of fact, she is fighting like a wild animal + surrounded on all sides. And, of course, she will carry on + the war until the last degree of exhaustion is reached. She + has accumulated within her many forces--technical forces. + Mere technical forces cannot stand their ground in the end. + But no little time must still elapse. And the war _must_ + continue for a long time still, if the "nest of militarism" + is to be annihilated. + + But, on the other hand, _can_ it continue a long time? We + Russians have a complete right to say, with conviction: Yes. + Ten months of war have plainly demonstrated that we still + possess a land which is still intact, and personal and + economic forces. + + To the east of the Dnieper and Moscow the war is hardly felt + at all. This is particularly true of the principal + foundations of our life--the peasant country parts numbering + their hundred millions. The villages have sent to the war + millions of young men, and even fathers of families, heads + of households. Many tears have already been shed in the + country, and there are many orphans, many cripples. But the + peasant countryside has not suffered economically. On the + contrary, after ten months of war and closed liquor-shops, + it has reconstructed itself and smartened itself up to a + noteworthy degree. The fields have been sown. From among the + huge mass only those laboring hands have been withdrawn for + the war which would not have remained at home in any case, + but would have been lured away to earn money elsewhere. + + The same thing is observable also in the towns. The masses + in the towns have increased their deposits in the savings + banks tenfold, while consuming more meat than before the + war, and resorting less frequently to the loan banks. + Information made its way out of Germany long ago to the + effect that all the males there, with the exception of + decrepit old men and small children, have been called to the + army. The peculiar "crisis in men" in Berlin has frequently + served as a subject of jest in the humorous press. + + In Russia, every railway station swarms with young, healthy, + powerful porters who offer their services; every large + restaurant has a host of waiters; the wharves on the Volga + and, in conclusion, the mere throngs on the streets bear + witness to the fact that nothing resembling the "crisis in + men" exists with us. Numerous as have been the soldiers who + have gone to the war, the supply of men who are capable of + bearing arms is still colossally great with us. + Consequently, we have the material to fill up losses in the + army. And that being the case, we can go on with the war for + a long time to come--for as long a time as may be necessary + to bring it to a proper ending. + +[Illustration: TAKE JONESCO + +A Former Cabinet Minister, and Leader of Pro-Ally Party in Rumania + +(_Photo from Central News._)] + +[Illustration: DEMETRIOS GOUNARIS + +Leader of the Neutralist Party, who Succeeded Venizelos as Premier of +Greece] + + +Austria and the Balkans + +Germanic influences in the Balkan Peninsula are discussed by A. +Pogodin in the magazine Russian Thought. Mr. Pogodin says: + + Without having in view any acquisitions whatsoever in the + northern part of the Peninsula, Russia is deeply interested + in seeing to it that Germanic influence does not acquire + preponderance there, because that influence, in its turn, + has no aims save territorial acquisition. The Balkan + Peninsula is admitted to be the most influential camp of + Pan-Germanism for the colony desired by the Germanic world, + from which it is but a step to Central Asia. And it was this + plan that Russia was compelled to combat. Unfortunately, she + resisted too feebly, and our diplomacy betrayed an extremely + poor comprehension of Russian problems. Austria's snatching + appetite was fully revealed in the formula of partition of + the Peninsula into two spheres of influence: Austria was to + have Serbia and Bosnia, Russia the Bulgarian provinces of + the Ottoman Empire. We all know how that ended: Serbia was + abandoned by Russia at the Berlin Congress, and had no + choice but to throw herself into the arms of Austria, which + wrought fearful demoralization in the land. Tens of years + were required before little, tormented Serbia--which had + not, nevertheless, lost her freshness of spiritual power + "found herself," that is to say, turned again to Russia, and + did not reject her even during the period of the + persecutions of 1908 which followed. This constituted the + great service rendered to his people by the King of Serbia, + Peter. Serbia has not perished, has not fallen into ruin, + and has shown herself able to endure a war with Turkey, as + she is now bearing the incredible blows of Austria-Hungary. + But Bulgaria, which rejected Russia, has been seized in the + grip of internal disturbances; she stands distracted before + her Slavonic duty, and knows not whither she must go or why. + If, at the last moment, she has sufficient sense to find her + only way of salvation, which is in friendship with Slavdom, + that, again, will be to the credit of Russia. + + That is why, at the present moment, when the last act of the + Balkan tragedy, begun long ago, is being played, we can look + history in the face with calm eyes. Whatever may be formed + after the end of this war, whether a Slavonic Federation, in + which Russia could hardly take much interest, since she + requires, first of all, the concentration of her own forces, + or a series of independent, separate Slavonic kingdoms, we + may say that, in having summoned the Slavs to unity, Russia + has not deceived them, has not led them along a false road + to destruction. + + +Italy's Publications in War-Time + +Absolutely nothing is published in the Italian papers or reviews +concerning military or naval operations until the result of a given +movement is known. Meanwhile, what are Italians reading and what is +the intellectual food given them to sustain the wonderful sentimental +enthusiasm with which they welcomed the war? + +Previous to Italy's declaration of war against Austria-Hungary, on May +24, the press in general dealt with the negotiations between the two +Governments from the point of view of domestic politics, which gave +foreigners the impression that Italy was only waiting to receive her +price to remain neutral until the end of the war. Austrian intrigue +and dilatoriness were alike criticized. Little was said about Germany +in regard to Italy, although her military methods in Belgium and +northern France, her raids on the defenseless coast towns of England, +and her submarine activities in the War Zone were severely condemned. +This censure, however, was entirely academic and objective. The +reviews republished a quantity of English, French, Russian, and even +American articles as to the causes of the war, and the illustrations +which accompanied them could hardly be considered pro-Teutonic. Only +the comic press--and this in spite of its augmenting circulation which +should have indicated to observers the sentiment that was elsewhere +suppressed--gave full vent to popular emotion. + +The moment war was declared there was a complete change. To be sure +the "Green Book" was published in numerous 20-cent editions and sold +by the hundreds of thousands and the closing speeches of Italian and +Austrian diplomats were given in full with comments, yet little time +was wasted with explanations of the failure of the Italo-Austrian +negotiations and the meaning of the Seventh Article of the Triple +Alliance. The daily press, the weekly periodicals, and the monthly +reviews suddenly changed their objective expositions of Germany's +conduct in regard to others and began to expound, explain, and +elucidate, in an intimate subjective manner, how that conduct affected +Italy. + +Austria was almost ignored. The anti-German riots at Milan and other +cities, where thousands of dollars worth of property was +systematically destroyed before the authorities could interfere, +showed the volcano that had been lying dormant beneath the surface. +Articles which must have been prepared months before suddenly appeared +in the press and reviews showing how Germany had come to control the +banks and steamship lines of the Peninsula and how German capital, +under the guise of promoting Italian enterprises, had laid hold of +vast industries whose profits went to fill the pockets of the Germans; +and, worst of all, how the savings of Italian immigrants in America +had gone, through the German-conducted banks, to enrich the same +persons without any contingent benefit to Italians. + +Indeed, it almost seemed as though the press and reviews alike had +been organized as completely as had the army and navy for the +prosecution of the war with the sole object in view of preventing +Germany ever again from using the Peninsula as a territory for +exploitation. The propaganda for _Italia Irredenta_ suddenly sank into +insignificance beside the determination to throw off, once and for +all, the German commercial, industrial, and financial yoke, revealing +the abiding faith of the Italian people that their army would attend +to the former as completely as desirable and without the advice and +criticism of civilians. Faith in their King and their army and in +their ultimate success is not a matter for argument among Italians. + +Meanwhile, the staffs of all publications, from editors to +compositors, have felt the weight of conscription--sacrifices they +enthusiastically make for the common cause. Their pages may be fewer +and some favorite contributors may be heard of no more, but they are +sure that the public will bear with them. On the other hand, a new +periodical has sprung into existence called La Guerra d'Italia nel +1915--The Italian War of 1915--the first number of which has just come +to hand. Its introduction accompanied with several well-made portraits +constructs the basis of Italy's action--how Italy having been tricked +through a fancied fear of France and the apparent unresponsiveness of +England into entering the Triple Alliance in 1882, had been forced to +remain there, possibly protected thereby from actual Austrian +aggression, but ever a prey to German exploitation. Then comes an +analysis of the Italo-Austrian negotiations, conducted directly and +through Prince von Buelow, the Special German Ambassador in Rome, +showing why these negotiations could not possibly have succeeded. Like +the Government itself the new periodical is in no haste to describe +military operations. + +The first review to devote almost its entire space to the war was La +Vita Internazionale of Milan. The opening article is by the well-known +publicist E.T. Moneta. He begins: + + Without boast but with self-esteem secure, Italy has taken + her place in the combat among the nations which for ten + months have been fighting for the liberty of the people and + the cause of civilization. The enthusiasm with which this + announcement has been received in France, Russia, and + England, and especially in martyred Belgium, is enormous. + For they have all understood what decisive effect our army + would produce on the destiny of the Great War. + + The fighters for liberty and civilization who have always + hoped for an ultimate victory, today feel the certainty of + that hope, and that the duration of the war with the loss of + millions of other lives will be shortened. For this reason, + from those governments and people, from their parliaments + and from their press, from workingmen's societies and from + institutions of learning there have come to our country warm + words of admiration and of social unity. All these things + form an added inspiration for us to do our best to hasten + the end of this slaughter of men. + +Signor Moneta goes on to compliment the diplomacy of Premier Salandra +for resigning from office and thus giving the people the opportunity +to show through their demonstrations that they desired war and to +silence once and forever the propaganda of Giolitti who had declaimed +in vain that the people did not want war, as they could secure by +negotiations unredeemed Italy--as though that were all. + +Another article is by D. Giuseppe Antonini and is entitled "The German +Madness." Its subject, full of quotations from Treitschke, Nietzsche, +and Bernhardi, is not new to Americans. For Italians it may come as a +revelation. It demonstrates the formative influences which have found +expression in what is called "Prussian Militarism," as an attitude of +mind which believes in the supremacy of force over all things--over +goodness, virtue, kindness, and all else that make life worth living. +It declares that Prussian Militarism has so possessed all Germans that +not only their moral but their logical point of view has become +distorted, so that they behold nought but virtue in applying science +to bring about Mediaeval results. The conflict, he declares, is +between absolutism which pretends to be sufficient unto itself and +democracy which receives its power from the people, and that the +latter must win unless centuries of the power, by revolutions without +number, for the benefit of the masses are to end in failure. + +Paolo Baccari deals with "The Supreme Duty." He says that the +intervention of Italy was not merely to complete Unification by +uniting all Italians of the Peninsula and the Adriatic littoral under +one flag and government, but to register herself as standing for +justice, law, and humanity against organized barbarity, injustice, +illegality, and inhumanity, which, if victorious, would not rest until +it had conquered the world. He calls the peace propaganda at this time +a "vile lie of conventionality" because its success could only mean +the victory of those forces which all honest nationalities and persons +condemn. + +As to the other serious reviews, such as the Nuova Antologia and the +Rivista d'Italia, their June numbers, aside from expounding Italy's +relations to Germany, have not gone beyond academic discussion of the +causes of the war and the economic phases as revealed by the budgets +of France, England, and Russia, and the sacrifices that Italy must +endure in order to make her a worthy ally of these countries, all +putting forth their greatest efforts in the battle for the world's +salvation. + +There are in Italy a large number of popular, well illustrated, +monthly magazines, which, taking it for granted that their readers +have already been thoroughly instructed as to the diplomatic phases of +the war, have started a campaign of education in regard to the war +itself. There are articles contrasting the armies of the days of +Garibaldi and the great King Victor Emmanuel with those of the +present. There are also articles, historical and descriptive, +sociological and economic, on Trieste, Trent, and other cities of +Unredeemed Italy, and historical monographs showing the bonds that +formerly bound Italy to England and to France which have now been +cemented anew, free from all Teutonic influence. + +Among the magazines of this class are the Secolo XX, the Noi e il +Mondo, and La Lettura; all, whenever the occasion offers, deal +generously and enthusiastically with Italy's allies. + +In all this published matter one thing has been revealed since Italy +entered the war. Previously all the Italian writers placed in the same +category of contempt the alleged attempts that were being made to +influence Italy by the Central Empires as well as by the Entente +Powers and unblushingly declared that if Italy ever entered the war it +would not be for the benefit of one party or the other but for the +benefit of herself alone. Now they frankly confess that the Entente +Powers made no attempt to influence Italy, knowing all the time that +when she was ready she would line up on their side. + + + + +Sweden and the Lusitania + +By SWEDISH ARTISTS AND PROFESSORS + + +Stockholm, May 10, 1915. + +English people know that the Swedish nation is practically unanimous +in supporting the Government in its policy of strict neutrality. Yet a +large section of the people, whether the majority or not we cannot +say, is anything but neutral in their feelings at the methods of +warfare which have been adopted in this terrible war, and have +culminated in the sinking of the Lusitania. + +The misconception that war suspends all laws of humanity must prove +fatal to the future of civilization and disastrous for that human +solidarity that is of such vital interest to the smaller nations +especially. + +(Signed) + +SVANTE ARRHENIUS, Professor. +BARON ADELSWARD. +VICTOR ALMQUIST, Chief Director for State Prisons. +W. LECS, Professor. +KNUT KJELLBERG, Professor. +JULES AKERMAN, Professor. +TORGNY SEGERSTEDT, Professor. +ISRAEL HOLMGREN, Professor. +G. KOBB, Professor. +OTTOR ROSENBERG, Professor. +GUNNAR ANDERSSON, Professor. +GERHARD DE GEER, Professor. +OLOF KINBERG, M.D. +ALFRED PETREN, M.D. +JOHN TJERNELD, barrister. +TOR HEDBERG, author. +HJALMAR SODERBERG, author. +G. STJERNSTEDT, barrister. +IVAN HEDQUIST, actor at Royal Theatre. +IVAN BRATT, M.D. +T. FOGELQUIST, Rector. +MRS. EMILIA BROOME. +MISS SIGNE HEBBA. +CHRISTIAN ERIKSEN, sculptor. +LUDVIG MOBERG, M.D. +KARL NORDSTROM, artist. +NILS KREUGER, artist. +ARNOLD JOSEFSON, M.S. +CARL ELDH, sculptor. +MISS ALMA SUNDQUIST, M.D. + + + + +A Threatened Despotism of Spirit + +By Gertrude Atherton + + The subjoined article, appearing as a letter to THE NEW YORK + TIMES, was provoked by the appearance on hundreds of + billboards in New York of flaring appeals to American women + that they use their influence to prevent the further + exportation of arms and munitions to the enemies of Germany. + + +New York, July 5, 1915. + +_To the Editor of The New York Times:_ + +As I do not belong to any of the suffrage or other woman's +organizations in New York, may I say in your columns that for the +honor of my sex, if for no other reason, I hope the Mayor will consent +to the obliteration of those disingenuous posters addressing "American +citizens," and so cunningly worded and signed as to produce an +impression of representing the women of the United States? If the +people that are spending their thousands so freely had come out +frankly and stated that they were pro-German, and that the success of +their propaganda would mean defeat for the Allies, short of +ammunition, and victory for a nation that has nine-tenths of all the +ammunition in Europe, then at least we should have the sheep separated +from the goats; we could put it down to masculine influence over the +weaker female vessel, which at least was trying to be honest, and let +it go at that. + +But I hold that such a poster, flaring from every billboard, is a +defamation of patriotic American women, and a distinct blow to the +cause of suffrage. It will not only antagonize men, who alone have the +power to grant the franchise in those States still obdurate, but +disgust thousands of women not yet won over to the cause, and far too +intelligent not to know the precise meaning behind those lying and +hypocritical words. For if that poster were really representative of +American women it would mean that American women were traitors to +their country, just as all pro-German American men, whatever their +descent, are traitors, whether they realize it or not. What was the +cause of the roar of indignation that went up all over the United +States on Aug. 1? Anti-Germanism? Not a bit of it. If Russia had made +the declaration of war the roar would have been as immediate and as +loud. It was the spontaneous protest of the spirit of democracy +against an arrogant autocracy that dared to plunge Europe into war and +the world into panic, without the consent of the people; the manifest +of a mediaeval power by an ambitious and unscrupulous group over +millions of industrious, peace-loving men who had nothing to gain and +all to lose. + +It has been pointed out over and over again how diametrically opposed +are the German and American ideals; therefore, it seems incredible +that every American who champions the cause of a powerful and +sublimely egotistic nation does not realize that what he hopes to see +is not only the victory of the German arms in Europe, but the eventual +destruction of democracy, the annihilation of the spirit of America as +epitomized in the Declaration of Independence. I have not the least +apprehension of immediate war with Germany, any more than of physical +defeat at her hands did she, with the rest of Europe prostrate, make a +raid on our shores; but it seems hardly open to question that with +Europe Prussianized, we, the one heterogeneous race, and always ready +to absorb and imbibe from the parent countries, should lose, in the +course of half a century, our tremendous individual hustle, and +gratefully permit a benevolent (and cast iron) despotism (not +unnecessarily of our own make) to do our thinking, perhaps to select +our jobs and apportion our daily tasks. + +For that is what it almost amounts to now in Germany, and it is for +this reason, no less than to escape military service, that so many +millions of Germans have immigrated to this country. Unlike the vast +majority of the bourgeois and lower classes, a kindly but stupid +people, they were born with an alertness of mind and an energy of +character which gave them the impetus to transfer themselves to a land +where life might be harder but where soul and body could attain to a +complete independence. Their present attitude is, however +unconsciously, hypocritical, but it is not altogether as traitorous as +that of the American born, who has not the excuse of that peculiar +form of sentimentality which has fermented in Germans at home and +abroad during this period of their Fatherland's peril. It is this +curious and wholly German brand of sentimentality which is the +cohering force in the various