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diff --git a/22094-h/22094-h.htm b/22094-h/22094-h.htm index baeff5d..cecb32d 100644 --- a/22094-h/22094-h.htm +++ b/22094-h/22094-h.htm @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ <!DOCTYPE html> - <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> @@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p> </div> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-vii"></a>[<a href="images/1-vii.png">vii</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-vii">vii</a></span></p> <div class="h1">TRAVELS</div> @@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ AND MOURZUK.</div> <p class="figcenter">London: Richard Bentley, 1848.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-viii"></a>[<a href="images/1-viii.png">viii</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-viii">viii</a></span></p> <div class="h4">LONDON</div> <div class="h4">HARRISON AND CO., PRINTERS,</div> @@ -401,7 +400,7 @@ AND MOURZUK.</div> <p class="figcenter">ENGRAVED BY J. WYLD, CHARING CROSS EAST</p> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xi"></a>[<a href="images/1-xi.png">xi</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xi">xi</a></span></p> <h2><a id="AINTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> <p><span class="smcap">The</span> sentiment of Antiquity—that "The life of no man is @@ -426,7 +425,7 @@ The Great Desert, as well as a large Map of the Routes of this part of Africa, would have been given to the public. It is not my fault that their publication is still delayed. I can only regret it, because what I am now publishing -comes <i>first</i>, instead of <i>last</i>, and consequently deranges<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xii.png">xii</a>]</span> +comes <i>first</i>, instead of <i>last</i>, and consequently deranges<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xii">xii</a></span> my plan, the following pages being, indeed, <i>supplementary</i> to the Reports and Map. I come, therefore, before the public with no small disadvantage.</p> @@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ actions; and, where convenient, I have allowed them to speak and act for themselves. This is the main object which I have undertaken to accomplish in this Narrative of my Personal Adventures in The Sahara. The public -must, and will, I doubt not, judge how far I have suc<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xiii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xiii.png">xiii</a>]</span>ceeded, +must, and will, I doubt not, judge how far I have suc<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xiii">xiii</a></span>ceeded, and award me praise or blame, as may be my desert. If I have failed, I shall not abandon myself to despair, but shall console myself with the thought that I @@ -488,7 +487,7 @@ inspire them yourselves, and they may produce something which you like better than what I have given you. If I am not orthodox enough,—if I have not reviled the Deism of The Desert sufficiently to your taste,—send -those who will. A little less zeal in Exeter Hall, and a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xiv"></a>[<a href="images/1-xiv.png">xiv</a>]</span> +those who will. A little less zeal in Exeter Hall, and a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xiv">xiv</a></span> little more in The Desert, would do neither you nor the world any harm. A little less clamour about Church orthodoxy, or any other doxy<a id="FNa_1-1"></a><a href="#FoN_1-1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>, and a little more anxiety @@ -511,7 +510,7 @@ The Desert? If not, I cannot help you. By the way, I was astonished to receive, since my return, a note from one of your eminent geologists, repudiating and protesting against all knowledge of the subject of "The Geology of -The Desert." And The Desert is a fifth part of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xv"></a>[<a href="images/1-xv.png">xv</a>]</span> +The Desert." And The Desert is a fifth part of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xv">xv</a></span> African Continent! Yet this gentleman dogmatizes and theorizes on all geological formations, and can tell the whole history of the geology of our planet, from the first moment @@ -546,7 +545,7 @@ of crime, which dares</p> </div></div> <p>The reader must, therefore, excuse the language with -which I have execrated this traffic in the pages of my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xvi"></a>[<a href="images/1-xvi.png">xvi</a>]</span> +which I have execrated this traffic in the pages of my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xvi">xvi</a></span> Journal. There may be some men who think it no crime to buy and sell their fellow-men; I have seen many such amongst the Moslems. But he who thinks the traffic in @@ -577,7 +576,7 @@ bondage, to have a free trade in slaves and sugar. This new generation of impostors—who teach that all virtue and happiness consist in buying in the cheapest, and selling in the dearest markets—are now dogging at the -heels of Government, in combination with the West India<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xvii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xvii.png">xvii</a>]</span> +heels of Government, in combination with the West India<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xvii">xvii</a></span> agents, to get them to re-establish a species of mitigated Slave-Trade, because, forsooth, there should be right and liberty to buy and sell a man, as there is right @@ -607,7 +606,7 @@ as the spiritual tyrants who have just set up for themselves what they call a "Free Kirk." These reverend gentlemen have received the fruits of the blood of the slaves, employed on the laborious fields of the -Southern States of America, to build up their new Free<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xviii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xviii.png">xviii</a>]</span> +Southern States of America, to build up their new Free<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xviii">xviii</a></span> Church, pretending they have a Divine right to receive the value of the forced-labour of slaves, and quoting Scripture like the Devil himself. When called upon to @@ -639,7 +638,7 @@ Scottish divines, headed by the Presbyters Candlish and Cunningham, seek or advocate the freedom of the slaves held by their fellow Presbyters of the United States? Is it not enough that they seek and maintain their own -freedom, and at whatsoever cost? Have they not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xix"></a>[<a href="images/1-xix.png">xix</a>]</span> +freedom, and at whatsoever cost? Have they not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xix">xix</a></span> received the pro-slavery mantle of the late venerated Dr. Chalmers, and can they, poor pigmies, possibly shake it off? Would it not be impious to do so? No, they cannot,—dare @@ -670,7 +669,7 @@ of Christianity. But when the Founder of our religion resisted his enemies by the remonstrance, "Why strikest thou me?" something more was meant than a protest. We have had lately a <i>triste</i> example of the end of protests -in a neighbouring country. The annual protest of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xx"></a>[<a href="images/1-xx.png">xx</a>]</span> +in a neighbouring country. The annual protest of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xx">xx</a></span> the French Chamber of Deputies against the extinction of the nationality of Poland, not only ended in barren results, and excited public ridicule, but actually terminated @@ -699,7 +698,7 @@ change has come over the spirit of our abolition dream, and suggest that the clerk, in charge of the Anti-Slavery Papers at the Foreign Office, is an old antiquated, superannuated being. In a word, these journals and Mr. Hume's pro-slavery -clique, see no reason why Great Britain should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxi"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxi.png">xxi</a>]</span> +clique, see no reason why Great Britain should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxi">xxi</a></span> not exhibit to this and succeeding ages, the most dreadful bad faith in the case of British abolition. They would have us say to the world:—"All our Anti-Slavery @@ -724,7 +723,7 @@ we owed a hundred millions to the descendants of our slaves. We were also nearly half a century in abolishing the traffic, after it had been denounced as robbery and murder by our highest and greatest statesmen, Pitt -and Fox<a id="FNa_1-3"></a><a href="#FoN_1-3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. This slowness of our work has given the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxii.png">xxii</a>]</span> +and Fox<a id="FNa_1-3"></a><a href="#FoN_1-3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. This slowness of our work has given the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxii">xxii</a></span> cue to the suspicions of our national enemies; and, certainly, to use a gross vulgarism, has "taken out the shine," or very much dimmed the lustre of this great act @@ -755,7 +754,7 @@ may not end in barren results. But if the Leaguers and Democrats have their own way, its voice, though just and righteous, will be at length reduced to a faint cry, a last shriek of despair—overwhelmed by the loud -laughs and jeers of the fiends, which possess the dealers<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxiii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxiii.png">xxiii</a>]</span> +laughs and jeers of the fiends, which possess the dealers<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxiii">xxiii</a></span> in human flesh and blood, and surround unhappy and doomed Africa with a cordon of rapine and murder, of blood and flames!</p> @@ -788,8 +787,8 @@ Christians is whitened with human bones." Wherever we have touched her western shores there our footsteps have been marked with blood and devastation. We have fostered and encouraged within the heart of Africa -the most odious and unnatural passions. We have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxiv"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxiv.png">xxiv</a>]</span> -stimulated the prince to sell his subjects, the father to +have fostered and encouraged within the heart of Africa +the most odious and unnatural passions. We have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxiv">xxiv</a></span> sell his child, the brother to sell the sister, the husband the wife, into thrice-accursed and again accursed slavery! We have done all and more than this, whilst we have @@ -817,7 +816,7 @@ Europe would blush to be guilty of? And what is one of their last acts, on a smaller scale, but not less decisively indicative of their national morality? The New York Bible Society has declared that it will not give the -Bible to slaves, even when they are able to read the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxv"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxv.png">xxv</a>]</span> +Bible to slaves, even when they are able to read the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxv">xxv</a></span> Bible! Would the Czar of Russia permit such an impious rule as this to be made by his nobles for their slaves or serfs? Such an action would render the liberties @@ -848,7 +847,7 @@ Africa than we ourselves. They have organized and established regular governments through all Central Africa, and inculcated a taste for the occupation and the principles of commerce. A great portion of this -internal trade is untainted by slavery. Bornou, Soudan,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxvi"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxvi.png">xxvi</a>]</span> +internal trade is untainted by slavery. Bornou, Soudan,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxvi">xxvi</a></span> Timbuctoo, and Jinnee, exhibit to us groups of immense and populous cities, all regularly governed and trading with one another. They have abolished human sacrifice, @@ -876,7 +875,7 @@ But is not the bare idea of such an alternative an indelible disgrace to Christendom?</p> <p>Mr. Cooley, in his learned work, entitled "The Negroland -of the Arabs<a id="FNa_1-4"></a><a href="#FoN_1-4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>," seems to doubt if the Slave-Trade<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxvii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxvii.png">xxvii</a>]</span> +of the Arabs<a id="FNa_1-4"></a><a href="#FoN_1-4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>," seems to doubt if the Slave-Trade<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxvii">xxvii</a></span> can be abolished or civilization advanced, in Central Africa, because of the neighbourhood of The Desert. This, however, is transferring the guilt of slavery and of @@ -895,7 +894,7 @@ is favourable to it, whilst the Nigritian countries beyond the influence of The Desert are plunged into deeper barbarism. The reader will only have to compare my account of the Touaricks, with the recently published -account of the social state of the kingdom of Dahomy,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxviii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxviii.png">xxviii</a>]</span> +account of the social state of the kingdom of Dahomy,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxviii">xxviii</a></span> to convince himself how completely fallacious in application is Mr. Cooley's theory<a id="FNa_1-5"></a><a href="#FoN_1-5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>. Slaves, too, abound in thickly populated countries as well as desert countries: @@ -924,7 +923,7 @@ only legitimate commerce.</p> <p>I may conclude by a word on Discoveries in The Sahara. It is now twenty years or more since The Sahara was explored, or before my present hap-hazard tour. -From what I have seen since my return, and the little<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxix"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxix.png">xxix</a>]</span> +From what I have seen since my return, and the little<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxix">xxix</a></span> encouragement given to this sort of enterprise,—the public of Great Britain being so much occupied with railways, free-trade, and currency questions, educational @@ -954,7 +953,7 @@ of the public with him. And certainly the last thing in the imagination of the British public is the undertaking Discoveries in The Great Desert.</p> -<p>A remark may be made respecting the English spel<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxx"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxx.png">xxx</a>]</span>ling +<p>A remark may be made respecting the English spel<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxx">xxx</a></span>ling of Arabic words and names. I have not adopted the new system, as very few people understand it. I have endeavoured to represent the sounds of the original @@ -984,7 +983,7 @@ Constantinople. But if I feel the bitterness of this want of sympathy, and these acts of hostility, I have the pleasure of being triumphant over all the obstacles thrown in my way. I felt freer in The Desert, unloaded -by obligations. Indeed, the fewer of these a traveller<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxxi"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxxi.png">xxxi</a>]</span> +by obligations. Indeed, the fewer of these a traveller<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxxi">xxxi</a></span> has, the better. He always supports his trials and privations with lighter spirits and a more cheerful heart. His success is his own, if his failure is his own @@ -1053,7 +1052,7 @@ is—The Desert." (p. 139.)</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxxii"></a>[<a href="images/1-xxxii.png">xxxii</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-xxxii">xxxii</a></span></p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-03.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-03_th.jpg" alt="A SLAVE CARAVAN." title="A SLAVE CARAVAN."></a></p> @@ -1062,7 +1061,7 @@ is—The Desert." (p. 139.)</p></div> <p class="figcenter"><i>J. E. S. del.</i> <i>J. W. Cook. sc.</i></p> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-1"></a>[<a href="images/1-1.png">1</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-1">1</a></span></p> <div class="h1">TRAVELS</div> <div class="h5"><span class="smcap">in</span></div> @@ -1098,7 +1097,7 @@ to our moral and intellectual dignity, is the result of sheer accident. That the accidents of life should harmonize with the immutable decrees of Providence, is the great mystery of an honest and thinking mind. The -reading accidentally of a fugitive <i>brochure</i>, thrown upon<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-2"></a>[<a href="images/1-2.png">2</a>]</span> +reading accidentally of a fugitive <i>brochure</i>, thrown upon<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-2">2</a></span> the table of the public library of Algiers, gave me the germ of the idea, which, fructifying and expanding, ultimately led me to the design of visiting and exploring @@ -1126,7 +1125,7 @@ the birds of evil-omen uttering the same mournful notes of discouragement:—"I should never reach Ghadames, no one else had done so, or no one else had gone and returned. I should perish by the hand of banditti, or -sink under the burning heat. I was not the man; it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-3"></a>[<a href="images/1-3.png">3</a>]</span> +sink under the burning heat. I was not the man; it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-3">3</a></span> required a frame of iron. Enthusiasm was very well in its way, but it required a man who was expert in arms, and who could fight his way through The Desert." And @@ -1160,7 +1159,7 @@ as other drawbacks, you would be very badly served.</p> in The Sahara with my departure from the island of Jerbah to Tripoli.</p> -<p><i>May 7th, 1845.</i>—Left Jerbah in the evening for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-4"></a>[<a href="images/1-4.png">4</a>]</span> +<p><i>May 7th, 1845.</i>—Left Jerbah in the evening for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-4">4</a></span> Tripoli in the coaster <i>Mesâoud</i> ("happy"). The captain and owner was a Maltese, but the colours under which we sailed were Tunisian. Generally, a Moorish captain @@ -1193,7 +1192,7 @@ rain.</p> the night about ten miles off the island, amongst the fishing apparatus, which looks at a distance like so many little islets. They consist of mere palm-tree boughs, -struck deep into the mud as piles are driven; and large<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-5"></a>[<a href="images/1-5.png">5</a>]</span> +struck deep into the mud as piles are driven; and large<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-5">5</a></span> spaces are thus enclosed. When the tide<a id="FNa_1-7"></a><a href="#FoN_1-7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> falls, the fish get entangled or enclosed in these enclosures, and are caught. Very fine fish are taken, and a fifth of the @@ -1222,7 +1221,7 @@ kindly requested this may not be done, because it is necessary etiquette to return the salute, and, if returned, the masonry of the fortifications may tumble down. The scene was wild and bare; the colours of the landscape -light and bright. There were some Moors winnowing<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-6"></a>[<a href="images/1-6.png">6</a>]</span> +light and bright. There were some Moors winnowing<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-6">6</a></span> barley. An ox was treading out the corn, in Scripture fashion. Crops of barley and other grain are grown all over this fertile isle, under the date-palm and olive @@ -1255,7 +1254,7 @@ resident, an Italian, who acts as a French agent and spy on the frontiers of Tunis and Tripoli. He is paid about eighteen-pence a day, cheap enough for his high political mission. The French are mighty fond of planting -spies all over Barbary; but espionage is their forte.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-7"></a>[<a href="images/1-7.png">7</a>]</span> +spies all over Barbary; but espionage is their forte.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-7">7</a></span> In the evening we arrived at the <i>Salinæ</i><a id="FNa_1-8"></a><a href="#FoN_1-8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, "salt pits," on the coast, where we found several small coasters loading with salt for Tripoli. Salt is also exported from @@ -1281,7 +1280,7 @@ of the smallest burden often ground. Here our Maltese captain observed to me, with great mystery, "See, <i>Signore</i>, we must now be very cautious how we act, and watch the wind, so as to take it on the very first breath -of its being favourable, for from here it is all deep<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-8"></a>[<a href="images/1-8.png">8</a>]</span> +of its being favourable, for from here it is all deep<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-8">8</a></span> water to Tripoli." In general, however, the Maltese captains display more courage than the Italians in these coasters.</p> @@ -1314,7 +1313,7 @@ haven. It was a real miracle of good luck, for the wind came on dreadfully, the angry spray was covering us with water, and our sufferings would have been beyond description if we had been obliged to keep the sea. Our -bark was a mere cockle-shell, into which were rammed and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-9"></a>[<a href="images/1-9.png">9</a>]</span> +bark was a mere cockle-shell, into which were rammed and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-9">9</a></span> jammed and crammed twenty-two mortal and immortal beings: <i>C'est à dire</i>, four sailors, fourteen Moorish passengers, including a woman and a child, two Jews, myself, and @@ -1346,7 +1345,7 @@ Now "<i>Santo Dio!</i>" now "<i>Scomunicat!</i>" <i>Sacrament!</i> now At length, when a sailor from the mast-head descried the port, and a tremendous surf was seen or said to be seen rolling near the entrance, the Moors, who although -mostly sulky under the influence of their fatalism, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-10"></a>[<a href="images/1-10.png">10</a>]</span> +mostly sulky under the influence of their fatalism, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-10">10</a></span> show very little courage in the dangers of the sea, cried out with fear, "Allah, Allah!" "Ya, Mohammed!" (O God! O God! O Mahomet!) The captain even felt @@ -1379,7 +1378,7 @@ country in this vicinity is a perfect desert, yet on this arid waste shepherds drive their flocks in the spring, and up to May and June. The captain considered Tripoli Vecchia, which is a very ancient port, and the -site of a once famous city, more secure than that of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-11"></a>[<a href="images/1-11.png">11</a>]</span> +site of a once famous city, more secure than that of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-11">11</a></span> Tripoli itself, though certainly much smaller. Whilst we were here no bark visited it. Good-sized ships occasionally anchor in it. Like Tripoli, it is defended with @@ -1412,7 +1411,7 @@ wretchedness.</p> Maltese <i>Rais</i>, although he broke his agreement with me, behaved well; I therefore paid him, requesting the Chancellor of our Consulate only to scold him, and warn -him for the future. He is a good Maltese Christian;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-12"></a>[<a href="images/1-12.png">12</a>]</span> +him for the future. He is a good Maltese Christian;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-12">12</a></span> and when I told him Malta had fifty years' possession of Tripoli, he replied, "Ah, how the world changes! what a pity God has given this fine country into the hands of @@ -1441,7 +1440,7 @@ part lived on biscuits sopped in water. We tried to buy a sheep from a flock driven by the shore, for which I furnished a dollar; but the current was so strong, that the man could not reach the land. One poor old Moor -lived actually on bread and water all the time he was on<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-13"></a>[<a href="images/1-13.png">13</a>]</span> +lived actually on bread and water all the time he was on<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-13">13</a></span> board, and would have nothing else, telling me, "What God gives is enough." Yet he was cheerful and talkative. One of the two Jews was also a very old blind @@ -1473,7 +1472,7 @@ Our bark was from six to eight tons' burden, and the cabin was just big enough for me and the captain to move in; the woman and child slept in the forecastle, and all the rest on deck. Each Moorish passenger paid -half a dollar for the voyage. I have been thus parti<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-14"></a>[<a href="images/1-14.png">14</a>]</span>cular +half a dollar for the voyage. I have been thus parti<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-14">14</a></span>cular in describing our coaster and its <i>live</i> freight, to show what misery is endured in these coasting voyages. It was, however, a fit introduction to my painful journeyings @@ -1506,7 +1505,7 @@ freed man. The reader, however, will be pleased to understand that I am not justifying my conduct for enticing a slave to run away. I despise such an attempted justification. On the contrary, I consider that every -man, who has the means of striking off the chains from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-15"></a>[<a href="images/1-15.png">15</a>]</span> +man, who has the means of striking off the chains from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-15">15</a></span> a slave, and does not embrace the opportunity of doing so, is the rather the man who commits an offence against natural right. As to the French Consular Agent, I @@ -1536,7 +1535,7 @@ civilization, leaving its better forms wholly unimitated. This is, perhaps, in the nature of the struggles which a semi-barbarous power may make to attain the standard of its civilized neighbour.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-16"></a>[<a href="images/1-16.png">16</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-16">16</a></span></p> <p>On landing, I went off with Said to the British Consulate. Although I had seen Colonel Warrington at Malta, I was now so sea-worn and browned with sun and @@ -1568,7 +1567,7 @@ now the fairest, loveliest garden of Tripoli! Amongst its rich fruit-trees is an immense peach-tree—the largest in all this part of Africa. It is a round, squatting, wide-spreading tree, not nailed up to the walls, but the -size of its girth of boughs is enormous.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-17"></a>[<a href="images/1-17.png">17</a>]</span></p> +size of its girth of boughs is enormous.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-17">17</a></span></p> <p>I must take the liberty of leaving off daily dates here. I detest daily note-writing, although the reader may find @@ -1604,7 +1603,7 @@ therefore in a continual state of impoverishment as governed by successive pashas. Each successive high functionary works and fleeces the people to the uttermost. Even in our own colonies the exception is, that -the Governor cares more for the welfare of the colony<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-18"></a>[<a href="images/1-18.png">18</a>]</span> +the Governor cares more for the welfare of the colony<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-18">18</a></span> than for his own immediate benefit. In Turkish colonies we must therefore expect the rule to be, that the Pasha should govern only for his private benefit and @@ -1637,7 +1636,7 @@ come in here and have never gone out. I'm a great reader of Shakspeare. It's the next book after the Bible. But a thousand Shakspeares, with all their tragic genius, could never describe the passions which have -worked, and the horrors which have been perpetrated, in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-19"></a>[<a href="images/1-19.png">19</a>]</span> +worked, and the horrors which have been perpetrated, in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-19">19</a></span> this place." The Colonel's tragic harangue was not without its effect in these dungeon passages, and the old gentleman seemed to enjoy the shiver which he saw @@ -1669,7 +1668,7 @@ manœuvring on the sea-beach between the city and the Masheeah. "Tell the Bashaw," cried out the Colonel to Casolaina, "I never saw such splendid manœuvring in all the course of my life. They do His Highness and Ahmed -Bashaw, the Commander-in-Chief, infinite credit." This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-20"></a>[<a href="images/1-20.png">20</a>]</span> +Bashaw, the Commander-in-Chief, infinite credit." This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-20">20</a></span> compliment was interpreted and graciously received though its value was no doubt properly appreciated by the politic Turk. The Colonel continued:—"Tell the @@ -1702,7 +1701,7 @@ who, previous to my interview, knew all about my anti-slavery and literary projects. His Highness observed:—"The heat is killing now, the distance is great, the road is infested with robbers; I shall have to -send an escort of five hundred troops with your friend,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-21"></a>[<a href="images/1-21.png">21</a>]</span> +send an escort of five hundred troops with your friend,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-21">21</a></span> (addressing the Consul); not long ago two hundred banditti attacked a caravan. All Tunisian Arabs are robbers; the Bey of that country cannot maintain order @@ -1736,7 +1735,7 @@ throw all sorts of obstacles in the way, but thought the Pasha would not listen to his insinuations. On asking the Consul what he thought of the objections of the Pasha? he said: "Oh, they are only to increase the -merit of his facilitating your trip." Mehemet Pasha has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-22"></a>[<a href="images/1-22.png">22</a>]</span> +merit of his facilitating your trip." Mehemet Pasha has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-22">22</a></span> the rank of three tails, and the Pasha of the Troops two tails. There was present also Mohammed Aly, a Moor, who interprets between the Moors and Arabs, and @@ -1769,7 +1768,7 @@ the various grades and rank.</p> <p>We left His Highness under the impression that he would do every thing in his power to forward our views, and never dreamt of a future memorandum of recall -after having reached Ghadames with His Highness's permission.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-23"></a>[<a href="images/1-23.png">23</a>]</span></p> +after having reached Ghadames with His Highness's permission.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-23">23</a></span></p> <p>It is not now my intention to give an account of Tripoli, so I pass on to a second interview I had with the @@ -1803,7 +1802,7 @@ polite, and promised to furnish me with tents, if I had need, and a large escort. The Turks are getting sensitive of the press. The Bashaw said he had heard I was a great newspaper writer, and asked me if I had any objection -to writing an article in his praise.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-24"></a>[<a href="images/1-24.png">24</a>]</span></p> +to writing an article in his praise.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-24">24</a></span></p> <p>At the end of the month of July (30th), Colonel Warrington suggested to me the propriety of writing to @@ -1875,7 +1874,7 @@ in Algeria and Morocco.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-25"></a>[<a href="images/1-25.png">25</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-25">25</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> <h3>FROM TRIPOLI TO THE MOUNTAINS.</h3> @@ -1907,7 +1906,7 @@ came my camel-driver Mohammed, who, at the sight of my papers all spread out, began whining and blubbering, protesting, "The <i>ghafalah</i><a id="FNa_1-11"></a><a href="#FoN_1-11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> is gone; we can't overtake it—we shall be murdered, if we delay behind." -Without saying a word in reply, I amassed and bundled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-26"></a>[<a href="images/1-26.png">26</a>]</span> +Without saying a word in reply, I amassed and bundled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-26">26</a></span> up everything together, and gave him the baggage; then went off to the <i>Souk</i>, or market-place, to buy some fresh bread,—and found myself on the way to Ghadames, before @@ -1940,7 +1939,7 @@ He took out his lancet, and forthwith bled everybody in the Kaëd's caravanseria. When his brother begged of him not to bleed any more people unless they paid him something—not to be such a <i>sciocco</i> ("ninny,") he -turned round upon him, and indignantly exclaimed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-27"></a>[<a href="images/1-27.png">27</a>]</span> +turned round upon him, and indignantly exclaimed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-27">27</a></span> "Ancora voglio lasciare il mio nome qui" (Here I will leave my name also!) It was the delight of Gameo to be the grand tabeeb of Tripoli, and even to prescribe for @@ -1973,7 +1972,7 @@ Gameo, that's him, Gameo, Gameo! What trouble he has brought upon us, Gameo! Gameo! he a tabeeb? Not fit to give physic to a dog. Gameo! Gameo! always talking—always talking; the devil take him, for -he's his son." We reached the encampment as the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-28"></a>[<a href="images/1-28.png">28</a>]</span> +he's his son." We reached the encampment as the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-28">28</a></span> shadows of night fell fast; we did not take supper, or pitch tent. My spirits gave way, and I felt fearful and saddened at the prospect of going into the interior absolutely @@ -2006,7 +2005,7 @@ off the sun. This latter was all my arms of offence and defence. The other camel carried a trunk and some small boxes, cooking utensils, and matting, and a very light tent for keeping off sun and heat. We had two -gurbahs, or "skin-bags for water," and another we were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-29"></a>[<a href="images/1-29.png">29</a>]</span> +gurbahs, or "skin-bags for water," and another we were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-29">29</a></span> to buy in the mountains, so each having a skin of water to himself. Said was to ride this camel, and now and then give a ride to Mohammed the camel-driver, @@ -2038,7 +2037,7 @@ these black camel's-hair tents, when travelling over these arid thirsty plains. The whole households of the tents were alive, but their various occupations will be seen better in the following sketch than pictured to the mind -by any elaborate description.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-30"></a>[<a href="images/1-30.png">30</a>]</span></p> +by any elaborate description.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-30">30</a></span></p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-04.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-04_th.jpg" alt="Arab Tents" title="Arab Tents"></a></p> @@ -2059,7 +2058,7 @@ offers a remarkable contrast to Tunis and other parts of Barbary, in having its Arab tribes located in stone and mud houses or fixed douwars, whilst nomade Arabs are found thickly scattered all over the West, as far as the -Atlantic. Zouweeah is the last <i>belad</i>, or <i>paesi</i>, (<i>i. e.</i>, "cul<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-31"></a>[<a href="images/1-31.png">31</a>]</span>tivated +Atlantic. Zouweeah is the last <i>belad</i>, or <i>paesi</i>, (<i>i. e.</i>, "cul<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-31">31</a></span>tivated country,") before we reach The Mountains, which are two days' journey distant. I therefore sent Mohammed to buy a small sheep, but he could not succeed @@ -2091,7 +2090,7 @@ as all are to rendezvous at this well for safety, to start together over The Desert to The Mountains. It was half a day's advance of this where the Ghadamsee ghafalah had been lately plundered of all its goods and camels. As -soon as the Sebâah banditti appeared, the merchants, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-32"></a>[<a href="images/1-32.png">32</a>]</span> +soon as the Sebâah banditti appeared, the merchants, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-32">32</a></span> were without escort, all ran away like frightened gazelles. One man alone had his arm scratched. Our ghafalah, besides casual travellers going to The Mountains, consisted @@ -2123,7 +2122,7 @@ and others are bare-headed. I laughed when I surveyed with my inexperienced eye these grisly, skeleton, phantom troops, and thought of the splendid invincible guard which the Pasha promised me. And yet amongst these -wretched beings was riding sublime an Arab Falstaff.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-33"></a>[<a href="images/1-33.png">33</a>]</span></p> +wretched beings was riding sublime an Arab Falstaff.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-33">33</a></span></p> <p><i>4th.</i>—Morning. Find the greater part of the ghafalah has not yet come up. We are to wait for them, being @@ -2157,7 +2156,7 @@ paras. The people of the ghafalah civil, but all the lower classes will beg continually if you are willing to give. Each one offers his advice and consolation on my tour; but Mohammed keeps all the hungry Arabs at a -respectable distance, lest I should give to them what<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-34"></a>[<a href="images/1-34.png">34</a>]</span> +respectable distance, lest I should give to them what<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-34">34</a></span> belongs to his share, like servants who don't wish their masters to be generous to others if it interferes with their own prerogatives.</p> @@ -2190,7 +2189,7 @@ browse, and observing the epicurean fancies of these reflective, sober-thinking brutes of The Desert. I observe also as a happy trait in the Arab, that nothing delights him more than watching his own faithful camel graze. -The ordinary drivers sometimes allow them to graze,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-35"></a>[<a href="images/1-35.png">35</a>]</span> +The ordinary drivers sometimes allow them to graze,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-35">35</a></span> and wait till they have cropped their favourite herbage and shrubs, and at other times push them forward according to their caprice. The camel, with an intuitive @@ -2223,7 +2222,7 @@ and the Frank population of Barbary. But the Italians usually dine before they take their midday nap. Our object here is to shelter ourselves from the greatest force of the heat of the day. None of us dine. In the -afternoon the Arab soldiers, being without water, began<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-36"></a>[<a href="images/1-36.png">36</a>]</span> +afternoon the Arab soldiers, being without water, began<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-36">36</a></span> to seize that of the merchants, after having demanded it from them in vain. In one case they robbed a merchant under the pretext of getting water. They also attempted @@ -2256,7 +2255,7 @@ and misery in this, as in most cases amongst the poor, and not the native unwillingness of the heart to perform good actions, which excite them to deeds of violence and plunder. This night the heavens presented an appearance -of unexampled serenity and soft splendour; all the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-37"></a>[<a href="images/1-37.png">37</a>]</span> +of unexampled serenity and soft splendour; all the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-37">37</a></span> constellations glowed with a steady beauteous light; there were the "sweet influences of Pleiades," the bright "bands of Orion," "Arcturus with his sons," and the infinitude @@ -2289,7 +2288,7 @@ sense. The Desert now showed more signs of cultivation, and, indeed, a great portion of this so-called Desert is only land uncultivated, but capable of the highest degree of cultivation;—all which might be effected by supplying -any scarcity of rain by irrigation.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-38"></a>[<a href="images/1-38.png">38</a>]</span></p> +any scarcity of rain by irrigation.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-38">38</a></span></p> <p>We passed the kailah, or in Scripture phrase, "the heat of the day," at a place called Aâeeat, below The @@ -2325,7 +2324,7 @@ me, and I lay senseless on the ground:</p> <span class="i1">My heart yet burns to think,</span> <span class="i0">How cool thy fountain sparkled forth,</span> <span class="i1">For parched lips to drink."</span> -<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-39"></a>[<a href="images/1-39.png">39</a>]</span></div></div> +<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-39">39</a></span></div></div> <p>After the Kailah, we ascended that portion of the Tripoline chain of the Atlas called Yefran. This chain @@ -2359,7 +2358,7 @@ The camels in the ascent are timid, and besides the evident fatigue which they experience, show great caution, picking slowly their way with the greatest circumspection. Only a portion of the ghafalah got up to-day. -Some camels were labouring up the mountain sides,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-40"></a>[<a href="images/1-40.png">40</a>]</span> +Some camels were labouring up the mountain sides,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-40">40</a></span> others threw off their burdens and stood still. As our party was always the advanced, we managed to get up soon. Beneath a huge old black olive-tree, which @@ -2399,7 +2398,7 @@ Africa.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-41"></a>[<a href="images/1-41.png">41</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-41">41</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> <h3>FROM THE MOUNTAINS TO GHADAMES.</h3> @@ -2435,7 +2434,7 @@ Castle, closeted in a small apartment with the Commandant, Ahmed Effendi, talking over the affairs of the ghafalah. At first I imagined this officer had brought them up from Yefran to make them pay black-mail in -various presents. But it was only his vanity which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-42"></a>[<a href="images/1-42.png">42</a>]</span> +various presents. But it was only his vanity which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-42">42</a></span> dragged up the poor camels this fatiguing route, an ascent of four hours. Our direct route to Ghadames would have been half a day farther west. He said he had merely @@ -2465,7 +2464,7 @@ marched more in order, and had a chief. This the Rais discussed with the merchants, and it was considered advisable to adopt these common sense measures, they, however, laughing heartily at my European ideas of -order. I then begged the Rais to persuade the people to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-43"></a>[<a href="images/1-43.png">43</a>]</span> +order. I then begged the Rais to persuade the people to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-43">43</a></span> travel by night, as this was the hottest season in the year, and being a new traveller in The Desert, I could scarcely support the heat. He replied it would be better @@ -2498,7 +2497,7 @@ increase its cruelty and wickedness. We passed many villages depopulated, their humble dwellings razed to the ground—the work of the ferocious Ahmed Bashaw, who came in person to these mountains. A great deal of -fighting had taken place near the Castle, and there were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-44"></a>[<a href="images/1-44.png">44</a>]</span> +fighting had taken place near the Castle, and there were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-44">44</a></span> the ruins of a very large village on one of the neighbouring peaks. Yefran is a very strong position, and was hotly contested by both parties. In all these mountain @@ -2527,7 +2526,7 @@ first proofs of a friendly disposition of the natives towards me, and were most thankfully appreciated. The people called me <i>Taleb</i> ("learned man"), or <i>Tabeeb</i> ("doctor"), or Consul, or the Christian, just as their caprice -or information led them<a id="FNa_1-13"></a><a href="#FoN_1-13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>. Here all the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-45"></a>[<a href="images/1-45.png">45</a>]</span> +or information led them<a id="FNa_1-13"></a><a href="#FoN_1-13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>. Here all the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-45">45</a></span> determined to stop a week, some going to one part of The Mountains, and some to the other, to purchase oil, barley and <i>gurbahs</i> ("water-skins"). Many travellers, who had @@ -2556,7 +2555,7 @@ I had drank my milk, I took good care to give them only a fair and exact return of biscuits, which made them ask for more, but which I refused. Started again, and did not arrive at Mohammed's village, in the -district of Rujban, till after midnight. It was a most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-46"></a>[<a href="images/1-46.png">46</a>]</span> +district of Rujban, till after midnight. It was a most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-46">46</a></span> wearisome ride. I kept asking Mohammed, "how far the village was off?" He would say, "Now three hours;" in two hours after, it was still "three hours;" in @@ -2589,7 +2588,7 @@ the air.</p> <p><i>9th.</i>—Slept the greater part of this day to recover from the fatigue of the preceding days. Do not suffer -much, and am surprised I do not suffer more. Asked<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-47"></a>[<a href="images/1-47.png">47</a>]</span> +much, and am surprised I do not suffer more. Asked<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-47">47</a></span> Mohammed for the quarter of sheep purchased at Yefran, and taxed him with stealing it: told him I would give him no backsheesh on arriving at Ghadames. He @@ -2621,7 +2620,7 @@ over the Atlas valleys, where you overlook the small scattered oasisian spots of cultivation, with here and there a palm and little groups of inclosed fig-trees. Then again, there are heights crowned with olive-woods, as if -The Mountains had put on a black scull-cap. Some of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-48"></a>[<a href="images/1-48.png">48</a>]</span> +The Mountains had put on a black scull-cap. Some of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-48">48</a></span> the precipices are so profound, as to deserve the epithet of "horrid." In different parts of these heights are flights of natural steps, by which they are ascended, and @@ -2656,7 +2655,7 @@ would have been devoured."</p> with half a dozen louting soldiers, have been up here prowling about, and wresting with violence the means of supporting life from these miserable beings. -The scenes which I witness are heart-rending, beyond all<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-49"></a>[<a href="images/1-49.png">49</a>]</span> +The scenes which I witness are heart-rending, beyond all<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-49">49</a></span> I have heard of Irish misery and rent-distraining bullies. One man had his camel seized, the only support of his family; another his bullock; another a few bushels of barley: the @@ -2688,7 +2687,7 @@ three instalments, three times a year; but, which though nothing in amount, is more than all the people are worth together, for riches and poverty are relative possessions, if the latter can be possessed. If they can't pay in -money they pay in kind. The Sheikh of the district,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-50"></a>[<a href="images/1-50.png">50</a>]</span> +money they pay in kind. The Sheikh of the district,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-50">50</a></span> with the elders, determine how much each man and family shall pay. This, of course, gives rise to ten thousand disputes, heart-burnings, and eternal wranglings @@ -2721,7 +2720,7 @@ a Christian or European before—and this is the reason of their surprise at my appearance. The children, of course, are equally astonished, but are too frightened to reflect steadily on an European. Both the women and -men say it is <i>maktoub</i>, ("predestination") which has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-51"></a>[<a href="images/1-51.png">51</a>]</span> +men say it is <i>maktoub</i>, ("predestination") which has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-51">51</a></span> brought me amongst them, and they are right. These poor people are very civil to me. In my quality of tabeeb they consult me. The prevailing disease is sore @@ -2754,7 +2753,7 @@ passes for being a very learned man. He purchased some old dirty leaves of an Arabic book, and exhibited them to the people as sacred works. The Sheikhs of Rujban and all the great people of the villages came to -stare at them. They were shocked at my presumption<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-52"></a>[<a href="images/1-52.png">52</a>]</span> +stare at them. They were shocked at my presumption<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-52">52</a></span> in wishing to handle these sacred leaves, which were a portion of a commentary on the Koran. My Marabout is the Katab, or writer of the village, there being only @@ -2787,7 +2786,7 @@ often tempted to think that there were only two classes of people in the world, the oppressing and the oppressed, (<i>i. e.</i>, the eaters and the eaten)." To which latter remark they all answered with a loud "Amen," and swore -it was the truth. They then asked me, "If the English<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-53"></a>[<a href="images/1-53.png">53</a>]</span> +it was the truth. They then asked me, "If the English<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-53">53</a></span> were coming to Tripoli?" I told them, "No," for the English had now more countries than they knew what to do with. Surprised at this remark, they continued, @@ -2819,7 +2818,7 @@ are frequent about the neighbourhood, and the people are often obliged to gather their figs before they are ripe, lest they should be stolen. At other times they display great impatience of the seasons, and gather the -fruit before ripe. Those who steal provisions are poor<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-54"></a>[<a href="images/1-54.png">54</a>]</span> +fruit before ripe. Those who steal provisions are poor<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-54">54</a></span> famished devils, having nothing to eat. There is no poor-law here. It is simply a question of theft or starvation to death. This is the alternative of Arab @@ -2850,7 +2849,7 @@ Some Tunisian Arabs have reported that large bodies of troops are being concentrated at the Isle of Jerbah, in expectation of the Turks. The trading Arabs are the gazettes of North Africa.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-55"></a>[<a href="images/1-55.png">55</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-55">55</a></span></p> <p>Said's feet are very sore, arising from Mohammed refusing to allow him to ride. I was obliged to tell him, at last, that, unless he permitted him to ride, Said @@ -2884,7 +2883,7 @@ object of curiosity. They never saw a Christian before. They are always declaring me "bahea," handsome, of which compliment I am, indeed, very sensible.</p> -<p>This evening, however, the women of our two or three<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-56"></a>[<a href="images/1-56.png">56</a>]</span> +<p>This evening, however, the women of our two or three<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-56">56</a></span> huts, and their neighbours, played me an indecent trick, with, of course, a mercenary object. Although the Barbary dance is rare amongst the Arab women, they can @@ -2917,7 +2916,7 @@ But cases of adultery are unknown amongst these simple people.</p> <p><i>12th.</i>—A beautiful Arab girl, a perfect mountain -gazelle, came with her mother to consult me about her<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-57"></a>[<a href="images/1-57.png">57</a>]</span> +gazelle, came with her mother to consult me about her<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-57">57</a></span> eyes, being near-sighted. Recommended her to apply to Dr. Dickson, if she ever went to Tripoli; and wrote her a note to him. Many other people came for medicines. @@ -2950,7 +2949,7 @@ little time we have, we wish it less.</p> no wives?" The Mohammedans and Catholics go to extremes in their ideas of separating or connecting women with religion and sanctity. The Mohammedans -think a saint or marabout cannot have too many women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-58"></a>[<a href="images/1-58.png">58</a>]</span> +think a saint or marabout cannot have too many women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-58">58</a></span> or wives, which, they say, assist their devotion—a sentiment which they pretend to have received from Mahomet himself by tradition. The fact is, the prophet was very @@ -2983,7 +2982,7 @@ prevalent as an infallible remedy in all Mahometan Africa. Marabouts are all powerful in The Mountains; and a woman, pointing to her child, said to me:—"That boy is the child of a Marabout. I never allow -another man to sleep with me." Nevertheless, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-59"></a>[<a href="images/1-59.png">59</a>]</span> +another man to sleep with me." Nevertheless, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-59">59</a></span> women still display intense curiosity in seeing "The Christian," and will declare, "By G—d, you are beautiful, more handsome than our men." They admire the @@ -3021,7 +3020,7 @@ from certain people of this country, who are now working in that city. They look sharp after these poor wretches. Amuse myself with washing my handkerchiefs and towels, and mending my clothes. I also -always cook and do as much for myself as I possibly can.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-60"></a>[<a href="images/1-60.png">60</a>]</span> +always cook and do as much for myself as I possibly can.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-60">60</a></span> Besides doing things as I like, it amuses me. Bought another skin-bag for water, and shall now distribute the three amongst us, and each shall drink his own water @@ -3054,7 +3053,7 @@ men, women, and children—some brought milk, others figs and soap. Soap is considered a luxury in all the interior cities, and people will beg soap though never use it, but keep it as a sort of treasure. Fig and olive -trees abound in the mountains, but for want of rain<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-61"></a>[<a href="images/1-61.png">61</a>]</span> +trees abound in the mountains, but for want of rain<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-61">61</a></span> have produced nothing this year. So of most other vegetables products. Goats only are in abundance, of animals. The ordinary food of the people is bazeen, a @@ -3089,7 +3088,7 @@ I am gone, from having the malady. Everybody begs a bit of sugar, a little bread, a scrap of paper, a something from the Christian. Content all as well as I can.</p> -<p>This evening saw, for the first time "the playing with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-62"></a>[<a href="images/1-62.png">62</a>]</span> +<p>This evening saw, for the first time "the playing with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-62">62</a></span> the head," which is performed by females. This was done by a young girl. After baring her head and unbinding her hair, throwing her long dark tresses in @@ -3121,7 +3120,7 @@ aware of the object. The men pray now and then, the women never, that I could see, and never think of religion beyond ascribing all things, good and bad, to God. Indeed, all classes in these mountains think the sum of -religion consists simply in ascribing all matters, how great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-63"></a>[<a href="images/1-63.png">63</a>]</span> +religion consists simply in ascribing all matters, how great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-63">63</a></span> or how small, how evil how good soever, to the Divine Being. When they have done this, they think they have performed an act of piety and mercy. At my request, @@ -3154,7 +3153,7 @@ wonder how the people could keep slaves when they can scarcely keep themselves. His Excellency is very sulky. He threatens to resign his Sheikhdom. The poor Sheikh is the dirtiest, unhappiest mortal of all his people. He -is without wife, family or friend; he is without a rag<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-64"></a>[<a href="images/1-64.png">64</a>]</span> +is without wife, family or friend; he is without a rag<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-64">64</a></span> to cover himself, except a filthy blanket. He houses in a little dirty cabin. In looks he is a hard strong-featured man, and large of limb. I asked his Excellency @@ -3187,7 +3186,7 @@ countrymen. He says: "The Arabs are all dogs And Mohammed adds, that when they have sufficient they will still beg, being born beggars. But, alas! these poor people, I am sure, never know now what it is to -have enough. Yesterday some audacious thief stole the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-65"></a>[<a href="images/1-65.png">65</a>]</span> +have enough. Yesterday some audacious thief stole the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-65">65</a></span> Sheikh's leghma. His factotum is foaming with rage, but the Sheikh laughed heartily at the impudence of the thief. His Excellency is accustomed to send me some @@ -3221,7 +3220,7 @@ homes, and go with me any where or everywhere. I hardly observed a spark of fanaticism in them, so far as accompanying me was concerned. They were all actuated with the common and universal feeling, to obtain -something to live withal in this poor world.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-66"></a>[<a href="images/1-66.png">66</a>]</span></p> +something to live withal in this poor world.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-66">66</a></span></p> <p>I have endeavoured to give some minutiæ of Arab mountain life. It will be seen to be not very stirring or @@ -3257,7 +3256,7 @@ many women and children, all crying out "<i>Bes-slamah, bes-slamah</i>," (Good-bye, good-bye). We now entered upon the most difficult, and the most critical part of our route in this season, and I commended myself and the -people again to Eternal Providence.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-67"></a>[<a href="images/1-67.png">67</a>]</span></p> +people again to Eternal Providence.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-67">67</a></span></p> <p><i>20th.</i>—Seenawan. I find it impossible to write daily in this part of the route.</p> @@ -3291,7 +3290,7 @@ in one direction. We were not near enough (indeed some miles off) to have any conversation with them. By noon we had all rendezvoused upon a pleasant plateau of The Mountains. The merchants welcomed my -return, and asked me what I had been doing. I said,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-68"></a>[<a href="images/1-68.png">68</a>]</span> +return, and asked me what I had been doing. I said,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-68">68</a></span> "We have delayed too long." They smiled:—"Oh, you don't understand; you see we have one day for buying oil, another day for barley, another for skins, another for @@ -3325,7 +3324,7 @@ guidance of a good Arab chief, they know what they are about, and can do things with order and dispatch.</p> <p>I don't know how it was, but it came into my head -that, on leaving The Mountains, and proceeding south,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-69"></a>[<a href="images/1-69.png">69</a>]</span> +that, on leaving The Mountains, and proceeding south,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-69">69</a></span> we should soon descend again, as if we were to cross some mighty ridge or series of ridges of the Atlas. Every moment I expected to descend into valleys or @@ -3357,7 +3356,7 @@ up, and the nakedness of the Saharan ridges is responded to with a hideous barrenness from the intervening plains and valleys. Not a single living creature was visible or moving; not a wild or tame animal, not a bird nor an -insect, if we except a tiny lizard, which seems to live as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-70"></a>[<a href="images/1-70.png">70</a>]</span> +insect, if we except a tiny lizard, which seems to live as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-70">70</a></span> a salamander in heat and flames, now and then crossing our path at the camel's foot, and a few flies, which follow the ghafalah, but have no home or habitation in The @@ -3390,7 +3389,7 @@ seemed at my last gasp. I began to think that the predictions of my <i>friends</i> in Tripoli were about to be verified. I was to succumb to make them prophets! In addition to this my deep distress, I felt the wound of -pride. I got some tea made, I can't tell how, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-71"></a>[<a href="images/1-71.png">71</a>]</span> +pride. I got some tea made, I can't tell how, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-71">71</a></span> poured some brandy into it. This I drank, and from a fever of delirium found myself conscious again, and swimming in a bath of perspiration. The crisis was @@ -3422,7 +3421,7 @@ days and four nights were thus passed, without four hours of sleep. I often wonder if I could go through this again. I had an additional suffering of the eyes. I never took the veil from my face from -sunrise to sunset, for had I done so, I should have had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-72"></a>[<a href="images/1-72.png">72</a>]</span> +sunrise to sunset, for had I done so, I should have had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-72">72</a></span> the hot sand immediately into them. We had ghiblee or simoon every day. But, thanks to Heaven, now ends the greatest of my sufferings from heat.</p> @@ -3453,7 +3452,7 @@ nothing more than barley or wheat burnt or malted, then ground, and afterwards made into paste. On this is sometimes poured a little oil or fat; but many cannot afford this luxury, and must content themselves with a -little water to make up the meal into paste. I may<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-73"></a>[<a href="images/1-73.png">73</a>]</span> +little water to make up the meal into paste. I may<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-73">73</a></span> safely affirm, there was not a bit of meat eaten, or a drop of tea or coffee drunk, in the whole caravan of merchants, with 200 camels, including, with the Arabs, @@ -3485,7 +3484,7 @@ had turned his back, was either to beg me to give him extra water, or help himself. Sometimes I chided him, at others I gave him water, or was too much exhausted to see what he was about. Then Said -would help his friends amongst the Arabs now and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-74"></a>[<a href="images/1-74.png">74</a>]</span> +would help his friends amongst the Arabs now and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-74">74</a></span> then, and sometimes the Arabs helped themselves, by going behind me, and sucking from the neck of the skin whilst I was riding. To avoid this, Mr. Gagliuffi told @@ -3517,7 +3516,7 @@ God will punish them at last—if not, there's no God, or Prophet of God." I took no notice, but when we got to Ghadames, I took the remaining bottle, and asked him to drink. He jumped up with alarm. I then called -him a fool, and proved to him I had been drinking<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-75"></a>[<a href="images/1-75.png">75</a>]</span> +him a fool, and proved to him I had been drinking<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-75">75</a></span> water at the time he thought I had been drinking rum. He laughed, and said, "Ajeeb, ente Yâkob âkel: (Wonderful, you James are wise.)" I then took upon @@ -3550,7 +3549,7 @@ The Desert, and came finely back reverberating from the Saharan hills with double and treble discharges of sound. When their powder began to be exhausted, and they have never more than half-a-dozen charges, they -sang their plaintive love ditties, or chatted to the mer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-76"></a>[<a href="images/1-76.png">76</a>]</span>chants. +sang their plaintive love ditties, or chatted to the mer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-76">76</a></span>chants. On the whole, they showed great good temper, and, pennyless and naked, were happier than well-clothed and wealthy merchants.</p> @@ -3587,7 +3586,7 @@ continents of the world. So that Africa learns nothing but the vices of civilization from its contact with the rest of the world. It is also certain, that the native tribes of Africa itself are more immoral and barbarous on -the coasts than in the interior.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-77"></a>[<a href="images/1-77.png">77</a>]</span></p> +the coasts than in the interior.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-77">77</a></span></p> <p>We have had the full moon during our last four days. Our route is always more or less south-west.</p> @@ -3622,7 +3621,7 @@ officer.</p> <p>The road from The Mountains to Seenawan is very good. The greater part, indeed, is beautiful broad carriage-road. -It is generally well marked with camel-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-78"></a>[<a href="images/1-78.png">78</a>]</span>paths, +It is generally well marked with camel-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-78">78</a></span>paths, about a foot wide. These well-beaten, well-trodden paths, are very sinuous, running one into another, and often are in great numbers, running parallel in @@ -3655,7 +3654,7 @@ heaps of stones and dirt, I fell asleep again, and did not wake till called next day near noon.</p> <p>Seenawan is but a handful of date-trees, thrown upon -the wide waste of The Sahara, with one or two pools of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-79"></a>[<a href="images/1-79.png">79</a>]</span> +the wide waste of The Sahara, with one or two pools of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-79">79</a></span> sluggish running water, sheltering beneath its palms thirty or forty inhabitants. There are four or five spots of vegetation, gems of emerald on the rugged brow of @@ -3688,7 +3687,7 @@ and said he would save one to eat on my safe return.</p> <p>The morning of the 20th was horribly hot, but I was housed and sheltered in the old <i>burge</i>. I received a present of some fresh dates. This was the small black -date of Ghadames, which is peculiar to two or three<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-80"></a>[<a href="images/1-80.png">80</a>]</span> +date of Ghadames, which is peculiar to two or three<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-80">80</a></span> oases about here. They were delicious as fruits of the garden of the Houris, and certainly now more esteemed by me. The Commandant, seeing me write to-day, @@ -3721,7 +3720,7 @@ are included in <i>Ghat</i>. It is necessary to make these distinctions in order to guard against error in laying down the routes. Shâour consists of a few stunted date-trees, a little <i>gusub</i>, a grain esteemed almost as much as -wheat, and one or two fig or other fruit-trees. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-81"></a>[<a href="images/1-81.png">81</a>]</span> +wheat, and one or two fig or other fruit-trees. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-81">81</a></span> united oasis, though but containing a population of sixty souls, and all very poor people, pay 600 mahboubs per annum to the Pasha of Tripoli. The oldest man of the @@ -3753,7 +3752,7 @@ village had to wait for the running of the water. I put a last question to my aged Saharan <i>Cicerone</i>,—"How do you live here, do you work?" "I am always sleeping," (or <i>kāéd</i>, "reposing.") "But, how do you get anything -to eat?" "Oh, I eat every other day, when I can get it,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-82"></a>[<a href="images/1-82.png">82</a>]</span> +to eat?" "Oh, I eat every other day, when I can get it,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-82">82</a></span> and sleep the rest of the time: what can I do?" Such is vegetable and animal existence here! Nevertheless, this show and sham of life looks fair, fresh, nay, enchanting, @@ -3788,7 +3787,7 @@ the letter to the Sheikh Makouran, and it was approved. I approved of anything that had not my name attached to it.</p> -<p><i>22nd, 23rd.</i>—Left in the afternoon, and continued all<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-83"></a>[<a href="images/1-83.png">83</a>]</span> +<p><i>22nd, 23rd.</i>—Left in the afternoon, and continued all<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-83">83</a></span> night, till two hours before day-break. Rose at sun-rise and continued till nearly noon. Halted for the Kailah, and afterwards resumed our journey, continuing all night. @@ -3821,7 +3820,7 @@ advance. The Arabs are very fond of this sort of disorder and annoyance to others. Another party took it into their heads to halt at noon, the 23rd, several miles from the rest. The Commandant went after them, broke -up their encampment with violence, using his sword to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-84"></a>[<a href="images/1-84.png">84</a>]</span> +up their encampment with violence, using his sword to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-84">84</a></span> hide them, and brought them up to the main body. Very windy these two days, and got the sand in everything, cooking utensils, cups, glasses, bowls. We found @@ -3854,7 +3853,7 @@ winter. The consequence is, they are very cold in winter, and very much oppressed in summer; but it is mostly the want of means which does not allow them to change their clothing with the season. I carried a little bottle -of spirits and water to drink. In the night I was to eat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-85"></a>[<a href="images/1-85.png">85</a>]</span> +of spirits and water to drink. In the night I was to eat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-85">85</a></span> a little biscuit. None of the camels had bridles, unless used solely to ride upon. The camel which I rode was a very good one, and very knowing, and, like many @@ -3887,7 +3886,7 @@ nevertheless the camels drank it with eagerness. I was staring at the eagerness with which the camels were drinking, when the Commandant said, "<i>Enhār săkoun, Yâkob</i>," (a hot day, James,) "do the camels in your -country drink water in that way?" Hereat a merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-86"></a>[<a href="images/1-86.png">86</a>]</span> +country drink water in that way?" Hereat a merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-86">86</a></span> interposed, and instructed the Rais that the English had no camels, but lived on boats in the water. This is a very commonly spread opinion respecting the English in @@ -3922,7 +3921,7 @@ several friends and relatives of the merchants, who had come from Ghadames in answer or invitation to our letters written at <i>Seenawan</i>. These strangers (to me) were finely mounted upon camels of the Maharee species, -both themselves and their camels dressed out superbly,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-87"></a>[<a href="images/1-87.png">87</a>]</span> +both themselves and their camels dressed out superbly,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-87">87</a></span> the camels being tightly reined up like coursers. They had a novel and noble appearance, and I thought I saw in them something of the genuine features of The @@ -3952,7 +3951,7 @@ no present as first promised, since he had broken his agreement about Said's riding. He then put Said on a camel. The merchants were much amused at the quarrel, and thought me an ass to quarrel about <i>a slave</i>, -(for such they esteemed Said) having a ride<a id="FNa_1-18"></a><a href="#FoN_1-18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>. Some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-88"></a>[<a href="images/1-88.png">88</a>]</span> +(for such they esteemed Said) having a ride<a id="FNa_1-18"></a><a href="#FoN_1-18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>. Some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-88">88</a></span> few observed I was right, and bullied Mohammed, who now made another lying excuse, that his two camels were knocked up, which was the reason Said didn't ride. @@ -4020,7 +4019,7 @@ weaver's establishment, where he had been many years.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-89"></a>[<a href="images/1-89.png">89</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-89">89</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE IN GHADAMES TO BEGINNING OF THE RAMADAN.</h3> @@ -4055,7 +4054,7 @@ merchant Essnousee, whose acquaintance I had made in Tripoli, who welcomed me much to my satisfaction when thus entering into a strange place. Another person came up to me, who, to my surprise, spoke a few words -in Italian, which I could not expect to hear in The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-90"></a>[<a href="images/1-90.png">90</a>]</span> +in Italian, which I could not expect to hear in The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-90">90</a></span> Desert. He followed me into the town, and the Governor afterwards ordered him to be my turjeman, ("interpreter"). Now, the curiosity of the people became much @@ -4087,7 +4086,7 @@ this otherwise repulsive sight to the stranger. But I was too much fatigued and exhausted to notice any thing, and almost ready to drop from off my camel. In fact, the distance which I had come since I first saw the -dark palms of the city at the dawn, seemed to exceed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-91"></a>[<a href="images/1-91.png">91</a>]</span> +dark palms of the city at the dawn, seemed to exceed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-91">91</a></span> (mostly the case when exhausted in completing the last mile of the journey,) all the rest of the route. I now proceeded forthwith to the Governor, the Rais Mustapha, @@ -4120,7 +4119,7 @@ the year. Were I to perform it again, I would manage much better. I would be better mounted, have a better tent, and a better assortment of provisions. Most assuredly I have great reason to thank Providence that I -am arrived in perfect health.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-92"></a>[<a href="images/1-92.png">92</a>]</span></p> +am arrived in perfect health.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-92">92</a></span></p> <p>The whole time from Tripoli to Ghadames had occupied twenty-three days, but seven or eight had been @@ -4161,7 +4160,7 @@ Effendi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, the oasis is situate in the <i>Caimakat de Jibel Garbigi</i>. As I did not receive the Porte's memorandum of my recall from Ghadames until my return, I made no inquiries of this -mountain <i>Garbigi</i>, but I imagine it exists, though I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-93"></a>[<a href="images/1-93.png">93</a>]</span> +mountain <i>Garbigi</i>, but I imagine it exists, though I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-93">93</a></span> never heard its name. Ghadames is situate in 30° 9′ north latitude, and in 9° 18′ east longitude.</p> @@ -4193,7 +4192,7 @@ usual on the arrival of a large caravan. What a contrast was this to the squalor and filth of Tripoli, with its miserable beggars choking up all the thoroughfares! No women were seen about but the half-castes, mostly -slaves, but plenty of children playing here and there. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-94"></a>[<a href="images/1-94.png">94</a>]</span> +slaves, but plenty of children playing here and there. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-94">94</a></span> heard amongst them the whisper of "The Kafer, the Kafer!" as I passed by.</p> @@ -4226,7 +4225,7 @@ Ghadamsee people are never soldiers. This evening the Rais sent me supper, much the same as the dinner.</p> <p>The people of the ghafalah (the Arab strangers), went -to pray this evening in the mosque set apart for strangers.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-95"></a>[<a href="images/1-95.png">95</a>]</span> +to pray this evening in the mosque set apart for strangers.