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+Project Gutenberg's The Scottish Reformation, by Alexander F. Mitchell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Scottish Reformation
+       Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders, and Distinctive Characteristics
+
+Author: Alexander F. Mitchell
+
+Editor: David Hay Fleming
+
+Release Date: July 9, 2007 [EBook #22023]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION ***
+
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+œ ē ū α β γ ε λ ο ς
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+
+THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION
+
+
+[Illustration: [Handwritten: yrs always cordially Alex F. Mitchell]]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+SCOTTISH REFORMATION
+
+Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders, and
+Distinctive Characteristics
+
+(Being the Baird Lecture for 1899)
+
+BY THE LATE
+ALEXANDER F. MITCHELL, D.D., LL.D.
+
+EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY
+IN ST. ANDREWS UNIVERSITY
+
+EDITED BY
+
+D. HAY FLEMING, LL.D.
+
+_WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR
+BY JAMES CHRISTIE, D.D._
+
+WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS
+EDINBURGH AND LONDON
+MDCCCC
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Few men have shown more indomitable application to an arduous duty, amid
+physical weakness and bodily pain, than did the author of these Lectures
+in their preparation and revision. In the MS. there are a goodly number
+of additions and minute alterations in his own hand--some of them very
+tremulous, some of them in ink, some of them in pencil. He intended to
+revise them still more carefully ere they were published; but expressed
+the desire that, if he were not spared to do so, I would see them
+through the press. The Master, whom he served so long and so faithfully,
+having released him from the work he loved so well, and from the
+suffering he so patiently endured, the final revision has devolved upon
+me.
+
+On the suggestion of Professor Robertson the book has been arranged in
+chapters. The sixth lecture having temporarily gone amissing before its
+delivery, Dr Mitchell prepared a rescension of it. The original and the
+rescension are now combined in chapter x. He intended to devote an extra
+lecture to Alesius, and another to Andrew Melville, but unfortunately
+was unable. The chapter on Alesius is therefore taken from two of his
+class-lectures, some of the longer extracts being thrown into
+appendices, and a few passages being slightly compressed. This is at
+once the fullest and the best account of Alesius that has yet been
+published. The facts concerning Melville in chapter x. are supplemented
+to a small extent in the paper quoted in Appendix A.
+
+Comparatively few of the authorities were entered in the MS. when it was
+placed in my hands. I have filled in many, and have taken care, in
+almost every instance where volume and page are given, to check the
+quotations with the originals. My notes, and my additions to Dr
+Mitchell's notes, are enclosed within square brackets; but when I have
+merely supplied authorities, they are not so distinguished. The list
+which he had drawn up of the works of Alesius was partly in an obsolete
+form of shorthand, which to me was quite undecipherable. Having been
+privileged to examine a good many of these rare treatises in various
+public libraries, I have been able, though only to an inconsiderable
+degree, to supplement the list; these additions being marked like those
+in the notes and other appendices. In revising the Lectures themselves,
+I have corrected a number of trifling slips, but have made no alteration
+of which Dr Mitchell would not have cordially approved had his attention
+been drawn to it.
+
+In preparing the Lectures, Dr Mitchell availed himself of elaborate
+articles he had written at various times for periodicals and other
+publications. The present volume is valuable in several ways, not the
+least of these being that it embodies, on many obscure and important
+points, the matured views of one of the most competent and cautious of
+historical students--of one who grudged no time and spared no labour in
+eliciting and elucidating the truth.
+
+D. H. F.
+
+_December 1899._
+
+[Illustration: (signed) yrs always cordially Alex. F. Mitchell]
+
+
+
+
+THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR MITCHELL                                  xiii
+
+CHAPTER I.
+THE NATURE AND NEED OF THE REFORMATION                                 1
+
+CHAPTER II.
+PATRICK HAMILTON                                                      19
+
+CHAPTER III.
+THE OPPRESSED AND THE OPPRESSORS                                      34
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+GEORGE WISHART                                                        56
+
+CHAPTER V.
+KNOX AS LEADER OF OUR REFORMATION                                     79
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+THE OLD SCOTTISH CONFESSION OF 1560                                   99
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+THE BOOK OF COMMON ORDER                                             123
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+THE FIRST BOOK OF DISCIPLINE                                         144
+  SECT.   I. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHURCH                            145
+         II. THE DISCIPLINE OF THE CHURCH                            162
+        III. THE PREROGATIVES AND DUTIES OF CHURCH MEMBERS           169
+         IV. EDUCATION OF THE YOUNG AND UNIVERSITY REFORM            174
+          V. CARE OF THE POOR                                        179
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+THE LAST DAYS OF JOHN KNOX                                           184
+
+CHAPTER X.
+THE SECOND BOOK OF DISCIPLINE                                        214
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+ALESIUS                                                              239
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+A. THE PÆDAGOGIUM, OR ST MARY'S COLLEGE, ST ANDREWS                  285
+
+B. CITATIO PATRICII HAMILTON                                         289
+
+C. CARDINAL BETOUN'S INCONTINENCE                                    292
+
+D. CONDITIONS ON WHICH THE USE OF THE CHURCH OF THE WHITE LADIES
+   AT FRANKFORT WAS GRANTED TO THE ENGLISH EXILES                    294
+
+E. THE THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL OPINIONS OF ALESIUS            295
+
+F. THE DREAM OR VISION OF ALESIUS CONCERNING THE DECAPITATION OF
+   ANNE BOLEYN                                                       297
+
+G. THE DEPARTURE OF ALESIUS FROM ENGLAND                             298
+
+H. ALESIUS' INVITATION OF MELANCHTHON TO HIS DAUGHTER'S WEDDING      300
+
+I. THE WORKS OF ALESIUS                                              301
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADDENDA                                                              307
+
+INDEX                                                                311
+
+
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
+
+OF
+
+THE VERY REV. ALEXANDER FERRIER MITCHELL, D.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF
+ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN ST MARY'S COLLEGE, ST ANDREWS.
+
+
+A pathetic and almost melancholy interest attaches to this volume of the
+Baird Lectures. Their scholarly and accomplished author may be said to
+have entered on the last stage of the malady to which he succumbed when
+they were read for him in Blythswood Parish Church, Glasgow, by his
+friend and former student, Professor Robertson, the closing one, indeed,
+having been delivered but a few days before his death. In proof of the
+deep interest which he took in the subject of these Lectures, and of his
+desire to present them in as perfect a form as possible, it may also be
+mentioned that he employed his time in revising them while confined to
+bed during the protracted and painful illness through which he passed.
+The editing of them he intrusted to another friend, Dr Hay Fleming of St
+Andrews, with whom he had much in common--similarity of tastes and
+interest in the same literary pursuits having led to an intercourse
+between them which ripened into mutual confidence and esteem. Had
+Professor Mitchell lived to see the work through the press himself,
+there is hardly room to doubt that, as in the case of most of his other
+publications, additional explanatory and supplementary notes on obscure
+points would have been appended by him. As it is, the editor in
+executing his task has done what he could in this respect.
+
+When the decease of the venerable Professor took place at St Andrews
+towards the end of March of this year, it was felt that the Church of
+Scotland had been bereft not only of one of her ablest and most trusted
+leaders, but of one of the wisest and warmest friends of her missions;
+and the many tributes paid to his memory, both from the pulpit and in
+the press, were all expressive of the high regard in which he was held,
+and of the sense of public loss caused by his removal. But the loss was
+not that of his own Church alone, nor of the University with which his
+name had been so long and so honourably associated. There are those in
+other communions who had learned to look upon him as "a master of
+Israel," and in all Presbyterian Churches especially he was recognised
+as one of the ablest and most learned exponents of the principles which
+they hold in common, and as one of the most earnest defenders of "the
+faith once delivered to the saints."
+
+As many of those who are familiar with Professor Mitchell's writings may
+know little or nothing of his personal history, it has been suggested
+that a short biographical sketch of him would form an appropriate
+introduction to this posthumous volume. The particulars woven together
+in the following narrative have been collected from various sources,
+some of them having been furnished by members of his own family.
+
+Alexander Ferrier Mitchell was born on 10th September 1822 in the old
+ecclesiastical city of Brechin, with which his ancestors had had an
+honourable connection for several generations. His grandfather,
+Alexander Mitchell, and his father, David Mitchell, were both known as
+Convener Mitchell, probably as having succeeded each other in the
+convenership of the local guilds. On the maternal side he was descended
+from another Brechin family, some of the members of which had in their
+day served in various capacities abroad, one of his granduncles,
+Alexander Ferrier, after whom he was named, having been a doctor in
+India, and another, Captain David Ferrier, "a brave and bold
+sailor,"--in memory of whom there is a tablet on the east door of the
+old Cathedral,--having made a voyage round the world in the Dolphin, in
+which also he ran the blockade in time of war into some of the French
+ports. Elizabeth, daughter of James Ferrier at Broadmyre, the
+Professor's mother, was a woman of good judgment and deep piety, and
+from her he seems to have inherited some of the most prominent features
+of his character. He was one of a family of three, his brother and
+sister having died, the former at Bloemfontein in South Africa, many
+years ago. In childhood he had a narrow escape, a cart having run over
+his body. He was picked up and carried home by the minister of the
+Episcopal church. As a boy he passed through more than one severe
+illness, and when taken for a change to Glenesk one summer he was
+described by a sympathetic friend as "a deein' laddie." To a mother's
+unwearied care and attention he owed, under the divine blessing, the
+recovery of his health, and to a mother's religious training he owed in
+no small degree that knowledge of the Holy Scriptures and that pious
+disposition by which he was distinguished from his earliest years. His
+elementary education he received at the grammar-school of his native
+town, and when fifteen years of age he proceeded to St Andrews to
+prosecute his studies with a view to the Christian ministry.
+
+In those days the journey thither was not made with the comfort and
+facility with which it is now accomplished; and the Professor himself
+has told how, on landing from the North off the ferry-boat at Newport,
+he walked all the way to St Andrews--a distance of eleven miles--along
+with the carrier's son by the side of the cart which conveyed his
+luggage to its destination. Widely different as were the future careers
+of those two youths, there were various interesting points of contact in
+their lives, the one becoming an eminent doctor in the University, and
+the other filling the honourable position of a magistrate in the ancient
+city, while both were associated as members of the kirk-session of the
+Town Church.
+
+At the very outset of his career at St Andrews the young student from
+Brechin gained the highest distinction, having won the first bursary
+open to students entering the University, as the result of a competitive
+examination in classical scholarship. Throughout his course, both in
+Arts and Divinity, he maintained a highly honourable place in all the
+classes, distinguishing himself particularly by proficiency in Hebrew
+and other Oriental languages; while he won the commendation of his
+professors and the esteem of his fellow-students not more by his
+attainments in learning than by the sterling integrity of his character
+and the example of his consistent Christian life. Among his
+contemporaries at College were not a few who in after-life rose to
+prominent positions in the Church, one of these being his future
+colleague, the late Principal Tulloch, with whom he continued to have
+most cordial relations during a lifelong friendship.
+
+On completing the usual curriculum of study at the University, Mr
+Mitchell was in 1844 licensed to preach the Gospel, and after acting for
+some time as an assistant, first to the minister of the parish of Meigle
+and then to the minister of the parish of Dundee, he was in 1847
+ordained by the Presbytery of Meigle to the pastoral charge of the
+parish of Dunnichen in his native county.
+
+The Professor had been no passive spectator of the exciting and
+momentous events which were taking place in the Church of Scotland in
+the years which immediately preceded and followed his entrance on the
+work of the ministry; and in his address as Moderator of the General
+Assembly, four decades afterwards, he gives a graphic account of the
+impressions made upon him by his visits to the Supreme Court of the
+Church during that period of acrimonious controversy and painful
+separation. He says: "My first view of the General Assembly was gained
+in 1840, where from the public gallery of the Tron Church, in near
+proximity to Dr John Ritchie, of the Potterrow (whose thoughts were
+already running in the same direction as those of his successors are
+now), I listened to the thrilling eloquence of Chalmers, and the calm,
+thoughtful utterances of Cook, and witnessed the first of those titanic
+encounters between Cunningham and Robertson, which the pen of Hugh
+Miller and the histories of the period have made classical. My next
+glimpse of the Assembly was in 1843, when, from the students' gallery of
+St Andrew's Church, beside my friend William Smith, afterwards of North
+Leith, I witnessed that sad sight which was never to fade from our
+memories, nor cease to influence the course of our thought and
+action--the scene when Welsh, Chalmers, Gordon, and many more good and
+devoted ministers, abandoning in despair the contest of ten years,
+withdrew from the Church of their fathers, to rear another in which they
+hoped to enjoy greater freedom and peace. My next view of the Assembly
+was in 1848, when, along with Dr Tulloch, and two or three other college
+friends, I took my place for the first time as a member of the House,
+and when my old preceptor, then Professor of Church History in St Mary's
+College, filled the chair. The Church at that time was but slowly
+recovering from the staggering blow she had received in '43, and the
+great Dr Robertson was shaping out the splendid scheme which was to
+constitute her mission for the immediate future, and give to her the
+consciousness and confidence of reviving life. There were plenty of aged
+men there, whose lives had been honourably worn out in her service; a
+goodly band of young men, with not a little of the ardour and enthusiasm
+of youth; not a few of riper years, who, after weary waiting, had at
+last been promoted to pastoral charges. But that class which is the
+mainstay of a Church--the men who have attained to experience by years
+of labour in her service, and are still able to bear the burden and
+heat of the day--was more scantily represented."
+
+The young minister, with so many conspicuous gifts and graces, was not
+allowed to remain long in the quiet pastoral charge at Dunnichen, where
+his ministry had been very acceptable; and in 1848--only one year after
+his ordination, and when not more than twenty-six years of age--he was
+appointed to the chair of Hebrew in St Mary's College, St Andrews,
+through which he had so recently passed as a student. He has himself
+told of the cordial welcome which he received from the venerable
+Principal Haldane and the other members of the professorial staff, and
+of the harmony with which they co-operated in the work of the College.
+
+It was not then a common thing that so young a minister should be called
+to occupy such a position of dignity and responsibility, nor was Hebrew
+then so popular a branch of study as it has, for various reasons, since
+become in our Divinity Halls; but the ability and success with which the
+Professor discharged the duties of his chair, and the salutary influence
+which he exerted in many ways upon the students, more than justified the
+appointment. He was one of the first in Scotland to introduce a
+scientific method in the teaching of Hebrew, and his class-room became a
+place of very real work, necessitating careful preparation on the part
+of the students. Some of these, perhaps, thought him rather exacting,
+and the strict discipline which he enforced was not altogether to their
+liking; but there were very few who did not value his good opinion, or
+who would not have considered it a kind of degradation to incur his
+displeasure; while many, imbued with something of his own spirit,
+attained under his guidance to such a degree of proficiency in the
+knowledge of the sacred tongue as made the reading of the Old Testament
+in the original a source of interest and pleasure to them in subsequent
+years. Dr William Wright, one of the greatest of Orientalists, was one
+of his students, and two others of them are occupants of Hebrew Chairs
+in Scottish Universities.
+
+The appointment of the Professor to the Convenership of the Committee on
+the Mission to the Jews in 1856 marked a new era in its history, in
+respect both of the method of its operations and the field in which
+these have ever since been carried on. One of the results of the Crimean
+war, which had then but recently closed, was the opening of the Turkish
+empire for evangelistic enterprise; and it may be said that the
+Professor laid the foundations of the Mission in the Levant at the
+several stations occupied by the Church of Scotland, which are now known
+not only as places of great historic interest but as important centres
+of missionary activity in which the Church bears an honourable part. In
+the autumn of 1857 he undertook a journey to the East at the request of
+the Committee, and in the course of his travels there visited not only
+the principal Turkish cities on the coast, but Jerusalem and other
+places in Palestine and Syria, collecting information with a view to
+find openings for the planting of the Mission at suitable stations in
+addition to the two which had been already occupied. The report which he
+presented on his return led by degrees to a great expansion of the
+Mission, and several of his own students and others were through his
+influence induced to enter the service of the Committee. With many other
+claims on his attention, he ungrudgingly gave up a great part of his
+time to the administration of the affairs of the Mission, over which for
+nineteen years he continued to preside with great zeal and wisdom,
+pressing its claims on the members of the Church, and guiding and
+encouraging the missionaries by an intelligent and sympathetic interest
+in their arduous work. When in 1875 he retired from the Convenership,
+the General Assembly expressed its sense of the value of the
+distinguished services which he had rendered to the Church in this
+department of her work in the following terms: "The Assembly are
+satisfied that the present prosperity of the Jewish Mission, and the
+remarkable progress which it has made, has been mainly owing to the
+great labour, the learning, enthusiasm, and warm and intelligent
+Christian interest which Dr Mitchell has devoted during these years to
+the cause of Jewish conversion in connection with the Church of
+Scotland." After his retirement from the Convenership he but seldom
+attended the meetings of the Committee, for the reason, as he was once
+heard to say, that he did not wish to appear to hamper his successors;
+but he never ceased to take a deep interest in the Mission, and none
+rejoiced more than he in its growing prosperity.