and extraordinarily clever devices by +which modern Germany has been solidified. It is a sentimentality +capable of rising to real exaltation that no other nation is capable +of, and that alone should make the American pro-German pause and +meditate upon a future United States where native individualism was +less and less reluctantly heading for the iron jaws of the +Prussianized American machine; and, furthermore, upon the weird +spectacle of the real gladiatorial contest--German sentimentality +wrestling in a death grapple with American downright unpicturesque +common sense. + +During the seven years that I lived in Munich I learned to like +Germany better than any state in Europe. I liked and admired the +German people; I never suffered from an act of rudeness, and I never +was cheated out of a penny. I was not even taxed until the year before +I left, because I made no money out of the country and turned in a +considerable amount in the course of a year. When my maid went to the +Rathaus to pay my taxes, (moderate enough,) the official apologized, +saying that he had disliked to send me a bill, but the increased cost +of the army compelled the country to raise money in every way +possible. This was in 1908. The only disagreeable German I met during +all those years was my landlord, and as we always dodged each other in +the house or turned an abrupt corner to avoid encounter on the street, +we steered clear of friction. And he was the only landlord I had. + +I left Munich with the greatest regret, and up to the moment of the +declaration of war I continued to like Germany better than any country +in the world except my own. + +The reason I left was significant. I spent, as a rule, seven or eight +months in Munich, then a similar period in the United States, unless I +traveled. I always returned to my apartment with such joy that if I +arrived at night I did not go to bed lest I forget in sleep how +overjoyed I was to get back to that stately and picturesque city, so +prodigal with every form of artistic and aesthetic gratification. But +that was just the trouble. For as long a time after my return as it +took to write the book I had in mind I worked with the stored American +energy I had within me; then for months and in spite of good +resolutions and some self-anathema I did nothing. What was the use? +The beautiful German city so full of artistic delight was made to live +in, not to work in. The entire absence of poverty in that city of half +a million inhabitants alone gave it an air of illusion, gave one the +sense of being the guest of a hospitable monarch who only asked to +provide a banquet for all that could appreciate. I look back upon +Munich as the romance of my life, the only place on this globe that +came near to satisfying every want of my nature. And that is the +reason why, in a sort of panic, I abruptly pulled up stakes and left +it for good and all. It is not in the true American idea to be too +content; it means running to seed, a weakening of the will and the +vital force. If I remained too long in that lovely land--so admirably +governed that I could not have lost myself, or my cat, had I possessed +one--I should in no long course yield utterly to a certain resentfully +admitted tendency to dream and drift and live for pure beauty; +finally desert my own country with the comfortable reflection: Why all +this bustle, this desire to excel, to keep in the front rank, to find +pleasure in individual work, when so many artistic achievements are +ready-made for all to enjoy without effort? For--here is the point--an +American, the American of today--accustomed to high speed, constant +energy, nervous tenseness, the uncertainty, and the fight, cannot +cultivate the leisurely German method, the almost scientific and +impersonal spirit that informs every profession and branch of art. It +is our own way or none for us Americans. + +Therefore, if loving Germany as I did, and with only the most +enchanting memories of her, I had not immediately permitted the +American spirit to assert itself last August and taken a hostile and +definite stand against the German idea (which includes, by the way, +the permanent subjection of woman) I should have been a traitor, for I +knew out of the menace I had felt to my own future, as bound up with +an assured development under insidious influences, what the future of +my country, which stands for the only true progress in the world +today, and a far higher ideal of mortal happiness than the most +benevolent paternalism can bestow, had in store for it, with Germany +victorious, and America (always profoundly moved by success owing to +her very practicality) disturbed, but compelled to admire. + +The Germans living here, destitute as their race seems to be of +psychology when it comes to judging other races, must know all this; +so I say that they are traitors if they have taken the oath of +allegiance to the United States. If they have not, and dream of +returning one day to the fatherland, then I have nothing to say, for +there is no better motto for any man than: "My country, right or +wrong." + + + + +"Gott Mit Uns" + +By C. HUNTINGTON JACOBS + +[Harvard Prize Poem] + + Professor Kuno Meyer, of the University of Berlin, resigned + his incumbency as Visiting Professor at Harvard University + during the next season because of this poem, which was + printed in _The Harvard Advocate_ of April 9th, last, and + won the prize in a competition for poems on the war + conducted by that publication. This announcement of it + appeared editorially: "Dean Briggs and Professor Bliss + Perry, the judges of the _Advocate_ war poem prize + competition, have awarded the prize to C. Huntington Jacobs, + 1916." + + + No doubt _ye_ are the people: Wisdom's flame + Springs from _your_ cannon--yea from yours alone. + God needs _your_ dripping lance to prop His throne; + _Your_ gleeful torch His glory to proclaim. + No doubt _ye_ are the people: far from shame + Your Captains who deface the sculptured stone + Which by the labor and the blood and bone + Of pious millions calls upon His name. + + No doubt _ye_ are the folk; and 'tis to prove + Your wardenship of Virtue and of Lore + Ye sacrifice the Truth in reeking gore + Upon your altar to the Prince of Love. + Yet still cry we who still in darkness plod: + "'Tis Antichrist ye serve and not our God!" + + + + +On the Psychology of Neutrals + +By Friedrich Curtius + + Friedrich Curtius, of Strassburg, had attained such + distinction at the beginning of the century that Prince + Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingfuerst, who succeeded Count + Caprivi as Chancellor of the German Empire, on his + retirement in 1900, asked Curtius to co-operate with him in + the preparation of the _Memoirs_ (New York, The Macmillan + Co., 1906) which have since become famous. But the joint + work was brought to a sudden end by Prince Hohenlohe's + death, and Friedrich Curtius devoted himself, for the next + six or seven years, to the completion of the unfinished + task. When the _Memoirs_ were finally published, first in + America and then in Germany, they were so outspoken as to + bring down on Prince Alexander Hohenlohe and Friedrich + Curtius the disfavour of the Kaiser. This article by Curtius + appeared originally in the Deutsche Revue, May, 1915. + + +"_All the world must hate or love; no choice remains. The Devil is +neutral._" + +So sang Clemens Brentano in the year 1813. Today, we once more realize +that the attempt to remain neutral through a conflict which is +deciding the history of the world not only brings great spiritual +difficulties, but is even felt to be a downright moral impossibility, +just as the poet saw it a hundred years ago. Legal neutrality is, of +course, a simple thing. Every state can itself practice it, and impose +it as a duty on its citizens. One may even think that modern states +should go further in this direction than they do. The indifference of +the Government toward the business transactions of its citizens with +foreign states is a political anomaly, comprehensible in an age when +foreign policy in war and peace was viewed as something that concerned +the ruler only, but contradictory in a democratic age, when wars are +peoples' wars. Today, in all civilized states, the Government is +morally answerable for those activities of its subjects which have +international results. The American policy which permits the supply of +weapons to England but allows England to prevent the export of grain +to Germany, is a bad neutrality, morally untenable, a mere passivity, +which lacks the will to do right. Such a standpoint might exist in a +despotically governed state, but in a democratic Republic it is +incomprehensible. For, from a genuinely democratic point of view, it +does not signify whether the government or the citizens intervene to +help or to hinder in an armed conflict. If we venture to speak at the +right time of the development of international law, this, before all, +must be demanded: that neutral states shall forbid the export of +weapons, and that belligerents shall not hinder the import of +foodstuffs for civilian populations. + +Meanwhile the insecurity of the international attitude of neutrals is +only a symptom of the difficulties to which neutrality of view is +subject. These begin with the outbreak of the war. Each belligerent +government believes itself to be in the right, and publishes a +collection of documents which seem to it fitted to prove this right. +This literature appearing in all the colours of the spectrum is really +aimed at neutrals. For the belligerent nations themselves have +weightier matters in hand than to sit in judgment upon their own +governments. But the neutrals find themselves to decide which side is +right. Yet this whole idea of a "just war" (coming to us from the +moral philosophy of the Schoolmen) which shall expiate an injustice, +as the judge punishes crimes, is antiquated. When, in the middle ages, +the citizens of a town were maltreated or robbed by the authorities or +citizens of another town, and the guilty party refused satisfaction, +then the consequent feud might be viewed as a modified criminal case, +and the right of the wronged town to help itself must be recognized. +In exactly the same way, differences over questions of inheritance +between independent states could only be decided by force, where, as +in a civil suit, each party was convinced of its own justice. But the +great wars of our time arise from causes which are different from +their immediate occasions, from opposed interests which can only be +decided by discovering which side has the power to enforce its will. +If one wishes to ascribe the blame for a war to one of the parties, +one need only ask which of them pursued an aim which could not be +reached through a peaceful understanding. In the present war, we +Germans have clear consciences, for we know, concerning ourselves and +our government, that we strove for nothing but the maintenance of our +position as a world-power, bought with heavy sacrifices, and the free, +peaceful expansion of our sphere of action in the world. On the other +hand, Russia desired to get to Constantinople ahead of Berlin and +Vienna, France desired to win back Metz and Strassburg, England +desired to destroy our sea-power and commerce--goals which could only +be reached over prostrate Germany. On this understanding, it would not +be difficult for neutrals to arrive at a clear and just judgment. But +as the belligerents themselves did not announce their purposes, but +much rather took pains to turn public attention from the causes to the +occasion of the conflict, the judgment of neutrals is affected by +this, and if they are really impartial in their view, they suffer +morally under the burden of an insoluble problem. But if outspoken +sympathy draws them toward one of the belligerent powers, then their +judgment is as little objective as that of the belligerents +themselves. Their pretended neutrality gives to their expressions a +loathsome Pharisaical aspect, because they come to a decision +according to their opinions as if they stood on a height above the +contestants and, from this lofty standpoint, were holding an +anticipated Last Judgment on kings and statesmen. + +The same phenomena show themselves with regard to judgments concerning +methods of warfare. It goes without saying that each belligerent party +reports all the atrocities which are committed by its opponents and is +silent as to its own shortcomings. Once more, neutrals feel compelled +to form a judgment, and therefore, if they are conscientious, read the +reports of both sides, and, as a result, find themselves in a +desperate situation, because it is impossible, from the assertions and +counter-assertions of the belligerents, to ascertain the actual facts +of the case. In practice, mere chance decides which set of reports one +comes across. And the exact proof of details is impossible to the most +zealous newspaper-reader. Therefore one's judgment remains +vacillating, and one is likely to come to this conclusion: to believe +nothing at all. Naturally, the case is different here also, if one is +previously in sympathy with one party. Then one believes the reports +coming from that side, and leaves out of consideration those that +stand against them. In this case, again, neutrals become as one-sided +as belligerents, without having the indubitable right to be one-sided +which the belligerents have. + +And finally, in the decisive question, neutrality is excluded. +Whatever judgments one may form as to the cause of the war, and as to +methods of waging it, the final outcome is always the decisive factor. +Only a completely demoralized and stupid man can boast, in cynical +indifference, that the result of the war leaves him cold. Where +spiritual life functions, wishes and prayers, hopes and fears, are +passionately involved in the course of the mighty conflict. For it is +not a question whether this or that nation shall experience more +pleasure or pain, but the form of all Europe and of the world, for +long periods to come, will be fixed by the decision of this war. That +cannot be a matter of indifference for any thinking human being. An +equilibrium of view, a real neutrality is as little possible here as +it would have been in the Persian or Punic wars, or, a hundred years +ago, in the revolt of Europe, against the domination of Napoleon. He +who, invoking the neutrality of his state, does not takes sides in +this decisive question, debases himself and his people with him. For +to stand indifferent, taking no part in the mightiest events of +history, is a degradation of humanity. + +The neutrals in this world-war are, therefore, to be pitied rather +than esteemed happy. Either they are only legally uncommitted, but +have, in feeling and thought, taken the side of one of the belligerent +parties: in which case it must weigh heavily on their hearts not to be +able to come out openly for that side and to aid it with all their +power; or they hold to neutrality as a positive political ideal: then +the ethical solution of the dark questions of the right and wrong of +the war, and the methods of warfare become a torturing and hopeless +problem, and, in considering the future, the weakness and +impracticability of what one has accepted as a legal precept becomes +evident. + +If the world-war should last much longer, then neutrality, as such, +will probably go bankrupt. The economic injuries of the war weigh on +neutrals as heavily as on belligerents. But they are far harder to +bear when one has nothing to hope from the outcome of the war, when +one must make continued sacrifices in sheer passivity, without knowing +why. One would finally fall into despair, and accept anything that +would bring this intolerable condition to an end. We hope that this +extremity will not be reached, but rather that the decision of the war +will come early enough to permit neutrals to preserve their attitude. +That this should happen, is the common interest of mankind. For, in +the collective life of civilized nations, neutrals have their own +mission. Just because they share only the sufferings of the war, but +do not partake of its inspiring and exalting forces, they are, of +necessity, opponents of war, the providential mediators of the idea of +peace, of international understanding, of the development and +strengthening of international law. They can, during and after the +conclusion of peace--if they unite and go forward with clearly formed +ideals--have a notable effect. It will, in part, depend on their +wisdom and firmness, whether it will be possible, within a conceivable +time, to heal the deep wounds of humanity and international comity. + + + + +Chlorine Warfare + + +_A Reuter dispatch, dated Amsterdam, June 26, 1915, reports that the +"Koelnische Zeitung," in a semi-official defence of the German +employment of gases, says:_ + +"The basic idea of the Hague agreements was to prevent unnecessary +cruelty and unnecessary killing when milder methods of putting the +enemy out of action suffice and are possible. From this standpoint the +letting loose of smoke-clouds which, in a gentle wind, move quite +slowly towards the enemy is not only permissible by international law, +but is an extraordinarily mild method of war. It has always been +permissible to compel the enemy to evacuate positions by artificially +caused flooding. + +"Those who were not indignant, or even surprised, when our enemies in +Flanders summoned water as a weapon against us, have no cause to be +indignant when we make air our ally and employ it to carry stupefying +(_betaeubende_) gases against the enemy. What the Hague Convention +desired to prevent was the destruction without chance of escape of +human lives _en masse_, which would have been the case if shells with +poisonous gas were rained down on a defenceless enemy who did not see +them coming and was exposed to them irremediably. The changing forms +of warfare make new methods of war continually necessary." + + + + +Rheims Cathedral + +By Pierre Loti + + This article by Pierre Loti (Captain Viaud) originally + appeared in L'Illustration as the last of a series of three + entitled "Visions of the Battle Front," and is translated + for THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY by Charles Johnston. + + +To see it, our legendary and marvellous French basilica, to bid it +farewell, before its fall and irremediable crumbling to dust, I had +made my military auto make a detour of two hours on my return from +completing a service mission. + +The October morning was foggy and cold. The hillsides of Champagne +were on that day deserted; with their vines with leaves of blackened +brown, damp with rain, they seemed all clad in a sort of shining +leather. We had also passed through a forest, keeping our eyes alert, +our weapons ready, for the possibility of marauding Uhlans. And at +last we had perceived the immense form of a church, far off in the +mist, rising in all its great height above the plots of reddish +squares, which must be the roofs of houses; evidently that was it. + +The entrance to Rheims: defences of every kind, barriers of stone, +trenches, spiked fences, sentinels with crossed bayonets. To pass, the +uniform and accoutrements of a soldier are not enough. We must answer +questions, give the pass-words.... + +In the great city, which I had not visited before, I ask the way to +the cathedral, for it is no longer visible; its silhouette which, seen +from a distance, so completely dominates everything, as a giant's +castle might dominate the dwellings of dwarfs, its high gray +silhouette seems to have bent down to hide itself. "The cathedral," +the people reply, "at first straight on; then you must turn to the +left, then to the right, and so on." And my auto plunges into the +crowded streets. Many soldiers, regiments on the march, files of +ambulance wagons; but also many chance passers-by, no more concerned +than if nothing was happening; even many well-dressed women with +prayer-books in their hands, for it is Sunday. + +Where two streets cross, there is a crowd before a house, the walls of +which have been freshly scratched; a shell fell there, just now, +without any useful result, as without any excuse. A mere brutal jest, +to say: "You know, we are here!" A mere game, a question of killing a +few people, choosing Sunday morning because there are more people in +the streets. But, in truth, one would say that this city has +completely made up its mind to being under the savage field-glasses +ambushed on the neighboring hillsides; these passers-by stop a minute +to look at the wall, the marks of the bits of iron, and then quietly +continue their Sunday walk. This time it was some women, they tell us, +and little girls that this neat jest laid low in pools of blood; they +tell us that; and they think no more of it, as if it were a very small +thing in days like these.... Now the district becomes deserted; closed +houses, a silence, as of mourning. And at the end of a street, the +great gray doors appear, the high pointed arches marvellously +chiseled, the high towers. Not a sound, and not a living soul on the +square where the phantom basilica still sits enthroned, and an icy +wind blows there, under an opaque sky. + +It still keeps its place as by a miracle, the basilica of Rheims, but +so riddled and torn that one divines that it is ready to founder at +the slightest shock; it gives the impression of a great mummy, still +upright and majestic, but which a mere nothing will turn to ashes. The +ground is strewn with precious relics of it. It has been hurriedly +surrounded with a solid barrier of white boards, within which its +holy dust has formed heaps: fragments of rose-windows, broken piles of +stained glass, heads of angels, the joined hands of saints. From the +top of the tower to the base, the charred stone has taken on a strange +color of cooked flesh, and the holy personages, still upright in rows +on the cornices, have been peeled, as it were, by the fire; they no +longer have faces or fingers, and, with their human forms, which still +persist, they look like the dead drawn up in files, their contours +vaguely indicated under a sort of reddish grave-clothes. + +We make the circuit of the square without meeting anyone, and the +barrier which isolates the fragile and still admirable phantom is +everywhere solidly closed. As for the old palace adjoining the +basilica, the episcopal palace where the kings of France came to rest +on the day of their consecration, it is no longer anything more than a +ruin, without windows or roof, everywhere licked and blackened by the +flame. + +What a peerless jewel it was, this cathedral, still more beautiful +than Notre Dame in Paris. More open and lighter, more slender also, +with its columns like long reeds, wonderful to be so fragile, and yet +to hold firm; a wonder of our French religious art, a masterpiece +which the faith of our ancestors had caused to blossom there in its +mystic purity, before they came to us from Italy, to materialize and +spoil everything, the sensual heaviness of what we have agreed to call +the Renaissance.... + +Oh! the coarse and cowardly and imbecile brutality of those bundles of +iron, launched in full flight against the lace-work, so delicate, that +had risen confidently in the air for centuries, and which so many +battles, invasions, scourges have never dared to touch!... + +That great closed house, there, on the square, must be the +Archbishop's residence. I try ringing the bell at the entrance to ask +the favor of admission to the cathedral. "His Eminence," I am told, +"is at mass, but will soon return." If I am willing to wait.... And, +while I wait, the priest who receives me relates to me the burning of +the episcopal palace: "Beforehand, they had sprinkled the roofs with I +know not what diabolical substance; when they then threw their +incendiary bombs, the timbers burned like straw, and you saw +everywhere jets of green flame, which spread with the noise of +fireworks." + +In fact, the barbarians had premeditated this sacrilege, and prepared +it long ago; in spite of their foolishly absurd pretexts, in spite of +their shameless denials, what they wished to destroy here was the very +heart of old France; some superstitious fancy drove them to it, as +much as their instinct of savages, and this is the task they plunged +into desperately, when nothing else in the city, or almost nothing, +suffered. + +"Could not an effort be made," I said, "to replace the burned roof of +the cathedral?