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-95">95</a></span> I must not omit the mention of the strict and scrupulous exactitude with which all the ghafalah prayed <i>en route</i>. Five times a day is prescribed by the Koran. Most of @@ -4259,7 +4258,7 @@ their countries from them, but that, in the end, with the aid of God, they will revenge themselves, and repossess all their cities and countries: "This," said my Marabout, "is a prophecy contained in our sacred books." -My presence is therefore by some considered the pre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-96"></a>[<a href="images/1-96.png">96</a>]</span>liminary +My presence is therefore by some considered the pre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-96">96</a></span>liminary for the overthrow of the Mussulman power of Ghadames, I am the scout, the spy into "the nakedness of the land;" others think I pollute the sacred city of @@ -4292,7 +4291,7 @@ Besslamah." This he was wont to repeat <i>en route</i>. He then said gravely, "Now, Yâkob, you are my friend—you wish to go to Soudan, I will go with you, if you like, but I will sell you my camel, on which -you rode here. You know it's good and very wise. It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-97"></a>[<a href="images/1-97.png">97</a>]</span> +you rode here. You know it's good and very wise. It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-97">97</a></span> doesn't stumble. Buy it, I'll sell it because you are my friend, you shall have it cheap, for twenty-five dollars." The fact is, the camel had got a small hole in its back, @@ -4331,7 +4330,7 @@ medicines. Every morning I send tea (made, of course,) to the Rais and the Sheikh Makouran. Presented the Rais with my Moorish portfolio, all worked over with various devices in leather and silk. He was quite delighted -with it, observing, "The Christians are good<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-98"></a>[<a href="images/1-98.png">98</a>]</span> +with it, observing, "The Christians are good<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-98">98</a></span> people, but the people here don't know them. Yâkob, take courage, little by little," (a favourite expression of the Rais). Next to my house is a garden whose date-trees @@ -4366,7 +4365,7 @@ he, "are a people given up to prayer, and many of them spend their time in nothing else."</p> <p>I said, "Are there ten thousand people in Ghadames? -So I have heard."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-99"></a>[<a href="images/1-99.png">99</a>]</span></p> +So I have heard."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-99">99</a></span></p> <p>Astonished, he replied, "There are not five hundred men."</p> @@ -4410,7 +4409,7 @@ country."</p> <p>"Will you take me safe to Ghat?"</p> <p>"Upon our lives!" (<i>Drawing their swords across -their foreheads.</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-100"></a>[<a href="images/1-100.png">100</a>]</span></p> +their foreheads.</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-100">100</a></span></p> <p>"Have you a written language?"</p> @@ -4468,7 +4467,7 @@ and have nothing to give away but medicines."</p> <p>"No; only a Marabout."</p> <p>One of them. "We shall take your name as you -have written it on this paper, and show it to our people.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-101"></a>[<a href="images/1-101.png">101</a>]</span> +have written it on this paper, and show it to our people.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-101">101</a></span> It will be esteemed precious by them; and if you ever wander that way through The Desert, they will ask you your name, and, if you reply to it, they will not kill you, @@ -4502,7 +4501,7 @@ of the supreme Mahometan authorities. Lately, however, the European ambassadors have done something to check these abuses in the dominions of the Porte.</p> -<p>After some conversation, I asked the Sheikh of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-102"></a>[<a href="images/1-102.png">102</a>]</span> +<p>After some conversation, I asked the Sheikh of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-102">102</a></span> Ghadames slaves what were his duties. Drawing himself up into a posture of authority, he replied:—"Be it known, Oh Christian! I am the Sheikh of the slaves, my @@ -4535,7 +4534,7 @@ my affair—even a double present to what was promised. But on reflecting that he had lamed Said, who was still laid up, had pilfered our provisions all the way, and lived on us by force, although the agreement was that he -should keep himself, he confessed I was right, or thought<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-103"></a>[<a href="images/1-103.png">103</a>]</span> +should keep himself, he confessed I was right, or thought<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-103">103</a></span> it better to make the confession. However, he beat about the merchants, and got two or three of them to come down to speak to me, who said, "If he has done @@ -4567,7 +4566,7 @@ Arab abstemiousness and voracity. When he kept himself, he only took a small and most frugal meal once a day. Of his gluttony I may add, that I was obliged to separate his mess from that of Said when he dined with -me. If not, he would eat Said's mess and his own<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-104"></a>[<a href="images/1-104.png">104</a>]</span> +me. If not, he would eat Said's mess and his own<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-104">104</a></span> before I could see what they were about. At last Mohammed began to soften and to confess adroitly, for he was one of the acutest Arabs I ever met with. He @@ -4600,7 +4599,7 @@ and about thirty years of age.</p> <p>I saw him after my return to Tripoli. He wanted to go with me again. He said to me, "Now you have seen all, The Mountains, The Sahara, and the Touaricks. -You know all our affairs, and everything we do." As a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-105"></a>[<a href="images/1-105.png">105</a>]</span> +You know all our affairs, and everything we do." As a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-105">105</a></span> literary curiosity, I shall here translate my camel-driver's account of the route from Tripoli to Ghadames, written at my request, in which will be seen the camel-driver's @@ -4633,7 +4632,7 @@ Afoub Aaly, where there is sand, called El-Hal. And after it, you find Wady Lethel, in which are lote-trees and the lethel, a large tree like an olive-tree. And you travel to El-Jibel, where are houses and a Kesar for -troops. In the country called Yefran, are olive-trees<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-106"></a>[<a href="images/1-106.png">106</a>]</span> +troops. In the country called Yefran, are olive-trees<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-106">106</a></span> and fig-trees; and below the country (or in the plains), you find palms. And near El-Gibel, in all the countries you find olive-trees and fig-trees, as far as the other mountains @@ -4663,7 +4662,7 @@ Eshâab Eth-Thoueeb, and after them is Wady Seelas, where there is a well of water. You pass by it on the road, and come to Seenawan, in which is a spring of water, called Spring Aly. In Seenawan are palms, and -its <i>ghotbah</i> is like a tower (burge), built with small stones,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-107"></a>[<a href="images/1-107.png">107</a>]</span> +its <i>ghotbah</i> is like a tower (burge), built with small stones,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-107">107</a></span> and so of the country (village) near it. And after this is the country Esh-Shâour, where there is water from springs which run upon the face of the earth, and palms @@ -4701,7 +4700,7 @@ sight. This <i>was</i> solitude!</p> an hour and a half, so that the oasis may be about five miles in circumference. What a scene of hideous desolation did the environs present—nor tree, nor herb, -nor living creature! Talk of the Poles, there is less life<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-108"></a>[<a href="images/1-108.png">108</a>]</span> +nor living creature! Talk of the Poles, there is less life<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-108">108</a></span> here! On the west, the groups of sand-hills, which stretch ten days' journey, were all bright as the light, and sometimes not visible from brilliancy. Some Touaricks @@ -4735,7 +4734,7 @@ and was astonished to find some of them <i>almost fair</i>. They were pretty and plump, coquettish and saucy, asking a thousand questions. It is evident the men are dark simply from exposure to the sun. I regaled them -with <i>medicine</i> and tea. This party belongs nearly all to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-109"></a>[<a href="images/1-109.png">109</a>]</span> +with <i>medicine</i> and tea. This party belongs nearly all to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-109">109</a></span> Touat. They want to prevail upon me to go with them. I am almost inclined. Two men, who came with the women, assured me I should go safe and sound. @@ -4767,7 +4766,7 @@ part in the Turco-English campaign in Syria, served under General Jochmus, and was acquainted with many English officers. He has been at Constantinople, Smyrna, Malta, and many other parts of the Upper -Mediterranean.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-110"></a>[<a href="images/1-110.png">110</a>]</span></p> +Mediterranean.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-110">110</a></span></p> <p>People complain that the gardens languish for want of money to cultivate them; not more than half of the @@ -4804,7 +4803,7 @@ of a better cause.</p> <p>I am told the nearest route from here to Tunis is <i>viâ</i> Douwarat (or Duerat), a portion of the Atlas where is situate Shninnee. This village, scattered over all the -hills, is three days from Ghabs and seven from Ghadames.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-111"></a>[<a href="images/1-111.png">111</a>]</span> +hills, is three days from Ghabs and seven from Ghadames.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-111">111</a></span> The Souf Arabs tell me there is no water for seven days in summer and twelve in winter, on the road they came from their country to Ghadames, the difference being the @@ -4835,7 +4834,7 @@ administering medicine and visiting the sick. My turjeman came back and apologized; he said the people were fanatic. Received a visit from Haj-el-Beshir, eldest son of the Sheikh Makouran. He said his father had -been twice to Timbuctoo, and resident there many years,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-112"></a>[<a href="images/1-112.png">112</a>]</span> +been twice to Timbuctoo, and resident there many years,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-112">112</a></span> and would give me some information. The Rais says there's no Sheikh of the slaves, and adds, "I'm the Sheikh of the slaves." This again is not correct, as the @@ -4869,7 +4868,7 @@ also a small flight of birds hovering over the city, perhaps there were twenty. These birds were called <i>arnout</i>, and have very long bills and necks. When the men leave off working at the wells, they dart down to drink. -The palm-groves are the favourite resort of the doves, as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-113"></a>[<a href="images/1-113.png">113</a>]</span> +The palm-groves are the favourite resort of the doves, as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-113">113</a></span> poetical as natural. Animals, and especially birds, are so rare in those regions that every sight of them is worthy of mention; indeed, these are the first birds I @@ -4903,7 +4902,7 @@ the lower classes are the more servile.</p> with great difficulty. Passed some Touaricks, who showed an excessive arrogance in their manners. They look upon the Ghadamsee people with great disdain, -considering them as so many sheep which they are to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-114"></a>[<a href="images/1-114.png">114</a>]</span> +considering them as so many sheep which they are to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-114">114</a></span> protect from the wolves of The Sahara. Met several of the merchants I knew at Tripoli. They asked me how I liked their city, and if better than Tripoli. I always @@ -4928,7 +4927,7 @@ skins—pillow-cases—elephant's teeth—senna—bekhour slaves.</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-05.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-05_th.jpg" alt="Facsimile Specimen of the Writing of a Young Taleb" title="Facsimile Specimen of the Writing of a Young Taleb"></a></p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-115"></a>[<a href="images/1-115.png">115</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-115">115</a></span></p> <p>The young taleb showed great consequence and presented me with the original. He observed that a @@ -4965,7 +4964,7 @@ four sheep were fattening, as people fatten pigs. The sheep is with the Ghadamsee people what the pig is with the Irish, their <i>dii penates</i>. There was also another story above this, the sleeping-room; and then on the -terrace, or flat roof, are other little rooms. All the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-116"></a>[<a href="images/1-116.png">116</a>]</span> +terrace, or flat roof, are other little rooms. All the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-116">116</a></span> apartments were exceedingly small, but their situation high. Stone stairs lead from one room to another. The turjeman told me all the houses were built in the @@ -4998,7 +4997,7 @@ hands with him when I meet him. The Moors approve my conduct and say: "Ah, Yâkob, he's a saint." Once the cunning fellow, when he noticed a lot of half-caste women anxious to see me, took hold of my head and -turned me completely round to show my face to them.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-117"></a>[<a href="images/1-117.png">117</a>]</span> +turned me completely round to show my face to them.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-117">117</a></span> He has some sense, good simpleton, and is without malice; consequently a great favourite with the people. A pity all madmen were not like this poor dervish. Yet @@ -5031,7 +5030,7 @@ were the genuine Maharee, of course; the Touaricks have no other camels. The men were dressed out also in their gayest barbaric finery. A tent was dressed up, around which squatted a group of Desert jockies, with their fierce -spears bristling above in the sun before them, like the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-118"></a>[<a href="images/1-118.png">118</a>]</span> +spears bristling above in the sun before them, like the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-118">118</a></span> lords of creation. Even a banner floated gaily in the bright sun from the tent top. A great concourse of Ghadamsee spectators were present, one of whom swore @@ -5065,7 +5064,7 @@ There are but three or four rich persons now here, the rest are poor, or have only a few mahboubs to carry on a petty trade." At night, the streets are enveloped in pitch darkness, whether the moon be up or not. I -endeavoured to persuade the Rais to make the people<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-119"></a>[<a href="images/1-119.png">119</a>]</span> +endeavoured to persuade the Rais to make the people<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-119">119</a></span> light up the town with a few lamps, having oil enough in them to last till midnight. "Good," he observed, "but the people say it was always so, and it must be so @@ -5099,7 +5098,7 @@ purposes, according to the rites of religion.</p> was present, he began talking politics. "By a little and a little," he said, "we shall take possession of Ghat. We can't do it by force, it would require some thousand -men to take it by arms. The Touaricks are all robbers<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-120"></a>[<a href="images/1-120.png">120</a>]</span> +men to take it by arms. The Touaricks are all robbers<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-120">120</a></span> and devils." I asked him if he would not like to occupy Touat. He replied, "No, there's another Sultan there, and another people. There are two Sultans in the world, @@ -5132,7 +5131,7 @@ for Tripoli. The poor things complained of having nothing to eat; I sent Said with some victuals for them. The people continue to be friendly, and the merchants, whose acquaintance I made in Tripoli, very much so. -The steward of the Rais has arrived from Tripoli in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-121"></a>[<a href="images/1-121.png">121</a>]</span> +The steward of the Rais has arrived from Tripoli in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-121">121</a></span> fourteen days. His whole party consisted of six camels and five persons. So much for the pretended insecurity of the route! He is dressed in the Turco-European @@ -5165,7 +5164,7 @@ and Ghadames will soon be without a para, like the rest of Tripoli. He told me frankly that he had the idea of making me a partner in his firm, to get my protection, but on hearing I was opposed to slave-dealing, it could -not be done, as he and all the merchants were obliged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-122"></a>[<a href="images/1-122.png">122</a>]</span> +not be done, as he and all the merchants were obliged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-122">122</a></span> to deal in slaves. Indeed, the obstacle of English merchants joining the Tripoline is at present insuperable, on account of the slave traffic; if they could unite in one @@ -5199,7 +5198,7 @@ strokes, they jumped up, for he laid it on under all the force of his witless revenge. When in a passion, or excited, he speaks his native lingo of Soudan, but when cool he speaks Arabic and Ghadamsee. He became -mad, <i>en route</i>, by grief in being ravished from his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-123"></a>[<a href="images/1-123.png">123</a>]</span> +mad, <i>en route</i>, by grief in being ravished from his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-123">123</a></span> country. These practical jokes were played off under the sanction of his Excellency, before all the people in the streets.</p> @@ -5232,7 +5231,7 @@ here. On the contrary, some have asked me for sugar and money before they could be persuaded to take the medicine. Such is the consolation of doing good. Verily the philosopher had it when he said, "Virtue -must be loved for its own sake." Here I may mention<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-124"></a>[<a href="images/1-124.png">124</a>]</span> +must be loved for its own sake." Here I may mention<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-124">124</a></span> that the Commandant Omer of our caravan got into a great passion because I would not buy him a pair of shoes, and left for The Mountains, without coming to bid @@ -5266,7 +5265,7 @@ than himself, frequently the case here,) I gave some pills, brought me a melon, and said he should bring also some dates. I was conversing with a group at the time, and I took the opportunity of observing -that doctors were paid amongst us. An upstart<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-125"></a>[<a href="images/1-125.png">125</a>]</span> +that doctors were paid amongst us. An upstart<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-125">125</a></span> man angrily replied:—"Yes, but we are the chosen people of God! you Infidels are bound to serve us in every way, and ought to be thankful that you are so @@ -5300,7 +5299,7 @@ one who has seen these terrible cannibals. They have all <i>heard</i> of them. It appears to me to be an ancient tale of wonder to adorn the narratives of travellers.</p> -<p>This evening being that previous to the Ramadan, a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-126"></a>[<a href="images/1-126.png">126</a>]</span> +<p>This evening being that previous to the Ramadan, a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-126">126</a></span> great outcry was made to see the moon. According to my Italian almanack it should be three days' old, the geographical position of the two countries may make a @@ -5333,7 +5332,7 @@ these wells has better water than the central running spring. They are large wells, but do not run like the great spring: they are also only a little warm. In the winter they rise higher, showing some connexion with -the rainy season in the <i>rainy</i> region. Two men were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-127"></a>[<a href="images/1-127.png">127</a>]</span> +the rainy season in the <i>rainy</i> region. Two men were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-127">127</a></span> employed in drawing water in a curious manner. The other buckets were not being worked. One end of the shaft is made very heavy, so as to assist in bringing up @@ -5354,7 +5353,7 @@ and many smaller mosques and sanctuaries. The streets are all covered in and dark, (a peculiarity prevailing in many Saharan cities,) with here and there open spaces or little squares, of which there are several -to let in the light of heaven. They are small and nar<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-128"></a>[<a href="images/1-128.png">128</a>]</span>row, +to let in the light of heaven. They are small and nar<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-128">128</a></span>row, and winding, not more than a couple of camels can pass abreast, the ceiling however being high enough to admit the entrance of the tall Maharee camel. A camel @@ -5392,7 +5391,7 @@ apparel.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-129"></a>[<a href="images/1-129.png">129</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-129">129</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> <h3>THE FAST OF THE RAMADAN.</h3> @@ -5428,7 +5427,7 @@ morning, which I send him in a glass, and sometimes also for the Sheikh Makouran. I could not help thanking God that I was born a Protestant, and professed a religion not in violence to the physical requirements of -human nature, nor in contradiction to the plain sense of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-130"></a>[<a href="images/1-130.png">130</a>]</span> +human nature, nor in contradiction to the plain sense of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-130">130</a></span> mankind. Man has evils enough to contend with, and to war against, without inflicting new and additional evils upon himself, like this most health-trying and health-destroying @@ -5461,7 +5460,7 @@ enough, nor even Bornou; it is, must be, Timbuctoo. Yet a man must not put his head into the fire and then call upon God to quench the flames. Met Sheikh Makouran in the street, and brought him home to my house -in order that he might give me a more detailed account<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-131"></a>[<a href="images/1-131.png">131</a>]</span> +in order that he might give me a more detailed account<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-131">131</a></span> of the finances of Ghadames. Notwithstanding that the Turks overturn and ruin commerce by restrictions, they poorly protect the merchants. The Sheikh complained @@ -5494,7 +5493,7 @@ coming this way. The servant held up the little bags, showing that the gold, not more than two or three ounces, belonged to <i>four</i> persons. When gold is brought over The Desert, it is tied up in little dirty filthy bits -of rags, first twisted round where it opens, and then<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-132"></a>[<a href="images/1-132.png">132</a>]</span> +of rags, first twisted round where it opens, and then<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-132">132</a></span> tied. These are carried on the person, in the bosom or the turban.</p> @@ -5527,7 +5526,7 @@ no camel-caravans from Timbuctoo to Mellee and Furra; people go in small parties on horses and asses; some go alone on foot. Foot-travelling is very common in Central Africa; and these pedestrian merchants or pedlars will -make journeys of three and four months. A merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-133"></a>[<a href="images/1-133.png">133</a>]</span> +make journeys of three and four months. A merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-133">133</a></span> is obliged to remain some time before he can buy up any quantity of gold; it is brought in such small quantities, and the trade in gold is declining, and has been so for @@ -5561,7 +5560,7 @@ to them justice, God would deal to him vengeance.</p> through North Africa, and each country has its peculiar Arabic word, the words being all more or less classical. Perhaps no word is so much used in Ghadames and The -Mountains as the epithet <i>batel</i>—‮باطل‬—"vain, useless,"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-134"></a>[<a href="images/1-134.png">134</a>]</span> +Mountains as the epithet <i>batel</i>—‮باطل‬—"vain, useless,"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-134">134</a></span> &c., and really answers in its use to something like our tremendous "Humbug." It especially denotes everything bad, false, and wrong, in any matter and in any @@ -5594,7 +5593,7 @@ fast is nearly universal, old and young, rich and poor, high and low, all fast. They mix with it strong religious feelings, and I dare say fanaticism, a quality rarely apart from the purest religious sentiment. Still continue -our conversations on Timbuctoo. Most of the old respect<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-135"></a>[<a href="images/1-135.png">135</a>]</span>able +our conversations on Timbuctoo. Most of the old respect<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-135">135</a></span>able merchants have been to Timbuctoo. One of them, Haj Mansour, resided there fourteen years, carrying on a prosperous trade. But so perverse and unstable are @@ -5627,7 +5626,7 @@ be attended with incalculable benefit, in promoting Christianity and civilization in Africa, were portions of The Scriptures translated into Touarick, with the native Touarick characters. Their vanity would be so exceedingly -excited that it would be almost impossible for them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-136"></a>[<a href="images/1-136.png">136</a>]</span> +excited that it would be almost impossible for them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-136">136</a></span> to refuse reading a book written in their own dear characters. All can read their own characters, but very few the Arabic. It is not a little surprising, if I am to @@ -5658,7 +5657,7 @@ the future. Their maxim is, to enjoy the present, to take no thought for the morrow, but let the morrow provide for itself. Like all rude and unlettered people, the precepts of religion are interpreted in their strictest -literality. To-day, I find more people in the streets,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-137"></a>[<a href="images/1-137.png">137</a>]</span> +literality. To-day, I find more people in the streets,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-137">137</a></span> and the Ramadan is not so visible in their faces as I expected it would be. The fact is, the generality of the Saharan inhabitants, and especially the poor Arabs eat @@ -5691,7 +5690,7 @@ their fault. The fanaticism of the Ghadamsee people would be strongly opposed to their residence here, more so than against Christians; it is enough to support the overbearing Christian <i>kafer</i>, without the pollution of the -weak miserable Jew in their holy city, for the <i>force</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-138"></a>[<a href="images/1-138.png">138</a>]</span> +weak miserable Jew in their holy city, for the <i>force</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-138">138</a></span> principle makes the Mohammedans respect the Christians. The weak are despised, the strong respected. I might, however, have made the experiment of bringing a @@ -5724,7 +5723,7 @@ the people.</p> <p>The Rais is an old bachelor, like myself. He seems to live very wretchedly without a wife. The good Mussulmans, who think it a sin to live unmarried, excuse him -because his residence in different parts of the regency<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-139"></a>[<a href="images/1-139.png">139</a>]</span> +because his residence in different parts of the regency<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-139">139</a></span> is uncertain, and he tells them he cannot lead about a wife. The only object of affection of this bachelor is a parrot, which speaks pure Housa lingo, and is very @@ -5765,7 +5764,7 @@ populous districts myself.</p> of the date-tree, which, apparently, grows stronger and tougher with age. Of this all the doors of the houses and the lighter works are made. Wood for fireing -is brought in from The Sahara, but from a great distance.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-140"></a>[<a href="images/1-140.png">140</a>]</span> +is brought in from The Sahara, but from a great distance.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-140">140</a></span> It is sold for three Tunisian piastres the camel-load. It is the common brush-wood, underwood, or scrub of The Desert, and is excessively dry, for withered and dead @@ -5799,7 +5798,7 @@ Ottoman empire: it is not an unreasonable dread.</p> <p><i>6th.</i>—My turjeman complains that neither he nor the people can pay their excessive taxes; they must all be soon ruined. Yet a couple of thousand pounds per -annum is nothing for a commercial city like this. He<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-141"></a>[<a href="images/1-141.png">141</a>]</span> +annum is nothing for a commercial city like this. He<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-141">141</a></span> says, "If we were to cultivate our gardens, we should have more; but then the Turks would demand more, so our spirits are broken, and we are eaten up. We have no @@ -5839,7 +5838,7 @@ wild-boar."</p> <p><i>The Sheikh and Youths.</i>—"Oh, wonderful!"</p> -<p><i>They.</i>—"You write Arabic?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-142"></a>[<a href="images/1-142.png">142</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>They.</i>—"You write Arabic?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-142">142</a></span></p> <p>I wrote that God was <i>one</i>.</p> @@ -5881,7 +5880,7 @@ running away. We are ruined unless the English save us."</p> <p>It has been very hot and sultry to-day. Not a breath of air. The sky overcast—a profound, deathlike tranquillity sleeping over the environs! The Rais sent -supper as usual. After visiting him, he had a fit of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-143"></a>[<a href="images/1-143.png">143</a>]</span> +supper as usual. After visiting him, he had a fit of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-143">143</a></span> writing, and wrote for the courier all night. Thank God, there are no gnats in Ghadames. I have not seen nor felt any. It is probably owing to the absence of @@ -5916,7 +5915,7 @@ as a matter of course, in the most mercantile style.</p> <p>It will be next to impossible to propagate anti-slavery -notions in Central Africa, supported as slavery is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-144"></a>[<a href="images/1-144.png">144</a>]</span> +notions in Central Africa, supported as slavery is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-144">144</a></span> by commerce and religion. We can only say, "With God nothing is impossible."</p> @@ -5950,7 +5949,7 @@ son of Colonel Warrington, whom they call <i>Fredreek</i>. They consider him as one of themselves, and so he is as to habits, manners, and language, and frequently dress. When they quarrel in Tripoli, the ultima ratio, or dernier -ressort, is not to go to the Pasha, but <i>Nimshee lel</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-145"></a>[<a href="images/1-145.png">145</a>]</span> +ressort, is not to go to the Pasha, but <i>Nimshee lel</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-145">145</a></span> <i>Fredreek</i>, "Let us go to Frederick!" This is "the settler." It has often been said amongst the Consular corps of Tripoli, that, in case Great Britain thought it @@ -5984,7 +5983,7 @@ of Tripoli and all sweet" (water.)</p> ideas. Says the city is always in an uproar with the Touaricks, who are robbers and not like the Touaricks of Touat. Walked through the town at noon, and met -Essnousee, had not seen him for some time, and wondered<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-146"></a>[<a href="images/1-146.png">146</a>]</span> +Essnousee, had not seen him for some time, and wondered<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-146">146</a></span> what had become of him. He was very friendly, and wanted to bring me lemonade in the street. But as there was a large concourse of people present, all fasting, @@ -6017,7 +6016,7 @@ of Constantinople and called him an ass for spending his money like a fool, and this license before all the people! Smoking, drinking coffee, talking, and writing for the courier, all together, so his Excellency passes his Ramadan -evenings. Said, my negro servant, is becoming as great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-147"></a>[<a href="images/1-147.png">147</a>]</span> +evenings. Said, my negro servant, is becoming as great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-147">147</a></span> a man as his master in Ghadames. He receives visits from all the slaves of the city, as well as the free negroes. Being slaves, I am very indulgent, and sometimes they @@ -6058,7 +6057,7 @@ prison."</p> <p>"The English had many slaves, but gave them all the <i>âtka</i>; and soon, please God, they will destroy slavery -in all the world."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-148"></a>[<a href="images/1-148.png">148</a>]</span></p> +in all the world."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-148">148</a></span></p> <p><i>They.</i>—"Ah, ah," (laughing), "that's right; we wish to have the <i>âtka</i>."</p> @@ -6099,7 +6098,7 @@ country; the Arabs are from a hot country."</p> <p><i>They.</i>—"Are the Greeks like the English? and is their country near yours?"</p> -<p>"No; they are farther from us than Rome itself."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-149"></a>[<a href="images/1-149.png">149</a>]</span></p> +<p>"No; they are farther from us than Rome itself."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-149">149</a></span></p> <p><i>They.</i>—"Do the English fast?"</p> @@ -6143,7 +6142,7 @@ the law.</p> <p>The Rais is deeply engaged in petty finance, some quite mites, to make up the accounts for Tripoli. Whilst -seated near his Excellency, a big lout of a fellow was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-150"></a>[<a href="images/1-150.png">150</a>]</span> +seated near his Excellency, a big lout of a fellow was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-150">150</a></span> brought up, charged with beating a little urchin, who was present to substantiate the charge. The Rais, after gravely hearing the case, had the big clown turned round @@ -6177,7 +6176,7 @@ no person being near it), and called after me, <i>Kafer, kafer</i>, "Infidel, infidel"! and spat at me in the bargain like a little toad.</p> -<p>Noon.—I met with a fellow, a sort of swaggering<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-151"></a>[<a href="images/1-151.png">151</a>]</span> +<p>Noon.—I met with a fellow, a sort of swaggering<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-151">151</a></span> cheap-jack penny-a-liner, who swore that there was no man so learned as himself in all Ghadames, and that he would teach me the history of Ghadames, and all @@ -6208,7 +6207,7 @@ chain. As he kissed each, he put it to his eyes, rubbing it over the eyelid. I am sadly afraid his charms obtain all the credit of my solution of nitrate of silver. Be it so; it is hard to cure men of this sort of folly, at best -a most unwished, unrequited labour<a id="FNa_1-24"></a><a href="#FoN_1-24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>. I always tell the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-152"></a>[<a href="images/1-152.png">152</a>]</span> +a most unwished, unrequited labour<a id="FNa_1-24"></a><a href="#FoN_1-24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>. I always tell the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-152">152</a></span> Ghadamsee people the medicine I distribute neither belongs to me, nor to the English Consul at Tripoli, but to the Queen of England, and which, I have observed, @@ -6237,7 +6236,7 @@ of the invading force, it would be impossible for any considerable body of Arabs or Touaricks to follow up or after their steps. Twenty thousand men could occupy, in detachments, the greater part of The Sahara. -The French will go to Touat one day, not yet!" But<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-153"></a>[<a href="images/1-153.png">153</a>]</span> +The French will go to Touat one day, not yet!" But<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-153">153</a></span> the Rais never spoke much against the French. He often said, "I wish the French would exterminate the <i>Shânbah</i> banditti, the Sultan would applaud them for it. @@ -6270,7 +6269,7 @@ two after to go to Kanou <i>viâ</i> Ghat and Aheer. Cannot see any danger if I stick close to the Ghadamsee merchants. A young merchant said to me, "Yâcob, we are not jealous of you, for you are not a merchant. -You can draw your money, and get it ready. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-154"></a>[<a href="images/1-154.png">154</a>]</span> +You can draw your money, and get it ready. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-154">154</a></span> ghafalah will be cheap for you, for no escort will be required. You can go without your Consul, or the Pasha, or the Rais."</p> @@ -6305,7 +6304,7 @@ He went and preached in turn to the slaves my anti-slavery and anti-fast principles.</p> <p>It may be observed here, that information can only be -obtained bit by bit, here a little and there a little; and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-155"></a>[<a href="images/1-155.png">155</a>]</span> +obtained bit by bit, here a little and there a little; and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-155">155</a></span> it is absolutely necessary to note everything down immediately if you would not forget it, at least if you would be correct. The Moors and Arabs have no patience, @@ -6337,7 +6336,7 @@ and sell them like donkeys and camels? This is forbidden to us English—this is our religion, not to steal and sell men, but to eat and drink in the Ramadan is not forbidden to us." After this answer, which I had some difficulty -in making him comprehend, the fellow stood<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-156"></a>[<a href="images/1-156.png">156</a>]</span> +in making him comprehend, the fellow stood<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-156">156</a></span> speechless, completely staggered. I continued to eat my dinner with a good appetite, notwithstanding his threatening position and silence. God knows what was passing @@ -6371,7 +6370,7 @@ also upon the camel itself, whether young or old, or in a good condition. The camel is usually killed when past work, and very lean and poor. The people call camels' flesh their beef; it does serve as a substitute for bullocks' -flesh, no bullocks being killed here. The whole<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-157"></a>[<a href="images/1-157.png">157</a>]</span> +flesh, no bullocks being killed here. The whole<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-157">157</a></span> carcase was immediately sold as soon as exposed in the Souk.</p> @@ -6405,7 +6404,7 @@ the crabbed, miserable language into which it is translated. After the bold, impudent, and sublime language of the Koran, they cannot relish the tame and stunted language of the Arabic New Testament. As for the -simple and grand truths of the New Testament, these<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-158"></a>[<a href="images/1-158.png">158</a>]</span> +simple and grand truths of the New Testament, these<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-158">158</a></span> they cannot or will not comprehend. Force, or the Sword—as the Might of the Almighty—is the thing alone which strikes the minds of Mussulmans, in spite of @@ -6462,7 +6461,7 @@ to the efficacy of his remedy."</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-159"></a>[<a href="images/1-159.png">159</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-159">159</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> <h3>THE FAST OF THE RAMADAN.</h3> @@ -6497,7 +6496,7 @@ a proportion of the African Continent. A late French writer, M. Le Lieutenant-Colonel Daumas, defines The Sahara as "une contrée plate et très-vaste, où il n'y a que peu d'habitants, et dont la plus grande partie est -improductive et sablonneuse." This definition presents no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-160"></a>[<a href="images/1-160.png">160</a>]</span> +improductive et sablonneuse." This definition presents no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-160">160</a></span> proper idea of The Sahara. We have already seen it intersected with long low ridges of mountains, but we shall soon meet with groups of high mountains, as well @@ -6529,7 +6528,7 @@ have named the country <i>Sahara</i>, or the country of the <i>Sehaur</i>." In this whimsical and ingenious derivation there is a change of the ‮س‬ into ‮ص‬, but which is sufficiently frequent in the Shemitic languages. The grand -fallacy of the above etymology is, that it assumes the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-161"></a>[<a href="images/1-161.png">161</a>]</span> +fallacy of the above etymology is, that it assumes the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-161">161</a></span> Sahara to be a perfectly flat country, or country of plains, which is not the fact. The talebs also give various names to different portions of The Sahara, @@ -6561,7 +6560,7 @@ with large detached stones, lying in confusion, and very <i>difficult</i> to pass over, which is the meaning of the appellation. It is applied to all difficult traverse. <i>Hateea</i>, is a spot possessing the power of fertility; indeed, those -patches of land which are the germs of the oases, now<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-162"></a>[<a href="images/1-162.png">162</a>]</span> +patches of land which are the germs of the oases, now<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-162">162</a></span> producing small stinted shrubs scattered at intervals, from which camels browse a scanty meal, or travellers make their Desert fire. <i>Wishek</i>, is productive sand-hills @@ -6594,7 +6593,7 @@ it; indeed, some of them do not, and think I am trifling with their credulity. It goes against the grain, and their grain especially, to be ruled over by a woman, (though many of them, from my own personal knowledge, are -entirely under the influence of their wives <i>in private</i>, as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-163"></a>[<a href="images/1-163.png">163</a>]</span> +entirely under the influence of their wives <i>in private</i>, as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-163">163</a></span> all or most men are,) and is contrary to all their notions of government and womankind. I was surrounded with a group when the information was given, and I shall just @@ -6627,7 +6626,7 @@ fellow, but proud and silent. The people said he was <i>sagheer</i>, "young," and excused his uncanonical conduct. He sat, high placed on a stone-bench, amidst a semicircle of people, squatting on the ground. He -looked very grave, now exchanging a word or half syl<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-164"></a>[<a href="images/1-164.png">164</a>]</span>lable +looked very grave, now exchanging a word or half syl<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-164">164</a></span>lable with one, now with another, but continually moving his lips as if in prayer. I met him afterwards in the street, and always found him moving the lips, with his @@ -6664,7 +6663,7 @@ afraid to eat an animal which was so much diseased. They replied, "No, it is the judgment of the Kady. To-morrow we shall kill and eat it. To-day there's camels' flesh enough." I was astonished at the Kady's -decision, and told the people diseased animals were not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-165"></a>[<a href="images/1-165.png">165</a>]</span> +decision, and told the people diseased animals were not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-165">165</a></span> allowed to be killed for eating in our country, for there was danger in their making people ill. Some approved of this; but the population is much poorer than I, at first, @@ -6696,7 +6695,7 @@ murdered. The judgment of heaven seems pressing hard upon him; for he is poor and miserable, a beggar in the streets—all his ill-gotten wealth is gone! He leads about a little lad, whom he calls his son, and who seems -to afford the wretched old villain his only repose of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-166"></a>[<a href="images/1-166.png">166</a>]</span> +to afford the wretched old villain his only repose of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-166">166</a></span> mind, if repose he can have from so horrible a conscience. I gave the child a small coin. The inhabitants feed the bandit, and tolerate him with an admirable @@ -6729,7 +6728,7 @@ to the fearful ordeal of head <i>pummelling</i>, first begging me to speak out everything, and then calling for fire to light his pipe, that he might muse over the exhibition <i>à la Turque</i>. The first officer examined was collector of -the revenue, a native of Derge, a regular task-master in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-167"></a>[<a href="images/1-167.png">167</a>]</span> +the revenue, a native of Derge, a regular task-master in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-167">167</a></span> his way, and very malicious; I was frightened what to say. All was attention, the Rais particularly wishing to know if he was a thief, and had secreted Government @@ -6761,7 +6760,7 @@ Mussulmans generally shave their heads, and leave their beards unshaven. This is, then, a splendid field for accurate phrenological observation. I observed that the negroes have all of them "self-esteem" most surprisingly -developed. From this, (if the science were true, which I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-168"></a>[<a href="images/1-168.png">168</a>]</span> +developed. From this, (if the science were true, which I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-168">168</a></span> very much question<a id="FNa_1-27"></a><a href="#FoN_1-27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>,) we could easily deduce their habitual gaiety, for a man who has always a good opinion of himself is rarely miserable.</p> @@ -6791,7 +6790,7 @@ to sting me to death, they will, so I do not disturb myself. You Christians are foolish." It does not appear that this reptile strikes a person unless it be attacked, or trodden upon. The people say they feed on <i>trāb</i>, -"dust" or "dirt." Yesterday the chameleon was seen in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-169"></a>[<a href="images/1-169.png">169</a>]</span> +"dust" or "dirt." Yesterday the chameleon was seen in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-169">169</a></span> the gardens: there is a few in Ghadames, and in most parts of North Africa. The one I saw was a most unsightly creature. The construction of the eyes is @@ -6824,7 +6823,7 @@ wrote to the Bey of Tunis, and the Bey has undertaken to make them surrender their booty. The value is only about 1000 dollars, and forty camels. People are very inquisitive about my personal affairs. They ask me -repeatedly, why I don't marry, or where are my wife and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-170"></a>[<a href="images/1-170.png">170</a>]</span> +repeatedly, why I don't marry, or where are my wife and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-170">170</a></span> children? and add, "for you are getting old, and have plenty of money." I usually reply, "I can't carry a wife about with me all over the world." In the Desert @@ -6857,7 +6856,7 @@ from Ghadames to Kanou, and back, for me, at two hundred dollars. The Moors are essentially children in some things. Young men, full grown, carry about with them in their pockets a little bit of white sugar to suck, -stowed away in needlecases. To-day, a ghafalah of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-171"></a>[<a href="images/1-171.png">171</a>]</span> +stowed away in needlecases. To-day, a ghafalah of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-171">171</a></span> Touaricks, twenty persons, left for Ghat. They took my letter for the Governor. The Touaricks are getting used to the sight of a Christian. My opinion is also undergoing @@ -6890,7 +6889,7 @@ victory. We then examined all the walls in our sleeping apartment, and stopped up cracks and crevices. After a short time the scorpions were forgotten, or we got used to them; and the next one that Said had a chase after, -excited in me little attention. So I found, like the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-172"></a>[<a href="images/1-172.png">172</a>]</span> +excited in me little attention. So I found, like the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-172">172</a></span> Moors, myself a fatalist, or at least became reconciled to the presence of these death-stinging reptiles. I found eventually, in fact, the people killed them with as much @@ -6923,7 +6922,7 @@ point. It is not surprising they wish to return to their homes, or Tripoli, and that they pilfer about the town. Asking him why the Rais did not give them a few karoobs, he replied naively, "The Rais has none for -us, but plenty to buy gold for his horse's saddle." To-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-173"></a>[<a href="images/1-173.png">173</a>]</span>day, +us, but plenty to buy gold for his horse's saddle." To-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-173">173</a></span>day, nor yesterday, could I buy any eatable meat. I mean mutton, for this is the ordinary meat of the place, and upon which I live, with now and then a fowl. But @@ -6957,7 +6956,7 @@ in the world use the name of God more vainly than Mussulmans, nor swear more than they, the greater part of the words used being different epithets of the Divine Nature. This inconsistency runs through all the -actions of these semi-civilized people. No people pre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-174"></a>[<a href="images/1-174.png">174</a>]</span>tend +actions of these semi-civilized people. No people pre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-174">174</a></span>tend to more delicacy in the mode of dress, more respect for women, not even mentioning the names or existence of their wives. My late Marabout camel-driver, when @@ -6989,7 +6988,7 @@ replied, <i>Ghareeb</i> ("near"). "What do you mean, a week, a fortnight, or how long?" "<i>Twenty days!</i>" was the reply. In endeavouring to obtain information from these people on distances and quantities, the only way -is to make them compare the thing unknown with what<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-175"></a>[<a href="images/1-175.png">175</a>]</span> +is to make them compare the thing unknown with what<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-175">175</a></span> you know. They will tell you at such a place is an exceedingly high mountain. If there is a hill or a mountain near you at the time, you must ask them if it as large @@ -7028,7 +7027,7 @@ one giving a burnouse, others a piece of cloth, or silk, or beads, and what not. The whole is then collected together, and a deputation of two or three merchants is formed out of the caravan, who convey their presents to -the prince, and the prince, when he finds the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-176"></a>[<a href="images/1-176.png">176</a>]</span> +the prince, and the prince, when he finds the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-176">176</a></span> have treated him liberally, sometimes returns a present of a slave or two, but generally a quantity of fresh provisions.</p> @@ -7062,7 +7061,7 @@ ultimately recover their wits by travelling. My turjeman says, "The natives of Ghadames are the greatest travellers in the world, and are to be found in every country." The <i>Souk</i> offers nothing for sale but olive-oil, liquid -butter, a little bread, camels' flesh, and now and then a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-177"></a>[<a href="images/1-177.png">177</a>]</span> +butter, a little bread, camels' flesh, and now and then a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-177">177</a></span> few vegetables. All the Touarick traders have now left, some for Ghat and others for Touat. My Ghadamsee friends cease talking of the dangers of my Soudan trip, @@ -7095,7 +7094,7 @@ able to purchase a large quantity. The quarter is divided into half-quarters, the half-quarters into quarter-quarters, and the quarter-quarter is often again divided and subdivided before it gets into the pot. In this -division, you would imagine the Desert dissector would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-178"></a>[<a href="images/1-178.png">178</a>]</span> +division, you would imagine the Desert dissector would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-178">178</a></span> cut the meat all away;—no such thing; and so great is the precision with which he divides and subdivides, that he has no need of scales and weights, equally dividing @@ -7127,7 +7126,7 @@ at seeing a poor animal killed, which characterizes Europeans, and especially the children of Europeans. Here children may be seen holding the animal whilst its throat is most barbarously cut! and not flinching a step, or -blinking the eye. Apropos of killing and eating meat,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-179"></a>[<a href="images/1-179.png">179</a>]</span> +blinking the eye. Apropos of killing and eating meat,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-179">179</a></span> I had a long polemical discussion with my taleb upon the respective rites and ceremonies of Christians and Mussulmans. I told him what distinguished the religion @@ -7160,7 +7159,7 @@ the very words and idiomatical expressions of the people. This correspondence is certainly a strong proof, both that the latter Biblical writers were natives of the East, and that the inhabitants of North Africa and The Sahara -were originally emigrants, or colonies from Syria and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-180"></a>[<a href="images/1-180.png">180</a>]</span> +were originally emigrants, or colonies from Syria and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-180">180</a></span> Arabia. This is the opinion of my taleb, and all the literati of the oasis. My taleb also treated me to-day with writing the famous Mohammedan prophecy, respecting @@ -7192,7 +7191,7 @@ of Ghadames make also the Turks (<i>Truk</i>, as they call them,) to come from the country of Gog and Magog. See the following table of the genealogy of all the people of the earth, especially the Turks, the Touaricks, -and the Russians:<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-181"></a>[<a href="images/1-181.png">181</a>]</span>—</p> +and the Russians:<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-181">181</a></span>—</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-07.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-07_th.jpg" alt="Genealogy of all the people of the Earth" title="Genealogy of all the people of the Earth"></a></p> @@ -7221,7 +7220,7 @@ Philistines expelled by Joshua; that the first rendezvous of the wanderers was the oasis of <i>Oujlah</i>, which is a few days' journey from <i>Siwah</i>, the site of the celebrated <i>Ammonium</i>; and thence they proceeded, wandering at -will, to the west and south, peopling all the arid regions<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-182"></a>[<a href="images/1-182.png">182</a>]</span> +will, to the west and south, peopling all the arid regions<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-182">182</a></span> of the Sahara. The Sheikh of the slaves visiting me to-day, and describing Timbuctoo, said, "It is several times larger than Tunis; it is as large as <i>Moskou</i> (or @@ -7257,7 +7256,7 @@ astonished to see a Christian eat and drink in the Ramadan, as to see the Christian himself. This afternoon I was very thirsty, and went to drink a little water from one of the water-skins suspended in a square. A -woman, of half-caste, going by at the time, cried out,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-183"></a>[<a href="images/1-183.png">183</a>]</span> +woman, of half-caste, going by at the time, cried out,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-183">183</a></span> "Why, why?" I went up to her and said, "Because you are a Mussulman and I'm a Christian." Her astonishment was no way abated; she kept exclaiming, @@ -7291,7 +7290,7 @@ was a discharge of electricity <i>from the earth</i>, which sometimes occurs in North Africa.</p> <p>Went to examine the Great Spring of Ghadames this -morning, which is situate on the west side of the city, but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-184"></a>[<a href="images/1-184.png">184</a>]</span> +morning, which is situate on the west side of the city, but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-184">184</a></span> conveniently between the two grand divisions of the population, the Ben Wezeet and the Ben Weleed. It was to me a <i>delicium</i>. What a revolution has my opinions @@ -7322,7 +7321,7 @@ numerous in the centre, where is the great force of the Spring. The water is tolerably good, but a little purgative. It is usually allowed twelve, but some give it twenty-four hours to cool before drunk. The form of -the basin may be thus rudely represented:<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-185"></a>[<a href="images/1-185.png">185</a>]</span>—</p> +the basin may be thus rudely represented:<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-185">185</a></span>—</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-08.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-08_th.jpg" alt="Great Spring of Ghadames" title="Great Spring of Ghadames"></a></p> @@ -7351,7 +7350,7 @@ more hours, according to their size and distance from the source. The inhabitants pay Government so much per hour for the running of the stream into their gardens; but some have an hereditary possession in a certain -quantity of the time of the stream's running. Of this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-186"></a>[<a href="images/1-186.png">186</a>]</span> +quantity of the time of the stream's running. Of this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-186">186</a></span> they are naturally very proud. For ordinary household purposes the water is given without cost. There are two or three places in the town where a small water-watch is @@ -7384,7 +7383,7 @@ Touarick was, the English tourists gave a dollar for a fowl, for a drink of milk, and even, he added with an oath, for an <i>Es-Slamah âleikom</i>? ("How do you do?") This story was told to impress me with the necessity of -taking plenty of money with me, and I was to keep up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-187"></a>[<a href="images/1-187.png">187</a>]</span> +taking plenty of money with me, and I was to keep up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-187">187</a></span> the liberal character of my predecessors in Saharan travel. So we see these English tourists, who undoubtedly were Messrs. Denham, Clapperton, and Oudney, @@ -7413,7 +7412,7 @@ stranger.</p> <p>Sunset, this evening, a man proclaimed from the housetops the arrival of the ghafalah, long expected from -Tripoli: only a courier arrived. By him I received the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-188"></a>[<a href="images/1-188.png">188</a>]</span> +Tripoli: only a courier arrived. By him I received the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-188">188</a></span> first letter from Tripoli, and the first newspaper, the <i>Malta Times</i>! That mark of admiration means, gentle reader, my poor old paper, the paper I established at so @@ -7446,7 +7445,7 @@ beautiful prophetic sentiment:</p> <p class="figcenter">‮ولكثرة الاثم تبرد المحبة من كثير‬</p> -<p>and then asks what it means? "<i>And because iniquity</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-189"></a>[<a href="images/1-189.png">189</a>]</span> +<p>and then asks what it means? "<i>And because iniquity</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-189">189</a></span> <i>shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold</i>," I reply, "may be illustrated in this way: Suppose the Rais buys up or bribes the people, so that nearly all the people @@ -7474,7 +7473,7 @@ theatre to himself, including the boxes, and all to enjoy himself </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-190"></a>[<a href="images/1-190.png">190</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-190">190</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> <h3>FAST OF THE RAMADAN.</h3> @@ -7509,7 +7508,7 @@ rush at me, all crying out, "Oh, Christian! Christian! where's your mother? where's your sister? where's your wife?—don't you want a wife?" Then they began to pelt me with date-stones. I got out of -the way as quickly as possible. Wondered what in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-191"></a>[<a href="images/1-191.png">191</a>]</span> +the way as quickly as possible. Wondered what in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-191">191</a></span> world had become of the men. At last found them and the boys all congregated round a mosque, this being some important ceremony of religion.</p> @@ -7542,7 +7541,7 @@ It is a long settled time-out-of-mind, nay, sacred rule, with them, as a whole, "Not to intermarry, and not to visit each other's quarters, if it can possibly be avoided." The Rais and myself, reside without the -boundaries of their respective quarters, so that we can<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-192"></a>[<a href="images/1-192.png">192</a>]</span> +boundaries of their respective quarters, so that we can<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-192">192</a></span> be visited by both parties, who often meet together accidentally in our houses. The Arab suburb is also neutral ground. Most of the poor strangers take up their residence @@ -7576,7 +7575,7 @@ could not exist without party and divisions no more than a British Parliament. Even Scripture intimates there must be strifes and divisions.</p> -<p>Many came to me to hear the news from Tripoli and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-193"></a>[<a href="images/1-193.png">193</a>]</span> +<p>Many came to me to hear the news from Tripoli and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-193">193</a></span> Algeria. I found them all interested in the fate and fortunes of the latter country. Some vague rumours had reached them of serious and bloody skirmishes. I @@ -7609,7 +7608,7 @@ Christians know all things but God," said a Marabout.</p> <p><i>20th.</i>—Weather is now cool, and I can walk about the gardens at mid-day without inconvenience. I enjoy -this much, amusing myself with throwing stones at the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-194"></a>[<a href="images/1-194.png">194</a>]</span> +this much, amusing myself with throwing stones at the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-194">194</a></span> ripe dates, which fall in luscious clusters into one's mouth. Eating fruit in the gardens or from the trees is also a peculiar delight enjoyed by people of all countries @@ -7642,7 +7641,7 @@ such matters.</p> <p>Apparently, what little thieving there is going on here is committed by the Arabs and slaves. There are three -or four of these latter most determined date stealers.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-195"></a>[<a href="images/1-195.png">195</a>]</span> +or four of these latter most determined date stealers.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-195">195</a></span> One of these slaves was brought up yesterday and received two hundred bastinadoes; but it had not much effect upon him. When these offenders become incurable, @@ -7675,7 +7674,7 @@ roasted in hell-fire?</p> <p><i>21st.</i>—The old blind man is the most regular patient. The novelty of being doctored or quacked by a Christian is wearing away. Wrote to-day to Mr. Gagliuffi, British -Vice-Consul of Mourzuk. Said, in visiting his friends,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-196"></a>[<a href="images/1-196.png">196</a>]</span> +Vice-Consul of Mourzuk. Said, in visiting his friends,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-196">196</a></span> for he has now <i>his circle</i>, brought me a present of <i>Danzagou</i>, in Arabic <i>Kashkash</i>. This is a seed of the size of a large hip, and of a beautiful scarlet colour; it is @@ -7704,7 +7703,7 @@ a very fine worm, like the finest silk-thread, and sometimes not much thicker than a spider's web, in small detached lengths. This worm is often of the enormous length of twenty yards, gradually oozing out piecemeal. -It is a common disease of Soudan where the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-197"></a>[<a href="images/1-197.png">197</a>]</span> +It is a common disease of Soudan where the merchants<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-197">197</a></span> catch the infection, and bring it over The Desert. It is said to be acquired principally by drinking the waters of that country.</p> @@ -7737,7 +7736,7 @@ the Turks (the war with the Arabs ended, and at leisure) began to look about, and thought they saw an Eldorado looming beautifully in the <i>mirage</i> of The Desert, which would speedily replenish their exhausted -treasures, and put the Government of Tripoli in easy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-198"></a>[<a href="images/1-198.png">198</a>]</span> +treasures, and put the Government of Tripoli in easy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-198">198</a></span> pecuniary circumstances. A pretext was soon found to excavate in this newly discovered Desert mine. "The people of Ghadames," said the Pashas of Tripoli, "are @@ -7769,7 +7768,7 @@ of commerce. This intelligence has so completely astounded the few remaining merchants who have any money, that they nearly lost their senses, yesterday and to-day, being very ill, and unable to attend to their -ordinary business. The money for the last four months<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-199"></a>[<a href="images/1-199.png">199</a>]</span> +ordinary business. The money for the last four months<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-199">199</a></span> is not yet collected, and the people say they cannot pay up. Our Rais has three times represented to the Pasha the inability of the people, but the answer always is, @@ -7801,7 +7800,7 @@ God! I never went through them in my life." This he said with vehemence, intimating that he never would enter the streets of the Ben Wezeet as long as he lived. A ghafalah has arrived from the oases of Fezzan, bringing -corn and dates, productions abundant in those countries.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-200"></a>[<a href="images/1-200.png">200</a>]</span></p> +corn and dates, productions abundant in those countries.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-200">200</a></span></p> <p><i>22nd.</i>—Weather continues cool. Few more patients. Present of dates from one of them. Very little meat @@ -7833,7 +7832,7 @@ always observed these mysterious events to transpire in some <i>unknown</i> and <i>distant</i> part of the world, and took the liberty of telling this taleb that the "smoke-ships" (steamers) could soon make every place in the world -near and known, and then we might find out the resi<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-201"></a>[<a href="images/1-201.png">201</a>]</span>dence +near and known, and then we might find out the resi<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-201">201</a></span>dence of Jonah as well as the captivity of the ten tribes. The story of the ten tribes is pretty well known. A Maroquine rabbi told me they are somewhere about the @@ -7866,7 +7865,7 @@ he couldn't tell, people had no money: Rais had so written to Tripoli, but was reprimanded by the Pasha. Advised him to send a deputation to the Pasha, or the British Consul-General. Had another example of the -bad system of collecting monies, as often in Mahometan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-202"></a>[<a href="images/1-202.png">202</a>]</span> +bad system of collecting monies, as often in Mahometan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-202">202</a></span> States, by means of common soldiers. These fellows do all the dirty jobs, everything necessary in the way of extortion; the more respectable officials shun these disagreeable @@ -7899,7 +7898,7 @@ taking an article of harness or equipment. This I observed often afterwards. It is reckoned friendly. By such conduct they show they are willing to render all the assistance in their power to their friend. I continued -on the route of Ghat with Essnousee half an hour<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-203"></a>[<a href="images/1-203.png">203</a>]</span> +on the route of Ghat with Essnousee half an hour<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-203">203</a></span> or more, bade him farewell and returned. His brothers and a slave left him with me. The merchant then proceeded on his desert journey of some fifteen or twenty @@ -7931,7 +7930,7 @@ direct road through the streets of the Ben Wezeet, took a circuitous route round the inner walls of the city to arrive at the gate of departure, showing me how great was still the force of these factions. Essnousee himself -told me he never went through the streets of the Ben<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-204"></a>[<a href="images/1-204.png">204</a>]</span> +told me he never went through the streets of the Ben<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-204">204</a></span> Wezeet, nor did he expect he ever should in this world.</p> @@ -7963,7 +7962,7 @@ a weak or crippled spine. They are pretty good eating, and taste something like the kid of the goat; the tail is esteemed the greatest delicacy. I tasted of this which I bought, and liked it. There is no lizard of this species -in Soudan. A Touarick told me that, having found one<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-205"></a>[<a href="images/1-205.png">205</a>]</span> +in Soudan. A Touarick told me that, having found one<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-205">205</a></span> in The Desert, he carried it to Soudan, where a Negro prince fell in love with it, and gave him for it the present of a young female slave. The Arabs tame the @@ -7997,7 +7996,7 @@ house in the open air." The moon struck him, they say. According to the Psalms, "The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor <i>the moon by night</i>."</p> -<p>They let him remain seven days without sending for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-206"></a>[<a href="images/1-206.png">206</a>]</span> +<p>They let him remain seven days without sending for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-206">206</a></span> me, when it was too late to administer my fever powders. I fetched an old gentleman who could bleed to have him bled, but they refused, saying it was now late. The @@ -8030,7 +8029,7 @@ they declare to be the end of their mission, although at the same time, and in the same breath, they don't forget to doom all those who reject their authority to perdition. This, it would seem, is a necessary evil in propagating -new religions and new sects. But enough of this—may<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-207"></a>[<a href="images/1-207.png">207</a>]</span> +new religions and new sects. But enough of this—may<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-207">207</a></span> the world grow more kindly—let us hope it will. This morning arrived a single Arab from Fezzan. It would appear extreme hardihood when we reflect, that for nine @@ -8063,7 +8062,7 @@ the hand of foreign diplomacy might be stretched out to save this city, which had flourished in the pursuits of its own peaceful commerce for more than a thousand years. . . . To mitigate the apparent harshness of his demand, -the Rais observed, that before the Sultan occupied<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-208"></a>[<a href="images/1-208.png">208</a>]</span> +the Rais observed, that before the Sultan occupied<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-208">208</a></span> Ghadames, the country between this and Tripoli was full of banditti. "The Arabs of The Mountains," he added, "were all banditti, those amongst whom you @@ -8097,7 +8096,7 @@ Ben Weleed, who procured me a supply.</p> <p>My intercourse has been mostly with Ben Wezeet, but to day I visited <i>Ben Weleed</i> at the <i>Bab-Es-Sagheer</i>, ("the little gate,") or the <i>Bab-Es-Saneeah</i>, ("the gate -of the garden,") where there were about forty of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-209"></a>[<a href="images/1-209.png">209</a>]</span> +of the garden,") where there were about forty of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-209">209</a></span> most respectable of this faction assembled in a sort of gossiping divan amongst themselves. They told me they met here every morning, and chatted over the news of the previous @@ -8124,7 +8123,7 @@ and if he took them there, they would be set at liberty, for a slave once touching British territory became free. To this he replied only, "I know—I knew before." I was extremely glad he did know it. It is strange to see a -young man of this description so avariciously turn himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-210"></a>[<a href="images/1-210.png">210</a>]</span> +young man of this description so avariciously turn himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-210">210</a></span> into a slave-dealer, but Mohammedan priests frequently trade.</p> @@ -8160,7 +8159,7 @@ the Turks came here, which everybody can imagine.</p> <p>This afternoon, whilst talking with the people about their antiquities, one of them said, "There are some figures remaining." I immediately asked him to show -them to me. The youngster volunteered; and, to my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-211"></a>[<a href="images/1-211.png">211</a>]</span> +them to me. The youngster volunteered; and, to my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-211">211</a></span> great joy, I was taken off to a garden, where I saw the <i>bas-relief</i> drawn above. I then thought about getting it in a quiet way to my house; so I went up to the owner @@ -8180,7 +8179,7 @@ had got a rich prize, and I hope I have. I told them, if anybody had any <i>flous</i>, it would be the owner of the garden, who gave me the slab. The sketch represents, apparently, a soldier holding or feeding a horse, but of -what age and country I shall not pretend to say, leaving<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-212"></a>[<a href="images/1-212.png">212</a>]</span> +what age and country I shall not pretend to say, leaving<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-212">212</a></span> that to antiquarians. It is broken off half, and otherwise pecked and mutilated by the people. It is a pious act of religion to deface stones representing figures of any @@ -8214,7 +8213,7 @@ the Wadan's beard hitting them like pins and needles. This species of fly-flap is greatly valued in Soudan, where it sells at a high price. The hairs which are of a dull grey or red brown, are usually dyed with henna when made -up into fly-flaps. I expressed myself extremely obliged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-213"></a>[<a href="images/1-213.png">213</a>]</span> +up into fly-flaps. I expressed myself extremely obliged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-213">213</a></span> to the Haj. <i>Wadan</i> (Ar. ‮ودان‬), <i>Oudad</i> (Berber ‮اوداد‬), and English <i>Mouflon</i>, is the name of a species of animals between the goat and the bullock<a id="FNa_1-35"></a><a href="#FoN_1-35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>. It is common in the @@ -8245,7 +8244,7 @@ the Jewish early records,—</p> <p class="figcenter">‮הוּא הָיָה נִבּר֗־צַיִד לִפְנֵי־יְהוָה‬</p> <p>"He was a mighty hunter before the Lord." Gen. x. 9. -In the Arabic translation the word employed for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-214"></a>[<a href="images/1-214.png">214</a>]</span> +In the Arabic translation the word employed for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-214">214</a></span> "mighty" is the same as that of the Hebrew, <i>i. e.