+
+While the Professor still occupied the Hebrew Chair, he had shown a
+special aptitude for another branch of learning, in which he was yet to
+make a reputation for himself in the Churches not only of Britain but of
+America. In 1866 he published a lecture, primarily addressed to his
+students, on 'The Westminster Confession of Faith: A Contribution to the
+Study of its Historical Relations and to the Defence of its Teaching,'
+which, as a reply to views then current in certain quarters, attracted
+no little notice at the time of its publication, and which is not only
+of special interest as illustrating his theological standpoint, and the
+calm and temperate, yet earnest and vigorous, manner in which he could
+defend it, but is of permanent value as a contribution to the literature
+of the subject with which it deals. In the following year he published
+'The Wedderburns and their Work, or the Sacred Poetry of the Scottish
+Reformation in its Relation to that of Germany'--a subject which was
+treated by him much more fully in one of his most recent works.
+
+The Professor was known to possess a most extensive and accurate
+knowledge of Church History in general, and of Scottish Church History
+in particular; and when in 1868 he was called to occupy the Chair of
+Ecclesiastical History in St Mary's College, the appointment was hailed
+with satisfaction alike by the University and the Church. With an
+absorbing interest in his subject, and with the true instinct of the
+historian, he was most painstaking in ascertaining historical facts,
+never reaching his conclusions but as the result of patient and careful
+investigation; and those who knew him intimately can tell how little he
+grudged the trouble of a journey to Edinburgh or London, or even of an
+occasional excursion to the Continent, in order to prosecute his
+researches in libraries there with the view of verifying a statement, or
+of obtaining indubitable evidence on some controverted point. Besides
+those who had the privilege of listening to his prelections from the
+professorial chair, there are many in the Churches on both sides of the
+Atlantic who have profited by his great erudition; and his published
+writings, which all bear the impress of a master-hand, will always be
+reckoned standard works in Ecclesiastical History.
+
+It is no part of the purpose of this notice to describe his various
+works in detail, but the mere enumeration of them will show what a life
+of unremitting study he lived. Besides those already referred to, he
+edited, along with the late Dr Struthers, in 1874, 'The Minutes of the
+Westminster Assembly from November 1644 to March 1649,' to which is
+prefixed an elaborate Historical Introduction written by himself; in
+1882 he wrote a 'Historical Notice of Archbishop Hamilton's Catechism'
+(first printed at St Andrews in 1551), prefixed to Paterson's
+black-letter reprint of the same; in 1883 he published his Baird
+Lecture, 'The Westminster Assembly: Its History and Standards'; in 1886
+he published 'The Catechisms of the Second Reformation'; in 1888 he
+edited, for the Scottish Text Society, 'The Richt Vay to the Kingdome of
+Heuine,' by John Gau, the earliest known prose-treatise in the Scottish
+dialect setting forth the doctrines of the Reformers; and in 1897, for
+the same Society, 'The Gude and Godlie Ballads,' reprinted from the
+edition of 1567, with a full and most interesting Introduction. For the
+Scottish History Society he also edited in 1892 and 1896, along with the
+writer of this sketch, two volumes of 'The Records of the Commissions of
+the General Assembly,' covering the period 1646-1650, from the original
+manuscript in the Assembly library, with an introduction, notes, and
+appendices by himself. To these must be added the present volume of the
+Baird Lecture, 'The Scottish Reformation.'
+
+The Baird Lecture on the Westminster Assembly was received with great
+favour in America as well as in this country, and a new edition of it
+was published at Philadelphia in 1897, in a notice of which in the
+'Presbyterian and Reformed Review' the following statement occurs: "The
+book at once took its rank as the most trustworthy and sympathetic
+account of the Westminster Standards in existence, and rapidly ran out
+of print. The public is to be congratulated that Dr Mitchell has
+permitted himself to be persuaded by the [Presbyterian] Board to revise
+the text and allow a new edition to be issued to meet the present
+demand. The revision does not much alter the text. A phrase is more
+felicitously turned here or rendered a shade more exact or emphatic
+there; a few additional references are added in the notes; and a few
+additional citations and remarks incorporated in them: that is about
+all. But so good a book needed only these little touches of betterment."
+
+The Professor also contributed to various journals and encyclopædias
+many important articles, chiefly on historical topics relating to
+Scotland, which, if collected, would form a volume of miscellaneous
+papers of great interest and value. The most important of these are
+included in the subjoined list: In the 'British and Foreign Evangelical
+Review,' January 1872, "Our Scottish Reformation: Its Distinctive
+Characteristics and Present-Day Lessons," pp. 87-128; October 1875, "Dr
+Merle D'Aubigné on the Reformation in Scotland," pp. 736-760; October
+1876, "Killen's Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," pp. 713-741: in the
+'Catholic Presbyterian,' March 1879, "Calvin and the Psalmody of the
+Reformed Churches": in the 'Scottish Church,' November 1886, "St Andrews
+in Covenanting Times": in the 'Year-Book of the Church of Scotland,'
+1886, "Brief Sketch of the History of the Reformed Church of Scotland":
+in 'St Giles' Lectures,' First Series, 1880-81, "Pre-Reformation
+Scotland"; and in Fourth Series, 1883-84, "The Primitive or Apostolic
+and Sub-Apostolic Church," being the first of the lectures entitled,
+"The Churches of Christendom." To Dr Schaff's Encyclopædia he
+contributed separate articles on "St Columba," "The Culdees," "Patrick
+Hamilton," "Iona," and "The Keltic Church"; and to the 'Presbyterian and
+Reformed Review,' published at Philadelphia, he contributed a review of
+Dr Hume Brown's 'John Knox.' Besides many Reports on various matters
+presented to the General Assembly, he issued for special purposes a
+"Statement regarding the Eldership," and a "List of Acts of the Scottish
+Parliament, and of Acts, Overtures, and Resolutions of the General
+Assembly of the Church of Scotland, adopted at various times for the
+Acknowledgment of the True Reformed Protestant Religion, the Maintenance
+of Sound Doctrine, and the Subscription of the Confessions of Faith of
+1560 and 1647." When at Geneva, on one of his visits to the Continent,
+he prepared for private circulation, from the original, which is still
+preserved among the historical treasures in the Hotel de Ville, "Livre
+Des Anglois, or Register of the English Church at Geneva under the
+pastoral care of Knox and Goodman, 1555-1559," with a Prefatory Notice
+and a Facsimile of pp. 49, 50. To this list of his minor works may be
+added a sermon on "The Unsearchable Riches of Christ," published in
+1879.
+
+The Professor accorded a generous and helpful sympathy to those who were
+workers in the field in which he laboured himself with so great
+assiduity and success; and he was not only a member both of the Scottish
+History Society and of the Scottish Text Society, but took an active
+interest in their affairs. He was also one of the representatives of the
+Church of Scotland in the General Presbyterian Alliance from the date of
+its formation, and took part in the business of all its General
+Councils, at the first of which, held at Edinburgh in 1877, he laid on
+the table a paper which he had drawn up on "The Harmony between the
+Bibliology of the Westminster Confession and that of the earlier
+Reformed Confessions, exhibited in parallel columns." He was appointed
+Convener of the Committee on the Desiderata of the History of the
+Presbyterian Churches; and at the following General Council, held at
+Philadelphia in 1880, it fell to him, in consequence of the death of
+Principal Lorimer, who was Convener of the British section of the
+Committee on Creeds and Formulas of Subscription, to give in the report
+containing "Answers to Queries regarding Creeds and Confessions." The
+Answers as regards the Church of Scotland, which had been prepared by
+himself, are to be found in the Report of the Proceedings of the
+Council, pp. 969-984. When in America he also delivered a course of
+lectures at Alleghany. His connection with the Alliance brought him into
+close contact with some of the leading Presbyterian divines of Britain
+and America, with whom his opinions on the history of the doctrine,
+worship, and government of the Church carried great weight; and Dr
+Schaff has acknowledged his obligations to him, among others, in his
+well-known work entitled 'The Creeds of Christendom.'
+
+In 1885 the Church showed her appreciation of the Professor's character
+and work by electing him to the Moderatorship of the General Assembly,
+an office which he filled with a union of dignity and authority which
+reflected honour upon the Church. If there are parties in the Church of
+Scotland, he never identified himself with any of them, and had learned
+to call no man master but Christ. He knew his own mind, and could give
+forcible expression to his convictions when occasion required. Naturally
+of an unassuming disposition and unobtrusive manners, he never courted
+popularity nor sought to thrust his opinions upon others; and it was for
+this reason, perhaps, that he was deferred to even by those whose views
+were in some respects widely divergent from his. It was doubtless for
+this reason also, as well as for others, that he wielded so great an
+influence in the counsels of the Church, and probably few men had more
+to do than he with the shaping of her policy in recent years. In paying
+a tribute to his memory at a meeting of the Presbytery of Edinburgh a
+few days after his decease, the Very Rev. Dr Scott of St George's said
+that "by Professor Mitchell's death the Church had lost a laborious,
+faithful, successful, and honoured minister and professor, and perhaps
+one of the soundest and wisest counsellors that the Church ever had. He
+was a man who had friends in all the Churches. He knew how powerfully
+his influence had told in the Church--always for conciliation, not only
+so far as those without their own Church were concerned, but those
+within the Church also. Had it not been for Dr Mitchell's influence the
+relaxation of the formula regarding the subscription of elders would
+never have been carried through."
+
+A man of a very catholic spirit, and a lover of peace and concord, the
+Professor, like many others who longed for a comprehensive union of the
+Scottish Churches, would willingly have made all reasonable concessions
+for the attainment of so desirable an object. But he was too loyal a son
+of the Church of Scotland to consent to any unworthy compromise, and in
+the hour of danger no one was more ready than he to exert all the
+influence at his command in her defence. Readers of Dr Boyd's
+'Twenty-five Years of St Andrews' may remember the account there given
+of the impression made by the Professor's sermon in the Town Church in
+the height of the contest in 1885, when the question of Disestablishment
+was brought so prominently before the electors of the St Andrews Burghs.
+Dr Boyd says: "It had been intimated at the services during the day that
+Dr Mitchell, our Professor of Church History, would lecture in the
+parish church in the evening on 'Some aspects of the Church Question
+deserving of consideration in the present crisis.' Dr Mitchell was that
+year Moderator of the Kirk: and he very seldom preaches. The church was
+filled by a great congregation. I should not in the least degree have
+been surprised to hear Dr Mitchell preach wisely and devoutly: that is
+his usual way. But it did surprise me to find that man of calm and
+well-balanced mind fire up into a pathos and vehemence which I have
+rarely seen equalled and never surpassed. The question of
+disestablishment had been raised: and one was made to realise how it
+stirs the blood of good men here. And not merely were there this evening
+a fire, a keenness, a power of stirring a multitude to the depth of
+their nature, which are rare indeed, but an incisive severity of
+denunciation which few had expected from that calm, cautious man. And if
+the preacher was at white-heat, so was the congregation long before he
+was done. Several times there would have been loud applause, had it not
+been hushed."
+
+The attitude which the Professor maintained in regard to the doctrine
+and worship of the Church was a strictly conservative one, and may be
+best described in his own words, taken from an article included in the
+list of his minor works. In that article, after quoting the advice
+tendered by an eminent minister of the Church of England to a minister
+of the Church of Scotland--"Stick by your own Kirk: it is an honest
+Kirk, one of the few that has fairly rid itself of sacerdotalism and
+ritualism, and you have no cause to be ashamed of it"--he goes on to
+say: "The advice is not unneeded in the present day by others than he to
+whom it was originally tendered, and I give it this publicity for the
+benefit of all whom it may concern. The Reformed Church of Scotland from
+the first rid herself of these medieval corruptions, and the attempt to
+bring her again under the yoke issued in dire disaster to those who made
+it. This surely is no time for the Presbyterian Churches to swerve from
+the testimony they have so long and resolutely borne against all such
+errors. When we think of the mischief they are now causing in the Church
+of England, and the grief they are occasioning to many of her most loyal
+sons, rather does it become us to bear more decided testimony to the
+truths, that under the New Testament there is but one Priest, who ever
+liveth to make intercession for us, and one sacrifice once offered,
+which perfects for ever them that are sanctified; that He has not
+communicated His priestly office to His ministers either by succession
+or delegation, nor authorised them to repeat or continue that sacrifice
+which is the propitiation for sin; and that He has neither Himself
+imposed, nor warranted others to impose, a load of 'fondly' invented
+ceremonies in His worship."
+
+If the Professor thus strenuously opposed sacerdotalism on the one hand,
+he had as little sympathy with Broad Churchism on the other. The
+non-natural sense in which the narratives of the New Testament miracles
+are understood and interpreted by some of the modern critics he rejected
+as subversive of Christian truth, a common saying of his being, "If the
+Gospel is not true historically, it is not true at all: 'If Christ be
+not raised, your faith is vain'"; and while he mellowed with advancing
+years, he never wavered in his deep religious convictions, nor for a
+moment relaxed the tenacious grasp which he had of the doctrines of
+Christianity as set forth in the standards of the Reformed Churches. One
+of his latest sayings was, "I die in the faith which I have always
+professed."
+
+From his _Alma Mater_ the Professor had received the degree of D.D. in
+1862, and in 1892 the University of Glasgow conferred upon him the
+degree of LL.D. in recognition of his eminence as a teacher and an
+author. A young minister of the Church, himself one of his most
+distinguished students, has drawn a picture of him as he appeared about
+the latter of these dates, which is so true to the life that no excuse
+is needed for introducing it here. He says: "St Andrews and Professor
+Mitchell are inseparable. For forty-four years he has taught in the
+University: first the Hebrew Tongue; next the History of the Church of
+Christ. As a Professor, Dr Mitchell comes into contact with a
+comparatively small number of students. The classes in St Mary's are
+diminutive--in some ways a source of much gratification to the writer
+and others--consequently he is little known by most men here. Of course,
+all are familiar with the Figure pacing the town in the bright of the
+forenoon; or, arm-in-arm with a youthful Professor, walking as far as
+the Swilcan; or, at a Graduation Ceremony, scanning the audience, if
+perhaps he may get a glimpse of some old pupil among the crowd of
+interested spectators. For many of his students have risen high: and
+some of them have a weight of years to bear. But all are not aware that
+in the Church History Class-Room English is spoken as she is nowhere
+else in St Andrews. The beautifully rounded and perfectly balanced
+sentences, and the elegance of the language, will hardly be excelled. To
+make the study of Church History what is called popular is one of the
+few impossibilities of life, but there is no man living who can invest
+the subject with more interest; for Professor Mitchell is thoroughly up
+to date with all his facts, and loses no opportunity of visiting the
+great German authorities.... To be reproved in class by the Professor is
+not to be desired: to be 'spoken to' in his ante-room still less so.
+Many men stand in awe of him--I have always thought unnecessarily so."
+
+The Professor continued to take a warm interest in his students after
+they had left the Divinity Hall, and had entered on the work of the
+ministry; and when attending the General Assembly he could generally
+tell how many of its members had passed through one or other of his
+classes in St Mary's College. When he retired from the duties of his
+Chair in 1894, the occasion was regarded as affording a suitable
+opportunity of giving public expression to the esteem in which he was
+held by his friends, and to their grateful appreciation of his services
+both to the Church and the University; and in 1895, while the General
+Assembly was in session, he was presented, in name of a large number of
+his former students and other friends, with an illuminated address, a
+cheque for 200 guineas, and his portrait by Sir George Reid--acknowledged
+to be one of the best that have yet come from the studio of the
+President of the Royal Scottish Academy. The Right Hon. James A.