--to cover the vaulted roofs again as quickly as +possible? For without this they cannot resist the coming winter." + +"Evidently," he said, "at the first snows, at the first rains, there +is a risk that everything will fall, the more so, as those charred +stones have lost their power of resistance. But we cannot even try +that, to preserve them a little, for the Germans never take their eyes +off us; at the end of their field-glasses, it is the cathedral, always +the cathedral; and as soon as a man ventures to appear on a turret, in +a tower, the rain of shells immediately begins again. No, there is +nothing to be done. It is in the hands of God." + +Returning, the prelate graciously gives me a guide, who has the keys +of the barrier, and at last I penetrate into the ruins of the +cathedral, into the denuded nave, which thus appears still higher and +more immense. It is cold there; it is sad enough to make one weep. +This unexpected cold, this cold much keener than outside, is, perhaps, +what from the first takes hold of you, disconcerts you; instead of the +slightly heavy odor which generally fills ancient churches--the vapor +of so much incense that has been burned there, the emanations of so +many coffins that have been blessed there, of so many generations of +men that have crowded there, for agony and prayer--instead of this, a +damp and icy wind, which enters rustling through all the crevices of +the walls, through the breaches in the stained glass windows and the +holes in the vaulted ceilings. Those vaulted roofs, up there, here and +there smashed by grapeshot--one's eyes are immediately lifted up by +instinct to look at them, one's eyes are, as it were, drawn to them by +the up-springing of all these columns, as slender as reeds, which rise +in sheaves to sustain them; they have retreating curves of exquisite +grace, which seem to have been imagined, so as not to allow the +glances sent heavenward to fall back again. One never grows weary of +bending one's head back in order to see them, to see the sacred roofs +which are about to fall into nothingness; and they are up there also, +far up, the long series of almost aerial pointed arches, on which they +are supported, pointed arches indefinitely alike from one end of the +nave to the other, and which, in spite of their complicated carvings, +are restful to follow in their retreating perspective, so harmonious +are they. + +And it is better to go forward beneath them with raised head, not too +carefully looking where one walks, for this pavement, rather sadly +sonorous, has recently been soiled and blackened by the charring of +human flesh. It is known that, on the day of the fire, the cathedral +was full of German wounded, stretched on straw beds which caught fire, +and it became a scene of horror worthy of a dream of Dante; all these +creatures, whose raw wounds were baked in the flames, dragging +themselves, screaming, on their red stumps, to try to reach the narrow +doors. One knows also the heroism of the ambulance bearers, priests +and nuns, risking their lives in the midst of the bombs, to try to +save these hapless brutes, whom their own brother Germans had not even +thought of sparing; however, they did not succeed in saving them all; +some remained, and were burned to death in the nave, leaving foul +clots on the sacred flagstones, where of old processions of kings and +queens slowly dragged their ermine mantles, to the music of the great +organ and the Gregorian chants.... + +"Look!" says my guide to me, showing me a large hole in one of the +aisles, "that is the work of a shell which they fired at us yesterday +evening; then come and see a miracle." And he leads me into the choir, +where the statue of Jeanne d'Arc, preserved, one would say, by some +special grace, is still there, intact, with eyes of gentle ecstasy. + +The most irreparable loss is that of the great stained glass windows, +which the mysterious artists of the thirteenth century so religiously +composed, in meditation and dream, gathering the saints by hundreds, +with their translucent draperies, their luminous halos. There also +German scrap-iron rushed in great stupid bundles, crushing everything. +The masterpieces, which no one will ever reproduce, have scattered +their fragments on the flagstones, forever impossible to separate, the +golds, the reds, the blues, whose secret is lost. Ended, the rainbow +transparencies, ended, the graceful, naive attitudes of all these holy +people, with their pale little ecstatic faces; the thousands of +precious fragments of these stained glass windows which, in the course +of centuries, had little by little become iris-tinted like opals, are +lying on the ground--where they still shine like jewels.... + +A whole splendid cycle of our history, which seemed to go on living in +this sanctuary, with a life almost terrestrial, though immaterial, has +just been plunged suddenly into the abyss of things that are ended, +whose very memory will soon perish. The Great Barbarity has passed by, +the modern barbarism from beyond the Rhine, a thousand times worse +than the ancient, because it is stupidly and outrageously +self-satisfied, and, in consequence, fundamental, incurable, +final--destined, if it be not crushed, to throw a sinister night of +eclipse over the world.... + +Verily, this Jeanne d'Arc in the choir has very strangely remained, +untouched, immaculate, in the midst of the disorder, with not even the +slightest scratch on her dress.... + + + + +The English Falsehood + +By Sven Hedin + + Early in the war Sven Hedin, the Swedish explorer and + writer, visited the German front to see the world-war at + first hand. "A People in Arms," published in Leipzig and + dedicated to the German soldiers, is the result. A preface + proclaims the author's neutrality as a Swede and announces + that he "swears before God that I have written not a line + which is not the truth and have depicted nothing which I + have not witnessed with my own eyes." This article is one of + his concluding sketches. + + +I should like to have seen how the troops of India stood the raw +autumn in Artois and Flanders. But the Indian prisoners at Lille were +transferred to the East in order to make room for fresh contingents. +I, myself, have experienced the difficulty of transplanting Indians to +a colder climate. On my last journey to Tibet I had two Kadschputs +from Cashmere with me. When we got into the mountains they nearly +froze to death, and my caravan leader, Muhamed Isa, declared they +would be about as useful as puppies. I had to send them back. The same +thing happened to me with my Indian cook; outside India he was +absolutely useless. In Tibet they live on meat, in India on +vegetables. How could he stand so sudden a change of both climate and +diet! + +Now the press has been claiming that the English have ordered a full +contingent from India to Europe. I found it hard to believe but at the +front I learned that it was true. "How do you treat the Indian +soldiers?" I once asked a couple of officers. "We just arrest them," +answered one, and the other added: "We don't need to do even that; +they will soon die in the trenches." + +When I admit that I myself made a stupid blunder in thinking that +Indians could do service in Tibet, I am justified in claiming that +Lord Charles Beresford made ten times as stupid a blunder when he +expressed the hope of seeing "Indian lances roaming the streets of +Berlin and the little brown Gurkas making themselves comfortable in +the park of Sans Souci." + +But the import of Indian troops is more than a stupid blunder--it is a +crime! + +For almost a century and a half Great Britain has performed the +shining mission of acting as India's guardian; no other people +probably could successfully carry through so gigantic a task. Indian +troops have fought with honor against their neighbors, and, moreover +have assisted in maintaining order among the 300 millions of their +people. + +But never has it occurred to an English government as now to the +Liberal government, to oppose black infidels to Christian Europeans! +That is a crime against culture, against civilization and against +Christianity. And if the English missionaries approve it, then are +they hypocrites and false bearers of the Gospel. + +India's English rulers despise--and rightfully--all marital relations +between whites and Hindoos; the children of such marriages are +regarded as mules, and are often called such; they are neither horse +nor ass, they are half caste. In Calcutta they have their own quarter +and are allowed to live in no other part of the city. But--when it +comes to the question of overthrowing the "German barbarians," then an +alliance with the bronze-skinned people is good enough for England! + +Is it one of the twentieth century's worthy advances in culture and +civilization that the unsuspecting Indian is brought hundreds of miles +over land and sea that he may on the battlefields of Europe drive to +destruction the first soldiers of the world, the German army? Even +though some may answer this question in the affirmative, I hold +unshaken to my assertion that such a course of action is the very +height of frightfulness! Not frightful to the German soldiers, for I +know what sort of feeling the Indian fighters have for them--respect +and sympathy! + +And we aren't much nearer that "roaming about in the streets of +Berlin," and the lindens of Sans Souci are not yet waving above the +warriors from the slopes of the Himalayas. + +What must these Indian troops think of their white masters? That the +future will show. Whoever has seen something of the land of a thousand +legends, who has ridden over the crests of the Himalayas, who has +dreamed in the moonlight before the Taj Mahal, who has seen the holy +Ganges slip gray and soft past the wharves of Benares, who has been +entranced by the train of elephants under the mango trees of +Dekkan--in short, whoever has loved India and admired the order and +security which prevails there under the English rule, he will need no +very powerful imagination to understand with what thoughts the Indian +soldiers will go back, and with what feelings their families and their +fellow countrymen in the little narrow huts on the slopes of the +Himalayas will listen to their accounts. Only with a shudder can we +think of this, for it must be said that here a crime against +civilization and Christianity has been done in the name of +civilization. + +The question cannot be suppressed: Will the Indian contingent really +be used? Will not the white millions of Great Britain, Canada and +Australia suffice, to say nothing of the French, Belgians, Russians, +Serbians, Montenegrins and Japanese? Apparently not. In _The Times_ of +September 5th appears in large letters: The need for more men. Already +they are in need of more people to overthrow the Kultur of the "German +barbarians"! The English people must be educated by a special method +in order to understand both the cause and the aim of this war. +Otherwise the Englishman will stay at home and play, football and +cricket. + +And what is this education of the people? In regard to this the +English press informs us daily. It is a systematic lie! The fatal +reality, that England is slowly sliding to catastrophe, must be hidden +by a strict censorship. The English people has no suspicion of +Hindenburg's victories. The development of the German operations in +Poland is translated into a victorious move of the Russians on Berlin! +The most shameful slander concerning the Kaiser is spread abroad! The +Germans are barbarians who must be annihilated, and the civilized +peoples of Servia, Senegambia and Portugal must take part in this +praiseworthy undertaking! + +England carries on this war with a perversion of the truth, and truth +is as rare in the English press as lies in the German. + +But do the people really believe what they read in the English +newspapers? Yes, blindly! I have been convinced of this by letters +received from England. An appeal signed by many scholars--among them +several Nobel prize winners--and sent to me, closes with the words: + + We regret deeply that under the unwholesome influence of a + military system and its unrestrained dreams of domination, + the country which we have once honored now has become + Europe's common enemy and the enemy of all people who + respect the rights of nations. We must carry to an end this + war which we have entered. For us as for the Belgians it is + a war of defense, which will be fought through for peace and + freedom. + +The old story of the splinter and the beam! Is England's rule of the +sea no military system then? Can there be conceived a more +far-reaching militarism than that which stretches out its conquests +over five continents? Which even clutches at the straw which +republican Portugal holds out and announces "the need for more men" in +the newspapers? + +What was the Boer War then? An expression perhaps of this same humane +solicitude for the small states which now causes England to break the +lance for Belgium's independence? + +It would be useless at this late day to attempt to determine what +would have been the course of the great war had England stayed out of +it. But this much is certain, that Belgium's loss of independence +would have lasted only until the conclusion of peace. The war would +then not have grown as now to be a world-war--to be the greatest and +most tragic catastrophe which the human race has ever suffered. No +nation has ever incurred a greater, a more comprehensive +responsibility than England! And one can only regret most deeply that +these men will have to bear now and in the world to come the full and +oppressive burden of that responsibility. + + + + +Calais or Suez? + +Which Should be Germany's Objective? + + +_By special cable to_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _from London on July 1, 1915, +came the following information:_ + +Count von Reventlow, in last Sunday's Deutsche Tageszeitung, explains +the importance and meaning of Calais as a German objective in the west +and as a key to the destruction of the British Empire. Dr. Ernst +Jaeckh, in an article called "Calais or Suez," maintained that if an +English statesman had to make a choice he would undoubtedly give up +Calais and cling to Suez rather than give up Suez and control Calais. +Reventlow maintains there is no reality about this alternative. + +About the importance of Suez, Jaeckh and Reventlow are agreed. +Reventlow for his part declares England's main interest in the +Dardanelles operations is the desire to protect Egypt and that this is +the explanation of all her efforts to range the Balkan countries +against Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey. As translated in THE +TIMES he proceeds: + +"These efforts are not yet at an end, and they will be continued with +a desperate expenditure of strength and all possible means. It was +believed that the Russian armies and influence exercised upon the +Balkan peoples would make Egypt safe. These hopes are now tottering or +vanishing. All the greater must be the energy of our triple alliance +in order completely to clear the way and then at the proper moment to +take it with firm determination to see the thing through. Here also we +see the correctness of our old argument, that for Germany and her +allies success lies in a long war and that time works for them if they +employ the time in working. Our forces are increasing with time and, +as has been said, Germany has the assured possibility of gaining time. +To strike our chief enemy at a vital point is worth the greatest +efforts and sacrifice of time, quite apart from the fact that we owe +it to the Turkish Empire to assist with all our strength in restoring +Egypt, which was stolen by England." + +Reventlow then says that a comparison of "the Calais idea" with Suez +is as idle as the comparison of a chair with a table. He says Jaeckh +is mistaken in supposing Calais does not concern more than the south +coast of England or that it merely threatens one of many ways to and +from England. Reventlow says: + +"This by no means completes the Calais idea. From a military or +political or economic point of view one should look at the matter with +the eyes of Great Britain and define the Calais idea as a possibility +for a seafaring continental power to conduct a war against Great +Britain from the continental coast channel and with all military +resources while holding open communication between the Atlantic Ocean +and the North Sea." + +[Illustration: GENERAL LOUIS BOTHA + +The Boer Commander Who Added German Southwest Africa to the British +Crown + +(_Photo from Medem Photo Service._)] + +[Illustration: DR. ANTON MEYER-GERHARD + +Sent by Count Bernstorff to inform the Kaiser upon the state of +American Opinion + +(_Photo from American Press Association._)] + + + + +Note on the Principle of Nationality + +By John Galsworthy + + This article, dealing with the consequences of the war, + originally appeared in La Revue of Paris, and is here + reproduced by permission of Mr. Galsworthy. + + +In these times one dread lies heavy on heart and brain--the thought +that after all the unimaginable suffering, waste, and sacrifice of +this war, nothing may come of it, no real relief, no permanent benefit +to Europe, no improvement to the future of mankind. + +The pronouncements of publicists--"This must never happen again," +"Conditions for abiding peace must be secured," "The United States of +Europe must be founded," "Militarism must cease"--all such are the +natural outcome of this dread. They are proclamations admirable in +sentiment and intention. But human nature being what it has been and +is likely to remain, we must face the possibility that nothing will +come of the war, save the restoration of Belgium, (that, at least, is +certain;) some alterations of boundaries; a long period of economic +and social trouble more bitter than before; a sweeping moral reaction +after too great effort. Cosmically regarded, this war is a debauch +rather than a purge, and debauches have always to be paid for. + +Confronting the situation in this spirit, we shall be the more +rejoiced if any of our wider hopes should by good fortune be attained. + +Leaving aside the restoration of Belgium--for what do we continue to +fight? We go on, as we began, because we all believe in our own +countries and what they stand for. And in considering how far the +principle of nationality should be exalted, one must well remember +that it is in the main responsible for the present state of things. In +truth, the principle of nationality of itself and by itself is a quite +insufficient ideal. It is a mere glorification of self in a world full +of other selves; and only of value in so far as it forms part of that +larger ideal, an--international ethic, which admits the claims and +respects the aspirations of all nations. Without that ethic little +nations are (as at the present moment) the prey--and, according to the +mere principle of nationality, the legitimate prey--of bigger nations. +Germany absorbed Alsace-Lorraine, Schleswig, and