</i> ‮جبّار‬ the ‮ج‬ representing the ‮ג‬, omitting any word to correspond with ‮ציד‬; but the Moors understand generally by @@ -8269,7 +8268,7 @@ Andalous (Spain), as also Paris and London, and no doubt planted the germ of the future courses of Epsom and Ascot, of which he is in our day made the mighty patron and the ruling god<a id="FNa_1-37"></a><a href="#FoN_1-37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-215"></a>[<a href="images/1-215.png">215</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-215">215</a></span></p> <p>After Nimrod the people are very fond of talking about <i>Enoch</i>, who is called in the Koran <i>Edrees</i> (‮ادريس‬). My taleb says that he did not undergo the penalty of @@ -8277,7 +8276,7 @@ nature, but was translated, as, indeed, it is recorded of him in our sacred books. My taleb adds, "Enoch was a tailor, and one day the devil came to him and offered to sell him some eggs, declaring that in the eggs the -whole world was included. Enoch rejoined, '<i>Also in the</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-216"></a>[<a href="images/1-216.png">216</a>]</span> +whole world was included. Enoch rejoined, '<i>Also in the</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-216">216</a></span> <i>eye of my needle is the whole world comprehended</i>.' Immediately the eggs began to expand, and although really empty, swelled out as wide as the arms when @@ -8310,7 +8309,7 @@ serpents in The Desert. Could obtain but little information, the notions of the Saharan tribes in general being very confused about serpents. All serpents go under the name of <i>lefâah</i> (‮لفعة‬). But other names are -in use here, as ‮حنش حية‬ &c., which apparently are the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-217"></a>[<a href="images/1-217.png">217</a>]</span> +in use here, as ‮حنش حية‬ &c., which apparently are the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-217">217</a></span> generic names. The <i>boah</i> mentioned by Dr. Russell I have not heard of. One of the Touaricks, however, described to me a serpent as being nearly as thick round @@ -8341,7 +8340,7 @@ unusual number of large snakes were seen this year (1845), mounting upon and twining round the broken shafts of pillars still standing, as if at the command of some invisible <i>jinn</i>; but they were all perfectly harmless. -The jugglers were catching them, to exhibit their forky<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-218"></a>[<a href="images/1-218.png">218</a>]</span> +The jugglers were catching them, to exhibit their forky<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-218">218</a></span> tongues and snaky folds, as venomous and deadly, to the marvel-loving crowd. The lion of The Desert is a myth. The king of beasts never leaves his rich domain, the @@ -8374,7 +8373,7 @@ than ordinary curiosity, were, the new world of America, Australia, the Pacific, and the whales in it, and the gold and silver mines of South America, &c. The number of sheep, also, in Australia, amazed them, in comparison -with the few wandering scattered flocks in The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-219"></a>[<a href="images/1-219.png">219</a>]</span> +with the few wandering scattered flocks in The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-219">219</a></span> Desert. I am become a walking gazette amongst the people, and ought to be dubbed "Geographer of The Desert." They also question me on the relative forces @@ -8405,7 +8404,7 @@ the day than work in the fields; they pretend that labour would take off their attention to the Koran, which is a very specious excuse for laziness." Like most people in Central Africa, all their hard work is done by -the poor slaves. The Ghadamsee people have, however,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-220"></a>[<a href="images/1-220.png">220</a>]</span> +the poor slaves. The Ghadamsee people have, however,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-220">220</a></span> the excuse that, being a city of merchants, their object is repose when they return from long journeys.</p> @@ -8482,7 +8481,7 @@ of Aristotle. <ins class="grk" title="Greek: Legetai de tis paroima hoti aei ti </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-221"></a>[<a href="images/1-221.png">221</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-221">221</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> <h3>FAST OF THE RAMADAN.</h3> @@ -8516,7 +8515,7 @@ them, an hereditary honour—and they are equally the dread of the people of Warklah, whose neighbours they are, as of stranger merchants and caravans. They have a well of water scooped out in the sandy regions where -their tents are pitched, and here they live in a horrid<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-222"></a>[<a href="images/1-222.png">222</a>]</span> +their tents are pitched, and here they live in a horrid<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-222">222</a></span> security, defying all law and authority, human and divine, and all the neighbouring Powers. Around them is an immensity of sandy wastes, and none dare pursue them to @@ -8548,7 +8547,7 @@ Ramadan is concluded. The Shâanbah and Touaricks are, besides, national enemies as to blood, the former being pure Arab, and the latter of the Berber, or aboriginal stock of North Africa. The Shâanbah have for arms -common matchlocks, and a few horses in addition to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-223"></a>[<a href="images/1-223.png">223</a>]</span> +common matchlocks, and a few horses in addition to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-223">223</a></span> their camels. The Touaricks have the spear, dagger, the straight broad sword, and a few matchlocks and pistols, it is said, and all are mounted on camels, so @@ -8577,7 +8576,7 @@ chorus comes at intervals between the noise of castanets, or finger-clappers. They now turn round and face their leader, some prostrating before him, and others twirling themselves round, but always moving in their -circular motion and singing. The tones of their voice<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-224"></a>[<a href="images/1-224.png">224</a>]</span> +circular motion and singing. The tones of their voice<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-224">224</a></span> are melodious and deep, not the plaintive wearying monotony of the Arabs. Now the sounds increase, the chorus rises higher and higher, the steps fall heavy, like @@ -8610,7 +8609,7 @@ assumed steps and positions like the well known Spanish <p><i>29th.</i>—Weather is now tolerably cool all day long in the city, but not cool enough for agreeable travelling. -Sketched to-day the <i>Aâween</i>, ‮اعوين‬, or square of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-225"></a>[<a href="images/1-225.png">225</a>]</span> +Sketched to-day the <i>Aâween</i>, ‮اعوين‬, or square of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-225">225</a></span> "fountains," which belongs to the faction of the Ben Weleed. A group of fifty persons surrounded me, all clamoring to see what I was doing, and making the funniest @@ -8631,7 +8630,7 @@ world is comprehended within two or three miserable rooms. The date-palms they see, and a few glimpses of The Desert beyond—and this is all. Truly it is necessary to establish an Anti-Slavery Society for the women -of this oasis. I have visited a few of them in their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-226"></a>[<a href="images/1-226.png">226</a>]</span> +of this oasis. I have visited a few of them in their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-226">226</a></span> private apartments with their husbands, in my capacity of quack-doctor. None of them were fair or beautiful, but some pleasing in their manners, and of elegant @@ -8663,7 +8662,7 @@ the day-time, are slaves, or esteemed as such, the Touarick women excepted. I have no doubt the manners of the women of this city are generally very correct, and as chaste as any women in North Africa. But the -Touarick women, especially of the elder sort, are not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-227"></a>[<a href="images/1-227.png">227</a>]</span> +Touarick women, especially of the elder sort, are not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-227">227</a></span> always exceedingly refined. One morning, going out from my house, I found some seven or eight Touarick women sitting on the stone-bench at the door. They @@ -8696,7 +8695,7 @@ Arabic words, and is a most ancient dialect. It is spoken only at Siwah and Ougelah, two Tripoline oases near the coast, ten days apart, on the route to Egypt, and there is a dialect something like it in one of the -Tunisian mountains. Many of the Touarghee words, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-228"></a>[<a href="images/1-228.png">228</a>]</span> +Tunisian mountains. Many of the Touarghee words, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-228">228</a></span> says also, are very much like, if not the same, as those of Ghadamsee. I showed him the Gospel of St. Luke, translated into the Berber language of Algeria, through @@ -8728,7 +8727,7 @@ those formidable, but doubtful, auxiliaries, which so often balanced and changed the fortune of Roman and Carthaginian arms. Of all these Numidian dialects, only one people has amongst them a native alphabet, the rest -using Arabic characters: this people are the Touaricks.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-229"></a>[<a href="images/1-229.png">229</a>]</span> +using Arabic characters: this people are the Touaricks.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-229">229</a></span> It is besides worthy of remark, that amongst all the African tribes of Central Africa, nay, every part of Africa, excepting the Coptic and Abyssinian Christians, only @@ -8761,7 +8760,7 @@ traders, tinkers, and pedlars. The city of Ghadames presents therefore a most mixed and coloured population, there being but very few of pure Arab blood, and fewer still of fair complexions. I have seen, nevertheless, some -families of sandy hair and fair skins; but, certainly, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-230"></a>[<a href="images/1-230.png">230</a>]</span> +families of sandy hair and fair skins; but, certainly, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-230">230</a></span> <i>barbarossa</i> ("red beard,") or flaxen locks, are not esteemed. These children of the sun prefer the raven-black beard, the tanned skin, and the gazelle eye. The @@ -8796,7 +8795,7 @@ ripe dates.</p> <p>My taleb, backed with two or three Mussulman doctors, charged me in the public streets with corrupting and falsifying the text of the word of God. "This," he -said, "I have found by looking over your <span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-231"></a>[<a href="images/1-231.png">231</a>]</span>‮الانجيل‬ +said, "I have found by looking over your <span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-231">231</a></span>‮الانجيل‬ Elengeel (Gospel)." It is precisely the charge which we make against the Mohammedans. But our charge is not so much corrupting one particular revelation as falsifying @@ -8830,7 +8829,7 @@ turned upon the Bas-Relief. The people showed some jealousy at my possessing it, and would have prefered that it remained in the oasis, and were not sent to Tripoli. They added:—"Because it proves that God has given -us the land of the Christians." This is the grand argu<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-232"></a>[<a href="images/1-232.png">232</a>]</span>ment +us the land of the Christians." This is the grand argu<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-232">232</a></span>ment in proof of the Mussulman's religion, that God has given him the countries of the Infidels. Indeed, the sooner the Bas-Relief is off the better. On my observing @@ -8860,7 +8859,7 @@ to recline on (<i>mokhaddah</i>). These arranged, the old gentleman mounted upon the stone-bench and took his seat, everybody making way for him with the greatest alacrity. Having heard I was present, after a short silence, -he addressed me: "Christian, do you know Scinde<a id="FNa_1-40"></a><a href="#FoN_1-40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-233"></a>[<a href="images/1-233.png">233</a>]</span> +he addressed me: "Christian, do you know Scinde<a id="FNa_1-40"></a><a href="#FoN_1-40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-233">233</a></span> I replied, "I know it." "Are not the English there?" he continued. "Yes," I said. He then turned and said something to the people in the Ghadamsee language<a id="FNa_1-41"></a><a href="#FoN_1-41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>. @@ -8889,7 +8888,7 @@ Christians. <i>They have no books.</i>" He meant <i>religious</i> books. The same opinion, I found afterwards, was entertained by Haj Ibrahim, a very respectable and intelligent Moorish merchant of Tripoli. Haj Ibrahim said to me, -"How is it that you have books on religion, when the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-234"></a>[<a href="images/1-234.png">234</a>]</span> +"How is it that you have books on religion, when the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-234">234</a></span> English have none?" Formerly Ettanee resided at Tripoli; and I have not the least doubt both these Moors derived this false information from the intolerant @@ -8921,7 +8920,7 @@ unctuous episcopal visit, and was shocked to hear the good Bishop talk so much about fortifications and "horrid war." There is consistency in everything; and common sense dictated that the Bishop should have, on such a visit, -assumed his character of "Overseer of the scattered Pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-235"></a>[<a href="images/1-235.png">235</a>]</span>testant +assumed his character of "Overseer of the scattered Pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-235">235</a></span>testant flock." Unfortunately, when he went first to Malta, Dr. Tomlinson acted more like an episcopalian tight-rope dancer, always balancing himself between @@ -8953,7 +8952,7 @@ baptized, married, and buried, whenever applied to. He baptized, married, and buried the members of his own family, and was surprised Sir Thomas Reade had not the courage to do the same. Of this the Colonel was very -proud, citing the authority of some peer in the British<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-236"></a>[<a href="images/1-236.png">236</a>]</span> +proud, citing the authority of some peer in the British<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-236">236</a></span> Parliament, who said, "If the King's subjects wished to <i>procreate</i> in a foreign land, where there was no parson, why should not the British Consul help them?" This @@ -8986,7 +8985,7 @@ to the people. Seeing several dots on the map where I told them sand. However, I must protest against this device. We shall see that the greater part of The Desert is stone and hard earth. The term "<i>sandy border</i>" of -The Desert is equally incorrect. Such a distinction does<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-237"></a>[<a href="images/1-237.png">237</a>]</span> +The Desert is equally incorrect. Such a distinction does<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-237">237</a></span> not exist in the Tripoline provinces. The Desert comes up to the gates of Tripoli, it then gives way to cultivation and The Mountains; it beyond them appears again @@ -9015,7 +9014,7 @@ world, as well as Ireland, it is destiny and the will of God! . . . . . . So of all other things. If Ghadames should be stormed and plundered by the Shânbah in its present defenceless condition, it will be, as a matter of -course, the will of God. But I must add, which unhap<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-238"></a>[<a href="images/1-238.png">238</a>]</span>pily +course, the will of God. But I must add, which unhap<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-238">238</a></span>pily cannot be said of Ireland, the security of human life is very great in Ghadames and the neighbouring desert. I have heard of no murder since I have been @@ -9050,7 +9049,7 @@ This cannot be. To-morrow is the last day of Ramadan; provided the new moon can be seen. I hope they'll see it, for I am heartily sick of the Ramadan: the most amiable and kind-hearted get out -of humour in Ramadan; as to the Rais, I never go to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-239"></a>[<a href="images/1-239.png">239</a>]</span> +of humour in Ramadan; as to the Rais, I never go to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-239">239</a></span> see him, except in the evening, unless to get a little money from him, his Excellency being my banker. A Turk, who smokes all day long for eleven months out of @@ -9083,7 +9082,7 @@ greater part of the now inhabited world was unknown to them." Moors, like some Christians, think the time is near when Deity shall appear to destroy all unbelievers in their respective religions. For myself, I cannot but -believe that the world has only <i>yet</i> begun. It is impos<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-240"></a>[<a href="images/1-240.png">240</a>]</span>sible +believe that the world has only <i>yet</i> begun. It is impos<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-240">240</a></span>sible that the Creator should destroy the world in its present imperfect state. No—the world will go on yet thousands of years on years in the path of improvement @@ -9116,7 +9115,7 @@ your way." Annoyed with this man and others, I replied, "Do Touaricks eat the flesh of Christians after they have killed them?" This made him very angry, and he began to apologize for the Touaricks, one class of -Mohammedans being always anxious to defend another<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-241"></a>[<a href="images/1-241.png">241</a>]</span> +Mohammedans being always anxious to defend another<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-241">241</a></span> from unwonted or odious suspicions. They have, nevertheless, not the least difficulty in confessing that the Touaricks will kill Christians, as such, thus tacitly @@ -9150,7 +9149,7 @@ ophthalmia, and the old blind man, who fancies his eyes are better with the application of the caustic. Generally the Moors think there is a different sort of medicine for women. Yesterday I was asked for a -medicine for women. I gave a man a fever powder for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-242"></a>[<a href="images/1-242.png">242</a>]</span> +medicine for women. I gave a man a fever powder for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-242">242</a></span> his wife. This morning being the last before the Ramadan, the Rais sent me a <i>backsheesh</i> of meat (not cooked) and a quantity of rice, enough to make a sumptuous festa. @@ -9184,7 +9183,7 @@ duration of the world, I said:—"The world must now begin, for, up to this time, men have been generally very ignorant; and until lately the whole of the earth has not been discovered." Very angry at this, he replied:—"Now -the world will finish; God is coming to destroy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-243"></a>[<a href="images/1-243.png">243</a>]</span> +the world will finish; God is coming to destroy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-243">243</a></span> all you Christians, and all the black <i>kafers</i> (infidels), as well as the white." He then gave me an account of the creation. "The world," he said, "was created seven @@ -9229,7 +9228,7 @@ Do not all the people speak well of our Consul?"</p> <p><i>I.</i>—"But you can't change the religion of some people though you kill them. When the Mohammedans conquered -India, they got tired of putting Hindoos to death<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-244"></a>[<a href="images/1-244.png">244</a>]</span> +India, they got tired of putting Hindoos to death<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-244">244</a></span> for not changing their religion, and becoming Mussulmans."</p> <p><i>The Taleb.</i>—"God knows all, but you don't know," (a @@ -9264,7 +9263,7 @@ march, five hundred strong, proceeding in the direction of Ghat and Ghadames, and he expected them near this in the course of ten days. Their <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'intentions'">intention</ins> is to avenge themselves on the Touaricks for the defeat last year. -They are the immemorial enemies of the Touaricks, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-245"></a>[<a href="images/1-245.png">245</a>]</span> +They are the immemorial enemies of the Touaricks, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-245">245</a></span> have a stake in the commerce of the Desert, but they as professional robbers have none. Besides this, we hear the Sebâah continue their depredations, and have carried @@ -9313,7 +9312,7 @@ the midst of the ocean."</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-246"></a>[<a href="images/1-246.png">246</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-246">246</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> <h3>CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN GHADAMES.</h3> @@ -9349,7 +9348,7 @@ has fallen in Ghat as well as in The Sahara, near Tunis and Tripoli, so that the oasis of Ghadames is the only dry spot, for no rain has yet fallen.</p> -<p>Had several visits from persons all dressed out in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-247"></a>[<a href="images/1-247.png">247</a>]</span> +<p>Had several visits from persons all dressed out in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-247">247</a></span> festival finery, amongst the rest the black dervish. He looked like a dusky Nigritian Sultan. Twenty paras he condescended to take from me, which added to his @@ -9376,7 +9375,7 @@ Christians and Jews on the principle of religion, and would refuse to compound matters, even if I gave them a thousand dollars. He, however, condescended to add, "They are <i>mahboul</i> (foolish)." He then went on to -boast of the sanctity of this city, and said, "Our people<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-248"></a>[<a href="images/1-248.png">248</a>]</span> +boast of the sanctity of this city, and said, "Our people<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-248">248</a></span> are not afraid of the Sebâah and Shânbah, because they are a city of marabouts." The taleb had just come from a full divan of the people, where the Rais, on this festival @@ -9408,7 +9407,7 @@ days. On asking what he had done, he said, "The slave stole some dates because he had nothing to eat." My taleb, occasionally rather free in tongue, took upon himself to call all Negroes <i>thieves</i>. I admonished him: "The -poor slaves got little from this city of dervishes, now and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-249"></a>[<a href="images/1-249.png">249</a>]</span> +poor slaves got little from this city of dervishes, now and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-249">249</a></span> then a little barley-meal, or lived almost altogether on a few dates. It was not surprising they stole to satisfy the cravings of hunger." Berka the liberated slave of @@ -9441,7 +9440,7 @@ every one being dressed in his best clothes, and most of the youth having on something <i>new</i>. It is the same with the Jews of Mogador on the feast of Passover. The Sanctuaries hoist the holy colours of their religion, beautiful -vermilion, and yellow, and green; these are their holiest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-250"></a>[<a href="images/1-250.png">250</a>]</span> +vermilion, and yellow, and green; these are their holiest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-250">250</a></span> and most-loved colours. The slaves danced and sang all day long. I was present during the closing scene at night, which was curious. After their continuous and laborious @@ -9474,7 +9473,7 @@ government. No other news. Met in the streets one of the Touaricks who came yesterday with fifteen camel-loads of senna. Asked him if Touaricks killed Christians. Surprised at this abrupt question, he asked, -"<i>Why?</i>" I added, "If you are a good fellow I will go<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-251"></a>[<a href="images/1-251.png">251</a>]</span> +"<i>Why?</i>" I added, "If you are a good fellow I will go<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-251">251</a></span> with you to Ghat." Pleased at this confidence, he came home with me and took some coffee. A camel-load of senna now sells for seventeen mahboubs. He asked me @@ -9507,7 +9506,7 @@ plantation to which the term is usually applied. Certainly a few flowers are sometimes cultivated in these gardens of Africa, but this is the exception to the usage.</p> -<p>The Rais, who is a grave Turk, nevertheless unbended<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-252"></a>[<a href="images/1-252.png">252</a>]</span> +<p>The Rais, who is a grave Turk, nevertheless unbended<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-252">252</a></span> himself to-day, amusing himself in seeing the boys swing. The Moors sadly wanted me to join their swinging, but I politely declined. They said, it was "<i>medicine</i>," @@ -9540,7 +9539,7 @@ with him. She had borne him two children. The most extraordinary stories are current of this French woman. Though a low woman of one of the towns, she gives herself out as "the daughter of the Sultan of France!" -She rides like a man, dresses like a man, smokes, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-253"></a>[<a href="images/1-253.png">253</a>]</span> +She rides like a man, dresses like a man, smokes, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-253">253</a></span> follows the Arabs in all their expeditions <i>against</i> the French. She has adopted the Mahometan religion, and is become a sort of priestess, or Maraboutah. She promises @@ -9573,7 +9572,7 @@ He smiled, and said, "The people are <i>sheytan</i> (very cunning), they lay up their new clothes, and only wear them on festivals." Speaking of slaves, his Excellency said, "There is now no profit on slaves. Government -takes ten mahboubs duty on each. A good slave fetches<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-254"></a>[<a href="images/1-254.png">254</a>]</span> +takes ten mahboubs duty on each. A good slave fetches<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-254">254</a></span> 40,000 wadâ (cowries) in Soudan, usual price 30,000, and some as low as 15,000. A good slave sells in Ghadames for forty mahboubs." The Rais told me to @@ -9606,7 +9605,7 @@ this point a British Consul could keep a sharp look-out on the French, moving southward.</p> <p>A Mussulman doctor told me with great solemnity -this morning, that five hundred years were necessary to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-255"></a>[<a href="images/1-255.png">255</a>]</span> +this morning, that five hundred years were necessary to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-255">255</a></span> go round the world. Two hundred years desert (‮ك٘لع‬), or nothing, or containing—</p> @@ -9643,7 +9642,7 @@ either as merchant or labourer. His Desert home is the pulse of all his distant enterprises, whither he retires to end his days, dedicating the last hours of his existence to God. The Arab came from Derge, mounted -on a good horse, in the short time of <i>thirteen hours</i>,—by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-256"></a>[<a href="images/1-256.png">256</a>]</span> +on a good horse, in the short time of <i>thirteen hours</i>,—by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-256">256</a></span> camels it occupies two and two-and-a-half days! The Arab told me he killed, a few days ago, six ostriches near Derge. The oases of <i>Derge</i> consist of four little @@ -9676,7 +9675,7 @@ the Christians—such being the will of God, he consoled himself by replying: "That, in less than forty years will rise up one Abou Abdullah Mohammed El-Arbee El-Korashee El-Fatamee, (‮ابو عبد الله محمّد القرشي الفاطمي‬,) -who will kill all the Christians, both of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-257"></a>[<a href="images/1-257.png">257</a>]</span> +who will kill all the Christians, both of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-257">257</a></span> new<a id="FNa_1-45"></a><a href="#FoN_1-45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> and the old world; that this will be the golden age; all people will be Mussulmans, and all will be rich and powerful, enjoying the abundance of this world's @@ -9703,7 +9702,7 @@ the now humbled follower of the Prophet finds his sweet revenge. The same revenge the more ignorant and fanatic of the Jews seek and cherish in the advent of their long-expected Messiah, who is to enable them to put -their feet upon the necks of all people—all the nations<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-258"></a>[<a href="images/1-258.png">258</a>]</span> +their feet upon the necks of all people—all the nations<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-258">258</a></span> of the earth. But the better class of Israelites are willing to believe that the Gentile nations may enjoy a portion of the blessings of Messiah's reign, and will not @@ -9745,7 +9744,7 @@ Messiah's reign, so beautifully set forth by Pope:—</p> </div></div> <p>Afternoon, went to see the slaves lately brought from -Bornou. They were as much like merchandize as they<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-259"></a>[<a href="images/1-259.png">259</a>]</span> +Bornou. They were as much like merchandize as they<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-259">259</a></span> could be, or human beings could be made to resemble it. They were entirely naked, with the exception of a strip of tanned skin tied round the loins. All were nearly @@ -9777,7 +9776,7 @@ The Tibboo was excessively curious about me, the Christian. He handled and turned over everything I had. Seeing my naked (white) arm, he exclaimed, "Whiter than the moon!" Said did not approve of my new -acquaintance, and declared all the Tibboos rascals; and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-260"></a>[<a href="images/1-260.png">260</a>]</span> +acquaintance, and declared all the Tibboos rascals; and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-260">260</a></span> thinks he recollects that he was made a slave by the Tibboos. Said was very angry with me for giving the Tibboo tea—wouldn't make any more for him—I might @@ -9811,7 +9810,7 @@ silver." The old Touatee distinctly recollects Major Laing passing through Ghadames to Timbuctoo. The account he gives of him is:—"When in Ghadames the Rais (or Major) purchased something of every thing he -could find in our city, as well as specimens of Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-261"></a>[<a href="images/1-261.png">261</a>]</span> +could find in our city, as well as specimens of Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-261">261</a></span> manufacture. He had with him <i>thirty-six bottles of wine</i>! which I counted. He was attacked by the Touaricks near Touat, and wounded in twenty places; @@ -9843,7 +9842,7 @@ Mr. Gagliuffi heard a strange story about the Major; according to which, he was murdered near Touat, on his return, by the same Touarick who stopped him, and wounded him in twenty-six places, on his way thither, -the Touarick alleging, that the Major was not a man but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-262"></a>[<a href="images/1-262.png">262</a>]</span> +the Touarick alleging, that the Major was not a man but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-262">262</a></span> a devil, so he (the Touarick) was obliged to kill him<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ','">.</ins> No authentic account now will ever be collected of Major Laing's death. That he was stopped a couple of @@ -9876,7 +9875,7 @@ nearly severed from his body. Manipulation ought to have made the fourth mode of cure laid down by my marabout, after burning, blood-letting, and talismanic writing. However, I believe manipulation, aided by the -bath, frequently effects important cures. Some Moors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-263"></a>[<a href="images/1-263.png">263</a>]</span> +bath, frequently effects important cures. Some Moors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-263">263</a></span> indeed, consider this the sovereign remedy for every hurt and disease. Found the Touatee again with the Rais. He amused us both by giving his opinion about @@ -9910,7 +9909,7 @@ offered him only 35 mahboubs each for his slaves; he asks from 40 to 50. He says, the Americans, or people nearly as white as I am, ascend the Niger as far as Noufee, for the purchase of slaves. Bornou and the surrounding -countries are now in peace, and make no slaves by war.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-264"></a>[<a href="images/1-264.png">264</a>]</span> +countries are now in peace, and make no slaves by war.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-264">264</a></span> The Tibboo bought his slaves of persons who kidnapped them during the night. To observe, that although the Tibboos, if this merchant be a fair representation of @@ -9942,7 +9941,7 @@ he walked with a step as firm as a rock; whilst his voice was a gruff growl like distant thunder. Compare this noble, though monstrous, specimen of a man, the product of the wild uncongenial Sahara, to the little ricketty, -squeaking, vivacious wretch of the kindly clime of Italy,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-265"></a>[<a href="images/1-265.png">265</a>]</span> +squeaking, vivacious wretch of the kindly clime of Italy,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-265">265</a></span> "the garden of Europe," and be amazed at the ways in which works Providence! As soon as the giant saw me, he bellowed out, "Salam aleikom!" which far resounded @@ -9975,7 +9974,7 @@ horses, and bad water bad horses.'" I observed, the dates and water together made the soldiers ill. He replied, "I have written several times to the Pasha to return, it is impossible for me to enjoy good health here. -His Highness still refuses to allow me, saying, he can<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-266"></a>[<a href="images/1-266.png">266</a>]</span> +His Highness still refuses to allow me, saying, he can<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-266">266</a></span> get no one to fill my post so well, but I hope to return in a few months." I am inclined to think now that Ghadames is not salubrious, although, thank God, I @@ -10008,7 +10007,7 @@ mountains, and they make these irons for slaves in that country." I asked him then how much they cost, and whether he would sell them. They were not for sale. So Africa enslaves herself! forges the very chains of her -own slavery. Cruel, heartless Europe! Thou that<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-267"></a>[<a href="images/1-267.png">267</a>]</span> +own slavery. Cruel, heartless Europe! Thou that<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-267">267</a></span> knowest better, encouragest the wretched African to create his own misery; to dig from his dark purple mountains the very iron fetters of his own slavery! @@ -10035,7 +10034,7 @@ will avenge the wrongs of Africa! . . . . . Be sure, beware America! . . . . . Whilst walking through the streets to-day, in a bad humour on this subject, there were three Bornou youths, nearly naked, offered for sale, -I think they belonged to the Tibboo. Some Arabs sitting<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-268"></a>[<a href="images/1-268.png">268</a>]</span> +I think they belonged to the Tibboo. Some Arabs sitting<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-268">268</a></span> near, asked me to buy. I replied, indignantly, "If I buy, my Sultan will hang me up, and you too." They stared at one another, and muttered something like a curse @@ -10057,7 +10056,7 @@ appears an honest man.</p> <p><i>8th.</i>—O God of the morning! what a fine sight are these lofty umbrageous palms, with the soft serene morning sky, and the sun just rising above the clear illumined -horizon, colouring and setting off the heavens around.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-269"></a>[<a href="images/1-269.png">269</a>]</span> +horizon, colouring and setting off the heavens around.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-269">269</a></span> How still, how voiceless is The Desert! The early morn now begins to be pleasant as the autumnal morn of old England. It is indeed, the—</p> @@ -10093,7 +10092,7 @@ Excellency then said he was in want of money. I lent him a hundred Tunisian piastres—all the money I had in the world, with the exception of seventeen in my pocket. Afterwards I dined with the Rais, and he persuaded -me to return to The Mountains, <i>en route</i> for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-270"></a>[<a href="images/1-270.png">270</a>]</span> +me to return to The Mountains, <i>en route</i> for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-270">270</a></span> Fezzan. It is reported, the Touaricks have gone out to meet the Shânbah. I tell the Governor, as well as the people, whenever they begin to exaggerate or declaim @@ -10127,7 +10126,7 @@ of Algiers." He observed he understood that to be the rule. But if the Souafah attack Tugurt, the French will probably defend it as a part of their territory.</p> -<p><i>9th.</i>—The morning is cool and cloudy; a few drops<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-271"></a>[<a href="images/1-271.png">271</a>]</span> +<p><i>9th.</i>—The morning is cool and cloudy; a few drops<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-271">271</a></span> of rain fell soon after sunrise, still it holds up. Amused in finding the Ghadamsee word for <i>father</i> was the same as <i>dad</i> or <i>dady</i>, which is written ‮دادا‬ <i>dada</i>. This morning @@ -10165,7 +10164,7 @@ work."</p> <p>"How then do the poor live?"</p> -<p>"By begging."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-272"></a>[<a href="images/1-272.png">272</a>]</span></p> +<p>"By begging."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-272">272</a></span></p> <p>"And if the people give them nothing?"</p> @@ -10201,7 +10200,7 @@ he did not communicate his intentions to the disconsolate lady, who remained in ignorance of his attachment. Meanwhile, El-Besheer, as a party in the firm of his father, purchased the house over the widow's -head and made everything ready for the future wedding,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-273"></a>[<a href="images/1-273.png">273</a>]</span> +head and made everything ready for the future wedding,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-273">273</a></span> and then took a journey of business to Touat, intending on his return to send some old lady, which is mostly the practice, with his message of love and marriage to @@ -10234,7 +10233,7 @@ victim of man's galling tyranny.</p> of my best friends would not allow me to touch a religious book of his, concerning the future world, alleging it was <i>haram</i> ("prohibited"). A young rogue of a -Touarick now came in and asked me impudently, whether<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-274"></a>[<a href="images/1-274.png">274</a>]</span> +Touarick now came in and asked me impudently, whether<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-274">274</a></span> I knew God and prayed? He added, "Say Mahomet is the prophet of God." As several aged men were present I made no answer. These people believe @@ -10270,7 +10269,7 @@ any graven image."</p> in this neighbourhood. Besides Jerbah and its mountains, many Wahabites are found in the Tripoline districts of Nalout, Kabou, Fessatou, Temzeen and Keklah. The -Ghadamsee people detest them and say; "The Waha<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-275"></a>[<a href="images/1-275.png">275</a>]</span>bites +Ghadamsee people detest them and say; "The Waha<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-275">275</a></span>bites will be the carriers of the Jews to hell-fire in the next world." The Wahabites assert, there are five orthodox sects, of which they form the fifth, and hate cordially the @@ -10303,7 +10302,7 @@ many other people. They are quite astonished when I tell them that Christians esteem the Scriptures of the Jews equally divine with their own. They have a confused notion that the whole of the Jewish Scriptures -consist of the five books of Moses, which they call the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-276"></a>[<a href="images/1-276.png">276</a>]</span> +consist of the five books of Moses, which they call the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-276">276</a></span> <i>Torat</i>, and the Psalms of David. Some of them say Abraham was not a Jew. I explain to them, that the Christians give a different interpretation to the Jewish @@ -10342,7 +10341,7 @@ United States of America at Gibraltar, who graciously told me, </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-277"></a>[<a href="images/1-277.png">277</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-277">277</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> <h3>CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN GHADAMES.</h3> @@ -10376,7 +10375,7 @@ were limited to twenty. However, as the object is merely to compliment the new married people and their parents, after they had swallowed half a dozen mouthsful, they immediately retired and left the coast clear for -the rest, and thus the ceremony was soon got through.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-278"></a>[<a href="images/1-278.png">278</a>]</span> +the rest, and thus the ceremony was soon got through.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-278">278</a></span> There was an exception in the case of the soldiers, whose hungry stomachs found the bazeen so good that they stuck fast to the bowl, and <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'was'">were</ins> obliged to receive the @@ -10408,7 +10407,7 @@ ten. An Arab, who had a lump given him in a corner, like a dog, found fault with it and returned it, saying, "It is not enough." This, of course, was delicate, but another lump was given him, for which also he growled -dissatisfaction. This <i>feeding</i> of bazeen was the fullest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-279"></a>[<a href="images/1-279.png">279</a>]</span> +dissatisfaction. This <i>feeding</i> of bazeen was the fullest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-279">279</a></span> extent of the good things of the feast. Some of the more respectable merchants went in and out without tasting the bazeen, merely paying the compliment to @@ -10441,7 +10440,7 @@ be restored to them and liberty at their death." The women carried chafing-dishes in their hands, on which burnt fragrantly the incense of <i>bekhour</i>. The pride of men perpetuate their distinctions beyond life to the land -of the dead, where one would think the ashes of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-280"></a>[<a href="images/1-280.png">280</a>]</span> +of the dead, where one would think the ashes of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-280">280</a></span> human body should be allowed freely to return to the essential elements of our common mother, Earth. So slaves have their place of burial, and must not commingle @@ -10473,7 +10472,7 @@ have a good deal of leisure, if not liberty; and their lot, as compared with the slaves of the cotton and sugar plantations of Christians, <i>is liberty itself</i>,—so differently do religions affect, or not affect at all, the morality of the -people who profess them. To judge from this obvious<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-281"></a>[<a href="images/1-281.png">281</a>]</span> +people who profess them. To judge from this obvious<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-281">281</a></span> case of comparison, which is so notorious through all The East and North Africa, as contrasted with the Christian States of America, the religion of the impostor of Mecca @@ -10506,7 +10505,7 @@ banditti or other enemies. There is another like it in the mountains to the north-west, where are also scattered some old masonry of other buildings. We mounted the top of the tower, and found a hollowed space at the top, -of this shape<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-282"></a>[<a href="images/1-282.png">282</a>]</span>—</p> +of this shape<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-282">282</a></span>—</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-12.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-12_th.jpg" alt="Cistern of an Ancient Tower" title="Cistern of an Ancient Tower"></a></p> @@ -10535,7 +10534,7 @@ were too bright for them."</p> <p>An Algerine Arab arrived with those of Souf, a species of vagrant marabout, bringing with him all the -lax liberal ideas of French Mussulmans. I thought at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-283"></a>[<a href="images/1-283.png">283</a>]</span> +lax liberal ideas of French Mussulmans. I thought at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-283">283</a></span> first he had been sent as a spy, to see what I myself was doing at Ghadames. The pious Ghadamseeah were confounded at his discourses, as he held forth in the streets. @@ -10563,7 +10562,7 @@ war-loving tyrant Corsican rarely showed.</p> order to go to the marabet<a id="FNa_1-49"></a><a href="#FoN_1-49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> of Sidi-Mâbed—‮سيدي مَع٘بد‬. My turjeman had married his wife from this place, and therefore accompanied me. He said, "I -married one of the daughters of the Saint, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-284"></a>[<a href="images/1-284.png">284</a>]</span> +married one of the daughters of the Saint, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-284">284</a></span> his blood runs in the veins of my children." In all The Desert we find this aristocracy of the gentle blood of the Saints. Sidi-Mâbed is two miles and @@ -10596,7 +10595,7 @@ read and write, and to-day he was unfortunately not in the oasis. Those with whom I conversed were simple rude peasants, but polite in their manners, with countenances speaking a serenity of soul and happiness of -disposition, not common to the inhabitants of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-285"></a>[<a href="images/1-285.png">285</a>]</span> +disposition, not common to the inhabitants of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-285">285</a></span> Saharan regions. They told me their village was <i>Zaweea</i> ("a sanctuary"), and was recorded in the sacred archives of Constantinople as one of the most renowned @@ -10628,7 +10627,7 @@ supply of barley-meal, a little olive-oil, and a few dates. I had been told they did not approve of holding <i>Ben-Adam</i> as slaves, and was greatly disappointed to hear a reply from one of them, "If we had money we would -have slaves; we have no slaves, because we have no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-286"></a>[<a href="images/1-286.png">286</a>]</span> +have slaves; we have no slaves, because we have no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-286">286</a></span> money." By the way, the poverty of North Africa and The Sahara is one of the principal causes of the few domestic slaves now kept, in comparison with former @@ -10661,7 +10660,7 @@ pretty butterflies. I noticed a single cotton-tree, and gathered two or three ripe pods; the tree looked unhealthy and was very dwarfish. The Sahara is not the place for cotton growing; formerly, however, cotton was -grown at Carthage, the Jereed, and other parts of North<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-287"></a>[<a href="images/1-287.png">287</a>]</span> +grown at Carthage, the Jereed, and other parts of North<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-287">287</a></span> Africa. Sir Thomas Reade has lately tried cotton-growing on the lands of Carthage, but not succeeded very well. We went to see the date-trees, and seeing one a @@ -10694,7 +10693,7 @@ all these regions, or render such a supposition probable.</p> <p>In full Divan it was decided this morning to clear out a little the hot-spring and its ducts running to the gardens, -in order to give the flow of water more room. Some old<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-288"></a>[<a href="images/1-288.png">288</a>]</span> +in order to give the flow of water more room. Some old<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-288">288</a></span> people say their fathers cleaned it out, and the water ran more abundantly; the deeper their fathers dug the well, the more the water gushed out. Others are opposed to @@ -10727,7 +10726,7 @@ the communication between this and Tripoli. The fonduk, or caravanseria, will be eighty feet long and thirty wide. It is to be built by the people of Ghadames, who, whilst working, will be protected by sixty Arab troops. -The expense to be also paid by Ghadames. Rais is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-289"></a>[<a href="images/1-289.png">289</a>]</span> +The expense to be also paid by Ghadames. Rais is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-289">289</a></span> going to see the works begin. Besides the new fonduk, Rais has taken the precaution of stopping up a well, a day's journey north-east from the city, by rolling into it @@ -10763,7 +10762,7 @@ recline here till God summons me hence."</p> <p>"How old are the longest-lived palms?" I returned.</p> <p>"More than the ages of three old men's lives," observed -the Sheikh.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-290"></a>[<a href="images/1-290.png">290</a>]</span></p> +the Sheikh.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-290">290</a></span></p> <p>An old slave, as ancient-looking as his master, now brought a basket of dates, they were every one of them @@ -10803,7 +10802,7 @@ soon be done with the world. May those who come after me fare better."</p> <p>"What is this hatred of the Ben Weleed and the -Ben Wezeet?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-291"></a>[<a href="images/1-291.png">291</a>]</span></p> +Ben Wezeet?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-291">291</a></span></p> <p><i>Sheikh Ali.</i>—(Smiling faintly.) "Christian, thou wilt know everything. My father told me when I came out @@ -10832,7 +10831,7 @@ wise people. Oh, these religions!"</p> <p>I thought I heard a regret of scepticism, or a kindly view of heretics and infidels, in the latter exclamation, -"<i>Oh, these religions!</i>" So I observed to the Sheikh, "A<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-292"></a>[<a href="images/1-292.png">292</a>]</span> +"<i>Oh, these religions!</i>" So I observed to the Sheikh, "A<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-292">292</a></span> pity it is we are not all of one religion, as we are all the children of one Creator."</p> @@ -10875,7 +10874,7 @@ the English like us? is a man esteemed for his money?"</p> honour, nor wisdom, is worth anything without money."</p> <p><i>Sheikh Ali.</i>—"The Devil take the world, it's all alike. -So here, so there. When I was rich, everybody bowed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-293"></a>[<a href="images/1-293.png">293</a>]</span> +So here, so there. When I was rich, everybody bowed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-293">293</a></span> down to me; now that I am poor, they pass me by without saying <i>bis-slamah</i> (saluting). Why did God make money? How wretched is the world." So this philosopher @@ -10912,7 +10911,7 @@ Morocco.</p> Malta. The Spaniards and other foreigners also get a share.</p> -<p>3rd. A great quantity, a fifth, perhaps, is embezzled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-294"></a>[<a href="images/1-294.png">294</a>]</span> +<p>3rd. A great quantity, a fifth, perhaps, is embezzled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-294">294</a></span> by the <i>employés</i> of the civil administration, and their creatures, the contractors.</p> @@ -10948,7 +10947,7 @@ in the past summer.</p> <i>long</i> man, has finished to-day all his tobacco." The long man is the Giant Touarick. I took no notice of this polite hint to furnish a new supply. I might furnish -with tobacco all the Touaricks who came here, if I were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-295"></a>[<a href="images/1-295.png">295</a>]</span> +with tobacco all the Touaricks who came here, if I were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-295">295</a></span> to attend to these Irish hints. The old bandit, who is cramped up like a wizened apple, is said by people still to carry on his nefarious trade. The proof of this they @@ -10981,7 +10980,7 @@ that "Any person who should make himself well acquainted with the Koran must become a Mussulman." "If the French teach their children to read the Koran, in order to learn the Arabic," said he, "they must conquer -the Russians and the English." Not <span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-296"></a>[<a href="images/1-296.png">296</a>]</span>"<ins class="grk" title="Greek: en toutô nicha">εν τουτω νιχα</ins><a id="FNa_1-51"></a><a href="#FoN_1-51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>," +the Russians and the English." Not <span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-296">296</a></span>"<ins class="grk" title="Greek: en toutô nicha">εν τουτω νιχα</ins><a id="FNa_1-51"></a><a href="#FoN_1-51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>," but in or with <i>This Book</i>, say the Mussulmans, the world must be conquered. The Russians and the French, having recently made conquests in Mohammedan @@ -11011,7 +11010,7 @@ Christians." My taleb assures me that Mahomet was foretold and promised in our gospels, under the name of <i>Parakleit</i>, (<i>i. e.</i> <ins class="grk" title="Greek: ho Paraklêtos">ὁ Παράκλητος</ins>,), "The Comforter." He cited also the Koran, but would not write the passage; I -had no Koran with me. But this is an advantage, for if<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-297"></a>[<a href="images/1-297.png">297</a>]</span> +had no Koran with me. But this is an advantage, for if<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-297">297</a></span> I had had a Koran in my possession, I should only have excited the prejudices of the people against me, and should not have been able to have kept it from them. @@ -11045,7 +11044,7 @@ as any mad fellow here, and though suffering greatly from headache and bad eyes, he endured this tomfoolery for nearly a couple of hours. My taleb, a shrewd man, said to me, "Don't you see, I told you this Algerian -was an impostor?" I believe really he is a French<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-298"></a>[<a href="images/1-298.png">298</a>]</span> +was an impostor?" I believe really he is a French<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-298">298</a></span> spy on the movements of the Turks, and perhaps myself. The Tibboo calls. He is preparing to depart, and presses me to go with him. Speaking to a Touarick, @@ -11078,7 +11077,7 @@ they have sometimes joked me about my fasting in Ramadan, a very sacred subject for a Mussulman. Every time I go into the streets, I meet with one or other with whom I try to get up a joke, for it grieves me to see the -people suffer so much from bad government. After we<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-299"></a>[<a href="images/1-299.png">299</a>]</span> +people suffer so much from bad government. After we<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-299">299</a></span> come to satire, and with the help of the word <i>batel</i>, "good-for-nothing," we manage to hit off somebody. An Arab Sheikh came to us, one day, when we were @@ -11108,7 +11107,7 @@ the Braknas lived for several months on nothing but milk; but it was cow's milk. Many of the Saharan tribes are supported for six months out of twelve on milk.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-300"></a>[<a href="images/1-300.png">300</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-300">300</a></span></p> <p>The Moors seem to have a secret dislike for women, as well as a most obstinate desire to tyrannize over them. There is a lurking desire of this sort in the men-sex of @@ -11154,7 +11153,7 @@ when sour, ‮لبن‬.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-301"></a>[<a href="images/1-301.png">301</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-301">301</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> <h3>CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN GHADAMES.</h3> @@ -11188,7 +11187,7 @@ broad day of their being marabouts or sultans, the poor witless thing runs in amongst them, shaking hands with the first he meets with, and bursts out a-laughing. He usually succeeds in infusing a little of his cheerfulness -into these equally <i>mad</i> people, but more sober in their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-302"></a>[<a href="images/1-302.png">302</a>]</span> +into these equally <i>mad</i> people, but more sober in their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-302">302</a></span> method of madness. Yesterday the slaves had another feast <i>for the dead</i>. The Moors allow their slaves the liberty of blending the two religions, as Rome has @@ -11221,7 +11220,7 @@ there is an abundance.</p> <p>Heard a great deal about the Foullans, Foulahs, and Fellatahs, the predominant race in Soudan. <i>Foullan</i> (‮فلّان فلّانين فلّاني‬) is the Soudanic term, <i>Fellatah</i> -the Bornouese, and <i>Foulah</i> what is used to denominate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-303"></a>[<a href="images/1-303.png">303</a>]</span> +the Bornouese, and <i>Foulah</i> what is used to denominate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-303">303</a></span> them among the Mandingoes. According to information here, they were once the most miserable race of <i>Arab</i> wanderers in The Desert. But at last they settled down @@ -11256,7 +11255,7 @@ face during life. The annexed drawing presents the <i>Shoushoua</i> of the Negroes of Tombo, near Jinnee, who are pagans. Whenever the slaves see these marks they know the country of the other slaves who bear them. -Formerly it could be ascertained whether a slave was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-304"></a>[<a href="images/1-304.png">304</a>]</span> +Formerly it could be ascertained whether a slave was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-304">304</a></span> born on the coast, or brought from the interior, by the presence or absence of the <i>Shoushoua</i>. Now it cannot, because the practice is discontinued in countries subject @@ -11277,7 +11276,7 @@ second conjugation means, "expeditione bellica petivit hostem," and the noun in use is ‮غَزَاة‬ <i>ghazah</i>, "expeditione bellica." The Bornouese word to denote a slave-hunt, as carried on by the Touaricks, is <span class="smcap">Din</span>, applied to -private kidnapping expeditions, and means, I think,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-305"></a>[<a href="images/1-305.png">305</a>]</span> +private kidnapping expeditions, and means, I think,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-305">305</a></span> simply "theft," showing that not by war, as captives, but by "theft," "stealing," the "man-stealing" of the Apostle Paul, are slaves generally procured in Central Africa. It @@ -11310,7 +11309,7 @@ proclaimed till doomsday?</p> <p>This morning the merchants asked me why the English did not drive out the French from Algeria. They had often badgered me with this subject. I -thought it better to speak plainly at once, and for all.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-306"></a>[<a href="images/1-306.png">306</a>]</span> +thought it better to speak plainly at once, and for all.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-306">306</a></span> I began by asking, why should the English drive out the French? and continued, "France and England are now at peace. They don't wish to make war at all, and @@ -11343,7 +11342,7 @@ as great a robber as a Shânbah bandit. Mussulmans are not like Christians. The Christians have but one word, and are brothers. The Mussulmans have a thousand and ten thousand words, they don't speak the truth, -and they are enemies to one another." The ingenuous<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-307"></a>[<a href="images/1-307.png">307</a>]</span> +and they are enemies to one another." The ingenuous<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-307">307</a></span> Moor knew little of the history of Europe and America. I did not disabuse him of his good opinion of us. He was a Ben Wezeet, and complained that now the <i>Nāther</i> @@ -11376,7 +11375,7 @@ the people, or from the persecutions of his enemies. Persons are accustomed to escape to the mountains in Barbary, more particularly in Morocco and Algeria; but also in this country. Our Saviour, besides, gives the -same advice to his disciples: "Let them which are in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-308"></a>[<a href="images/1-308.png">308</a>]</span> +same advice to his disciples: "Let them which are in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-308">308</a></span> Judea <i>flee to the mountains</i>." (Luke xxi. 21.) It has always been difficult to apprehend fugitives in the mountains, especially in ancient times, when a good police did @@ -11410,7 +11409,7 @@ brought to me—as also when I was in The Mountains—I cannot help thinking of those affecting pictures of disease and misery which were providentially exhibited to demonstrate the divine skill of the Great <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Physisian'">Physician</ins> -of mind and body.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-309"></a>[<a href="images/1-309.png">309</a>]</span></p> +of mind and body.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-309">309</a></span></p> <p>Salt is procured in a few hours' journey beyond <i>Sidi Mâbed</i>, and is considered superior to that procured at @@ -11444,7 +11443,7 @@ want them?" This afternoon I visited the barrack, where several Arab soldiers were laid up with the fever, which they had caught at Emjessem. One was very bad. The Arabs said to me, "You must give him money to buy -some bread, and a little meat to make some broth." I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-310"></a>[<a href="images/1-310.png">310</a>]</span> +some bread, and a little meat to make some broth." I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-310">310</a></span> told them they must go the Rais; it was his business to look after his troops. It is distressing to witness the condition of these wretched Arabs. At different times I @@ -11481,7 +11480,7 @@ of these theologians and diviners of the future state were negroes, I asked, "What <i>colour</i> will people be in the next world?" They replied, "<i>All white</i>, and alike; and not only will their skins be white, but all their clothing -will be <i>white</i>." White, indeed, is the favourite colour of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-311"></a>[<a href="images/1-311.png">311</a>]</span> +will be <i>white</i>." White, indeed, is the favourite colour of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-311">311</a></span> Mussulmans; and a sooty-black Mohammedan negro will set off his face with a white turban, as our Christian niggers do their <i>japan</i> with a lily-white neckcloth. But @@ -11515,7 +11514,7 @@ equals. I frequently give the negroes tea and coffee before I serve them, to show I despise such distinctions, although, perhaps, against propriety.</p> -<p>The taleb began boasting about Soudan, and he has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-312"></a>[<a href="images/1-312.png">312</a>]</span> +<p>The taleb began boasting about Soudan, and he has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-312">312</a></span> much reason to boast of it, if we compare what Mohammedans have there done with what Christians have done on the Western Coast of Africa. He said, "There's no @@ -11547,7 +11546,7 @@ in Europe, but they will always have powerful and vindictive rivals in the Touarghee and pure Arab and Berber races. The Revd. Mr. Schön has given a too unfavourable report of the Fullans, in his Notes and -Journal of the Niger Expedition, biassed against them in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-313"></a>[<a href="images/1-313.png">313</a>]</span> +Journal of the Niger Expedition, biassed against them in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-313">313</a></span> his Missionary zeal, simply because they are Mahometans. It is true that the Fullans are great slave-dealers, but so are nearly all the princes of Africa. The mild and @@ -11568,7 +11567,7 @@ the lower people here teaching the children to call me <i>Kafer</i> ("infidel") as a sort of religious duty, lest, I imagine, the children should see at last that there is no very great difference between a <i>Kafer</i> and a Moslemite.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-314"></a>[<a href="images/1-314.png">314</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-314">314</a></span></p> <p>Was much amused this afternoon in seeing physic administered to camels. The camel is made to lie down, and its knee joints are tied round so that it cannot get @@ -11600,7 +11599,7 @@ of the Saracennic conquerors of olden times. They are primitive in all their ideas and words; their manners are equally stiff, and slow or courtly, "stately and dignified;" they fully understand the doctrine that, "Great -bodies move slow."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-315"></a>[<a href="images/1-315.png">315</a>]</span></p> +bodies move slow."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-315">315</a></span></p> <p>A man is said sometimes not to be worth "a pinch of snuff;" and yet a pinch of snuff will knock a man down, @@ -11633,7 +11632,7 @@ the live-long day. In the season the Arabs drink their Soudanic merchants chew their <i>ghour</i>, nuts, and <i>kouda</i>, as our jolly tars their tobacco, and others munch the <i>trona</i>. My taleb came to me to see if I were dead. -He had heard such a horrible report in the town. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-316"></a>[<a href="images/1-316.png">316</a>]</span> +He had heard such a horrible report in the town. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-316">316</a></span> embraced the opportunity of lecturing him upon the absurdity of the prohibition from drinking wine, when he and others intoxicated themselves with snuff. But @@ -11667,7 +11666,7 @@ to the Royal Asiatic Society:—</p> <p>"From the poor servant of his Lord, Muhammad ben Ali ben Talib, to our respected brethren, Abu Bekr and -Muhammad, and Abdallah, and Fatimah, and Ayshah,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-317"></a>[<a href="images/1-317.png">317</a>]</span> +Muhammad, and Abdallah, and Fatimah, and Ayshah,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-317">317</a></span> and our Aunt Aminah; God prosper their conditions, Amen!</p> @@ -11700,7 +11699,7 @@ this land; and we have no more news after the letter which we have written to you. Convey our salutation to our aunt and to our brothers, many thousand salutations; and to Muhammad ben al Tayil, and his brother -and his sons, many thousand salutations; and to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-318"></a>[<a href="images/1-318.png">318</a>]</span> +and his sons, many thousand salutations; and to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-318">318</a></span> Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim Taraki, many thousand salutations. Salute also the Hajj al Beshir, and his brother the Hajj Yusuff, if he is arrived; and salute @@ -11732,7 +11731,7 @@ to the Hajj Muhammad ben Ali, and his brother, and their father, many thousand salutations. And salutation to our cousin (the daughter of our uncle) Miriam, many thousand salutations, and to our aunt -Sultánah, and to her brothers, and to (some other<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-319"></a>[<a href="images/1-319.png">319</a>]</span> +Sultánah, and to her brothers, and to (some other<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-319">319</a></span> female name<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '('">)</ins> and her sons, many thousand salutations. And our salutation to our cousins (the children of our uncle) and say to them, For God's sake do not forget @@ -11769,7 +11768,7 @@ Moors, signifying nothing at all.) So farewell!</p> <p class="figcenter"><span class="smcap">Address.</span></p> -<p>"To the hand of our esteemed brethren Abu Bekr,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-320"></a>[<a href="images/1-320.png">320</a>]</span> +<p>"To the hand of our esteemed brethren Abu Bekr,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-320">320</a></span> and Muhammad and Abdullah ben Ali Ibn Talib; may God amend their condition, amen!</p> @@ -11804,7 +11803,7 @@ whilst another cried out, "You Kafer!" Judging it necessary to put a stop to this, I gave each little imp for his pains a hard rap of the head with my fly-flapper, which greatly surprised them, and sent them off yelping. -Some of the boys, however, are very friendly, and come<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-321"></a>[<a href="images/1-321.png">321</a>]</span> +Some of the boys, however, are very friendly, and come<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-321">321</a></span> running after me and take hold of my hand. A day or two afterwards these young rascals came running after me again in the same way; but they were chased by an @@ -11837,7 +11836,7 @@ No Christian like the Tibboo." But another said, goes alone. Even the Touaricks are afraid of him; and when they brought him here he quarrelled with them several times. Besides, a few days ago he was -going to knock down the toll-taker at the gate." After<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-322"></a>[<a href="images/1-322.png">322</a>]</span> +going to knock down the toll-taker at the gate." After<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-322">322</a></span> this display of personal daring, I shall never have a contemptible idea of a Negro. The free, independent, and enlightened gentleman slave-driver of Yankee Land, @@ -11870,7 +11869,7 @@ of <i>El-Hawamad</i> see perfectly well in the day-time. But I must mention, that I received an application for medicine from a person who is affected with the same strange kind of malady. The European physicians call -this disease <i>Nyctalopia</i> (<ins class="grk" title="Greek: Nyktalôpia">Νυκταλωπια</ins>). I recently myself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-323"></a>[<a href="images/1-323.png">323</a>]</span> +this disease <i>Nyctalopia</i> (<ins class="grk" title="Greek: Nyktalôpia">Νυκταλωπια</ins>). I recently myself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-323">323</a></span> met with a case in London. But what is equally extraordinary, Captain Lyon (I think) mentions a case which he met with in The Desert, of a person who could @@ -11904,7 +11903,7 @@ loaf-sugar, one asked me if there were blood in sugar, for so he had heard from some Europeans in Tripoli. I told him in loaf sugar. "What, the blood of pigs?" one cried. "How do I know?" I rejoined; "if the refiner -has no bullock's blood, why not use that of pigs?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-324"></a>[<a href="images/1-324.png">324</a>]</span> +has no bullock's blood, why not use that of pigs?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-324">324</a></span> This frightened them all out of their senses. They will not eat loaf-sugar again in a hurry. A most ludicrous anecdote of the old Bashaw of Tripoli here occurs to me. @@ -11936,7 +11935,7 @@ these old bones. The Consul, now assuming a magnificent air, deigned to reply, "Now, your Highness, you must be cool. You drink coffee?" "Yes." "You put sugar in it?" "Yes" (impatiently). "You use white -sugar?" "Yes, yes," said the Bashaw, half amazed,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-325"></a>[<a href="images/1-325.png">325</a>]</span> +sugar?" "Yes, yes," said the Bashaw, half amazed,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-325">325</a></span> half trembling, wondering what would come next. "Then," cried the Consul triumphantly, "I beg most submissively to inform your Highness, hoping that your @@ -11970,7 +11969,7 @@ incidents in which the British Consul showed himself the master, and the Bashaw the slave, instead of the Sovereign of his own country. One day the Bashaw had done something to offend the Consul. Colonel Warrington, -hearing of it whilst riding out, immediately rides off<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-326"></a>[<a href="images/1-326.png">326</a>]</span> +hearing of it whilst riding out, immediately rides off<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-326">326</a></span> to the Castle, and rushes, whip in hand, into the presence of the Bashaw, producing consternation through the whole Court. An Italian, having at the time an audience @@ -12002,7 +12001,7 @@ Central Africa, making the route from Tripoli to Bornou as safe as the road from London to Paris; Mr. Hay, exaggerating every obstacle, represented it as unsafe to walk in the environs of Tangier, under its very walls, and -even boasted of himself being shot at in the interior of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-327"></a>[<a href="images/1-327.png">327</a>]</span> +even boasted of himself being shot at in the interior of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-327">327</a></span> Morocco, on a Government mission, and whilst attended by an escort of the Emperor's troops. With Colonel Warrington, a mission of science or philanthropy had a @@ -12036,7 +12035,7 @@ only to me, the Nather (<i>native</i> governor) and the Kady, when rushed into the apartment a Souafee Arab, exclaiming to the Rais, "How are you?" and seizing hold of his hands, knocked his fly-flap down on the floor. -His Excellency was shocked at this rudeness, and I my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-328"></a>[<a href="images/1-328.png">328</a>]</span>self +His Excellency was shocked at this rudeness, and I my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-328">328</a></span>self was a little startled. The conversation which followed, if such it may be called, is characteristic of the bold Arab, and the haughty Turk.</p> @@ -12082,7 +12081,7 @@ beasts are these Arabs!" The Souafah are, indeed, the type of the genuine Desert Arab. They have no foreign master, and manage all their affairs by their own Sheikhs and Kadys. The immense waste of sand lying between -Ghadames and Southern Tunis and Algeria, is their abso<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-329"></a>[<a href="images/1-329.png">329</a>]</span>lute +Ghadames and Southern Tunis and Algeria, is their abso<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-329">329</a></span>lute domain, in the arid and thirsty bosom of which are planted, as marvels of nature, their oases of palms. The Shânbah bandits, who plunder every body, and brave @@ -12128,7 +12127,7 @@ a genuine African race.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-330"></a>[<a href="images/1-330.png">330</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-330">330</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> <h3>PREPARATIONS FOR GOING TO SOUDAN.</h3> @@ -12163,7 +12162,7 @@ observed, "I must write to Ahmed Effendi of The Mountains, and if he says you may go, all well, if not, you must not go." I then asked the Rais, what I was to do in Ghadames? His Excellency said anxiously, -"Stay with me to keep me company. I am surrounded<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-331"></a>[<a href="images/1-331.png">331</a>]</span> +"Stay with me to keep me company. I am surrounded<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-331">331</a></span> with barbarians. I am weary of my life here." As the Rais spoke what I knew to be the truth, I pitied him and said nothing, although I could not understand this @@ -12196,7 +12195,7 @@ and this is the reason. The Devil knows that all the Christians, and Jews, and black <i>kafers</i>, belong to him. So he troubles them not, they are his safe property and sure possession. But he is always stirring up amongst -us Mussulmans evil passions, and leading our sovereigns<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-332"></a>[<a href="images/1-332.png">332</a>]</span> +us Mussulmans evil passions, and leading our sovereigns<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-332">332</a></span> to oppress the people, and one Mussulman to oppress another." Such is the reasoning of a bigoted Moslemite, and with him and others it has considerable force. Indeed, @@ -12231,7 +12230,7 @@ One said to me, "If you will go with us women, we will take better care of you than the men can do."