+Campbell of Stracathro, M.P., with whom he had long had intimate
+relations, presided at the ceremony and made the presentation. The reply
+of the Professor, as containing many interesting reminiscences, and as
+showing the view which he took himself of his life and work, is here
+inserted _in extenso_. He said:--
+
+"Mr Campbell, I thank you, sir, with all my heart, for the many kind
+things--far more kind than I deserve--which you have just said of me,
+and for the many kind services which you have rendered to me in the
+course of our lifelong friendship; and I thank, with all my heart, you,
+my many esteemed friends and pupils, who have united in presenting me
+with this address expressive of your warm affection, this speaking
+likeness and munificent gift. Kindness far more than I have merited has
+followed me all my life through--never more conspicuously than at the
+close of my public career; and now in retiring from the professorial
+work I loved, and from the College for which almost for half a century I
+lived and laboured, it is a consolation to me to know that I carry with
+me into my retirement the esteem of so many honoured friends and the
+affectionate regard of so many former pupils. Some have been speaking
+lately of the loneliness of a Scottish student's college life. I can
+only say for myself that the years I spent as a student in St Mary's
+College were among the happiest of my life, and that the friendships
+then formed within the little band of my fellow-students were among the
+most valued and lasting of those I have enjoyed. I have but to name John
+Robertson, afterwards minister of Glasgow Cathedral; John Tulloch,
+afterwards Principal of St Mary's College; William Milligan, afterwards
+Professor of Biblical Criticism in Aberdeen; William Dickson, afterwards
+Professor of Divinity in Glasgow; Drs W. H. Gray, Gloag, and Herdman,
+and with these some who afterwards joined the Free Church: Dr Thomson,
+long at the head of the Free Church Jewish Mission at Constantinople; Dr
+Thomas Brown, younger brother of my late colleague, Dr William Brown,
+agent for the Turkish Missions Aid Society; and Edward Cross, afterwards
+Free Church minister at Monifieth, with whom I laboured in happiest
+intercourse in Dundee, he being assistant to the Free Church minister in
+the same district of the town when I was assistant to the Parish
+minister. When in my twenty-sixth year I returned as a Professor in the
+College where so shortly before I had been a student, I can never forget
+the kindness with which I was received by my aged instructors there,
+especially by Principal Haldane, whose kind counsels were then
+invaluable to me, nor the kindness of Professors Duncan and Alexander,
+the only two of my instructors remaining in the Old College. St Andrews
+about that time had the reputation of being rather a hot place. The
+conviction that I was a man of rather placid temper, who would not add
+fuel to the flame, I believe weighed considerably with Lord Advocate
+Rutherfurd in finally recommending me for the Chair. Within St Mary's
+College we were a happy family, and the youth of twenty-six and the two
+aged Professors beyond threescore and ten continued to work in unbroken
+harmony--the youth deeming it a special privilege to aid the venerable
+Principal in his class-work during the last year of his life, as well as
+to aid him and his aged colleague in their pulpit work. It was soon
+after this that I began to take an active part in Church work, attending
+the General Assembly as an elder and as Convener of the Jewish
+Mission--doing what I could to reorganise it in Turkey, first in
+conjunction with such venerable fathers as Drs Muir, Hunter, Grant, and
+James Robertson, and with several brethren nearer my own age, who were
+bearing the burden and heat of the day--Drs Crawford, Nicholson, Nisbet,
+William Robertson, and Elder Cumming, and such laymen as Sheriff Arkley,
+David Smith, Henry Cheyne, John Elder, John Tawse, and the good Edmund
+Baxter, all now gone to their rest and their reward. Principal Haldane
+was succeeded by my old class-fellow, Principal Tulloch, in harmony with
+whom I wrought for thirty years in the College, occasionally taking part
+of his work, as I had of his predecessor's, when he was laid aside by
+ill-health, and also taking part with him in Church work, especially in
+the work of the Anti-Patronage Committee, on whose success so many in
+the Church had set their hearts. After his untimely removal, though I
+had served for seven or eight years beyond the statutory thirty, I
+continued at my post, and in the most kind and cordial relations both in
+Church and University work with his successor, Principal Cunningham,
+heartily co-operating with him in the repeal of what has been termed the
+Black Act of 1711, and in the restitution of the old formula for
+ministers and elders, which are now so generally welcomed, and have been
+acknowledged by one at least of the three who protested against the
+change to be a great boon. I have often spoken of the pleasure I have
+had in superintending the work of my students, and my gratification at
+the zest with which they took to the study both of Hebrew and Church
+History. The circumstances which led to my resignation are already well
+known to you all, and I need only say that it was to me a very regretful
+necessity. I leave in each of the three other Divinity Faculties at
+least one distinguished pupil, and in St Mary's College two who, with
+their younger colleagues, I trust will strive to make it more than ever
+a School of the Prophets, a nursery for earnest, faithful, scholarly,
+and devoted ministers, who shall set high above all passing isms Christ
+the personal Saviour, and those great truths as to His divine nature,
+incarnation, atoning death, and glorious resurrection, to which the
+historic Church of Christ through so many centuries has clung as her
+life and strength and joy. Christ before, Christ behind,--according to
+St Patrick's prayer,--Christ above, Christ beneath, Christ in the
+heart, Christ in the home. I heartily thank you all for your great
+kindness, and especially Principal Stewart and Mr Wenley, and one who
+once said I had been as a father to him, and of whom I may truly say
+that he has been as a son to me."
+
+In 1852 the Professor married the eldest daughter of the late Mr Michael
+Johnstone of Archbank, near Moffat, who belonged to an influential
+yeoman family that has been connected with Annandale for the last two
+hundred years. The late Mr Peter Johnstone, brother of Mrs Mitchell's
+father, who was a proprietor as well as a large farmer, is still
+remembered as having done a great deal to promote the cause of education
+in the district where he resided; and her brother, the late Mr James
+Johnstone, was tenant of Bodsbeck farm, which is the scene of the
+Ettrick Shepherd's well-known Covenanting story--"The Brownie of
+Bodsbeck." How much Mrs Mitchell did to brighten the life and to
+minister to the happiness of the Professor can be known only to those
+who have had the privilege of being admitted into the inner circle of
+their friends, and there are not a few who have very pleasant
+reminiscences of delightful intercourse with them in their house at 56
+South Street, where the duty of entertaining strangers seemed never to
+be forgotten. Their family of four sons and two daughters all survive,
+with the exception of the eldest son, Robert Haldane, who died several
+years ago in Australia, to which he had emigrated along with his brother
+Johnstone.
+
+Probably few are aware that the Professor spent many of his happiest
+days, and did much of his literary work, at Gowanpark, his country
+residence near Brechin, which, with its charm of seclusion and
+restfulness, no one who has visited it can ever forget, and which his
+family came to regard as their home almost as much as St Andrews. There
+he found relaxation in the interest which he took in the work of his
+little farm, which was his own property, and as long as he had health he
+enjoyed a ramble among the neighbouring hills, or a walk, varied by an
+occasional drive, along the quiet country roads. His home in the
+country, however, was with him no mere place of recreation, still less
+of idleness, and there, as elsewhere, he never failed to find his chief
+source of pleasure in the prosecution of his favourite studies.
+
+When the Professor retired from the duties of his Chair he did not cease
+to take an interest in the affairs of the College, of which he was an
+ornament while he lived, and with which, as was said in a notice of him
+at the time of his death, his name will always be associated--like those
+of Andrew Melville, Samuel Rutherford, and others in remote and
+troublous times, and that of Principal Tulloch in our own more peaceful
+days. Nor did he cease to interest himself in the work of the Church
+which he loved so well and had served so faithfully. Perhaps it was to
+show his love for the Church as much as to gratify his own feelings
+that, amid great bodily infirmity, he undertook the journey to
+Edinburgh, in May 1898, to attend the General Assembly. He was unable,
+indeed, to be present there more than once or twice, and when on one
+occasion he occupied the Moderator's chair for a few minutes, a thrill
+of respectful sympathy passed through the House. In a letter written a
+few days after his return home he says, "I am very pleased to have been
+able to give even such limited attendance," adding, with a touch of
+pathos, as if anticipating that the visit would be his last, "in the
+fiftieth year since Mr John Tulloch and Alex. F. Mitchell were first
+returned as members."
+
+Soon afterwards he removed to his loved retreat at Gowanpark, but his
+health did not improve, and he was but seldom able to leave the house.
+Most of the letters he wrote at this time, some of them in pencil, with
+his head resting on the pillow, were evidently intended to be his
+parting words to those to whom they were addressed. In one of these,
+written in the middle of September, he says, "For the first fortnight
+after I came here I was able to go out of doors, and in my invalid chair
+bask in the sun for an hour a-day. I am still keeping my bed in the hope
+of being able to return without risk to St Andrews in the end of the
+month;" and then, alluding to a subject his interest in which seems to
+have helped to keep him alive, he says, "I have got five of my six
+Baird Lectures transcribed. Of course I must get some one to read them
+for me."
+
+When he returned to St Andrews, the burden of his infirmities grew
+heavier, and as the spring approached it was manifest that he was
+nearing the end. He was greatly affected by the tidings of the tragic
+death of Dr Boyd, who had paid him a visit shortly before his departure
+for the south. On the Monday before he died he repeated the words of the
+second paraphrase in a clear, strong voice, and quoted almost the last
+recorded words of St Paul, "I have fought a good fight, I have finished
+my course, I have kept the faith." On Tuesday evening he desired some
+one to sing to him, and as Miss Mitchell was unable to control her
+feelings to do so, Mr Smith, his amanuensis, who had come in, was asked
+by him to sing "Jesus, Lover of my Soul." When this was done he turned
+to Miss Mitchell, and said, "What would you like?" and they sang
+together "Rock of Ages." With uncomplaining patience he had suffered
+much, but welcome rest came to him on the morning of Wednesday, 22nd
+March. Having served his own generation by the will of God, he fell
+asleep amid the tender regrets of his family, leaving behind him a
+memory that will always be held in honour, and an example of laborious
+service, of deep piety, and of fervent trust in Christ.
+
+In compliance with his own wish, his remains were conveyed to Brechin,
+where they were laid to rest beside those of his fathers under the
+shadow of the old Cathedral, the members of the local Presbytery, in
+token of their respect, being present on the occasion. "The world
+passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God
+abideth for ever."
+
+_Gilmerton Manse, December 1899._
+
+
+
+
+THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE NATURE AND NEED OF THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Its Animating Principle.]
+
+With the single exception of the period which covers the introduction
+and first marvellous triumphs of Christianity, the Reformation of the
+sixteenth century must be owned as perhaps the greatest and most
+glorious revolution in the history of the human race. And the years of
+earnest contendings and heroic sufferings which prepared the way for its
+triumph in many lands and issued in its cruel suppression in others, and
+the story of the men who by God's grace were enabled to bear the brunt
+of the battle and to lead their countrymen on to victory or to
+martyrdom, will ever have a fascination for all in whose hearts faith
+in the great truths, then more clearly brought to light, has not yet
+altogether evaporated. The movement then initiated was no mere effort to
+get quit of acknowledged scandals, which had long been grieved over but
+never firmly dealt with; no mere desire to lop off a few later
+accretions, which had gathered round and obscured the faith once
+delivered to the saints;[1] no mere "return to the Augustinian, or the
+Nicene, or the Ante-Nicene age," but a vast progress beyond any previous
+age since the death of St John--a deeper plunge into the meaning of
+revelation than had been made by Augustine, or Anselm, or St Bernard, or
+À Kempis, or Wycliffe, or Tauler. Its object was to get back to the
+divine sources of Christianity,--to know, and understand, and
+appropriate it as it came fresh and pure from the lips of the Son of God
+and His inspired apostles, not excluding that chosen vessel to whom the
+grace had been given "to preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable
+riches of Christ." It was, in fact, a return to the old Gospel so
+attractively set forth by him in his Epistles, and verified to the
+reformers by their own inmost spiritual experience under deep
+convictions of sin and shortcoming. The cry of their awakened
+consciences had been, How shall we sinners have relief from our load and
+be justified before God? And this, as has been said, was just the old
+question put to the apostle himself by the jailer at Philippi, What must
+I do to be saved? And the answer their own experience warranted them
+with one accord to proclaim was still, Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ,
+believe in the riches of His pardoning mercy, in the merit of His
+atoning death, in the freeness and power of His efficacious grace. By
+believing, however, they meant, and were careful to explain that they
+meant, not a mere intellectual assent to the truth of the facts, but
+such an assent as drew with it the trust of the heart and the personal
+surrender of the soul to Christ; or--to use language of somewhat later
+origin--the individual _appropriation_ of the freely offered Saviour,
+with all His fulness of blessing, pardon, and righteousness by His one
+offering once offered, and renewal into His own image by the continuous
+indwelling of His Holy Spirit.
+
+[Sidenote: Infusion of a New Life.]
+
+Such was the animating principle which gave power to the teaching of the
+reformers in all lands, and which constitutes still the central article
+of a standing or a falling church to all their true-hearted
+successors--Christ crucified for our sins, raised again for our
+justification, and now exalted to the right hand of the Majesty in the
+heavens as Prince and Saviour, to give repentance and remission of sin
+and all needed grace to those who thus believe in Him, and are brought
+into union with Him. And the Reformed Church will never perish or decay
+while it continues to set forth this Gospel, and is honoured by its
+divine Head to bring it home to the hearts and consciences of men, with
+the same power as its first teachers were honoured with in the brave
+days of old. For it must never be forgotten, I repeat, that the
+Reformation movement was not only the introduction of a more scriptural
+and scientific method of exhibiting Christian doctrine, and simple
+unfolding of its teaching as to man's fallen state and the remedy their
+heavenly Father had in His love provided for them; not only the
+reassertion of the supremacy of the written Word of God over human
+traditions, as well as of the right of all Christian men and women to
+have direct access to that blessed Word; not only the translation into
+the vernacular--German, English, Danish, Dutch, French, Italian,
+Spanish--and the circulation throughout Western Europe of that which for
+ages had been to the Christian laity as a book that is sealed; but it
+was also, above all this, the infusion of a new and higher life into the
+churches. We fall short of a full comprehension of the movement if we
+fail to recognise that the God of all grace and blessing was then
+pleased to "send a plentiful rain to confirm His inheritance when it was
+weary," to grant a second Pentecost to the church, to make the people
+willing in the day of His power, and to pour out His Spirit in rich
+abundance upon men.
+
+With all the conscious and unconscious preparation which had paved the
+way for them, the men who were God's chosen instruments at that crisis
+were made deeply to feel and humbly to own that it was God Himself who
+had led them on--at times by ways they had not thought of; that it was
+He who had upheld them in their extremity when all human power seemed to
+be arrayed against them; that it was He who, when their resources were
+exhausted, was pleased, in the day when they cried unto Him, to hear
+their prayer and revive their hopes by the plentiful outpouring of His
+Spirit. How feelingly this was acknowledged by Luther at various crises
+in his life is known to all who are in any measure acquainted with his
+thrilling story. No one could have more constantly in his heart or more
+frequently on his lips the Hebrew psalmist's song of holy confidence,
+"God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble.
+Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and though the
+mountains be carried into the midst of the sea.... There is a river, the
+streams whereof shall make glad the city of God." There was also that
+other which, under reverses and discouragements, was the solace of our
+own reformer, "If it had not been the Lord who was on our side, when men
+rose up against us: then they had swallowed us up quick.... Blessed be
+the Lord, who hath not given us as a prey to their teeth." As they mused
+the fire burned and found expression in such songs of holy confidence
+as--
+
+    "A sure stronghold our God is He,
+      A trusty shield and weapon;
+    Our help He'll be, and set us free
+      Whatever ill may happen.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Through our own force we nothing can,
+      Straight were we lost for ever,
+    But for us fights the proper Man,
+      By God sent to deliver.
+          Ask ye who this may be?
+          Christ Jesus named is He,
+          Of Sabaoth the Lord
+          Sole God to be adored,
+      'Tis He must win the battle."[2]
+
+    "If God were not upon our side
+      When foes around us rage,
+    Were not Himself our help and guide
+      When bitter war they wage,
+    Were He not Israel's mighty shield,
+    To whom their utmost crafts must yield,
+      We surely must have perished."[3]
+
+[Sidenote: Decay of the Medieval Church.]