now Belgium, by +virtue of nationalism, of an overweening belief in the perfection of +its national self. Austria would subdue Serbia from much the same +feeling. France does not wish to absorb or subdue any European people +of another race, because France, as ever, a little in advance of her +age, is already grounded in this international ethic, of unshakable +respect for the rights of all nations which belong, roughly speaking, +to the same stage of development. The same may be said of the other +western democratic powers, Britain and America. "To live and let +live," "to dwell together in unity," are the guiding maxims of the +international ethic, by virtue of which alone have the smaller +communities of men--the Belgiums, Bohemias, Polands, Serbias, +Denmarks, Switzerlands of Europe--any chance of security in the +maintenance of their national existences. In short the principle of +nationality, unless it is prepared to serve this international ethic, +is but a frank abettor of the devilish maxim, "Might is right." All +this is truism; but truisms are often the first things we forget. + +The whole question of nationality in Europe bristles with +difficulties. It cannot be solved by theory and rule of thumb. What is +a nation? Shall it be determined by speech, by blood, by geographical +boundary, by historic tradition? The freedom and independence of a +country can and ever should be assured when with one voice it demands +the same. It is seldom as easy as all that. Belgium, no doubt, is as +one man. Poland is as one man in so far as the Poles are concerned; +but what of the Austrians, Russians, Germans settled among them? What +of Ireland split into two camps? What of the Germans in Bohemia, in +Alsace, in Schleswig-Holstein? Compromise alone is possible in many +cases, going by favor of majority. And there will always remain the +poignant question of the rights and aspirations of minorities. Let us +by all means clear the air by righting glaring wrongs, removing +palpable anomalies, redressing obvious injustices, securing so far as +possible the independent national life of homogeneous groups; but let +us not, dazzled by the glamour of a word, dream that by restoring a +few landmarks, altering a few boundaries, and raising a paean to the +word Nationality, we can banish all clouds from the sky of Europe, and +muzzle the ambitions of the stronger nations. + +In my convinced belief the one solid hope for future peace, the one +promise of security for the rights and freedom of little countries, +the one reasonable guarantee of international justice and general +humanity, lies in the gradual growth of democracy, of rule by consent +of the governed. When this has spread till the civilization of the +Western world is on one plane--instead of as now on two--then and then +only we shall begin to draw the breath of assurance. Then only will +the little countries sleep quietly in their beds. It is conceivable, +nay probable, that the despotic will of a perfect man could achieve +more good for his country and for the world at large in a given time +than the rule of the most enlightened democracy. It is certain that +such men occupy the thrones of this earth but once in a blue moon. + +If proof be needed that the prevalence of democracy alone can end +aggression among nations, secure the rights of small peoples, foster +justice and humaneness in man--let the history of this last century +and a half be well examined, and let the human probabilities be +weighed. Which is the more likely to advocate wars of aggression? +They, who by age, position, wealth, are secure against the daily +pressure of life and the sacrifice that war entails, they who have +passed their time out of touch with the struggle for existence, in an +atmosphere of dreams, ambitions, and power over other men? Or they, +who every hour are reminded how hard life is, even at its most +prosperous moments, who have nothing to gain by war, and all, even +life, to lose; who by virtue of their own struggles have a deep +knowledge of, a certain dumb sympathy with, the struggles of their +fellow-creatures; an instinctive repugnance to making those struggles +harder; who have heard little and dreamed less of those so-called +"national interests," that are so often mere chimeras; who love, no +doubt, in their inarticulate way the country where they were born, and +the modes of life and thought to which they are accustomed, but know +of no traditional and artificial reasons why the men of other +countries should not be allowed to love their own land and modes of +thought and life in equal peace and security? + +Assuredly, the latter of these two kinds of men are the less likely to +favor ambitious projects and aggressive wars. According as "the +people" have or have not the final decision in such matters, the +future of Europe will be made of war or peace; of respect or of +disregard for the rights of little nations. It is advanced against +democracies that the workers of a country, ignorant and provincial in +outlook, have no grasp of international politics. This is true in +Europe where national ambitions and dreams are still for the most part +hatched and nurtured in nests perched high above the real needs and +sentiments of the simple working folk who form nine-tenths of the +population of each country. But once those nests of aggressive +nationalism have fallen from their high trees, so soon as all Europe +conforms to the principle of rule by consent of the governed, it will +be found--as it has been already found in France--that the general +sense of the community informed by an ever-growing publicity (through +means of communication ever speeding-up) is quite sufficient trustee +of national safety; quite able, even enthusiastically able, to defend +its country from attack. The problem before the world at the end of +this war is how to eliminate the virus of an aggressive nationalism +that will lead to fresh outbursts of death. It is a problem that I, +for one, frankly believe will beat the powers and goodwill of all, +unless there should come a radical change of Governments in Central +Europe; unless the real power in Germany and Austria-Hungary passes +into the hands of the people of those countries, as already it has +passed in France and Britain. This is in my belief the only chance for +the defeat of militarism, of that raw nationalism, which, even if +beaten down at first, will ever be lying in wait, preparing secret +revenge and fresh attacks. + +How this democratization of Central Europe can be brought about I +cannot tell. It is far off as yet. But if this be not at last the +outcome of the war, we may still talk in vain of the rights of little +nations, of peace, disarmament, of chivalry, justice, and humanity. We +may whistle for a changed world. + +JOHN GALSWORTHY. + + + + +Singer of "La Marseillaise" + +By H.T. SUDDUTH + + [The body of Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, who composed + "The Marseillaise," was placed, on July 15, 1915, in the + Hotel des Invalides, Paris.] + + + Up from the land of fair Provence, + Land of the vineyard and olive green, + Flushed with a new hope's radiance + Glow of glorious visions seen, + Joyous Marseilles' Battalion came, + Singing a song since known to fame. + + List as the drums the quickstep beat! + List to the Chant of Liberty! + Ringing through dawn or noonday heat-- + "Allons enfants de la Patrie!" + List to the chant on the dusty way, + "Death to the tyrant! Vive le Marseillais!" + + Orchards and vineyards caught up the song, + France seemed but waiting that martial lay, + Born of poet's heart-beats strong! + Sung by the sons of the South that day, + Voicing the hero-soul of strife, + Marching song of a nation's life! + + Days of Terror that chant ushered in, + Falling of thrones and baubles and crowns-- + Bastille walls and guillotine, + Sack of Tuileries, Temple frowns. + Heard that Chant of the Marseillais, + "Le jour de gloire est arrive." + + Reds of the Midi! The song you sung + Thrilled the hearts of all who heard! + Song of a people with hearts tense-strung, + Rhythm that every pulse quick stirred! + Echoes that song as France now pays + Honor to singer of "La Marseillaise!" + + + + +Depression--Common-Sense and the Situation + +By Arnold Bennett + +_Copyright, 1915, by Arnold Bennett_ + + The pessimistic attitude toward the military situation + assumed by a large part of British society, after the + arrival of warm weather, without the heralded concerted + advance of the Allies in France and Belgium, is dealt with + by Mr. Bennett in the subjoined article, which appeared in + the London Daily News of June 16, 1915. It is here + reproduced by Mr. Bennett's express permission. + + +In a recent article I said that for reasons discoverable and +undiscoverable the military situation had been of late considerably +falsified in the greater part of the Press. This saying (which by the +way was later confirmed by the best military experts writing in the +Press) aroused criticism both public and private. That it should have +been criticised in certain organs was natural, for these organs had +certainly been colouring or manipulating their war news, including +casualties, chiefly by headlines and type, and even influencing their +expert analysis of war-news, to suit what happened to be at the moment +their political aims. + +Even the invasion scare was last week revived by the "Daily Mail" as +an aid to compulsion. The "Daily Mail" asserted that, whatever we +might say, invasion was possible. True. It is. Most things are. But +invasion is responsibly held to be so wildly improbable that our +military, as distinguished from our naval, plans are permitted +practically to ignore the possibility. Compulsion or no compulsion, +those plans will be the same. They will be unaffected by any amount of +invasion-scaring, and therefore to try to foster pessimism in the +public by alarums about invasion is both silly and naughty. + +Newspapers quite apart, however, there has been in the country a +considerable amount of pessimism which I have not been able to +understand, much less sympathise with; pessimism of the kind that +refuses to envisage the future at all. It has not said: "We shall be +beaten." But it has groaned and looked gloomy, and asked mute +questions with its eyes. It has resented confident faith and demanded +with sardonic superiority the reasons for such faith. + +Of the tribe of pessimists I count some superlative specimens among my +immediate acquaintances. The explanation of their cases is, I contend, +threefold. First, they lack faith, not merely in the Allied arms, but +in anything. They have not the faculty of faith. Secondly, they +unconsciously enjoy depression, and this instinct distorts all +phenomena for them. Thus they exhibited no satisfaction whatever at +the capture of Przemysl full of men and munitions by the Russians, +whereas the recapture of Przemysl empty of men and munitions by the +Germans filled them with delicious woe. Thirdly, they lack patience, +and therefore a long-sustained effort gets on their nerves. Others I +can inoculate with my optimism, but the effect passes quickly, and +each succeeding reinoculation has been less and less effective, with +the monotonous questioning, ever more sardonic in tone: "How can you +be deluded by the official bulletins?" or: "What do you know about +war, to make you so cocksure?" + +The truth is that I am not deluded by the official bulletins. I don't +know how long it is since I learnt to appreciate official bulletins at +their true value, but it is a long while ago. A full perception of +the delusiveness of official bulletins can only be obtained by reading +histories of the war. The latest I have read are those of Mr. John +Buchan and Mr. Hillaire Belloc. (Mr. Buchan's is good. Mr. Belloc's is +more than good: it is--apart from a few failures in style, due either +to fatigue or to the machinery of dictation--absolutely brilliant, +both militarily and politically. I am inclined to rate the last dozen +pages of Mr. Belloc's book as the finest piece of writing yet produced +by the war.) And when one compares, in these works, the coherent, +impartial, and convincing accounts of, say, the first month of the +war, with the official bulletins of the Allies during that month, one +marvels that even officialism could go so far in evasion and +duplicity, and the reputation of official bulletins is ruined for the +whole duration of the conflict. No wonder the contents of the Allied +newspapers in that period inspired the Germans with a scornful +incredulity, which nothing that has since happened can shake. + +It is not that official bulletins are incorrect; they are incomplete, +and, therefore, misleading. The policy which frames them seems now to +be utterly established, but my motion that it is a mistaken policy +remains unaltered. When the policy is pushed as far as the suppression +of isolated misfortunes which flame in the headlines of the enemy +Press from Cologne to Constantinople, then I begin to wonder whether I +am living in three dimensions or in four. + +If, then, he does not rely on the official bulletins, and he has no +military expertise, how is the civilian justified in being optimistic? +The reply is that the use of his common-sense may justify his +optimism. The realm of common-sense being universal, even war comes +within it. And the fact is that the major aspects of the war are no +more military than they are political, social, and psychological. Take +one of the most important aspects--the character of generals. It +cannot be denied that after ten months, confidence in Joffre has +increased. At the beginning of the war, when the German plan was +being exactly followed and was succeeding, when the Germans had an +immense advantage of numbers, when their reserves of men and munitions +were untouched, when everything was against us, and everything in +favour of the Germans, Joffre, aided by the British, defeated the +Germans. He defeated them by superior generalship. Common-sense says +that now, when the boot is on the other leg, Joffre will assuredly +defeat the Germans--and decisively, and common-sense is quite prepared +to wait until Joffre is ready. Again, take the case of the Grand Duke. +The Grand Duke has shown over and over again that he is an extremely +brilliant general of the first order. In the very worst days, when +everything was against him and everything in favour of the Germans, as +in the West, he held his own and he has continually produced many more +casualties in the German ranks than the Germans have produced in his +ranks. He still has many things against him, but it is not possible +reasonably to believe that the Grand Duke will let himself in for a +disaster. That he should avoid a disaster is all that the West front +demands of him at present. + +On the other side, General von Moltke, head of the German Great +General Staff, has been superseded. What German General has advanced +in reputation? There is only one answer--von Hindenberg. Von +Hindenberg won the largest (not the most important) victory of the war +in the Battle of Tannenberg. He won it because the ground was +exceedingly difficult, and because he knew the ground far better than +any other man on earth. He was entitled to very high credit. He got +it. He became the idol of the German populace, and the bugbear of the +Allied countries. But he has done nothing since. Soon after Tannenberg +he made a fool of himself on the Russian frontier, and showed that +success had got into his head. He subsequently initiated several +terrific attempts, all of which were excessively costly and none of +which was carried through. If he has not ceased to be an idol, he has +at any rate ceased to be a bugbear. + +As for the average intelligence of the opposing forces, it may be said +that Prussian prestige, though it dies very slowly, is dying, even in +the minds of our pessimists. Their zest for elaborate organization of +plan gave the Germans an immense advantage at the start, but it is +proved that, once the plan has gone wrong, they are at the best not +better in warfare than ourselves. Their zest for discipline, and their +reserves, have enabled them to stave off a catastrophe longer than +perhaps any other nation could have staved it off. But time is now +showing that excessive discipline and organization produce defects +which ultimately outweigh the qualities they spring from. The tenacity +of the Germans is remarkable, but does it surpass ours? Man for man, a +soldier of the Allies is better than a soldier of the Central +Powers--or ten thousand observers have been deceived. As for the +intelligence of the publics upon whose moral the opposing forces +ultimately depend, it is undeniable that the German public is +extremely hysterical, and far more gullible even than ourselves at our +very worst. The legends believed by the German public today are +ridiculous enough to stamp Germany for a century as an arch-simpleton +among nations. Its vanity is stupendous, eclipsing all previously +known vanities. The Great General Staff must know fairly well how +matters stand, and yet not the mere ignorant public, but the King of +Bavaria himself, had the fatuity as late as last week to talk about +the new territory that Germany would annex as a result of the war! + +In numbers we in the West had got the better of them, and were slowly +increasing our lead, before Italy, by joining us, increased the +Allies' advantage at a stroke by over three-quarters of a million +fully mobilised men, and much more than as many reserves. + +In financial resources there is simply no comparison between the enemy +and ourselves. We are right out of sight of the enemy in this +fundamental affair. + +We lack nothing--neither leading, nor brains, nor numbers, nor +money--save ammunition. Does any pessimist intend to argue that we +shall not get all the ammunition we need? It is inconceivable that we +should not get it. When we have got it the end can be foretold like +the answer to a mathematical problem. + +Lastly, while the Germans have nothing to hope for in the way of +further help, we have much to hope for. We have, for example, Rumania +to hope for; and other things needless to mention. And we have in hand +enterprises whose sudden development might completely change the face +of the war in a few hours; but whose failure would not prejudice our +main business, because our main business is planned and nourished +independently of them. One of these enterprises is known to all men. +The other is not. The Germans have no such enterprises in hand. + +For all the foregoing argument no military expertise is necessary. It +lies on a plane above military expertise. It appeals to common-sense +and it cannot be gainsaid. I have not yet met anybody of real +authority who has attempted to gainsay it, or who has not endorsed it. +The sole question is, not whether we shall win or lose, but when we +shall win. + +For this reason I strongly object to statesmen, no matter who they be, +going about and asserting to listening multitudes that we are fighting +for our very existence as a nation. We most emphatically are not. It +is just conceivable that certain unscrupulous marplots might by +chicane produce such domestic discord in this country as would +undermine the very basis of victory. I regard the thing as in the very +highest degree improbable, but it can be conceived. The result might +be an inconclusive peace, and another war, say, in twenty years, when +we probably _should_ be fighting for our very existence as a nation. +But we are not now, and at the worst shall not be for a long time, +fighting for our very existence as a nation. Nobody believes such an +assertion; pessimists themselves do not believe it. And when +statesmen give utterance to it in the hope of startling the +working-class into a desired course of conduct, they under-rate the +intelligence of the working-class and the result of such oratory is +far from what they could wish. + +Our national existence is as safe as it has been any time this +century; indeed, it is safer, for its chief menace has received a +terrible blow, and the Prussian superstition is exploded. All that can +be urged is that we have an international job to finish; that in order +to finish it properly and within a reasonable period we must work with +a will and in full concord; and that if we fail to do this the job +will be botched, with a risk of sinister consequences to the next +generation. The notion that to impress the public it is necessary to +pile on the agony with statements that no moderately enlightened +person can credit, is a wrong notion, and, like all wrong notions, can +only do harm. The general public is all right, quite as all right as +the present Government or any other. Had it not been so we should not +be where we are today, but in a far less satisfactory position. Not +Governments, not generals, but the masses make success in these mighty +altercations. Read Tolstoi's "War and Peace." + + + + +The War and Racial Progress + +[From the Morning Post of London, July 2, 1915] + + +Major Leonard Darwin, in his presidential address on "Eugenics During +and After the War" to the Eugenics Education Society at the Grafton +Galleries yesterday, said that our military system seemed to be +devised with the object of insuring that all who were defective should +be exempt from risks, whilst the strong, courageous, and patriotic +should be endangered. Men with noble qualities were being destroyed, +whilst the unfit remained at home to become fathers of families, and +this must deteriorate the natural qualities of the coming generations. +The chances of stopping war were small, and we must consider how to +minimize its evils. If conscription were adopted future wars would +produce less injury to the race, because the casualty