</p> <p><i>27th.</i>—Occupied in writing. Rais paid me a visit in -the afternoon. Gave one of the slaves who came with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-333"></a>[<a href="images/1-333.png">333</a>]</span> +the afternoon. Gave one of the slaves who came with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-333">333</a></span> him a pill-box, which highly delighted the boy. I found when I visited Rais again, that his Excellency himself had become so enamoured with the pill-box, as to @@ -12264,7 +12263,7 @@ measures, and sent soldiers to look out in the routes near our city. He has also sent to bring back a merchant who started yesterday to Touat, and another to Derge. The freebooters are 100 horse, and 400 camels strong. -The Giant Touarick taking the alarm, and mounting his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-334"></a>[<a href="images/1-334.png">334</a>]</span> +The Giant Touarick taking the alarm, and mounting his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-334">334</a></span> strongest and fleetest Maharee, has gone off to protect his family and country. He was one of the expedition last year, and slew a dozen Shânbah with his own hand. @@ -12293,7 +12292,7 @@ able-bodied men of the united oases are calculated at much gratified with the rural ramble, although there is nothing remarkable to be seen. The three principal productions are dates, of which there is a great variety, -some thirty or forty different sorts<a id="FNa_1-56"></a><a href="#FoN_1-56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>; barley and <i>ghusub</i><a id="FNa_1-57"></a><a href="#FoN_1-57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-335"></a>[<a href="images/1-335.png">335</a>]</span> +some thirty or forty different sorts<a id="FNa_1-56"></a><a href="#FoN_1-56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>; barley and <i>ghusub</i><a id="FNa_1-57"></a><a href="#FoN_1-57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-335">335</a></span> The ghusub is grown in the Autumn and the barley in the Spring; in this way two crops of corn are reaped in the year. A little wheat is now and then grown, but @@ -12325,7 +12324,7 @@ largest landed-proprietor. He has seventeen gardens; "nearly half the country," as a person observed. So Europe is not the only place in the world where there is such an unequal division of the land. The gardens are -small, and the whole number is some two hundred and odd,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-336"></a>[<a href="images/1-336.png">336</a>]</span> +small, and the whole number is some two hundred and odd,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-336">336</a></span> only the half of which are regularly watered from the Great Spring. As the people can never depend upon rain, the whole culture is conducted on irrigation. The Ghadamsee @@ -12357,7 +12356,7 @@ the first flight of locusts I ever saw. I had seen locusts on the hills near Mogador, where they are bred in great numbers. Millions of small green things were just starting into being. The locust is a somewhat disproportioned -insect, the wings are too fine for the bulk and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-337"></a>[<a href="images/1-337.png">337</a>]</span> +insect, the wings are too fine for the bulk and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-337">337</a></span> weight of the body, which explains why they are unable to struggle against the wind; as it is said in the Scriptures, "and when it was morning the east wind brought @@ -12389,7 +12388,7 @@ soon lost the charm of novelty. But the world is made up of the elements of destruction and reproduction. Such is the eternal order of Providence, and we must bear the evil and the good. I do not think that they -come far south or from the inner Desert, for they could<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-338"></a>[<a href="images/1-338.png">338</a>]</span> +come far south or from the inner Desert, for they could<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-338">338</a></span> not be bred in regions of desolation, where there is no green thing. Yet these flights were from the south of Ghadames, and at any rate they are bred in the Saharan @@ -12422,7 +12421,7 @@ Excellency replied, "They are to protect me when exposed to robbers like the Shânbah, or to other evils. These charms will then render me great assistance." I I have already said Rais is as big a ninny in these -superstitious matters as any of his Maraboutish subjects.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-339"></a>[<a href="images/1-339.png">339</a>]</span></p> +superstitious matters as any of his Maraboutish subjects.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-339">339</a></span></p> <p><i>3rd.</i>—Am still in great doubt as to the route I shall take for the interior. Every route has its separate advantages, @@ -12456,7 +12455,7 @@ agriculture are few and simple in The Desert. Friend Berka had but a small hoe, which is well described by Caillié, who saw it used near Jinnee, and indeed it seems to be used throughout Central Africa. This hoe is about -a foot long, and eight inches broad; the handle, which is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-340"></a>[<a href="images/1-340.png">340</a>]</span> +a foot long, and eight inches broad; the handle, which is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-340">340</a></span> some sixteen inches in length, slants very much. With this hoe they turn up the earth instead of the plough, and prepare and open and shut the squares of irrigated @@ -12493,7 +12492,7 @@ of Ghat. This gave rise to suspicions that the news about the Shânbah and Touaricks was a hoax of the Souafah, in order to frighten the people of Ghadames, and allow them (the Souafah) to get first to the market -of Ghat, and buy slaves cheaper. So reason the mer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-341"></a>[<a href="images/1-341.png">341</a>]</span>chants +of Ghat, and buy slaves cheaper. So reason the mer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-341">341</a></span>chants with the usual jealousy of such people. Rais, on receipt of the above, summoned his Divan, and it was debated, "Whether the Souafah should not be brought in @@ -12526,7 +12525,7 @@ mercenary, and adding that the Touattee was the best fellow amongst them. Said, who was present, said to me, "Yes, it is so, and because he is a black man." Said often repeats to me, "In Soudan it will cost you nothing -to live; being a stranger, everybody will feed you in our<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-342"></a>[<a href="images/1-342.png">342</a>]</span> +to live; being a stranger, everybody will feed you in our<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-342">342</a></span> country." Another free black took upon himself to ridicule the constitution of the white man. "Ah," he cried, "what is a white man! a poor weak creature; he can't @@ -12559,7 +12558,7 @@ their will. His Excellency said he would not, but merely reprimand them for spreading false news. It appears there is some slight evidence of a hoax, but nothing to justify such a violent measure. The Governor wants to -make it out that they might have been Shânbah, when<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-343"></a>[<a href="images/1-343.png">343</a>]</span> +make it out that they might have been Shânbah, when<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-343">343</a></span> it was well known before their capture they were Souafah.</p> @@ -12592,7 +12591,7 @@ the Touaricks exclusively six or more months in the year. Gum, also, in the Western Sahara, furnishes tribes with an exclusive sustenance for many months. Even the prickly-pear, or fruit of the cactus, will support -a Barbary village for three months. It is, there<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-344"></a>[<a href="images/1-344.png">344</a>]</span>fore, +a Barbary village for three months. It is, there<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-344">344</a></span>fore, not surprising the Irish peasant may live on potatoes and milk the greater part of the year. The bead on the date-stone is the part (vital) whence commences @@ -12625,7 +12624,7 @@ are cut-throats." As I was about to take leave of the old brigand, I gave him a piastre, and said, "Now tell me fairly, and as an honest man, what is the reason that the Touaricks kill Christians, and why did they kill -the English officer who went to Timbuctoo?" "Stop,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-345"></a>[<a href="images/1-345.png">345</a>]</span> +the English officer who went to Timbuctoo?" "Stop,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-345">345</a></span> stop," the brigand replied, very pleased with the piastre, "I'll tell you. There are three reasons. First (scratching with his spear on the ground), the Christians will @@ -12657,7 +12656,7 @@ the heretic Donatist, lighting up the flames of persecution in this Africa. Then the Catholic killed the Protestant, and deluged Europe with a sea of blood. Thus in England we enacted our penal laws against -Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, some of which,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-346"></a>[<a href="images/1-346.png">346</a>]</span> +Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, some of which,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-346">346</a></span> to our shame, still exist on the statute book. What a horrid heritage of murder for conscience' sake has been transmitted to us in this nineteenth century? @@ -12691,7 +12690,7 @@ is a great number of various coloured ants. The ant got hold of the muzzle of the fly, or its neck, and there grasped it with as firm a grasp as it is possible to conceive of one animal grasping another. In vain the fly -struggled and flapped its wings; over and over again<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-347"></a>[<a href="images/1-347.png">347</a>]</span> +struggled and flapped its wings; over and over again<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-347">347</a></span> the combatants rolled as these weak defences beat the air: and yet they must have had great force in them, for they flung over the ant, of a good size, some hundred @@ -12724,7 +12723,7 @@ amongst them "<i>un Arab</i>." So the Moors and Arabs here call all people who are not Mussulmans <i>Ensara</i>, ‮الانصرا‬, "Christians," whether Pagans, Idolaters, or what not. I was writing some information from the mouth of -a Moor, and got into a scrape. He told me there were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-348"></a>[<a href="images/1-348.png">348</a>]</span> +a Moor, and got into a scrape. He told me there were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-348">348</a></span> plenty of <i>Ensara</i> in Soudan, and I thought these might be Abyssinian Christians, until I reflected that it was merely the ordinary denomination of those who are not @@ -12762,7 +12761,7 @@ determinedly withholding any mark of sovereignty, in the way of tribute, from the Bey of Tunis. It appears, however, two or three of the small districts have really consented to pay a tribute to the French, an act of -decided usurpation on the part of France, as the Souf<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-349"></a>[<a href="images/1-349.png">349</a>]</span> +decided usurpation on the part of France, as the Souf<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-349">349</a></span> oases "formerly did acknowledge" the sovereignty of Tunis. It is, nevertheless, a pleasing trait in the character of the Souafah, that they have permitted some @@ -12796,7 +12795,7 @@ affairs must now be transacted in the way of barter, as in Soudan. I am particular in noticing these things, and the cause of the impoverishment of these unhappy people, as showing the curse of the Turkish system on -the transactions of commerce.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-350"></a>[<a href="images/1-350.png">350</a>]</span></p> +the transactions of commerce.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-350">350</a></span></p> <p>My taleb wrote in my journal this splendid Arabic proverb:</p> @@ -12831,7 +12830,7 @@ door of the Tripoline Consulate, stating, "That certain merchants, under British protection, were accused of slave-dealing with the merchants of Ghadames, and calling upon them to clear themselves from such an imputation." -Of course, as there was nobody else likely to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-351"></a>[<a href="images/1-351.png">351</a>]</span> +Of course, as there was nobody else likely to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-351">351</a></span> make such an accusation but myself, being well known as an anti-slavery man in Tripoli, the public attention was at once directed to me as the accuser. The other merchant @@ -12863,7 +12862,7 @@ begged of Mr. Scoble not to make the charge public for the present. Colonel Warrington was afraid the charge would be known in London before he had reported upon it, and in this way his Consulate might -suffer in the eyes of Government. Now I shall not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-352"></a>[<a href="images/1-352.png">352</a>]</span> +suffer in the eyes of Government. Now I shall not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-352">352</a></span> trouble the reader with the proof of the charge. It must already have been seen, that as the merchants of Ghadames are drained of all their capital by the Turkish @@ -12898,7 +12897,7 @@ and very sulky.</p> <p>"Oh!" blubbered Said, "the people are all talking about your telling the Consul that the Jews lend them -goods to trade in slaves. They hate you now."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-353"></a>[<a href="images/1-353.png">353</a>]</span></p> +goods to trade in slaves. They hate you now."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-353">353</a></span></p> <p>"Never mind," I returned, "it will pass away soon."</p> @@ -12932,7 +12931,7 @@ of Government being to depress and to destroy, not to help and build up,—and I made to them the proposition chiefly with the object of diverting the odium of the accusation from myself. But yet, who does not see that -the proposal is well worthy the attention of any Govern<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-354"></a>[<a href="images/1-354.png">354</a>]</span>ment +the proposal is well worthy the attention of any Govern<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-354">354</a></span>ment that wishes to establish in Africa a legitimate commerce, a system of trade which a good man and a good Government may approve of and support?</p> @@ -12966,7 +12965,7 @@ friends of the Rujban Mountains, who regaled themselves with bread and dates. Called on the Rais, who was as friendly as ever. If his Excellency have heard the report, he has the delicacy to say nothing about it. His -Excellency told me he had dispatched ninety-two <i>shatahs</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-355"></a>[<a href="images/1-355.png">355</a>]</span> +Excellency told me he had dispatched ninety-two <i>shatahs</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-355">355</a></span> or mails, during the fifteen months which he has been in Ghadames. It is reported in town, that Signor Silva is in a great fright, and fears being arrested by the British @@ -12999,7 +12998,7 @@ frighten the demons, blew up a large portion of the ruins with gunpowder. Previously the ruins were much more perfect and imposing. I have made a sketch of what remains of these ancient buildings. The style of -the buildings can be easily distinguished from the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-356"></a>[<a href="images/1-356.png">356</a>]</span> +the buildings can be easily distinguished from the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-356">356</a></span> modern by its being composed of a very white cement and small stones, half the size of ordinary paving stones, the cement being in a large proportion. My turjeman @@ -13031,7 +13030,7 @@ up. What attracted our attention was the almost infinite number of small serpentine camel-tracks, wriggling endlessly through the wastes of The Sahara. The Rais said, "Those Touaricks are incarnate Genii! they know -all these paths:" pointing south towards Ghat.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-357"></a>[<a href="images/1-357.png">357</a>]</span></p> +all these paths:" pointing south towards Ghat.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-357">357</a></span></p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-14.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-14_th.jpg" alt="Ancient Ruins of Ghadames" title="Ancient Ruins of Ghadames"></a></p> @@ -13070,7 +13069,7 @@ Rich. It is called <i>drâ</i> in Tunis and <i>bishma</i> in Tripoli.</p></ </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-358"></a>[<a href="images/1-358.png">358</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-358">358</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> <h3>PREPARATIONS FOR GOING TO SOUDAN.</h3> @@ -13105,7 +13104,7 @@ be done? The Governor affected this evening to be very indignant against the son of Yousef Bashaw for destroying the ruins of Kesar-El-Ensarah. The Turks are becoming antiquaries, and, perhaps, begin to see -the uselessness and folly of destroying ancient buildings<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-359"></a>[<a href="images/1-359.png">359</a>]</span> +the uselessness and folly of destroying ancient buildings<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-359">359</a></span> for the sake of destroying them, even though they belong to an infidel age. To their credit, the Moors themselves are fond of antiquity in churches, and will patch up a @@ -13138,7 +13137,7 @@ dying away. People begin to laugh at me about it, and call the Consul <i>Sheytan</i> for disclosing the purport of a letter written confidentially to him. However, I cannot conceive that Colonel Warrington was influenced -by any other feelings than those which resulted from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-360"></a>[<a href="images/1-360.png">360</a>]</span> +by any other feelings than those which resulted from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-360">360</a></span> a strict sense of duty. Apparently zealous in the performance of his public avocations, he was determined to discharge them at any cost, even at the sacrifice of the life of @@ -13173,7 +13172,7 @@ skirmish has taken place between some Souafah banditti and Arabs of Algeria. These banditti were routed, leaving eighteen dead on the field and many camels.</p> -<p>An ostrich, caught at Seenawan, has been brought in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-361"></a>[<a href="images/1-361.png">361</a>]</span> +<p>An ostrich, caught at Seenawan, has been brought in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-361">361</a></span> here and presented to the Rais. His Excellency promised to give him to me if I will return from Soudan <i>viâ</i> Ghadames. He is a young bird and amuses us @@ -13208,7 +13207,7 @@ is very friendly and is in better health. Quarrelled with Ben Mousa, my taleb, for eating Said's dinner when I was out of the way; to-day Said got him reconciled to me. Haj Mansour's family consists of thirty-two persons, -all living in one house. This is the great <i>quasi</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-362"></a>[<a href="images/1-362.png">362</a>]</span> +all living in one house. This is the great <i>quasi</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-362">362</a></span> negro-merchant before mentioned. His father died a Saharan veteran of the age of one hundred and one. He had been more than a hundred times over The Desert @@ -13238,7 +13237,7 @@ The taleb replied, "A lie! the doctors were heretics and infidels, it is impossible to imitate the Koran's beautiful language," citing the well-known words of Mahomet:—</p> -<p>"<i>Answer.</i>—Bring therefore a chapter like unto it;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-363"></a>[<a href="images/1-363.png">363</a>]</span> +<p>"<i>Answer.</i>—Bring therefore a chapter like unto it;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-363">363</a></span> and call whom you may to your assistance, besides God, if ye speak the truth."—(Surat ii., entitled "Jonas.")</p> @@ -13265,7 +13264,7 @@ seeing ye shall see and not perceive. For the heart of this people has waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand -with their heart, and should be converted, and I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-364"></a>[<a href="images/1-364.png">364</a>]</span> +with their heart, and should be converted, and I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-364">364</a></span> should heal them."—(Acts xxviii. 25, 26, 27.) So we have in John x. 26:—"But you believe not because you are not of my sheep."</p> @@ -13301,7 +13300,7 @@ in the gravy of the meat, the invariable custom here. Spoons they abominate, it is either their fingers, or sopping. The Biblical reader will easily recognize the custom. I took the Testament and read to the taleb -this passage:—"And," said Jesus, "He it is to whom I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-365"></a>[<a href="images/1-365.png">365</a>]</span> +this passage:—"And," said Jesus, "He it is to whom I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-365">365</a></span> shall give a sop, when I have dipped it; and he took a sop and gave it to Judas Simon Iscariot."—<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing parenthesis">(</ins>John xiii. 26.)</p> @@ -13334,7 +13333,7 @@ sectarian zeal of my taleb.</p> <p>To make a proposition, or a double proposition, of a form of the orthodox Christian faith, I had constructed the following, in imitation of the double proposition of -the Mahometans, (that is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-366"></a>[<a href="images/1-366.png">366</a>]</span>—</p> +the Mahometans, (that is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-366">366</a></span>—</p> <p class="figcenter">‮لا لله الّا الله ومحمّد رسول الله‬</p> <p class="figcenter">"There is one God, and Mahomet is the prophet of God,")</p> @@ -13367,7 +13366,7 @@ first chapter of St. Mark,</p> <p class="figcenter">‮[لا لله الّا الله] ويسوع المسيح ابن الله‬</p> <p class="figcenter">"There is one God, and Jesus, the Messiah, is the Son of God."</p> -<p>This, being more full of doctrine, including both the divi<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-367"></a>[<a href="images/1-367.png">367</a>]</span>nity +<p>This, being more full of doctrine, including both the divi<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-367">367</a></span>nity and Messiahship of The Saviour, would, perhaps, be the preferable form of the latter proposition. I showed the taleb these propositions, and he was greatly exasperated, @@ -13400,7 +13399,7 @@ They are hunted in the sands to the north-west by Souf Arabs, who are excellent hunters, and pursue the chase twenty days together through the sandy regions. People pretend the bughar wahoush does not drink; perhaps -they don't drink much. But both the wild ox and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-368"></a>[<a href="images/1-368.png">368</a>]</span> +they don't drink much. But both the wild ox and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-368">368</a></span> aoudad are occasionally caught near the wells, a sufficient proof they sometimes drink water. I cooked some, and found it of excellent flavour. People call this animal @@ -13438,7 +13437,7 @@ by your physic?"</p> <p><i>Desert Quack</i> [surprised at this abrupt and impertinent question].—"God forefend that I should kill any one! But sometimes <i>Rubbee</i> (God) takes away my patients, -and sometimes they get better. But whether they die<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-369"></a>[<a href="images/1-369.png">369</a>]</span> +and sometimes they get better. But whether they die<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-369">369</a></span> or live, people always say, 'It is written (predestined).'"</p> <p>I then related the story of Gil Blas, who bled to @@ -13474,7 +13473,7 @@ could the poor creatures do in The Desert? They must have perished very soon. The ghafalah brings important news. The Shânbah, 700 strong, had been ravaging the country of the Ghat Touaricks, and had murdered -thirty-seven people. The Touaricks were arming, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-370"></a>[<a href="images/1-370.png">370</a>]</span> +thirty-seven people. The Touaricks were arming, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-370">370</a></span> in pursuit of the Shânbah assassins. Besides this, the Shânbah have captured a Ghadamsee ghafalah, escorted by Touaricks, not respecting a jot the Maraboutish character @@ -13506,7 +13505,7 @@ Arabs! It is always the Arab, who is the most thorough-going, hereditary, eternal robber of The Desert! Is it because we read, "And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand -against him?" The disposition for brigandage in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-371"></a>[<a href="images/1-371.png">371</a>]</span> +against him?" The disposition for brigandage in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-371">371</a></span> soul of the Arab was a proverb of Jewish antiquity. So we have, כַּעֳרָבִי בַּמִּדְבַּר, "As the Arabian in the Wilderness." My Arabic translation, which was done by @@ -13537,7 +13536,7 @@ camels, besides sheep and oxen, from the Touarick districts. The merchants are all frightened enough, and our departure is deferred, notwithstanding that the slave caravan met with no accident. The Shânbah have now -got their booty and revenge, and will probably decamp<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-372"></a>[<a href="images/1-372.png">372</a>]</span> +got their booty and revenge, and will probably decamp<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-372">372</a></span> and leave the route clear for us. Common misfortunes often make friends of enemies. I saw Sheikh Makouran and Mohammed Ben Mousa Ettanee, the two principal @@ -13571,7 +13570,7 @@ I had none left, and the gift came in the nick of time when required. I have said so much about Rais Mustapha, that I must now give a personal description of his Excellency, before I take leave of him and of -Ghadames. First of all, Rais is not a military man;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-373"></a>[<a href="images/1-373.png">373</a>]</span> +Ghadames. First of all, Rais is not a military man;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-373">373</a></span> he is a civil servant of the Porte, and receives his pay direct from the Sultan. The Turks often employ a civil servant where we should expect to see a military man, @@ -13603,7 +13602,7 @@ found him chatty and facetious, but sometimes he was sulky and morose, and would not speak for hours together. He had a fine horse, but rarely could be prevailed upon to go out and ride for his health. Every great -man has his shadow, his echo, the expression of himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-374"></a>[<a href="images/1-374.png">374</a>]</span> +man has his shadow, his echo, the expression of himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-374">374</a></span> more or less in his fellow men. The Rais's shadow is one Abd Errahman, a small merchant. His sons call their father <i>souwa-souwa</i> ("like-like") with the Rais. Abd @@ -13631,7 +13630,7 @@ The Sheikh after examining the turbans, said to the seller, "Let them be sold for one dollar each." The owner began to exclaim against this decision, but the Sheikh stopped his mouth!—"This is our friend (<i>habeebna</i>). -Do you wish to rob him? Is this your kindness<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-375"></a>[<a href="images/1-375.png">375</a>]</span> +Do you wish to rob him? Is this your kindness<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-375">375</a></span> to a stranger, who has lived with us so long, and whom we all love?" These words were uttered with the greatest energy, and silenced every objection. I paid the @@ -13663,7 +13662,7 @@ Arabic, stating that during the time I had resided in Ghadames I had conducted myself well, and given no offence to any one. This was signed by the Kady, on behalf of all the people, in presence of the Rais and -the Nather and several other officers. I was requested<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-376"></a>[<a href="images/1-376.png">376</a>]</span> +the Nather and several other officers. I was requested<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-376">376</a></span> to countersign it, which I did with these words: "I have remained three months in Ghadames, and now leave it with great personal satisfaction to myself, and in peace @@ -13696,7 +13695,7 @@ nothing but calculate the water distribution or irrigation of the gardens. He wished to come with me to England, to work at translations and get a little fortune for his family. But whenever I told him that there were very -learned Arabic scholars in England and France, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-377"></a>[<a href="images/1-377.png">377</a>]</span> +learned Arabic scholars in England and France, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-377">377</a></span> always answered, "They are concealed Moslems;" that is to say, afraid to confess Mahomet before the Christians, or seeking to convert Christians. From time to @@ -13729,7 +13728,7 @@ make him merry. He then told me all about the Wahabites, not forgetting to abuse all the other sects. He said the Arabs of his mountain had no objection to the Turks if they would become Wahabites. He was also of -the Abadeeah, "white-caps," and declaimed against the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-378"></a>[<a href="images/1-378.png">378</a>]</span> +the Abadeeah, "white-caps," and declaimed against the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-378">378</a></span> "red"-capped Wahabites. The controversy is as nearly as possible the same as that of our white and black-gowned clergy of the Established Church, introduced by the @@ -13765,7 +13764,7 @@ about thirty years of age. My turjeman and Said were two great cronies, and they discussed all the town's affairs in general, and everybody's affairs in particular. At first, I had not the remotest idea Said had so much -wit, and was pleased to hear his remarks and criticisms.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-379"></a>[<a href="images/1-379.png">379</a>]</span> +wit, and was pleased to hear his remarks and criticisms.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-379">379</a></span> One of these was capital, and had a particular reference to his own case. He stared at me, observing, "We can't put the slave-trade down whilst the Jews in Tripoli @@ -13799,7 +13798,7 @@ in from The Desert with a load of wood, "What's the matter?" "The Shânbah! the Shânbah!" people shout from detachment to detachment of the ghafalah. The confusion of parting is succeeded by the terror and -rushing back of the people. The advanced party<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-380"></a>[<a href="images/1-380.png">380</a>]</span> +rushing back of the people. The advanced party<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-380">380</a></span> abruptly returns upon the party immediately behind it, and all rush back to the gates of the city, one running over the other<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ','">.</ins> Rais appears amongst them to calm the @@ -13832,7 +13831,7 @@ scout. Many people got upon the walls to look out. At length, at noon the 25th, a single camel was descried on the dull red glare of the Saharan horizon. This was the Senawanee. A number of people ran to -him. "Where are the Shânbah?" "Where?" "Shânbah?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-381"></a>[<a href="images/1-381.png">381</a>]</span> +him. "Where are the Shânbah?" "Where?" "Shânbah?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-381">381</a></span> The messenger said nothing—he was dumb. A crowd gets round him—he's still dumb. He enters the Rais's hall of conference, and squats down in the presence of @@ -13864,7 +13863,7 @@ haste." I then went down to load the nagah again, but found it very difficult; seeing the other camels passing on, she would not stop to be laden. At length my turjeman came and arranged all. Said observed that the -obstinacy of the nagah was a bad omen. His Excel<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-382"></a>[<a href="images/1-382.png">382</a>]</span>lency +obstinacy of the nagah was a bad omen. His Excel<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-382">382</a></span>lency the Governor came to see me off, and gave me an affectionate shake of the hands. I then met his confidential man Abd-Errahman, who said to me, "Rais has @@ -13919,7 +13918,7 @@ trade is carried on in blessed garments.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-383"></a>[<a href="images/1-383.png">383</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-383">383</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> <h3>FROM GHADAMES TO GHAT.</h3> @@ -13953,7 +13952,7 @@ which is alarmed at a drop of medicine that is prohibited falling upon their clothes, they add the most enterprising and determined spirit of commercial enterprise, plunging into The Desert, often in companies of -only two or three, when infested with bandits and cut-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-384"></a>[<a href="images/1-384.png">384</a>]</span>throats, +only two or three, when infested with bandits and cut-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-384">384</a></span>throats, their journies the meanwhile extending from the shores of the Mediterranean to the banks of the Niger, as low down to the Western Coast as Noufee and @@ -13986,7 +13985,7 @@ petty traders, commission agents, camel-drivers, and slaves. There are several Arabs, natives of Ghadames, Seenawan, and Derge, and five strangers from Souf. We have with us also three Touaricks. There may be -half-a-dozen low women and female slaves distributed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-385"></a>[<a href="images/1-385.png">385</a>]</span> +half-a-dozen low women and female slaves distributed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-385">385</a></span> amongst the ghafalah. Respectable females scarcely ever travel in The Desert. I have only with me my negro servant Said. My large trunk and tent are conveyed @@ -14019,7 +14018,7 @@ hills, with the same on the left, but at a greater distance. The road very good, fit for carriages, through the broad bed of a valley. Two great blocks of rock stand out on the surface which we traverse, one an oblong square, the -other sugar-loaf, but flattened at the top.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-386"></a>[<a href="images/1-386.png">386</a>]</span></p> +other sugar-loaf, but flattened at the top.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-386">386</a></span></p> <p><i>Camel-drivers.</i>—"Look at these brothers" (the two rocks.)</p> @@ -14055,7 +14054,7 @@ in quantity, and a little herbage for camels. Wind as yesterday, but more of it. Maseen is a tolerably deep well, but the water is not very sweet. About it there are three or four stunted date-palms, and several shrubby -sprouts, pointing the Saharan wayfarer to the well's site.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-387"></a>[<a href="images/1-387.png">387</a>]</span> +sprouts, pointing the Saharan wayfarer to the well's site.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-387">387</a></span> One of the trees bore fruit this year, but the palm rarely bears fruit in open desert. No bird or animal of any sort seen to-day. The camels crop herbage <i>en route</i> as @@ -14088,7 +14087,7 @@ and a half, and Said went another way in search of her. I was, therefore, obliged to fetch her myself, which was a considerable run through a hilly region. I found her alone wandering about. The she-camel strays more -than the male-camel, and is more restless. As soon as I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-388"></a>[<a href="images/1-388.png">388</a>]</span> +than the male-camel, and is more restless. As soon as I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-388">388</a></span> called to her she stopped, stood stock-still, and looked at me. Before the camels were all watered, the well of Mazeen was nearly dry and the water muddy. This is @@ -14121,7 +14120,7 @@ ascent of some hundred feet high, and mounted an elevated plateau. Once on the plateau, all was plain as far as the eye could see. The defile was tertiary formation, mere dull crumbling limestone; nothing in the -shape and consistence of granite. We are now on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-389"></a>[<a href="images/1-389.png">389</a>]</span> +shape and consistence of granite. We are now on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-389">389</a></span> highway for Ghat, and it is said we shall arrive in fifteen days from the plateau. Saw on the plateau, for the first time of my life, the celebrated mirage, which our @@ -14153,7 +14152,7 @@ hardened and black earthy soil. The latter assists the mirage, for the phenomenon appears mostly on the earthy tracts of ground. In some parts is herbage for the camels. On the plateau we saw several small -mounds of soft brown stone, crumbling to earth, which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-390"></a>[<a href="images/1-390.png">390</a>]</span> +mounds of soft brown stone, crumbling to earth, which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-390">390</a></span> looked like Arab hovels at a distance. I went up to undeceive myself. These curious mounds have yet to crumble away before the plateau is a perfect plane. @@ -14186,7 +14185,7 @@ these Desert louts are very familiar and insolent, and require sharp answers to keep them at a distance. I must not forget to mention, the Rais put my passport <i>en règle</i> for Soudan. A more monstrous piece of absurdity -could not be attempted against the virtue of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-391"></a>[<a href="images/1-391.png">391</a>]</span> +could not be attempted against the virtue of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-391">391</a></span> free and simple-minded children of The Desert. Such documents are only fit for our elevated Christian civilization, for countries like Naples, France, and Austria, the @@ -14220,7 +14219,7 @@ diamond squares, like the dry bottom of a small lake on the sea-shore. This, I doubt not, is the action of the rain, which falls at long intervals. Other parts presented the usual black calcined stones, and sometimes pieces of -the common limestone and pebbles, but not very round.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-392"></a>[<a href="images/1-392.png">392</a>]</span> +the common limestone and pebbles, but not very round.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-392">392</a></span> The track was in some places well-defined, in others the earth so hard as not to admit of the impression of the camel's foot. Passed by several tumuli of stones, said @@ -14256,7 +14255,7 @@ have enough to do to get rid of their importunities. Sometimes I get the conversation turned by telling them, if I turn Mussulman I shall offend my Sultan. They reply, "Oh! you can confess with your lips, that you -are a Christian, whilst you remain a Mussulman in your<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-393"></a>[<a href="images/1-393.png">393</a>]</span> +are a Christian, whilst you remain a Mussulman in your<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-393">393</a></span> heart." One fellow got saucy, and said, turning up the fire with a stick, "The Jews and Christians will have this (fire) for ever." Threatening to report him to the @@ -14289,7 +14288,7 @@ wady, as the Moors called it, stretching east and west. In this wady lies the well of <i>Năthār</i> or <i>Năjār</i>, some spelling the name with the ‮ز‬—‮النزار‬. Here we encamp. We had come a very long weary day. Begin to feel -very sensibly the hardships of Desert travelling. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-394"></a>[<a href="images/1-394.png">394</a>]</span> +very sensibly the hardships of Desert travelling. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-394">394</a></span> length of a day's journey depends upon whether water is near or far off, and also upon there being fodder for camels. Our Arabs are obliged to look out lest they @@ -14322,7 +14321,7 @@ fill of the rich fodder with which the wady is covered. The plateau is now apparently disappearing, for it is broken into deep and broad valleys, from the sides of which rise in groups, and at various distances, low ranges -of Saharan hills, and on one side, is a range very high,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-395"></a>[<a href="images/1-395.png">395</a>]</span> +of Saharan hills, and on one side, is a range very high,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-395">395</a></span> having very wild mountainous features. We have now travelled nearly six days, and have not yet met with fifty yards of sandy route. So much for the sandy @@ -14356,7 +14355,7 @@ or seven days. They will soon see if banditti are before us, and will return to let us know. Thought I should escape the orthodox <i>body</i>-guard. But it seems not. Where every person is obliged to accept of this guard, -<i>bon gré, malgré</i>, it seems I must submit. However, I shall<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-396"></a>[<a href="images/1-396.png">396</a>]</span> +<i>bon gré, malgré</i>, it seems I must submit. However, I shall<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-396">396</a></span> do without their services if possible. I offended a Moor by telling him that Christians do not require it, and have not this guard: it is only "peculiar to Mussulmans." A @@ -14386,7 +14385,7 @@ from Ghadames to Ghat. The Touaricks carry goods cheaper, but they are now gone after the Shânbah. The Arabs asked 25, but the Rais of Ghadames fixed it at 13½. A camel carries from 2 to 3½ cantars<a id="FNa_1-62"></a><a href="#FoN_1-62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>. I confess -I was sorry to see these apparently so quiet and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-397"></a>[<a href="images/1-397.png">397</a>]</span> +I was sorry to see these apparently so quiet and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-397">397</a></span> melancholy creatures ferocious to one another; but I recollected that all animals, even doves, quarrel and fight, and particularly males, where females are concerned.</p> @@ -14423,7 +14422,7 @@ afraid my journal will sound ill to scientific ears. This was very bad management. Still we shall see what a man can do without the ordinary and most common scientific instruments of travelling. I have, however, -an hour-glass, which embraces four hours in the time of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-398"></a>[<a href="images/1-398.png">398</a>]</span> +an hour-glass, which embraces four hours in the time of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-398">398</a></span> emptying, and which I found useful in Ghadames, but make no use of it <i>en route</i>. I consider the objects of my tour <i>moral</i>, a random effort to maim, or kill, or @@ -14457,7 +14456,7 @@ laughing at the queer predicament in which the supper looked, and thought I had been making it for the Shânbah. Running forward to see the cause of the alarm, I saw in the south, dimly at a distance, a small caravan -approaching us. There were three or four camels, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-399"></a>[<a href="images/1-399.png">399</a>]</span> +approaching us. There were three or four camels, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-399">399</a></span> several persons on foot. I then thought I must look about for a weapon of some sort. A man gave me a huge horse-pistol, and with this I sallied forth to take @@ -14489,7 +14488,7 @@ lagging behind, and imagined them old men labouring along the route. What was my astonishment to find, as they approached, these old men gradually transformed into poor little children—child-slaves—crawling over the -ground, scarcely able to move. Oh, what a curse is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-400"></a>[<a href="images/1-400.png">400</a>]</span> +ground, scarcely able to move. Oh, what a curse is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-400">400</a></span> slavery! how full of hard-heartedness and cruelty! As soon as the poor slaves arrived, they set to work and made a fire. Some of them were laden with wood when @@ -14522,7 +14521,7 @@ brought us good news.</p> had fled their own country, and taken refuge in the Algerian territory—so escaping the vengeance of the Touaricks. We have, therefore, no enemy <i>en route</i>, -thank God, except ourselves, and our own quarrels,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-401"></a>[<a href="images/1-401.png">401</a>]</span> +thank God, except ourselves, and our own quarrels,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-401">401</a></span> which occur but seldom. The annual winter Soudan caravan had not yet arrived in Ghat, but was expected every day. It is worth mentioning here, as a remarkable @@ -14555,7 +14554,7 @@ my cheek on the other. No living creature seen but a few insects. Our people fell in with the skeleton of a Touarick ass, and amused themselves with setting it up upon its legs, as if in the pillory. I rallied them afterwards -as they were in a good humour, on their terror of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-402"></a>[<a href="images/1-402.png">402</a>]</span> +as they were in a good humour, on their terror of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-402">402</a></span> banditti yesterday. They replied, "It was the number of people on foot which alarmed us, banditti generally go on foot with a few camels to carry provisions and @@ -14588,7 +14587,7 @@ increased on every side, and at length we cut right across a group of them. Having left the plateau the mirage has also disappeared, apparently the only species of desert where it can be fairly developed. With the sand has -appeared a new kind of stone, of a light-blue slate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-403"></a>[<a href="images/1-403.png">403</a>]</span> +appeared a new kind of stone, of a light-blue slate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-403">403</a></span> colour, some of it of as firm a consistence as granite. Its colour also sometimes varies to a beautiful light green. The Desert itself only increases and varies in hideousness. @@ -14622,7 +14621,7 @@ always from the east. No living creature met with! No sound or voice heard! Felt better to-day.</p> <p><i>5th.</i>—Rose with the sun, as it enflamed the sand-hills, -and made them like burnished heaps of metal. Marched<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-404"></a>[<a href="images/1-404.png">404</a>]</span> +and made them like burnished heaps of metal. Marched<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-404">404</a></span> three hours amidst the sand-hills. Very difficult route for the camels, which frequently upset their loads in mounting or descending the groups of hills. The Arabs @@ -14658,7 +14657,7 @@ Whilst mourning over this horrible scene of monotonous desolation, and wondering why such regions were created in vain, we came upon <i>The Wells of Mislah</i>, where we encamped for the day. These are not properly wells, -for the sand being removed in various places, about four<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-405"></a>[<a href="images/1-405.png">405</a>]</span> +for the sand being removed in various places, about four<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-405">405</a></span> or five feet below the surface, the water runs out. Indeed, we were obliged to make our own wells. Each party of the ghafalah dug a well for itself. Ghafalahs @@ -14690,7 +14689,7 @@ ones, glaring in sun above the rest, and others pyramidical. The sand at times is also very firm to the camel's tread. Shall I say a <i>terra firma</i> in loose shifting sands? But for the water of Mislah it is extremely -brackish, nay salt. I had observed between the sand-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-406"></a>[<a href="images/1-406.png">406</a>]</span>hills +brackish, nay salt. I had observed between the sand-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-406">406</a></span>hills small valleys, or bottoms, covered with, a whitish substance which I now find salt. Both men and camels are alike condemned to drink this water. I try it with @@ -14716,7 +14715,7 @@ country, all Souf is like this." So it appears an oasis may exist in a region of <i>shifting</i> (?) sands. Are these the shifting sands which bury whole caravans beneath their sandy billows, when lashed up by the Desert tempest<a id="FNa_1-63"></a><a href="#FoN_1-63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>?</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-407"></a>[<a href="images/1-407.png">407</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-407">407</a></span></p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill1-15.jpg"><img src="images/ill1-15_th.jpg" alt="Region of Sands" title="Region of Sands"></a></p> <p>This reminds me of what Colonel Warrington told @@ -14732,7 +14731,7 @@ we travel as you in your sea, bringing our provisions and water with us."</p> <p>These pits are considered the half-way house or -station to Ghat. I'm told the route from Ghat to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-408"></a>[<a href="images/1-408.png">408</a>]</span> +station to Ghat. I'm told the route from Ghat to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-408">408</a></span> Aheer is much more easy and agreeable than this. Trust I shall find it so if I go. Begin to feel this irksome, and am in low spirits. People try to amuse me, @@ -14764,7 +14763,7 @@ evade by rubbing their hands with a little sand, a privilege, however, Mahomet has only granted them when they can find no water. We followed the tracks of the few of our party who had preceded us. Here also the -footstep is rigidly observed as in the American wilder<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-409"></a>[<a href="images/1-409.png">409</a>]</span>ness, +footstep is rigidly observed as in the American wilder<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-409">409</a></span>ness, and the people pretend to distinguish the foot-print of the bandit on the sand from that of an honest man. But one night of strong wind usually covers up the @@ -14812,7 +14811,7 @@ should have known all.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-410"></a>[<a href="images/1-410.png">410</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-410">410</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> <h3>FROM GHADAMES TO GHAT.</h3> @@ -14847,7 +14846,7 @@ opening of the shining heaps, a blue and black waste of contiguous desert. I could not help crying out for joy, like a man at the prow who descries the port, after having been buffeted about many a stormy day by contrary -winds and currents. Much fatigued with the walk<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-411"></a>[<a href="images/1-411.png">411</a>]</span>ing +winds and currents. Much fatigued with the walk<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-411">411</a></span>ing over the sands, and sick with drinking the brackish water of Mislah. Nothing <i>en route</i> to-day except four crows, and a skeleton of a camel. This is the small @@ -14882,7 +14881,7 @@ for a military expedition. "However," said a merchant, of their sands." Speaking of the Shânbah last evening when we were in the midst of the sands, the Souafah said:—"When the enemy will come, we shall cover ourselves -in the sand, and fire off our matchlocks. They<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-412"></a>[<a href="images/1-412.png">412</a>]</span> +in the sand, and fire off our matchlocks. They<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-412">412</a></span> will feel our bullets, and hear our report, and look about and see no person. We shall be covered up in the sand." This, the Souf Arab repeated several times, and @@ -14915,7 +14914,7 @@ France. The politics of our moving Saharan city are mostly confined to the Pasha of Tripoli and the French in Algeria. "When will the Pasha go, soon or late? Will another come after him? Will he be better? Will he -fleece us as this despot, of all our money? Have the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-413"></a>[<a href="images/1-413.png">413</a>]</span> +fleece us as this despot, of all our money? Have the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-413">413</a></span> French many troops in Algeria? Have they more than Muley Abd-Errahman? Could they conquer Morocco? Why don't the English drive out the French from @@ -14948,7 +14947,7 @@ which latter, after being sold in Tripoli, the money of their sale would be given up to the merchants under European protection." This is a strong confirmation of the opinion which I have expressed in my reports, "<i>That -the slave-traffic of Tripoli is supported by the money and</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-414"></a>[<a href="images/1-414.png">414</a>]</span> +the slave-traffic of Tripoli is supported by the money and</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-414">414</a></span> <i>goods of Europeans</i>." My informant wished to know and put the question:—"If I take you (the writer) to Soudan, and bring you back safe, will you get me free @@ -14982,7 +14981,7 @@ and earth and chalk are thrown together in confusion, as so many materials for creating a new world. Those who traverse these Saharan desolations, cannot but receive the impression, that old mother earth, slung on her -balance, and revolving on her axis, has performed eternal<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-415"></a>[<a href="images/1-415.png">415</a>]</span> +balance, and revolving on her axis, has performed eternal<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-415">415</a></span> cycles of decay and reproduction. Time was, when these heaps of desolation were fruitful fields of waving corn and smiling meadows, and fair branching woods, meandered @@ -15015,7 +15014,7 @@ nevertheless, feel cold at night. I may say with truth, they are poorly fed and badly clothed. It is this miserable system of living which makes them such lanky bare-boned objects. I observe, also, they feel the fatigue -very much, as much as I myself, though unwell with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-416"></a>[<a href="images/1-416.png">416</a>]</span> +very much, as much as I myself, though unwell with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-416">416</a></span> drinking the water and serving a hard apprenticeship to Desert-travelling.</p> @@ -15050,7 +15049,7 @@ is easy and simple, but does not offer much variety.</p> <p>2nd.—To proceed to Soudan, <i>viâ</i> Aheer, as in the first, and return <i>viâ</i> Bornou and Fezzan. This offers both variety and security.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-417"></a>[<a href="images/1-417.png">417</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-417">417</a></span></p> <p>3rd.—To proceed as before to Soudan, then Bornou, then Darfour, Kordofan, Nubia, and Egypt. This is various, new, and attended with danger, but I don't @@ -15086,7 +15085,7 @@ days—is a very harmless place, its menagerie being reduced to a few small crows, and now and then a stray butterfly, and a few common house and cheese-and-bacon and fruit flies! these poor little domestic everyday -creatures! Nay, there is not found here the wild<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-418"></a>[<a href="images/1-418.png">418</a>]</span> +creatures! Nay, there is not found here the wild<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-418">418</a></span> ox, or the oudad, or the antelope, or ostrich, or the wild boar, or any other animal which inhabit and mark the Saharan regions near the north coast of Africa. It is, @@ -15124,7 +15123,7 @@ and all the region had a volcanic look. In one wady through which we passed were found several stones rounded into (shall I call them?) cannon-balls, scattered about, and some were of prodigious size. They -were as round as if artificially made. There were also a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-419"></a>[<a href="images/1-419.png">419</a>]</span> +were as round as if artificially made. There were also a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-419">419</a></span> great many halves, or half balls. Our people to divert their minds from the gloom hanging around them dismounted and amused themselves with these cannon-balls @@ -15156,7 +15155,7 @@ times, you may sleep, eat and drink, read and write, on the back of a camel. But as our days are short and nights long, we require no sleep, and my eyes are too bad for reading. Our people call camels by the Arabic -term <i>bâeer</i> (‮بعير‬), the male camel is called <i>jemel</i> (‮جمل‬),<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-420"></a>[<a href="images/1-420.png">420</a>]</span> +term <i>bâeer</i> (‮بعير‬), the male camel is called <i>jemel</i> (‮جمل‬),<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-420">420</a></span> and the female <i>nagah</i> (‮ناقه‬). As the she-camel is most valuable for the sustenance of the tribes, the Touaricks sometimes call the whole race of camels nagah. "We," @@ -15189,7 +15188,7 @@ water, and food for themselves, of which they often neglect to take a sufficient supply. And yet if anything could teach a man to be provident it is The Desert. If this Saharan travelling were placed under the management -of Europeans, it would be infinitely more secure.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-421"></a>[<a href="images/1-421.png">421</a>]</span> +of Europeans, it would be infinitely more secure.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-421">421</a></span> Our camels are nearly all coast-camels, we shall soon have to speak of the maharee. The Touarghee uses quite a different style of address when he coaxes along @@ -15223,7 +15222,7 @@ and colour of fine streaky marble.</p> <p><i>9th.</i>—Rose as the day broke, and started with the first rays of the sun. Continued through the same kind -of country, with an addition of a little sand here and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-422"></a>[<a href="images/1-422.png">422</a>]</span> +of country, with an addition of a little sand here and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-422">422</a></span> there, for five hours, until we arrived at the well of Nijberten, to our great joy, for it is a well of deliciously sweet water. Around the well, I was pleased @@ -15257,7 +15256,7 @@ this water, and was obliged to go from tent to tent, begging a drop of the water which was left of Nather well, until all the skins were empty of that water. Some of the merchants kept a little in a small skin as a luxury. -But I must do our people justice, for seeing I could not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-423"></a>[<a href="images/1-423.png">423</a>]</span> +But I must do our people justice, for seeing I could not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-423">423</a></span> drink the Mislah water, they gave me often their sweet water and themselves drank the brackish. I must add, I see no striking moral difference between the people of @@ -15289,7 +15288,7 @@ strong partisan of the Shânbah. "Fine fellows are the Shânbah, like us the Souafah; one Shânbah would kill five Touaricks," he exclaimed. Souf is a rich country. This Souf Arab has thirty fine dughla date-trees, one of -finest species. Riches are estimated by the number of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-424"></a>[<a href="images/1-424.png">424</a>]</span> +finest species. Riches are estimated by the number of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-424">424</a></span> date-trees. He has two brothers now returning from Soudan, bringing slaves and elephants' teeth for the markets of Algeria.</p> @@ -15323,7 +15322,7 @@ of feet high, and their dark foliage is covered with crystallized salt. They are a stinted species of acacia. Nijberten is the first Touarghee name <i>en route</i>, and now we are fairly in the Ghat territory. On our right, a -day's journey over some ranges of hills, are tents and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-425"></a>[<a href="images/1-425.png">425</a>]</span> +day's journey over some ranges of hills, are tents and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-425">425</a></span> flocks and inhabited districts. Passed several tumuli of stones raised in the shape of graves. To-day the stone had a better appearance, a good deal of grey and @@ -15356,7 +15355,7 @@ again, and found the camel tied down, with its mouth pulled open, and its jaws lashed back with cords, to prevent the poor creature from groaning too loud. The hot iron was being applied to the shoulder, where there -were some festering or dislocation; meanwhile, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-426"></a>[<a href="images/1-426.png">426</a>]</span> +were some festering or dislocation; meanwhile, the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-426">426</a></span> creature groaned in dreadful but silent agonies. At length, this doctoring finished, it was left to graze; but being actually nearly burnt to death, it could not get up, @@ -15390,7 +15389,7 @@ fair. Our people catch the lighter and more exhilarating influence, and are more talkative to-day. Descending to grosser matters, they are joking about how much of the camel's meat they are to swallow for supper. A part of -the ghafalah left us, as the main body would not start<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-427"></a>[<a href="images/1-427.png">427</a>]</span> +the ghafalah left us, as the main body would not start<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-427">427</a></span> early, thinking to arrive a couple of days before us in Ghat. I loaded and wished to go on with them, despising my friend Fletcher's advice. They insisted I @@ -15422,7 +15421,7 @@ course, begging our portion of the rich spoil. The people now told me to place my tent within the circle of the encampment, as we were getting near the inhabited districts. I usually encamped at a short distance from -the centre of confusion in the ghafalah, and found it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-428"></a>[<a href="images/1-428.png">428</a>]</span> +the centre of confusion in the ghafalah, and found it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-428">428</a></span> more quiet. As to fear, I had none, and slept more soundly in the open Desert than in any part of the world where I had travelled before.</p> @@ -15454,7 +15453,7 @@ routes always afford more herbage, besides having some inhabited tracts, with flocks of sheep and herds of camels feeding. Indeed, with the exception of a few people at the well of <i>Tadoghseen</i>, which we shall soon -mention, we found no inhabitants in this the most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-429"></a>[<a href="images/1-429.png">429</a>]</span> +mention, we found no inhabitants in this the most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-429">429</a></span> easterly route. Whilst passing through the plain I espied a little black something moving about. In getting up to it, to my astonishment it was a little child stark @@ -15487,7 +15486,7 @@ face of a Christian."</p> <p>After riding further, three or four Touaricks showed themselves. I saluted them. They asked our people -what I said, and did not seem very friendly. I began<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-430"></a>[<a href="images/1-430.png">430</a>]</span> +what I said, and did not seem very friendly. I began<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-430">430</a></span> to have suspicions<a id="FNa_1-65"></a><a href="#FoN_1-65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>. The advanced portion of the ghafalah had disposed of their camels and baggage before I got up to the well. Said and myself went up amongst @@ -15516,7 +15515,7 @@ I returned to my camel, tired of waiting, and sat down, telling Said to unpack. But it seems Said had heard something which I had not, and said, "Not yet, not yet." I insisted upon his unloading the camel, and took -out some dates and biscuits, and lay myself down to eat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-431"></a>[<a href="images/1-431.png">431</a>]</span> +out some dates and biscuits, and lay myself down to eat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-431">431</a></span> them. The scuffle and uproar was now going on about a hundred yards from me, and I saw the sword of Ouweek flourishing and flashing about. This was succeeded by a @@ -15548,7 +15547,7 @@ a bargain." I noticed poor Said at the time, who was staring at me full in the face, to see, it would appear, how I was affected by this most unexpected incident. After a great deal of squabbling and bargaining, in a -true mercantile style, it was finally arranged. Ouweek<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-432"></a>[<a href="images/1-432.png">432</a>]</span> +true mercantile style, it was finally arranged. Ouweek<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-432">432</a></span> first fiercely demanded one thousand dollars! Hereupon all the people cried out that I had no money. The <i>quasi</i>-bandit, nothing receding, "Why, the Christian's @@ -15576,7 +15575,7 @@ upon, interposed, and, assuming an air of defiance, said, Christian, you must kill me first. The order of my Sultan is, No man is to say a word to the Christian." Our people now took courage from this noble conduct of the -slave, declaring, "If Yâkob is beaten, we will all be<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-433"></a>[<a href="images/1-433.png">433</a>]</span> +slave, declaring, "If Yâkob is beaten, we will all be<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-433">433</a></span> beat first; if Yâkob is to be killed, we will be killed likewise." Ouweek now saw he must come down in his pretensions. The bargain was struck, after infinite wrangling, for @@ -15604,7 +15603,7 @@ or attack during the night. All our people more or less were alarmed and agitated, although we numbered sixty in the presence of five Touaricks! I thought in myself, What arrant cowards you are! To cover their cowardice -they pretended the Sheikh had hundreds of people not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-434"></a>[<a href="images/1-434.png">434</a>]</span> +they pretended the Sheikh had hundreds of people not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-434">434</a></span> far off. Zaleâ, and his Arabs, certainly behaved the best. Zaleâ, in fact, was now the only man of the caravan. He told me afterwards, the Ghadamsee people had proposed @@ -15636,7 +15635,7 @@ gave me more credit than I can take to myself, for, at the time of munching the biscuits, I was not aware of his violent attempt at levying black mail. There can, however, be no question of the bad character of this Sheikh. -He has murdered several people, and, not long ago,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-435"></a>[<a href="images/1-435.png">435</a>]</span> +He has murdered several people, and, not long ago,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-435">435</a></span> killed a rich Marabout, going on a pilgrimage to Mecca, plundering him of a great deal of property. He is therefore no pleasant customer for a Christian to meet with on @@ -15669,7 +15668,7 @@ stopped his mouth. Zaleâ fully agreed with me, as did all our people, that if Ouweek had simply asked for a present, he would have got more from me. I certainly should have given him at once half a dozen dollars if he -had shown himself friendly, and welcomed me to his dis<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-436"></a>[<a href="images/1-436.png">436</a>]</span>trict +had shown himself friendly, and welcomed me to his dis<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-436">436</a></span>trict as a friendly stranger. It appears he refused money, and even the camel, which the people in the <i>imbroglio</i> said he might, if he choose, take; he took the @@ -15708,7 +15707,7 @@ friendship. Here our people say,</p> <p>There exists a compact between the Genii and Touaricks to this effect, a species of <i>Magna Charta</i>, and not -selling themselves to the Saharan devils:—"The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-437"></a>[<a href="images/1-437.png">437</a>]</span> +selling themselves to the Saharan devils:—"The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-437">437</a></span> Touarick fathers solemnly vowed, alone of mortals, eternal friendship to the Genii, they would never molest them in the various palaces which they (the Genii) had @@ -15740,7 +15739,7 @@ their affairs of State. It is also the Jemâ or Mosque, where they meet on a Friday to pray to Allah, for they also worship Allah, though not properly. These lower and less destructive grades of Demonii "believe and -tremble." This is also the mint where the Genii keep<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-438"></a>[<a href="images/1-438.png">438</a>]</span> +tremble." This is also the mint where the Genii keep<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-438">438</a></span> their bullion. The entire caverns of this monstrous block of rock are full of gold and silver, and diamonds, and all precious jewels<a id="FNa_1-68"></a><a href="#FoN_1-68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>. A more <i>mortal</i> and sublunary @@ -15754,7 +15753,7 @@ rest a wealthy Marabout, but a saint of great sanctity. The murderer (of what country it is not said), was so ashamed and horrified at his own deed of blood, that when he had committed it he begged the Genii to cover -up their bodies from his sight, for he had not courage to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-439"></a>[<a href="images/1-439.png">439</a>]</span> +up their bodies from his sight, for he had not courage to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-439">439</a></span> bury them. The Genii listened to his request, detached this piece of rock from their great palace, where it has rested, occasionally <i>rocking</i><a id="FNa_1-69"></a><a href="#FoN_1-69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>, say the people, to this day—a @@ -15767,7 +15766,7 @@ died. He was fairly stoned to death, and his bruised and broken carcase was left unburied, a horror to all passers-by! We see the Genii are a moral people, and in general the Mussulmans of The Sahara speak of them -as a good sort of folks, not unlike Puck and his merry<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-440"></a>[<a href="images/1-440.png">440</a>]</span> +as a good sort of folks, not unlike Puck and his merry<span class='pagenum'><a id="V1-440">440</a></span> crew, only playing occasionally mischievous pranks upon silly inconsiderate mortals.</p> @@ -15839,7 +15838,7 @@ ingenuity and skilfulness.—<i>Fisher's Views in Devonshire and Cornwall.</ <div class="h4">END OF VOL. I.</div> <div class="h4">LONDON: HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS, 45, ST. MARTIN'S LANE.</div> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-i"></a>[<a href="images/2-i.png">i</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-i">i</a></span></p> <div class="h1">TRAVELS</div> <div class="h3">IN</div> @@ -15879,7 +15878,7 @@ AND MOURZUK.</div> <p class="figcenter">A SAND STORM.</p> <p class="figcenter"><i>J.E.S. del.</i> <i>J. W. Cook. sc.</i></p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-ii"></a>[<a href="images/2-ii.png">ii</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-ii">ii</a></span></p> <div class="h4">LONDON:</div> <div class="h4">HARRISON AND CO., PRINTERS,</div> @@ -15934,7 +15933,7 @@ AND MOURZUK.</div> </table></div> <hr> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-1"></a>[<a href="images/2-1.png">1</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-1">1</a></span></p> <div class="h1">TRAVELS</div> @@ -15971,7 +15970,7 @@ Soudan.</p></div> <p><i>15th.</i>—<span class="smcap">Rose</span> two hours before daybreak in order to arrive early at Ghat in the morning. About ten <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the palms of Ghat were visible through the scattered -blocks of rock in the valley, for the plain became now<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-2"></a>[<a href="images/2-2.png">2</a>]</span> +blocks of rock in the valley, for the plain became now<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-2">2</a></span> contracted and assumed the shape of a deep broad valley, on the one side a low range of sand-hills, and on the other the high rocky chain of Wareerat. But the @@ -16004,7 +16003,7 @@ so our people were now each one occupied with his own affairs. I felt much the want of a good Moorish or Arab servant. Said was of no use whatever in this case. Strangers and loungers crowded and clamoured round -me, anxious to look at the face of "The Christian." It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-3"></a>[<a href="images/2-3.png">3</a>]</span> +me, anxious to look at the face of "The Christian." It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-3">3</a></span> was covered with my travelling handkerchief, and when I untied my face to gratify their curiosity, they burst out with the rude and wild expression of surprise, "<i>Whooh! @@ -16036,7 +16035,7 @@ conveyed for us by Arabs of our caravan, and were astonished to find it scattered about outside the city gates, the caravan people having thrown it down there. However, nothing was lost, and this at once impressed me -with the remarkable honesty of the Ghatee people. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-4"></a>[<a href="images/2-4.png">4</a>]</span> +with the remarkable honesty of the Ghatee people. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-4">4</a></span> took up my quarters in a small room built on the terrace, without window or door, but very airy. A roof of mud and straw was now a luxurious and splendid mansion @@ -16069,7 +16068,7 @@ from those of the merchants, and the nagah always knew the encampment by the sight of this Christian garment. When I wore it in the day she was immediately sensible of the presence of her master. I did -not pitch a tent, for we could not, but formed a sort of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-5"></a>[<a href="images/2-5.png">5</a>]</span> +not pitch a tent, for we could not, but formed a sort of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-5">5</a></span> head-place of the two panniers of the camel, over which we arranged camel's gear, forming a small top. Under this I placed or poked my head, so that, at night, if @@ -16103,7 +16102,7 @@ spirits passed—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">"O'er many a frozen, many a fiery, Alp."</span></div></div> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-6"></a>[<a href="images/2-6.png">6</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-6">6</a></span></p> <p>I had not been many minutes in my new apartment before the Governor himself came in. I had been addressing @@ -16135,7 +16134,7 @@ nothing. Odd enough, the Governor asked me, "Which was the oldest dynasty in Europe?" I told him the Bourbons of France. The Sheikh Jabour here interposed that his family was more than three thousand -years old! The pride of an hereditary <i>noblesse</i> is deeply<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-7"></a>[<a href="images/2-7.png">7</a>]</span> +years old! The pride of an hereditary <i>noblesse</i> is deeply<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-7">7</a></span> rooted in these Touarghee chiefs. The lore of ancestral distinction is co-extensive with the human race. I have given but the substance of our conversations. I give @@ -16180,7 +16179,7 @@ said, Amen.)</p> to frighten you because you are a stranger. He's a fool himself."</p> -<p>"Oh, it's no matter now."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-8"></a>[<a href="images/2-8.png">8</a>]</span></p> +<p>"Oh, it's no matter now."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-8">8</a></span></p> <p><i>The Sheikh.