+
+By the time at which reforming influences began manifestly to show
+themselves in Scotland, that grand medieval organisation, which had
+supplanted the simpler arrangements of the old Celtic church, had in its
+turn exhausted its life powers, and shown unmistakable signs of
+deep-seated corruption and hopeless decay. Whatever good it may have
+been honoured to do in times past,--in keeping alive the knowledge of
+God and of things divine in the midst of "a darkness which might be
+felt," in promoting a higher civilisation than the Celtic, in
+alleviating the evils of the feudalism which Anglo-Norman settlers had
+brought in, in founding parishes and universities and some other
+institutions which, with a purified church and revived Christian life,
+were to be a source of blessing after it was swept away,--yet now at
+last it had grossly failed to keep alive among the common people true
+devotion, or to give access to the sources at which the flame might have
+been rekindled; it had failed to provide educated men for its ordinary
+cures, to raise the masses from the rudeness and ignorance in which they
+were still involved, and even to maintain that hearty sympathy with them
+and that kindly interest in their temporal welfare which its best men in
+its earlier days had shown. It continued to have its services in a
+language which had for ages been unintelligible to the bulk of the
+laity, and was but partially intelligible to not a few of its ordinary
+priests. It had no catechisms or hymn books bringing down to the
+capacities of the unlettered the truths of religion, and freely
+circulated among them.[4] It did not, when the invention of printing put
+it in its power, make any effort to circulate among them the Holy Book,
+that they might read therein, in their own tongue, the message of God's
+love. No doubt it had its pictures and images, its mystery plays and
+ceremonies, which it deemed fit books for children and the unlearned.
+But it forgot that these children were growing in capacity, even if
+allowed to grow up untrained; that "to credulous simplicity was
+succeeding a spirit of eager curiosity, an impatience of mere authority,
+and a determination to search into the foundation of things"; and that,
+if it was to maintain its place, it must not only keep abreast but ahead
+of advancing intelligence and morality. But the old church began greatly
+to decline just as the laity began to rise. Bishop Kennedy, I suppose,
+was almost its last preaching bishop; and the character of the
+preaching, so far as preaching was still continued by the friars and
+some of the inferior clergy, was not generally fitted to supply the lack
+of Bibles and catechisms, and other vernacular books of instruction. It
+never grappled, as it ought, with the problem of lightening the burdens
+it had long exacted of the peasantry; but refused almost to the last
+moment to ease even the most galling of them. It never grappled, as it
+ought, with the problem of the education of the masses; and what was
+done for those of the community in more fortunate circumstances was done
+more by the efforts of a few noble-minded individuals than by any
+corporate action of Church or State. There is not among all its codes of
+canons anything approaching to the clear ringing utterances of our
+First Book of Discipline concerning the necessity and advantages of
+education.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Lethargy of the Medieval Church.]
+
+Not only had the life powers of the medieval church been exhausted and
+decay set in, but corruption, positive and gross corruption, had reached
+an alarming height. There were the indolence and neglect of duty which
+wealth too often brings in its train; the covert secularising of that
+wealth, just as in the old Celtic church, by various devices, to get it
+into the hands of unqualified men and minors; luxury, avarice,
+oppression, simony, shameless pluralities, and crass ignorance; and
+above all that celibate system, which nothing would persuade them
+honestly to abandon, though it had proved to be a yoke they could not
+bear, and was producing only too generally results humiliating and
+disastrous to themselves and to all who came under their influence. The
+proof of this does not rest merely or even mainly on the statements of
+Knox, Alesius, and Spottiswood, nor on the representations of Lindsay
+and the Wedderburns. The fact, as both the late Dr David Laing and Dr
+Joseph Robertson have shown, and the late Bishop Forbes has sorrowfully
+acknowledged, is confessed and deplored in the canons of their councils,
+in the Acts of the Scottish Parliament, and in the writings of their
+own best men.[6] The harsh measures to which men themselves so
+vulnerable had recourse to maintain their position, the relentless
+cruelties they perpetrated on men of unblemished character, amiable
+disposition, deep-seated conviction and thorough Christian earnestness,
+could not fail in the end to turn the tide against them, and arouse
+feelings of indignation which on any favourable opportunity would induce
+the nation to sweep them away.
+
+[Sidenote: Corruption of the Medieval Church.]
+
+The corruptions in the doctrine of the church were hardly less notable
+than those in the lives of its clergy. The sufficiency and supremacy of
+the written Word of God were denied, and co-ordinate authority was
+claimed for tradition. The Virgin Mary and the saints departed were
+asserted to share the office which Scripture reserves for the one
+Mediator between God and man. Penances and other external acts of
+work-righteousness were alleged to co-operate in the pardon of sin with
+the "one obedience" by which "many are made righteous." The sacraments
+were asserted to produce their effect _ex opere operato_,--not by the
+working of the Spirit in them that by faith receive them. Belief in the
+literal transubstantiation of the bread and wine in the Lord's Supper
+was rigidly enforced and substituted for that spiritual presence and
+spiritual manducation which the earlier church had maintained. The
+doctrine of a purgatory after this life was invented, and the virtue of
+masses for the dead therein detained was persistently taught and
+required to be believed. The Roman church was affirmed to be the mother
+and mistress of the churches, and its head to be the successor of St
+Peter and the Vicar of Christ.
+
+[Sidenote: The Reforming Priests.]
+
+Yet it must never be forgotten that, even in these degenerate days,
+there were those among the ministers of the church who wept in secret
+over the abominations that were done, who longed for the dawn of a
+better day, and, in their parishes or cloisters or colleges, sought to
+prepare the way for it, and who succeeded in doing so with many of
+their younger comrades, and only made up their minds in the end to
+abandon the old church when all their efforts for its revival proved
+vain. Nay, the men who initiated and carried to a successful issue the
+struggle for a more thorough reformation than the others desired, the
+martyrs, confessors, and exiles, were almost all from the ranks of the
+priesthood of the old church--from the regular as well as from the
+secular priesthood; from the Dominican and Franciscan monasteries as
+well as from the Augustinian abbeys; and from none more largely than the
+Augustinian Priory of St Andrews, and the College of St Leonard founded
+in connection with it, notwithstanding that its prior for the time being
+was so far from what he ought to have been. At least twenty priests
+joined the reformed congregation of St Andrews in 1559-60, and among
+them more than one who had sat in judgment on the martyrs and assisted
+in their condemnation.[7] A much larger number were ultimately admitted
+as readers in the Reformed Church.
+
+[Sidenote: Precursors of the Reformation.]
+
+How was the great revolution which was to bring the church back from
+these corruptions of life and doctrine prepared for? Ebrard supposes
+that witnesses for holy living and simple faith, but partially connected
+with the dominant church, were never from Celtic times entirely wanting
+in Britain; and it may have been that, through Richard Rolle and a few
+other hermits, the feeble spark in the smoking wick continued to
+smoulder on till it was blown into a flame by Wycliffe. At any rate it
+was blown into a flame by him and his poor priests; and from their time
+witness after witness arose to contend for the right of the laity to
+read the Word of God, and to maintain that men were saved by the merits
+of Christ and should pray to Him alone, that there was no purgatory in
+the popish sense, and that the pope was not the Vicar of Christ.
+Wycliffe's poor priests, when persecuted in the south, naturally sought
+shelter among the moors and mosses of the north. The district of Kyle
+and Cunningham was "a receptakle of Goddis servandis of old," where
+their doctrines were cherished till the dawn of the Reformation. In 1406
+or 1407 James Resby, one of these priests, is found teaching as far
+north as Perth, and for his teaching he was accused and condemned to a
+martyr's death. A similar fate is said to have befallen another in
+Glasgow about 1422, in all probability the Scottish Wycliffite whose
+letter to his bishop has recently been unearthed in a Hussite MS. at
+Vienna; and in 1433 Paul Craw or Crawar, a Bohemian, for disseminating
+similar opinions, was burned at the market cross in St Andrews. These
+were not in all probability the only grim triumphs of Laurence, Abbot of
+Lindores, one of the first rectors in the University of St Andrews, who
+during so many years "gave no rest to heretics," but they are all of
+whom records have been preserved to our time. The fact that every Master
+of Arts in the University of St Andrews had to take an oath to defend
+the church against the Lollards,[8] and the other fact that the Scottish
+Parliament in 1425 enjoined that every bishop should make inquiry anent
+heretics and Lollards, and that where any such were found, they should
+be punished as the law of holy church requires,[9] speak more
+significantly of the alarm they had occasioned than these sporadic
+martyrdoms. Still more, perhaps, does the abuse Fordun, or rather his
+continuator, heaps on them, bear witness to the alarm they had caused.
+Yet at the very close of the century, and in the old haunt, we find no
+fewer than thirty processed, and through the kindness of the king more
+gently dealt with than the ecclesiastical authorities wished; three of
+the most resolute--namely, Campbell of Cessnock, his noble wife, and a
+priest who officiated as their chaplain and read the New Testament to
+them--being released when at the stake.
+
+[Sidenote: John Major.]
+
+Reforming tendencies in the sixteenth century, it has been said, first
+showed themselves in Scotland in the reassertion of "those principles,
+catholic but anti-papal," which had been maintained in the preceding
+century in the Councils of Constance and Basle. The decisions of the
+former were received in Scotland in 1418, and allegiance to Benedict
+XIII. was finally renounced.[10] A Scottish doctor[11] had taken a
+rather prominent part in the proceedings of the latter, though the
+Scottish Church, like the others, ultimately fell away from that council
+and the pope elected by it, and under Bishop Kennedy was reconciled to
+the Roman See and to Pope Eugenius.[12] Scotland had had no Grosteste,
+no Anselm or Bradwardine among its prelates in the middle ages, no
+Wycliffe among its priests. Duns Scotus, the one theologian before the
+sixteenth century who claimed Scottish birth and European fame, never
+seems to have taught in his native land. Chief among its doctors in the
+beginning of the sixteenth century stood John Major, a native of East
+Lothian, who taught with distinguished success, first in Paris, then in
+Glasgow, after that in St Andrews, then once more in Paris, and finally
+in St Andrews again. Melanchthon, while ridiculing his scholastic ways,
+places him at the head of the doctors of the Sorbonne. The remembrance
+of his early labours in Montaigu College had not died out when Calvin
+entered it, and probably he had returned to it before Calvin left.
+Patrick Hamilton and Buchanan may possibly have been brought into
+contact with him while there, as they, Alesius, and John Wedderburn
+afterwards were in St Andrews, and John Hamilton and Knox in Glasgow. He
+was a true disciple of D'Ailly and Gerson, but like them was warmly
+attached to the dominant church and opposed to the heretics of his time.
+He taught, as they had done, that the church, assembled in general
+council, may judge and even depose a pope and reform abuses in the
+church; that papal excommunications have no force unless conformed to
+justice, and do not necessarily prevent a man who dies under them from
+going to heaven. He sharply censured the vices of the Roman court, and
+of the bishops and clergy of his time, particularly those of his native
+land. He is especially severe in censuring their immorality and
+ignorance; and, like Wycliffe, condemns the monks and friars for
+inveigling into their order young novices who had no vocation for a
+celibate life, and ought rather to have been encouraged to enter into
+honest wedlock. But he was a stern opponent of heresy--Lutheran as well
+as Wycliffite--a subtle defender of Roman doctrine; and in dedicating to
+Archbishop Betoun his Commentary on St Matthew's Gospel, he
+congratulated him on the success of his cruel measures against Hamilton
+and the heretics.[13]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] As Lord Acton has so well said, "The modern age did not proceed from
+the medieval by normal succession, with outward tokens of legitimate
+descent. Unheralded, it founded a new order of things, under a law of
+innovation, sapping the ancient reign of continuity. In those days
+Columbus subverted the notions of the world, and reversed the conditions
+of production, wealth, and power.... Luther broke the chain of authority
+and tradition at the strongest link; and Copernicus erected an
+invincible power that set for ever the mark of progress upon the time
+that was to come.... It was an awakening of new life; the world revolved
+in a different orbit, determined by influences unknown before. After
+many ages, persuaded of the headlong decline and impending dissolution
+of society, and governed by usage and the will of masters who were in
+their graves, the sixteenth century went forth armed for untried
+experience, and ready to watch with hopefulness a prospect of
+incalculable change" (Lecture on the Study of History, 1895, pp. 8, 9).
+"There are no true 'cycles' in human development; history never repeats
+itself; the Greco-Roman world has only distant analogies with the
+Feudal-Catholic world, just as this has only distant analogies with the
+Revolutionary world. The great phases of human civilisation are
+contrasted rather than compared; they differ as infancy, childhood,
+manhood, and senility differ in the individual" (Harrison on "Freeman's
+Method of History," in the 'Nineteenth Century' for November 1898).
+
+[2] Miss Winkworth's Christian Singers of Germany, pp. 110, 111.
+
+[3] Ibid., p. 117.
+
+[4] [Hamilton's Catechism, which was not intended for indiscriminate
+circulation among the laity, was not published until 1552; and The
+Twopenny Faith was not issued until the spring of 1559.]
+
+[5] [For these utterances see _infra_, chap. viii. sec. iv.]
+
+[6] Because of its permanent importance, I deem it best to insert here a
+note from my Introduction to 'The Gude and Godlie Ballatis,' p. lxiv:
+"We do not need to call in Knox, or Lindsay, or the satirists, in
+evidence of this humbling fact. The testimony of their own councils, of
+the Acts of Parliament, and of some of their best men, as Principal Hay
+in his congratulatory address to Cardinal Betoun, and Ninian Winzet in
+the sad appeals and confessions inserted in his 'Tractates,' as well as
+that of impartial modern historians like Tytler and Dr Joseph Robertson,
+is more than sufficient to establish it beyond contradiction. The
+testimony of Conæus, who died when about to be raised to the purple,
+covers almost all that Alesius and Knox have averred: 'In multorum
+sacerdotum aedibus scortum publicum ... nec a sacrilego quorundam luxu
+tutus erat matronarum honos aut virginalis pudor.' More notable still is
+the representation given in the 'Memoire' addressed to the Pope by Queen
+Mary and the Dauphin, evidently at the instance of Mary of Guise, in
+which the spread of heresy is expressly attributed to the ignorance and
+immorality of the clergy. See Appendix B, vol. ii., of Mr Hume Brown's
+recent biography of Knox."
+
+[7] [So early as the 23rd of June 1559, Knox wrote to Mrs Anna Lock:
+"Diverse channons of Sanct Andrewes have given notable confessiouns, and
+have declared themselves manifest enemies to the pope, to the masse, and
+to all superstitioun" (Laing's Knox, vi. 26). In all probability some of
+these canons were included among the fourteen canons of St Andrews
+Priory who are mentioned as Protestants in January 1571-72, and of whom
+twelve were then parish ministers ('Booke of the Universall Kirk,'
+Bannatyne Club, i. 222). None of these fourteen is found signing the
+General Band of 13th July 1559, which in St Andrews was adopted as "the
+letters of junctioun to the Congregatioun"; but eighteen priests did
+sign it; and of the other thirteen ecclesiastics who there made sweeping
+recantations, at least six may be held to have joined the congregation,
+for they not only confessed that "we haif ower lang abstractit ourselfis
+and beyne sweir in adjuning us to Christes Congregatioun," but they
+promised "in tyme cuming to assist in word and wark with unfenyiet mynde
+this Congregatioun" ('Register of St Andrews Kirk-Session,' Scot. Hist.
+Soc., i. 10-18). In 1573 it was stated that "the most part of the
+persons who were channons monks and friars within this realme have made
+profession of the true religion" ('Booke of the Universall Kirk,' i.
+280).]
+
+[8] [Enacted by the University on 10th June 1416 (M'Crie's Melville,
+1824, i. 420).]
+
+[9] [Enacted by Parliament on 12th March 1424-25 (Acts of Parliament,
+ii. 7).]
+
+[10] Robertson's Concilia Scotiæ, vol. i. p. lxxviii.
+
+[11] [For an account of this Scottish cleric--Thomas, Abbot of
+Dundrennan--who so greatly distinguished himself at the Council of
+Basle, see 'Concilia Scotiæ,' vol. i. pp. xcvii-xcix.]
+
+[12] [The bull of Eugenius the Fourth, addressed to Bishop Kennedy, and
+dated 6th July 1440, orders the excommunication of the followers of the
+anti-pope, Felix the Fifth, elected by the Council of Basle, to be
+published in Scotland (Ibid., p. c.)]
+
+[13] [Dr Mitchell, no doubt, had the Commentary itself before him. Those
+who have not access to it will find the dedication in the Appendix to
+Constable's 'Major,' Scot. Hist. Soc., pp. 447, 448.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PATRICK HAMILTON.