lists would more +nearly represent a chance selection of the population; though whether +a conscript army would ever fight as well as our men were doing in +France was very doubtful. The injurious effects of the war on all +useful sections of the community should be mitigated. Military +training was eugenic if the men were kept with the colours only for +short periods. Officers must, of course, be engaged for long periods, +and amongst them the birth rate was very low. An increase of pay would +be beneficial in this respect, but only if given in the form of an +additional allowance for each living child. In the hope of increasing +the birth rate attempts were likely to be made to exalt the "unmarried +wife," a detestable term against which all true wives should protest. +If a change in moral standards was demanded in the hope that an +increase in the habit of forming irregular unions would result in an +increase in the population, that plea entirely failed because the +desired effect would not thus be produced. A special effort ought now +to be made on eugenic as well as on other grounds to maintain the high +standards of home life which had ever existed in our race, and which +had been in large measure the basis of our social and racial progress +in the past. If we did not now take some steps to insure our own +racial progress being at least as rapid as that of our neighbours, and +if our nation should in consequence cease in future to play a great +part in the noble and eternal struggle for human advancement, then the +fault would be ours. + + + + +The English Word, Thought, and Life + +By Russian Men of Letters + + A group of sixty-seven Russian writers and publicists, + comprising the best men of letters of the nation, with the + exception of Vladimir Korolenko, who is at present in + France, have signed a reply to the tribute to the writers of + Russia by English men of letters, a translation of which was + printed in CURRENT HISTORY for February, 1915. The text of + the reply, given below, is taken from the Moscow daily + newspaper, Outro Rossii; its translation into English by Leo + Pasvolsky appeared in the New York Evening Post of June + 20th. + + +We have known you for a long time. We have known you since we Russians +came to a communion with Western Europe and began to draw from the +great spiritual treasury created by our brethren of Western Europe. + +From generation to generation we have watched intently the life of +England, and have stored away in our minds and our hearts everything +brilliant, peculiar, and individual, that has impressed itself upon +the English word, the English thought, and the English life. + +We have always wondered at the breadth and the manifoldness of the +English soul, in whose literature one finds, side by side, Milton and +Swift, Scott and Shelley, Shakespeare and Byron. We have always been +amazed by the incessant and constantly growing power of civic life in +England; we have always known that the English people was the first +among the peoples of the world to enter upon a struggle for civic +rights, and that nowhere does the word _freedom_ ring so proud and so +triumphant as it does in England. + +With wonder and veneration, have we watched the English people, that +combines the greatest idealism with the most marvellous creative +genius, that constantly transforms words into deeds, aspirations into +actions, thoughts and feelings into institutions, go onward, from step +to step, reaching out into the heavens, yet never relinquishing the +earth, higher and higher along its triumphant road, still onward in +its work of creating the life of England. + +Kingdoms and peoples, cultures and institutions, pass away like +dreams. But thoughts and words remain, whether they be of white men, +or black, or yellow, whether they be of Jews or of Hellenes, whether +they be inscribed on slabs of stone, or on boards of clay, or on +strips of papyrus. Words and thoughts live to the present day; they +still move us and uplift us, even though we have already forgotten the +names of those who spoke them. And we know that only the winged words +live on, the words that are intelligible to the whole of mankind, that +appeal to the whole of humanity, to the common human mind, the common +heart. + +We know the vast power of the English word. We know what a marvellous +contribution the English writers have made to the life not of England +alone, but to that of the whole world, the whole humanity. It is with +a feeling of long-standing affection and veneration that we turn to +the ancient book, called "England," whose pages never grow yellow, +whose letters are never effaced, whose thoughts never become dim, +whose new chapters bear witness to the fact that the book is still +being written, that new pages are still being added, and that these +new pages are permeated with that same bright and powerful spirit of +humanity that illumines and enlivens the pages of the past. + +We feel proud because you have recognized the great individual worth +of the Russian literature, and we are moved by your ardent expressions +of sympathy and friendship. You scarcely know what Lord Byron was to +us at the dawn of our literature, how our greatest poets, Poushkin and +Lermontov, were swayed by him. You scarcely know to what an extent the +Shakespearean Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, has become a part of our +literature, how near to us is Hamlet's tragedy. + +We, too, pronounce the names of Copperfield and Snodgrass with a +little difficulty, but the name of Dickens is as familiar to us and as +near to our hearts as the names of some of our own writers. + +We trust, and we even permit ourselves to hope, that our friendship +will not end on the fields of battle, but that our mutual +understanding will continue to grow, as it lives on together with +those sincere and heartfelt words, with which you have addressed us. +We trust that it will be transformed into a spiritual unity between +us, a unity based on the universal achievements of the spirit of +humanity. + +We trust even further. We trust that evil will finally become +extinguished in the hearts of men, that mutual ill-feeling will be +bitter and poignant no longer, and that, when ears of corn will be +again fluttering upon the fields, mutilated by trenches and ramparts, +and drenched in human blood, when wild flowers will begin to grow over +the countless unknown graves, time will come, when the nations that +are separated by such a tremendous gulf today, will come together +again upon the one great road of humanity and will turn back once more +to the great, universal words, that are common to all men. + +We trust, and we hope. + +Greetings to you. + +(Signed) + +L. ANDREEV, +K. ARSENIEV, +I. BUNIN, +U. BUNIN, +I. BELOUSOV, +M. GORKY, +V. VERESAEV, +A. GRUSINSKY, +N. DAVYDOV, +S. ELPATIEVSKY, +I. IGNATOV, +S. MELGUNOV, +A. SERAFIMOVICH, +N. TELESHOV, +I. SHMELEV, +N. MOROZOV, +COUNT A.N. TOLSTOY, +N. RUSANOV, +F. KRIUKOV, +A. GORNFELD, +A. PIESHECHONOV, +N. KAREYEV, +F. BATUSHKOV, +L. PANTELEYEV, +N. KOTLIAREVSKY, +V. MIAKOTIN, +V. VODOVOSOV, +P. SAKULIN, +OLNEM-TSEKHOVSKAYA, +A. KONI, +W. KRANIKHFELD, +B. LAZAREVSKY, +P. POTAPENKO, +TH. SOLOGUB, +T. SCHEPKINA-KUPERNIK, +W. BOGUCHARSKY, +K. BARANTSEVICH, +S. VENGEROV, +P. MILIUKOV, +A. PRUGAVIN, +M. KOVALEVSKY, +A. POSNIKOV, +E. LETKOVA-SULTANOVA, +D. OVSIANNIKO-KULIKOVSKY, +A. REMEZOV, +D. MEREZHKOVSKY, +Z. HIPPICS, +F. ZELINSKY, +N. TCHAIKOVSKY, +A. BLOK, +E. TCHIRIKOV, +A. PETRISCHEV, +I. BIELOKONSKY, +PRINCE A. SUMBATOV, +W. FRITCHE, +A. VESELOVSKY, +W. NEMEROVICH-DANCHENKO, +PRINCE E. TROUBETSKOY, +I. SHPAZHINSKY, +TH. KOKOSHKIN, +COUNT E.L. TOLSTOY, +N. TEMKOCSKY, +M. ARTISIBASHEV, +U. BALTRUSHAITIS, +U. AICHENWALD, +PRINCE D. SHAKHOVSKY, +W. BRUSOV. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Evviva L'Italia + +By William Archer + + Mr. Archer's article praising the Italian decision and + purpose appeared originally in The London Daily News. + + +One of the most beautiful and memorable of human experiences is to +start, one fine morning, from some point in German Switzerland or +Tyrol and, in two or three days--or it may be in one swinging +stretch--to tramp over an Alpine pass and down into the Promised Land +below. It is of no use to rush it in a motor; you might as well hop +over by aeroplane. In order to savor the experience to the full, you +must take staff and scrip, like the Ritter Tannhaeuser, and go the +pilgrim's way. It is a joy even to pass from the guttural and +explosive place names of Teutonia to the liquid music of the southern +vocables--from Brieg to Domo d'Ossola, from Goeschenen to Bellinzona, +from St. Moritz to Chiavenna, from Botzen and Brixen to Ala and +Verona. It is a still greater joy to exchange the harsh, staring +colors of the north for the soft luminosity of the south, as you +zigzag down from the bare snows to the pines, from the pines to the +chestnuts, from the chestnuts to the trellised vineyards. And just +about where the vineyards begin, you come upon two wayside posts, one +of them inscribed "Schweiz" or "Oesterreich," the other bearing the +magic word "Italia." If your heart does not leap at the sight of it +you may as well about-turn and get you home again; for you have no +sense of history, no love of art, no hunger for divine, inexhaustible +beauty. For all these things are implicit in the one word, "Italy." + +Alas! the charm of this excursion has from of old made irresistible +appeal to the northern barbarian. That has been Italy's historic +misfortune. For certain centuries, under the dominance of Rome, she +kept the Goths and Huns and Vandals aloof by what is called in India a +"forward policy"--by throwing the outworks of civilization far beyond +the Alpine barrier. But Rome fell to decay, and, wave upon wave, the +barbarian--generally the Teuton, under one alias or another--surged +over her glorious highlands, her bounteous lowlands, and her marvelous +cities. It is barely half a century since the hated Tedeschi were +expelled from the greater part of their Cisalpine possessions; and +now, in the fullness of time, Italy has resolved to redeem the last of +her ravished provinces and to make her boundaries practically +conterminous with Italian speech and race. + +The political and military aspects of the situation have been fully +dealt with elsewhere; but a lifelong lover of Italy may perhaps be +permitted to state his personal view of her action. While the +negotiations lasted, her position was scarcely a dignified one. It +seemed that she was willing, not, indeed, to sell her birthright for a +mess of pottage, but to buy her birthright at the cost of complicity +in monstrous crime. Neither Italy nor Europe would have profited in +the long run by the substitution of "Belgia Irredenta" for "Italia +Irredenta." But now that she has repudiated the sops offered to her +honor and conscience, her position is clear and fine. She has rejected +larger concessions, probably, than any great power has ever before +been prepared to make without stroke of sword; and she has thrown in +her lot with the Allies in no time-serving spirit, but at a point when +their fortunes were by no means at their highest. This is a gesture +entirely worthy of a great and high-spirited people. + +It is true that she had no guarantee for the promised concessions +except the "Teutonica fides," which has become a byword and a +reproach. But I am much mistaken if that was the sole or main motive +that determined her resort to arms. She took a larger view. She felt +that even if Germany, by miracle, kept her faith, the world, after a +German victory, would be no place for free men to live in. She was not +moved by the care for a few square miles of territory, more or less, +but by a strong sense of democratic solidarity and of human dignity. +After the events of the past ten months, she felt that, to a +self-respecting man or nation, German hate was infinitely preferable +to German love. It was, in fact, a patent of nobility. + +And now that Italy is ranked with us against the powers of evil, it +becomes more than ever our duty to strain every nerve for their +defeat. We are now taking our share in the guardianship of the world's +great treasure house of historic memories and of the creations of +genius. We have become, as it were, co-trustees of an incomparable, +irreplaceable heritage of beauty. Italy has been the scene of many and +terrible wars; but since she emerged from the Dark Ages I do not know +that war has greatly damaged the glory of her cities. She has not, of +recent centuries, had to mourn a Louvain or a Rheims. But if the +Teuton, in his present temper, should gain any considerable footing +within her bounds, the Dark Ages would be upon her once more. What +effort can be too great to avert such a calamity! + +I am not by way of being versed in the secrets of Courts; but I recall +today, with encouragement, a conversation I had some years ago with an +ex-Ambassador to Italy (not a British Ambassador) who had been on +intimate terms with the King, and spoke with enthusiasm of his +Majesty's character. He told me of his bravery, his devotion to duty, +his simple manners, his high intelligence. One little anecdote I may +repeat without indiscretion. A Minister of Education said to my friend +that when he had an interview with the King he felt like a schoolboy +bringing up to an exacting though kindly master a half-prepared +lesson; and when this was repeated to his Majesty, he smiled and said: +"Ministers come and go, but I, you see, am always here." He merited +far better than his grandfather (said my informant) the title of "il +Re Galantuomo." Under such a Chief of State Italy may, with high hope +and courage, set about her task of tearing away her unredeemed fringes +from that patchwork of tyrannies known as the Austrian Empire. + + + + +Who Died Content! + +[From the Westminster Gazette] + + Rex and Wilfred Winslow were the first men who died on the + field of German South West Africa. The epitaph on the cross + on the grave ran thus: + + "Tell England ye that pass this monument, + That we who rest here died content." + + --DAILY NEWSPAPER. + + + Far the horizon of our best desires + Stretches into the sunset of our lives: + The wavering taper of the achieved expires, + And only the irrevocable will survives. + Content to die for England! How the words + Thrill those who live for England, knowing not + The stern, heroic passion that upgirds + The loins of such as, ardent, for her fought. + Content! It is a word that brooks no bounds, + If from the heights and depths it takes its name: + Upon the proud lips of great men it sounds + As if the clear note from the Heavens came; + A word that, sea-like, shrinks and grows again; + A little word on lips of little men! + +JOHN HOGBEN. + + + + +"The Germans, Destroyers of Cathedrals" + +By Artists, Writers, Musicians, and Philosophers of France + + The subjoined extracts of official documents are translated + from a book published in Paris by Hachette et Cie., the full + title of which is "The Germans, Destroyers of Cathedrals and + of Treasures of the Past: Being a Compilation of Documents + Belonging to the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine + Arts." The official documents are offered to "the literary + and artistic associations of foreign countries." The + editorial notes and comment are reproduced from the original + text. + + +To the Artistic and Literary Associations of Foreign Countries and to +all Friends of the Beautiful, in order that the System of Destruction +of the German Armies be brought to their knowledge, the present +Memorial is offered by: + +Mme. JULIETTE ADAM. +PAUL ADAM. +M. ANQUETIN. +ANDRE ANTOINE, Founder of the Theatre Libre. +PAUL APPELL, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences, member of the Institute. +MAURICE BARRES, Deputy, member of the Academie Francaise. +ALBERT BARTHOLOME. +JEAN BERAUD. +TRISTAN BERNARD. +ALBERT BESNARD, Director of the Academie de France at Rome, member of + the Institute. +PIERRE BONNARD. +LEON BONNAT, member of the Institute, Director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. +EMILE-ANTOINE BOURDELLE. +ELEMIR BOURGES, member of the Academie Goncourt. +EMILE BOUTROUX, member of the Institute. +ADOLPHE BRISSON, President of the Association de la Critique. +ALFRED BRUNEAU. +Dr. CAPITAN, Professor at the College de France, member of the Academie + de Medecine. +ALFRED CAPUS, member of the Academie Francaise. +M. CAROLUS-DURAN, member of the Institute. +GUSTAVE CHARPENTIER, member of the Institute. +CAMILLE CHEVILLARD, Director of the Concerts-Lamoureux. +PAUL CLAUDEL. +GEORGES CLEMENCEAU, Senator, former President of the Council. +ROMAIN COOLUS. +ALFRED CORTOT. +GEORGES COURTELINE. +P.A.J. DAGNAN-BOUVERET, member of the Institute. +CLAUDE DEBUSSY. +Mme. VIRGINIE DEMONT-BRETON. +JULES DESBOIS. +LUCIEN DESCAVES, member of the Academie Goncourt. +MAXIME DETHOMAS. +AUGUSTE DORCHAIN. +PAUL DUKAS. +J. ERNEST-CHARLES, President of the Societe des Conferences Etrangeres. +EMILE FABRE. +EMILE FAGUET, member of the Academie Francaise. +GABRIEL FAURE, member of the Institute, Director of the Conservatory of + Music. +CAMILLE FLAMMARION, President of the Societe Astronomique de France. +ROBERT DE FLERS. +ANDRE FONTAINAS. +PAUL FORT. +ANATOLE FRANCE, member of the Academie Francaise. +A. DE LA GANDARA. +FIRMIN GEMIER, Director of the Theatre-Antoine. +ANDRE GIDE. +CHARLES GIRAULT, member of the Institute. +EDMOND GUIRAUD. +LUCIEN GUITRY. +EDMOND HARAUCOURT. +LOUIS HAVET, member of the Institute. +MAURICE HENNEQUIN, President of the Societe des Auteurs et Compositeurs + Dramatiques. +JACQUES HERMANT, President of the Societe des Architectes Diplomes par + le Gouvernement. +A.F. HEROLD. +PAUL HERVIEU, member of the Academie Francaise. +VINCENT D'INDY, Director of the Schola Cantorum. +M. INGHELBREGHT. +FRANCIS JAMMES. +FRANTZ JOURDAIN, President of the Syndicat de la Presse Artistique, + President of the Autumn Salon. +GUSTAVE KAHN. +VICTOR LALOUX, member of the Institute. +HENRI LAVEDAN, member of the Academie Francaise. +GEORGES LECOMTE, President of the Societe des Gens de Lettres. +Mlle. MARIE LENERU. +PIERRE LOTI, member of the Academie Francaise. +MAURICE MAGRE. +ARISTIDE MAILLOL. +PAUL MARGUERITTE, member of the Academie Goncourt. +HENRI MARTIN. +M. MATISSE. +MAX MAUREY. +Mme. CATULLE MENDES. +ANTONIN MERCIE, member of the Institute, President of the Societe des + Artistes Francais. +STUART MERRILL. +ANDRE MESSAGER. +OCTAVE MIRBEAU, member of the Academie Goncourt. +CLAUDE MONET. +Mme. DE NOAILLES. +J.L. PASCAL, member of the Institute. +EDMOND PERRIER, President of the Institute, Director of the Museum. +GABRIEL PIERNE, Director of the Concerts-Colonne. +M. PIOCH. +CHARLES PLUMET. +Mme. RACHILDE. +J.F. RAFFAELLI. +ODILON REDON. +GEORGES RENARD, Professor at the College de France. +JEAN RICHEPIN, member, of the Academie Francaise. +AUGUSTS RODIN. +ALFRED ROLL, President of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts. +J.H. ROSNY, aine, member of the Academie Goncourt. +EDMOND ROSTAND, member of the Academie Francaise. +SAINT-GEORGES DE BOUHELIER. +CAMILLE SAINT-SAENS, member of the Institute. +GABRIEL SEAILLES. +PAUL SIGNAC, President of the Societe des Artistes Independants. +M. STEINLEN. +FRANCIS VIELE-GRIFFIN. +ADOLPHE WILLETTE. + + * * * * * + +To the Literary and Artistic Associations of Foreign Countries and to +all Friends of the Beautiful: + +"_... It is not true that our troops brutally destroyed Louvain. It is +not true that we make war in contempt of the rights of mankind. Our +soldiers commit neither undisciplined nor cruel acts...._" + +_MANIFESTO OF THE GERMAN INTELLECTUALS._ + +"_If the savants make science what it is, science does not make the +character of the savants what it is._" + +_EDMOND PERRIER._ + +"_... Scientific barbarism_." + +_EMILE BOUTROUX._ + + +I. + +If we were able--at this hour, when, through the act of the Teutonic +Empire, the world may witness unnamable deeds--if we were able to cite +the most odious of them, we should say that, after the massacre of +innocent people and all the assaults on the rights of mankind +committed by the German armies, the worst has seemed to us the +shameless manner in which the superior intellects beyond the Rhine +have dared to cover up these crimes. It is not that we ever believed +that from any corner of Germany there could come to us an appearance +of fellow-feeling, in these circumstances wherein no one has any other +right than that of giving himself body and soul to his native land. We +know that, before speaking for the universe, men threatened by the +enemy should be faithful to their flag, in the face of everything and +against everything--and with resolution. At no hour, therefore, have +we thought that German savants and artists could raise their voice to +repudiate their armies, when the latter were going to war with the +object of further extending their empire. But, at least, they should +keep silence, and before the horror of crimes to be judged especially +by the tribunal of the elite they should not have shown their +miserable enthusiasm. "You see," as a clear-sighted Dutch professor[5] +has well written on this point, "if these intellectuals were not +blinded they would rather have asked themselves if, in this war that +stains Europe with blood, the Prussian military authorities were not +losing for centuries the reputation of the great name of Germany." And +suppose it were even a small matter if they had lost only the great +name of Germany, that the epoch of Goethe, Kant, and Beethoven had +covered with glory. But with it they have vilified as well the noble +role of the philosopher, of the historian, of the savant, and of the +artist. In truth they have betrayed their own gods, and the +professions to which they belong can no longer be honored by them--so +far as the question of conscience goes, at least. And as for the +sacred thing called civilization, which is above our interests and our +vanities of an hour, they may have served it usefully by their +personal work in the past, but they were unequal to the task of +remaining its protectors when their mere silence would perhaps have +helped to save it.