</i>—"How's your Sultan? Does he doubt we shall utterly destroy the Shânbah."</p> @@ -16218,7 +16217,7 @@ had dubbed him. Muley Abd Errahman is an immense favourite here amongst the Moorish townsmen. They call him their Sultan. The Turks they fear and detest. They expect them one day at Ghat. In the afternoon -I sent the Governor, according to the advice of Musta<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-9"></a>[<a href="images/2-9.png">9</a>]</span>pha, +I sent the Governor, according to the advice of Musta<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-9">9</a></span>pha, two loaves of sugar (French), a pound of cloves, and a pound of sunbul<a id="FNa_2-1"></a><a href="#FoN_2-1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>. Cloves—<i>grunfel</i>, ‮قرنفل‬—are greatly esteemed, especially by the women, who season @@ -16247,7 +16246,7 @@ the same, but the Governor I find more cautious in his speech. On my return home, the Sheikh sent to know if the handkerchief, in which the present was wrapped, were also a present, and whether the bearer of -the present had purloined it, for he had taken it away<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-10"></a>[<a href="images/2-10.png">10</a>]</span> +the present had purloined it, for he had taken it away<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-10">10</a></span> with him. I immediately sent the Sheikh back the handkerchief, informing the Sheikh the bearer was not told to leave it. All Saharan people are immoderately @@ -16280,7 +16279,7 @@ He asked me, "Is the Consul well? Are his daughters well? Is the King of England well?" Hateetah had some years ago visited the Consul and his family at Tripoli, under British protection, for Touaricks dare not -approach Tripoli. He has in his possession, after a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-11"></a>[<a href="images/2-11.png">11</a>]</span> +approach Tripoli. He has in his possession, after a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-11">11</a></span> dozen years, a fine scarlet burnouse and coat, braided with gold lace, and also a gun, which were presented to him by Colonel Warrington, on the part of our Government, @@ -16313,7 +16312,7 @@ their power to prevent others from communicating with Tripoli. Not acquainted with Mediterranean politics, they imagine that, because the Turks have retaken possession of Ghadames and Fezzan, so long quasi-independent -of Tripoli, they must necessarily invade the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-12"></a>[<a href="images/2-12.png">12</a>]</span> +of Tripoli, they must necessarily invade the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-12">12</a></span> Touarick territory, and seize upon their wee town of Ghat, but to them the metropolis of The Sahara. This evening Jabour hinted, in Hibernian style, to one of the @@ -16346,7 +16345,7 @@ merchant has brought the largest amount of goods to the Souk, about forty camels. The whole of the Soudan ghafalah has not yet arrived from Aheer. It comes in by small detached parties. As there is nothing to fear -on the road, people prefer travelling in small companies,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-13"></a>[<a href="images/2-13.png">13</a>]</span> +on the road, people prefer travelling in small companies,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-13">13</a></span> which facilitates their march, not being detained at the wells waiting for the running of the water.</p> @@ -16380,7 +16379,7 @@ sell for two-thirds of a dollar in Ghat. Ouweek arrived to-day from his district, after stopping for the rest of the caravan to get what he could in the way of begging by force. This is the cunning of the old fox bandit. He -knows he can beg more effectually from the merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-14"></a>[<a href="images/2-14.png">14</a>]</span> +knows he can beg more effectually from the merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-14">14</a></span> and trader in the open desert, than at Ghat, where people may refuse, and do refuse to satisfy his importunities. I have done so with the rest. He now pretends he was @@ -16413,7 +16412,7 @@ became restless. Not knowing what to do with them, I took out a loaf of white sugar, cut it into pieces, and then distributed it amongst them. The scene now suddenly changed, joy beamed in every eye, and every one -let her tongue run most volubly. They asked me,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-15"></a>[<a href="images/2-15.png">15</a>]</span> +let her tongue run most volubly. They asked me,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-15">15</a></span> "Whether I was married—whether the Christian women were pretty—whether prettier than they—and whether, if not married, I should have any objection to marry one @@ -16445,7 +16444,7 @@ great liberty, walks about unveiled, and takes an active part in all affairs and transactions of life. Dr. Oudney justly remarks, "The liveliness of the women, their freeness with the men, and the marked attention the latter -paid them, formed a striking contrast with other Moham<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-16"></a>[<a href="images/2-16.png">16</a>]</span>medan +paid them, formed a striking contrast with other Moham<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-16">16</a></span>medan States." Batouta mentions a Berber tribe of Western Sahara, as having similar manners. He says:—"This people has very singular manners. So the men @@ -16478,7 +16477,7 @@ return for the supper which she may cook.</p> <p>Afterwards had a very different visit of four Arabs, who came with the evident intention of getting something -out of me by main force. I resisted to the last, and to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-17"></a>[<a href="images/2-17.png">17</a>]</span> +out of me by main force. I resisted to the last, and to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-17">17</a></span> their astonishment. I told them, all my presents were now for the Touaricks, and if they did not leave the house I would get them bastinadoed on their return to @@ -16511,7 +16510,7 @@ on the other, on account of the steps which the British Consul took against those merchants, or caused them to take. I went to see Bel Kasem in the evening, who is but a mere trader. He gave me this account of his -slave-dealing:—"I have purchased five slaves at forty<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-18"></a>[<a href="images/2-18.png">18</a>]</span> +slave-dealing:—"I have purchased five slaves at forty<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-18">18</a></span> mahboubs each. At Tripoli I shall sell them at sixty. The Pasha takes ten duty, and I have only ten for profit and the expenses, of conveying the slaves from Ghat to @@ -16544,7 +16543,7 @@ just to see whether I should make the same reply to him also.</p> <p><i>19th.</i>—Rose early, and better in health. I begin to -feel at home in Ghat, amidst the redoubtable Touaricks.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-19"></a>[<a href="images/2-19.png">19</a>]</span> +feel at home in Ghat, amidst the redoubtable Touaricks.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-19">19</a></span> I find them neither monsters nor men-eaters<a id="FNa_2-2"></a><a href="#FoN_2-2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>. Nevertheless, all the swaggering Arabs and Arab camel-drivers are here very quiet and civil amongst their masters, the @@ -16570,7 +16569,7 @@ of Asker Ali from the Pashalic of Tripoli at the instance of the British Consul. I then spoke to his Excellency of the necessity of sending some trifling presents to the Queen of England, as a sign of friendship, -begging him to speak to Shafou. He replied, "The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-20"></a>[<a href="images/2-20.png">20</a>]</span> +begging him to speak to Shafou. He replied, "The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-20">20</a></span> Touaricks have nothing but camels." The Governor has a tremendous family. First of all, he has seven wives and concubines, then nine sons and six daughters. One @@ -16602,7 +16601,7 @@ learning and amiable manners. I asked some of the Ghatee people, who was their Sultan? They replied, "Haj Ahmed; Shafou is not our Sultan." The Touaricks, however, have absolute control over all affairs, and Haj -Ahmed stands in the same relation to Shafou, being<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-21"></a>[<a href="images/2-21.png">21</a>]</span> +Ahmed stands in the same relation to Shafou, being<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-21">21</a></span> governor of the town, as the Sheikh El-Mokhtar, who is governor of Timbuctoo, under the Sultan of Jinnee. But, Haj Ahmed, himself, disclaims all temporal authority, he @@ -16635,7 +16634,7 @@ three little pieces of meat. This is the first act and specimen of hospitality on the part of the townsmen. Kafah is a considerable merchant, and one of the three or four grandees of the place. Bel Kasem called out to -me to-day, for he lives next door, "Yâkob! Yâkob!<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-22"></a>[<a href="images/2-22.png">22</a>]</span> +me to-day, for he lives next door, "Yâkob! Yâkob!<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-22">22</a></span> Aye! for God's sake, one of my slaves is ill, bring me some medicine to purge him, quick, quick, he'll die." I had nothing to give the poor creature but a worm-powder, @@ -16668,7 +16667,7 @@ the Turks, who were always the friends of the English." The Sheikh sighed, raised up his aged body, and departed, mumbling something, a blessing or a curse, upon my head. A younger son of Haj Ahmed came in and -addressed me, "Why not say, 'There is one God<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing quotation mark">'</ins>, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-23"></a>[<a href="images/2-23.png">23</a>]</span> +addressed me, "Why not say, 'There is one God<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing quotation mark">'</ins>, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-23">23</a></span> 'Mahomet is the prophet of God?'" I told him a Christian was prohibited from making such a confession. On paying a visit to Mohammed Kafah, who sent me the @@ -16700,7 +16699,7 @@ soon filled and crammed with people, who rushed in from the streets, and the friendly Ghatee was obliged to send me home quick, lest I should be smothered by a mob of people. The affair of Silva and Levi had reached him, -and the report will soon get to Soudan and Timbuctoo,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-24"></a>[<a href="images/2-24.png">24</a>]</span> +and the report will soon get to Soudan and Timbuctoo,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-24">24</a></span> for the merchants carry everything with them which interests their commerce, making additions as they go along. Here, as at Mogador, it was reported that I was commissioned @@ -16735,7 +16734,7 @@ people."</p> my frequent evasions of the question of religion; but when they reflect that it required, during my residence in Ghat and other parts of Sahara, the whole strength -of my mind, and the utmost tact, to maintain a simple<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-25"></a>[<a href="images/2-25.png">25</a>]</span> +of my mind, and the utmost tact, to maintain a simple<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-25">25</a></span> and consistent confession of myself as a Christian, and that to have said a word, or even to have breathed a syllable of disrespect for Mahomet and his religion, @@ -16765,7 +16764,7 @@ and slave of The Desert, produces a very painful impression on the mind of the reader. Caillié's falsehood, as lie begets lie, begat many others. He was obliged to tell the people, that Mahometans were not -tolerated in Christian countries. He told the Africans,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-26"></a>[<a href="images/2-26.png">26</a>]</span> +tolerated in Christian countries. He told the Africans,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-26">26</a></span> also, that slavery was abolished in Europe, at the time even when England had her thousands of West Indian slaves. In this way, whatever service Caillié has rendered @@ -16797,7 +16796,7 @@ is, and ever will be,</p> </div></div> <p>Spent the evening with Haj Ibrahim. A Ghadamsee -came in who attempted to frighten me from going to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-27"></a>[<a href="images/2-27.png">27</a>]</span> +came in who attempted to frighten me from going to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-27">27</a></span> Soudan. Haj Ibrahim has the same prejudices as the rest of the people of Tripoli respecting the supposed wealth of the Ghadamsee people. "They have plenty @@ -16831,7 +16830,7 @@ however, annoyed, but from what cause I cannot tell. Entertain many misgivings about the climate of Soudan, and having no medicine dispirits me. It is now too late to retreat. "Onward" is the only destiny which guides -men, to good or evil. Had a visit from the eldest son<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-28"></a>[<a href="images/2-28.png">28</a>]</span> +men, to good or evil. Had a visit from the eldest son<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-28">28</a></span> of the Governor. Gave him two cups of tea, a little sugar, and two biscuits, which made him my friend for ever; a cheap purchase of eternal friendship. Shafou, @@ -16864,7 +16863,7 @@ nothing." "What do you eat yourself?" I asked. rejoined. He hesitated to reply, did not reply; I saw he considered such food too good for a slave, even to save its life. Such is but one dark sad picture of a -thousand now being exhibited here! One would think<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-29"></a>[<a href="images/2-29.png">29</a>]</span> +thousand now being exhibited here! One would think<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-29">29</a></span> God had made one part of the human race to torment the other.</p> @@ -16899,7 +16898,7 @@ of opinions, <i>pros</i> and <i>cons</i>, on this subject.</p> not much bigger than a wren, flits about the houses as our sparrows. This is probably the Jereed sparrow of Shaw, <i>Bou Habeeba</i>, or <i>Capsa</i>-sparrow, but I saw it at -no other oasis except Ghat. It is of a lark colour, with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-30"></a>[<a href="images/2-30.png">30</a>]</span> +no other oasis except Ghat. It is of a lark colour, with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-30">30</a></span> a light reddish breast, flitting about continually, twittering a short and abrupt note, but very sweet and gentle. Yesterday Haj Ahmed sent me a few dates and a little @@ -16929,7 +16928,7 @@ the foreign merchants. He then asked me if I was an English Marabout. I replied, "Yes;" for a Marabout, as in the Governor's own case, means sometimes a person who can tolerably read and write. In this sense I may -claim the sacred title. I also dub myself occasionally<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-31"></a>[<a href="images/2-31.png">31</a>]</span> +claim the sacred title. I also dub myself occasionally<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-31">31</a></span> <i>tabeeb</i> (doctor), but mostly <i>taleb</i>, a mere literary man or pretender to literature. I believe that coming without arms, and as poor as possible, has had a good effect upon @@ -16960,7 +16959,7 @@ be an impartial judge, were to visit the Madelaine of Paris, and then pass rapidly over to Algeria, (a journey of a few days), and there enter the simple mosque, and compare its prostrate worshippers, in the plain unadorned -temple of Islamism, with the bowing and crossing, going<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-32"></a>[<a href="images/2-32.png">32</a>]</span> +temple of Islamism, with the bowing and crossing, going<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-32">32</a></span> on before the pretty saints and images of the Catholic temple of the Parisians, he could not fail to be struck with the immeasurable space which separates the two @@ -16992,7 +16991,7 @@ the Niger to the salt water (Atlantic). I asked them how the slaves were obtained. One of them sprung up in an instant, seizing an Arab's gun. He then performed a squatting posture, skulking down, and creeping -upon the floor of my room, and waiting or watching<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-33"></a>[<a href="images/2-33.png">33</a>]</span> +upon the floor of my room, and waiting or watching<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-33">33</a></span> in silence. He then made a sudden spring, as a tiger on its prey, with a wild shout. These wily antics evidently denoted a private kidnapping expedition. Many @@ -17053,7 +17052,7 @@ not read, or if read them, do not comprehend them.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-34"></a>[<a href="images/2-34.png">34</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-34">34</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE IN GHAT.</h3> @@ -17089,7 +17088,7 @@ powerful merchants don't give more, and some of them not half this amount. I have already given away 20 dollars out of my extremely modest resources.</p> -<p>Nothing surprises the natives of Ghat and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-35"></a>[<a href="images/2-35.png">35</a>]</span> +<p>Nothing surprises the natives of Ghat and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-35">35</a></span> Touaricks so much as my gloves. I am obliged to put them off and on a hundred times a day to please people. They then try them on, look at them inside and outside, @@ -17123,7 +17122,7 @@ questions to him, who, thinking I wished to have every one answered in the affirmative, gave me his terrible "yahs" and "aywahs" to all and everything demanded.</p> -<p>"Are there many people ill in Kanou?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-36"></a>[<a href="images/2-36.png">36</a>]</span></p> +<p>"Are there many people ill in Kanou?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-36">36</a></span></p> <p>"Yes, many."</p> @@ -17167,7 +17166,7 @@ naming in the oasis.</p> from rushing into the house by twenties and fifties at once. The Governor has sent strict orders to his slaves to keep the door shut, first, to prevent me from being -pestered to death all day long, and, secondly, because<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-37"></a>[<a href="images/2-37.png">37</a>]</span> +pestered to death all day long, and, secondly, because<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-37">37</a></span> some of the people have got the habit here, as in Europe, of picking up little things. A young slave is crying out, "Bago! bago!" every five minutes, in answer to knocking @@ -17200,7 +17199,7 @@ but he kept to his day and camel's dung. The Saharans mostly prefer their own remedies, though they may condescend to ask you your advice. Bought some olive oil from the Arabs of Gharian. Before pouring it out they -wished me to put sugar in the measure. I suspected<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-38"></a>[<a href="images/2-38.png">38</a>]</span> +wished me to put sugar in the measure. I suspected<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-38">38</a></span> some trick, and refused. As soon as the measure was out of my servant's hand, they seized it, some licking it, others rubbing their hands in it, and then oiling their @@ -17239,7 +17238,7 @@ and must smile at this mighty statement of my financial affairs, worthy of a Desert Budget!</p> <p>Essnousee called. Ouweek is a personal friend of his; -Essnousee says:—"Ouweek has told us, he feared from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-39"></a>[<a href="images/2-39.png">39</a>]</span> +Essnousee says:—"Ouweek has told us, he feared from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-39">39</a></span> you (myself), for the English had never before been in his district. For the rest, he was only playing with you. He wished to see whether an Englishman was a man of @@ -17273,7 +17272,7 @@ to join those of the town, and the exiled slaves sometimes obtain intelligence in this way of their country. Generally the slaves imported are from such a variety of districts in Negroland, and so widely apart, that the slaves -of The Sahara can hear little of their native homes. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-40"></a>[<a href="images/2-40.png">40</a>]</span> +of The Sahara can hear little of their native homes. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-40">40</a></span> asked Bel Kasem, if the slaves of the Ghafalah were prisoners of war. "No," he replied, "there is no war now in Soudan; these are captured with matchlocks at @@ -17306,7 +17305,7 @@ Sheikh, who goes every day into the public square, and strikes his spear into the ground, and retiring at a distance, exclaims aloud to all present, "Whoever dares to touch that spear I'll kill him!" To-day a young -Touarick passed by, and seeing the spear sticking up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-41"></a>[<a href="images/2-41.png">41</a>]</span> +Touarick passed by, and seeing the spear sticking up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-41">41</a></span> very formidably, as if challenging all-passers by, went near it, and said, "What's this?" and took hold of it. The crazy Sheikh was watching at some distance, and @@ -17339,7 +17338,7 @@ He came <i>viâ</i> Mizdah and Shaty, and was forty-five days <i>en route</i>. The Touat caravan (very small) has arrived, bringing Touat woollen barracans and Timbuctoo gold. The affair of the Timbuctoo caravan is differently -reported. It is now said the people killed were the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-42"></a>[<a href="images/2-42.png">42</a>]</span> +reported. It is now said the people killed were the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-42">42</a></span> inhabitants of Ain Salah. The Desert is a great exaggerator and misinterpreter. It is very difficult to get correct news.</p> @@ -17366,7 +17365,7 @@ inhabitants in travelling. The Governor asked me, "If the English could travel by land?" I was astonished at the question, but I saw he imagined our country, and European countries generally, to be so many little islets -in the ocean<a id="FNa_2-7"></a><a href="#FoN_2-7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. It is curious, likewise, how old this notion<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-43"></a>[<a href="images/2-43.png">43</a>]</span> +in the ocean<a id="FNa_2-7"></a><a href="#FoN_2-7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. It is curious, likewise, how old this notion<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-43">43</a></span> is. The Hebrew prophets, who were bad geographers, depicted all western Europe as "the isles of the sea." The Governor continued, "But can you travel on land, @@ -17399,7 +17398,7 @@ have the free use of the Scriptures. I saw that Haj Ahmed, though a Marabout, was sufficiently ignorant on the religion of Christians. His Excellency then asked about money.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-44"></a>[<a href="images/2-44.png">44</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-44">44</a></span></p> <p>"Who have the most money, Mussulmans or the English?"</p> @@ -17436,7 +17435,7 @@ not believing a word of my alleged poverty. I then asked the Governor what he thought of the great camel-driver, Kandarka, who conducts the caravans, and nearly all the Ghadamseeah between Ghat and Aheer. -He answered, to my surprise, <i>Ma nâraf</i>, "I don't<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-45"></a>[<a href="images/2-45.png">45</a>]</span> +He answered, to my surprise, <i>Ma nâraf</i>, "I don't<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-45">45</a></span> know," for Kandarka has an excellent reputation. This was the jesuitism of the Moor.</p> @@ -17469,7 +17468,7 @@ sell you as a slave for a dollar." Many concur in this opinion. I found the Ghatee people more peaceable in the streets, now the novelty of my appearance is diminishing. When I pay a visit to a person of consequence -I always put on my European clothes, which compliment<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-46"></a>[<a href="images/2-46.png">46</a>]</span> +I always put on my European clothes, which compliment<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-46">46</a></span> is perfectly understood, for I offended an old Sheikh with going to him with my burnouse on instead of my French cloak. He said to my uncouth cicerone, "This @@ -17506,7 +17505,7 @@ finger of the right hand, and three of the left hand.)</p> <p><i>Myself.</i>—"There is one God!" (knowing the prophet meant this, for it is the usual way of badgering Christians -about the Trinity in North Africa.)<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-47"></a>[<a href="images/2-47.png">47</a>]</span></p> +about the Trinity in North Africa.)<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-47">47</a></span></p> <p><i>The Prophet.</i>—"Good:" (then making the sign of the cross by putting his two forefingers into the shape of @@ -17556,7 +17555,7 @@ intense anxiety to hear the result.)</p> <p><i>Myself.</i>—"I don't know."</p> -<p>I had scarcely made answer when two women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-48"></a>[<a href="images/2-48.png">48</a>]</span> +<p>I had scarcely made answer when two women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-48">48</a></span> rushed upon the Prophet and dragged him away crying, "<i>Yamout, Mat:</i> he is dying! he is dead!" As the Prophet was pulled away he turned to me mildly and @@ -17589,7 +17588,7 @@ him a little lock and key. This delighted him; and two pieces of sugar, one each, made these Aheer Touaricks excellent friends. Have visits from the Ghateen. Several of these people are going to Soudan with the return -caravan.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-49"></a>[<a href="images/2-49.png">49</a>]</span></p> +caravan.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-49">49</a></span></p> <p>In better spirits to-day. Have been suffering from "The Boree." Such a variety of discouraging influences @@ -17621,7 +17620,7 @@ behaves better than the other Ghadamsee merchants resident here. I'm told, there will not be many Touarick visitors this year at Ghat. They have unexpected occupation to defend themselves against the sanguinary forays -of the Shânbah. And then, the late rains having pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-50"></a>[<a href="images/2-50.png">50</a>]</span>duced +of the Shânbah. And then, the late rains having pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-50">50</a></span>duced abundant herbage, they are also occupied in grazing the camels. The merchants congratulate me on these circumstances, and say I shall have less presents to @@ -17654,7 +17653,7 @@ Soudan. No one dare lift a finger against a Christian under the protection of a Shereef!" But it's odd, these and such offers of protection come from many quarters. The camel-drivers and conducteurs look upon me as a -good speculation. The Shereef pretends that there are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-51"></a>[<a href="images/2-51.png">51</a>]</span> +good speculation. The Shereef pretends that there are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-51">51</a></span> no less than two hundred of his family in Soudan, and some nearly black, on account of their intermarriages with negroes. One thing I like in the little wretch, he @@ -17687,7 +17686,7 @@ friendly, and said, "If anything unpleasant occurs, call for me." I showed him some cuts of a book, in which were drawings of Moors. He was wonder-stricken. The sight of a date-palm pleased him exceedingly, -tickling the fancy of his followers who accompanied him.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-52"></a>[<a href="images/2-52.png">52</a>]</span> +tickling the fancy of his followers who accompanied him.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-52">52</a></span> The Sheikh promised me a letter for the Sultan of Aheer, and to send a slave of his own with me as far as Aheer. Jabour did not positively assert that Tripoli @@ -17719,7 +17718,7 @@ had all the tips of their noses, the round of the chins, and the bones of their cheeks, blackened. At first I could not make out how it was. It was explained that the dye of the Soudan cottons, which they wore, produced this -blacky tipping. These cottons begrime their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-53"></a>[<a href="images/2-53.png">53</a>]</span> +blacky tipping. These cottons begrime their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-53">53</a></span> wearers sadly, the colour is not fast, the indigo being ill prepared. Some of the blue cottons are highly glazed. Men and women wear them, being cheap and @@ -17752,7 +17751,7 @@ would give them a camel-load of dollars if I had them. Shafou is still occupied in the neighbouring districts, enrolling troops for the Shânbah expedition. The Bengazi merchant persuades me to accompany him. From -Ghat to the first oasis of Fezzan, there are 10 days;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-54"></a>[<a href="images/2-54.png">54</a>]</span> +Ghat to the first oasis of Fezzan, there are 10 days;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-54">54</a></span> from thence to Sockna, 10; from Sockna to Augelah, 10; thence to Seewah, 14 days more; and thence to Alexandria, 14 more days.</p> @@ -17785,7 +17784,7 @@ Had a visit from a Touatee, just arrived. He recommended me to go to Timbuctoo, and fear nothing. "What have the Touaricks of Ghat done to you that you are afraid to visit the Touaricks of my country and -Timbuctoo?" he added. Now came in two Soudanese<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-55"></a>[<a href="images/2-55.png">55</a>]</span> +Timbuctoo?" he added. Now came in two Soudanese<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-55">55</a></span> merchants. One of them said, "Say 'There is but one God,' &c." I answered "This is prohibited to us," which made them laugh out. They have not that fierce bigotry @@ -17810,7 +17809,7 @@ merchants call them the <i>Gatti</i>, "cats."</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-56"></a>[<a href="images/2-56.png">56</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-56">56</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE IN GHAT.</h3> @@ -17846,7 +17845,7 @@ Shânbah and Touaricks. The Arabs, with their matchlocks in their hands, ran after their camels to prevent them from being carried off. The hubbub was most singular and bewildering. I expected to have to report -skirmish after skirmish, in the capture of Ghat, for the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-57"></a>[<a href="images/2-57.png">57</a>]</span> +skirmish after skirmish, in the capture of Ghat, for the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-57">57</a></span> benefit of The Leading London Journal. The true cause at length appeared in the arrival of the Sultan, the firing of matchlocks heard at a distance being done in @@ -17880,7 +17879,7 @@ style he had been receiving various personages ever since his arrival this morning. As soon as His Highness saw us approaching him, he bade us welcome by signs and salutations in the style of the Touaricks, slowly -raising his right arm, as high as his shoulders, and turn<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-58"></a>[<a href="images/2-58.png">58</a>]</span>ing +raising his right arm, as high as his shoulders, and turn<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-58">58</a></span>ing the palm of the outspread hand to us. Haj Ibrahim was first introduced, but the Sultan could not keep off his eyes from me. At last the Sultan made a @@ -17912,7 +17911,7 @@ which we praise God. Don't fear our people—no one shall hurt you." Indeed, I saw the old gentleman was thankful for any trifle. My little backsheesh was, perhaps, of the value of ten dollars, and was the largest -present I had yet made. I then asked His Highness<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-59"></a>[<a href="images/2-59.png">59</a>]</span> +present I had yet made. I then asked His Highness<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-59">59</a></span> whether he would write a letter for me to the Sultan of Aheer, and one to the Queen of England, stating that he would give protection to all British subjects passing @@ -17944,7 +17943,7 @@ the sand. He spoke very slow and under tone, scarcely audible, and at times the conversation was interrupted by the silence of the dead. All his deportment was like that of a Sultan of these wilds; and the ancient Sheikh -felt all the consciousness of his power. The Desert<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-60"></a>[<a href="images/2-60.png">60</a>]</span> +felt all the consciousness of his power. The Desert<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-60">60</a></span> Genii hedge him in around. The Sultan is profoundly respected by all; and Louis-Philippe is a gingerbread Sovereign compared with Shafou of The Great @@ -17978,7 +17977,7 @@ people are thinking about returning.</p> <p><i>28th.</i>—Rose early and better in health. Pleased with the prospect of still seeing my journey to Soudan completed. -Weather this morning very dull, sky overcast,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-61"></a>[<a href="images/2-61.png">61</a>]</span> +Weather this morning very dull, sky overcast,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-61">61</a></span> a few drops of rain falling. Early Sheikh Hateetah sent for me. Went and found the Consul of the English better in health. He shewed me his scarlet burnouse and @@ -18011,7 +18010,7 @@ He begged me not to give a present to the <i>Oulad</i> ("people" or "followers") of Shafou, meaning thereby Khanouhen.</p> -<p>On my return, I found my door thronged with visitors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-62"></a>[<a href="images/2-62.png">62</a>]</span> +<p>On my return, I found my door thronged with visitors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-62">62</a></span> from Berkat, the village three miles distant, <i>en route</i> of Soudan. They had been waiting an hour or two for my return. At first I repulsed them, but hearing afterwards @@ -18043,7 +18042,7 @@ money out of me. Of the Touaricks and Ouweek, he says, "They have no knowledge, they are bullocks." He also added, "I have been reprimanding Ouweek for his bad conduct to you; I told him I would not give him -my usual backsheesh on account of his ill-treating you."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-63"></a>[<a href="images/2-63.png">63</a>]</span></p> +my usual backsheesh on account of his ill-treating you."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-63">63</a></span></p> <p>I am much bothered with Said. Like his master he is continually wavering, whether he shall return to Ghadames @@ -18077,7 +18076,7 @@ our wealth, the extent of the world which Providence (too good to us) has committed to our care. But after all we cannot boast of what the barbarians of The Desert boast. We cannot, dare not, assert, that every -male child of our population can read the Book which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-64"></a>[<a href="images/2-64.png">64</a>]</span> +male child of our population can read the Book which<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-64">64</a></span> we call the Revelation of God! This deplorable, but undeniable fact, ought to throw suspicion upon our religious motives, as well as our pretensions to the love @@ -18109,7 +18108,7 @@ people one and all will neither allow them to be adopted, nor will they themselves adopt measures for education. With the diverse sections of our society, no education is education unless it be based upon their own peculiar -views and principles. In this way, the curse and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-65"></a>[<a href="images/2-65.png">65</a>]</span> +views and principles. In this way, the curse and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-65">65</a></span> opprobrium of ignorance are maintained in our own country.</p> @@ -18142,7 +18141,7 @@ have learnt since that the same custom prevails amongst the Moorish tribes of the banks of the Senegal. Batouta also mentions this singular custom as prevailing amongst the Berber people of <i>Twalaten</i>, ‮ايوالاتن‬, in Western -Sahara, in these words—"The people call themselves<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-66"></a>[<a href="images/2-66.png">66</a>]</span> +Sahara, in these words—"The people call themselves<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-66">66</a></span> after the name of their maternal<a id="FNa_2-9"></a><a href="#FoN_2-9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> uncles; it is not the sons of the fathers who inherit, but the nephews, sons of the sister of the father." He adds:—<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing quotation mark">"</ins>I have never @@ -18164,7 +18163,7 @@ of the houses of the town of Ghat, although the population is chiefly Moorish, belong to women, bequeathed to them or given them on the day of <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'thier'">their</ins> marriage by friends or relatives. These two cases of anomaly are -more favourable to womankind than what we mostly<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-67"></a>[<a href="images/2-67.png">67</a>]</span> +more favourable to womankind than what we mostly<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-67">67</a></span> find in Mahometan countries. I may not now scruple to tell the Touaricks, that the Sovereign of England is a female, for fear of giving them offence. It is a curious @@ -18198,7 +18197,7 @@ free and like other mortals.</p> <p>Went out this morning to have a commanding view of the oasis. Was accompanied by the uncle of Jabour, who took hold of my hand, and pulled me on, when we -mounted the neighbouring piece of rock which com<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-68"></a>[<a href="images/2-68.png">68</a>]</span>mands +mounted the neighbouring piece of rock which com<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-68">68</a></span>mands the oasis and scenery around. From this block of mountain, north of the city, we had a beautiful view of the town, the oasis, and adjoining palms, and all the @@ -18230,7 +18229,7 @@ not dependent on the quality of its water, otherwise the palm of Ghat should be the finest and its fruit the most delicious of The Sahara. On the contrary, in some of the oases of Fezzan, where the water is literally salt, the -palm is a noble towering tree, catching the breathings of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-69"></a>[<a href="images/2-69.png">69</a>]</span> +palm is a noble towering tree, catching the breathings of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-69">69</a></span> highest heaven, and casting down most luscious fruit. Houses in Ghat have but a wretched appearance, and are as wretched within as without. They are not white-washed, @@ -18261,7 +18260,7 @@ the south, without the walls, is a suburb of some fifty mud and stone houses. There are also scattered over the sand, on the west, a hundred or more of hasheesh huts, made of straw and palm-branches. In the gardens, -besides the palms, a little wheat, barley, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-70"></a>[<a href="images/2-70.png">70</a>]</span> +besides the palms, a little wheat, barley, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-70">70</a></span> ghusub is cultivated. There are some fruit-trees, but no vines. Of water there are several large pits, and some warm springs, but nothing approaching to the hot boiling @@ -18294,7 +18293,7 @@ with a mud-plaster work, and the tops and terraces of the houses are surmounted with the same style of material, and generally very irregularly done, as seen in the annexed diagram. The cupboards cut out or -excavated in the walls are of the shape of squares or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-71"></a>[<a href="images/2-71.png">71</a>]</span> +excavated in the walls are of the shape of squares or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-71">71</a></span> triangles, and the windows sometimes of the same shape, but occasionally varying as seen in the diagram. All the doors and beams of the houses, as before mentioned, are @@ -18316,7 +18315,7 @@ many of the sleeping rooms, which sand is clean or dirty according to the quality and cleanliness of the occupant.</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill2-02.jpg"><img src="images/ill2-02_th.jpg" alt="Architectural detail of Houses" title="Architectural detail of Houses"></a></p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-72"></a>[<a href="images/2-72.png">72</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-72">72</a></span></p> <p>According to my friend Mr. Colli, the original meaning of the term Ghat is <i>Sun</i> or <i>God</i>, in the Lybio-Egyptian @@ -18350,7 +18349,7 @@ and plunder. I will write you a letter to the Sultan of Aheer, so shall Shafou, so shall Hateetah. The Sultan of Aheer must respect our letters. When he does not, we make reprisals on his people. I am now -busy. I am going to exterminate the Shânbah. Our<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-73"></a>[<a href="images/2-73.png">73</a>]</span> +busy. I am going to exterminate the Shânbah. Our<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-73">73</a></span> maharees will soon overtake the robbers; not one of them shall escape. We scorn the assistance of the Turks. We are strong enough by ourselves. We want @@ -18383,7 +18382,7 @@ which cost me three Spanish dollars. In Tripoli, about forty days' journey from this, it cost two mahboubs, about a dollar and three-quarters. But I purchased it for money; had it been exchanged for goods or slaves, it -would have been charged four dollars. This is nearly<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-74"></a>[<a href="images/2-74.png">74</a>]</span> +would have been charged four dollars. This is nearly<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-74">74</a></span> cent. per cent. profit. Spent the evening with Haj Ibrahim. Shafou had returned the merchant's visit, and dined with him. The venerable Sheikh does not stand @@ -18415,7 +18414,7 @@ penalty than quell the tumult; but I was quite unprepared for such an eloquent address from the ancient patriarch of the country. Considering the great number of strangers, there are very few quarrels. "Ghat," as -was said before I came, "is a country of peace." Were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-75"></a>[<a href="images/2-75.png">75</a>]</span> +was said before I came, "is a country of peace." Were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-75">75</a></span> a bazaar of this sort held in Europe (for example an English fair), there would be a row every day, and every hour of the day. Nevertheless, this does not prevent @@ -18449,7 +18448,7 @@ shall have the more to give away at Aheer.</p> <p><i>31st.</i>—Fine morning. I am surprised at my simplicity; but, apparently, the only thing which I enjoy with -pure feelings, is the song of the little birds, the <i>boo</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-76"></a>[<a href="images/2-76.png">76</a>]</span><i>habeeba</i>, +pure feelings, is the song of the little birds, the <i>boo</i><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-76">76</a></span><i>habeeba</i>, which frequent my terrace and the house-top, as sparrows familiarly in England. With these I feel I can hold free converse and interchange an unadulterated @@ -18498,7 +18497,7 @@ iv., p. 56.)</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-77"></a>[<a href="images/2-77.png">77</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-77">77</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> <h3>ABANDON THE TOUR TO SOUDAN.</h3> @@ -18540,7 +18539,7 @@ blood flowing from one poor fellow profusely. I asked,</p> <p>I found afterwards the slaves were doing some work in the gardens which the Touarghee thought should have -been given to him. Touaricks seldom get into passion,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-78"></a>[<a href="images/2-78.png">78</a>]</span> +been given to him. Touaricks seldom get into passion,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-78">78</a></span> but when the blood boils the dagger is immediately had recourse to for the arrangement of their quarrels. The Touaricks have many slaves, but male slaves, for they @@ -18571,7 +18570,7 @@ us courteously, and the interview was extremely amusing. I began by apologizing for the top of "the head of sugar<a id="FNa_2-10"></a><a href="#FoN_2-10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>" being broken off. This made the lady almost faint. "What!" she protestingly exclaimed, -"Khanouhen is The Great Sultan! Shafou is compared<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-79"></a>[<a href="images/2-79.png">79</a>]</span> +"Khanouhen is The Great Sultan! Shafou is compared<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-79">79</a></span> to him like the sand! (taking up a little sand from the floor and scattering it about with her hands.) My husband is lord and master of all the Touaricks. He has @@ -18604,7 +18603,7 @@ The Touaricks will take everything you offer them, and not hurt your self-complacency of conferring a favour by refusal. I must finish with this lady, whose tongue ran along at a tremendous rate, by adding, that -to show her regard for me, (and for herself likewise,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-80"></a>[<a href="images/2-80.png">80</a>]</span> +to show her regard for me, (and for herself likewise,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-80">80</a></span> wishing me to return to Tripoli to fetch her some nice presents,) her Royal Highness gave me this advice: "For God's sake don't go to Soudan. You'll die there @@ -18637,7 +18636,7 @@ present year. He highly approved of my resolution, and seemed relieved of a great embarrassment, for, although very cautious in what he said, he always considered himself responsible more or less for my safety. -I found his Excellency, but not to my surprise, pur<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-81"></a>[<a href="images/2-81.png">81</a>]</span>chasing +I found his Excellency, but not to my surprise, pur<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-81">81</a></span>chasing half a dozen slaves, young lads. The Marabout merchant does not scruple to deal in human beings. The fact is, his Excellency scruples at no kind of trade, @@ -18667,7 +18666,7 @@ and we frequently use it. It requires great tact in the pounding, otherwise the grain will be continually flying out. I pounded dates with it, which with a little olive oil, and roasted grain pounded with them, adding a few grains -of Soudan pepper and a little dry cheese, make very nice<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-82"></a>[<a href="images/2-82.png">82</a>]</span> +of Soudan pepper and a little dry cheese, make very nice<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-82">82</a></span> cake, or it is esteemed nice cake in Ghat. Corn and ghusub are given to day-labourers <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'intead'">instead</ins> of money. A slave will have about a quarter of a peck of barley, or @@ -18700,7 +18699,7 @@ the present of a few parched peas, a few Barbary almonds, and a little tobacco being given to the Soudanese merchants, the parties separating with as much self-complacency, as if they had arranged the mercantile -affairs of all Africa.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-83"></a>[<a href="images/2-83.png">83</a>]</span></p> +affairs of all Africa.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-83">83</a></span></p> <p><i>2nd.</i>—Visited this evening Hateetah. He says, the Sultan and himself will call upon me to-morrow, and @@ -18734,7 +18733,7 @@ districts at the close of the periodic marts.</p> from the north-east. Everybody is frightened at the wind, and there is no Souk, or market, till very late. I myself feel the cold extremely, so I am not surprised to -see the Soudanese people all shut up in their houses<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-84"></a>[<a href="images/2-84.png">84</a>]</span> +see the Soudanese people all shut up in their houses<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-84">84</a></span> crowding over a smoking fire, with the rooms full of smoke, and nearly suffocating the inmates.</p> @@ -18768,7 +18767,7 @@ Sheikh, and to propose to him to take back the goods, and give him money instead, or add a little money to the goods. So then this is the great bravado of Khanouhen, that he could not soil his fingers by taking -presents! I expect I shall soon be stripped. There<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-85"></a>[<a href="images/2-85.png">85</a>]</span> +presents! I expect I shall soon be stripped. There<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-85">85</a></span> are, unfortunately, so many Sheikhs, that to give handsome presents to them all, would amount to a large sum. A burning jealousy rankles in their breasts about these @@ -18802,7 +18801,7 @@ reason. Hateetah had a cold in his eyes, and could not go out. He added, "Shafou is busy in enrolling troops for the Shânbah expedition." Hateetah had many visitors whilst I was there. A Ghatee, to my surprise, asked -me, "How long slaves would be allowed to be sold in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-86"></a>[<a href="images/2-86.png">86</a>]</span> +me, "How long slaves would be allowed to be sold in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-86">86</a></span> Tripoli?" I answered, "Some time yet." He had heard of my being connected with abolition. Another, just returned from Soudan, said:—"The people of Soudan @@ -18834,7 +18833,7 @@ tolerated, the people seemed less bigoted. This is the advantage of having an English agent, if possible, in these remote districts, like Hateetah. Passing through the gardens, I saw some horses and bullocks, and was -surprised at their dwarfish dimensions. In Central<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-87"></a>[<a href="images/2-87.png">87</a>]</span> +surprised at their dwarfish dimensions. In Central<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-87">87</a></span> Africa, horses are frequently found of a very dwarfish breed. The horses were unwhisped and sorry-looking ponies, with their bellies pinched in. The bullocks cut @@ -18867,7 +18866,7 @@ were all out, as also Said. Presently I heard two gruff voices begin from the different parts of the room, in long and measured and doleful accents. One repeated, "There is no God but God, and Mahomet is the prophet -of God." The words were repeated very slowly and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-88"></a>[<a href="images/2-88.png">88</a>]</span> +of God." The words were repeated very slowly and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-88">88</a></span> solemnly, and at considerable intervals, "La - - lillah - - ella - - ellaha - - wa - - Mo-ham-med - - ra-soul - - ellaha!" The other voice uttered in equally grave and solemn @@ -18899,7 +18898,7 @@ On my return home I heard nothing, and said nothing. I took the precaution, however, of not allowing Said to leave the house when the Governor's slaves were out. I may mention now, that Ouweek's affair was entirely -smuggled up, and never even alluded to by the Sultan or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-89"></a>[<a href="images/2-89.png">89</a>]</span> +smuggled up, and never even alluded to by the Sultan or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-89">89</a></span> Khanouhen. The policy of Khanouhen is not to allow a suspicion of this sort to be whispered abroad. In his own words:—"We are hospitable, we are men of honour, @@ -18934,7 +18933,7 @@ Consul by the Queen. His pretensions are not exorbitant; he would be contented with fifty dollars a year. He might be useful. The difficulty would be official correspondence. The Touarghee Consul would be obliged -to employ an Arabic Secretary.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-90"></a>[<a href="images/2-90.png">90</a>]</span></p> +to employ an Arabic Secretary.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-90">90</a></span></p> <p>My young and kind Touarghee friend Sidi Omer, called this afternoon. He is more like an English @@ -18967,7 +18966,7 @@ recognize him, yet he occupied my attention, for his name was already inscribed with Christian letters in my book. He was so delighted, at the sight of his name in the book, that he sprung up, made a summerset on the -terrace, took up his sword and flourished it in the air,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-91"></a>[<a href="images/2-91.png">91</a>]</span> +terrace, took up his sword and flourished it in the air,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-91">91</a></span> and then sat down again, staring and grinning in my face as if he had been imbibing laughing gas. There is more negro blood and negro antics in him than the @@ -19017,7 +19016,7 @@ You fear no one when you come with me."</p> <p><i>Kandarka.</i>—"G— it's the truth!" (seizing hold of my hands to embrace me.)</p> -<p>I cannot but lament my feeble powers, to depict the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-92"></a>[<a href="images/2-92.png">92</a>]</span> +<p>I cannot but lament my feeble powers, to depict the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-92">92</a></span> character of my various visitors, and to represent their ideas in English. I am obliged to be content with a bald outline of their characters, and a miserable translation @@ -19050,7 +19049,7 @@ describes the appearance of the enemy, as covering the mountain's side, whence they sallied, with a white mantle, the Arabs were so thick and their burnouses so white. Berka was very gentle and affable, like every man of a -good old age. "You are welcome in this country," he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-93"></a>[<a href="images/2-93.png">93</a>]</span> +good old age. "You are welcome in this country," he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-93">93</a></span> addressed me; "this is a country of peace." Whilst conversing with the old Sheikh, I heard a gruff heavy whisper from the farther end of the hut, <i>Hash-Hālik</i>, @@ -19083,7 +19082,7 @@ and troops. This keeps down their boasting, for the French are near, and they are alarmed, and they think, as an Englishman, I must tell the truth when I praise the French. If I abused the French they might suspect me, -but I have no inclination to do so. At the same time,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-94"></a>[<a href="images/2-94.png">94</a>]</span> +but I have no inclination to do so. At the same time,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-94">94</a></span> I'll defy any traveller to write fairly and justly upon the late history of North Africa, without filling his pages with <i>bonâ fide</i> and well-founded abuse of the French and @@ -19117,7 +19116,7 @@ pieces he gave me, and the other he kept. He now, taking back my piece, called Said to return, and told him to put each piece of wood on each half of the sheep. My piece determined my half, and his piece his half. This -is the Arab <i>sortes sanctorum</i>. The butcher had sprinkled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-95"></a>[<a href="images/2-95.png">95</a>]</span> +is the Arab <i>sortes sanctorum</i>. The butcher had sprinkled<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-95">95</a></span> his hayk with the blood, a drop or two were on it, and he was distressed to wash them out lest they should prevent him saying his prayers. A portion of the @@ -19151,7 +19150,7 @@ Desert. <span class="smcap">patience</span>.</p> <p><i>6th.</i>—Sulky with the insolence of the rabble, and determined not to go out till the evening. A brother or cousin of Hateetah called to beg, and being in a bad -humour, I told him I was just going round the town to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-96"></a>[<a href="images/2-96.png">96</a>]</span> +humour, I told him I was just going round the town to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-96">96</a></span> ask for a few presents myself, in return for those I had given to the people. He was not abashed, but answered, "Good, good." He waited half an hour in silence, for @@ -19185,7 +19184,7 @@ remained for us to make the best of.</p> <p>It is now reported that every stranger will leave Ghat in five or six days, one ghafalah going to the south, -another to the north, one to the east, and another to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-97"></a>[<a href="images/2-97.png">97</a>]</span> +another to the north, one to the east, and another to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-97">97</a></span> the west. To these five or six days ten or twenty may be added. This is ordinary calculation of Desert time.</p> @@ -19220,7 +19219,7 @@ killed so many Christians in Algeira?" he demanded.</p> <p>"Yâkob," he continued, "come, let you and me fight, for it seems Mussulmans and Christians must fight. -Here, I'll lend you a spear,—take that" (giving me a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-98"></a>[<a href="images/2-98.png">98</a>]</span> +Here, I'll lend you a spear,—take that" (giving me a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-98">98</a></span> huge iron lance.) I took it, and turning to Bel-Kasem, said, "What's this cost?" so evading the challenge. "The price of a camel," shouted Bel-Kasem at the top @@ -19252,7 +19251,7 @@ Bel-Kasem now gave me a hint to fetch the money for Khanouhen. I was off and back in an instant, very glad to give the Sheikh the money according to our new compact. I put it into the hands of Bel-Kasem. "Go -out," said Bel-Kasem, "and see the fine parrots I have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-99"></a>[<a href="images/2-99.png">99</a>]</span> +out," said Bel-Kasem, "and see the fine parrots I have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-99">99</a></span> bought." I went out, and in the meanwhile the politic merchant slipped the money into the hands of the Prince. When I came back, they both began to ridicule @@ -19285,7 +19284,7 @@ classify their politics:—</p> <p>Marabout El-Haj Ahmed Ben El-Haj, Es-Sadeek, Governor of the town of Ghat.</p> <p>Ouweek (second-rate Sheikh).</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-100"></a>[<a href="images/2-100.png">100</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-100">100</a></span></p> <h4><span class="smcap">Aristocratic Faction.</span></h4> @@ -19319,7 +19318,7 @@ extending as far as Timbuctoo. To these, the Prince promised to commit me in case I determined to make a journey to Timbuctoo. Like Khanouhen, Jabour has two wives; one resides in Ghat, where the -Sheikh has a <i>town-house</i>, and the other in the country<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-101"></a>[<a href="images/2-101.png">101</a>]</span> +Sheikh has a <i>town-house</i>, and the other in the country<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-101">101</a></span> districts. He has, besides, four or five sons. I saw one of them, who was as much of an aristocrat as his father. The merchants assured me that Jabour's influence, more @@ -19353,7 +19352,7 @@ hundred shekels of iron," or is like—</p> </div></div> <p>Were I to adopt our present fanciful theories of accounting -for the origin and migration of nations, I should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-102"></a>[<a href="images/2-102.png">102</a>]</span> +for the origin and migration of nations, I should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-102">102</a></span> here have a fine field before me, and the Touarghee giants of The Sahara would become, by the transmuting fancy of our antiquarian theologians, the veritable Philistines @@ -19386,7 +19385,7 @@ Chieftains, the people supporting their respective leaders, the heads of their clans in the feudal style, and all these controlled by a Sultan or Sheikh-Kebir. The number of Sheikhs, when the lesser, or second and third-rate, -Sheikhs are included, is very considerable, and makes<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-103"></a>[<a href="images/2-103.png">103</a>]</span> +Sheikhs are included, is very considerable, and makes<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-103">103</a></span> the country, as the Governor says, "a country of Sheikhs." In their various districts, each greater Sheikh exercises a sovereign, if not independent authority. In @@ -19419,7 +19418,7 @@ a spear or lance in his right hand. Most of the spears have wooden shafts, but others are all metal, and mostly iron. Some are of fine and elegant workmanship, inlaid with brass, and of the value of a good maharee, or -thirty dollars. They have staves also, which they use as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-104"></a>[<a href="images/2-104.png">104</a>]</span> +thirty dollars. They have staves also, which they use as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-104">104</a></span> walking-sticks, or weapons of war, as it may be<a id="FNa_2-12"></a><a href="#FoN_2-12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>. These are their weapons of warfare. The matchlock they despise. "What can the enemy do with the gun against @@ -19444,7 +19443,7 @@ express law of the Koran.</p> camel, which is like the greyhound amongst dogs for swiftness and agility, and even shape, they train for war and riding like the horse. They do not rear the ordinary -variety of camel found in North Africa and on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-105"></a>[<a href="images/2-105.png">105</a>]</span> +variety of camel found in North Africa and on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-105">105</a></span> Coast. ‮مَه٘رِي‬ or ‮مَه٘رِ‬, are the two manners in which I have seen the Moorish talebs write this word in Arabic. An Arab philologist says, the term Maharee is @@ -19475,7 +19474,7 @@ Ibrahim kept one at Tripoli, which thrived very well, and was in good condition. It is, however, a very chilly animal, and seems to feel the cold as much as the Touarghee himself. In its healthy state it is full of fire -and energy, and always assumes the mastery over the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-106"></a>[<a href="images/2-106.png">106</a>]</span> +and energy, and always assumes the mastery over the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-106">106</a></span> camels of the Coast, biting them, and trying to prevent them from eating with it in circle like other camels. Mounted on his mahry, dressed out fantastically in various @@ -19507,7 +19506,7 @@ desert region of sand, and know every form of the sand-mountains as well by night as by day, the Touaricks had nevertheless the advantage over them, pursuing them better by night than by day, because the Genii were -their guides; and many Shânbah, who had hid them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-107"></a>[<a href="images/2-107.png">107</a>]</span>selves +their guides; and many Shânbah, who had hid them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-107">107</a></span>selves under the sand, were unburied by the Genii, and slain by the Touaricks.</p> @@ -19540,7 +19539,7 @@ The Desert, and his face to the civilized communities of the Coast, exclaim, on sight of the first prison and gibbet, "Thank God, I am out of the land of Barbarians, and have reached the land of Civilization!" Of fines, I -heard of no other case than that of the Sultan fining<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-108"></a>[<a href="images/2-108.png">108</a>]</span> +heard of no other case than that of the Sultan fining<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-108">108</a></span> two strangers a couple of dollars, whilst resident in Ghat.</p> @@ -19561,7 +19560,7 @@ have frequently passed this forest range of lances, and looked up fearfully to the dark enigmatical figures or shapes of human beings, reclining in the most profound death-like silence, not exchanging a word with one another. -A most trivial call of attention, a rustling or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-109"></a>[<a href="images/2-109.png">109</a>]</span> +A most trivial call of attention, a rustling or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-109">109</a></span> breath of an accident of novelty, nevertheless, is enough to put instant action and fire into these ranged masses of ice-congealed or stone statue-like warriors, who will then @@ -19594,7 +19593,7 @@ mission is coming, laden with presents, money and provisions, the danger is tenfold augmented, whilst an indigent person like myself is in comparative security. A single person has also his own advantages over a -mission of two or three, or more. He is his own master<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-110"></a>[<a href="images/2-110.png">110</a>]</span> +mission of two or three, or more. He is his own master<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-110">110</a></span> he is responsible alone for himself. Who knows, but what something disastrous had happened if I had had with me some hot-headed companion? A man will @@ -19627,7 +19626,7 @@ the climate, as well as under various vexations and annoyances. Amongst the latter, I have received nothing which I wrote for to Tripoli, to persons whom I considered friends of the mission, one thing excepted, and -certainly not the least thing, the money. (And I embrace<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-111"></a>[<a href="images/2-111.png">111</a>]</span> +certainly not the least thing, the money. (And I embrace<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-111">111</a></span> the opportunity of thanking gratefully Signor Francovich, Austrian merchant of Tripoli, for letting me have money whenever I asked him, promptly and immediately, and @@ -19662,7 +19661,7 @@ informing him of my intention to visit him at some future period. It is a mistake that, the taking of these Saharan princes unawares; they consider it infinitely more friendly to be written to beforehand. A stranger, -and especially a Christian, coming down upon them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-112"></a>[<a href="images/2-112.png">112</a>]</span> +and especially a Christian, coming down upon them<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-112">112</a></span> unexpectedly, excites suspicion which may never be afterwards removed. The Touarick Princes of Aheer are considered the only difficulty, so far as governments are @@ -19696,7 +19695,7 @@ protection, and so of the rest. The merchants pay for their protection from ten to twenty dollars, according to their means. Frequently a group of traders do not pay more than a single individual; some get off with paying -only a dollar. These demands on the merchants are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-113"></a>[<a href="images/2-113.png">113</a>]</span> +only a dollar. These demands on the merchants are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-113">113</a></span> certainly very moderate, and the Touaricks scarcely deserve the epithets of <i>exigeant</i> and extortionate which are so freely applied to them by the merchants. Haj @@ -19728,7 +19727,7 @@ Certainly, were it not for the high duties levied on merchandize at Mourzuk and Ghadames, many of the merchants of this Souk would visit those cities, and the Turks could not fail to benefit by this extra rendezvous -of merchants. Haj Ibrahim does not think the whole of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-114"></a>[<a href="images/2-114.png">114</a>]</span> +of merchants. Haj Ibrahim does not think the whole of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-114">114</a></span> what all the Sheikhs together collect as presents, at the annual Ghat Souk, to be more than 250 or 300 dollars. In case Great Britain should think it worth while to @@ -19757,7 +19756,7 @@ pretend to be.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-115"></a>[<a href="images/2-115.png">115</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-115">115</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2> <h3>CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN GHAT.</h3> @@ -19793,7 +19792,7 @@ Tunis, and the North coast, visited the Ghat Souk of this winter. The number of merchants, traders, and camel-drivers was about 500, the slaves imported from Soudan to Bornou about 1000, and the camels employed -in the caravans about 1050. Provision cara<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-116"></a>[<a href="images/2-116.png">116</a>]</span>vans +in the caravans about 1050. Provision cara<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-116">116</a></span>vans from Fezzan also were constantly coming to Ghat during the Souk. The main commerce of these caravans consisted of the staple exports, of slaves, @@ -19822,7 +19821,7 @@ Guinea corn; hard cheese from Aheer, which is pounded before eaten; beef, cut into shreds, and without salt, dried in the sun and wind; peppers of the most pungent character, an extremely small quantity sufficing to -season a large dish; a species of shell fruit, called by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-117"></a>[<a href="images/2-117.png">117</a>]</span> +season a large dish; a species of shell fruit, called by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-117">117</a></span> the Moors Soudan almonds<a id="FNa_2-14"></a><a href="#FoN_2-14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>; bakhour, or frankincense; and ghour nuts and koudah, which are masticated as tobacco. There is then, finally, the great cotton manufacture, @@ -19848,7 +19847,7 @@ cloth, but of the most ordinary sort, and, of showy colours, red, yellow, light green. Raw silk and brocades; beads, glass and composition; small, looking-glasses; wooden bracelets, fantastically painted; sword-blades; -needles<a id="FNa_2-15"></a><a href="#FoN_2-15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>; paper<a id="FNa_2-16"></a><a href="#FoN_2-16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>; razors; some spices, cloves, &c.;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-118"></a>[<a href="images/2-118.png">118</a>]</span> +needles<a id="FNa_2-15"></a><a href="#FoN_2-15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>; paper<a id="FNa_2-16"></a><a href="#FoN_2-16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>; razors; some spices, cloves, &c.;<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-118">118</a></span> attar of roses; carpet-rugs; "Indians," or coarse white cottons; bornouses and barracans, &c., &c. But it may be observed, all the European articles introduced into @@ -19875,7 +19874,7 @@ Spanish dollar, and four are the value of the current or ideal dollar, called the small dollar. The Soudanese merchants, who are accustomed to see this money brought from the western coast, flatly refuse all other -monies but the Spanish. There is not a great quantity<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-119"></a>[<a href="images/2-119.png">119</a>]</span> +monies but the Spanish. There is not a great quantity<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-119">119</a></span> of it here; merchants keep up the supply of this currency by exporting it from Touat and Morocco. No gold coins are in circulation, nor any copper. The @@ -19907,7 +19906,7 @@ different heaps of gold dust lying at a small distance from each other, against which the Moors place so many of their trinkets as they judge will be taken in exchange for them. If the Nigritians, the next morning, approve -of the bargain, they take up the trinkets and leave the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-120"></a>[<a href="images/2-120.png">120</a>]</span> +of the bargain, they take up the trinkets and leave the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-120">120</a></span> gold-dust, or else make some deductions from the latter. In this manner they transact their exchange without seeing one another, or without the least instance of dishonesty @@ -19938,7 +19937,7 @@ nearly all their lifetimes in Timbuctoo, and not far from the gold country, but they had never heard of this pretty primitive mode of barter. And yet the story has a real African or Negro look in it. One cannot positively -assert that something like this might not have existed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-121"></a>[<a href="images/2-121.png">121</a>]</span> +assert that something like this might not have existed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-121">121</a></span> amongst the Nigritians and their foreign exchangers of produce and merchandize. Let us hope, for the honesty of mankind, that the fable had a genuine origin.</p> @@ -19972,7 +19971,7 @@ the barley is principally for the horses, and the straw, when it is chopped into little pieces, is given to both horses and camels. The Touaricks show the greatest antipathy to the Arabs, more especially since the late -murderous attack of the Shânbah on their defenceless<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-122"></a>[<a href="images/2-122.png">122</a>]</span> +murderous attack of the Shânbah on their defenceless<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-122">122</a></span> countrymen. Some of the Touaricks go so far as to say, "Mahomet was not an Arab." My Touarghee friend Omer quarrelled violently with two Souf Arabs, who @@ -20001,7 +20000,7 @@ Touaricks for their use of spoons. In the open country, when a Touarghee has finished his meal he drives the handle into the sand to keep the lower part dry. These spoons are all made in Soudan, and are extremely neat, -the shaft of the spoon being very much bent, and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-123"></a>[<a href="images/2-123.png">123</a>]</span> +the shaft of the spoon being very much bent, and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-123">123</a></span> bottom very large and deepened in. His Highness now told me he should send a present to the Queen, and asked me if I would take a maharee. This I declined, @@ -20033,7 +20032,7 @@ a year?" (Several of the Sheikhs nodded assent.) the traffic in slaves here, perhaps the English would give them three thousand dollars per annum." They all laughed at this, and the merchant of Ghat took upon himself -to say, for the Sultan and the Sheikhs, "Bring the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-124"></a>[<a href="images/2-124.png">124</a>]</span> +to say, for the Sultan and the Sheikhs, "Bring the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-124">124</a></span> money." To this I rejoined, "But see now, I can't interfere, I'm not the English Consul; Hateetah (turning to him) is the English Consul, let him write for Shafou, @@ -20066,7 +20065,7 @@ English Consul's influence will evaporate in smoke.</p> <p><i>11th.</i>—Called upon the Governor and met there Haj Abdullah of Bengazi. Persuaded him to wait till to-morrow and take me with him to Mourzuk. Then called -on Hateetah, who would not consent to this. He says,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-125"></a>[<a href="images/2-125.png">125</a>]</span> +on Hateetah, who would not consent to this. He says,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-125">125</a></span> "I must not go this way with a couple of people through The Desert. I must go either with him or his brother in the course of a few days, carrying the presents of @@ -20098,7 +20097,7 @@ previous evening. Some of them still most richly deserve this character. The Touaricks are so alarmed at the cold that there is no prospect of their marching out against the Shânbah for weeks yet. Several Touarghee -camel-drivers will wait for the summer caravan before<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-126"></a>[<a href="images/2-126.png">126</a>]</span> +camel-drivers will wait for the summer caravan before<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-126">126</a></span> they undertake the journey to Aheer, on which route the cold is often severe at this season.</p> @@ -20141,7 +20140,7 @@ the Sultan.