+
+
+It has not been very clearly ascertained how or when the opinions and
+writings of Luther were first introduced into Scotland. M. de la Tour,
+who in 1527 suffered in Paris for heresy, was accused of having vented
+various Lutheran opinions while in Edinburgh in attendance on the Duke
+of Albany. This, of course, must have been before 1523. On the 9th June
+1523, the same day that John Major was received as Principal of the
+Pædagogium, or St Mary's College,[14] Patrick Hamilton was incorporated
+into the University of St Andrews;[15] and on 3rd October 1524 he was
+admitted as a member of the Faculty of Arts. If he did not from the
+latter date act as a regent in the University, he probably took charge
+of some of the young noblemen or gentlemen attending the classes. At
+that date he was probably more Erasmian than Lutheran, though of that
+more earnest school who were ultimately to outgrow their teacher, and
+find their congenial home in a new church.
+
+[Sidenote: His Studies.]
+
+Patrick Hamilton was born in 1503 or 1504 at Stonehouse in Lanarkshire,
+or at Kincavel near Linlithgow. His father, a natural son of the first
+Lord Hamilton, had been knighted for his bravery, and rewarded by his
+sovereign with the above lands and barony. His mother was a daughter of
+Alexander, Duke of Albany, the second son of James II., so that he had
+in his veins the noblest blood in the land. His cousins, John and James
+Hamilton, were in due time raised to episcopal rank in the unreformed
+church of Scotland, and several others of his relations received high
+ecclesiastical promotion. Marked out for a similar destiny, Patrick was
+carefully educated, and, according to the corrupt custom of the time,
+was in his fourteenth year appointed to the Abbacy of Ferne in
+Ross-shire, to enable him to maintain himself in comfort while
+continuing his studies abroad. Like many of his aristocratic countrymen
+he went first to the University of Paris, and probably to the College of
+Montaigu, where Major, the great Scottish scholastic doctor, was then
+teaching with much _eclat_, and gathering round him there, as afterwards
+at St Andrews, an ardent band of youthful admirers, several of whom in
+the end were to advance beyond their preceptor, and to lend the
+influence of their learning and piety to the side of Luther and the
+reformers. Before the close of 1520 he took the degree of M.A. at the
+University of Paris, and soon after left Paris for Louvain, to avail
+himself of the facilities for linguistic studies provided there, or to
+enjoy personal intercourse with Erasmus, the patron of the new learning.
+He is said while there to have made great progress in the languages and
+in philosophy, and to have been specially attracted towards the
+philosophy of Plato. With the Sophists of Louvain, as Luther terms them,
+he could have had no sympathy. But there were some there, as well as at
+Paris, whose hearts God had touched, to whom he could not fail to be
+drawn. He may even have met with those Augustinian monks of Antwerp whom
+these Sophists so soon after his departure sent to heaven in a chariot
+of fire, and whose martyrdom unsealed in Luther's breast the fount of
+sacred song. In the autumn of 1522, or the spring of 1523, he returned
+to Scotland, and, after a brief visit to his relatives in
+Linlithgowshire, appears to have come on to St Andrews. Probably, along
+with Alesius, Buchanan, and John Wedderburn, he there heard those
+lectures on the Gospels which Major afterwards published in Paris and
+dedicated to the Archbishop of St Andrews and other prominent churchmen
+in Scotland. But his sympathies were more with the young canons of the
+Augustinian priory than with the Old Scholastic; and probably it was
+that he might take a place among the teachers of their daughter college
+of St Leonard's that he was received as a member of the Faculty of Arts.
+Skilled in the art of sacred music, which the _alumni_ of that college
+were bound specially to cultivate, he composed what the musicians call a
+mass, arranged in parts for nine voices, and acted himself as leader of
+the choir when it was sung in the cathedral. He is said to have taken on
+him the priesthood about this time, that he might be formally admitted
+"to preach the word of God." But he was not then of age for priests'
+orders, and Dr David Laing is doubtful if he was in orders at all, and
+certainly no mention is made of his degradation from orders before his
+martyrdom, and the final summons of Betoun seems to imply that he had
+never been authorised to preach at all.
+
+[Sidenote: Parliament and Heresy.]
+
+The years 1525 and 1526 were very unquiet years in Scotland, various
+factions contending with varying success for the possession of the
+person of the young king. It was on the 17th July of the former year
+that his Parliament passed its first Act against the new opinions, in
+which, after asserting that the realm had ever been clean "of all sic
+filth and vice," it enacted, "that na maner of persoun strangear that
+hapnis to arrife with their schippis within ony part of this realm bring
+with thaim ony bukis or werkis of the said Lutheris his discipillis or
+servandis, desputt or rehers his heresyis or opunyeouns bot geif
+[_i.e._, unless] it be to the confusioun therof, and that be clerkis in
+the sculis alanerlie, under the pane of escheting of ther schippis and
+gudis and putting of ther persouns in presoun."[16] In consequence of a
+letter from the pope, urging the young king to keep his realm free from
+stain of heresy, the scope of the Act was extended in 1527 by the
+chancellor and Lords of Council so that it might apply to natives of the
+kingdom as well as to strangers resorting to it for purposes of
+commerce.[17]
+
+[Sidenote: James Betoun's Motives.]
+
+In 1526 the primate, Archbishop James Betoun, uncle of the cardinal,
+having taken a keen part in the political contentions of the day with
+the faction which lost, had to escape for a time from St Andrews, and,
+disguised as a shepherd, to tend a flock of sheep for three months on
+the hills of Fife, on the high grounds of Kennoway, immediately to the
+east of where the railway now reaches its summit level.[18] It was at
+this juncture that copies of the New Testament of Tyndale's translation
+were brought over from the Low Countries by the Scottish traders to the
+seaports of Aberdeen, Montrose, St Andrews, and Leith. Most of them are
+said to have been taken to St Andrews and put in circulation there in
+the absence of the archbishop. One was present there at that time who
+had long treasured the precious saying of Erasmus, "Let us eagerly read
+the Gospel, but let us not only read, but live the Gospel"; and who
+seized the golden opportunity to impress the saying on others, and
+invite longing souls to quench their thirst at those wells of living
+water which had so marvellously been opened to them for a season. During
+the months when the primate was in concealment, and in those which
+followed his return, Patrick Hamilton came out more earnestly than he
+had done before as an evangelist and an advocate of the great truths,
+for which ultimately he was to be called to lay down his life. His
+conduct could not long escape the notice of the returned archbishop. I
+do not suppose that he was naturally cruel, nor after his recent
+misfortunes likely, without consideration, to embroil himself with the
+Hamiltons, with whom in the tortuous politics of the times he had often
+acted. But he had those about him who were less timid and more cruel,
+especially his nephew, the future cardinal. He was himself ambitious and
+crafty, and about this very time was exerting all his influence to
+obtain special favours from the pope without the sanction of the
+king.[19] He knew that the holy father had written the sovereign
+requiring him to keep his realm free from heresy, and no doubt he and
+his scheming nephew thought that by their zeal in this matter they would
+discredit the opposition of the king and his advisers to their ambitious
+schemes at the papal court. Still, he was anxious to perform the
+ungrateful task in the way least offensive to the Hamiltons. So while
+issuing his summons against the reformer to appear and answer the
+charges which had been brought against him, he did not attempt at once
+to restrain his personal liberty; he would rather, if he could, rid the
+kingdom of his presence without imbruing his hands in his blood. And
+that was the result actually attained.
+
+[Sidenote: Final Return to Scotland.]
+
+Some of Hamilton's opponents even, touched by his youth, his illustrious
+descent, his engaging manners and noble character, joined with his
+friends in urging him to avoid by flight the danger which impended. He
+yielded to their counsels, and, along with two friends and a servant,
+made his escape to the Continent. The story of his residence there has
+been graphically told by Principal Lorimer and Dr Merle D'Aubigné; and
+the latter has the merit of explaining why Hamilton did not carry out
+his original intention of visiting Luther and Melanchthon at Wittenberg,
+as well as Frith, Tyndale, and Lambert at Marbourg. At the very time he
+arrived on the Continent, the plague was raging in Wittenberg. "Two
+persons died of it in Melanchthon's house." Luther himself was suddenly
+taken ill. "All who could do so, and especially the students, quitted
+the town."[20] Thus the absence of documents bearing on his alleged
+sojourn at the Saxon university is naturally explained. He went to the
+younger University of Marbourg in Hesse, and prepared there, and
+publicly disputed, those theses that most fully and systematically set
+forth the doctrines which he mainly taught, and for which at last he
+suffered. He was warmly beloved by Lambert of Avignon, who was then the
+most distinguished theological professor in the infant university, as
+well as by others with whom he was brought into contact; and he would
+have been gladly retained by them, could he have been persuaded to
+remain in Germany: but his heart yearned to return to his native land,
+and once more proclaim there the truths which had now become to him more
+precious and engrossing than before. His faith had been confirmed, and
+his spirit quickened, by living for a time among earnest and decided
+Christians; and in the autumn of 1527 he set out once more for Scotland,
+prepared for any fate that might await him, not counting even life dear
+unto him if he might finish his course with joy, and bear faithful
+witness to his Master's truth, where before he had shrunk back from an
+ordeal so terrible. He appears first to have resorted to his native
+district, and made known to relatives, friends, and neighbours about
+Linlithgow that Gospel of the grace of God which gave strength and peace
+to his own spirit. In his discourses and conversations he dwelt chiefly
+on the great and fundamental truths which had been brought into
+prominence by the reformers, and avoided subjects of doubtful
+disputation. His own gentle bearing gained favour for his opinions and
+success in his labours, and it won for him the heart of a young lady of
+noble birth, to whom he united himself in marriage, following in this
+the example of Luther and others of the German reformers.
+
+[Sidenote: In St Andrews.]
+
+Archbishop Betoun being then on the other side of the Forth, in the
+neighbouring abbey of Dunfermline, could not fail to hear of his doings
+or to desire to silence him. But neither could he fail, in the state of
+the political parties in Scotland at the time, to recognise "that a
+heretic with the power of the Hamiltons at his back was more to be
+dreaded than Luther himself," and must be dealt with very cautiously. It
+was long supposed that, if not at the king's express desire, as Bishop
+Lesley seems to suggest,[21] then certainly from his own wariness, the
+archbishop did not at first venture formally to renew his old summons,
+but invited the reformer to St Andrews to a friendly conference with
+himself and other chiefs of the church on such points as might seem to
+stand in need of reform, and that Hamilton accepted the invitation. At
+first, it has been said, he was well received: "All of them displayed a
+conciliatory spirit; all appeared to recognise the evils in the church;
+some of them seemed even to share on some points the sentiments of
+Hamilton."[22] He left the conference not without hope of some other
+than the sad issue he had at first anticipated. He was permitted for
+nearly a month to move about with freedom in the city, to dispute in the
+schools of the university, and privately to confer with all who chose to
+resort to him at the lodging which had been provided for him. It was
+evidently the intention of those who were deepest in the plot against
+him, that he should have ample time allowed him to express his
+sentiments fully and unmistakably, and even should be tempted by
+dissemblers, like Friar Campbell, to unbosom himself in private on
+matters as to which he refrained from saying much in public--the many
+alterations required in doctrine and in the administration of the
+sacraments and accustomed rites.
+
+It is said that the archbishop still desired that he should again save
+himself by flight, and there is nothing in the summons flatly
+inconsistent with this;[23] but he and his friends took the credit of
+the terrible deed as promptly as if they had planned and intended it
+from the first. They also assembled their armed retainers, that when the
+days of truce had expired they might be able to hold their prisoner
+against all attempts to rescue him. The reformer refused to flee,
+affirming that he had come to the city for the very purpose of
+confirming, if need be, by the sacrifice of his life, the doctrines he
+had taught. He even anticipated the time fixed for his appearance, and
+had one more conference with the archbishop and his doctors, who even
+then had come to a formal decision that the articles charged against him
+were heretical. The same evening he was seized and imprisoned in the
+castle, and next day was brought out for public trial and condemnation
+in the Abbey Church or cathedral of St Andrews.
+
+[Sidenote: His Martyrdom.]
+
+[Sidenote: Effects of his Constancy.]
+
+Among the articles with which he was charged, and the truth of which he
+admitted and maintained, the most important were: "That a man is not
+justified by works, but by faith alone;" "That faith, hope, and charity
+are so linked together, that he who hath one of them hath all, and he
+that lacketh one lacketh all;" and "That good works make not a good man,
+but that a good man doth good works."[24] On being challenged by his
+accuser with having avowed other heretical opinions, he affirmed it was
+not lawful to worship images or to pray to the saints; and maintained
+that "it is reason and leisome to all men that have a soul to read the
+Word of God, and that they may understand the same, and in special the
+latter-will and testament of Christ Jesus."[25] These truths, which have
+been the source of life and strength to many, were to him the cause of
+condemnation and death; and on the last day of February 1527-28, the
+same day the sentence was passed, it was remorselessly executed before
+the gates of St Salvator's College. "Nobly," as I have said elsewhere,
+"did the martyr confirm the minds of the many godly youths he had
+gathered round him, by his resolute bearing, his gentleness and
+patience, his steadfast adherence to the truths he had taught, and his
+heroic endurance of the fiery ordeal through which he had to pass to
+his rest and reward." The harrowing details of his six long hours of
+torture have been preserved for us by his friend Alesius, himself a
+sorrowing witness of the fearful tragedy. "He was rather roasted than
+burned," he tells us. It may be that his persecutors had not
+deliberately planned thus horribly to protract his sufferings--though
+such cruelty was not unknown in France, either then or in much later
+times. They were as yet but novices at such revolting work, and all
+things seemed to conspire against them. The execution had been hurried
+on before a sufficiency of dry wood had been provided for the fire. The
+fury of the storm, which had prevented the martyr's brother from
+crossing the Forth with troops to rescue him, was not yet spent. With a
+fierce wind from the east sweeping up North Street, it would be a
+difficult matter in such a spot to kindle the pile and keep it burning,
+or to prevent the flames, when fierce, from being so blown aside as to
+be almost as dangerous to the surrounding crowd as to the tortured
+victim. They did so endanger his accuser, the traitor Campbell, and "set
+fire to his cowl, and put him in such a fray, that he never came to his
+right mind." But, through all his excruciating sufferings, the martyr
+held fast his confidence in God and in his Saviour, and the faith of
+many in the truths he taught was only the more confirmed by witnessing
+their mighty power on him.[26]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] See Appendix A.
+
+[15] [The entry in the Register of the University occurs at the bottom
+of a page, and is preceded and followed by entries of 1521, as if it had
+been inserted there to save space. The entries of 1521 are distinct and
+easily read, but in this of 1523 the ink is very faint, and the surface
+of the vellum has a rubbed appearance. It runs thus: "Die nono mensis
+Junii anno Domini I^{m} V^{c} xxiij incorporatus erat venerabilis vir
+Magister noster Magister Johannes Major doctor theologus in Parisiensis
+et thesaurarius capelle regis. Eodem die incorporati sunt Magister
+Patricius Hamilton et Magister Robertus Laudar in nostra Universite"
+(_sic_).]
+
+[16] Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ii. 295.
+
+[17] [The Act as thus extended was ratified on the 12th of June 1535
+(Ibid., ii. 342).]
+
+[18] Pitscottie's History, 1778, p. 216; Lesley's History, p. 136.
+
+[19] Soliciting legatine powers over the whole of Scotland, instead of
+over his own province of the archdiocese, so as to render nugatory the
+exemption granted to the king's old tutor and favourite prelate the
+Archbishop of Glasgow.
+
+[20] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 42, 43.
+
+[21] [The only passage, so far as I know, in which Lesley speaks of the
+king in connection with the martyr is the following: "Suae pertinaciae,
+ac flagitii poenas igni luebat, adhortante magno Catholicae Religionis
+protectore Rege ipso, quem et sanguinis propinquitate attigerat"
+(Lesley's 'De Origine,' 1578, p. 427; 1675, p. 407). This is rendered by
+Dalrymple: "For his obstinacie and wickednes committed, he is burnte at
+command of the king selfe gret Catholik protectour, to quhom Ferne als
+was neir of kin and bluid" (Dalrymple's Lesley, Scot. Text Soc., ii.
+215, 216).]
+
+[22] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 57.
+
+[23] In an old manuscript book of forms used in ecclesiastical processes
+by the archbishops of St Andrews before the Reformation, I found and
+have been able to decipher the recorded copy of the summons issued by
+Archbishop James Betoun against Hamilton after his return from Germany.