[6] They have thus shown that, with their more or +less sparkling black eagles and under the bedizenment of their Court +costumes, they are for the most part narrow fanatics or paid scribes +whose pen is only a tool in the hands of their master of a day. It is +not even sure whether through their cult of this "militarism," to +which they have given the most shameful blind-signature, they have not +hopelessly condemned it, by testifying that under the rule of the +German sabre human thought has no other course than to humiliate +itself!... But on the score of what they are worth in professional +morality and courage, agreement is certain today, everywhere. + +[Footnote 5: Professor Dake.] + +[Footnote 6: On the score of certain names important in Germany--names +not found under the manifesto of the Intellectuals--a question arises: +Were they not solicited as well to cover up these crimes, or did they +refuse? If the question were one of a simple memorial, carrying with +it no abdication of conscience, this point would be without +importance, for it would simply mean that a list, however long, could +not bring together all the men of renown of a country, and omissions +would often have to be laid to chance. But here a venomous manifesto +was to be signed, made up of violent lies and of arbitrary theories; +and with this in mind one may see a meaning in certain abstentions. +Without any possible doubt they are the act of courageous men, who, +feeling deeply where the truth is, will not ally themselves against +it; and by their resistance they do it honor.] + +Their great affair--and that of every thinking German--is to object, +when spoken to of their crimes, either that they were born of +necessity or that they did not take place. As against these +allegations, unsupported by any proof, the most formal denials have +officially been given. But to the latter we shall now add the true +description of the facts. And we think that, in spite of the power and +the dogmatic authority of its elite, the activity of its emissaries in +all parts of the world, and, finally, all its vast apparatus of +conquest--military and civil--Germany cannot long make its stand +against the humble little truth, which advances, noiselessly but also +fearlessly, with the tenacious light in its hand that it received from +Reality--from unquenchable and ardent Reality. + +We come to you armed with the facts. It is only these unanswerable +witnesses that we have wished to oppose to the gratuitous affirmations +of our colleagues beyond the Rhine. We might have taken you into the +mazes of twenty frightful dramas, for _at every place where the German +troops have advanced they have trodden under foot the rights of +mankind and counted as nothing the civilization and the patrimony of +nations_. We have thought it wiser to limit ourselves to the relation +of certain events bearing the seal of certainty. + +Not all the cities which may have suffered have as yet opened their +gates to our brothers. Not being able to collect authentic testimony +there we prefer, then, not to speak of them--for the moment. But in +all those evacuated by the enemy, commissions[7] have hurried to +ascertain the losses on the spot. It is from these legal examinations +that we have written this report, which, in impartial fashion, makes +you the judges. + +[Footnote 7: Throughout this work we shall often have recourse to the +reports of these commissions. At the end of the present volume will be +found certain of these documents, unpublished till now.] + +Unhappy cities have been tortured in body and soul, that is to say, in +their population and in the works built by their hands, the immortal +relics of the dead. Of the miseries the people have suffered it is not +permitted us to speak. But as to those noble houses built with art +which have been destroyed, as to those constructions erected by our +ancestors for the edification of men of all classes, of all times, and +all countries, which are today but ruins; as to those masterpieces in +which all the elegant poetry of our race was realized and that +belonged to the civilized world, of which they were a glory and an +ornament, and which subsist as nothing but a mournful heap of +debris--of these we are not bound to keep silent. But not one +exaggerated word shall be uttered by us. The account we shall give is +established by high testimony and by irrefutable documents. + +But let us cease all this preparation and come to the events of +Rheims. + + +(Page 59 of the book.) + +DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. + +APPENDIX I. + +No. 1. + +AT RHEIMS. + +_M. Henry Jadart, Librarian of the City of Rheims and Curator of the +Museum of that city, was present at the bombardments of the 4th and +the 19th of September. He was well placed to enlighten us on the +destruction accomplished at the time._ + +_He was kind enough to send us the communication which we publish +below. From the testimony of M. Jadart, it will appear how many +monumental constructions at Rheims were mutilated or destroyed, and +how these attest, not less than the ruins of the cathedral, the +vandalism of the German armies:_ + +Friday, Sept. 4.--The bombardment, which took place suddenly from +half-past 9 till quarter-past 10 in the morning, caused some accidents +to the cathedral, more or less notable from the point of view of art, +(some stained glass more or less ancient, some slight scratches to the +statues;) at the Church of Saint-Remi (ancient stained glass, tapestry +of the sixteenth century, pictures of the seventeenth and eighteenth +centuries, altar screen, statues, south portal, and vault of transept) +and at the Museum of Fine Arts, Rue Chanzy, 8, (salle Henry Vasnier +broken in by a shell, about twenty modern pictures damaged.) Besides, +among the houses struck, the Gothic house, 57 Rue de Vesle, suffered +mutilation in the sculpture of a fireplace--it was entirely demolished +by the bombardment and fire of Sept. 19. + +Saturday, Sept. 19.--This was the day of the great destruction by the +bombs and the fires caused in the cathedral, the ancient residence of +the Archbishop, in the houses of the Place Royale, and the Ceres +quarter. On the afternoon of this day and during the night from +Saturday to Sunday, flames consumed the most precious collections of +the city, at the Archbishop's palace and in private houses, an +inventory of which it will never be possible to prepare. + +The top of the cathedral burned after the scaffolding of the northern +tower of the great portal had taken fire, toward 3 o'clock in the +afternoon. The statues and sculptures of this side of the same portal +were licked by the flames and scorched through and through. The eight +bells in this tower also were caught by the flames, and the whole +thing fell down near the cross aisle of the transept. The spire of the +Belfry of the Angel, at the apse, fell, and with it disappeared the +leaden heads which decorated its base. In the interior the sculptures +and the walls of the edifice were damaged by fire in the straw which +had been strewn about for the German wounded; the great eighteenth +century tympanums of the lateral doors, west side, were damaged +likewise. The thirteenth century stained glass suffered shocks from +the air and were perforated, in the rose windows as also in the high +windows of the nave. The pictures in the transept were spared, but the +choir stalls (eighteenth century work) were consumed--at the left on +entering. + +Of the adjacent palace all the buildings were attacked by the flames +and are now nothing but ruined walls, save the chapel of the +thirteenth century, of which the main part subsists intact, and the +lower hall of the King's Lodge, under the Hall of Anointment, (of the +end of the fifteenth century.) The anointment rooms on the ground +floor, reconstructed in the seventeenth century, contained a great +number of historical portraits and furniture of various periods, which +were all a prey to the flames. It was the same in the apartments of +the Archbishops, which also contained numerous pictures and different +views of the city, transported from the Hotel de Ville and intended +for the formation of a historical museum of Rheims. Precious +furniture, bronzes of great value--like the foot of the candelabra of +Saint Remi and the candelabra of the Abbaye d'Igny--were also in these +apartments, of which nothing is left but the walls. The archaeological +collections of the city were consumed in the upper apartments, as also +a whole museum, organized and classified to represent the ethnography +of la Champagne by a thousand objects tracing back the ancient +industries, the trades, the arts, and usages of this province. +Finally, the rich library founded by Cardinal Gousset, offering superb +editions and assembled in a vast paneled hall, was totally burned up +in the modern building constructed for it at the expense of the State. + +After the disasters to the arts at the cathedral and the palace, we +must note also the mansions and private houses, remarkable through +their architecture and their decoration, that were demolished, burned, +and annihilated. No. 1 Rue du Marc, Renaissance mansion--damage to the +sculptured ceiling and the sculptures of the court. Two pavilions of +the Place Royale, creations of the eighteenth century, are now only +calcined walls. The same fate overtook the Gothic house, 57 Rue de +Vesle, (of which mention was made above;) the house, 40 Rue de +l'Universite, built in the eighteenth century; the house next to the +Ecu de Rheims, of the same period; the mansion at 12 Rue la Grue, +which was decorated with carved lintels and forged iron banisters; the +mansion at 19 Rue Eugene-Destenque, in the style of the Henri IV. +period, having a great stone fireplace and decorative paintings in one +gallery. Finally, in the Rue des Trois-Raisinets, the remains of the +monastery of the Franciscans, with a cloister, and the framework of a +granary of the Middle Ages. + +These notes are really only observations to be completed later with +the aid of descriptions of ancient date, but they offer sure +information of the lamentable losses suffered by our unfortunate city +during the first month of its bombardment. + +Paris, Jan. 20, 1915. + + +No. 2. + +THE FIXED IDEA. + +_From M. Auguste Dorchain we receive this striking observation:_ + +The idea of destroying the cathedral haunted them for a hundred years, +at least. Three dates, three texts, three proofs: + +April, 1814, Jean-Joseph Goerres, an illustrious professor, the pious +author of a "Christian Mysticism," in four volumes, wrote, in the +Rheinische Merkur: + +"Reduce to ashes that basilica of Rheims where Klodovig was anointed, +where that Empire of the Franks was born--the false brothers of the +noble Teutons; burn that cathedral!..." + +Sept. 5, 1914, we read in the Berliner Blatt: + +"The western group of our armies in France has already passed the +second line of defensive forts, except Rheims, whose royal splendor, +which dates back to the time of the white lilies, will not fail to +crumble to dust, soon, under the fire of our mortars." + +Jan. 1, 1915. In the artistic and literary supplement of the Berlin +Lokal-Anzeiger M. Rudolf Herzog sings an ode "in honor of the +destruction of the Cathedral of Rheims": + +"The bells sound no more in the cathedral with two towers. Finished is +the benediction!... With lead, O Rheims, we have shut your house of +idolatry!" + +A lyric cry of the heart, when the national wish, a century old, is at +last accomplished. + +No comment on these three texts--it suffices to bring them together. + +AUGUSTE DORCHAIN. + +Feb. 20, 1915. + + +No. 4. + +LETTER OF M. L'ABBE DOURLENT. + +_M. l'Abbe Dourlent, Curate Archpresbyter of the Cathedral of Senlis, +was one of the principal witnesses of the drama. So he has had to +speak of it several times. But up to now we had no written deposition +from him over his signature. Here is the document which comes from +this priest. It attests his courage and sincerity at the same time._ + +Diocese of Beauvais, Archpresbytery and Parish of Senlis, (Oise.) + +SENLIS, Jan. 8, 1915. + +Monsieur: You do me the honor to ask for my testimony as to the +actions of the enemy at Senlis at the time of the occupation, on the +2d of September. + +I beg to send you my attestation, and express my confusion and regret +at not having been able to do so sooner. + +On the 2d of September an engagement took place between the French and +German troops on the plain of Senlis from 10 o'clock till about +half-past 2, and it was ended by the bombardment of our beautiful +cathedral and a part of the city. The enemy entered the city about +half-past 3 and were received at the end of the Faubourg St. Martin by +a fusillade directed against them by delayed soldiers and a company +armed with machine guns, charged with arresting the pursuit of the +French Army, which was bending back toward Paris. + +Immediately the superior officer, who was conversing with M. Odent, +the Mayor of Senlis, accused the civilians of having fired on the +German Army, and rendered him responsible for it. Then began the +burning of the whole Rue de la Republique. This untruth was +immediately spread about, and two hours after the affray a General +said at Villers-Saint-Frambourg what another General said next morning +at Nanteuil-le-Haudouin: That Senlis was burned because the civilians +had fired on the German Army. The thirty-seven hostages brought to +Chamant heard the same statement. + +To this testimony I will add my own, which will only confirm what is +said above: As soon as the enemy arrived soldiers of the cyclist corps +obliged me to conduct them to the top of the belfry of our cathedral, +from which they pretended that they had been shot at. Their inspection +revealed nothing of what they thought to find, for I alone had the key +and I had confided it to no one. Some moments later I was consigned to +the Hotel du Grand-Cerf as a hostage. The German General Staff had +gone to Chamant. Some hours later I accosted a superior officer and +asked him what I should do, seeing no one of whom I could inquire the +reason for my arrest. "Remain here, where you will at least be in +safety. Poor curate! Poor Senlis! But, then, why did you receive us as +you did? The civilians shot at us, and we were fired at from the tower +of your church. So Senlis is condemned. You see that street in flames? +(and, in fact, the Rue de la Republique was burning everywhere, 114 +houses in ruins) well, this night the city itself will be entirely +burned down. We have the order to make of Senlis a French Louvain. At +Louvain the Belgians shot at us from their houses, from their +belfries--Louvain no longer exists. Tomorrow it will be the same with +your place. We admit fighting among soldiers, that is war; but we are +pitiless with civilians. Paris and the whole of France need a terrible +example which shall remind them that warfare by civilians is a crime +that cannot be too severely punished." + +My energetic protest against the accusation concerning the cathedral +and my other doubts formulated against the intervention of civilians +(I did not know what was the nature of the engagement in the Faubourg) +seemed to interest the officer, who promised to make a report to the +General and to plead our cause. Thanks to God, the sentence was +repealed; our poor Mayor and ten hostages were shot, but the city was +spared. + +Such are the facts, which I thought might be of interest in your +researches. I am at your orders to complete them if you need more. + +I beg you, Sir, to accept the expression of my most respectful +sentiments. + +(Signed.) DOURLENT. +Curate Archpresbyter of Senlis. + + +No. 5. + +THE LIBRARY OF LOUVAIN. + +_To close the series of depositions collected by us, here is that of +M. Paul Delannoy, Librarian of the University of Louvain. The few +lines he was kind enough to address to us will suffice to show the +extent of the treasure formerly at Louvain and also of the disaster +accomplished, which seems irreparable:_ + +The library of the University of Louvain possessed 500 manuscripts, +about 800 incunabulae, and 250,000 to 300,000 volumes. One noted +especially the original of the bull of foundation of the university in +1425, an example on vellum of the famous work of Andre Vesale, De +Humani Corporis Fabrica, an example given to the university by Charles +V., a precious manuscript by Thomas a Kempis. The bibliographical +curiosities were numerous; the collection of old Flemish bindings of +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries contained some curious +specimens. The souvenirs of the ancient university, seals, diplomas, +medals, &c., were preciously guarded in cases. The old printed matters +of the sixteenth century formed an extremely rare treasury; all the +pieces, pamphlets, and placards on the reform of the Low Countries +were kept together in a "varia" volume, thus constituting a unique +ensemble. It was the same with a host of pieces relating to Jansenism. + +The great halls of the books, with artistic woodwork, were jewels of +eighteenth century architecture; the Salle des Pas-Perdus of the +Halles Universitaires, with its vaults and capitals, has been +reproduced in manuals of art and archaeology. + +The reading room of the library contained a whole gallery of portraits +of professors of the ancient university; this museum was a very +precious source for the literary history of the Low Countries. + +PAUL DELANNOY. + + +No. 6. + +THE TESTIMONY OF M. PIERRE LOTI. + +_Finally, covering these various testimonies, and deriving from his +illustrious signature a character of high distinction, here is what M. +Pierre Loti writes us:_ + +More or less, everywhere in the north and east of our dear France, I +have seen with my eyes the German abominations, in which, without this +experience, I could not have believed. + +In indignation and horror I associate myself with the protestations +above, as well as with all those, not yet formulated, which will come +out later on and which will always be below the monstrous reality. + +PIERRE LOTI. + +_So we may say that the present memorial, tempered many a time, is +less an excessive than a perfectly moderate picture._ + + +APPENDIX II. + +No. 1. + +NOTRE DAME DE PARIS. + +_It will be remembered that on the 11th of October a Taube, having +managed to penetrate the zone of Paris, flew over the city, hovered +just above Notre Dame, and dropped several bombs on the cathedral. +Note that this was on Sunday and that at the hour when this Taube +accomplished its disastrous mission there was in Notre Dame a very +great crowd of worshippers. None of them was hurt, but the distinction +was undeniably that of killing unarmed people and mutilating a marvel +of French art._ + +_Let us now read the first report, signed by M. Harancourt, who was +able to proceed to interesting discoveries on the very day of the +attempt:_ + +Musee des Thermes et de l'Hotel de Cluny. +Sunday, Oct. 11, 1914. + +To the Under Secretary of State for the Fine Arts, Service of Historic +Monuments. + +As I reside in the arrondissement of Notre Dame, I got to the +cathedral some moments after the explosion of the bombs. In the +company of a Commissary of Police, of an architect of the city, of a +Canon, and of two Sergeants of the Fire Department, I examined the +damage caused in order to be able to advise the Service of Historical +Monuments immediately if the case should be urgent. + +The bomb exploded on the west slope of the roof of the north transept, +a little above the gutter, near the clock. After having pierced the +lead covering it seems to have exploded only after having struck the +transverse beam, whose end is splintered. The explosion, having thus +taken place under the covering, pushed the edges of the tear outward, +making a hole in this covering through which a young person could +pass; six small beams were split round about. The bomb was loaded like +shrapnel, apparently with leaden bullets of different calibres, for +the roof is riddled with circular holes to a distance of twenty meters +from there. The holes are of various diameters, but none of the +bullets could be found. The nearest turret was damaged--several +ornaments were broken from it--the modern clockstand that incases the +big clock was riddled by pieces of shell. The bomb thrown at the apse +and which fell in the garden was not this time a shrapnel bomb, but an +incendiary bomb, which only threw out a sheet of flame. The third +having fallen into the Seine, toward the south side of the porch, it +is difficult to say whether it was a shrapnel bomb or an incendiary. + +To sum up, the damage from the artistic point of view is almost nil; +it simply calls for some work by carpenters and roofers. + +But the intention to harm the building is evident, and I have thought +that perhaps it would be well to take certain precautions to protect, +if possible, the fine fourteenth century statue of the Virgin that +stands near the pillar, and that it is not impossible perhaps to +transfer it to a safer place. + +E. HARANCOURT, +Member of the Commission on Historical Monuments. + + +_A report from M. Paul Boeswillwald, Inspector General of Historical +Monuments, confirms the first statements:_ + +Historical Monuments, Cathedral of Paris. + +PARIS, Oct. 12, 1914. + +The Inspector General of Historical Monuments to the Under Secretary +of State for the Fine Arts. + +I have the honor to report that I went this morning to Notre Dame to +examine the damage caused by the bomb thrown yesterday afternoon on to +the cathedral by a German aviator. The bomb struck the lower part of +the west slope of the top of the north transept, tearing the lead, +breaking a piece of the wooden frame, and smashing by its explosion +the crown of the pinnacle which cuts the balustrade at the right of +the flying buttress intermediary in the sexpartite vault of the +transept. Other effects of the explosion were the striking of some +stones and the leads of the dormer window which carries the frame of a +clock, as also some small windows. The fragments of the pinnacle fell +on the roof of the lower slope, where they made a deep imprint on the +lead cover without breaking it through. + +The projectile was not an incendiary bomb, since the wood splintered +by it bears no trace of fire. + +To resume, the damage is, fortunately, quite unimportant. + +The order has been given to set aside all the fragments of stone +belonging to the decoration of the pinnacle, remains of crockets, +ornaments, &c. + +(Signed) PAUL BOESWILLWALD. + +_With all the friends of civilization and of art, we think that the +question of the slightness of the damage caused by this Taube is not +to be considered at all. But the fact of this Taube having +accomplished such a raid with the sole design of bombarding a +cathedral in a peaceful city, 100 kilometres off from the military +operations--is it not the most patent and evident demonstration of the +kind of Neronian dilettantism which, along with calculation, inspires +the crimes of the barbarians?