</p> was this strange business, I heard His Highness knocking at the door, who, with the messenger, immediately ascended the terrace. The old gentleman, on entering -my room, refused my most pressing invitation to sit<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-127"></a>[<a href="images/2-127.png">127</a>]</span> +my room, refused my most pressing invitation to sit<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-127">127</a></span> down on the ottoman, preferring from sheer modesty to sit upon a skin stretched on the floor. His Highness sat silent a few minutes, looking very good-natured. As @@ -20170,7 +20169,7 @@ to her yourself." I promised I would if I had an opportunity, not attempting to dispute a moment such pretensions. I simply recollected the Khan of Tartary, who, after dining himself, went out and ordered his -servant to proclaim to all the monarchs of earth his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-128"></a>[<a href="images/2-128.png">128</a>]</span> +servant to proclaim to all the monarchs of earth his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-128">128</a></span> permission for them to dine, now that he had finished his own dinner. I told His Highness, I thought I should return next year; on which he said, "Well do, I'll conduct @@ -20203,7 +20202,7 @@ the Touaricks of Ghat with one dollar!</p> me a trick. He came running back, and said:—"See this dagger, this belongs to Khanouhen; he says you must give him half a dollar." I simply replied to the -fellow, "I know nothing about it." I was convinced<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-129"></a>[<a href="images/2-129.png">129</a>]</span> +fellow, "I know nothing about it." I was convinced<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-129">129</a></span> Khanouhen would never send such a message. I laughed however at this fashion of sending about daggers. It had something in it of the style of presenting a pistol to @@ -20241,7 +20240,7 @@ Ghadames.</p> afraid, and distrust Touaricks; and both these are afraid of, and distrust Turks. There is no mutual confidence in these various Mahometan people. Nevertheless, -except the Shânbah incursions, everything goes on pretty<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-130"></a>[<a href="images/2-130.png">130</a>]</span> +except the Shânbah incursions, everything goes on pretty<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-130">130</a></span> quietly, and I hear of no murders, or acts of violence, in this region of The Sahara. There is certainly no Irish or Indian Thuggism amongst Saharan barbarians.</p> @@ -20274,7 +20273,7 @@ was very angry. "Who is Shafou?" he peremptorily asked. "He is nothing. You have given him a large present, and me very little. Now, if any body hurts you, I shall be silent." I took no notice whatever of this -ungracious speech. A son of the Governor paid me a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-131"></a>[<a href="images/2-131.png">131</a>]</span> +ungracious speech. A son of the Governor paid me a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-131">131</a></span> visit on my return, and was very saucy, calling me a Kafer. I instantly turned him out of the house. Then came in my young Touarghee friend, which was a positive @@ -20307,7 +20306,7 @@ cylinder is now covered over to retain the heat. In a few minutes the covering is removed, and the new-baked bread is pulled or peeled off the sides of the fast-cooling cylinder. But sometimes there is heat for baking two -batches of bread. Bread is frequently piled up, layer upon<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-132"></a>[<a href="images/2-132.png">132</a>]</span> +batches of bread. Bread is frequently piled up, layer upon<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-132">132</a></span> layer, like pancakes, in a bowl, and a strong highly-seasoned sauce with oil or liquid butter is poured upon it; from which bowl it is eaten, and called <i>âesh</i>, or "the evening @@ -20340,7 +20339,7 @@ the maxims and polity of Christian nations. I thought it as well, since he assumed to be the Representative of Her Majesty here in Ghat, just to remind him, (for I thought I had told him before,) there was a Queen in -England, and that Her Majesty was his master. This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-133"></a>[<a href="images/2-133.png">133</a>]</span> +England, and that Her Majesty was his master. This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-133">133</a></span> greatly shocked Her Majesty's Touarghee Consul, and he asked, "Whether the Queen cut off heads?" I told Her Majesty's Consul, the servants of Government @@ -20372,7 +20371,7 @@ crack over the head, he was let off, promising to do so no more. The lower Moors and Touaricks, both here and at Ghadames, teach the slaves to call Christians kafer, "infidel." The blacksmiths, near Hateetah's house, -mostly salute me as I pass by them, with "There's no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-134"></a>[<a href="images/2-134.png">134</a>]</span> +mostly salute me as I pass by them, with "There's no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-134">134</a></span> God," &c. Sometimes they are extremely insolent. Any resistance to this zeal for The Prophet, would be putting your head into the fire. It would not be quite so bad @@ -20405,7 +20404,7 @@ but a taleb. "Ah! good," said the Prince, giving me his hand. "But when you die, where are you going to? Are you and I going together on the same camel, or do you take one route of The Desert and I another, with -different camels?" I replied, "What is the use of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-135"></a>[<a href="images/2-135.png">135</a>]</span> +different camels?" I replied, "What is the use of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-135">135</a></span> such conjectures?" "Right," said the Prince, "don't you remember (turning to Bel Kasem) that Wahabite the people had here, and how they buffeted him, about? @@ -20438,7 +20437,7 @@ of half a dozen people. Found Said crying to-day. the Touaricks will kill you and cut you into bits, and I shall be again made a slave. I wish to return to Ghadames with the Ghadamsee ghafalah." I had often -caught Said crying, and I imagine his grief came from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-136"></a>[<a href="images/2-136.png">136</a>]</span> +caught Said crying, and I imagine his grief came from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-136">136</a></span> the same source. I now told him positively I was about to return to Fezzan, and never observed him crying afterwards. As at Ghadames, Said is here a great man @@ -20471,7 +20470,7 @@ merchant of the Souk sewing up shirts and chemises for his slaves.</p> <p><i>17th.</i>—Shafou left this morning for the country districts. -The quiet old gentleman has had enough of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-137"></a>[<a href="images/2-137.png">137</a>]</span> +The quiet old gentleman has had enough of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-137">137</a></span> bustle of the Souk, which still continues. His Highness, before his departure, arranged for the Queen's letter and the presents. Called early upon the Governor, and @@ -20503,7 +20502,7 @@ the conduct of the Maroquines towards the Jews ought not now to be permitted by the Governments of France and England. A missionary to the Jews, (himself a converted Jew,) who visited Tangier with me, could not -help exclaiming, on seeing how badly the native Jews<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-138"></a>[<a href="images/2-138.png">138</a>]</span> +help exclaiming, on seeing how badly the native Jews<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-138">138</a></span> were treated, "God give the French success in Algeria!" It is difficult for a philanthropic mind to suppress such feelings, whatever our national prejudices, and how much @@ -20536,7 +20535,7 @@ reason, for apparently the Touarick and Berber tribes are descended from one original family, or stock of people. The fairest conclusion is, that they are the descendants of the ancient Numidian tribes. The -Arabic terms employed here to name the Touaricks are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-139"></a>[<a href="images/2-139.png">139</a>]</span> +Arabic terms employed here to name the Touaricks are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-139">139</a></span> ‮توارق‬ plural and ‮توارقي‬ singular. Vulgarly a Touarick is called <i>Targhee</i> (‮ترقي‬), by the Touaricks themselves, as well as by the Moors and Arabs. Indeed, Targhee @@ -20570,7 +20569,7 @@ The principal of them are Ghat, Aheer, and Aghadez, in the east, Touat and Timbuctoo, in the west. We have the three principal cities of Ghat, Aheer, and Aghadez, besides numerous villages, in Western Sahara, entirely -under the authority of the Touaricks. Everywhere they<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-140"></a>[<a href="images/2-140.png">140</a>]</span> +under the authority of the Touaricks. Everywhere they<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-140">140</a></span> inhabit the agricultural districts of the open desert. I have not heard of Touaricks on the western line of the Atlantic Ocean. Captain Riley speaks only of wandering @@ -20600,7 +20599,7 @@ subdivision of territory and tribes of people. The subdivisions of Ghat tribes are the following:—Tinilleum, Aiaum, Dugarab, Sacana, Dugabakar, Auragan, Muasatan, Ghiseban, Elararan, Filelen, Francanan, Botanetum, -Skinimen, Deradrinan, Mucarahsen, Keltrubran,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-141"></a>[<a href="images/2-141.png">141</a>]</span> +Skinimen, Deradrinan, Mucarahsen, Keltrubran,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-141">141</a></span> Keltunii, Chelgenet, Ilemtein<a id="FNa_2-21"></a><a href="#FoN_2-21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>. These various sections of Touaricks, who wander through the vast wilderness of Sahara, or are located in its oases, may be distinguished @@ -20629,7 +20628,7 @@ control. I may add a few words upon their country and chief places, Aheer and Aghadez.</p> <p><i>Aheer</i>, or <i>Ahir</i>, ‮اهير‬ and which is often incorrectly -spelt on the maps Aïr, is the name of a town and very<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-142"></a>[<a href="images/2-142.png">142</a>]</span> +spelt on the maps Aïr, is the name of a town and very<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-142">142</a></span> populous district, including within its territory or jurisdiction the city of Aghadez. Aheer is also called Azben, and its district Azbenouwa ‮ازبنوة‬—‮ازبن‬ @@ -20660,7 +20659,7 @@ is very great and profitable. Asouty is the principal town of the Aheer districts, and was formerly the capital of all the Kylouy Touaricks. No less than a thousand houses are now seen abandoned and in ruins. Here in -former times all the Soudan trade was carried on and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-143"></a>[<a href="images/2-143.png">143</a>]</span> +former times all the Soudan trade was carried on and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-143">143</a></span> concentrated; its population is still considerable. The houses are nearly all constructed of hasheesh, or straw huts, and the city is without walls. Nevertheless, the @@ -20693,7 +20692,7 @@ Touaricks of Aheer, discovered the hiding places of the Touaricks' forage, carried off or destroyed the supplies, and reduced a large salt-caravan to the greatest extremities; hundreds of camels perished from hunger. -These salt-caravans are sometimes a thousand and two<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-144"></a>[<a href="images/2-144.png">144</a>]</span> +These salt-caravans are sometimes a thousand and two<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-144">144</a></span> thousand strong. The greater part of Housa and the neighbouring provinces is supplied with salt from Bilma.</p> @@ -20726,7 +20725,7 @@ The most interesting district near Aghadez is that of convertible,) consisting of an exceedingly lofty mountain, requiring a full day's journey for its ascent. This mountain figures on the map under the ancient name of -Usugala Mons, but for what reason God knows. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-145"></a>[<a href="images/2-145.png">145</a>]</span> +Usugala Mons, but for what reason God knows. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-145">145</a></span> town is placed a good way towards its loftiest heights, the most of which heights are both cultivated and inhabited, and there is abundance of trees, grain, and fruits. @@ -20760,7 +20759,7 @@ lvi. <i>chap.</i></p></div> <p>It will be observed, that under the name of <i>Targa Popolo</i>, no mention is made of the Touaricks of Ghat. -Indeed, all the notices of the Renegade Tourist on this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-146"></a>[<a href="images/2-146.png">146</a>]</span> +Indeed, all the notices of the Renegade Tourist on this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-146">146</a></span> part of Africa, are extremely meagre and unsatisfactory. As to his divisions of The Sahara into so many deserts, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, &c., this is all arbitrary and most @@ -20794,7 +20793,7 @@ innocent, a little matter made me happy. Sing on you pretty little things, tune your wild Saharan notes, for you gladden my sad heart!</p> -<p><i>18th.</i>—A fine warm sunny day. The departure of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-147"></a>[<a href="images/2-147.png">147</a>]</span> +<p><i>18th.</i>—A fine warm sunny day. The departure of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-147">147</a></span> the ghafalah is now fixed for the 27th. According to some accounts, 8000 Touaricks are being mustered, to march against the Shânbah. The Touaricks evidently @@ -20827,7 +20826,7 @@ Kanou and Succatou merchants, who with violent gestures were disputing the progress of the bargain inch by inch. Here was a great assortment of rubbish, for I can't call very coarse paper, green baize cloth, glass and -earthen composition beads, bad razors, and a few common<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-148"></a>[<a href="images/2-148.png">148</a>]</span> +earthen composition beads, bad razors, and a few common<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-148">148</a></span> woollens, and some very inferior raw silk, merchandize. And such rubbish was offered in exchange for a group of God's creatures, with his divine image stamped upon @@ -20859,7 +20858,7 @@ every kind of noise, for Haj Ibrahim, disgusted with the business, (he was a fair-dealing man though a slave-dealer,) said to Omer, his Arab servant:—"Tell them to be off, and take their slaves with them." Now interposed -a merchant of Ghat, and a friend of the Sou<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-149"></a>[<a href="images/2-149.png">149</a>]</span>danese, +a merchant of Ghat, and a friend of the Sou<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-149">149</a></span>danese, who thus <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'upraided'">upbraided</ins> them:—"Fools that you are! Do you think Haj Ibrahim is a cheat? Haj Ibrahim gets nothing by you; Haj Ibrahim buys your @@ -20892,7 +20891,7 @@ At any rate, large bundles of senna are left out in the suburbs, night after night, and in the open fields amongst the sand, and no one touches a leaf of it. This could neither be done in Tunis, nor in Tripoli. The Touaricks -are beggars, but not thieves; they will also beg hard and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-150"></a>[<a href="images/2-150.png">150</a>]</span> +are beggars, but not thieves; they will also beg hard and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-150">150</a></span> with authority. Rarely, however, will a Touarghee take anything away from you without your knowledge. So, if Touaricks are poor, they are honest, which is so seldom @@ -20925,7 +20924,7 @@ smiling with benignity, "you must drink ghusub water with me, not I with you. This is the fashion of us Touaricks." Ghusub water, is water poured on ghusub grain after the grain has been par-boiled or otherwise -prepared. A milky substance oozes from the grain, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-151"></a>[<a href="images/2-151.png">151</a>]</span> +prepared. A milky substance oozes from the grain, and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-151">151</a></span> makes a very cooling pleasant beverage. Saharan merchants prize the ghusub water chiefly for its cooling quality in summer. A few dates are pounded with the @@ -20988,7 +20987,7 @@ these may be added <i>Haioun</i>, a tribe of Marabouts.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-152"></a>[<a href="images/2-152.png">152</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-152">152</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2> <h3>CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN GHAT.</h3> @@ -21025,7 +21024,7 @@ in The Scriptures.</p> <p>"And she said, As the Lord thy God liveth, I have not a cake, but an handful of meal in a barrel, and a -little oil in a cruse: and, behold, I am gathering two<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-153"></a>[<a href="images/2-153.png">153</a>]</span> +little oil in a cruse: and, behold, I am gathering two<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-153">153</a></span> sticks, that I may go and dress it for me and my son, that we may eat it, and die." (1 Kings xvii. 12.) We have in Sahara parallel ideas to all and every part of this @@ -21059,7 +21058,7 @@ another. Every person who is conversant with Eastern pictures and scenes in Arabic has met with a scrap of poetry of some sort or other, in which the Arab woos his mistress, by comparing her loved eyes to the fine -dark full eye of the gazelle. An Arab also, like us<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-154"></a>[<a href="images/2-154.png">154</a>]</span> +dark full eye of the gazelle. An Arab also, like us<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-154">154</a></span> Europeans, calls a cunning fellow "an old fox," and stupid fellow "a donkey."</p> @@ -21094,7 +21093,7 @@ host, were obliged to make this promise, for if all had drank, they would soon have emptied the wells, and left the people of the country without water, and their flocks and cattle to die of thirst. The caravans now returning -to Ghadames are obliged to go in very small numbers,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-155"></a>[<a href="images/2-155.png">155</a>]</span> +to Ghadames are obliged to go in very small numbers,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-155">155</a></span> that they may not exhaust the wells. Having many slaves with them more water is required, which they cannot in any way dispense with. The Israelites @@ -21128,7 +21127,7 @@ and sold every day. It is the famous and much abused text of the slave dealers of the last three centuries, and is now continually quoted in the pulpits of the United States parsons, who, like the devil himself, quote -Scripture to support the wickedness of themselves and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-156"></a>[<a href="images/2-156.png">156</a>]</span> +Scripture to support the wickedness of themselves and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-156">156</a></span> their slave-holding and man-selling countrymen. The most approved commentators properly apply the text to the Canaanites, whom Providence afterwards dispossessed @@ -21161,7 +21160,7 @@ with their Republican neighbours. The Black Indians, following the precept and example of the White Republicans, have now an immense number of slaves; and in this case, it is not the more civilized who holds his fellow -man in bondage, but the less civilized, indeed, savages.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-157"></a>[<a href="images/2-157.png">157</a>]</span> +man in bondage, but the less civilized, indeed, savages.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-157">157</a></span> So the world is improving and progressing in the Western Hemisphere! The Southern Ocean is peopled with many tribes as black as Negroes. But to return to the @@ -21196,7 +21195,7 @@ the lineal descendants of the accursed Ham!</p> <p>Mizraim was the father of the Egyptians. These ancient and celebrated people, whose country was the -cradle of civilization, cannot surely be branded as the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-158"></a>[<a href="images/2-158.png">158</a>]</span> +cradle of civilization, cannot surely be branded as the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-158">158</a></span> slaves of the human race! This was also the lineal descendant of the accursed Ham!</p> @@ -21229,7 +21228,7 @@ peopled from Cush or Ethiopia, and that this Cush, who peopled that portion of the Continent, was the son of Ham. To this I have already replied, that the curse was pronounced not on Cush, but on Canaan his brother, -and it is arguing in a circle to extend the subject. After<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-159"></a>[<a href="images/2-159.png">159</a>]</span> +and it is arguing in a circle to extend the subject. After<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-159">159</a></span> all, we are not sure that Central Africa, and the western coast, the theatre of the principal trade, was peopled from Ethiopia. Where is the proof? And besides, @@ -21264,7 +21263,7 @@ there can be no doubt of the application of the term to both these relations of ancient society. The word corresponds to ‮עבד‬ in the Hebrew, and ‮عبد‬ in the Arabic, both being the same consonants, which terms are used, according -to their application, to denote both slaves and servants.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-160"></a>[<a href="images/2-160.png">160</a>]</span> +to their application, to denote both slaves and servants.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-160">160</a></span> Slavery existed amongst the Jews as amongst the Greeks and Romans, in the beginning of the Christian era; so we have allusions to "the bond and the free," as well as @@ -21296,7 +21295,7 @@ was good or right for them and their state of society, may not be good or right for us and our society. The liberties of mankind require to be guarded in these our days by the most intense hatred, and the broadest and -clearest denunciations of slavery, in every shape and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-161"></a>[<a href="images/2-161.png">161</a>]</span> +clearest denunciations of slavery, in every shape and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-161">161</a></span> mode of its developement. But let any people imbibe the spirit of Christianity, and slavery cannot exist amongst them; let all nations imbibe the spirit of Christianity, @@ -21329,7 +21328,7 @@ dispatched in his last mission. Daboo is the Sultan of Kanou, and Ghareema, Sultan of Kashna, but both subjected to the Succatou Sultan. Besides these cities, the districts of Beetschee, Kaferda, Kasada, Sabongharee, Ghouber, -Dell, Yakoba and Noufee, besides other provinces,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-162"></a>[<a href="images/2-162.png">162</a>]</span> +Dell, Yakoba and Noufee, besides other provinces,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-162">162</a></span> including a vast extent of territory, are subjected to the Fullan dynasty of Succatou. But it is extremely difficult to get correct information from these Soudanese merchants, @@ -21362,7 +21361,7 @@ of the Governor's sons goes to Soudan with the return of the caravan, a lad not more than ten years of age; he is to bring back merchandize as a regular trader. A little urchin of a Touarick, not more than nine years, -came up to-day with his mother and asked me, "Why I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-163"></a>[<a href="images/2-163.png">163</a>]</span> +came up to-day with his mother and asked me, "Why I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-163">163</a></span> did not know Mahomet?" but without waiting for a reply, set on cursing me. It is amazing how well these youngsters have learnt this lesson, and how soon! for @@ -21383,7 +21382,7 @@ which is esteemed a great curiosity in this country. It gladdened his heart so much, that I believe he would now go through fire and water for me. He wanted to take me to Soudan by main force. He went away, and -returned with some hard cheese made at Aheer, little<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-164"></a>[<a href="images/2-164.png">164</a>]</span> +returned with some hard cheese made at Aheer, little<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-164">164</a></span> squares somewhat smaller than Dutch tiles, which he presented in acknowledgment. I have had but few returns for the great variety of things I have given away @@ -21417,7 +21416,7 @@ caught an epidemic fever.</p> displayed his hospitality by giving me zumeeta made with dates and sour milk. Took the opportunity of asking him about the origin of the Touaricks. He pretends -they are of Arab extraction. On inquiring how<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-165"></a>[<a href="images/2-165.png">165</a>]</span> +they are of Arab extraction. On inquiring how<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-165">165</a></span> they lost their language, whilst all the Arabian tribes retained theirs, his Excellency replied, "They have learnt Touarghee as you have learnt Arabic." This is extremely @@ -21451,7 +21450,7 @@ the scene of eternal desolation! . . . . . .</p> <p>Evening, whilst visiting Haj Ibrahim, who continues unusually kind to me, came in our funny friend, the famous Aheer camel-driver, Kandarka. This Kylouy -is a great favourite with all, the Governor excepted.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-166"></a>[<a href="images/2-166.png">166</a>]</span> +is a great favourite with all, the Governor excepted.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-166">166</a></span> People praise his undaunted courage and say, "If a troop of fifty robbers were to attack Kandarka alone, he would still resist them." He has shown himself very friendly @@ -21485,7 +21484,7 @@ peradventure he finds water, has the privilege of giving to it his own name. There is one on the route from Mourzuk to Tripoli called <i>Mukni</i> or <i>Beer-Mukni</i>, from the great merchant who dug the well. So the name of -the city of Timbuctoo is said by some to be derived from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-167"></a>[<a href="images/2-167.png">167</a>]</span> +the city of Timbuctoo is said by some to be derived from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-167">167</a></span> the Berber Word <i>teen</i>, "well", and <i>Buktu</i>, the name of the person who on its present site dug a well for the rendezvous or casual supply of passing caravans. But this @@ -21520,7 +21519,7 @@ the watchman went up to the roof over the gate unto the wall and lifted up his eyes," &c. (part of the verses above cited). When a spy was sent from Ghadames to watch the Shânbah and their approaches round the -country, on the eve of my departure from that place,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-168"></a>[<a href="images/2-168.png">168</a>]</span> +country, on the eve of my departure from that place,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-168">168</a></span> people went up a ruined tower, situated on a high ground, and apparently built specially for the purpose, <i>to watch</i> the return of the spy. I have seen several of these @@ -21554,7 +21553,7 @@ and stare boldly at my wife. No, I cover my face all over, and sit down gently by her side, waiting till she speaks with all patience. When she speaks, I speak, because I know then that she is willing to speak. It is -very indecent to go to your wife with your face un<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-169"></a>[<a href="images/2-169.png">169</a>]</span>covered." +very indecent to go to your wife with your face un<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-169">169</a></span>covered." In fact, generally amongst the Touaricks, the men have their faces covered and the women their faces uncovered. The reverse of what we find in other @@ -21588,7 +21587,7 @@ pages. He sighed, nay, literally groaned, at the profanity of having our infidel religion translated into the holy Arabic language. The Shereef told me Arabic would be the language of heaven. The Jews tell us it -will be <i>Hebrew</i>, (or ‮לשן הקדש‬). The Latin Church has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-170"></a>[<a href="images/2-170.png">170</a>]</span> +will be <i>Hebrew</i>, (or ‮לשן הקדש‬). The Latin Church has<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-170">170</a></span> its holy Latin, and a <i>trilingual</i> bible of "<i>Hebrew, Latin, Greek</i>," was said by pious fathers of that Church, to represent "Christ crucified between two thieves." The @@ -21625,7 +21624,7 @@ his old age.</p> <p><i>Sheikh Berka.</i>—"Medicine for my eyes."</p> -<p><i>The writer.</i>—"Here is some powder, you must<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-171"></a>[<a href="images/2-171.png">171</a>]</span> +<p><i>The writer.</i>—"Here is some powder, you must<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-171">171</a></span> mix it with a bowl of water; but take care, it's poisonous."</p> <p><i>Sheikh Berka.</i>—"Good God, Christian! take it back, @@ -21661,7 +21660,7 @@ All about him? Is this the English Consul? Does your Sultan own him?" Khanouhen pressed him so hard, that I ran off to save Hateetah's feelings, all the people roaring with laughter, and calling me back.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-172"></a>[<a href="images/2-172.png">172</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-172">172</a></span></p> <p>Afternoon saw the Governor. His Excellency lavished his hospitality on me. He gave me coffee, dried Soudan beef cut up into shreds, and some of the @@ -21693,7 +21692,7 @@ money-getting ambitious fellow I have not found in The Desert. The report which I heard of the Governor of Ghat being changed whilst at Ghadames, was a sham abdication on his part. From domestic matters he proceeded -to talk of politics. His Excellency is always<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-173"></a>[<a href="images/2-173.png">173</a>]</span> +to talk of politics. His Excellency is always<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-173">173</a></span> anxious to give an immense idea of the fighting qualities and numbers of the Touaricks. He wishes me to make a favourable report of them, and his position at Ghat, @@ -21726,7 +21725,7 @@ have innumerable hosts, as the sand-grains of The Desert are innumerable!" He then asked silly questions as to whether the Turks could beat the Christians in fighting. I told him plainly, the Turks now learnt the -art of war from the Christians, and the latter were not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-174"></a>[<a href="images/2-174.png">174</a>]</span> +art of war from the Christians, and the latter were not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-174">174</a></span> only superior to them, but to all Mohammedans whatever, Arabs or Touaricks, Kabyles, or what not, recommending his Excellency not to credit the absurd reports @@ -21760,7 +21759,7 @@ to convey some of the Haj's merchandize to Kanou, as being the bravest and most trust-worthy of all the Aheer camel-drivers.</p> -<p><i>27th.</i>—I'm out of my reckonings with the Moors by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-175"></a>[<a href="images/2-175.png">175</a>]</span> +<p><i>27th.</i>—I'm out of my reckonings with the Moors by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-175">175</a></span> some mistake or other, of them or me, for I'm Monday, and they're Tuesday. Their month and our month, like our respective religions, is also in continual collision, @@ -21792,7 +21791,7 @@ Haj Ibrahim observed:—"I have given Berka twenty dollars, and some other presents, and I cannot give any thing to his oulad ('sons.')" The Giant would hear none of this, insisted upon a present for himself, and swore by -all the sacred names of the Deity, frequently using his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-176"></a>[<a href="images/2-176.png">176</a>]</span> +all the sacred names of the Deity, frequently using his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-176">176</a></span> favourite oath, "Allah Akbar!" After an hour's debating, it was agreed that, for the future, Berka, if he lived till another year, (for the aged chieftain is "tottering @@ -21825,7 +21824,7 @@ Two of his slaves quarrelled, and last night, whilst one was fast asleep, the other went stealthily and fetched a shovelful of burning wood ashes, and poured them over the sleeping slave's face, tongue, and neck! -He is suffering sadly, and Mustapha has called for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-177"></a>[<a href="images/2-177.png">177</a>]</span> +He is suffering sadly, and Mustapha has called for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-177">177</a></span> medicine. So act these poor creatures, the victims of a common misfortune. How cruel is man to his brother! In all situations, man is his own enemy! This incident @@ -21857,7 +21856,7 @@ long are these things to last? . . . Till doomsday? . . . Bu did not Jupiter give Pandora the box with hope at the bottom? . . . To be serious, would not a million or two of the Rothschilds be well spent in -buying the freedom of the Morocco Jews? Could a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-178"></a>[<a href="images/2-178.png">178</a>]</span> +buying the freedom of the Morocco Jews? Could a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-178">178</a></span> patriotic Jew do any thing which, in the last moment of his life, would produce more and such satisfactory reflections? It is to be hoped that the patriotic Jews of Europe are @@ -21891,7 +21890,7 @@ children a happy and contented disposition.</p> <p><i>29th.</i>—A fine morning; weather warm, cold seems to have left us altogether. I have discussed the "vexed question," with the Soudanese and Saharan merchants, as -to how the ostrich is hunted and caught. In Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-179"></a>[<a href="images/2-179.png">179</a>]</span> +to how the ostrich is hunted and caught. In Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-179">179</a></span> the ostrich is snared by small cords, the bird getting its legs into the nooses. The trap is a quantity of herbage laid over the cordage. Here the Negro waits for his @@ -21923,7 +21922,7 @@ Merchants often questioned me as to what we did with ostrich feathers, people making no particular use of them in Sahara. When I told them our ladies adorned their heads with ostrich feathers, they laughed heartily, adding, -"How ridiculous!" We laugh at their sable beauties<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-180"></a>[<a href="images/2-180.png">180</a>]</span> +"How ridiculous!" We laugh at their sable beauties<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-180">180</a></span> adorning their necks and bosoms with trumpery glass-beads, and they laugh at our red and white beauties adorning their heads with ostrich feathers. The Chinese @@ -21956,7 +21955,7 @@ any one. We never saw a Christian in our country, and we wish to see one."</p> <p>Evening, a ghafalah from Aheer has arrived, bringing -sixty camel-loads of senna, and ten of elephants' teeth.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-181"></a>[<a href="images/2-181.png">181</a>]</span> +sixty camel-loads of senna, and ten of elephants' teeth.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-181">181</a></span> A courier is also come from Touat, with the intelligence that the Shânbah, instead of fleeing away from the threatened attack of the Touaricks, had boldly appeared @@ -21989,7 +21988,7 @@ from Haj Ibrahim. The Sheikh sent twice for the sugar, and yesterday, when some of his people visited the merchant, they said to him, "Where is the sugar of The Christian? It is not right for Yâkob to treat us thus. -Christians never lie." A Christian tourist must never<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-182"></a>[<a href="images/2-182.png">182</a>]</span> +Christians never lie." A Christian tourist must never<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-182">182</a></span> follow the example of a Mahometan in this country, that is, of always promising and never refusing, because it is disagreeable to refuse. In the above case, however, my @@ -22022,7 +22021,7 @@ the clouds and condense them into rain, and the rocky region is full of beautiful springs and foaming cascades, of eternal freshness. There is, however, the dreaded plain of <i>Tenezrouft</i> (‮تنزروفت‬) to be traversed, eight -days without water for man, or herbage for camels. This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-183"></a>[<a href="images/2-183.png">183</a>]</span> +days without water for man, or herbage for camels. This<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-183">183</a></span> is the grand difficulty in getting to Timbuctoo from the north. The Sheikh went so far as to insure my safety to Timbuctoo and back. He then observed, "All the @@ -22054,7 +22053,7 @@ He swore solemnly he would cut the merchant's throat on the road if he did not give him five or ten dollars. I laughed at this petulant sally, and said, "Yes, cut his throat; you will do better than Ouweek." -This was too much for Hateetah, who was trying, but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-184"></a>[<a href="images/2-184.png">184</a>]</span> +This was too much for Hateetah, who was trying, but<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-184">184</a></span> apparently unable, to work himself up into a passion, and he couldn't help breaking down; so taking me by the hand, he said, "Do you believe me?" He was in @@ -22088,7 +22087,7 @@ and suiting the action to the word, the Aheer camel-driver set to and caricatured the Touaricks of Ghat in general, and the Sultan Shafou in particular. His topic was the Shânbah war, the everlasting theme now in Ghat. -The camel-driver mimicked and satirized the aged Sultan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-185"></a>[<a href="images/2-185.png">185</a>]</span> +The camel-driver mimicked and satirized the aged Sultan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-185">185</a></span> by taking up a walking-stick and walking in a stooping posture, leaning on the staff, begging from door to door, knocking at the door of the room in which we were @@ -22120,7 +22119,7 @@ there's no camel big enough to carry him. He'll fall down on the road and rot like a dog." This is amply sufficient to show that satire is not an European monopoly, but grows indigenous to The Desert. I asked -the Governor what he should do if the Shânbah should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-186"></a>[<a href="images/2-186.png">186</a>]</span> +the Governor what he should do if the Shânbah should<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-186">186</a></span> come up against Ghat, recommending him to secure his doors well and prepare for defence. He replied, "I'm a Marabout." But this character would not screen him @@ -22153,7 +22152,7 @@ heard from the merchants of Ghadames how I had examined the heads of the servants of Rais Mustapha. This child could not walk, having no strength in his limbs. The brain was pushed backwards and forwards, very flat -on the sides, and sharp at the top of the head, leaving a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-187"></a>[<a href="images/2-187.png">187</a>]</span> +on the sides, and sharp at the top of the head, leaving a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-187">187</a></span> very miserable portion in the central regions. The entire nervous system was evidently deranged. The Governor had no difficulty in crediting my power of divination @@ -22185,7 +22184,7 @@ I only shall remain to go with you." He informed me the place of rendezvous is Dēdā, or Dēdē, three or four days westward from Ghat. Shafou and Khanouhen are there, and an immense congregation of all the tribes -is sitting in council and debate. Shafou has sent a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-188"></a>[<a href="images/2-188.png">188</a>]</span> +is sitting in council and debate. Shafou has sent a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-188">188</a></span> message to allow Hateetah to go with me to Fezzan. All the mahrys are in urgent request for the war, and Khanouhen has prohibited the Touaricks from engaging @@ -22209,7 +22208,7 @@ that would bend and was as elastic as a cane.</p> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-189"></a>[<a href="images/2-189.png">189</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-189">189</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2> <h3>PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE TO FEZZAN.</h3> @@ -22244,7 +22243,7 @@ the other. Caillié says, "The little information which I have obtained of Timbuctoo was furnished me by my host Sidi Abdullah-Chebir, and the Kissour Negroes." In another place he says that he wished to return <i>viâ</i> -Morocco, and not by the Senegal, for fear he should not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-190"></a>[<a href="images/2-190.png">190</a>]</span> +Morocco, and not by the Senegal, for fear he should not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-190">190</a></span> be believed, his countrymen being envious of his success. Both of these statements deserve consideration in determining the authenticity of his voyage.</p> @@ -22275,7 +22274,7 @@ Well of Buktu," probably Buktu being the digger of the pits of Timbuctoo.</p> <p>With regard to information collected by myself of -this city, I can only add a few particulars. Timbuctoo<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-191"></a>[<a href="images/2-191.png">191</a>]</span> +this city, I can only add a few particulars. Timbuctoo<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-191">191</a></span> is situated upon the northern flats of the Niger, or at about half a day's distance from it during the summer, and three hours only in winter, the difference arising @@ -22307,7 +22306,7 @@ is called Ahmed Ben Ahmed Lebbu Fullan, whose authority is established over the two great cities of Jinnee and Timbuctoo, and all the intervening and neighbouring districts, including several cities of inferior -note. He is the son of the famous warrior Ahmed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-192"></a>[<a href="images/2-192.png">192</a>]</span> +note. He is the son of the famous warrior Ahmed<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-192">192</a></span> Lebbu, who dethroned the native princes of the Ramee, or those who "bend the bow." The usual residence of the Sultan is now at Jinnee. The city is a place of @@ -22340,7 +22339,7 @@ than Timbuctoo. The neighbouring country is flat and sandy, stretching in plains over the alluvial deposits of the Niger. There are no fruit-trees or gardens, beyond the growing of a few melons and vegetables; but trees -abound on the vast plains of Timbuctoo, and there is a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-193"></a>[<a href="images/2-193.png">193</a>]</span> +abound on the vast plains of Timbuctoo, and there is a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-193">193</a></span> great number of the Tholh, or gum-bearing acacia. The communication between Jinnee and Timbuctoo is principally by water, and with light boats the journey can be @@ -22373,7 +22372,7 @@ been molested about religion for some time; but a man said to me to day, "Unless you believe in Mahomet, you will burn in the fire for ever!" Strange anomaly this in the conduct of men! They deliver over their fellow-men -to everlasting torments, as if it was some slight<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-194"></a>[<a href="images/2-194.png">194</a>]</span> +to everlasting torments, as if it was some slight<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-194">194</a></span> corporal castigation! . . . . Saw Hateetah. The Consul is still at war with Haj Ibrahim; but he is cutting his own throat, and not the merchant's, by his foolish @@ -22406,7 +22405,7 @@ dust and dirt mixed up with the leaves.</p> left to-day. Went to see them off. It was amusing to be present at the preparations for departing. Some just starting, some packing up, others loading, others weighing -the camels' burdens, others saluting their friends, all in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-195"></a>[<a href="images/2-195.png">195</a>]</span> +the camels' burdens, others saluting their friends, all in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-195">195</a></span> busy and distracting confusion. Strings of camels were in advance, with their heads towards Berkat. I sighed with regret. I wished to follow . . . . The @@ -22439,7 +22438,7 @@ slave that had the charge of the court-yard door. The knocking increased in fury, the tumult of voices without being terrific; and Haj Ibrahim, at last, recognizing the party, and yielding to their violence, said "Open." As -soon as the door was thrown back, in poured a host of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-196"></a>[<a href="images/2-196.png">196</a>]</span> +soon as the door was thrown back, in poured a host of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-196">196</a></span> Touaricks, like the opening of a deluging sluice, all belonging to Berka, headed by their acting chief, the redoubtable Giant! Their first object was to abuse @@ -22471,7 +22470,7 @@ he kept a little back for his lord and master. After unbroken silence, which lasted full ten minutes, when every person seemed to be gasping for breath to speak, and struggling with some terrible inward commotion of the -spirit, the supper-hunting Touaricks made a simultaneous<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-197"></a>[<a href="images/2-197.png">197</a>]</span> +spirit, the supper-hunting Touaricks made a simultaneous<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-197">197</a></span> move towards the supper-bowl. About nine big brawny fellows attacked the savoury cuscusou, for Haj Ibrahim had the best kind of provisions brought from Tripoli. @@ -22504,7 +22503,7 @@ brother; and Hateetah told me next day that he himself sent them.</p> <p><i>2nd.</i>—Our departure is now finally fixed for to-morrow. -The weather is cool, but not so cold as on my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-198"></a>[<a href="images/2-198.png">198</a>]</span> +The weather is cool, but not so cold as on my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-198">198</a></span> arrival. Within the last three weeks it has gradually become warmer, and the spring enlivening warmth will soon be succeeded by summer's burning reign. Took a @@ -22525,7 +22524,7 @@ by irrigation. In the prophets we read, "The waters made him (the Assyrian) great, the deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent out her little rivers unto all the trees of the field. -Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-199"></a>[<a href="images/2-199.png">199</a>]</span> +Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-199">199</a></span> the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became long because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth. All the fowls of heaven made their nests @@ -22557,7 +22556,7 @@ drawn up from the wells, every four or five days. A bullock, or slave, draws up the water from the wells, which are of very rude construction, but answer the purpose. The water is then poured into a receiver of -earth or stone, from which it runs into the small conduits<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-200"></a>[<a href="images/2-200.png">200</a>]</span> +earth or stone, from which it runs into the small conduits<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-200">200</a></span> of earth. Sometimes the main conduits are made of lime-mortar, as in the island of Jerbah. The field to be irrigated is divided into small squares or compartments, @@ -22589,7 +22588,7 @@ Koran. In our prophets we have, "Thus saith the Lord, In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning." (Ezek. xxxi. 15.) "I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast -him down to hell with them that descend into the pit."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-201"></a>[<a href="images/2-201.png">201</a>]</span> +him down to hell with them that descend into the pit."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-201">201</a></span> (Id. 16.) "They also went down to hell with him." (Id. 17.) In the first verse cited ‮שאלה‬ is translated "grave," in the two latter verses "hell." But there is @@ -22622,7 +22621,7 @@ with the Touaricks." However, I am persuaded neither Jabour, nor Khanouhen, would have stooped to such a shabby dirty manœuvre. It seems besides, Haj Ibrahim is giving great provocation to the chiefs who are appointed -his protectors at the Souk. They complain that,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-202"></a>[<a href="images/2-202.png">202</a>]</span> +his protectors at the Souk. They complain that,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-202">202</a></span> whilst he brings as many goods as twenty ordinary merchants, he gives less than any one. So we must hear both sides of the question. Saw to-day the Moorish @@ -22655,7 +22654,7 @@ however, one long curl or <i>with</i> of hair depending. This curl is braided and hangs down gracefully over the forehead. On each side of the head, over the ears, depend three other separate curls or locks of hair, each double-braided. -Behind the head hang also two other longer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-203"></a>[<a href="images/2-203.png">203</a>]</span> +Behind the head hang also two other longer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-203">203</a></span> curls, and each double-braided. Between these curls, as they detach themselves from the head, the cranium is clean shaven, and the hair or tuft on the crown of the @@ -22687,7 +22686,7 @@ bare, not a curl depending, and is shaven quite clean. But this is done previously, for my old negress does not undertake the profession of shaver, with her other important services. The hair, when fully dressed in this -style, assumes the shape of an oval crown, or the head<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-204"></a>[<a href="images/2-204.png">204</a>]</span> +style, assumes the shape of an oval crown, or the head<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-204">204</a></span> part of the helmet. Some negresses use false tails as well as false locks, as our belles do, the long flowing curls being preferred by the sooty Nigritian beauties, @@ -22719,7 +22718,7 @@ and sisters, who get upon the house-top every morning, wash their faces, and oil them to make them shine, as it is said, "Man had given him oil to make his face to shine." They then dress one another's hair, which usually occupies -them all the morning. The toilette here, as with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-205"></a>[<a href="images/2-205.png">205</a>]</span> +them all the morning. The toilette here, as with<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-205">205</a></span> us, is a very serious affair. These sable beauties sometimes play the coquette with me, which is innocent enough. I asked my old negress about these and other @@ -22751,7 +22750,7 @@ white cottons. The merchants call them "new". These cottons are much liked in Morocco because they are cheap and pleasant clothing in summer. Men and women are clothed with them, and they are made up into every -kind of dress. These European cottons are supplanting<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-206"></a>[<a href="images/2-206.png">206</a>]</span> +kind of dress. These European cottons are supplanting<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-206">206</a></span> those of Soudan, which furnish work for thousands in Central Africa. So the legitimate commerce, already so limited, is diminishing instead of increasing. Poor @@ -22785,7 +22784,7 @@ bridal beauty who requires a camel to carry her to the house of her husband. The Moors resident in Ghat have imported the vicious Moorish ideas, and the Negress slaves are fattened for the market, and fetch higher -prices.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-207"></a>[<a href="images/2-207.png">207</a>]</span></p> +prices.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-207">207</a></span></p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill2-07.jpg"><img src="images/ill2-07_th.jpg" alt="Dress of Touarick Men" title="Dress of Touarick Men"></a></p> @@ -22806,7 +22805,7 @@ one for tobacco, one for snuff, one for trona or ghour nuts, another for striking-light matters, another for needles and thread, another containing a little looking-glass, &c., &c.; and I have seen a Touarghee fop -adjust his toilette with as much coquetry as the most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-208"></a>[<a href="images/2-208.png">208</a>]</span> +adjust his toilette with as much coquetry as the most<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-208">208</a></span> brilliant flirt,—indeed, the vanity of some of these Targhee dandies surpasses all our notions of vanity in European dress. Over the frock, on one of the @@ -22838,7 +22837,7 @@ eyes effectually from the hot sand grains, borne on the deadly wing of the Simoom. A turban is mostly folded round the head as a mark of orthodox Islamism. The young beaux prefer the great red sash wound round the -head in shape of the turban.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-209"></a>[<a href="images/2-209.png">209</a>]</span></p> +head in shape of the turban.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-209">209</a></span></p> <p>The Touarick, from his habit of wearing the litham, does not like a beard, which, indeed, could rarely be @@ -22859,7 +22858,7 @@ indulge in the foreign fashions of the Moors of the north, dressing very fantastically and elaborately.</p> <p class="figcenter"><a href="images/ill2-08.jpg"><img src="images/ill2-08_th.jpg" alt="Dress of Touarick Men showing Litham" title="Dress of Touarick Men showing Litham"></a></p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-210"></a>[<a href="images/2-210.png">210</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-210">210</a></span></p> <p><i>3rd.</i>—Our departure from Ghat to Mourzuk, capital of Fezzan, is now again finally fixed for the 5th of the @@ -22893,7 +22892,7 @@ plantation was a waste of sand before the Governor took it in hand, but the whole of it, by the assistance of water and irrigation, his persevering industry has made to bud and "blossom as the rose." Were the rest of the -wealthy residents to imitate the Marabout, they would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-211"></a>[<a href="images/2-211.png">211</a>]</span> +wealthy residents to imitate the Marabout, they would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-211">211</a></span> in a few years make Ghat a large and most lovely oasis of Desert. Water is complained of as to supply, but there is water enough to irrigate an oasis of five times @@ -22926,7 +22925,7 @@ some chiefs of Berka, are all gone. The remaining Ghadamsee merchants are as pleased as myself that the Touaricks are gone. A strange hallucination got possession of my brain to-day. "I determined I would -stop five years in Africa. I would visit all the great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-212"></a>[<a href="images/2-212.png">212</a>]</span> +stop five years in Africa. I would visit all the great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-212">212</a></span> kingdoms of Nigritia. I would write the history and legends of the ten thousand tribes of Africa from their own mouths. Then I would return with these spoils @@ -22959,7 +22958,7 @@ one is as much at a loss to measure distances as the landsman at sea, when measuring the distance from his ship to the rocks bounding the shore. My negro Cicerone advised to beat a retreat, assuring me I should -not reach the chain by daylight. We looked round on<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-213"></a>[<a href="images/2-213.png">213</a>]</span> +not reach the chain by daylight. We looked round on<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-213">213</a></span> the city and found it fast diminishing and disappearing in the distance, in the fleeting twilight of the evening. We returned an hour after dark. On the north we @@ -22992,7 +22991,7 @@ Fezzan, respecting the ravages of the son of Abd El-Geleel in Bornou, who was attacking the Bornouese caravans. Hateetah then made a long speech, in which he recommended me to the care of the merchant, calling -upon Haj Ibrahim "To swear by his head that he would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-214"></a>[<a href="images/2-214.png">214</a>]</span> +upon Haj Ibrahim "To swear by his head that he would<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-214">214</a></span> take as much care of me as of himself." This was unnecessary, for Haj Ibrahim had shown himself more substantially friendly to me than any other merchant at @@ -23025,7 +23024,7 @@ I am the right hand of En-Nour (Sultan of Aheer). You will be my friend, Yâkob, before the Sultan. In our towns, we have cheese, butter, wheat, sheep, bullocks. You Christians have none like them. -Make haste back, make haste, and come to Aheer."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-215"></a>[<a href="images/2-215.png">215</a>]</span></p> +Make haste back, make haste, and come to Aheer."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-215">215</a></span></p> <p>Hateetah seldom spoke to me of religion, but to-day the Consul said, "What sort of Christian are you? I @@ -23062,7 +23061,7 @@ devils; they have two eyes behind their heads, as well as two before." I did not quite understand their allusion. Called on Haj Ibrahim, who had been packing up for three days past, and yet things were still in great -confusion. To my astonishment, I found the merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-216"></a>[<a href="images/2-216.png">216</a>]</span> +confusion. To my astonishment, I found the merchant<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-216">216</a></span> surrounded with a group of people in the greatest excitement, the master-figure of the group being The Giant Sheikh, foaming with rage, and threatening to cut @@ -23092,7 +23091,7 @@ rood,") and very deliberately took hold of his broadsword (I began to be alarmed), and with it fetched Hateetah such a stroke on the back with its flat side, as made him cry out with pain. Then addressing his -subordinate sternly and laconically, <i>Enker, heek</i><a id="FNa_2-24"></a><a href="#FoN_2-24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, "Get up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-217"></a>[<a href="images/2-217.png">217</a>]</span> +subordinate sternly and laconically, <i>Enker, heek</i><a id="FNa_2-24"></a><a href="#FoN_2-24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, "Get up<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-217">217</a></span> quick." he strode off a few paces. Hateetah instantly followed, and the other Touaricks. Now turned round The Giant, and said in Arabic:—"Allah Akbar, the @@ -23125,7 +23124,7 @@ a trifle, and then you are at peace with all.</p> <p>About 2 o'clock in the afternoon, to our great satisfaction, we got clear and clean off. Hateetah came out to see me start, and walked half a mile with me on the -road. He was extremely kind. It is probable, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-218"></a>[<a href="images/2-218.png">218</a>]</span> +road. He was extremely kind. It is probable, he<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-218">218</a></span> begged of me so much, because his brothers and cousins incited him, amongst whom I know he shared the presents which he received. I now put my hand in my @@ -23160,7 +23159,7 @@ manslaughter, occurred, nor did I hear of any in neighbouring countries. Of course, I exclude altogether the depredations of a nation or tribe of robbers, as well as all the skirmishes between the Touaricks and the Shânbah, -which have nothing to do with the question of the social<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-219"></a>[<a href="images/2-219.png">219</a>]</span> +which have nothing to do with the question of the social<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-219">219</a></span> condition of the Saharan towns that I visited. In Ghat, three cases of cutting and wounding occurred, the gashes on the arms received by two slaves from a Touarghee, @@ -23192,7 +23191,7 @@ their domestic amours, are purity itself, compared to the sensuality which disfigures and saps the vitals of society in all the southern nations of Europe. The hardships of The Desert are the greatest safeguards against -indulgence in, or the pleasures of, an emasculating sen<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-220"></a>[<a href="images/2-220.png">220</a>]</span>suality +indulgence in, or the pleasures of, an emasculating sen<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-220">220</a></span>suality amongst the Touaricks, whilst the ascetic habits of the Maraboutish city of Ghadames sufficiently protect that people from the general indulgence of libertinism, @@ -23224,7 +23223,7 @@ hierarchies of priests and ministers of religion, we have a Divine revelation;—we have philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians, all enforcing the sublime morals of the age, with reason or fancy and the attractions of the most -cultivated intellect;—we have science exhausting nature<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-221"></a>[<a href="images/2-221.png">221</a>]</span> +cultivated intellect;—we have science exhausting nature<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-221">221</a></span> by its discoveries;—we have our fine arts, and the arts to humanize and exalt the characters of men;—we have our benevolent, philanthropic, and scientific societies;—we @@ -23250,7 +23249,7 @@ tenanted, whilst the Desert cities have no one thing in the shape or form of a prison. Then look at the Thuggism and open-day assassinations of Ireland! In truth, these Saharan malefactors are the veriest minutest fry of -offenders, the minnows and gudgeons of guilt compared<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-222"></a>[<a href="images/2-222.png">222</a>]</span> +offenders, the minnows and gudgeons of guilt compared<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-222">222</a></span> to the Irish Thuggee of Tipperary<a id="FNa_2-26"></a><a href="#FoN_2-26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. Poverty is the giant of our United Kingdom, and the incarnate demon of unhappy Ireland; and, with us, people die of starvation....... The @@ -23268,7 +23267,7 @@ European system I am now animadverting upon. But I shall stop this tone and style of animadversion. I am sick at heart with the parallel of contrasts between our barbarian and civilized social systems: it is so unsatisfactory, -it is so disheartening, and takes away all hope,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-223"></a>[<a href="images/2-223.png">223</a>]</span> +it is so disheartening, and takes away all hope,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-223">223</a></span> all faith in the progress and perfectibility of the human race. One thing, however, is certain, that unless we can bring our minds to form a just appreciation of ourselves, @@ -23325,7 +23324,7 @@ bless those who curse us."</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-224"></a>[<a href="images/2-224.png">224</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-224">224</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2> <h3>FROM GHAT TO MOURZUK.</h3> @@ -23360,7 +23359,7 @@ Sahara, are sold for so much leather. Touaricks also use them in their districts. In truth, Haj Ibrahim treats his slaves as much like a gentlemanly Moor as he well can or could do, all their wants being attended to, and -no freedoms being taken with the young women. Their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-225"></a>[<a href="images/2-225.png">225</a>]</span> +no freedoms being taken with the young women. Their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-225">225</a></span> greatest hardship is to walk, but after a night's rest, they partially recover. I may add, this is the best equipped caravan I could travel with, and, perhaps, hardly a fair @@ -23400,7 +23399,7 @@ his heels, the very personification of ravening hunger.</p> <p><i>Writer.</i>—"Targhee, where are you going?"</p> -<p><i>Huntsman.</i>—"I don't know."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-226"></a>[<a href="images/2-226.png">226</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>Huntsman.</i>—"I don't know."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-226">226</a></span></p> <p><i>Writer.</i>—"Where have you been?"</p> @@ -23446,7 +23445,7 @@ and see the great Palace of Demons. We must see what it is, and you must write all about it."</p> <p>At 4 o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, we encamped right opposite its -eastern side. On encamping, I looked about for Haj<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-227"></a>[<a href="images/2-227.png">227</a>]</span> +eastern side. On encamping, I looked about for Haj<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-227">227</a></span> Ibrahim, and found him busy unpacking. I then very carelessly determined to start myself alone. I thought it, however, a good opportunity to show the people of @@ -23478,7 +23477,7 @@ as the demon of the mountain, some stray bandit. Reassuring myself, my thoughts turned on science. I wished to astonish the boobies of the British Museum by geological specimens from the far-famed palace of mortal -and immortal spirits, built in the heart of The Great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-228"></a>[<a href="images/2-228.png">228</a>]</span> +and immortal spirits, built in the heart of The Great<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-228">228</a></span> Desert. I picked up various pieces of stone which lay scattered at its rocky base. But I found nothing but calcareous marl, or basaltic chippings and crumblings, @@ -23510,7 +23509,7 @@ fact, I soon got into another track upon this absurd idea of shortening the route. I recommend my successors in Saharan travel, never to try short-cuts in unknown places. In ten minutes I made sure of my -encampment, and ran right up to some mounds of sand<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-229"></a>[<a href="images/2-229.png">229</a>]</span> +encampment, and ran right up to some mounds of sand<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-229">229</a></span> topped with bushes, where I expected to find Said with the supper already cooked, and the nagah lying snugly by, eating her dates and barley. But that was not the @@ -23542,7 +23541,7 @@ running about had reminded me of some until now unnoticed heavy weight, and this was the stones, and these were my grand specimens of geology. I quietly took out all the stones from my pocket, and threw them deliberately -but savagely away, certainly a very proper<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-230"></a>[<a href="images/2-230.png">230</a>]</span> +but savagely away, certainly a very proper<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-230">230</a></span> punishment for leading me such "a wild-goose chase," such "a dance," over The Desert. In my wrath I was not disheartened. Now, as it was dark, I began to @@ -23574,7 +23573,7 @@ of rock to look for lights. I sprang up with the elastic step of the roe, over huge broken fragments of rock, aided by a sort of supernatural strength, the stones rolling down and smashing with strange noises as I was -springing over them. From these crumbling heights I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-231"></a>[<a href="images/2-231.png">231</a>]</span> +springing over them. From these crumbling heights I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-231">231</a></span> looked eastward, and every way, but no friendly light, watch-fire, or supper-fire, was visible. I descended, much heated, in a flowing perspiration, feeling also the @@ -23606,7 +23605,7 @@ intercept our encampment. I continued this line for two hours, or not quite so much, but I found myself a long way east over the plain, where was neither camel, nor encampment, nor object, nor light, nor any moving thing. -I then proceeded north, thinking I had got too far south<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-232"></a>[<a href="images/2-232.png">232</a>]</span> +I then proceeded north, thinking I had got too far south<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-232">232</a></span> again. Here I found a group of sand-hills, a new region, in which I painfully wandered and wandered up and down. I knew the encampment could not be here. @@ -23638,7 +23637,7 @@ before, I could find. It was placed on a very high mound of earth, which was covered with a large bushy lethel-tree. Happy tree! I have always loved thy name since. Under this I crept, but finding the top of the mound -of a sugar-loaf form, I scooped out on its sides, digging<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-233"></a>[<a href="images/2-233.png">233</a>]</span> +of a sugar-loaf form, I scooped out on its sides, digging<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-233">233</a></span> away with my hands earth and dried leaves, a long narrow cell, literally a grave, determining, if I should perish hereabouts, this should be my grave. I found it very @@ -23679,7 +23678,7 @@ distress.</p> I should recover a little of my bodily strength, as well as have my thoughts about me. Of wild beasts I could not be afraid; I knew there were none. Of the wilder -animals still, the Desert bandits, I also had every reason<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-234"></a>[<a href="images/2-234.png">234</a>]</span> +animals still, the Desert bandits, I also had every reason<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-234">234</a></span> to believe there were none. But, from my elevated position, I could see their approach, or that of friends, nearly all around me. My only fear was to perish of @@ -23711,7 +23710,7 @@ I had nothing to eat, nor drink, but I might reach Ghat in the evening of the second day, or if strong enough, I might get back in one long day. I knew the route along the line of Wareerat, and could not possibly lose -myself when I was only to pursue the camel-track at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-235"></a>[<a href="images/2-235.png">235</a>]</span> +myself when I was only to pursue the camel-track at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-235">235</a></span> the base of this mountain range. The only difficulty was, lest I should turn to the right and get entangled amongst the sand-hills and dwarf wood, before I reached @@ -23744,7 +23743,7 @@ yourself to no unnecessary risks." The strongest self-condemnation stung me, I was vexed at my extreme folly. Shall I add, that my thoughts wandered far over The Desert, skimmed over the surge of the Mediterranean, -and ascended on the wing of the east wind,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-236"></a>[<a href="images/2-236.png">236</a>]</span> +and ascended on the wing of the east wind,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-236">236</a></span> now cooling my burning forehead, and sought some sad solace in dear objects of my fatherland. Oh! the heart shrinks from revealing to the world its secret thoughts, @@ -23779,7 +23778,7 @@ as Desert morn advanced,</p> </div></div> <p>for even in the dry Desert the morning sheds some -moisture, if not dew-drops. But on that Rock my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-237"></a>[<a href="images/2-237.png">237</a>]</span> +moisture, if not dew-drops. But on that Rock my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-237">237</a></span> thoughts now concentrated—there I must soon return, and revisit all its dark and rugged precincts. This was my only chance to meet with any persons sent in @@ -23811,7 +23810,7 @@ to the plain and made another straight cut. Although the day was pretty well developed I was staggered at the deceptions and phantasms of The Desert. Every moment a camel loomed in sight, which was no -camel. There was also a hideous sameness! the rea<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-238"></a>[<a href="images/2-238.png">238</a>]</span>son, +camel. There was also a hideous sameness! the rea<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-238">238</a></span>son, indeed, I was lost. For there were no distinguishing marks, the mounds followed shrubs, the shrubs mounds, then a little plain, then sand, then again the mounds and @@ -23844,7 +23843,7 @@ in a moment amongst the shrubs and mounds of the desert plain. I fell to musing on natural history, and accounted for these gazelles by the presence of the well. I then recollected the Targhee hunter. For an instant -I forgot my situation. But where was I? What was I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-239"></a>[<a href="images/2-239.png">239</a>]</span> +I forgot my situation. But where was I? What was I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-239">239</a></span> doing? Was I to return to Ghat, or perish in The Desert? My strength was failing me fast. I could not pursue for ever this wild chase at the base of the @@ -23876,7 +23875,7 @@ I have long given up shedding tears. And, now! I must keep up at the peril of my life. My heart renews its courage. I again get up and begin to walk, limping along. The small hill was before me—but -should I ever reach even that?..... My strength<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-240"></a>[<a href="images/2-240.png">240</a>]</span> +should I ever reach even that?..... My strength<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-240">240</a></span> of body was now gone, though the mind would not yield...... In the last moment of human extremity ...... death itself ..... comes deliverance! I @@ -23906,7 +23905,7 @@ they bring me something to drink<a id="FNa_2-27"></a><a href="#FoN_2-27" class=" little cold tea, and then eat a few dates. Afterwards, we got the supper cooked the previous night heated. About a quarter of an hour elapsed, when some of the -party returned, and then the rest from the pursuit.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-241"></a>[<a href="images/2-241.png">241</a>]</span> +party returned, and then the rest from the pursuit.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-241">241</a></span> They had gone as soon as it was light this morning. Last night some of them had been after me, and traced my steps, wandering over the sand, round and round, till @@ -23938,7 +23937,7 @@ that I nearly lost my life for the sake of confirming them more strongly than ever in their superstitions. I, who was to have taught them the folly of their fears by practical and demonstrable defiance of the Genii confirmed -and sealed the power of the Genii over this Desert.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-242"></a>[<a href="images/2-242.png">242</a>]</span> +and sealed the power of the Genii over this Desert.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-242">242</a></span> But I must observe, my companions of travel did not adopt the right method of rescuing me from the malignant influence of the Genii. If they had sent a man in @@ -23971,7 +23970,7 @@ Black Rock.</p> a distempered dream and ugly vision of The Desert. But when I rose to mount my camel, I found it had been no vision—I was obliged to be lifted upon -my camel. Little did I think during the last (to me<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-243"></a>[<a href="images/2-243.png">243</a>]</span> +my camel. Little did I think during the last (to me<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-243">243</a></span> ever memorable) night, while chasing wearily about the dreary Desert, my own countrymen had before visited the same identical Demons' Rock. I had heard, indeed, @@ -23994,7 +23993,7 @@ every hill and cave has something fabulous connected with it."</p> <p>Of the nature of the mountains hereabouts, the -Doctor says, "We entered (after leaving Serdalas) a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-244"></a>[<a href="images/2-244.png">244</a>]</span> +Doctor says, "We entered (after leaving Serdalas) a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-244">244</a></span> narrow pass, with lofty rugged hills on each side; some were peaked. The black colour of almost all, with white streaks, gave them a sombre appearance. The @@ -24025,7 +24024,7 @@ there is a hill more picturesque and higher than the others, called Gassur Janoun, or Devil's Castle. Between it and the range there is a pass<a id="FNa_2-28"></a><a href="#FoN_2-28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> through which our course lies. Hateetah dreads this hill, and has told me -many strange stories of wonderful sights having been<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-245"></a>[<a href="images/2-245.png">245</a>]</span> +many strange stories of wonderful sights having been<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-245">245</a></span> seen; these he firmly believes, and is struck with horror, when we tell him we will visit it."