+It is addressed specially to the Dean of the Lothians, and refers only
+to the preaching of the reformer in West Lothian, so that there can no
+longer be any doubt that his compearance in St Andrews before the date
+appointed in the summons must be regarded as a resolute avowal of his
+determination to defend his teaching at all hazards. The summons is
+inserted at length in Appendix B. [For an account of the manuscript
+Formulare see Robertson's 'Concilia Scotiæ,' vol. i. pp. cxcv, cxcvi.]
+
+[24] Spottiswoode's History, i. 124, 125.
+
+[25] Pitscottie's History, 1778, p. 206.
+
+[26] The older sources for the facts of Patrick Hamilton's career and
+martyrdom are the references to them by his friend Alesius in two or
+three of his works, and especially in his 'Commentary on the First Book
+of Psalms,' under Psalm xxxvii.; by Lambert in his 'Commentary on the
+Apocalypse'; and by Gau in the latter part of his treatise on 'The Richt
+Vay to the Kingdom of Heuine'; and after those by Foxe, Knox,
+Calderwood, Pitscottie, and Spottiswoode in their histories. The only
+satisfactory formal biography of him is that by Principal Lorimer
+entitled, 'Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr of the
+Scottish Reformation.' His story has also been told by Dr Merle
+D'Aubigné, in his own dramatic way; and still more recently it has been
+made the subject of a veritable drama by the Rev. T. P. Johnston,
+minister of Carnbee.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE OPPRESSED AND THE OPPRESSORS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Henry Forrest.]
+
+Archbishop Betoun thought that by Patrick Hamilton's death he had
+extinguished Lutheranism in Scotland. The University of Louvain
+applauded his deed; and so also, I regret to say, did John Major, the
+old Scottish Gallican, then resident at Paris, and preparing for the
+press his Commentary on the Gospels, the first part of which was to be
+dedicated to his old patron in Scotland, and was emphatically to express
+his approval of what that patron had done to root out the tares of
+Lutheranism.[27] But, according to the well-known saying, "the reek of
+Patrick Hamilton infected all on whom it did blow."[28] His martyr death
+riveted for ever in the hearts of his friends the truths he had taught
+in his life. This was especially the case with the younger _alumni_ in
+the colleges, and the less ignorant and dissolute inmates of the priory
+and other monastic establishments in the city. As at a later period it
+was felt certain that a stern Covenanter had been detected when a
+suspected one refused to own that the killing of Archbishop Sharp was to
+be regarded as murder, so in these earlier days it was thought a
+sufficient mark of an incipient Lutheran if he could not be got to
+acknowledge that Hamilton had deserved his fate. On the charge that he
+had a copy of the English New Testament, and had been heard to say that
+Hamilton was no heretic, Henry Forrest was subjected to a rigorous
+imprisonment and a violent death. Forrest was a native of the county of
+Linlithgow, and had associated with Hamilton in St Andrews, and was the
+first to share his bloody baptism there. He was burned at the north
+kirk-style of the Abbey Church, that the heretics of Angus might see the
+fire and take warning from his fate.[29] One for simply touching in his
+sermons with a firm hand on the corruptions of the clergy had to escape
+for his life.[30] Another, whose history after being long forgotten has
+been again brought to light in our own day, for a similar offence was
+subjected to cruel imprisonment, and at last forced to flee from his
+native land.
+
+[Sidenote: Alesius and the Scriptures.]
+
+The name of this confessor was Alexander Alane, and it is so entered in
+the Registers of St Andrews University; but it is by the name of
+Alexander Alesius, imposed on him by Melanchthon, that he has been
+chiefly known to posterity. It may admit of some doubt whether he was
+absolutely the first after the death of Hamilton to abandon his
+country[31] and all he held dear, rather than renounce the faith the
+martyr had taught him, or crouch before the lecherous tyrant who had
+destined him to a filthy dungeon and a lingering death. But it admits of
+no doubt that he was the most notable of all the band of young Scottish
+exiles who had to leave their native country between the martyrdom of
+Hamilton and that of Wishart, and who were honoured to do faithful
+service in the cause of the Reformation in England and on the Continent.
+The story of Alesius, of the shameless cruelties which drove him from
+his native land, of the hardships he had to bear in the earlier years of
+his exile, of the high place he gained in the affections of Melanchthon
+and Beza, and the great work he was to do by his writings and
+prelections for the Protestant churches of Germany, is one of the most
+interesting in the great movement of the age. But to be appreciated it
+must be told in detail, and as most of his work was done out of
+Scotland, I have decided to reserve it for a supplementary lecture. I
+must not, however, omit to mention here one special service which he was
+honoured to do for the cause in his native land soon after he left it,
+as it casts fresh light on the origin of the Reformation in Scotland.
+His first publication, printed in 1533, was entitled 'Alexandri Alesii
+Epistola contra decretum quoddam episcoporum in Scotia, quod prohibet
+legere Novi Testamenti libros lingua vernacula.' It brought into bold
+relief, and set high above all minor issues, what had been taught by
+Wycliffe in the fourteenth century, and maintained by the Lollards of
+Kyle in the fifteenth, and what had actually been urged as an additional
+charge against Patrick Hamilton. Save for this epistle of Alesius, and
+the controversy it occasioned, we might not have known that even in
+ignorant Scotland the bishops had been so far left to themselves as to
+issue such a decree.[32] It is still more melancholy to think that even
+among the better informed controversialists of Germany one was found to
+champion their cause, and to maintain that there was nothing at variance
+with sound doctrine in the decree; that nothing but harm could come from
+the practice of allowing laymen to read the Scriptures in their own
+tongue; and that it could not fail to make them bad Christians and bad
+subjects, as Luther's translation had done in Germany.
+
+[Sidenote: Norman Gourlay and David Stratoun.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fugitives and Martyrs.]
+
+From the time that Alesius fled from Scotland down to the death of
+James V. in the end of 1542, there was almost continual inquisition made
+for those who were suspected of having in their possession heretical
+books, including the New Testament in the vernacular, or who otherwise
+betrayed a leaning towards the new opinions. In 1532, we are told,
+"there was ane greit objuratioun of the favouraris of Mertene Lutar in
+the Abbay of Halyrudhous;"[33] and of course their goods were forfeited
+to the crown. In 1534 a second great assize against heretics was held
+in the same place. The king, as the great Justiciar of the realm, was
+present in his scarlet robe, and took a prominent part in the
+proceedings. Betoun was also present and taking part. About sixteen are
+said to have been convicted and to have had their goods forfeited. James
+Hamilton, brother of the martyr, had been ordered by the king to flee
+the country, as he could not otherwise save him. His sister was
+persuaded to submit to the church. Two were reserved for a fiery
+death--Norman Gourlay and David Stratoun. Gourlay was a priest in
+secular orders, and "a man of reassonable eruditioun,"[34] who had been
+abroad, and there imbibed the new opinions. These he abjured,[35] and
+was, it seems, really burned for the greater crime of having married a
+wife.[36] Stratoun was the brother of the Laird of Laureston in the
+Mearns, and had been reclaimed from his former godless life by his
+neighbour, Erskine of Dun, but by some free speeches had incurred the
+resentment of the notorious Prior Hepburn. They were burned at the Rood
+of Greenside, on the northern side of the Calton Hill. In the same year,
+Willock, M'Alpine, and M'Dowal had to escape into England. In 1536, when
+the king and Betoun were abroad, there was comparative peace. In 1537
+several were convicted at Ayr, and had their goods forfeited, among whom
+was Walter Steward,[37] son of Lord Ochiltree. In 1538-39 many were
+accused and convicted in various burghs in which by that time reformed
+opinions were spreading, and many had to seek safety in flight. Among
+these last were Gavin Logie, principal regent in St Leonard's
+College,[38] who for a number of years had been exercising a marked
+influence on the students under him; John Fyfe, who under the
+designation of Joannes Faithus matriculated at Wittenberg in 1539, and
+under that of Joannes Fidelis was incorporated into the University of
+Frankfort on the Oder, and appointed Professor of Divinity there in
+1547; George Buchanan, who at the king's command had exposed the
+hypocrisy of the friars; and George Wishart, who had taught the Greek
+New Testament in Montrose; also Andrew Charters, John Lyne, and Thomas
+Cocklaw, John and Robert Richardson and Robert Logic, canons of the
+Augustinian Abbey of Cambuskenneth. Nearly all of these fugitives took
+refuge in England. Cocklaw, Calderwood tells us, for marrying a wife had
+been mewed up within stone walls, but his brother came with crowbars and
+released him. His goods, as well as those of his wife, were forfeited to
+the Crown. Large numbers of the wealthy burgesses, even after they had
+consented to abjure their opinions, were stripped of their possessions,
+among whom the burgesses of Dundee were conspicuous. "Nor was the good
+town of Stirling far behind Dundee in the same race of Christian glory.
+She had less wealth to resign, ... but she brought to the altar a larger
+offering of saintly blood."[39] On 1st March 1538-39, no fewer than four
+of her citizens were burned at one pile on the Castle Hill of Edinburgh.
+On the same day with them, and in the same place, perished one of the
+most sainted and interesting of Scotland's martyrs--Thomas Forret, canon
+of the Augustinian Abbey of Inchcolm, and thereafter vicar of Dollar,
+who was universally admired for his attractive character. He taught his
+parishioners the ten commandments, penned a little catechism for their
+instruction, and caused a child to commit it to memory and to repeat it
+publicly, that it might be impressed on the hearts of his parishioners
+who could not read. He succeeded in leading several of the younger monks
+in the abbey to more evangelical views; but the old bottles, he said,
+would not take in the new wine. He preached every Sunday to his people
+on the epistle or gospel for the day, and showed them, in opposition to
+the teaching of the friars, that pardon for sin could only be obtained
+through the blood of Christ.
+
+[Sidenote: Cardinal Betoun.]
+
+During all these anxious years the severe measures against the
+reformers had really been directed by the man who comes more prominently
+into public view toward their close. This was David Betoun, the nephew
+of the primate, and, like him, a younger scion of the house of Balfour
+in Fife, who by this time was not only Abbot of Arbroath and Bishop of
+Mirepoix in France, but also coadjutor to his aged uncle in the
+Archbishopric of St Andrews, and cardinal, with the title of St Stephen
+on the Cœlian Mount. "Paul III.," says D'Aubigné, "alarmed at seeing
+the separation of England from Rome, and fearing lest Scotland--as she
+had a nephew of Henry VIII. for her king--should follow her example, was
+anxious to have in that country one man who should be absolutely
+devoted to him. David Betoun offered himself. The pope created him
+cardinal in December 1538, and thenceforth the _red_--a colour
+thoroughly congenial with him--became his own, and, as it were, his
+symbol. Not that he was by any means a religious fanatic: he was versed
+neither in theology nor in moral philosophy. He was a hierarchical
+fanatic. Two points, above all, were offensive to him in evangelical
+Christians: one, that they were not submissive to the pope; the other,
+that they censured immorality in the clergy, for his own licentiousness
+drew on himself similar rebukes. He aimed at being in Scotland a kind of
+Wolsey, only with more violence and bloodshed. The one thing of moment
+in his eyes was that everything in church and state should bend under a
+twofold despotism. Endowed with large intelligence, consummate ability,
+and indomitable energy, he had all the qualities needed to ensure
+success in the aim on which his mind was perpetually bent without ever
+being diverted from it. Passionately eager for his projects, he was
+insensible to the ills which must result from them. One matter alone
+preoccupied him, the destruction of all liberty. _The papacy divined his
+character and created him cardinal!_"[40]
+
+This is one of the few attempts made fairly to estimate the character of
+the man whom one party seemed to have thought they must make out to be a
+very monster of iniquity, and of whom the other party seemed to have
+felt that the less they said the better; and to a certain extent
+D'Aubigné's estimate is correct, but it requires to be supplemented. The
+cardinalate was rather eagerly sought by him and his friends on the
+ground of what he had already done, and was expected yet to do, for pope
+and king, than voluntarily offered by the pope. Two, if not three,
+letters, extremely urgent, were written regarding it by the king to the
+pope, to the King of France, and to Cardinal Farnese, in the favour of
+all of whom he stood high.[41] The pope consented to bestow on him the
+cardinalate he so much coveted; but the office of legate _a latere_,
+without which the other was rather an office of dignity than of power,
+was not granted till 1544,[42] by which time neither the papacy nor any
+others needed to divine his character. Betoun was a man not only of
+large intelligence, high ability, unremitting energy, and unbounded
+ambition, but also of considerable scholarly attainments. He did not
+belong, it is true, to the school of Pole and Contarini, who would have
+made concessions to the reformers in regard to doctrine, nor to that of
+the disciples of D'Ailly and Gerson, who were pressing for a reformation
+within the old church in regard to morals. His associations and
+sympathies were rather with the laxer Italian and French humanist
+school, both in their virtues and vices, and he seems to be lightly
+referred to in their gossip as _ille latinus Juvenalis_.[43] He was a
+great stickler for the liberties of holy church, and for years refused
+to pay the tax imposed on him for the support of the College of
+Justice.[44] It was no doubt by his counsel that heretical processes
+from the first were carried on under the canon law, and that that code
+and French consuetudinary ecclesiastical law were more completely
+naturalised in Scotland than they had been before. Most of his time from
+1514 to 1524 was passed abroad--the later years in the diplomatic
+service of his country; and he had acquitted himself with much credit
+and success. He had been subsequently employed in the negotiations for
+the marriage of the king, first with the daughter of the King of France,
+and after her death with Mary of Guise, and in both missions had given
+high satisfaction to his sovereign. He had no sooner returned home in
+1524-25, than the same measures of cruel restraint against the reformers
+began to be adopted here which had already been put in practice in
+France; and he was a member of the various Parliaments in which the
+rigour of these measures had been increased. Even some of the hardest
+sayings of the Scottish king against heretics were but the echo of those
+of his father-in-law, the King of France.
+
+Like too many of the high dignitaries of the Scottish church of his
+time, Cardinal Betoun was of notoriously incontinent habits;[45] but he
+was never, so far as I know, guilty of such shameless excesses as were
+the boast of his comrade, Prior Hepburn, nor did he ever allow himself
+to sink into the same indolence and unredeemed sensuality. He was above
+all a "hierarchical fanatic," devoted to the cause of absolutism, who
+would shrink from no measures, however cruel, to preserve intact the
+privileges of his order, and to stamp out more earnest and generous
+thought, whether that thought was aiming at the reformation of the old
+church or the building up of another on her ruins. If we may not say
+that he had sold himself to France--which had pensioned him with a rich
+bishopric and helped him to his honours--we must say he had lived so
+long in it, and had got so enamoured of it, that he was at any rate
+three parts French, and all popish. He had mingled not only with her
+scholars but with her nobles, loved and determined to imitate their ways
+even down to their scandalous laxity of morals and merciless treatment
+of so-called heretics. He made no earnest effort to reform the old
+church, and so help her to weather the gathering storm; and it was not
+till towards the close of his life that he laid out on the building of
+St Mary's College part of the money which his uncle had carefully
+hoarded for that purpose.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cardinal and James V.]
+
+For the forcible suppression of the new opinions the cardinal needed the
+unflinching support of his sovereign, and he spared no efforts to gain
+him over completely to his side, and to detach him from his
+nobility,--turbulent and self-willed, but fondly clinging to what
+remnants of liberty were still left to them,--and to alienate him from
+his uncle, not unfrequently well-meaning but always over-impetuous, and
+often in his later years selfish and untrustworthy. There was much in
+the king's character to encourage such efforts. With good natural
+abilities and a frank and amiable disposition, he had for their own
+selfish ends been encouraged by his early guardians in sensual
+pleasures, and never to the last freed himself from his evil habits.
+"Dissolute as a man, prodigal as a king, and superstitious as a
+Catholic, he could not but easily fall under the sway of superior
+minds,"[46] who undertook to free him from the worries of business, to
+provide him with money, and to regard his failings with indulgence, and
+on easy terms to absolve him from those grosser excesses which could not
+fail at times to trouble his conscience. These things Betoun and his
+clerical party endeavoured to do; and, lest he should be tempted to
+follow the example of his uncle, and appropriate the property of the
+monasteries and other religious institutions, or set the church lands to
+feu, as he had threatened, they once and again presented lists to him of
+those who were suspected of heresy, urging that they should be
+prosecuted without delay, and their goods, on conviction, be escheated
+to the Crown. They made large contributions from their own revenues to
+aid him in the wars with England, which obedience to their counsels had
+brought on him. They procured dispensations from the papal court to
+enable his sons, though illegitimate and infants, to hold any
+ecclesiastical benefices inferior to bishoprics, and on reaching a
+certain age to hold even the highest offices in the church. In this way
+they largely added to his revenues during the minority of his sons, and
+buoyed him up with the hope that when these sons came to years, and were
+formally invested with their dignities, he would have wealthy allies on
+whom he could thoroughly depend in his contests with his nobles.