_ + + +APPENDIX III. + +No. 1. + +WHAT OUR PROVINCIAL CITIES ARE. + +_Here is a page published by Anatole France apropos of the bombardment +of Soissons:_ + +I had just read in a newspaper that the Germans, who have been +bombarding Soissons these four months, have dropped eighty shells on +the cathedral. A moment later chance brought before me a book of M. +Andre Hallays, where I find these lines, which I take pleasure in +transcribing: + +"Soissons is a white city, peaceful and smiling, that raises its tower +and pointed spires at the edge of a lazy river, at the centre of a +circle of green hills. The city and the landscape make one think of +the little pictures that the illuminators of our old manuscripts +lovingly painted.... Precious monuments show the whole history of the +French Monarchy, from the Merovingian crypts of the Abbaye de +Saint-Medard to the fine mansion erected on the eve of the Revolution +for the Governors of the province. Amid narrow streets and little +gardens a magnificent cathedral extends the two arms of its great +transept; at the north is a straight wall, and an immense +stained-glass window; at the south, that marvelous apse where the +ogive and the full centre combine in so delicate a fashion." ("Around +Paris," Page 207.) + +That charming page from a writer who dearly loves the cities and +monuments of France brought tears to my eyes. It charmed my sadness. I +want to thank my colleague for it publicly. + +The brutal and stupid destruction of monuments consecrated by art and +the years is a crime that war does not excuse. May it be an eternal +opprobrium for the Germans! + + +No. 2. + +MARTYRDOM THAT ENNOBLES. + +_To illustrate this memorial, which is first addressed to the Friends +of the Beautiful, and whose object is to touch the heart, we give a +sonnet of M. Edmond Rostand. It is entitled, "The Cathedral," and will +show that pride may be taken by the victim of violence, and that a +crime against the beautiful diminishes only the brute who commits it:_ + +Nought have they done but render it more immortal! The work does not +perish that a scoundrel has struck. Ask Phidias, then, or ask of Rodin +if before bits of his work men no longer say, "It is his!" The +fortress dies when once dismantled, but the temple shattered lives but +the more nobly; and our eyes, of a sudden, remember the roof with +disdain and prefer to see the sky in the lace work of the stone. Let +us give thanks, since till now we lacked what the Greeks possess on +the hill of gold--the symbol of beauty consecrated by insult! Let us +give thanks to the layers of the stupid cannon, since from their +German skill there results for them--shame; for us--a Parthenon! + + +No. 3. + +A SOLEMN PROTEST. + +_We mean the one issued on the 29th of October by the Academie +Francaise at one of its sessions, meeting under the Presidency of M. +Marcel Prevost, M. Etienne Lamy being Perpetual Secretary. The +President of the Republic, M. Raymond Poincare, made it a point to be +present at this session, and here is the document that, after long +deliberation, was approved by the unanimous vote of the members +present:_ + +The Academie Francaise protests against all the affirmations by which +Germany lyingly imputes to France or to its allies the responsibility +for the war. + +It protests against all the negations opposed to the evident +authenticity of the abominable acts committed by the German armies. + +In the name of French civilization and human civilization, it +stigmatizes the violators of Belgian neutrality, the killers of women +and children, the savage destroyers of noble monuments of the past, +the incendiaries of the University of Louvain, of the Cathedral of +Rheims, and those who wanted also to burn Notre Dame. + +It expresses its enthusiasm for the armies that struggle against the +coalition of Germany and Austria. + +With profound emotion it salutes our soldiers who, animated by the +virtues of our ancestors, are thus demonstrating the immortality of +France. + +_When these words were published they may have appeared excessive to +certain minds outside of the best-informed circles.... Since then +diplomatic documents have appeared, followed by various official +reports on German atrocities, and today the truth is known to all._ + + +No. 4. + +THE FRENCH POINT OF VIEW. + +_On the 9th of November the President of the Council, M. Rene +Viviani, traveled to Rheims in order to deliver to the Mayor, M. +Langlet, the Cross of the Legion of Honor that his courage had gained +for him. On this occasion the President of the Council pronounced the +discourse from which the following is cited as exhibiting French +thought on the present war:_ + +As if it were really necessary to accentuate the role of France, +German militarism has raised its voice. It proclaims, through the +organ of those whose mission it is to think for it, the cult of force +and that history asks no accounts from the victor. We are not a +chimerical people, nor dreamers, we do not despise force; only we put +it in its place, which is at the service of the right. It is for the +right that we are contending, for that Belgium is struggling by our +side, she who sacrificed herself for honor; and for that, also, our +English and Russian allies whose armies, while waiting till they can +tread this unchained force under foot, oppose it with an invincible +rampart. France is not a preying country; it does not stretch out +rapacious hands to enslave the world. Since war has been forced upon +her, she makes war. Soon the legitimate reparations will come which +shall restore to the French hearth the souls that the brutality of +arms separated from it. Associated in a work of human liberation we +shall go on, allies and Frenchmen united in war and for peace, as long +as we have not broken Prussian militarism and the sword of murder with +the sword of freedom. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Chronology of the War + +Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from +June 15, 1915, Up to and Including July 15, 1915. + + +CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE + +June 16--Austro-German drive toward Lemberg continues, although +Russians are moving reinforcements to their retreating line; only +section where Russians are checking the Teutonic allies is that +between the Dniester marshes and Zurawna; Austrian official statement +says that 108 Russian officers, 122,300 men, 53 cannon, and 187 +machine guns were captured during the first fifteen days of June; +Russians estimate that 2,800,000 men are operating against them. + +June 17--Austro-German drive at Lemberg continues from the west and +northwest; at one point Russians are retreating over their own +frontier toward Tarnogrod, four miles from the Galician border; +Austro-Germans have battered their way through Niemerow, thirty miles +northwest of Lemberg, and are advancing toward Jaworow, twenty-five +miles from Lemberg. + +June 18--Austro-Germans are nearer Lemberg; the battle for the +Galician capital is raging along a fortified line at Grodek, sixteen +miles west of Lemberg; Austro-Germans drive Russians across the +frontier of Poland near Tarnogrod, which falls into the hands of the +Teutonic allies; Austrians penetrate ten miles into Bessarabia. + +June 19--Austro-Germans make important gains in their drive on +Lemberg; they take the strongly fortified town of Grodek, and cross +the River Tanew; they take Komarno, twenty miles southwest of Lemberg. + +June 20--Russians are in general retreat along their entire front west +of Lemberg; Mackensen's men take Russian trenches along a front of +nearly twenty-four miles northwest of Lemberg. + +June 21--Austro-Germans take Rawa Ruska, and are now fighting east of +that town, the investment of Lemberg being almost complete; advance +forces of the Teutonic allies are within nine miles of the limits of +Lemberg; north and south of Lemberg the Russians are falling back +toward the city; on the Upper Dniester the Russians are beginning to +evacuate their positions. + +June 22--Austro-German forces take Lemberg, capital of Galicia, which +has been held by the Russians since Sept. 3, and which they have +called Lvov, the Second Austrian Army, under General von +Boehm-Ermolli, entering first; Russians withdraw systematically and in +good order, leaving behind few prisoners and removing the Russian +documents from the city; Russians along practically the whole line in +Galicia are abandoning as much territory as they can cover in the +twenty-four hours each day, retreating in fairly good order. + +June 23--Russians are retreating near Rawa Ruska and Zolkiew; Russians +are also retreating between the San and Vistula Rivers and in the hill +district of Kielce, Russian Poland; Montenegrins are marching against +Scutari, Albania, in three columns. + +June 24--Russians are still retreating in Galicia. + +June 25--Russians throw part of General Linsingen's army back across +the Dniester to the south bank; Petrograd reports that the Russian +armies, despite their weeks of retreat in Galicia, are practically +intact, and that they have inflicted vast losses on the +Austro-Germans, having captured 130,000 men, 60 cannon, and nearly 300 +machine guns; severe fighting in Bessarabia. + +June 27--Russians retreat in Galicia, both north and south of Lemberg; +Serbians capture Micharskaada, Austria, near Shabatz, taking much war +material. + +June 28--Austro-Germans take the Galician town of Halicz and cross the +Dniester; Russians are falling back to the Gnila Lipa River; northeast +of Lemberg the Austro-Germans are forcing back the Russians, who are +forming along the Bug River; Montenegrins occupy the Albanian harbor +of Giovanni Medua and are now marching on Alessio. + +June 29--Austro-Germans drive Russians across the Russian frontier +north of Lemberg, taking the town of Tomaszow, Poland; Austro-Germans +reach the Gnila Lipa River and the Bug River, near Kamionka; Rome +reports that the Montenegrins have entered Scutari, Albania. + +June 30--To the north and northwest of Lemberg the Russians continue +to retreat; the Austro-Germans take another Polish town, Zawichost, +just over the frontier. + +July 1--Austro-Germans continue their drive into Poland from Galicia, +and take the fortress of Zamost, twenty-five miles north of the +Galician frontier; east of Lemberg the Austrian troops are pressing +forward; von Mackensen's troops advance between the Vistula and Bug +Rivers; Austrian official statement says that during June the +Teutonic allies in Galicia captured 521 officers, 194,000 men, 93 +guns, 164 machine guns, 78 caisson, and 100 military railway +carriages. + +July 2--Austro-Germans continue to advance in Galicia and Poland. + +July 3--Austro-Germans continue to advance as the Russians fall back +in good order; west of Zamosc the Russians are repulsed beyond the Por +River; east of Krasnik, the Austro-Germans capture Studzianki; it is +unofficially estimated by Berlin experts that from May 2 until June 27 +the Russians left in the hands of the Germans 1,630 officers and +520,000 men as prisoners, 300 field guns, 770 machine guns, and vast +quantities of war material. + +July 4--Linsingen's army is advancing toward the Zlota Lipa River, the +Russians falling back; along the Bug River Mackensen's armies are +attacking; Teutonic allies take the heights north of Krasnik; there is +fierce fighting in the Russian Baltic provinces. + +July 5--Russians are making a desperate stand between the Pruth and +Dniester Rivers. + +July 6--With the exception of certain sectors between the Vistula and +the Bug Rivers, the Austro-German drive seems to be losing its +momentum: the Russians are holding at most points along their line. + +July 7--Russians, who have been strongly reinforced, check the +Austro-German advance toward the Lublin Railway, which threatens to +imperil Warsaw. + +July 8--Russians hold up Austro-German attempt to outflank Warsaw from +the southwest; Austrians are compelled to retire north of Krasnik; +Austro-Germans are checked on the lower Zlota Lipa River. + +July 10--Russians are delivering smashing blows against the Austrians, +commanded by Archduke Ferdinand, in Southern Poland. + +July 12--On the East Prussian front, near Suwalki, the Germans take +2-1/2 miles of Russian trenches; in the Lublin region, Southern +Poland, the Russian troops, having completed their counter-offensive +movement, occupy the positions assigned to them on the heights of the +right bank of the River Urzendooka; Austrians repulse strong and +repeated Montenegrin attacks on the Herzegovina frontier. + +July 13--The Austrians in the Lublin region are retreating toward the +Galician frontier and some of them have crossed the border into their +own territory. + +July 15--Germans renew their drive on Warsaw from the north, and take +Przasnysz, a fortified town fifty miles north of Warsaw. + + +CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE + +June 16--British resume offensive near Ypres, north of Hooge, +capturing trenches along a front of 1,000 yards; French make gains +north of Arras, in the labyrinth, and near Souchez and Lorette; +French make progress in the Vosges, on both banks of the Fecht River. + +June 17--After severe fighting for two days, during which the Germans +bring 220,000 men into action and the French fire 300,000 shells, +French make important gains near Souchez and at other points in the +sector north of Arras; French retain nearly all their gains, despite +furious counter-attacks. + +June 18--A strong and concerted attack is being made by the British +and French upon the German front from east of Ypres to south of Arras; +British retain a first line of German trenches won east of Ypres. + +June 19--French carry by assault the position of Fond de Buval, a +ravine west of the road between Souchez and Aix-Noulette, where +fighting has been in progress since May 9; French advance northwest of +the labyrinth; French advance farther on the Fecht River in Alsace, +Germans evacuating Metzeral, after setting it on fire. + +June 20--Germans make a strong attack on the French lines in the +Western Argonne, the French stating that it was preceded by a +bombardment with asphyxiating projectiles. + +June 21--French take trenches on the heights of the Meuse; in Lorraine +the French advance and take the works to the west of Gondrexon; in +Alsace the French are advancing beyond Metzeral in the direction of +Meyerhof. + +June 22--It is officially announced that the French are in possession +of the labyrinth, for which furious fighting has been in progress day +and night since May 30; the labyrinth consists of a vast network of +fortifications built by the Germans between Neuville-St. Vaast and +Ecurie, north of Arras, forming a salient of the German line. + +June 25--On the heights of the Meuse, at the Calonne trench, Germans +make a violent night attack, with the aid of asphyxiating bombs and +flaming liquids, and penetrate that portion of the former German +second line of defense recently taken by the French, but the French +retake the ground by a counter-attack. + +June 26--Germans retake some of their trenches north of Souchez. + +June 27--Violent artillery fighting occurs in Belgium and north of +Arras. + +June 28--Severe artillery duels are fought along the front from the +Aisne to Flanders. + +June 29--Heavy cannonading is in progress north of Arras, particularly +near Souchez. + +June 30--Artillery actions are fought north of Arras and on the banks +of the Yser; in the Argonne the Germans gain a foothold at some points +of the French line near Bagatelle. + +July 1--North of Arras and along the Aisne heavy artillery engagements +are being fought. + +July 2--In the western part of the Argonne a German army under the +Crown Prince takes the offensive, and northwest of Le Four-de-Paris +German troops advance from one-eighth to one-fifth of a mile on a +three-mile front, taking war material and prisoners. + +July 3--German artillery carries on severe bombardments along +practically the whole front; French repulse two German attacks in the +region of Metzeral. + +July 4--Spirited artillery actions are fought in the region of +Nieuport and on the Steenstraete-Het Sase front. + +July 5--Germans take trenches from the French at the Forest of Le +Pretre; French repulse attacks north of Arras. + +July 6--British gain near Ypres, expelling Germans from trenches near +Pilkem won during the gas assaults in April. + +July 8--French take 800 yards of trenches north of the Souchez railway +station, Germans recapturing 100 yards; German counter-attacks on the +trenches southwest of Pilkem, recently taken by the British, are +repulsed by British and French artillery. + +July 9--British press on north of Ypres, the Germans falling back +after a two-days' bombardment; in the Vosges, near Fontenelle, the +French advance. + +July 10--French check the Germans north of Arras and the Belgians +check them on the Yser. + +July 11--Artillery actions are in progress at Nieuport, in the region +of the Aisne, in Champagne, in the territory between the Upper Meuse +and Moselle, and in the Vosges: Arras and Rheims are again shelled. + +July 13--German Crown Prince's army, attacking in force, is thrown +back by the French in the Argonne, the move being regarded by military +observers as the beginning of a new offensive against Verdun. + +July 14--The German Crown Prince's army in the Argonne advances +two-thirds of a mile, the French then halting it. + +July 15--Germans hold gains made in the Argonne. + + +ITALIAN CAMPAIGN + +June 16--Along the Isonzo River, on the line from Podgora to +Montforton and to the intersection of the Monfalcone Canal, Austrians +are holding Italians in check by elaborate defenses, which include +intrenchments sometimes in several lines and often in masonry or +concrete, reinforced by metallic sheeting and protected by a network +of mines or batteries often placed below ground; Italians are +attacking Austrian positions at Goritz. + +June 17--After a two-days' fight, Italians take the heights near +Plava, on the left bank of the Isonzo River; Italians operating in the +Trentino occupy Mori, five miles from Rovereto. + +June 18--Austrians are taking the offensive from Mori and Rovereto +against the Italians at Brentonico, at Serravale, and in the Arsa +Valley; Austrians repulse Italians near Plava; Italians are shelling +Gradisca. + +June 19--It is unofficially reported from Rome that the Italian army +now occupies 10,000 square kilometers of "unredeemed" territory, or +more than twice as much as Austria offered to Italy for remaining +neutral. + +June 20--In the Monte Nero region, Italians take further positions; +Italians repulse two counter-attacks on the Isonzo. + +June 21--Italians are making a general attack on Austrian positions; +Austrians repulse Italians east of the Fassa Valley; Austrians repulse +two attacks near Preva. + +June 22--Italians have had heavy losses during the last four days in +attempting to take by assault Austrian positions along the Isonzo +River. + +June 23--Italians gain possession of all the positions defending +Malborgeth in Carnia, after hard fighting, and are bombarding the +city. + +June 24--Austrians take a general offensive, made possible by +extensive reinforcements, but fail to make gains; heavy artillery +fighting is in progress along the Isonzo. + +June 25--Italians are advancing gradually along the Isonzo River and +have taken Globna, north of Plava, and on the lower Isonzo have taken +the edge of the plateau between Sagrado and Monfalcone. + +June 27--West of the Monte Croce Pass the Italians occupy the summit +of Zeillenkofel, 2,500 feet high; official Italian report states that +at various points on the Isonzo River the Austrians are using shells +containing asphyxiating gases. + +June 28--Italians have entered Austrian territory south of Riva, on +the western side of Lake Garda, through the Nota Vil passes about +5,000 feet high, and have descended the precipitous cliffs of Carone +Mountain, over 8,000 feet high, and have entered the Ledro Valley, +reaching the Ponale River. + +June 29--Austrian artillery is active in the Tyrol and Trentino +regions. + +June 30--Italians on the