</p> @@ -24058,7 +24057,7 @@ people, when the Doctor said he had "seen nothing." How like things happen! Even at the distance of twenty long years, between my visit and the Doctor's, it seems as if I was narrating one story. The Doctor was -also mainly incited by the same feeling as myself, to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-246"></a>[<a href="images/2-246.png">246</a>]</span> +also mainly incited by the same feeling as myself, to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-246">246</a></span> observe the geological structure. He observes, "The geological structure is the same as the range (Wareerat) that is near." To-day, after twenty years, and without @@ -24090,7 +24089,7 @@ author and principal of all evil, and God the author of good only." We all know what a share the Genii have in working the wonderful machinery of the Arabian Nights Tales. The Touaricks give them still greater -powers, and make them a sort of delegated or deputy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-247"></a>[<a href="images/2-247.png">247</a>]</span> +powers, and make them a sort of delegated or deputy<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-247">247</a></span> creators, according to the Magian system, but do not attribute to them the malevolent passions of an evil being. They are probably influenced by the Koran in @@ -24123,7 +24122,7 @@ architecture, though all done by the hand of "geological structure,"—its dark colours shining with "a glossy scurf." The Desert Pandemonium is also alive with myriads of spirits, peopling its subterranean vaults. -The Desert Pandemonium has finally its riches, its jewels,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-248"></a>[<a href="images/2-248.png">248</a>]</span> +The Desert Pandemonium has finally its riches, its jewels,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-248">248</a></span> and its treasures, such as Mammon, "the least-erected spirit," discovered and "led them on" to, in the deeps of hell. We may now transcribe the description of @@ -24164,7 +24163,7 @@ a range of rocky hills or mountains has a parallel range of sand hills, and the intermediate space is a broad valley or vast plain. In traversing this valley-plain, covered now with coarse herbage, now sand, now -mounds of earth, now pebbles, now quite bare, our pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-249"></a>[<a href="images/2-249.png">249</a>]</span>gress +mounds of earth, now pebbles, now quite bare, our pro<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-249">249</a></span>gress was precisely like that of a ship sailing near the shore, with bluff rocks and headlands jutting and stretching into the sea. So were we on our Desert ships (the @@ -24196,7 +24195,7 @@ people, suspicious of the Moors, would have believed the whole was a "cunningly-devised" trumped-up invention. The deaths of Park and Laing may have been unjustly charged upon the Africans in this way. How, and for -what they died, is now altogether beyond our investiga<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-250"></a>[<a href="images/2-250.png">250</a>]</span>tion. +what they died, is now altogether beyond our investiga<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-250">250</a></span>tion. Even the more recent death or assassination of Davidson is a mystery of The Desert. We encamped close by a little stunted herbage, on which the camels @@ -24230,7 +24229,7 @@ shining water.</p> <p>A part of our caravan, and not the least interesting, are six Soudan sheep, which belong to Haj Ibrahim. -Their species is well known, but I must mention what an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-251"></a>[<a href="images/2-251.png">251</a>]</span> +Their species is well known, but I must mention what an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-251">251</a></span> agile and strong animal is the Aheer and Housa sheep, being brought from both countries. This Soudan sheep is the best walker in the whole caravan, and the last @@ -24262,7 +24261,7 @@ and will go without water for half a dozen days together. When, however, we come to a well, they are the first that will be served, neither sticks nor blows will keep them off. We have also, as travelling companions, -ten or twelve parrots of the common blue-grey Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-252"></a>[<a href="images/2-252.png">252</a>]</span> +ten or twelve parrots of the common blue-grey Soudan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-252">252</a></span> breed. This parrot has a white broad rim round the eye; its body is a light greyish-blue, legs, beak, and claws black, under-tail feathers white and upper scarlet. @@ -24290,7 +24289,7 @@ instead for building. On the plain, however, the Tholh<a id="FNa_2-29"></a><a hr began to appear. This tree is found, as noticed before, in the most desolate places of The Desolate Sahara. It is sometimes very large for trees here, perhaps thirty -feet high, and six or seven of width round its broadest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-253"></a>[<a href="images/2-253.png">253</a>]</span> +feet high, and six or seven of width round its broadest<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-253">253</a></span> trunks. The camels browse on it always, and when hungry crop with avidity a great quantity of the prickles and thorns, and thorny leaves. It is a mystery to me @@ -24321,7 +24320,7 @@ heavy drenching rain,—an overflowing, overwhelming mass of water falls on the desert lands. The districts of Ghat remained some eight or ten years without an abundant rain, till this last winter, when it came in most -overpowering showers<a id="FNa_2-30"></a><a href="#FoN_2-30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. The action of rain on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-254"></a>[<a href="images/2-254.png">254</a>]</span> +overpowering showers<a id="FNa_2-30"></a><a href="#FoN_2-30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. The action of rain on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-254">254</a></span> earthy bosom of The Desert is very much like that of the action of the sea on its shores, which has led to the remark, that The Sahara looks as if it been "washed @@ -24348,7 +24347,7 @@ slave girls.</p> of the aoudad wore observed on the sand. Course through the gorge north-east. After a couple of hours we cleared the gorge, entering upon a broad open plain -or valley. Here I observed the chain of Wareerat was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-255"></a>[<a href="images/2-255.png">255</a>]</span> +or valley. Here I observed the chain of Wareerat was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-255">255</a></span> rounded off on the eastern side, and of considerably less altitude, whilst the peaks of the opposite or western side were steep and escarpé, owing apparently to the action @@ -24381,7 +24380,7 @@ and dried grass. Near the great spring is a large tree, with prickly thorny leaves, not unlike the tholh. It is called <i>Ahatas</i>, ‮اهتس‬, and was brought from Soudan, where its species grows to an enormous magnitude. Its -wood makes excellent bowls, spoons, and several useful<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-256"></a>[<a href="images/2-256.png">256</a>]</span> +wood makes excellent bowls, spoons, and several useful<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-256">256</a></span> domestic utensils. This tree measures at least twelve feet round its trunk; its principal branch is prostrate, bent beneath the burden of many a Saharan summer's @@ -24414,7 +24413,7 @@ presents to you, and would not accept them." I told him I commuted the goods into silver; at which he laughed and remarked, "Ah! Khanouhen is deeper than the devil himself." He considers Jabour's protection -omnipotent in the route of Timbuctoo, but says the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-257"></a>[<a href="images/2-257.png">257</a>]</span> +omnipotent in the route of Timbuctoo, but says the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-257">257</a></span> Touaricks only, and not caravans, can protect European travellers: I think the Shereef is right. Another of our merchants is a very civil Ghadamsee, and acts as a @@ -24447,7 +24446,7 @@ people.</p> been sultry the four days of our route. But our faces are nearly always north, and a slight fresh breeze blows from either N., N.E., or N.W. every day, a most grateful -relief. It is, however, cold at nights, and very cold in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-258"></a>[<a href="images/2-258.png">258</a>]</span> +relief. It is, however, cold at nights, and very cold in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-258">258</a></span> the morning after the heat has been absorbed during the night. The negresses are busy either pounding ghusub, or washing themselves, or making the toilet and arranging @@ -24480,7 +24479,7 @@ on its legs, and after four, five, or six days, it will be able to run after its dam. In fact, the foal, now five days' old, runs after its mother part of the day's march, and after two or three more days it will be able -to continue a whole day's journey. Here is an instance<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-259"></a>[<a href="images/2-259.png">259</a>]</span> +to continue a whole day's journey. Here is an instance<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-259">259</a></span> of the immense superiority of the lower animal over the higher animal man. It is curious that the cry of the foal is very much like a child, and I once turned round @@ -24512,7 +24511,7 @@ of a species so wonderfully adapted to these countries, is a very apposite and proper instance to an Arabian and African, or even an European (travelling here), of the power and wisdom of the Creator. Like the reindeer, -and the lichen, or moss, on which it feeds in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-260"></a>[<a href="images/2-260.png">260</a>]</span> +and the lichen, or moss, on which it feeds in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-260">260</a></span> the polar regions, the camel and the date-palms in the Great Desert furnish striking and remarkable examples of the inseparable connexion of certain animals and @@ -24547,7 +24546,7 @@ the nethermost regions,—</p> </div></div> <p>I usually am obliged to wear my cloak out of the sun, -besides a woollen burnouse.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-261"></a>[<a href="images/2-261.png">261</a>]</span></p> +besides a woollen burnouse.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-261">261</a></span></p> <p>Visited the marabet, or mausoleum, of Sidi Bou Salah, about two hundred paces from the large spring. My Fezzanee @@ -24581,7 +24580,7 @@ giving the water a mineral taste. Yet it is of the best quality. Apparently the water descends from the neighbouring mountain chains, and collects here, but its flow or stream is perennial. From this little eminence -I had a panoramic view of the country, and was grate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-262"></a>[<a href="images/2-262.png">262</a>]</span>fully +I had a panoramic view of the country, and was grate<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-262">262</a></span>fully affected with the beautiful situation of the oasis. In the hands of Europeans, a city would be created here, one of the largest of The Great Desert, for water abounds @@ -24614,7 +24613,7 @@ Turkish system!</p> <p>Fezzan is only reckoned five days from Serdalas, good travelling, but, with a caravan of slaves, it will occupy -us six or seven days. How fond of lying are the Moors,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-263"></a>[<a href="images/2-263.png">263</a>]</span> +us six or seven days. How fond of lying are the Moors,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-263">263</a></span> or, shall we say, boasting? The Shereef, I hear from my other companions, is not going on a pilgrimage to Mecca, as he boasted to me. He merely goes to Tripoli @@ -24651,7 +24650,7 @@ looking-glass, the only one I had. But this is no privation in The Desert, however necessary elsewhere. The looking-glass exceedingly delighted the sybil, for in it she saw the stern features of her face, with her dauntless eye. -She then got familiar. She wondered why I was not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-264"></a>[<a href="images/2-264.png">264</a>]</span> +She then got familiar. She wondered why I was not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-264">264</a></span> married, and how I could go to sleep without a wife<ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: added missing period">.</ins> She prayed me to take one from Fezzan, or buy a negress of the caravan, telling the people, "The Christian is @@ -24683,7 +24682,7 @@ the door of her grass-built hut. So The Desert has its incorruptible vestals. But the conversation which her ladyship had with me was all pro-matrimonial, and would not have suggested to the stranger that she was an -ancient maiden of inviolate chastity. Perhaps she might<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-265"></a>[<a href="images/2-265.png">265</a>]</span> +ancient maiden of inviolate chastity. Perhaps she might<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-265">265</a></span> have thought this sort of conversation would please me best. The Maraboutess, as well as the few Fezzaneers in Serdalas, are of short stature, of a very dark-brown @@ -24717,7 +24716,7 @@ whipping, and turning round, to my great surprise, I saw the Haj beating her not very mercifully. He had a whip of bull's hide with which he gave her several lashes. This displeased me much, for I thought if the girl -had sulked a little she might have been cured without<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-266"></a>[<a href="images/2-266.png">266</a>]</span> +had sulked a little she might have been cured without<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-266">266</a></span> recourse to the whip, in her debilitated state. About a quarter of an hour afterwards, or not so much, I saw Haj Omer, servant of the Haj, going towards the graveyard, @@ -24753,7 +24752,7 @@ there are no hyenas or chacalls to scratch up these bodies. They do "rest in peace." Into this narrow crib of earth she was thrust down, resting on her right side, with her head towards the south, and her face -towards the east, or towards Mecca. She had on a small<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-267"></a>[<a href="images/2-267.png">267</a>]</span> +towards the east, or towards Mecca. She had on a small<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-267">267</a></span> chemise, and her head and feet and loins were wrapped round with a frock of tattered black Soudan cotton. Omer, before he put her in, felt her breast to see if she @@ -24785,7 +24784,7 @@ their heads, and wishing the slave and the free to have equal rights in the grave, I fetched two pieces of stone and placed them at their heads likewise. If it be permitted to pray for the dead, God save, in mercy, these -two youthful, frail, but almost sinless souls!<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-268"></a>[<a href="images/2-268.png">268</a>]</span></p> +two youthful, frail, but almost sinless souls!<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-268">268</a></span></p> <h4>DIRGE<a id="FNa_2-32"></a><a href="#FoN_2-32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>.</h4> @@ -24824,7 +24823,7 @@ you of all your life-springs. As to its splendour, the eye of the eagle turns away daunted from its all-effulgent beams. Since leaving Ghat we have passed many graves of the "bond and the free," who have -died in open desert. Passed one to-day, with Arabic<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-269"></a>[<a href="images/2-269.png">269</a>]</span> +died in open desert. Passed one to-day, with Arabic<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-269">269</a></span> characters carved on the stone raised at its head. Passed by also several desert mosques, which are simply the outline in small stones, of the ground-plan of @@ -24885,7 +24884,7 @@ ii.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-270"></a>[<a href="images/2-270.png">270</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-270">270</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2> <h3>FROM GHAT TO MOURZUK.</h3> @@ -24921,7 +24920,7 @@ small ridges of hills. A new species of stone to-day, the hard slate-coloured, and some of it with a granite-like look. Afternoon, came in sight of the other chain of black, or, as sometimes designated, Soudan mountains, -stretching boundlessly north and south, like those near<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-271"></a>[<a href="images/2-271.png">271</a>]</span> +stretching boundlessly north and south, like those near<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-271">271</a></span> Ghat. This chain likewise extends to the Tibboo country. It is an error of some of the late French writers, to make the Saharan ranges always run east and @@ -24953,7 +24952,7 @@ prayers over, Haj Ibrahim said to me, laughing, "Yâkob, the camel knows you are a kafer, and don't pray with us. So she attacks you. Camels never attack good Moslems at their prayers." The foal of seven days' old walked -the whole of our long march to-day! and nearly as fast<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-272"></a>[<a href="images/2-272.png">272</a>]</span> +the whole of our long march to-day! and nearly as fast<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-272">272</a></span> as a man. So the poor camel begins to learn by times its lessons of patience and long-suffering. The mahry of the Haj is very vicious and greedy, and bites all the @@ -24986,7 +24985,7 @@ about the time of bringing out the dates.</p> <p><i>13th.</i>—Our course north-east, over an undulating plain of sand and gravel, and at intervals the desert -surface was a plain pavement of stone, of a dark slate-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-273"></a>[<a href="images/2-273.png">273</a>]</span>colour. +surface was a plain pavement of stone, of a dark slate-<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-273">273</a></span>colour. Greater part of the route strewn with pieces of petrified wood, but no pretty fossil remains. Wood, apparently chumps of the tholh. We had all day the @@ -25019,7 +25018,7 @@ Ghat; and secondly the forests of tholh trees, which are now appearing in our north, affording abundant wood to the people of the caravan, and browsing for the camels. I am now, then, once more under the power of the -Porte, and within the region of Turkish civilization.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-274"></a>[<a href="images/2-274.png">274</a>]</span> +Porte, and within the region of Turkish civilization.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-274">274</a></span> Passed other desert mosques, with some Arabic characters written in the sand, near the Keblah.</p> @@ -25048,7 +25047,7 @@ the effects of noisome or infectious vapours which crowd about the night, and obscure with a still paler light that pale luminary. The sun-stroke seems to be well-authenticated; many cases of Europeans going hunting and -sporting in the open country of Barbary, then and there<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-275"></a>[<a href="images/2-275.png">275</a>]</span> +sporting in the open country of Barbary, then and there<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-275">275</a></span> receiving a stroke of the sun, and dying with fever, are on record.</p> @@ -25084,7 +25083,7 @@ the world put together."</p> <p><i>I.</i>—"Are these torments eternal?"</p> -<p><i>The Shereef.</i>—"Yes, as everlasting as Paradise."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-276"></a>[<a href="images/2-276.png">276</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>The Shereef.</i>—"Yes, as everlasting as Paradise."<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-276">276</a></span></p> <p><i>I.</i>—"But do you not continually say, 'God is The Most Merciful.' How can this be?"</p> @@ -25111,7 +25110,7 @@ time, interposed, "You are near jinnah (Paradise), Yâkob, one word only, 'There is no God but God, and Mahomet is the prophet of God.'" I returned, "If this be not uttered from the heart it is useless and mockery." -"By G—d! you are right, Yâkob," exclaimed the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-277"></a>[<a href="images/2-277.png">277</a>]</span> +"By G—d! you are right, Yâkob," exclaimed the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-277">277</a></span> Shereef. Like most Mahometans, the Shereef says, "The coming of Jesus is near, when he will destroy all the enemies of God, Jews and Christians, and give the @@ -25144,7 +25143,7 @@ not long ago had enslaved the Arabs and sold them for slaves at Constantinople, and then, adding, "Nearly all the princes, whence the Soudanese and Bornouese slaves were brought, are professedly Mahometans, as well as -their people." He acknowledged, however, slaves were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-278"></a>[<a href="images/2-278.png">278</a>]</span> +their people." He acknowledged, however, slaves were<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-278">278</a></span> mostly procured by banditti hunting them, not captured in war. He finished, "The Touaricks of Ghat formerly hunted for slaves in the Tibboo country, twice or thrice @@ -25177,7 +25176,7 @@ Tibboos to their village, making also a capture of a thousand camels from these Kylouy Touaricks.</p> <p>Enjoy better health in this journey, than on that from -Ghadames to Ghat. Felt myself stronger, and hope yet<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-279"></a>[<a href="images/2-279.png">279</a>]</span> +Ghadames to Ghat. Felt myself stronger, and hope yet<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-279">279</a></span> to undertake the journey to Bornou before the summer heats.</p> @@ -25210,7 +25209,7 @@ with the giant trees of the American forest, watered by ocean rivers. The tholh would seem to live without moisture: it is fed by no annual or periodic rain, no springs. And yet it buds, opens its pretty yellow -flowers, sheds its fine large drops of translucent gum,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-280"></a>[<a href="images/2-280.png">280</a>]</span> +flowers, sheds its fine large drops of translucent gum,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-280">280</a></span> flourishes all the year round, and tempts with its prickly leaves as with richest herbage, the hungry camel. Indeed, about this part of the route the camels get nothing @@ -25243,7 +25242,7 @@ them at home. The Aheer Touaricks are of the same race as those of Ghat. Many of those of Aheer have no fear of God, and never pray like the rest of professed Mohammedans. Those of Ghat are perhaps the -best of the Touaricks, and the most religious. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-281"></a>[<a href="images/2-281.png">281</a>]</span> +best of the Touaricks, and the most religious. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-281">281</a></span> Touaricks of Touat encircle those of Ghat, lying across the route of Timbuctoo. Their Sultan's name is Bassa, a giant of The Desert. He eats as much as ten men. @@ -25276,7 +25275,7 @@ and pray for the heat. In a hot day a man is supposed to eat half the quantity which he does in a cold day. I am, therefore, still of the same opinion as before expressed, that the sufferings of these people, who travel in -Sahara, are enormously increased from their want of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-282"></a>[<a href="images/2-282.png">282</a>]</span> +Sahara, are enormously increased from their want of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-282">282</a></span> sufficient food and clothing. As to clothing, many of them, in this trying season, go half-naked.</p> @@ -25309,7 +25308,7 @@ round and round again, until all the water is absorbed in the pudding-like meal, and the meal is thus well mixed into a sort of dough. However this dough is not unbaked paste, but a <i>bonâ-fide</i> dumpling, cooked and -ready for the sauce. Now comes the wash wherewith<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-283"></a>[<a href="images/2-283.png">283</a>]</span> +ready for the sauce. Now comes the wash wherewith<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-283">283</a></span> to wash it down. My young Arab friend takes the dumpling, or pudding, in a great round mass, and places it within a huge wooden bowl. He then goes @@ -25335,7 +25334,7 @@ sharpness or dulness of their appetite. These balls they roll and roll over in the oil or sauce that is often made of a herb called hada, or âseedah, a pleasant bitter, and producing a yellow decoction, (whence the -bazeen is sometimes called,) which enables the large<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-284"></a>[<a href="images/2-284.png">284</a>]</span> +bazeen is sometimes called,) which enables the large<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-284">284</a></span> boluses to slip quietly and gratefully down the throat. Meanwhile a jug of water is handed round, provided always there is any difficulty in getting down the balls; @@ -25368,7 +25367,7 @@ I want to begin my supper again. I'll never drink any more of your coffee, so don't bring it here." A little more cuscasou is eaten on this route than on that of Ghat from Ghadames, the Fezzaneers and Tripolines -preferring coarse cuscasou to bazeen if they can get it.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-285"></a>[<a href="images/2-285.png">285</a>]</span> +preferring coarse cuscasou to bazeen if they can get it.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-285">285</a></span> The poor Arabs are often obliged to put up with zumeetah, which they eat cold. Haj Ibrahim eats his fine cuscasou, which he brought from Tripoli, but I do not @@ -25401,7 +25400,7 @@ Your legs and feet are bare. You have nothing wrapt tight round your chest. Your woollens are pervious to the cold air. You're half naked; but for myself, I'm clothed from head to foot, only a small portion of my -face is exposed. You must go to the Christians to learn<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-286"></a>[<a href="images/2-286.png">286</a>]</span> +face is exposed. You must go to the Christians to learn<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-286">286</a></span> how to travel The Desert." "The Christians are devils," he returned, "and can bear cold and heat like the Father of the imps in his house (perdition)." "Mou zain, el-berd," @@ -25434,7 +25433,7 @@ The mountain chain on our right continues north with us. We found in our route the blood and filth of a camel just killed. Dead or killed camels, are generally found near the wells on the last day's journey, after having -made five or six days' forced marches to reach them. It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-287"></a>[<a href="images/2-287.png">287</a>]</span> +made five or six days' forced marches to reach them. It<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-287">287</a></span> is here they're knocked up, going continually and most patiently to the last moment of their strength, when they expire at once.</p> @@ -25468,7 +25467,7 @@ the day. I do not feel it at all oppressive. Continued north-east. We now caught a glimpse of the palms of The Wady. But here we overtook our Tripoline friends, who had left Ghat ten days before us and were waiting -for our arrival. They conducted us to their encamp<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-288"></a>[<a href="images/2-288.png">288</a>]</span>ment. +for our arrival. They conducted us to their encamp<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-288">288</a></span>ment. The party consisted of Mustapha, an Alexandrian merchant of Tripoli, and another merchant, having with them some sixty slaves. When our slaves arrived these @@ -25503,7 +25502,7 @@ were quite unobserved by their masters or drivers, who were now occupied with the rakas or courier, who had brought letters from Tripoli in answer to ours sent some time ago. The news is good for the merchants; the -Pasha will not exact the customs-dues of Fezzan on those<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-289"></a>[<a href="images/2-289.png">289</a>]</span> +Pasha will not exact the customs-dues of Fezzan on those<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-289">289</a></span> who return this route, on account of the war between the Shânbah and Touaricks.</p> @@ -25537,7 +25536,7 @@ by Dr. Oudney: "There are several routes to Ghat (from Mourzuk); and the upper one, where we had to enter the hills, was last night fixed for us. There is plenty of water, but more rough than the lower, which -is said to be a sandy plain, as level as the hand, but no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-290"></a>[<a href="images/2-290.png">290</a>]</span> +is said to be a sandy plain, as level as the hand, but no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-290">290</a></span> water for five days." Travelling with slaves, a route is always extended one-fifth, at the very least: such was our case.</p> @@ -25572,7 +25571,7 @@ villager. The huts were so blended with the date-palms, in colour and make, that it was with difficulty our eye could catch sight of them. I am often astonished how these slight, feeble tenements can protect the people from the -sun and cold and wind. It is like living in open Desert.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-291"></a>[<a href="images/2-291.png">291</a>]</span> +sun and cold and wind. It is like living in open Desert.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-291">291</a></span> When we had continued our course some two hours, the Sheikh of the district came running out after us, demanding the customs-dues, and attempting to stop the slaves @@ -25604,7 +25603,7 @@ for her supper every evening a few dates and barley for several successive days. Now we left off giving her them on arriving at The Wady, where there was abundant herbage. This she resented, and grumbled nearly all -night, keeping us from sleeping, and would not eat the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-292"></a>[<a href="images/2-292.png">292</a>]</span> +night, keeping us from sleeping, and would not eat the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-292">292</a></span> herbage. On encamping, the camels are allowed to stray and graze an hour or two, and are then brought up to the encampment for the night, the drivers cutting a little @@ -25634,7 +25633,7 @@ a few slaves captured or brought to the Souk are Mussulmans, they're nearly all Pagans. Mussulmans make war against infidels to get prisoners, as we and you did formerly; the Maltese<a id="FNa_2-37"></a><a href="#FoN_2-37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> and English made us slaves, and -we made you slaves. Some of the slaves are Christians,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-293"></a>[<a href="images/2-293.png">293</a>]</span> +we made you slaves. Some of the slaves are Christians,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-293">293</a></span> (<i>i. e.</i> Pagans,) and some are Jews." I was much interested, and questioned the merchant about this latter remark, when a Negro slave, who had been lately to @@ -25664,7 +25663,7 @@ thirst during the heat of the day's march. The slaves <i>en route</i> are only permitted to drink twice in the day, once at noon, and once in the evening. When our supply of water is scanty, only once a day.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-294"></a>[<a href="images/2-294.png">294</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-294">294</a></span></p> <p><i>19th.</i>—This morning made but three hours' journey through The Wady Oases. We had not proceeded an hour <i>en route</i>, when the same farce was attempted to be @@ -25696,7 +25695,7 @@ clear of the grasp of our people, I made off in advance, with Said, alone. After continuing half an hour through the palm-woods, we turned and saw the whole caravan coming up quickly after us. The party who stopped us -had consented to let the caravan follow me. Haj<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-295"></a>[<a href="images/2-295.png">295</a>]</span> +had consented to let the caravan follow me. Haj<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-295">295</a></span> Ibrahim, who had the Pasha's teskera, was again absent, having gone to purchase more dates. If the fellow had not been very impudent and violent, inflicting blows on @@ -25729,7 +25728,7 @@ coming up were also merry with him. "Ah!" he continued, fellow, Gagliuffi! Do you know Gagliuffi?" I said I did not. This he couldn't understand, and said, "Ah, Gagliuffi has got plenty of money, he's the Bashaw of -Mourzuk. Every time you go to see him he gives you<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-296"></a>[<a href="images/2-296.png">296</a>]</span> +Mourzuk. Every time you go to see him he gives you<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-296">296</a></span> coffee." Another Fezzaneer, standing by, swore to this: "Gagliuffi is the Bey! Gagliuffi has got plenty of money." Afterwards I reported this affair to Mr. Gagliuffi, our @@ -25761,7 +25760,7 @@ courage I always take credit to myself. It is nevertheless, a very delicate thing in Saharan travel to know when and where resistance is to be offered against imposition: and perhaps, it is better to give way always -than to resist, leaving the matters of dispute (of this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-297"></a>[<a href="images/2-297.png">297</a>]</span> +than to resist, leaving the matters of dispute (of this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-297">297</a></span> sort especially) to be settled by the caravan with which you travel.</p> @@ -25794,7 +25793,7 @@ and some of sun-dried mud-bricks, but mostly miserable hovels, the very picture of wretchedness. We passed a village entirely abandoned, (Kelah, as the people said,) apparently from the failure of water. Palms in The -Wady are not very fine. There are many patches of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-298"></a>[<a href="images/2-298.png">298</a>]</span> +Wady are not very fine. There are many patches of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-298">298</a></span> cultivation of grain and vegetables. Water is found near the surface, and the wells are numerous.</p> @@ -25826,7 +25825,7 @@ burying-places of the earlier inhabitants of these regions. All the early inhabitants, or those before the Mohammedan conquest of Africa, are vulgarly called Ensara by Moors. These tombs consist simply of circular heaps of -stones, picked up from the rocks around. Some are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-299"></a>[<a href="images/2-299.png">299</a>]</span> +stones, picked up from the rocks around. Some are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-299">299</a></span> large, perhaps a dozen yards in circumference. Mounting one, I found it hollow at the top; the stones had been merely heaped up in a circular ring. Within was @@ -25859,7 +25858,7 @@ interrogated him courageously about his doleful doings amongst these graves. The spectre deigned this answer, "I mourn the fall of my fellow-Christians and the triumph of the Faithful over the Infidels. The Devil -makes me come here. I shall wander until the appear<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-300"></a>[<a href="images/2-300.png">300</a>]</span>ance +makes me come here. I shall wander until the appear<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-300">300</a></span>ance of Gog and Magog upon the earth, and then shall be yoked to their chariot, and go out and conquer the world, and kill the Faithful. But I shall be tormented @@ -25892,7 +25891,7 @@ Spirits in adoration to The Three Gods. Now the number of shepherds also happened to be three. The good Gabriel told them to cut down the trees, and burn them separately. The shepherds did so, and for their -obedience, from beneath the ashes a great cake of molten<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-301"></a>[<a href="images/2-301.png">301</a>]</span> +obedience, from beneath the ashes a great cake of molten<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-301">301</a></span> gold came pouring out. "These cakes are the Gods of the Christians; there are three of these cakes," said Gabriel. "Take each one, and go, and trade to Soudan," @@ -25925,7 +25924,7 @@ mounted our camels, for it was necessary to face also this new desert. I greatly perspired with the labour of the ascent, and now caught a cold, and had a bilious attack, the only time I was seriously unwell during my -nine months in The Desert, and strange enough that it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-302"></a>[<a href="images/2-302.png">302</a>]</span> +nine months in The Desert, and strange enough that it<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-302">302</a></span> should be occasioned by cold. Our party consisted of myself and Said, the Targhee guide, and Mustapha, the Tripoline Moor, who was going to purchase provisions, @@ -25946,7 +25945,7 @@ mountains which we had just ascended.</p> <p>After a few hours we again descended into a small shallow wady, where was a little herbage. We continued all day, and endeavoured to reach a part of the -plateau, where were some Fezzan Touaricks tending their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-303"></a>[<a href="images/2-303.png">303</a>]</span> +plateau, where were some Fezzan Touaricks tending their<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-303">303</a></span> flocks, and where it was said we should get milk and a kid of the goat to kill and eat. The whole of the day it was cold, and the wind piercing, which I attributed to @@ -25979,7 +25978,7 @@ found myself a little better. At the time I attributed my illness to the water of The Wady, but which was incorrect. Before starting, I obtained a bowl of sour milk. To my surprise I saw only women tending these flocks. I -asked about their husbands. They were gone away to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-304"></a>[<a href="images/2-304.png">304</a>]</span> +asked about their husbands. They were gone away to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-304">304</a></span> work in Ghat, Fezzan, and other parts. Here were three or four adult women, and a few children, wandering solitarily in Open Desert! Not a habitation was near for many @@ -26014,7 +26013,7 @@ these <ins class="err" title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'sheperdesses'" to the weather. I shall ever remember the modest air with which a nomade young woman came and presented us with a bowl of milk. It was modesty's -self's picture! The shepherdess nymph stepped forward<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-305"></a>[<a href="images/2-305.png">305</a>]</span> +self's picture! The shepherdess nymph stepped forward<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-305">305</a></span> timidly, with her eyes averted, not presuming even to look at us; and as soon as she placed the bowl on the ground, a short distance from us, she escaped to the @@ -26050,7 +26049,7 @@ sent from Mourzuk for payment.</p> village of Agath. Our route was over a bare level plain, and our progress like at sea, when the masts of the ship are first seen, then the hull; so here we first saw -the heads of the date-palms, then their trunks, and then<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-306"></a>[<a href="images/2-306.png">306</a>]</span> +the heads of the date-palms, then their trunks, and then<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-306">306</a></span> the clusters of the hovels of the village. I was happy to learn our guide determined to pass the night here. The poor fellow was himself worn to a skeleton in travelling @@ -26081,7 +26080,7 @@ butter to make some bazeen in the morning. The Sheikh promised and took leave. In the morning the Sheikh fled, and we saw no more of him. He deserved to be reported at Mourzuk. Hospitality certainly -does not flourish at Agath. It's odd, the only time I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-307"></a>[<a href="images/2-307.png">307</a>]</span> +does not flourish at Agath. It's odd, the only time I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-307">307</a></span> was seriously ill, and really wanted hospitality, I found it not. To-day we picked off several fine pieces of gum from the tholh. Many of the trees had their @@ -26124,7 +26123,7 @@ viii. 27.)</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-308"></a>[<a href="images/2-308.png">308</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-308">308</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE AT MOURZUK.</h3> @@ -26159,7 +26158,7 @@ and sandy wastes. A few wells here and there, and a little corn cultivation. Arrived at Mourzuk at about 4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></p> -<p>I here thought of a squib which had been published in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-309"></a>[<a href="images/2-309.png">309</a>]</span> +<p>I here thought of a squib which had been published in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-309">309</a></span> a rival paper at Malta, representing me as "The Consul of the Blacks at Mourzuk" in allusion to and satirizing my anti-slavery propensities. These things will come back @@ -26191,7 +26190,7 @@ stared at me as if I had just dropped from the clouds. He had heard of my going to Ghadames, Ghat, and Soudan, but did not expect to see me one while. I need not add, Mr. Gagliuffi gave me a most hearty welcome. -I found the Consul in a very fine and spacious house for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-310"></a>[<a href="images/2-310.png">310</a>]</span> +I found the Consul in a very fine and spacious house for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-310">310</a></span> oases of Desert, with "all his English<a id="FNa_2-39"></a><a href="#FoN_2-39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> comforts around him," as we say. Seven months had made me forget all these things, and I was now a Saharan entering into the @@ -26221,7 +26220,7 @@ were females, and these young women or girls. There were a few children. Necessity teaches some of the best as well as the sternest lessons. A child of three years of age rode a camel alone, and without fear. The poor -little creature knew if it complained or discovered itself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-311"></a>[<a href="images/2-311.png">311</a>]</span> +little creature knew if it complained or discovered itself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-311">311</a></span> frightened, it would be obliged to walk through The Desert. The slaves were fed in the morning with dates, and in the evening with ghusub. Female slaves, after @@ -26253,7 +26252,7 @@ character. Some groups of slaves were aristocratic, and would not associate with the others. Three young females under the care of the Shereef, assumed the airs and attitude of exclusives, and would not associate with -the rest. Every passion and habit of civilized, is repre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-312"></a>[<a href="images/2-312.png">312</a>]</span>sented +the rest. Every passion and habit of civilized, is repre<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-312">312</a></span>sented in savage life. A perfect democracy, in any country and state of society, is a perfect lie, and a leveller is a brainless fool. There is also an aristocracy @@ -26286,7 +26285,7 @@ their Mourzuk fever. Mr. Gagliuffi treated me as such, and the Greek doctor was sent for, who approved of my being treated as attacked, and I took accordingly fever powders. But another night's rest restored me and I -discovered no symptoms of fever, for which I could not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-313"></a>[<a href="images/2-313.png">313</a>]</span> +discovered no symptoms of fever, for which I could not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-313">313</a></span> be too thankful, as the fever nearly attacks all strangers journeying in Mourzuk. The news from Europe was exceedingly disagreeable to me, inasmuch as I read of @@ -26316,7 +26315,7 @@ tyranny of the mother country, than that she should now become, as she is, the world's palladium of Negro slavery, and the huge breeding house of slaves to endless generations! We cannot but recommend to these trans-atlantic -tramplers upon the freedom and rights of man,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-314"></a>[<a href="images/2-314.png">314</a>]</span> +tramplers upon the freedom and rights of man,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-314">314</a></span> in defiance of all divine and human laws, the following lines of Mr. James—</p> @@ -26355,7 +26354,7 @@ and removing my Maraboutish appearance by getting me a new red cap or <i>fez</i>. My <i>Christian</i> hat was left at Ghadames. It was impossible to wear it in Desert or towns, for people always said I looked like a Christian -devil when I wore the European black hat. We found<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-315"></a>[<a href="images/2-315.png">315</a>]</span> +devil when I wore the European black hat. We found<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-315">315</a></span> His Highness just recovered from a month's indisposition. He received us very politely, and Mr. Gagliuffi tells me he is really a very good sort of man. His Highness @@ -26388,7 +26387,7 @@ thought there was a great mountain separating you from us, protecting you from our armies. You besides always boasted of having an army of 100,000 warriors. But the other day there came to you a bee, and buzzed about -your ears, and you all at once fled before the little bee.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-316"></a>[<a href="images/2-316.png">316</a>]</span> +your ears, and you all at once fled before the little bee.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-316">316</a></span> How is this? Where are your 100,000 unconquerable heroes?"</p> @@ -26425,7 +26424,7 @@ Sahara. Mr. Gagliuffi had instructed me diplomatically to boast of the attentions which I had received from the Touaricks, for observed the Consul, "If you say the Touaricks did not treat you well in every respect, the -Bashaw will commiserate you before your face, but laugh<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-317"></a>[<a href="images/2-317.png">317</a>]</span> +Bashaw will commiserate you before your face, but laugh<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-317">317</a></span> at you behind your back, and tell his people how happy he is (and I'm sure he will be happy) you have been well fleeced by the Touaricks, of whom the Turks here @@ -26458,7 +26457,7 @@ After the manœuvring, we visited the commander and his staff, who were all extremely polite. The Bashaw does not interfere with the discipline of the army. The Turks can well distinguish, if they please, between civil and -military affairs. And it is wrong to consider the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-318"></a>[<a href="images/2-318.png">318</a>]</span> +military affairs. And it is wrong to consider the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-318">318</a></span> Turkish Government and people, like Prussia and other military nations of the north, as one great military camp. We afterwards visited the Kady, Haj Mohammed @@ -26491,7 +26490,7 @@ me. Three-fourths of the Europeans who come here invariably have the fever. I speak of the Turks. It attacks them principally in the beginning of the hot, and cold, weather, or in May and November. Fortunately, -I am here in February. Mourzuk is emphatically<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-319"></a>[<a href="images/2-319.png">319</a>]</span> +I am here in February. Mourzuk is emphatically<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-319">319</a></span> called, like many places of Africa, <i>Blad Elhemah</i>—‮بلاد الحمة‬—"country of fever."</p> @@ -26532,7 +26531,7 @@ ago.</p> <p>There was a wedding to-day, and the bride was carried on the back of the camel, attended with the high -honour of the frequent discharge of musketry. In order<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-320"></a>[<a href="images/2-320.png">320</a>]</span> +honour of the frequent discharge of musketry. In order<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-320">320</a></span> that I might likewise partake of these honours, the Arab cavaliers stopped before the Consul's house, and several times discharged their matchlocks. It was a gay, busy, @@ -26565,7 +26564,7 @@ which all this cultivation is produced, rain rarely ever falling, cannot be carried on during the intense and absorbing heats of summer. A couple of asses and a couple of men, or a man and a boy, do all the business of -irrigation. Fezzan water is brackish generally, and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-321"></a>[<a href="images/2-321.png">321</a>]</span> +irrigation. Fezzan water is brackish generally, and the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-321">321</a></span> wells are about fifteen of twenty feet deep. These are in the form of great holes or pits. The more distant suburbs present beautiful forests of palms, producing a @@ -26598,7 +26597,7 @@ lounging soldiers limping by with their black thick shoes pulled on as slippers,—the slaves squatting in circles, playing in the dirt,—groups of merchants, black, yellow, and brown, bargaining and wrangling,—asses -laden with wood,—the coffee-maker carrying about cups<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-322"></a>[<a href="images/2-322.png">322</a>]</span> +laden with wood,—the coffee-maker carrying about cups<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-322">322</a></span> of coffee, &c., &c. Wrote letters for to-morrow's post, and very disagreeable to me, as announcing my tour broken up midway.</p> @@ -26629,7 +26628,7 @@ to do justice to Russia in the efforts which she made, and the aid she rendered the Servians, in emancipating them from the galling yoke of Mussulman bigotry and Turkish tyranny<a id="FNa_2-41"></a><a href="#FoN_2-41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>. Nicholas has a noble and mighty -mission before him, not to subjugate Turkey, or infringe<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-323"></a>[<a href="images/2-323.png">323</a>]</span> +mission before him, not to subjugate Turkey, or infringe<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-323">323</a></span> upon the liberties of Europe, but to civilize his vast empire, and the wild countries of Northern Asia. But the Czar does not seem to understand his destiny—or @@ -26666,7 +26665,7 @@ my going up to Bornou this spring. However, a couple of small slave-caravans have ventured stealthily down twice a year, conducted by Tibboos. The principal Tripoline slave-dealers who frequent Mourzuk are from -Bengazi and Egypt. Slaves are besides brought occa<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-324"></a>[<a href="images/2-324.png">324</a>]</span>sionally +Bengazi and Egypt. Slaves are besides brought occa<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-324">324</a></span>sionally from Wadai; and there is a biennial caravan from Wadai to Bengazi direct, leading to the coast a thousand and more slaves at once. Our Consul is frequently @@ -26699,7 +26698,7 @@ master money to buy a new slave?" The Consul protested he did not. Old Yousef laughed, and drily observed:—"When this (pointing to the new slave), is in the family way, I must purchase another wife. If I can't keep my -wives myself, I must beg of my neighbours to contribute<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-325"></a>[<a href="images/2-325.png">325</a>]</span> +wives myself, I must beg of my neighbours to contribute<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-325">325</a></span> a portion of the necessary expense." Old Yousef is a thorough-going scamp of a Moor.</p> @@ -26732,7 +26731,7 @@ whom he was sold, terrified him, by threatening, if he should show the least wish to return, to cut him to pieces. The barbarous threat had its desired effect, and he submitted to his fate. This Circassian officer has still -a hankering after Christians, and in his heart is no good<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-326"></a>[<a href="images/2-326.png">326</a>]</span> +a hankering after Christians, and in his heart is no good<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-326">326</a></span> Mussulman. He tries to adopt as much as possible Christian manners, and boasts of having all things like them. Such forced renegades deserve our most sincere @@ -26765,7 +26764,7 @@ they dry fish, as meat, without salt, and it keeps well. We had bottled stout, table wines, Malaga, rosatas, and rum. We were all of course very happy, and the Albanian sang several of his wild mountain songs. He was -very merry, and, swore he was obliged to keep himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-327"></a>[<a href="images/2-327.png">327</a>]</span> +very merry, and, swore he was obliged to keep himself<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-327">327</a></span> merry, because, not like other people, he had an affair which rankled in his breast. We asked him what it was. The Albanian answered, greatly excited, both with his @@ -26797,7 +26796,7 @@ apartment of the Conciergerie. Happily we were in The Desert, under the rule of barbarians. Coletti was mentioned, but I forget what was said of him. In Jerbah, a Greek merchant protested to me, that the only way to -regenerate Greece was to cut off the head of this Coletti,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-328"></a>[<a href="images/2-328.png">328</a>]</span> +regenerate Greece was to cut off the head of this Coletti,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-328">328</a></span> as well as all the present chiefs of parties. He observed "Another generation alone can regenerate Greece." The merchant added, "I should like also to hang up that @@ -26831,7 +26830,7 @@ regiments in Algeria. How very humane all our European Governments are getting! How kindly they treat their poor troops! Who would not be a soldier, and fight the battles of "glorious war?" But we must return -to our host, who is a very different kind of Greek.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-329"></a>[<a href="images/2-329.png">329</a>]</span> +to our host, who is a very different kind of Greek.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-329">329</a></span> Doctors are always pacific men. The Doctor observed laconically, "I eat the bread of the Turks, and whilst I do so I must be, and I am a good Ottoman subject." Mr. @@ -26863,7 +26862,7 @@ for expenses at Mourzuk. The officers have quarters with the Bashaw in the Castle. Mr. Gagliuffi related a characteristic anecdote of the ignorance prevailing amongst the Arabs as gross as that of Negroes. Mohammed -Circus (or the Circassian) was a few years ago<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-330"></a>[<a href="images/2-330.png">330</a>]</span> +Circus (or the Circassian) was a few years ago<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-330">330</a></span> Bashaw of Bengazi whilst Mr. G. visited that place. The Bashaw was buying something of an Arab, and gave him but a third of its real value. Mr. G. took upon @@ -26905,7 +26904,7 @@ him abruptly,—</p> <p>"Mahomet says so."</p> <p>"What did Mahomet do to make you credit his -word?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-331"></a>[<a href="images/2-331.png">331</a>]</span></p> +word?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-331">331</a></span></p> <p>"Plenty of things."</p> @@ -26943,7 +26942,7 @@ coffee, and milk, sour milk (or leben), but not skimmed, which is considered a great luxury, and only presented to strangers of consequence.</p> -<p><i>3rd.</i>—We received a visit from the Bey, as he is some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-332"></a>[<a href="images/2-332.png">332</a>]</span>times +<p><i>3rd.</i>—We received a visit from the Bey, as he is some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-332">332</a></span>times called, the commander of the troops, who is a very sociable kind-hearted little fellow. Mr. Gagliuffi related some of the atrocities which were committed by the @@ -26975,7 +26974,7 @@ may learn something." The grand occupation of the Commander now is, the building of a guard-house within the city. This occupies his attention morning, noon, and night; and it certainly has a good appearance. -There is not such a natty thing in Tripoli. The officer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-333"></a>[<a href="images/2-333.png">333</a>]</span> +There is not such a natty thing in Tripoli. The officer<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-333">333</a></span> directs all the works, and is assisted occasionally by the friendly counsel of the Consul; so that a wonder of architecture will at last be reared amidst the crumbling-down @@ -27009,7 +27008,7 @@ conducted by old Yousef, who told us the Rais (Capt. Lyon) chose the site of burial between three small mounds of earth, in order that the grave might be easily distinguished hereafter. Mr. Gagliuffi, had never visited -the grave before my arrival, which I proposed to him as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-334"></a>[<a href="images/2-334.png">334</a>]</span> +the grave before my arrival, which I proposed to him as<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-334">334</a></span> a sacred duty that we owed to our predecessors in African travel and discovery. The Consul promises now to have the grave repaired and white-washed, and I, on my part, @@ -27041,7 +27040,7 @@ trumpery appearance. I was glad to see the grave of Ritchie lying apart from this, though in its infidel isolation. There lies our poor countryman, alone in The Sahara! But, though without a stone or monument to -mark the desert spot, still it is a memorial of the genius<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-335"></a>[<a href="images/2-335.png">335</a>]</span> +mark the desert spot, still it is a memorial of the genius<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-335">335</a></span> and enterprise of Englishmen for travel and research in the wildest, remotest regions of the globe. And, for myself, I would rather lie here, in open desert, than in @@ -27069,7 +27068,7 @@ did protest against this wholesale burning alive of an Arab tribe.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-336"></a>[<a href="images/2-336.png">336</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-336">336</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE AT MOURZUK.</h3> @@ -27104,7 +27103,7 @@ numerous as represented. The same, indeed, may be said of all the kingdoms of Africa. The principal slave or servant (factotum) of the Sultan of Aheer is now in Mourzuk, transacting business for his master. The -Bashaw offered to write to the Sultan for me through<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-337"></a>[<a href="images/2-337.png">337</a>]</span> +Bashaw offered to write to the Sultan for me through<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-337">337</a></span> this man. He is called Hiddee, and paid me a visit this morning. En-Nour, the friend of Kandarka, is only a Sheikh. Hiddee is the slave whom the Bashaw @@ -27137,7 +27136,7 @@ possesses in and over women. He can have no communication with them, nor can he buy anything from them, or receive anything from their hands. If he does not pay in a few days, his fine increases with his -delay. This custom prevails, and its stipulations are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-338"></a>[<a href="images/2-338.png">338</a>]</span> +delay. This custom prevails, and its stipulations are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-338">338</a></span> most religiously binding, whenever women are employed to white-wash Government houses and establishments. Once a Targhee received some money, which a woman @@ -27171,7 +27170,7 @@ Bashaw deigned the following in reply:—"There was a boy left with his father, whilst the mother and wife had gone to a neighbouring village on an errand. The boy, after a sleep of three hours, awoke, and, looking about -him and not seeing his mother, began to cry for her.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-339"></a>[<a href="images/2-339.png">339</a>]</span> +him and not seeing his mother, began to cry for her.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-339">339</a></span> 'Oh,' said the father, 'you have begun to cry for your mother after three minutes, you blubbering urchin; whilst I have been waiting for my wife, with the most @@ -27204,7 +27203,7 @@ Soudanese people. Slaves are told, on leaving Soudan, that white people will kill them and eat them; but when they get here, and see themselves kindly treated, they become reconciled to slavery. In some of the Nigritian -countries, when the people get old,—say seventy or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-340"></a>[<a href="images/2-340.png">340</a>]</span> +countries, when the people get old,—say seventy or<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-340">340</a></span> eighty years of age,—their relatives and friends say to them, "Come, now you are very old, and are of no use in the world: it is better for you to go away to your @@ -27237,7 +27236,7 @@ of Tripoli. You must send my letter to my son." "There it is," cried the Tibboo, and flung it down at the feet of the Governor. The letter being opened, the contents ran thus:—"Son, be a good man, -fear me and fear God. If you behave well, and acknow<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-341"></a>[<a href="images/2-341.png">341</a>]</span>ledge +fear me and fear God. If you behave well, and acknow<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-341">341</a></span>ledge me as your father, I will send you three slaves and come and see you." The Tibboo was allowed to depart from the Governor as a madman.</p> @@ -27274,7 +27273,7 @@ The curse of God is upon them. When they die nothing is found in their houses, nor gold, silver, money, or goods, not even victuals. God punishes them thus because they are a nation of Jews and slave-dealers." -Belazee forgets that his government is partly supported<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-342"></a>[<a href="images/2-342.png">342</a>]</span> +Belazee forgets that his government is partly supported<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-342">342</a></span> by the slave-traffic. But the Bashaw is a man of great audacity, takes large views of things, assumes the air of lavish and magnificent pretensions, and hates the @@ -27307,7 +27306,7 @@ acceptable to God, seeing the poor slaves had been liberated by their pious Mussulman masters, who invoked upon them the blessing of the Almighty on the day of their liberation. And it is said, that, in no case, when a -freed slave took a letter from the Bashaw, did the slave<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-343"></a>[<a href="images/2-343.png">343</a>]</span> +freed slave took a letter from the Bashaw, did the slave<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-343">343</a></span> fail to reach his native country. How different this Desert morality to that of the villanous Americans, who glory in recapturing freed slaves, or hanging them up by @@ -27344,7 +27343,7 @@ condition of those tribes, in that country it is "Man and his Mistress," and not "Woman and her Master." The Tibboo ladies do not even allow a husband to enter his own home without sending word previously to announce -himself. A Tibboo lady once explained this mat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-344"></a>[<a href="images/2-344.png">344</a>]</span>ter +himself. A Tibboo lady once explained this mat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-344">344</a></span>ter in Mourzuk. "Why," said the Tibbooess, "should I not have two or three husbands, as well as my husband two or three wives? Are not we women as good as @@ -27377,7 +27376,7 @@ consists of many buildings and court-yards, contains the barracks. The town is formed of one large broad street, opening into a spacious square before the Castle, and several smaller narrower streets. Since the occupation -of the Turks, many improvements have been made. A<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-345"></a>[<a href="images/2-345.png">345</a>]</span> +of the Turks, many improvements have been made. A<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-345">345</a></span> new mosque has been built, and a guard-house is being finished for the troops in town. Two or three coffee-houses and new shops have been fitted up, and the progress @@ -27410,7 +27409,7 @@ joined the Kady. Besides a Kady in this city, there are four Kadys in the rest of the province. The garrison consists of five hundred and fifty men and boys, about one-third only of whom are Turks, the rest being Arabs -and Moors. Of the whole force, one hundred and fifty are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-346"></a>[<a href="images/2-346.png">346</a>]</span> +and Moors. Of the whole force, one hundred and fifty are<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-346">346</a></span> cavalry. There is besides an irregular corps of a hundred Arab horse. The superior officers, including the commander-in-chief, are all Turks. The medical officer @@ -27441,7 +27440,7 @@ Timbuctoo; so much so, that in past times, the Emperors pretended to exercise sovereignty over this mysterious city of the banks of the Niger.</p> -<p>As before mentioned, Mourzuk is not healthy<a id="FNa_2-42"></a><a href="#FoN_2-42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-347"></a>[<a href="images/2-347.png">347</a>]</span> +<p>As before mentioned, Mourzuk is not healthy<a id="FNa_2-42"></a><a href="#FoN_2-42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-347">347</a></span> Greek doctor calls the fever "<i>febre terziane</i>" (Ital.), apparently the ordinary intermittent fever, or perhaps the tertian ague, with local peculiarities. It usually begins @@ -27470,7 +27469,7 @@ in all their garrison towns, has full force, free course, and scope in Mourzuk, beginning as an example with His Highness the Bashaw, and descending to the lowest soldiers. Yet they say, it was infinitely worse before -the present commanding officer had charge of the troops.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-348"></a>[<a href="images/2-348.png">348</a>]</span> +the present commanding officer had charge of the troops.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-348">348</a></span> The officers have no legitimate wives, nor, of course the privates. The women of Mourzuk are therefore necessarily of bold aspect and depraved manners. All the @@ -27510,7 +27509,7 @@ voluptuary. "Better to die than have no slaves!" But there are exceptions. A young lad is placed by his uncle, who lives in Tripoli, under the care of the Consul. His uncle wrote to the Consul, "To tell the lad, to send -no more slaves to Tripoli, to abandon the traffic alto<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-349"></a>[<a href="images/2-349.png">349</a>]</span>gether," +no more slaves to Tripoli, to abandon the traffic alto<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-349">349</a></span>gether," adding, in his letter, "In future, God deliver us from this shameful traffic!" But the Consul previously had written to the uncle that he would not take @@ -27542,7 +27541,7 @@ is the principal town of the division of Shargheeah, or The East.</p> <p>To the natural productions of Fezzan, already enumerated, -may be added, the Trona<a id="FNa_2-43"></a><a href="#FoN_2-43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>, or "Sal Natrone" of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-350"></a>[<a href="images/2-350.png">350</a>]</span> +may be added, the Trona<a id="FNa_2-43"></a><a href="#FoN_2-43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>, or "Sal Natrone" of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-350">350</a></span> Tripoline merchants. It is procured from the bottom of the lakes when the water evaporates during the summer season. Besides its use of being masticated in Barbary, @@ -27577,7 +27576,7 @@ existence, if moderately cultivated, whilst many oases, once smiling paradisal spots in Desert, are altogether abandoned. The few merchants who have any money are those of Sockna, but which town, as before mentioned, -does not properly belong to Fezzan, though its<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-351"></a>[<a href="images/2-351.png">351</a>]</span> +does not properly belong to Fezzan, though its<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-351">351</a></span> relations with these oases are intimate. Before the Turks and Abd-El-Geleel, Fezzan was governed by its own native Sultans, whose family was of the Shereefs of @@ -27607,7 +27606,7 @@ the sword which was being drawn by avenging Heaven to cut off his family root and branch, perhaps his own head, and break up for ever his blood-cemented kingdom. These suspicions of a guilty conscience came at -length to such a pitch, that the day arrived when the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-352"></a>[<a href="images/2-352.png">352</a>]</span> +length to such a pitch, that the day arrived when the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-352">352</a></span> innocent youth was to be strangled, so snatching violently away the instrument of vengeance from the hands of inexorable justice! But, on that very day, the @@ -27640,7 +27639,7 @@ a new and a more formidable master. The Sheikh refused submission, and declared and carried on war with the Turks. At length, however, his intrepid brother, Saif Nasser, was killed in battle, and the Sultan-Sheikh -became dispirited, lost his courage and presence<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-353"></a>[<a href="images/2-353.png">353</a>]</span> +became dispirited, lost his courage and presence<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-353">353</a></span> of mind. Abd-El-Geleel madly surrendered himself, at the instigation of his own Sheikhs, who betrayed him to the Turks, and Belazee, the present Bashaw of Fezzan, @@ -27673,7 +27672,7 @@ Asker Ali. This tyrant, like all tyrants, on receiving his recal, was unmanned, and became weaker than a child, for the performance of acts of the darkest cruelty and the most arrant cowardice, are quite compatible. The -tyrant Asker Ali shed tears! on leaving the country, where<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-354"></a>[<a href="images/2-354.png">354</a>]</span> +tyrant Asker Ali shed tears! on leaving the country, where<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-354">354</a></span> he had exercised the most atrocious cruelties. However, he was fated to execute one act of justice, in the style of the Turk, against the betrayers of Abd-El-Geleel; for @@ -27704,7 +27703,7 @@ Warrington<a id="FNa_2-45"></a><a href="#FoN_2-45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>. Th was more inclined to French than English interests. Such a statement is probably a calumny of the sulphur-exploring adventurer in Tripoli, and was made to get -himself popularity in France, or to help his schemes of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-355"></a>[<a href="images/2-355.png">355</a>]</span> +himself popularity in France, or to help his schemes of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-355">355</a></span> Tripoli speculations. At any rate, it rests solely upon his very dubious authority. The Arab prince lost all by attempting too much. He reversed the maxim of @@ -27738,7 +27737,7 @@ the further military exploits of Hasan Belazee.</p> village of Omm-Errâneb ("mother of hares"), took it into their heads to revolt, and upon some frivolous pretext seized their neighbours' camels, as an intimation to -the Bashaw of their seditious intentions. It is certain,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-356"></a>[<a href="images/2-356.png">356</a>]</span> +the Bashaw of their seditious intentions. It is certain,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-356">356</a></span> however, from what followed in the course of events, that their revolt was concerted with the Oulad Suleiman. The villagers of Omm-Errâneb had not the shadow of @@ -27773,7 +27772,7 @@ cursed, and your wife prostituted, you dog of a Turk!" (raising the sword to strike him).</p> <p><i>The Supplicant.</i>—"Oh! have mercy upon me, I'm a -doctor," (falling on his knees).<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-357"></a>[<a href="images/2-357.png">357</a>]</span></p> +doctor," (falling on his knees).<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-357">357</a></span></p> <p><i>An Arab</i>, aside.—"Strike! strike! he lies."</p> @@ -27809,7 +27808,7 @@ allowed to reunite their scattered bands and pursue tranquilly their way to Bornou, to the prince of their tribe. All the fugitives of the Omm-Errâneb accompanied them. On their march up, they ruthlessly sacked -all the villages of Fezzan and the Tibboos, and arrived<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-358"></a>[<a href="images/2-358.png">358</a>]</span> +all the villages of Fezzan and the Tibboos, and arrived<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-358">358</a></span> at the quarters of their compatriots laden with booty. The Bashaw returned weary and exhausted, having no sufficient force to follow up the pursuit of the Oulad @@ -27842,7 +27841,7 @@ my return to Tripoli, I found the British Consul in negotiation with the Bashaw to procure their return to the Syrtis: of which since I have heard nothing. The Bashaw told the Consul they must write to the Sultan -for pardon. The negotiation was placed in the hands<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-359"></a>[<a href="images/2-359.png">359</a>]</span> +for pardon. The negotiation was placed in the hands<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-359">359</a></span> of Mr. Gagliuffi, of whom they are passionately fond, and in whom they have the most implicit confidence. These malcontent Arabs were, of course, on friendly @@ -27874,7 +27873,7 @@ the reader will be pleased not to confound with my friend Essnousee of Ghadames, who had gone on to Soudan with the return caravan. Haj Essnousee had accompanying him two or three other traders, all of -whom were natives of Sockna. Their slaves had not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-360"></a>[<a href="images/2-360.png">360</a>]</span> +whom were natives of Sockna. Their slaves had not<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-360">360</a></span> come from Ghat, but had been brought three months ago by the Tibboos from Bornou.</p> @@ -27907,7 +27906,7 @@ tardily granted.</p> <p>The appointment of Mr. Gagliuffi has fully answered all the objects originally projected. The traffic in slaves is well watched on this route, and reported upon. The -Vice-Consul exercises a beneficial influence on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-361"></a>[<a href="images/2-361.png">361</a>]</span> +Vice-Consul exercises a beneficial influence on the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-361">361</a></span> affairs of Mourzuk, and is useful both to the governing power and the governed. The population of Fezzan have great faith in the integrity of Mr. Gagliuffi as agent of the @@ -27940,7 +27939,7 @@ this great enterprize, and to make this application of our resources, which eventually would be no sacrifice, for the benefit of all mankind. It will, however, require sacrifices from individuals as well as from Government, -for a residence in The Desert or Central Africa is no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-362"></a>[<a href="images/2-362.png">362</a>]</span> +for a residence in The Desert or Central Africa is no<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-362">362</a></span> consular retreat, or diplomatic lounge for an invalid Minister. But if any sacrifice be made for foreign nations and countries, it surely should be made for Africa, on @@ -27998,7 +27997,7 @@ him having fallen in the skirmish.