+
+[Sidenote: James the Fifth.]
+
+But though James showed little indulgence to the reformers, and little
+favour for their doctrines, he seems to the last to have had less real
+liking for the priests of the old faith. No bribery, no flattery, no
+solicitations could reconcile him permanently to those who for their own
+selfish ends dragged him into courses from which his own better impulses
+at times made him revolt. "He incited Buchanan to lash the mendicant
+friars in the vigorous verse of the 'Franciscanus.' He encouraged by his
+presence the public performance of a play" which, by its exposure of the
+vices of the clergy, contributed greatly to weaken their influence. "He
+enforced the object of that remarkable drama by exhorting the bishops to
+reform their lives, under a threat if they neglected his warning that he
+would deal with them after the fashion of his uncle of England" or his
+cousin of Denmark. "He repeated the exhortation in his last Parliament,
+declaring that the negligence, the ignorance, the scandalous and
+disorderly lives of the clergy, were the causes why church and
+churchmen were scorned and despised."[47]
+
+So, notwithstanding all measures of repression, the desire for a
+reformation quietly grew and spread throughout the nation, especially
+among the smaller landed proprietors in Angus and Mearns, in Perthshire
+and Fife, in Kyle and Cunningham, as also among the more intelligent
+burgesses in the various burghs, and, above all, among the _élite_ of
+the younger inmates of the monasteries and of the _alumni_ of the
+University. When the poor monarch, as much sinned against as sinning, at
+last died of a broken heart,[48] and the Earl of Arran, who claimed the
+regency, looked about for trusty supporters to defend his claims against
+the machinations of the cardinal and the queen dowager, he deemed it
+politic to show not a little countenance to the friends of the
+Reformation and of the English alliance. We are not warranted to assert
+that he meant to declare himself a Protestant; but he chose as his
+chaplains preachers who showed themselves favourably inclined to the new
+faith. He encouraged the chief men among the Protestants to frequent his
+court, and he ventured to lay hands on the unscrupulous cardinal, who
+had striven to exclude him from the regency. He consented to pass
+through Parliament an Act expressly permitting the people to have and
+to read the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments in the vulgar
+tongue, and despatched messengers to all the chief towns to make public
+proclamation of the Act. The little treatises of Alesius had thus done
+their work, and he himself thought of returning and completing what he
+had so well begun.
+
+[Sidenote: Arran's Deceit.]
+
+The friends of the Reformation imagined that the hour of their triumph
+was at hand. They did not know on what a treacherous prop they were
+leaning, or what sore trials were yet in store for them ere that triumph
+should be gained. They knew the regent to be weak and timid; they did
+not know him to be deceitful--so deceitful that, within six weeks after
+the last of the messengers were despatched with the above-named
+proclamation, immediately on the return from France of his brother, the
+Abbot of Paisley, others were secretly sent off to inform the holy
+father of his accession to the regency, to put himself and the kingdom
+under his protection, and to ask permission to have under his control
+the income of the benefices of the king's sons till they should come of
+age.[49] The love of money was with him the root of this evil; as the
+fear of man was of others which soon followed, and were fraught with
+dire calamities to the nation. And so he went from bad to worse, till
+in the dim light of the Franciscan chapel at Stirling,[50] "that weak
+man, to whom people had been looking for the triumph of the Reformation
+in Scotland, fondly fancying that he was performing a secret action,
+knelt down before the altar, humbly confessed his errors, trampled under
+foot the oaths which he had taken to his own country and to England,
+renounced the evangelical profession of Jesus Christ, submitted to the
+pope, and received absolution of the cardinal."[51]
+
+Even in June he had entered in the books of the Privy Council an Act
+against Sacramentaries holding opinions on the effect and essence of the
+Sacraments tending to the enervation of the faith catholic, in which
+they were threatened with "tinsale of lif, landis, and gudis."[52] He
+had not dared to proclaim this openly, though perhaps his ally, Henry
+VIII., would not have blamed him greatly for doing so. But no sooner was
+he in league with, and under the power of, the cardinal, than he showed
+in open Parliament "how thair is gret murmure that heretikis mair and
+mair risis and spredis within this realme, sawand dampnable opinionis
+incontrar the fayth and lawis of Haly Kirk, actis and constitutionis of
+this realm"; and exhorted all prelates and ordinaries "to inquir upon
+all sic maner of personis and proceid aganis thame according to the
+lawis of Haly Kirk"; promising to be ready himself to do therein at all
+times what belonged to his office.[53] This promise he was soon obliged
+cruelly to fulfil.
+
+[Sidenote: The Perth Martyrs.]
+
+On the 20th January 1543-44 he set out in company of the cardinal, the
+Lord Justice and his deputy, with a band of armed men and artillery, to
+Perth, where a great assize was held. Several were convicted of heresy,
+and their goods forfeited. Several were condemned to die. The governor
+himself was inclined to spare their lives, but the cardinal and the
+nobles who were with him threatened to leave him if he did this. So on
+St Paul's day (25th January) 1543-44, Robert Lamb, James Hunter, William
+Anderson, and James Ranaldson were hanged; and the wife of this last,
+who had refused when in labour to pray to the Virgin Mary, was denied
+the consolation of being suspended from the same beam with her husband,
+and put to death by drowning, after she had consigned to the care of a
+neighbour the infant she carried in her arms. Dundee was next visited,
+but it was found that the suspected citizens--who in the previous autumn
+had sacked and destroyed the Grey Friars and the Dominican
+monasteries--had taken the alarm and fled from their homes.
+
+[Sidenote: The Balance of Parties.]
+
+The weak and inconstant man continued to be regent in name, but from
+that hour he was dominated by the imperious cardinal almost as
+completely as King James had been. He wrote to the pope that the
+cardinal's devotion to the holy see and to the interests of his native
+country was so great that he deserved the praise, or at least no small
+part of the praise, of preserving its liberty and extinguishing
+heresy.[54] That last work, however, was by no means so nearly
+accomplished as the regent in his letter to the pope had boasted. In
+fact, within two months after we find the cardinal himself confessing in
+a letter to the pope that he was still in the thick of the fight, and
+all but worn out--"_vigiliis, laboribus, atque sumptibus_"--not only in
+contending with foes without, but also with traitors within, the
+camp.[55] The regent himself was obliged to confess, in a subsequent
+letter, that they were then in a miserable plight; and that, unless
+material assistance came to them from abroad,--and in particular from
+his holiness, when almost all their other friends were growing cold,--it
+would be hard for them to maintain the struggle against the English
+king. The balance of parties at this critical juncture was more nearly
+equal than is generally supposed. "An active minority of the nobles and
+gentry saw in the government of Beaton not only their own personal ruin,
+but the giving away of the country to a power more dangerous to its
+liberties than England itself.... With those who favoured England were
+naturally associated those who desired a reformation of religion,--a
+body now so numerous in the opinion of a papal legate [Grimani] who
+visited the country in 1543, that, but for the interposition of God,
+Scotland would soon be in as bad a case as England itself."[56] These
+appeals for foreign help, and the hopes raised by them, intensified the
+struggle, and retarded for years the triumph of a really national party
+resolved to set the interests of Scotland above those of France and Rome
+as well as of England.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[27] _Supra_, p. 18, n.
+
+[28] [The saying in slightly different forms may be found in Laing's
+Knox, i. 42; Calderwood's History, i. 86; Spottiswoode's History, i.
+130.]
+
+[29] [Various dates, ranging between 1529 and 1533, have been assigned
+for Forrest's martyrdom.]
+
+[30] [William Arth.]
+
+[31] [It was probably in 1530 that he left Scotland.]
+
+[32] [Howard and Barlo, in writing from Edinburgh on the 13th of May
+1536, say, that to the Scots the reading of God's Word "in theyr vulgare
+tonge is lately prohybitede by open proclamation" (Lemon's State Papers,
+v. 48). Norfolk, writing to Crumwell from Berwick on the 29th of March
+1539, says: "Dayly commeth unto me some gentlemen and some clerkes,
+wiche do flee owte of Scotland as they saie for redyng of Scripture in
+Inglishe; saying; that, if they were taken, they sholde be put to
+execution" (Ibid. v. 154). In the Epistle to James VI. prefixed to the
+Bassandyne Bible, it is said: "The false namit clergie of this realme,
+abusing the gentle nature of your Hienes maist noble gudschir of worthie
+memorie, made it an cappital crime to be punishit with the fyre to have
+or rede the New Testament in the vulgare language." One of the charges
+on which Sir John Borthwick was condemned, on the 28th of May 1540, was
+that he possessed a copy of the New Testament in the vernacular
+('Register of St Andrews Kirk Session,' Scot. Hist. Soc., i. 98).]
+
+[33] Diurnal of Occurrents, p. 15.
+
+[34] Laing's Knox, i. 58.
+
+[35] [Foxe alleges that Gourlay and Stratoun were condemned and burned,
+"because, after great solicitation made by the king, they refused to
+abjure and recant" (Cattley's Foxe, iv. 579); but, on the other hand,
+the writer of the Diurnal of Occurrents (p. 18) and Bishop Lesley
+(History, 1830, p. 149) assert that Gourlay did abjure.]
+
+[36] Such was the punishment meted out to him for endeavouring to do in
+a scriptural way what rulers of the church were doing in disregard of
+the laws of Scripture as well as the laws of their church. Pitscottie
+knew no other cause why he was burned save that "he was in the
+East-land, and came home, and married a wife contrary to the form of the
+pope's institution because he was a priest; for they would thole no
+priest to marry, but they would punish and burn him to the dead; but if
+he had used ten thousand whores he had not been burnt" (Pitscottie's
+History, 1778, p. 236).
+
+[37] [In the letter, dated 29th December 1537, granting his escheat to
+his father, he is described as "_umquhill_ Walter Stewart" (M'Crie's
+Knox, 1855, p. 316). Calderwood places his recantation and accidental
+death in 1533 (History, Wodrow Society, i. 104).]
+
+[38] [Gavin Logie is usually spoken of as Principal of St Leonard's
+(Laing's Knox, i. 36, n.).]
+
+[39] Lorimer's Scottish Reformation, 1860, p. 51.
+
+[40] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 131.--Like his
+predecessor Archbishop Forman, who--thirty years before, in the
+interests of France, which had richly rewarded him with the
+Archbishopric of Bourges--had so cruelly embroiled Scotland with England
+and almost courted the disaster of Flodden, Betoun never ceased either
+during the life or after the death of James V. to sow the seeds of
+discord between the two realms, and so to court reverses to the Scottish
+arms, and destruction to the Scottish monasteries near the southern
+border. He shunned no risk, shrank from no cruelty, to remove out of the
+way those who thwarted his schemes or favoured the better policy which
+in the end was to carry the day.
+
+[41] Theiner's Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum, 1864, pp.
+608-612.
+
+[42] [Betoun's Commission as Legate is dated 30th January 1543-44
+(Lemon's State Papers, v. 443; Thorpe's Calendar, i. 46).]
+
+[43] [There is such a reference to him in Theiner's Vetera Monumenta, p.
+608.]
+
+[44] Robertson's Concilia Scotiæ, vol. i. p. cxxxvi, n.
+
+[45] See Appendix C.
+
+[46] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 132.
+
+[47] Concilia Scotiæ, vol. i. pp. cxxxix, cxl.
+
+[48] [14th Dec. 1542.]
+
+[49] [His letter to the Pope is dated 10th May 1543 (Theiner's Monumenta
+Hibernorum et Scotorum, pp. 614, 615).]
+
+[50] [On the 8th of September "he was enjoyned to passe to the Freres in
+Stirling, ... and there received open pennance and a solempne othe, in
+the presence and hereing of all men that was there, that he shulde never
+doo the same againe, but supporte and defende the professon and habit of
+mounkes, freres, and such other; and therupon, being absolved by the
+Cardinall and the Busshoppes, herde masse and received the sacramente"
+(Hamilton Papers, ii. 38).]
+
+[51] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi, 206.
+
+[52] Concilia Scotiæ, ii. 294.
+
+[53] Acts of Parliament, ii. 443. [This was on the 15th of December
+1543.]
+
+[54] [This letter is dated 20th May 1545 (Theiner's Monumenta, p. 616).]
+
+[55] Theiner's Monumenta, p. 617. [This letter is dated 6th July 1545.]
+
+[56] Hume Brown's Knox, i. 64, 65. Grimani's opinion, as sent from
+Stirling, is thus summarised by Father Stevenson: "The realm is in such
+confusion, so divided, so full of heresy that, but for the interposition
+of God, it will soon become as bad as England. The queen and the
+cardinal have spent all their money in the common cause; and the clergy
+are unable to assist, for the fruits of their benefices have been seized
+by the Lutherans" (Mary Stuart, 1886, p. 51).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+GEORGE WISHART.
+
+
+It was about this time that a new evangelist arrived in the country,
+singularly fitted to impress on the hearts of men the lessons of the
+Holy Book to which they had now access in their native tongue. This was
+George Wishart, a younger son or nephew of Sir James Wishart, laird of
+Pittarrow in the Mearns. He appears to have been born about 1512-13, and
+to have received his university training in King's College, Aberdeen,
+then presided over by a distinguished humanist skilled both in Latin and
+Greek. He acquired a knowledge of Greek--at that time a very rare
+accomplishment in Scotland--either from the Principal of King's College,
+or from a Frenchman teaching languages in Montrose. From his early years
+he seems to have been intimate with John Erskine, laird of Dun, and at
+that time also provost of the neighbouring burgh of Montrose. The
+earliest notice we have of him is as attesting a charter granted in
+favour of Erskine.[57] This lends confirmation to the tradition which
+Petrie, himself a native of the town, says he had heard from ancient men
+(who in their youth had seen and known the reformer) that then, or soon
+after, he was employed as assistant or successor of Marsillier, the
+Frenchman Erskine had brought from France to teach the languages, and
+that, like him, he read the Greek New Testament with some of his pupils.
+John Hepburn, then Bishop of Brechin, would not naturally have been
+quick-scented to detect heresy in one who stood so high with his good
+friend Erskine of Dun; but David Betoun, Abbot of Arbroath, often
+resided at the mansion-house of Ethie, half-way between Arbroath and
+Montrose, and he was both more lynx-eyed and more anxious to stamp out
+any approach to heresy, and he urged the bishop on.
+
+[Sidenote: Summoned for Heresy.]
+
+Wishart in consequence was summoned by Hepburn, but instead of appearing
+in answer to the summons, he, like many others in that year of grievous
+persecution, sought safety in England, and it is said that he was
+forthwith excommunicated and outlawed. He found shelter under Bishop
+Latimer, whose diocese comprehended Gloucester and Bristol, as well as
+Worcester; but in the following year he fell into fresh trouble at
+Bristol--not, as was at one time supposed, by denying the merits of the
+Virgin Mary, but by denying the merits of Christ Himself. For this he
+was duly convented before Archbishop Cranmer, and, after conference with
+him, was persuaded to recant and bear his faggot. Soon after the
+enactment of the bloody statute of the six articles, he, like most of
+the Scottish refugees, left England and sought shelter among the
+reformed churches on the Continent, especially those of Zürich, Basle,
+and Strassburg, and brought home with him, and ultimately translated
+into English, the First Helvetic Confession,[58] composed and agreed on
+by the chief theologians of these churches.
+
+[Sidenote: His Appearance and Habits.]