Carnic front capture three passes in the +Alps; Austrians repulse attacks in the Monfalcone and Sagrado +district, and near Plava. + +July 1--Austrians repulse Italians northeast of Monfalcone. + +July 2--Italians take the village of Tolmino, on the Isonzo, north of +Gorizia, but the Austrians hold the neighboring fortifications and are +bombarding the village. + +July 3--Italians make slight gains along the Isonzo; Austrians repulse +repeated Italian attacks near Folazzo and Sagrado. + +July 4--A battle is raging on the Isonzo River, between Caporetto and +Gradisca; Italians are advancing on the east bank between Plava and +Tolmino. + +July 5--Italians are shelling the Austrian defensive works at +Malborgeth and Predil. + +July 6--Austrian attacks in the Tyrol and Trentino region are +repulsed; Italians gain ground on the Carso plateau beyond the Isonzo. + +July 7--Austrians repulse repeated and strong Italian attacks against +the Doberdo Plateau; Austrians hold the bridgehead at Goritz, despite +terrific bombardment by massed guns. + +July 8--Italians repulse attacks in Carnia; Italians are slowly +advancing on the Carnic Plateau. + +July 9--In the upper Ansici Valley the Italian artillery bombards +Platzwisce Fort; Italian artillery continues to bombard the defenses +of Malborgeth and Predil Pass. + +July 12--Austrians are making desperate attempts to penetrate Italy +through the Carnic Alps, relying chiefly upon night attacks, but all +attacks have thus far been repulsed. + +July 13--Attempt to invade Italian territory at Kreusberg is repulsed +with heavy loss. + +July 14--Italians take two miles of Austrian trenches in the Carnic +Alps; Italians take two forts south of Goritz. + + +TURKISH CAMPAIGN + +June 16--Turkish artillery damages Allies' positions at Avi Burnu. + +June 17--British repulse Turks who attempt to retake trenches lost by +them a few days ago; a German officer leads the Turks. + +June 20--Turks are undertaking offensive operations in the Caucasus; +Turks defeat Russians near Olti, Transcaucasia, fifty-five miles west +of Kars, capturing war material. + +June 21--Turkish Asiatic batteries bombard allied columns on way to +new positions. + +June 22--French attack Turkish lines along two-thirds of the entire +front on the Gallipoli Peninsula, infantry charges following a heavy +bombardment; on the left the French carry two lines of the Turkish +trenches and hold them against counter-attacks; to the right, after an +all-day battle, the French also take Turkish works, most of which are +wrecked by the French artillery; the French now hold the ground +commanding the head of the ravine of Kereves Dere, which had been +defended by the Turks for several months. + +June 27--In the Caucasus region the Russians recently occupied the +town of Gob, twenty-five miles north of Lake Van, and Russian forces +are moving toward Biltis, Armenia, where Turkish forces are +concentrated. + +June 30--Allies take several lines of Turkish trenches near Krithia. + +July 2--Recent gains made by the Allies on the Gallipoli Peninsula are +held despite furious counter-attacks. + +July 4--Turks deliver a general attack, preceded by a heavy +bombardment, against the Allies' line on the southern part of the +Gallipoli Peninsula, but are repulsed with severe losses. + +July 7--In a furious fight on the southern part of the Gallipoli +Peninsula, British and French advance their lines five-eighths of a +mile, inflicting Turkish losses which they estimate at 21,000; the +advance is part of the work of throwing forces around Atchi Baba, +described as now being one of the strongest fortresses in the world. + +July 9--Turkish forces, supported by Arabs, are threatening Aden. + +July 13--Lively fighting between the Russians and Turks has occurred +recently north and south of Van Lake, Turkish Armenia, and south of +Olti, Transcaucasia, the Russians having the advantage. + + +CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA + +June 19--French Minister of Colonies announces that on May 24, after +heavy fighting, French colonial troops forced the Germans to +capitulate at Monso, Kamerun, after taking position after position; +the French captured many prisoners, including considerable numbers of +white troops, and large amounts of stores; French troops continue an +offensive movement toward Besam, southeast of Lomis. + +June 25--By land and water the British attack the German fortified +port of Bukoba, German East Africa, on Lake Victoria Nyanza, +destroying the fort, putting the wireless station out of action, +sinking many boats, and capturing and destroying guns. + +July 8--All the German military forces in German Southwest Africa +surrender unconditionally to General Botha, commander of the forces of +the Union of South Africa. + + +NAVAL RECORD--GENERAL + +June 18--Austrian squadron bombards Italian coast at the mouth of the +Tagliamento River, but withdraws on being attacked by Italian +destroyers; Austrian destroyer shells Monopoli; Austrian torpedo boat +sinks Italian merchantman Maria Grecia; Italian squadron, supported by +an Anglo-French contingent, bombards several islands of the Dalmatian +Archipelago, doing considerable damage. + +June 21--Allied ships bombard Turkish batteries on Asiatic side of the +Dardanelles. + +June 22--German warships in the Baltic Sea capture five Swedish +steamers, lumber laden, bound for England; French battleship St. Louis +bombards Turkish batteries on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles. + +June 24--British torpedo gunboat Hussar bombards the ports of Chesmeh, +Lidia, and Aglelia, opposite Chios, destroying small Turkish vessels +and doing other damage. + +June 26--Netherlands steamer Ceres is sunk by a mine in the Gulf of +Bothnia, crew being saved. + +June 30--British torpedo boat destroyer Lightning is damaged off the +east coast of England by a mine or torpedo explosion, but makes +harbor; fourteen of the crew missing. + +July 2--A battle occurs between Russian and German squadrons in the +Baltic, between the Island of Oeland and the Courland coast; after a +brief engagement the German squadron, outnumbered and outmatched in +strength, flees; the German mine layer Albatross is wrecked by Russian +gunfire and is beached by her crew; the Russian squadron then sails +northward, sighting another German squadron, which is also outmatched +in strength; the German ships flee after a thirty-minute fight, a +German torpedo boat being damaged; Dutch lugger Katwyk 147 is sunk by +a mine in the North Sea, ten of crew being lost. + +July 6--Italy closes the Adriatic Sea to navigation by merchant +vessels of all countries. + + +NAVAL RECORD--SUBMARINES + +June 16--German submarine sinks British steamer Strathnairn off Scilly +Isles, twenty-two of the crew being drowned; German submarines sink +British trawlers Petrel, Explorer, and Japonica. + +June 17--Austrian submarine torpedoes and sinks Italian submarine +Medusa, this being the first instance on record of the sinking of one +undersea boat by another; German Admiralty announces the loss of the +submarine U-14, her crew being captured by the British; Athens reports +that a British submarine has torpedoed and sunk three Turkish +transports, loaded with troops, in the Dardanelles above Nagara; +German submarine sinks British steamer Trafford, crew being saved. + +June 18--German submarine sinks British steamer Ailsa off Scotland, +crew being saved. + +June 19--German Admiralty states that the submarine U-29, commanded by +Captain Weddigen, which was destroyed weeks ago, was rammed and sunk +by a British tank steamer flying the Swedish flag, after the tanker +had been ordered to stop; British Government makes an official +statement that the U-29 was sunk by "one of His Majesty's ships"; +German submarine sinks British steamer Dulcie, one of the crew being +lost. + +June 20--German submarine torpedoes British cruiser Roxburgh in the +North Sea; the damage is not serious and the cruiser proceeds to port +under her own steam. + +June 21--German submarine sinks by gunfire the British steamer +Carisbrook, crew being saved. + +June 22--It is officially announced at Petrograd that Russian +submarines have sunk a large Turkish steamer and two sailing vessels +in the Black Sea. + +June 23--German submarine torpedoes and then burns Norwegian steamer +Truma, near the Shetland Islands, crew being saved. + +June 26--Austrian submarine torpedoes and sinks an Italian torpedo +boat in the Northern Adriatic. + +June 27--German submarine sinks British schooner Edith, crew being +saved. + +June 28--German submarine U-38 sinks the British steamer Armenian, of +the Leyland Line, off the Cornwall coast, twenty-nine men being lost +and ten injured; among the dead are twenty Americans, employed as +attendants for the horses and mules composing the chief portion of the +Armenian's cargo; recital of one of the crew of the British submarine +E-11--the vessel which entered the Sea of Marmora and the harbor of +Constantinople, her commander being given the Victoria Cross and each +of the crew the Distinguished Service Medal--shows that the E-11 sank +one Turkish gunboat, one Turkish supply ship, one German transport, +three Turkish steamers, and six Turkish transports. + +June 29--German submarine sinks British steamer Scottish Monarch, +fifteen of crew being lost; German submarines sink Norwegian steamers +Cambuskenneth and Gjeso, and Norwegian sailing vessel Marna; the crews +are saved. + +June 30--British steamer Lomas is sunk by a German submarine, one man +being killed; British bark Thistlebank is sunk by a German submarine; +some of crew missing. + +July 1--German submarines sink British steamers Caucasian and +Inglemoor, crews being saved; German submarine sinks Italian ship +Sardomene off Irish coast, two of crew being killed and several +wounded. + +July 2--German submarines sink steamer Welbury, bark Sardozne, and +schooner L.C. Tower, all British, the crews being saved; captain of +the Tower says that the submarine which sank his ship was disguised +with rigging, two dummy canvas funnels, two masts, and a false bow and +stern, having the appearance of a deeply laden steamer; at the +entrance of Danzig Bay a Russian submarine blows up by two torpedoes a +German battleship of the Deutschland class, which is steaming at the +head of a German squadron, while a Russian destroyer rams a German +submarine. + +July 3--German submarines sink the steamships Larchmore, Renfrew, +Gadsby, Richmond, and Craigard, all British, and the Belgian steamship +Boduognat, the crews being saved; Russian submarine in the Black Sea +sinks two Turkish steamers and one sailing ship. + +July 4--German submarine sinks French steamer Carthage. + +July 5--German submarines sink Norwegian bark Fiery Cross and British +schooner Sunbeam. + +July 7--Nearly 20,000 vessels have entered or left the Port of +Liverpool since the German submarine blockade began, yet only 29 ships +have been captured or destroyed; Austrian submarine sinks Italian +armored cruiser Amalfi in Upper Adriatic, most of the officers and +crew being saved. + +July 10--British steamer Ellesmere, Norwegian steamer Nordaas, and +Italian steamer Clio are sunk by German submarines; one of the crew of +the Nordaas is killed. + + +AERIAL RECORD + +June 16--Official British statement shows that sixteen persons were +killed and forty injured by a Zeppelin raid on the northeast coast of +England on June 15, and that twenty-four persons were killed and forty +injured by a Zeppelin raid on the same coast on June 6; German +aeroplanes drop bombs on Nancy, St. Die, and Belfort. + +June 17--Sub-Lieutenant Warneford, who won the Victoria Cross for +blowing a Zeppelin to pieces, is killed by the fall of his aeroplane +at Buc, France; French air squadrons bombard German reserve forces at +Givenchy and in the Forest of La Folie, dispersing troops about to +attack the French; squadron of Italian dirigibles bombards Austrian +positions at Monte Santo and intrenchments facing Gradisca, doing +considerable damage; the squadron also damages the Ovoladeaga station +on the railroad from Gorizia to Dornberg. + +June 18--Italian dirigible bombards an ammunition factory near +Trieste. + +June 19--In a duel between a French and a German aeroplane near Thann, +in Upper Alsace, fought at a height of 10,500 feet, the French aviator +kills the German. + +June 20--Germans shoot down one allied aeroplane near Iseghem, +Flanders, and another near Vouziers, in Champagne. + +June 21--Austrian naval planes bombard the railway stations at Bari +and Brindisi, doing considerable damage; allied aeroplanes bombard +Turkish batteries on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles. + +June 22--British aeroplane drops three bombs on Smyrna, causing +seventy casualties in the garrison. + +June 25--French aviators drop twenty bombs on the station of Douai, +fifteen miles northeast of Arras. + +June 26--British aviators drop bombs near Roulers, Belgium, causing +the explosion of a large ammunition depot and the killing of fifty +German soldiers. + +June 27--French aeroplane drops eight shells on the Zeppelin hangars +at Friedrichshafen. + +July 1--French aeroplanes drop bombs on Zeebrugge and Bruges, but +slight damage is done. + +July 2--Austrian aeroplane bombards the town of Cormons, Austria, now +in Italian hands, killing a woman and boy, and wounding five other +civilians. + +July 3--German aeroplanes bombard a fort near Harwich, England, and +bombard a British torpedo boat destroyer flotilla; German aeroplanes +also bombard Nancy and the railroad station at Dombasle, southeast of +Nancy, severing railroad communication with the fort at Remiremont; a +German aeroplane forces a French aeroplane to alight near Schlucht; +German air squadron drops bombs on Bruges, doing slight damage; French +airmen bombard the railroad stations at Challerange, Zarren, and +Langemarck, in Belgium, and German batteries at Vimy and Beauraing, +doing considerable damage. + +July 13--A French squadron of thirty-five aviators drops 171 bombs at +and near the railroad station strategically established by the Germans +at Vigneulles-les-Hattonchatel, where ammunition and other stores are +concentrated; the bombs start several fires; all the aeroplanes +return, though violently cannonaded; French squadron of twenty +aeroplanes bombards with forty shells the station at Libercourt, +between Douai and Lille; aeroplanes furnished with cannon, part of the +squadron, bombard a train. + + +AUSTRIA-HUNGARY + +July 15--A Red Book issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs charges +cruelty and breaches of international law against the Allies. + + +BELGIUM + +July 2--General von Bissing, German Governor-General, issues an order +forbidding, under penalty of fine or imprisonment, the wearing or +exhibiting of Belgian insignia in a provocative manner, and forbidding +absolutely the wearing or exhibiting of the insignia of the nations +warring against Germany and her allies. + + +CANADA + +June 23--The Victoria Cross is conferred on three Canadians for +bravery near Ypres, while seventy other Canadians get the C.B., the +C.M.G., or the D.S.O. + +July 10--The Canadian casualties since the beginning of the war total +9,982, of which the killed number 1,709. + +July 14--Sir Robert Borden, Premier of Canada, now in London, on +invitation of Premier Asquith attends a meeting of the British +Cabinet, this being the first time a colonial minister has joined +British Cabinet deliberations. + + +FRANCE + +June 21--Announcement is made in Paris that the French Postal Service +is handling mail in ninety towns and villages of Alsace, all of which +bear the names they had in 1870; the total amount of credits voted +since the beginning of the war exceeds $3,123,000,000; at present +France's war expenses are about $400,000,000 a month. + +July 1--Ministry of War officially states that at no time during the +war has the French artillery used any shells whatever manufactured in +the United States, this statement being called forth by German +declarations that much American ammunition is being used by France. + + +GERMANY + +June 18--Unofficial statement from Berlin shows that the prisoners +thus far taken by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies total +1,610,000, of whom 1,240,000 are Russians, and 255,000 French. + +July 1--The Prussian losses alone to the end of June total 1,504,523. + + +GREAT BRITAIN + +June 22--House of Commons unanimously gives a first reading to a bill +authorizing the raising by loan of $5,000,000,000, if that much be +necessary. + +June 23--Minister of Munitions Lloyd George announces in the House of +Commons that he has given British labor seven days, beginning +tomorrow, in which to make good the promise of its leaders that men +will rally to the factories in sufficient numbers to produce a maximum +supply of munitions of war; failure will mean compulsion, he states. + +July 1--John E. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalist Party, in a +speech at Dublin, states that up to June 16, 120,741 Irishmen from +Ireland had joined the army. + +July 2--The Munitions Bill is passed in all its stages by the House of +Lords. + +July 12--After more than a fortnight's work, the 600 labor bureaus +opened when Minister of Munitions Lloyd George gave labor a chance +voluntarily to enroll as munitions workers, closes with a total +registration of 90,000. + +July 13--The total subscription to the war loan is close to +$3,000,000,000, subscribed by 1,097,000 persons, stated by Chancellor +of the Exchequer McKenna to be by far the largest amount subscribed in +the history of the world; Lord Lansdowne tells the House of Lords that +there are now about 460,000 British soldiers at the front. + +July 15--Two hundred thousand Welsh coal miners strike, defying the +Ministry. + + +INDIA + +July 4--There are repeated and insistent reports in Europe, chiefly +from German sources, that riots are occurring at various points in +India; it is stated that recently the Indian cavalry at Lahore +mutinied, killed their officers and British civilians, and pillaged +and destroyed hotels and houses; two battalions of troops ready to be +transported to Europe are also said to have mutinied and to have +dispersed, after shooting their officers; there are declared to have +been serious battles between police and mutinous troops in Madras. + + +RUMANIA + +July 7--The Austro-Hungarian Minister to Rumania presents to the +Rumanian Prime Minister proposals offering Rumania certain concessions +in exchange for definite neutrality and facilities for supplying +Turkey with munitions of war; one month is given Rumania for decision. + + +SOUTH AFRICA + +June 21--General Christian de Wet, one of the leaders of the South +African rebellion against the British Government, is found guilty of +treason on eight counts at Bloemfontein, Union of South Africa; he is +sentenced to six years' imprisonment and is fined $10,000. + + +UNITED STATES + +June 16--A report is received by the State Department from Ambassador +Page on the injury to the Nebraskan on May 25, when she was struck by +either a torpedo or a mine; the report contains evidence tending to +show that she was torpedoed by a German submarine. + +June 28--Text of the American note to the German Government on the +William P. Frye case, in reply to the last German note on this +subject, which note has just been delivered by Ambassador Gerard, is +made public in Washington. + +June 29--Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs sends a note to +the American Ambassador at Vienna protesting against the exports of +arms from the United States. + +July 2--A bomb wrecks the east reception room on the main floor of the +Senate wing of the Capitol Building at Washington just before +midnight, no one being injured. + +July 3--J.P. Morgan is shot twice at his country estate on East +Island, near Glen Cove, L.I., by Frank Holt, a former instructor in +German at Cornell University, who, under arrest, states that he went +to the Morgan home to induce the banker to use his influence to stop +the exporting of munitions of war, the firm of J.P. Morgan & Co. being +the fiscal agent of the Allies in the United States; both revolver +bullets strike Mr. Morgan in the groin, the attending doctors stating +that no vital organ is affected; by his own confession, Holt is the +one who set the bomb that wrecked the Senate reception room in the +Capitol at Washington last night, saying that he wanted to call the +nation's attention to the export of munitions of war; extra +precautions are being taken by Secret Service men to guard President +Wilson, who is at Cornish, N.H. + +July 6--Frank Holt kills himself in the Nassau County Jail at Mineola; +identifications show that Holt was Erich Muenter, a former Harvard +instructor, who murdered his wife by poison in Cambridge in 1906. + +July 7--Government decides to take over the Sayville wireless plant at +once, in the interests of neutrality. + +July 10--The text is made public of the German reply to the last +American note on submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania; +the reply evades the cardinal points of the American note; makes new +proposals, and shows that the submarine war is to be continued; the +American press generally regards the reply as unsatisfactory. + +July 15--Germany expresses formal regrets for the torpedoing of the +American steamship Nebraskan, stating it was due to a mistake, and +offers to pay damages. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE +EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 5, AUGUST, 1915*** + + +******* This file should be named 22460.txt or 22460.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/4/6/22460 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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