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-363"></a>[<a href="images/2-363.png">363</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-363">363</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2> <h3>FROM MOURZUK TO SOCKNA.</h3> @@ -28034,7 +28033,7 @@ think of going to Soudan! How you would have suffered!" I returned, "No noble enterprizes are achieved without great mental and bodily suffering." This remark impressed him in my favour, and we continued -great friends all the route to Tripoli.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-364"></a>[<a href="images/2-364.png">364</a>]</span></p> +great friends all the route to Tripoli.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-364">364</a></span></p> <p>This morning Haj Essnousee, being on foot, called out for his camel to stop, in a tone which denoted he had @@ -28067,7 +28066,7 @@ whilst also ill and dying, they may be flogged on the point of death, as Haj Ibrahim flagellated his dying victim. No doubt, at times these wretched slaves, when worn down and exhausted, play some innocent tricks to -get a ride. Nevertheless, such is the power of sullen<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-365"></a>[<a href="images/2-365.png">365</a>]</span> +get a ride. Nevertheless, such is the power of sullen<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-365">365</a></span> insensibility which slaves can command, that the brutal masters may flog them to death without finding out whether they are really ill, or only sulky.</p> @@ -28100,7 +28099,7 @@ of oases in describing the province of Fezzan, of which we had a convincing proof this morning; for, during four or five hours we traversed a country in every respect desert, covered with small black stones, defying -all attempts at cultivation, and this desert land appa<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-366"></a>[<a href="images/2-366.png">366</a>]</span>rently +all attempts at cultivation, and this desert land appa<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-366">366</a></span>rently surrounds and intersects the entire series of the oases of Fezzan.</p> @@ -28133,7 +28132,7 @@ as we can.</p> <p>But whilst surveying the march of this troop of human cattle for the market, I can't but think how dreadful -a trade is this of buying and selling our fellow<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-367"></a>[<a href="images/2-367.png">367</a>]</span> +a trade is this of buying and selling our fellow<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-367">367</a></span> creatures! The Moors and Arabs of the ghafalah are civil enough. They discover great curiosity at seeing me write, and not a little surprise, like all I have met with, @@ -28166,7 +28165,7 @@ the slaves were departing from Mourzuk. I was then quietly writing, but as the mournful accents broke on my ear, I started from my usual propriety of feeling, and the courage which carried me over The Desert gave away -under the pressure of these strange Nigritian sounds of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-368"></a>[<a href="images/2-368.png">368</a>]</span> +under the pressure of these strange Nigritian sounds of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-368">368</a></span> the poor black children, the desolate daughters of the banks of the mysterious Niger. The tears rushed to my eyes, but I stopped them in their lachrymal sluices, and @@ -28199,7 +28198,7 @@ of utility, to relieve the weight of his infamous name with posterity. The well is very deep and the water good, but we did not take in any, as wells are frequent hereabouts. Continued our course until sunset, a long day, -and encamped at the base of a small mountain, called<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-369"></a>[<a href="images/2-369.png">369</a>]</span> +and encamped at the base of a small mountain, called<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-369">369</a></span> Babān, or "Two Doors," and by others, El-Bab, or "The Door." The Door and the Gate, like the famous "Iron Gate" in Algeria, are frequent names of rocky hills and @@ -28233,7 +28232,7 @@ attention.</p> <p>To write in the open Desert is no sinecure. When I go under the shade from the sun the wind blows unpityingly, -when in the sun the flies torment me. Our grand<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-370"></a>[<a href="images/2-370.png">370</a>]</span> +when in the sun the flies torment me. Our grand<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-370">370</a></span> slave-driver Haj Essnousee, is most determinedly bent on showing himself a perfect master in his profession. This afternoon he set to work beating one poor girl most @@ -28266,7 +28265,7 @@ labour. This robbery is perpetrated coolly and deliberately through a series of years. In the other case, the taking care of a slave, as every humane man must take care of his horse, and give him good beans, hay, -and a warm stable, is made the corner stone of "the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-371"></a>[<a href="images/2-371.png">371</a>]</span> +and a warm stable, is made the corner stone of "the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-371">371</a></span> living lie" of liberty on the southern transatlantic plains.</p> @@ -28299,7 +28298,7 @@ they found I was not a Turk, they began to abuse the Turks. "The Turks," said they, "take all our money and leave us nothing to eat but dates. The curse of God be upon them!" Whenever Turkish officers stop -here they levy contributions. The town is walled in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-372"></a>[<a href="images/2-372.png">372</a>]</span> +here they levy contributions. The town is walled in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-372">372</a></span> with mud and stone-work, and there are several towers around it forming part of the wall, pierced with loopholes for firing musketry therefrom. Most of these towns @@ -28332,7 +28331,7 @@ every time she fell off. I'm sick at heart of writing these shocking details. But the reader will not be surprised that the Moors make bad slave-masters, when they have such an early training as this little reprobate -boy, the nephew of Haj Essnousee. I often wondered<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-373"></a>[<a href="images/2-373.png">373</a>]</span> +boy, the nephew of Haj Essnousee. I often wondered<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-373">373</a></span> how this boy, who was some thirteen years of age, and fully capable of the sentiment of love, in a climate like Africa, could torment these poor girls of his own age @@ -28365,7 +28364,7 @@ what sort of places were England and London. It's little use to answer such questions; they cannot realize the idea or forms of an European city, even in imagination. Describing the riches of London, one observed ill-naturedly, -"Oh, God gives the infidels peace in this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-374"></a>[<a href="images/2-374.png">374</a>]</span> +"Oh, God gives the infidels peace in this<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-374">374</a></span> world, and fire in the next." I then thought it time to leave off my description. Whilst we were chatting, a locust was caught and roasted. I tasted it, and found it @@ -28398,7 +28397,7 @@ indeed, he could get off, he began to fancy himself ill, and was ill with fright, and expected every moment to be within the clutches of the Bashaw. I related to the Bashaw the story of the Governor of Ghat, having the -sword of his ancestors amongst the trophies at Constan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-375"></a>[<a href="images/2-375.png">375</a>]</span>tinople. +sword of his ancestors amongst the trophies at Constan<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-375">375</a></span>tinople. The facetious Bashaw observed to me:—"You ought to have said, 'I'll fetch you the sword, Haj Ahmed, if you'll promise like a good little boy not to cut @@ -28432,7 +28431,7 @@ a single muscle of the face.</p> <p><i>10th.</i>—We are to stay here to-day and to-morrow, in order that our slave-masters may obtain provisions. These people can do nothing without losing an enormous -quantity of time. It breaks my heart to lose so much<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-376"></a>[<a href="images/2-376.png">376</a>]</span> +quantity of time. It breaks my heart to lose so much<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-376">376</a></span> precious time. I could have got up to Soudan before I shall get down to Tripoli. A Touarghee once talked to me of travelling, and on my telling him I was going to @@ -28465,7 +28464,7 @@ country. Such were the Spaniards who run away from the prisons of exile in Morocco. Mahomet witnessed that Jesus was a true prophet; and Jesus witnessed that Moses was a prophet, and Moses prophesied of Jesus. -But neither Jesus, nor Moses, nor any other prophet,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-377"></a>[<a href="images/2-377.png">377</a>]</span> +But neither Jesus, nor Moses, nor any other prophet,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-377">377</a></span> witnessed to the truth of the mission of Mahomet." This amazed him excessively. Seeing this, I added, "Never attempt to convert a Christian, or speak to him @@ -28499,7 +28498,7 @@ to give them the Atkah<a id="FNa_2-47"></a><a href="#FoN_2-47" class="fnanchor"> <p><i>Said.</i>—"No; they say, 'Where are we going to? The world is large, O God! Where are we going? O God! Shall we return again to our country?'"</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-378"></a>[<a href="images/2-378.png">378</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-378">378</a></span></p> <p><i>I.</i>—"Is that all, what else?"</p> <p><i>Said.</i>—"They call to their remembrance their own @@ -28536,7 +28535,7 @@ attributed to these poor female slaves <i>en route</i> over The Desert, as found in some books of travel, which, I believe, are the invention of slave-masters, embellished by the traveller. No; their song is, and was, and always will -be, because the spontaneous voice of distressed nature,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-379"></a>[<a href="images/2-379.png">379</a>]</span> +be, because the spontaneous voice of distressed nature,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-379">379</a></span> appealing to the justice and help of the Author of all being!</p> @@ -28580,7 +28579,7 @@ SONG OF THE SLAVES IN THE DESERT. <span class="i0">Bornou-land we see no longer,</span> <span class="i0">Here we thirst, and here we hunger,</span> <span class="i0">Here the Moor man smites in anger;</span> -<span class="i1">Where are we going, Rubee?<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-380"></a>[<a href="images/2-380.png">380</a>]</span></span> +<span class="i1">Where are we going, Rubee?<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-380">380</a></span></span> </div><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">Where are we going? Where are we going?</span> <span class="i1">Hear us, save us, Rubee!</span> @@ -28620,7 +28619,7 @@ human, race? For,</p> <span class="i0">'This is my own, my native land.'"</span> </div></div> -<p>If Dr. Pritchard's argument be good in religion, by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-381"></a>[<a href="images/2-381.png">381</a>]</span> +<p>If Dr. Pritchard's argument be good in religion, by<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-381">381</a></span> the existence of which sentiment in the breast of every portion of humankind he proves that all men are of one species, and of one original race or stock, the argument @@ -28652,7 +28651,7 @@ wine and lots. <i>Answer.</i>—In both there is great sin." "Satan seeketh to sow dissension and hatred amongst you, by means of wine and lots," &c. (Surat ii. and v.) How the commentators have quieted the consciences of -the Faithful on the point of lots and not about wine, I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-382"></a>[<a href="images/2-382.png">382</a>]</span> +the Faithful on the point of lots and not about wine, I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-382">382</a></span> cannot imagine. Such is the absolute folly of matters of this sort, the "clean" and the "unclean" in religion.</p> @@ -28685,7 +28684,7 @@ many palms grow and bear fruit without being watered, or having any water running under them.</p> <p>The Sebhah district embraces four villages besides its -town, viz., Ghortah, Hajrah, Marwees, and Hafat. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-383"></a>[<a href="images/2-383.png">383</a>]</span> +town, viz., Ghortah, Hajrah, Marwees, and Hafat. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-383">383</a></span> population are Moors and Arabs mixed occasionally with Negro blood; but no black population begins at these or the oases hereabouts, as foolishly stated on the map of @@ -28718,7 +28717,7 @@ Several heaps of stones in a part of the road, evidently to clear it, as it is next to impossible to miss the way in this part of Sahara. No stones were added to these heaps by us. Our precursors, in past times, were much -more attentive to clearing routes than ourselves.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-384"></a>[<a href="images/2-384.png">384</a>]</span></p> +more attentive to clearing routes than ourselves.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-384">384</a></span></p> <p>I am sorry to record the nasty feelings of the people of these Fezzanee towns towards Christians. I found @@ -28752,7 +28751,7 @@ this evening with most unmercifully beating his slaves. I could not find out the cause. The females usually catch it most. I cannot tell the reason, except it be, they are more difficult to reduce to a regimen, or system -of travelling, and are always fond of playing some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-385"></a>[<a href="images/2-385.png">385</a>]</span> +of travelling, and are always fond of playing some<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-385">385</a></span> innocent pranks. The lively things certainly make more noise and botheration than the males. We are to purchase dates here, they being cheap and of good quality. @@ -28795,7 +28794,7 @@ from morning to night.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-386"></a>[<a href="images/2-386.png">386</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-386">386</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2> <h3>FROM MOURZUK TO SOCKNA.</h3> @@ -28830,7 +28829,7 @@ ungenerously in teaching these poor things to call me kafer, or infidel, and to look upon me with a species of horror. For water, they come to us continually. To deposit a little bazeen, or flour-pudding, in the evening -until the morning, they come to us, finding it secure in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-387"></a>[<a href="images/2-387.png">387</a>]</span> +until the morning, they come to us, finding it secure in<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-387">387</a></span> our hands. Not to be beaten, they come to us, crouching down by me, and getting out of the way of the whip behind my back. In this way the poor things show @@ -28866,7 +28865,7 @@ When a man falls by a slip or otherwise, the opposing combatants fight over his body with great obstinacy and animation. This was the prettiest scene of the wild fight. The real arrow used in the interior is usually -poisoned. The Negroes are expert in discovering and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-388"></a>[<a href="images/2-388.png">388</a>]</span> +poisoned. The Negroes are expert in discovering and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-388">388</a></span> preparing vegetable poisons, as men of all countries are in inventing weapons for their own destruction. The Negroes have their Captain Warners as well as we. @@ -28899,7 +28898,7 @@ beings; so it was in the beginning, and so it will ever continue to be.</p> <p>I see by my notes I have various commissions to -execute—if—if—if I return to Mourzuk <i>en route</i>. First<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-389"></a>[<a href="images/2-389.png">389</a>]</span> +execute—if—if—if I return to Mourzuk <i>en route</i>. First<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-389">389</a></span> for the Sheikh of Bornou, I am to bring a small coining-machine to make a copper-currency, replacing the present inconvenient system of pieces of cotton called @@ -28926,7 +28925,7 @@ and neighbouring to Bornou, as an important means of civilizing Africa. But, it is to be understood, that the Missionaries should go as merchants, and, like Paul, work with their own hands at mechanical trades. It -must not be a wild-goose chase of empty declamation,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-390"></a>[<a href="images/2-390.png">390</a>]</span> +must not be a wild-goose chase of empty declamation,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-390">390</a></span> but a thoroughly conscientious project, wrought out according to the circumstances of the country, with discretion and courage. In this way it would, with the @@ -28959,7 +28958,7 @@ on dates and hasheesh (herbs). We eat the ghoteb." In the abandoned huts I found three or four women just come from Zeghen. They were collecting and boiling the ghoteb, which they sell in their town; it eats very -cooling and pleasant with dates. If I recollect, it is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-391"></a>[<a href="images/2-391.png">391</a>]</span> +cooling and pleasant with dates. If I recollect, it is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-391">391</a></span> something like the barilla-plant. I tasted the herb, but could make nothing of it. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of Fezzan are apparently healthy and happy. Providence @@ -28993,7 +28992,7 @@ to us all.</p> <p>Arrived at Zeghen at 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Don't feel very strong. Ought to eat more, but can't get meat. Had a good -drink of camel's milk this morning. Tired of cuscasou,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-392"></a>[<a href="images/2-392.png">392</a>]</span> +drink of camel's milk this morning. Tired of cuscasou,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-392">392</a></span> and now like bazeen better. Several of the people come to see me, apparently more hospitable than those of Sebhah. They are all very poor, scarcely existing, ground @@ -29026,7 +29025,7 @@ slaves from Central Africa. There the men perish in wars, or otherwise are enslaved for the Western Coast, and a surplus of women is left for the North.</p> -<p>This evening arrived the courier from Mourzuk, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-393"></a>[<a href="images/2-393.png">393</a>]</span> +<p>This evening arrived the courier from Mourzuk, who<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-393">393</a></span> took charge of a small packet of French patent soup, which I left behind. Mr. Gagliuffi had had this soup three years, and it was still very good. It is preserved @@ -29060,7 +29059,7 @@ attains maturity of growth and strength.</p> accidentée</i>. It was the <i>bonâ fide</i> Sahara, and wore its rugged face of desolation. But, after continuing five hours, we encamped at the Omm-El-Abeed, or "Mother" -or "Country of Slaves," so called probably because the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-394"></a>[<a href="images/2-394.png">394</a>]</span> +or "Country of Slaves," so called probably because the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-394">394</a></span> slave-caravans stop here to take in a good supply of water for four days on the highway of Tripoli. Whatever its name, this is a fair spot, abounding with excellent @@ -29092,7 +29091,7 @@ although, unfortunately, more from necessity than forethought have they been actuated. What may then be expected from men who adopt the principle of progress! Oftentimes I have connected, in imagination, the shores -of the Mediterranean with the banks of the Niger, by a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-395"></a>[<a href="images/2-395.png">395</a>]</span> +of the Mediterranean with the banks of the Niger, by a<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-395">395</a></span> series of uninterrupted palmy oases, with jutting fountains, and silvery streams of living water, and cool shady resting-places for weary caravans. Hope is still my consolation @@ -29125,7 +29124,7 @@ words, in reply to my demand of "What is good in this world?" "If you wish to do a good thing," said the slave-driver, "do this, abandon your country and your friends. Forget you were born a Christian. Go to Egypt—there -turn Mussulman. Then go to Mecca. There read and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-396"></a>[<a href="images/2-396.png">396</a>]</span> +turn Mussulman. Then go to Mecca. There read and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-396">396</a></span> study all the day, and all the days of your life. See and hear the time of prayers announced from El-Kaaba<a id="FNa_2-50"></a><a href="#FoN_2-50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>. Pray at Fidger, Subah and Aser, Mugreb and Lailah<a id="FNa_2-51"></a><a href="#FoN_2-51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>. @@ -29157,7 +29156,7 @@ Tibboos. Ghatroun, I am informed, has an entire population of coloured people, under the protection of a Marabout.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-397"></a>[<a href="images/2-397.png">397</a>]</span></p><p><i>16th.</i>—Another day lost. We stop here to-day to +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-397">397</a></span></p><p><i>16th.</i>—Another day lost. We stop here to-day to take in water, (as if we did not arrive soon enough yesterday to take in water for a hundred times our number,) and to let the camels feed. Felt, however, excessively @@ -29189,7 +29188,7 @@ I saw the slave-driver greatly excited, and heard him call to two other slaves, "Fetch him, fetch him." These slaves, (I almost cursed them in my heart,) came running to my encampment like two bloodhounds, and seized the -wretched slave, their brother in bondage, and dragged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-398"></a>[<a href="images/2-398.png">398</a>]</span> +wretched slave, their brother in bondage, and dragged<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-398">398</a></span> him off to the enraged slave-driver. The poor fellow, from fear and trembling, could not stand upon his legs, and was held up by his captors. The Mandara slave @@ -29221,7 +29220,7 @@ cunning ferocity and genuine Moorish sensuality being impressed upon his Cain-like countenance. I was enabled to study his character on our way, but study was scarcely requisite to discover the mark of the first murderer -stamped on his brow. When too indolent to beat his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-399"></a>[<a href="images/2-399.png">399</a>]</span> +stamped on his brow. When too indolent to beat his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-399">399</a></span> slaves he would throw stones at them; when flogging the female slaves, if he could not succeed in rousing their sensibilities as they dropped from exhaustion in The Desert, @@ -29257,7 +29256,7 @@ we're frightened at Haj Essnousee."</p> <p><i>I.</i>—"You then wish me to interfere,—I, who am a Christian, and an Englishman, and we English have no -slaves,—and you wish me to meddle with your business?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-400"></a>[<a href="images/2-400.png">400</a>]</span></p> +slaves,—and you wish me to meddle with your business?"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-400">400</a></span></p> <p>Another Moor said, "Ah, Yâkob, we know if it had been a Christian flogging a Christian, you would have @@ -29292,7 +29291,7 @@ to lighten the camels. The sand deceived my vision frequently in walking. Looking at some heaps over which I was pacing, I imagined them at a considerable distance off, when, to my amazement, I found them under -my feet in an instant. It might be partly owing to the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-401"></a>[<a href="images/2-401.png">401</a>]</span> +my feet in an instant. It might be partly owing to the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-401">401</a></span> dizziness of riding. The sand was a deep shining red. At another time a hillock of sand seemed projecting near my face, and putting out my hand to feel it, I @@ -29327,7 +29326,7 @@ And so of the few other discernible objects on this wide expanse of optical delusion. Mirage was seen at times, but nothing pretty. We encamped late, midway through the vast plateau, when shadowy night began to establish -her sable throne, in "rayless majesty," over this silent,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-402"></a>[<a href="images/2-402.png">402</a>]</span> +her sable throne, in "rayless majesty," over this silent,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-402">402</a></span> sombre Desert. On such a horrid waste as this, when crime and murder shall have depopulated the world, the last man will breathe his last sigh! Another long and @@ -29360,7 +29359,7 @@ were digging a well at the command of the Turks! Formerly the Turks in Barbary did nothing but fill up the wells, or let them be filled up. Another day has dawned over "the spirit of their dream." The Ottomans -now begin to see that they must step forward in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-403"></a>[<a href="images/2-403.png">403</a>]</span> +now begin to see that they must step forward in the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-403">403</a></span> march of improvement, or be blotted out of existence, as a nation of the earth. This is the most difficult part of the route in coming up from Tripoli to Mourzuk, and @@ -29394,7 +29393,7 @@ not heard the report of the pistol. To show the improvidence of our Moors, we had only just powder enough for these three discharges.</p> -<p><i>20th.</i>—Continued through the undulating country<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-404"></a>[<a href="images/2-404.png">404</a>]</span> +<p><i>20th.</i>—Continued through the undulating country<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-404">404</a></span> until we got fairly amidst massy mountainous groups of considerable altitude. These mountains are covered with small blocks of black (iron) stone, and ferruginous @@ -29426,7 +29425,7 @@ Denham, and the passage being short, I shall copy it. "We had now to pass the Gibel Asoud, or Black Mountain. The northernmost part of this basaltic chain commences on leaving Sockna. We halted at Melaghi (or place of -meeting); immediately at the foot of the mountain is the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-405"></a>[<a href="images/2-405.png">405</a>]</span> +meeting); immediately at the foot of the mountain is the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-405">405</a></span> well of Agutifa (Ghotfa,) and from hence, probably, the most imposing view of these heights will be seen. To the south, the mountain-path of Nifdah presents its black @@ -29459,7 +29458,7 @@ faithful picture of the wretched condition of the province of Tripoli. On passing me, some saluted, and others stared. Said met a former fellow-slave of the island of Jerbah going under the protection of this -escort. The freed slave gave a confused account of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-406"></a>[<a href="images/2-406.png">406</a>]</span> +escort. The freed slave gave a confused account of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-406">406</a></span> last act of abolition of the Bey of Tunis. He was on his way to Begharmy, his native country. I observed a Turkish officer, having a sort of sedan-chair, swinging on @@ -29492,7 +29491,7 @@ walls, the heat and the refraction of the sun's rays from the stone walls were so intense, that I really thought my face would have been burnt up. With a little patience we were domiciled in the dark room of an -empty house, where I went to bed at 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, and did<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-407"></a>[<a href="images/2-407.png">407</a>]</span> +empty house, where I went to bed at 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, and did<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-407">407</a></span> not get up till the evening of the next day. During these hot sultry glaring days in Desert, how grateful is darkness,—how much better than light. On arriving @@ -29530,7 +29529,7 @@ pray.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-408"></a>[<a href="images/2-408.png">408</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-408">408</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2> <h3>RESIDENCE IN SOCKNA.</h3> @@ -29565,7 +29564,7 @@ below at his feet. He was very glad to see me, "For people," he observed, "don't see Christians every day in this horrid country." The Mudeer made me mount his throne by his side, giving me his superfine cushion -to repose on, talking all the time; "Foolish men, you<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-409"></a>[<a href="images/2-409.png">409</a>]</span> +to repose on, talking all the time; "Foolish men, you<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-409">409</a></span> Christians, to come to these horrible countries." From this elevated position I was enabled to survey his Excellency's receiving apartment, with the adjoining one. @@ -29597,7 +29596,7 @@ The Turk turns to me:—"Christian, I am a Kaed of beasts, not men, Drink your coffee now." There is always a great mixture of freedom and awe, as it may happen, in the intercourse between the Turks and -Moors. But the prime feature of the scene now under<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-410"></a>[<a href="images/2-410.png">410</a>]</span> +Moors. But the prime feature of the scene now under<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-410">410</a></span> consideration, is the Sockna doxy, whom the little dirty Turk has closeted in an adjoining room. At first she peeps out, but seeing only a Christian has @@ -29630,7 +29629,7 @@ convoy has been detained ten days for want of camels. The officer had been on as far as Ghotfa Wady, and returned, his miserable camels dropping and dying. These provisions are conveyed at the expense of the principal -towns through which the convoy passes. The discussion<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-411"></a>[<a href="images/2-411.png">411</a>]</span> +towns through which the convoy passes. The discussion<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-411">411</a></span> going on to-day between the Kaed and the Sockna people, was about obtaining the requisite number of camels. The Kaed I now heard exclaim, "By G—d, @@ -29663,7 +29662,7 @@ branch the family of Abd-El-Geleel. The people themselves have offered Government to defray the expense of an expedition to Bornou, to cut off his son and all the Oulad Suleiman. Essnousee, a good patriot, swears he -will not rest until he has had vengeance upon the Oulad<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-412"></a>[<a href="images/2-412.png">412</a>]</span> +will not rest until he has had vengeance upon the Oulad<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-412">412</a></span> Suleiman; yet he is afraid to go to Bornou again whilst they are there. He says:—"We (Sockna people) muster 2,000 men, all fighting men, not women or @@ -29699,7 +29698,7 @@ for this is hardly enough to keep him. Sockna is placed in 29° 5′ 36″ north latitude, and has always been an emporium of trade on the ancient line of communication between Northern and Central Africa. In many respects -Sockna is like Ghadames. The principal inhabit<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-413"></a>[<a href="images/2-413.png">413</a>]</span>ants +Sockna is like Ghadames. The principal inhabit<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-413">413</a></span>ants are a few rich merchants; provisions are scarce, everything being imported, as the gardens afford but a scanty supply of edible products, and all things are @@ -29733,7 +29732,7 @@ country, and a pilgrimage is made to her shrine every morning. The remarkable circumstance about this Sockna Maraboutess is, that she is very weak about the loins and cannot walk upright, being frequently carried -about. She says, and the people confirm her testimony,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-414"></a>[<a href="images/2-414.png">414</a>]</span> +about. She says, and the people confirm her testimony,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-414">414</a></span> she has "holy marks" upon her, imprinted by some supernatural being; I think the angel Gabriel was mentioned. This reminds me of the "Stigmata" of Saint @@ -29766,7 +29765,7 @@ I find this paragraph under the rubric of Sockna. "And in this way we entered the town: the words Inglesi! Inglesi! were repeated by a hundred voices from the crowd. This, to us, was highly satisfactory, as -we were the first English travellers in Africa who had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-415"></a>[<a href="images/2-415.png">415</a>]</span> +we were the first English travellers in Africa who had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-415">415</a></span> resisted the persuasion that a disguise was necessary, and who had determined to travel in our real character as Britons and Christians<a id="FNa_2-52"></a><a href="#FoN_2-52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>," &c. "In trying to make ourselves @@ -29776,7 +29775,7 @@ passage. The reader will hardly believe, or really cannot believe after this, that these very parties themselves were circumcised and attended the mosques. But such was the case; I had it from unquestionable authority. -This is altogether too bad. A little decorating of an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-416"></a>[<a href="images/2-416.png">416</a>]</span> +This is altogether too bad. A little decorating of an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-416">416</a></span> incident, or a conversation, I imagine, is allowed to the traveller, but this circumstance can hardly be passed by without animadversion. However, when this was written, @@ -29809,7 +29808,7 @@ flowers are fit for germination the pods will burst. The flowers are then thrown over the female palm to produce impregnation. The madder-root is here cultivated; it is watered every third day. The leaves are cropped often, -but the root requires three years to come to perfection.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-417"></a>[<a href="images/2-417.png">417</a>]</span> +but the root requires three years to come to perfection.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-417">417</a></span> Wheat and barley are watered in Sockna every other day. Observed the tree called gharod, or gharoth, or gurd; it bears a seed-pod which is used in tanning @@ -29843,7 +29842,7 @@ his elevated seat of authority. His Excellency himself, meanwhile, had stepped out of the Castle to look after the camels. The Bashaw of Mourzuk has sent him a wigging letter for the delay in sending up the convoy -of provisions. Picked up several old charms in my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-418"></a>[<a href="images/2-418.png">418</a>]</span> +of provisions. Picked up several old charms in my<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-418">418</a></span> room to-day. They had been placed over the threshold of the door to keep out the Evil One. Sometimes they are tied round the necks of camels, and even placed on @@ -29867,7 +29866,7 @@ objects, but they infallibly will do so. The taleb who wrote them gets his living by writing charms, and is very successful in his craft. His paper squibs rarely miss fire, and when they do it is not the fault of the -charms but that of the person who wears them. It is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-419"></a>[<a href="images/2-419.png">419</a>]</span> +charms but that of the person who wears them. It is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-419">419</a></span> necessary to kiss them frequently and fervently, and repeat over them the name of God<a id="FNa_2-53"></a><a href="#FoN_2-53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>.</p> @@ -29879,7 +29878,7 @@ merry, because he had sent off the oil, grease, and rice caravan. What a pother it was—it was like the starting of an expedition to conquer all Central Africa! His Excellency's concubine still occupies the seat of honour, -where she frequently goes to sleep. The courtiers of his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-420"></a>[<a href="images/2-420.png">420</a>]</span> +where she frequently goes to sleep. The courtiers of his<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-420">420</a></span> Excellency wink at this little peccadillo. Essnousee remarked to me it was all right; "The Mudeer must have some sort of a wife." Had some conversation with @@ -29920,7 +29919,7 @@ in silk."</p> <p><i>The Lady.</i>—"Yes."</p> -<p><i>The Traveller.</i>—"Shall you bear children!"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-421"></a>[<a href="images/2-421.png">421</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>The Traveller.</i>—"Shall you bear children!"<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-421">421</a></span></p> <p><i>The Lady.</i>—"No."</p> @@ -29954,7 +29953,7 @@ in coloured worsted, chiefly the bodies of frocks, which are worn by brides on their marriage-days, as well as by lady Mooresses on other festivals. In ten days she earns two shillings, the price of one embroidered -frock. She has always more than she can do, for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-422"></a>[<a href="images/2-422.png">422</a>]</span> +frock. She has always more than she can do, for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-422">422</a></span> the women of Sockna consider garments made by her, "holy robes," and keep them all their life-time. For the rest, she, poor thing, lives on alms. She asked, of course, @@ -29986,7 +29985,7 @@ greatly shocked them, and they asked if I thought so likewise. I replied, "All who fear God, and are good to their neighbour, may expect to see Paradise, if there be one." "Ah, that's good!" these proselyting ladies exclaimed. -The Maraboutess was, however, more thought<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-423"></a>[<a href="images/2-423.png">423</a>]</span>ful. +The Maraboutess was, however, more thought<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-423">423</a></span>ful. "Do you doubt there is a Paradise?" she asked, looking me full in the face.</p> @@ -30022,7 +30021,7 @@ fresh and peculiar date-flavour. When the Mudeer handed me the bowl to drink the syrup, he observed to the Moors and his precious doxy, sitting wantonly by his side, "The Christians are fine people. If in Sockna -you give them a cup of coffee, or a few dates, and see<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-424"></a>[<a href="images/2-424.png">424</a>]</span> +you give them a cup of coffee, or a few dates, and see<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-424">424</a></span> them afterwards in Tripoli they will make you many compliments, and be very kind to you." This remark was made spontaneously, having no selfish end. The old @@ -30055,7 +30054,7 @@ desert. The distant mountains form an unbroken circular line on the pale margin of the sky, except on the east, where it is indented a little, but of several heights and colours, giving a fine and more varied effect -to The Desert scene. Within this circle, at the base of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-425"></a>[<a href="images/2-425.png">425</a>]</span> +to The Desert scene. Within this circle, at the base of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-425">425</a></span> the various groups, are black-green palms, scattered in little forests, casting shades on the now white, now light red, and now purple mountain sides, as if to set off the @@ -30088,7 +30087,7 @@ and if you don't take care, you will fall through some of the floors, gaping open with large holes at your feet to let you in. Only one miserable piece of cannon was mounted, and two other pieces of ordnance were lying -"below stairs," corroding most delightfully in rust. But<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-426"></a>[<a href="images/2-426.png">426</a>]</span> +"below stairs," corroding most delightfully in rust. But<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-426">426</a></span> the Turks never pretend that this place can make any serious defence against an enemy. Were indeed a good piece of ordnance fired from the top of The Castle, the @@ -30121,7 +30120,7 @@ find something, and somebody amiable in this Desert of human affections. The saint had many visitors, and is evidently held in high respect by the inhabitants. Her female associates sitting by her, asked me, what has -been so often asked before, if the Christian women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-427"></a>[<a href="images/2-427.png">427</a>]</span> +been so often asked before, if the Christian women<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-427">427</a></span> brought three or four children at a birth. From some cause or other, polygamy, obesity in the women, or the abuse of the marriage-bed, Saharan females have very @@ -30155,7 +30154,7 @@ would rob me of it if they could.</p> Castle, and administered to his Excellency a full dose of genuine Epsom. In turn, he gave me a basin of coffee with milk,—quite a novelty in The Desert,—which I -thought a splendid exchange. I had a good deal to do<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-428"></a>[<a href="images/2-428.png">428</a>]</span> +thought a splendid exchange. I had a good deal to do<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-428">428</a></span> to get him to swallow the Epsom. On calling to see him in the afternoon, I found his Excellency racing about like a real jockey of Epsom, running out at times very abruptly, @@ -30188,7 +30187,7 @@ Regency. If a few good harvests come, Tripoli will support itself. Wrote to Mr. Gagliuffi by this caravan, to tell him where I was on the 30th of March! He expects me by this time to be at Tripoli. We are to leave this -evening.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-429"></a>[<a href="images/2-429.png">429</a>]</span></p> +evening.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-429">429</a></span></p> <p>Amused myself again by noticing several parallel ideas between The East and Africa, as found in our Scriptures.</p> @@ -30224,7 +30223,7 @@ Desert, in ancient times, as now, in this part of the world, was always a place of refuge; but, as the world becomes civilized, the Wilderness will offer no resource to the fugitive, and the back-woods of the new colonies -will no longer shelter the runaway, or outlaw of society,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-430"></a>[<a href="images/2-430.png">430</a>]</span> +will no longer shelter the runaway, or outlaw of society,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-430">430</a></span> or the innocent patriot fleeing from the pursuit of his country's tyrants. Gibbon gives an affecting description of the fugitive Roman, who found Rome's omnipresent @@ -30256,7 +30255,7 @@ heard the Arabs or Moors speak of "<i>loving</i> God." They say either, "He <i>knows</i> God," or, "He <i>fears</i> God." Nevertheless, such phrases agree with our expression of religious sentiment. Besides knowing and fearing God, our religion -requires that we <i>love</i> God. This the Saharan Mussul<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-431"></a>[<a href="images/2-431.png">431</a>]</span>man +requires that we <i>love</i> God. This the Saharan Mussul<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-431">431</a></span>man does not well understand. All his religious system is: "To know that there is a God, to be feared and dreaded as an earthly Prince or Sultan, who at times @@ -30288,7 +30287,7 @@ observances? But in Sahara the principle of fear is carried into the minutest relations of social life. The child fears and venerates, not loves, his father; he approaches his parent with awe, not with the confidence of -love. The wife always fears, rarely loves, her husband.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-432"></a>[<a href="images/2-432.png">432</a>]</span> +love. The wife always fears, rarely loves, her husband.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-432">432</a></span> Connubial pleasures are not the embraces of love and confidence, but of lust and rule; and the woman slavishly submits to the caprices of the man, as bound by an @@ -30389,7 +30388,7 @@ saints.</p></div> </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-433"></a>[<a href="images/2-433.png">433</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-433">433</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2> <h3>FROM SOCKNA TO MISRATAH.</h3> @@ -30422,7 +30421,7 @@ Mourzuk, shewing evidently the dread which the Turks have of the Arabs under the son of Abd-El-Geleel, and any sudden attack by them on Fezzan. This is a bad speculation for the Turks. Fezzan can never pay at -such a rate.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-434"></a>[<a href="images/2-434.png">434</a>]</span></p> +such a rate.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-434">434</a></span></p> <p>Hammam, is a collection of small sand-hills grouped together, around and upon which are palms. There is @@ -30455,7 +30454,7 @@ leaped over the fold of Paradise, so he may be expected to creep in everywhere, and the Negro lads are always peeping about, at a respectful distance, to see what they can see, when these falls take place; and I imagine the -zest of the thing, both amongst the lads and the lasses,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-435"></a>[<a href="images/2-435.png">435</a>]</span> +zest of the thing, both amongst the lads and the lasses,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-435">435</a></span> turns upon this naughty circumstance. So much for poor innocence, and innocent games.</p> @@ -30489,7 +30488,7 @@ and other trees abound. We encamped about 4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> The water of the well is by no means sweet, but not being brackish, it quenches thirst sufficiently.</p> -<p><i>1st April.</i>—Rose early and started early. A terrible<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-436"></a>[<a href="images/2-436.png">436</a>]</span> +<p><i>1st April.</i>—Rose early and started early. A terrible<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-436">436</a></span> day! A <i>ghiblee</i> in all its force<a id="FNa_2-56"></a><a href="#FoN_2-56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>. The wind is directly from south (‮قبلي‬ "south"). It is quite dry, unlike the <i>sirocco</i> which blows at Malta. Sirocco is damp and @@ -30500,7 +30499,7 @@ I was praying for, and prophesying all the morning, up to 9 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, a cool day. The reverse has happened, as so often happens in answer to our most ardent wishes. I never was so astonished as when I saw the negroes on -this day. Mr. Gagliuffi had said to me, "If you have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-437"></a>[<a href="images/2-437.png">437</a>]</span> +this day. Mr. Gagliuffi had said to me, "If you have<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-437">437</a></span> ghiblee, the slaves can't go." But I could hardly believe a hot wind to be so injurious to these children of the sun. They seemed as if they could bear any cold better @@ -30513,7 +30512,7 @@ invented all sorts of expedients to shelter themselves a moment against The Desert simoum. I could not help observing how superior the white man was to the black man in his physical make. Our Arabs and Moors kept -up erect, facing this furnace blast, and bore the heat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-438"></a>[<a href="images/2-438.png">438</a>]</span> +up erect, facing this furnace blast, and bore the heat<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-438">438</a></span> and burthen of the day a thousand times better than the Negroes—these children begotten by the sun from the slime of the Niger, on whose swampy plains heat reigns @@ -30544,7 +30543,7 @@ day of horrible heat and thirst, for God gives an end to all things. Never will be effaced from the tablet of my memory the prayer of a poor Negress girl, who, in the height of the simoum came running up to me, her eyes -bloodshot, her face streaming with tears, "Buy me,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-439"></a>[<a href="images/2-439.png">439</a>]</span> +bloodshot, her face streaming with tears, "Buy me,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-439">439</a></span> Yâkob, O, buy me! I am very good, I will be good wife to you, and sleep with you. O, I'm dying! take me, buy me, buy me, Yâkob. The wind kills me."</p> @@ -30578,7 +30577,7 @@ On inquiring what music it was, he replied, "Like the Turkish band." Then another came running to me, "Yâkob, see what a beautiful sight." I turned to look, but my eyes were so weak and strained, that I could see -nothing upon the dreary face of the limitless plain.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-440"></a>[<a href="images/2-440.png">440</a>]</span> +nothing upon the dreary face of the limitless plain.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-440">440</a></span> Essnousee swore to seeing a bright city of the Genii, and actually counted the number of the palaces and the palms. I believe our people were delirious from the @@ -30616,7 +30615,7 @@ the height of summer (August), in spite of the warnings of everybody. However, with care and due preparation, this route, and all Saharan routes, can be and are travelled in every season of the year; as is -sufficiently proved by my own journey to Ghadames.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-441"></a>[<a href="images/2-441.png">441</a>]</span> +sufficiently proved by my own journey to Ghadames.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-441">441</a></span> Two days after the Tuscan left Sockna, came on a terrible ghiblee, but infinitely more intense and stifling than any south wind could be in this season. The @@ -30648,7 +30647,7 @@ quarter of a mile distant, they first find the young Italian stretched dead, a little farther off the horse, and a little farther off the Arab. They had perished at the well's mouth! There cannot be a doubt, these unhappy -youths perished by their own folly. The European had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-442"></a>[<a href="images/2-442.png">442</a>]</span> +youths perished by their own folly. The European had<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-442">442</a></span> even water enough to last him a whole day, but gave it to his horse, and braved wildly the death-gale of The Desert. The poor Arab, I am told, was forced away @@ -30682,7 +30681,7 @@ and poverty like a dervish. But I have another slave in Tripoli. This is the whole of my property. I shall return again, after I have sold them, to Mourzuk, and buy and sell. Such is the will of God, what can I do?" -And so the traffic in human beings goes on. It is quite<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-443"></a>[<a href="images/2-443.png">443</a>]</span> +And so the traffic in human beings goes on. It is quite<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-443">443</a></span> certain, from this case, nothing but main force can put an end to the slave-trade, for the Moors will carry it on at all risks, and under any circumstances. How induce @@ -30715,7 +30714,7 @@ town, called Septimius Severus. A fort has recently been built from the ancient ruins, with a few small miserable houses in the shape of a village. The fort, or burge, is however strong and commodious, and has -quarters for the accommodation of five hundred troops.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-444"></a>[<a href="images/2-444.png">444</a>]</span> +quarters for the accommodation of five hundred troops.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-444">444</a></span> The present garrison consists of about thirty raw Arabs, relieved every two months. They have no pay or allowance, except their rations. The object of the @@ -30748,7 +30747,7 @@ the gates, but found only one inscription, cut on a single block deeply imbedded in sand, and covered with other blocks of stone. The letters were Roman, and, pretty freshly chiselled, but we could not move the other -stones so as to decipher the words in their full length.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-445"></a>[<a href="images/2-445.png">445</a>]</span> +stones so as to decipher the words in their full length.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-445">445</a></span> Some blocks of stone were shaped into arches, others lay scattered in single blocks, on one of which was this plain device.</p> @@ -30779,7 +30778,7 @@ by these people. Half a day west of Bonjem, the people tell me there is a few scattered ruins of another ancient city. On our way we found two wells, lately dug, and the Taleb-Kaed says, water is every where found near -the surface, and always good, in spite of the disagreeable<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-446"></a>[<a href="images/2-446.png">446</a>]</span> +the surface, and always good, in spite of the disagreeable<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-446">446</a></span> gaseous exhalation when drunk. A few tiny palms are also planted about these wells, in this Turkish attempt to upraise Septimius Severus. The little sprigs of palm @@ -30816,7 +30815,7 @@ inhumanly flogged.</p> <p>3rd. That for every slave dying <i>en route</i>, or in any of the towns <i>en route</i>, for the markets of the Coast, whatever -may be the cause, the owner of that slave should be<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-447"></a>[<a href="images/2-447.png">447</a>]</span> +may be the cause, the owner of that slave should be<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-447">447</a></span> fined a sum equal to the duty paid for it to Government.</p> <p>The first rules would lessen the operations of the traffic, @@ -30850,7 +30849,7 @@ Regency of Tripoli.</p> imbroglio with Essnousee continues about refunding the money I lent him. To-day it assumed a formidable shape, not only all our caravan was involved in it, but -the whole of the town, and the Kaëd at their head. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-448"></a>[<a href="images/2-448.png">448</a>]</span> +the whole of the town, and the Kaëd at their head. I<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-448">448</a></span> agreed to give the slave-merchant a fair price for his suppers, but for the rest, insisted on being paid back the money which I lent him, and which he promised to refund @@ -30883,7 +30882,7 @@ couriers and the little affairs of the village. For this work he has the large salary of three dollars per month. It seemed as if imbrogliamento was the order of the day, for here I witnessed a row as violent as my own. An -old Arab, very crusty and obstinate, had arrived from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-449"></a>[<a href="images/2-449.png">449</a>]</span> +old Arab, very crusty and obstinate, had arrived from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-449">449</a></span> Sockna on Government business. He was to receive money from the Kaed, and pay money to him. The Kaed would not pay, and he would not pay. The old @@ -30916,7 +30915,7 @@ torment his subjects.</p> <p>Spent the rest of the day within the Castle, gossiping with the Arab soldiers, their Sheikh, and the Kaed. To-day I was thankful for two things, for having inflicted a -salutary lesson on the iniquitous slave-driver, and for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-450"></a>[<a href="images/2-450.png">450</a>]</span> +salutary lesson on the iniquitous slave-driver, and for<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-450">450</a></span> being sheltered from the sun and wind. The Castle has three towers at three of its corners, but not rising much higher than the upper terrace walls. The outer walls are @@ -30939,7 +30938,7 @@ which the bayonet is mounted. From the top of the Castle the surrounding country presents an unbroken mass of desert, and more distantly low ridges of mountains and sand hills. The Kaed assures me, however, -that in seven years he will have a fine plantation of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-451"></a>[<a href="images/2-451.png">451</a>]</span> +that in seven years he will have a fine plantation of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-451">451</a></span> palms. He has planted several, and is about to fetch some choice shoots from Tripoli. With toil and care The Desert, in truth, can not only be rendered habitable @@ -30972,7 +30971,7 @@ two days greatly relieve you without making you feel that you have been stopping when you again mount the camel, whilst a rest of a week often makes a new journey and a new tour, and you feel all the pain and misery of -beginning again.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-452"></a>[<a href="images/2-452.png">452</a>]</span></p> +beginning again.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-452">452</a></span></p> <p><i>6th to the 11th.</i>—My journal gets very fragmentary, confused, and enigmatical. Many of the memorandums @@ -31007,7 +31006,7 @@ from Tripoli.</p> to Misratah. Before arriving at Bonjem, I saw, by the nature of the country, that we were approaching the regions of rain, herbage and shrubs increasing on every -side. The country also assumed a more even, though an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-453"></a>[<a href="images/2-453.png">453</a>]</span> +side. The country also assumed a more even, though an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-453">453</a></span> undulating surface; and I lost sight of those low, dull, dreary, and monotonous ridges which characterize the desolations, of the African Wilderness. However, I expected @@ -31039,7 +31038,7 @@ water was not found in all the route from Bonjem,—the animals increased. Gazelles bounded before us, at times in small herds of six or seven; and hares were constantly started from under the camels' feet. We had no sportsmen -with us, and no game was shot or taken. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-454"></a>[<a href="images/2-454.png">454</a>]</span> +with us, and no game was shot or taken. The<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-454">454</a></span> Arabs ran frequently to the bushes whence the gazelles bounded, in order to find young ones. Birds now increased to full flights. Here were numbers of little birds @@ -31072,7 +31071,7 @@ or less of the coast of all North Africa, and express the same hope for the future in the words of one of the prophets: "And the desolate land shall be tilled, whereas it lay desolate in the sight of all that passed by. And -they shall say, This land that was desolate is become like<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-455"></a>[<a href="images/2-455.png">455</a>]</span> +they shall say, This land that was desolate is become like<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-455">455</a></span> the garden of Eden; and the waste, and desolate, and ruined cities are become fenced, and are inhabited." (Ezek. xxxvi. 34, 35.) North Africa was once the garden @@ -31106,7 +31105,7 @@ was only matched in folly by his confiding in the faith of a Turk. Truly, when men are to be destroyed, their evil genius inspires them with madness.</p> -<p>On the <i>8th</i>, we took in water from the well of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-456"></a>[<a href="images/2-456.png">456</a>]</span> +<p>On the <i>8th</i>, we took in water from the well of<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-456">456</a></span> Daymoum. Around were the remains of a fortified camp, and stones were placed in a large circle. This camp was erected by Hasan Bashaw, Commander-in-Chief @@ -31139,7 +31138,7 @@ towards the evening, the wind became as cold, bleak, and biting, as it had been hot and stifling. These sudden changes are terrific, and are often attended with most serious consequences in The Desert. Asking our people -how long a simoum or ghiblee would blow in The Desert,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-457"></a>[<a href="images/2-457.png">457</a>]</span> +how long a simoum or ghiblee would blow in The Desert,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-457">457</a></span> they replied, "Never violently more than a couple of days." I do not recollect it once to have continued a whole day, but light south winds have prevailed for @@ -31172,7 +31171,7 @@ should never see again a large running stream. But I have seen the negresses wash their faces, hands and legs, on the coldest morning. An Arab or a Moor hardly washes himself once a month. These habits of -cleanliness the negresses bring from the banks of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-458"></a>[<a href="images/2-458.png">458</a>]</span> +cleanliness the negresses bring from the banks of the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-458">458</a></span> Niger. We had the village of Touwarkah on our right, to which was attached a forest of palms, nearly half a day's journey in length. I had scarcely spoken a @@ -31204,7 +31203,7 @@ had all objects become, how diminutive, how confined, limited and contracted their dimensions, and how pretty yet how petty, compared to the vast huge and limitless lines of existence, which form and circumscribe the Great Saharan -Regions! where I had travelled so many long months.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-459"></a>[<a href="images/2-459.png">459</a>]</span> +Regions! where I had travelled so many long months.<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-459">459</a></span> When I first arrived in Africa, I looked upon the dark and purple mountains of the coast with a species of mysterious feeling, as if such mountain groups were @@ -31305,7 +31304,7 @@ drop (or pour) the water on the eye, and <i>it will straightway see</i>."</p></d </div> <hr class="full"> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-460"></a>[<a href="images/2-460.png">460</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-460">460</a></span></p> <h2><a id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.</h2> <h3>FROM MISRATAH TO TRIPOLI.</h3> @@ -31341,7 +31340,7 @@ after three ports, for Misratah has three ports, at a considerable distance from each other, as well as several hours' ride from the town. Visited with Regini the acting Kaed or Governor of this place, and brother of -the Bey, now in Tripoli. The Kaed stared stupidly at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-461"></a>[<a href="images/2-461.png">461</a>]</span> +the Bey, now in Tripoli. The Kaed stared stupidly at<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-461">461</a></span> me whilst relating to him some things about the Touaricks. He was astonished they treated me so well, instead of murdering me, as he thought they had a right, or ought to @@ -31374,7 +31373,7 @@ Mehemet Pasha showed the usual and insulting duplicity of the Turk, for the Consul-General heard afterwards that, instead of giving Regini a new house, he increased the rent of his old one. This unhandsome conduct of -the Pasha so enraged Colonel Warrington, that, on hear<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-462"></a>[<a href="images/2-462.png">462</a>]</span>ing +the Pasha so enraged Colonel Warrington, that, on hear<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-462">462</a></span>ing it, after he had invited the Bashaw to dine with him at his garden, the Colonel determined to withdraw the invitation, or rather not give the dinner. So the Pasha's @@ -31408,7 +31407,7 @@ rest Arabs, Negroes, and Jews. The houses and other buildings make but a mean appearance, built of mud and stones, and some of lime-mortar. There are a few Marabets shining beautifully white in the sun, with light -and chaste cupola tops. A drawing of one of these is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-463"></a>[<a href="images/2-463.png">463</a>]</span> +and chaste cupola tops. A drawing of one of these is<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-463">463</a></span> given, that of Sidi Salah. The Marabet is a common, but fair and picturesque, feature in coast scenery. The bazaar, or market of Misratah, is held three times a @@ -31441,7 +31440,7 @@ of religion. The civil power in this country has no conscience; the people are alone protected from annihilation by their religion.</p> -<p>Fifty families of Jews are located in these villages,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-464"></a>[<a href="images/2-464.png">464</a>]</span> +<p>Fifty families of Jews are located in these villages,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-464">464</a></span> occupied as brokers and petty traders, or in making essences. They pay a poll-tax of a hundred mahboubs per annum to the Pasha. They have two synagogues, @@ -31473,7 +31472,7 @@ Holy Land; but having offended God, he was not permitted to enter there, and was prevented from communicating knowledge about the future world. But you will find in the commentaries all the information you -require." He could not tell where the future state was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-465"></a>[<a href="images/2-465.png">465</a>]</span> +require." He could not tell where the future state was<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-465">465</a></span> spoken of in the prophets, so I pointed out to him Daniel xii. 2, 3. Rabbi Samuel now bestowed on me the honorary title of English Marabout, earnestly recommending @@ -31510,7 +31509,7 @@ and promote British interests at the same time that he gratified his own Cæsar-like ambition.</p> <p>This afternoon we left Misratah for Tripoli, our last -stage. We found the gardens of Misratah very agreeable,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-466"></a>[<a href="images/2-466.png">466</a>]</span> +stage. We found the gardens of Misratah very agreeable,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-466">466</a></span> getting clear of them by night, and encamping in a hilly country, covered with the delicious green of spring, with nibbling snowy flocks scattered and feeding, and Arabs' @@ -31543,7 +31542,7 @@ strong and acrid drinking, continually fermenting. Moors do not understand drinking leghma, wine or spirits, for their health, considering the object of drinking fermented liquor is not attained until they become -intoxicated. In these palm-booths, or huts, the Moors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-467"></a>[<a href="images/2-467.png">467</a>]</span> +intoxicated. In these palm-booths, or huts, the Moors<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-467">467</a></span> occasionally bring their provisions, and here they will pass night and day for weeks together in dreamy drunken musings, each sot, shut up in himself, making himself @@ -31575,7 +31574,7 @@ morning, as the camel ascended a hillock he was pitched off in a summerset. A slave immediately got hold of him and began to stretch his neck for fear it was broken, and otherwise pull and manipulate him, holding him up -by the head and neck. Manipulation and pulling and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-468"></a>[<a href="images/2-468.png">468</a>]</span> +by the head and neck. Manipulation and pulling and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-468">468</a></span> stretching are favourite appliances of remedy in all this part of Africa. Manipulation is frequently used at the baths, and is attended with surprising cures. Every @@ -31607,7 +31606,7 @@ the shape of a town, consisting merely of a series of small villages and detached houses, like our cottage groups and farms, but, of course, in Moorish style. Extremely warm to-day, though near the sea. Cleared the -Sahel the afternoon, and, at night, encamped amidst the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-469"></a>[<a href="images/2-469.png">469</a>]</span> +Sahel the afternoon, and, at night, encamped amidst the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-469">469</a></span> last groups of the Atlas, spreading and stretching eastwards. I had observed we were about to enter these terminus groups and links of the eastern Atlas chain, whilst @@ -31643,7 +31642,7 @@ of Snow." This peak, some 15,000 feet in height, is near the city of Morocco itself. Dr. Shaw, who never visited Morocco, was puzzled to apply this classic description to the Algerian chains of Atlas. The Atlas -Chain, which here terminates eastward, strikes out into<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-470"></a>[<a href="images/2-470.png">470</a>]</span> +Chain, which here terminates eastward, strikes out into<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-470">470</a></span> the ocean just below Santa Cruz, in Morocco, being its western termination; but, in Tunis, at many places, it is interrupted in its connecting links. I was delighted @@ -31676,7 +31675,7 @@ too weak, however, to descend from the camel, to look closely at it. Many of these mountain-ridges are crowned with ancient forts, and farther on, when we arrived close by the sea-shore, we observed the remains -of a Roman road,—a firm broad layer of cement and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-471"></a>[<a href="images/2-471.png">471</a>]</span> +of a Roman road,—a firm broad layer of cement and<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-471">471</a></span> small stones embedded in the shifting sands. This was making a road in a business-like, dominion-like style, and worthy of those once mighty masters of the world. @@ -31717,7 +31716,7 @@ he has."</p> <p><i>Old Moor.</i>—"If it please God."</p> -<p><i>16th.</i>—All the morning we continued to traverse the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-472"></a>[<a href="images/2-472.png">472</a>]</span> +<p><i>16th.</i>—All the morning we continued to traverse the<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-472">472</a></span> Atlas groups. I found the lesser summits of these groups also strikingly contrasted with the Saharan ridges. Here were heights crowned with fresh and @@ -31749,7 +31748,7 @@ once or twice a day, whilst they re-put on their linen for three months together.</p> <p><i>17th.</i>—When we started this morning we fully expected -to reach Tripoli in the evening, at least I did,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-473"></a>[<a href="images/2-473.png">473</a>]</span> +to reach Tripoli in the evening, at least I did,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-473">473</a></span> leaving the ghafalah at Tajourah. But, after we had marched a few hours, the sky was suddenly overcast, and the wind blew until it became a horrible tempest—</p> @@ -31786,7 +31785,7 @@ suffered unusually from the wind and cold—the tempest of sand blinding them, and the miserable creatures falling continually on the wayside. I secured my eyes and face from the sand by tying round them a -dark silk handkerchief, through which I saw my way<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-474"></a>[<a href="images/2-474.png">474</a>]</span> +dark silk handkerchief, through which I saw my way<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-474">474</a></span> without getting eyes, ears, and mouth full of sand. All our animals, as well as our people, had a thick coating of sand round their eyes, the cold and wind making @@ -31818,7 +31817,7 @@ suddenly disappeared during the sandstorm, and what had become of him I could not tell. I kept asking myself, "Whether he was doomed to perish at the gates of Tripoli, on his return, after his painfully wearying -journey?" I sent out people on all sides. No tidings<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-475"></a>[<a href="images/2-475.png">475</a>]</span> +journey?" I sent out people on all sides. No tidings<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-475">475</a></span> were brought of him. All was a blank...... We called, and called...... No answer.</p> @@ -31850,7 +31849,7 @@ wearily over Desert. I really felt deeply wounded at this ingratitude of the slaves, but I believe it was a trick planned by Essnousee, to give us annoyance. Poor Said had slept all night in open Desert, amidst -sand and wind, and cold and rain, with nothing to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-476"></a>[<a href="images/2-476.png">476</a>]</span> +sand and wind, and cold and rain, with nothing to<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-476">476</a></span> eat. His lips were blanched and his eyes streamed with water. I got him placed on a camel.</p> @@ -31882,7 +31881,7 @@ back of a camel to the village, and afterwards she continued riding to Tripoli. I was just in the humour for giving this miscreant slave-driver a thrashing, and taking on him satisfaction (but a millionth part indeed), for the -torments he had, during forty days inflicted upon these<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-477"></a>[<a href="images/2-477.png">477</a>]</span> +torments he had, during forty days inflicted upon these<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-477">477</a></span> wretched slaves, and should have done so had he attempted to beat the poor exhausted bleeding negress. I felt myself secure enough at the entrance of the @@ -31916,7 +31915,7 @@ Great Desert of Sahara.</p> Desert; (though temporarily decreasing on the route of Bornou).</p> -<p><i>2nd.</i>—Many slaves are flogged to death <i>en route</i> from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-478"></a>[<a href="images/2-478.png">478</a>]</span> +<p><i>2nd.</i>—Many slaves are flogged to death <i>en route</i> from<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-478">478</a></span> Ghat to Tripoli, and others are over-driven or starved to death.</p> @@ -31953,7 +31952,7 @@ Sheikh of Bornou reiterated to our countrymen; "You say that we are all the sons of one father; you say also, that the sons of Adam should not sell one another; and you know every thing. God has given you great talents. -What are we to do? The Arabs who come here will<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-479"></a>[<a href="images/2-479.png">479</a>]</span> +What are we to do? The Arabs who come here will<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-479">479</a></span> have nothing else but slaves. Why do you not send us merchants?"</p> @@ -31987,7 +31986,7 @@ store grain in. The Tripoline Government thinks it not worth while to fill them up. Immense fig-trees have grown up in some of these holes. I deemed it prudent to wait near the Consular Gardens till dark, having -rather a dervish appearance, and being without an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-480"></a>[<a href="images/2-480.png">480</a>]</span> +rather a dervish appearance, and being without an<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-480">480</a></span> European hat, cap, or shoes. Whilst waiting in a neighbouring garden, a Moor came up to me and talked, and then brought me a little cuscasou. I felt sensibly this @@ -32026,7 +32025,7 @@ provisions, lodging, Moorish clothes, &c., &c., for the nine months' tour, did not exceed fifty pounds' sterling, and nearly half of this was given away in presents to the people and the various chieftains, who figure in the -journal. I am sure, for I did not keep an exact account,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-481"></a>[<a href="images/2-481.png">481</a>]</span> +journal. I am sure, for I did not keep an exact account,<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-481">481</a></span> my expenses did not exceed the round number of fifty by more than half a dozen pounds. I hope, therefore, I shall not be blamed for want of economy in Saharan @@ -32059,7 +32058,7 @@ devils have their due in these days of universal patronage and pretension.</p> <p>I now lay down and stretched myself at full length -upon the fresh herbage under a sheltering palm, watch<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-482"></a>[<a href="images/2-482.png">482</a>]</span>ing +upon the fresh herbage under a sheltering palm, watch<span class='pagenum'><a id="V2-482">482</a></span>ing with a silent melancholy the last departing rays of the sun. I then thought over all my journey, beginning with the beginning and ending with the end, all the |