+
+He returned to England about the close of 1542, and soon after entered
+into residence in Corpus Christi or Benet College, Cambridge, with the
+view of studying and teaching there. In one of the windows of the
+common-room in that college, above the arms of archbishops and nobles,
+distinguished _alumni_ of the college, stands the name of George
+Wishart, with the martyr's crown over it; and it is to Emery Tilney,
+his pupil during the year he was in residence there, that we are
+indebted for our fullest description of his appearance and habits. He
+was, he tells us, "a man of tall stature, polled-headed, and on the same
+a round French cap of the best; judged to be of melancholy complexion by
+his physiognomy; black haired, long bearded, comely of personage, well
+spoken after his country of Scotland, courteous, lowly, lovely, glad to
+teach, desirous to learn, and was well travelled; having on him for his
+habit or clothing never but a mantle or frieze gown to the shoes, a
+black Millian [_i.e._ Milan] fustian doublet, and plain black hosen,
+coarse new canvas for his shirts, and white falling bands and cuffs at
+his hands,--all the which apparel he gave to the poor, some weekly, some
+monthly, some quarterly, as he liked, saving his French cap, which he
+kept the whole year of my being with him.... His charity had never end,
+night, noon, nor day, ... infinitely studying how to do good unto all,
+and hurt to none."[59]
+
+Such, according to his pupil, was the evangelist who--in 1543 according
+to some, in 1544 according to others--returned to his native land, and
+for two years testified of the gospel of the grace of God throughout
+Angus and Mearns, Ayrshire and the Lothians, but whose favourite fields
+of labour were to be central Angus and Mearns, the towns of Montrose
+and Dundee. A portrait of him, as well as one of his great opponent, has
+been preserved in the Roman Catholic College of Blairs, and the
+expression of the face harmonises well with the description his pupil
+gives of him. Another portrait, deemed by Dr Laing not unworthy of
+Holbein, is in possession of a descendant of the Wisharts.[60]
+
+[Sidenote: A Protestant Pasquil.]
+
+It is supposed that for a short time after his return to Scotland he
+lived quietly at Pittarrow, in the parish of Fordoun, where the shrine
+of St Palladius was preserved; and being an accomplished artist,
+occupied himself with adorning the ancestral mansion with several
+beautiful fresco paintings, which, after being long covered over by the
+wainscot, were again brought to light in the present century, but
+unfortunately were destroyed before their value was perceived. Dr Leslie
+of Fordoun, who saw them, has thus described the most remarkable of
+them: "Above the largest fireplace in the great hall was a painting of
+the city of Rome, and a grand procession going to St Peter's.... The
+Pope, adorned with the tiara, and mounted on horseback, was attended by
+a large company of cardinals on foot, richly dressed, but all uncovered.
+At a little distance, directly in front of the procession, stood a
+beautiful white palfrey, finely caparisoned, held by some persons who
+were well dressed, but uncovered. Beyond them was the Cathedral of St
+Peter, the doors of which appeared to be open. Below the picture were
+written the following lines:--
+
+                  "IN PAPAM.
+
+    "Laus tua, non tua fraus, virtus non gloria rerum
+    Scandere te fecit hoc decus eximium;
+    Pauperibus dat sua gratis nec munera curat
+    Curia Papalis, quod more percipimus.
+    Haec carmina potius legenda, cancros imitando."[61]
+
+Wishart began his work as a preacher in Montrose, the scene of his early
+scholastic labours, expounding the rudiments of the Christian faith and
+practice as set forth in the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, and
+the Apostles' Creed. At that time Montrose was frequented by many of the
+landed gentry in the surrounding districts who were favourable to the
+Reformation and the English alliance, and their hearts could not fail to
+be cheered and their courage raised by the exhortations of the
+evangelist. Dundee, however, was the chief and favourite scene of his
+ministrations; and it was from the great success attending them that it
+gained the name of the Scottish Geneva. It was even more decidedly
+attached to the new opinions and the English alliance than Montrose;
+and a reformation, as it was called--including the sacking of the
+monasteries in the town and neighbourhood--had taken place in the autumn
+of 1543. The governor confessed, when put to penance, that this had been
+done with his permission.[62] The martyr cannot with any certainty be
+connected with it, much less made to bear the blame of it; though
+another George Wishart, a citizen and bailie of Dundee, with whom the
+martyr has been recklessly confounded, was afterwards put on his trial
+for having taken a leading part in it.[63] If the martyr could, his
+enemies would hardly have failed to have brought it against him at his
+trial.
+
+[Sidenote: Preaches at Dundee.]
+
+He preached for a time in Dundee with great acceptance, expounding
+systematically that Epistle to the Romans, the full significance of
+which the recently published Commentary of Calvin had deeply impressed
+on the minds of his co-religionists in various lands where Wishart had
+been. At length he was charged by one of the magistrates in the queen's
+name and the governor's to desist from preaching, to depart from the
+town, and trouble it no more. This was intimated to him when he was in
+the pulpit, surrounded by a great congregation, and with a significant
+reminder that he had already been put to the horn, and that there was
+no intention to relax the law in his favour. Thereupon he called God to
+witness that he intended not their trouble but their comfort, and felt
+sure that to reject the Word of God, and drive away His messenger, was
+not the way to save themselves from trouble; adding, "God shall send
+unto yow messengeris who will not be effrayed of hornyng nor yitt for
+banishment."[64] He left the town forthwith, and with all "possible
+expeditioun passed to the west-land."[65] There he pursued his labours
+in the same kindly spirit, refusing to allow his followers to dispute
+possession of the churches by force of arms with the authorities, and
+choosing rather to preach in the open air wherever he found a convenient
+place and audience fit to listen to him.
+
+[Sidenote: Succours the Plague-stricken.]
+
+Soon after he left Dundee, the plague, which that year was raging in
+several of the towns of Scotland, extended its ravages to that place.
+This naturally led the citizens to bethink themselves of the treatment
+they had allowed the evangelist, who had laboured so devotedly among
+them, to suffer at the hands of his enemies, as the news of what they
+were suffering led him to think compassionately of his friends who were
+now in trouble, and stood in need of comfort. He returned to the
+afflicted town, and its inhabitants received him with joy. He announced
+without delay that he would preach to them; but it was impossible he
+could do so in a church. Numbers were sick of the plague; others in
+attendance on them were regarded as infected, and must not be brought
+into contact with those who were free from infection. The sick were
+crowded in and about the lazar-houses near St Roque's Chapel, outside
+the East or Cowgate Port of the town. Wishart chose as his pulpit the
+top of that port, which, in memory of the martyr-preacher, has been, it
+is said, carefully preserved, though--like Temple Bar, so long tolerated
+in London--it is now in the heart of the town, and an obstruction to its
+traffic.[66] The sick and suspected were assembled outside the port, and
+the healthy inside. The preacher took for the text of his first sermon
+the words of Psalm cvii. 20: "He sent His word and healed them;" and,
+starting on the key-note that it was neither herb nor plaster, but God's
+Word which healeth all, "He maist comfortablie did intreat [_i.e._ treat
+of] the dignitie and utilitie of Goddis Woord; the punishment that cumis
+for the contempt of the same; the promptitude of Goddis mercy to such as
+trewlye turne to Him; yea, the great happynes of thame whome God tackis
+from this miserie evin in His awin gentill visitatioun, which the malice
+of man cane neyther eak nor paire."[67] By this sermon, Knox tells us,
+he so raised up the hearts of all who heard him, that they regarded not
+death, but judged those more happy that should depart than those that
+should remain behind, considering that they knew not whether they should
+have such a comforter with them at all times.
+
+No doubt John Wedderburn, as well as the others who had been suspected
+of heresy and had fled from the town in the persecution of 1539, had
+before this time returned, and were co-operating with Wishart in his
+work; and then, in all probability, was prepared that beautiful funeral
+hymn which passed from the Bohemians to the Germans, and from the
+Germans to the Scotch; and which, in addition to the original stanzas,
+contains in the Scottish version certain new verses having unmistakable
+reference to the circumstances in which they originated--in a
+plague-stricken town which had just before been occupied by the soldiers
+of the cardinal and the regent, and might well dread a similar
+visitation for its determined adherence to the new evangelist.
+
+    "Thocht _pest or sword_ wald vs preuene,
+    Befoir our hour, to slay vs clene,
+    Thay can nocht pluk ane lytill hair
+    Furth of our heid, nor do vs deir.
+
+    Quhen fra this warld to Christ we wend,
+    Our wratchit schort lyfe man haif end
+    Changeit fra paine, and miserie,
+    To lestand gloir Eternallie.
+
+    End sall our dayis schort, and vaine,
+    And sin, quhilk we culd nocht refraine,
+    Endit salbe our pilgremage,
+    And brocht hame to our heritage."[68]
+
+[Sidenote: His Fearless Devotedness.]
+
+Wishart concerned himself not only about the souls but also about the
+bodies of his hearers in that sad time, fearlessly, like Luther on a
+similar occasion, exposing himself to the risk of infection, that he
+might minister to the diseased and the dying, and taking care that the
+public funds for the relief of the destitute should be properly
+administered. He forgot himself only too much, and the terrible risks to
+which, as an excommunicated and outlawed man, he was exposed in so near
+proximity to the cardinal, who was so eager to get him out of the way.
+
+One day as the people were departing from the sermon, utterly
+unconscious of the peril menacing their favourite preacher, Knox tells
+us that a priest, bribed by the cardinal, stood waiting--with his
+whinger drawn in his hand under his gown--at the foot of the steps by
+which the preacher was descending from the top of the port. Wishart,
+most sharp of eye and swift of judgment, at once noticed him, and, as he
+came near, said, "My friend, what wald ye do?" and at the same moment
+seized the hand in which he held the dagger, and took it from him. The
+priest fell down at his feet and confessed the whole truth. Immediately
+the rumour spread that a priest had attempted to assassinate their
+favourite preacher, the sick outside burst open the gate, crying,
+"Deliver the tratour to us, or ellis we will tack him by forse." But the
+preacher put his arms around his would-be assassin, exclaiming,
+"Whosoevir trubles him shall truble me, for he has hurte me in nothing,
+bot ... hes lattin us understand what we may feare in tymes to come";
+and so, says Knox, he saved the life of him that sought his.[69]
+
+[Sidenote: His Innocence.]
+
+Like Drs Laing, Lorimer, and Weir, I cannot persuade myself that the man
+who spoke and acted thus is the same as "a Scottish man called
+Wysshert," who is mentioned in a letter of the Earl of Hertford in April
+1544, as privy to a conspiracy to apprehend or assassinate Cardinal
+Betoun, and as employed to carry letters between the conspirators and
+the English court.[70] There were other Wisharts in Scotland. Yea, as Dr
+Laing has shown, another George Wishart in Dundee, who was a zealous
+friend of the English alliance--not only after the conspirators got
+possession of St Andrews castle, but from the earlier date when the
+monasteries in Dundee were destroyed and sacked.[71] There was probably
+another about St Andrews who, while the martyr was yet a boy, was called
+in to attest a charter by the notorious friar Campbell in 1526. I will
+not venture to affirm that, with all his gentleness, Wishart might not
+have been tempted to maintain that violence and murderous intent--such
+as Betoun had twice shown to get rid of him privately--might be lawfully
+met and restrained by force, though even that is hardly in keeping with
+all we know of his gentle ways; but we may be sure that had such
+thoughts been cherished by him, he, like Knox, would have said this
+openly, and not have engaged in any secret reprisals. As an outlawed man
+he came down to Scotland under protection, and never seems to have
+travelled in it save under protection; and so he was one of the last men
+likely to be chosen for a secret mission to England. If anything more
+than the able essay of the late Professor Weir in the 'North British
+Review' for 1868 were needed to prove that the "pure lustre of the
+martyr's fame is still unsullied," it seems to me to be supplied by
+himself in his affecting address at the stake. "I beseech Thee, Father
+of heaven! to forgive them that have of any ignorance, or else have of
+any evil mind, _forged any lies_ upon me. I forgive them with all my
+heart."[72] The cardinal was not ignorant of the volcano on which he was
+sitting or of the plots that had been hatched against him; and he may
+have suspected Wishart of being in the conspiracy. That may have been
+the reason why he sent two friars to him to get his last confession,
+and, when they failed to do so, allowed Wynram to go, as the reformer
+had requested. Wynram, after hearing it, returned to the cardinal and
+his abettors, and assured them that Wishart was innocent. This can only
+refer to such a suspicion of conspiracy, not to the charge of heresy
+which was confessed and acknowledged; and Mr Andrew Lang has failed as
+completely as the cardinal in his laboured attempt to produce a tittle
+of evidence against him.
+
+[Sidenote: His Constancy.]
+
+From the time of Wighton's attempt the reformer had a clearer view of
+the perils which beset him, and a mournful conviction of the issue which
+awaited him if he would not flinch or flee. By his success in Dundee the
+rage of his adversaries was lashed into a fury which appalled his
+friends in various districts; but none of these things moved him that he
+might finish his course with joy, and make full proof of his ministry.
+As soon as the plague abated in the city, heedless of the new proofs he
+then had of the cardinal's relentless determination to capture or trepan
+him, and the earnest warnings of his northern friends that they could
+not be answerable for his safety, he took his last farewell of his kirks
+in Montrose and Dundee. At all hazards he was determined to fulfil his
+engagement to meet his western friends in Edinburgh, to prosecute his
+work there under their promised protection, and to seek a public
+disputation with some of the popish clergy who about that time were to
+meet in Synod in the capital. Disappointed of the presence and
+protection of the western men, he laboured for a brief season in Leith,
+Inveresk, and East Lothian without much success. At last, forsaken by
+many of those who should have stood by him, he was seized at Ormiston,
+under cover of night and promise of safe keeping, by the Earl of
+Bothwell, Sheriff Principal of the county. The Earl pledged his honour
+not to give him up to his enemies, but was soon persuaded to deliver him
+to the governor, as was the governor to hand him over to the cardinal,
+though he finally protested against his being tried or condemned by the
+churchmen in his own absence. A full account of his labours during these
+days of despondency has been given by Knox, who got from him, it is
+said, the first rudiments of Greek, and who--having rendered his first
+service to the cause of the Reformation by bearing the two-handed sword
+for his protection--was dismissed on the night of his betrayal with the
+significant words, "One is sufficient for one sacrifice," showing what
+fate he now anticipated for himself.
+
+[Sidenote: His Martyrdom.]
+
+I cannot enlarge on these things, nor on the sad scenes which took place
+at St Andrews on the last day of February and 1st of March 1545-46, when
+the cardinal, regardless of the remonstrances of the regent and the
+murmurs of the people, but with the assent of the Council which he had
+adjourned from Edinburgh to St Andrews, condemned him to the stake.
+Throughout all these trying scenes he comported himself as nobly as
+Patrick Hamilton had done; and not less plentifully did his blood prove
+the seed of the church, verifying his words, that few would suffer after
+him before the glory of God evidently appeared. No doubt his cruel
+martyrdom hastened the removal of that tyrant who set himself above all
+restraint of civil law, and breathed forth threatenings against the
+saints of God,--though that removal had not been plotted by him, nor
+would have been approved by him. The words attributed to him at the
+stake by Buchanan and Lindsay of Pitscottie, foreshadowing his
+persecutor's approaching fate, are not generally regarded as authentic.
+Knox says nothing of them, nor Foxe, nor Spottiswoode; nor does Sir
+David Lindsay, in his 'Tragedy of the Cardinal,' make any reference to
+them. It seems better authenticated that he made the following general
+statement: "I beseech you, brethren and sisters, to exhort your prelates
+to the learning of the Word of God, that they at the last may be ashamed
+to do evil and learn to do good, and if they will not convert themselves
+from their wicked error, there shall hastily come upon them the wrath of
+God, which they shall not eschew."[73] It is easy to see--especially
+after the events which so speedily occurred--how a statement which
+referred to the prelates generally should come to be applied
+specifically to their imperious chief, just as the example of Eli had,
+in a well-known ballad, been similarly used for warning by the
+Reformation poet to the aged James Betoun for his weak indulgence to his
+nephew and the younger Prior Hepburn, notwithstanding their scandalous
+excesses.[74]
+
+Such was the end of the life and ministry of George Wishart, one of the
+most zealous and winning evangelists, and one of the most heroic and
+steadfast confessors, that our country has ever produced. The
+remembrance of him was fondly cherished, especially in that district
+where he chiefly laboured, and where he wrought a work not less
+memorable than that which M'Cheyne and Burns were honoured to do in our
+own day. His influence was but deepened by his cruel fate, and he "lived
+again," as Dr Lorimer has eloquently said, "in John Knox.... The zealous
+disciple, who had counted it an honour to be allowed to carry a sword
+before his master, stood forth immediately to wield the spiritual sword
+which had fallen from the master's grasp, and to wield it with a vigour
+and trenchant execution superior even to his."[75]
+
+[Sidenote: Church Organisation.]
+
+It may not be inappropriate to state how far the organisation of the
+Reformed Church had by this time advanced in Scotland. Patrick Hamilton
+seems to me to have laboured to the last for the revival of Scriptural
+teaching and Christian living within the old church rather than apart
+from her. Alesius, and some others of his disciples, were for a time
+reluctant to separate from her, if her rulers could have been persuaded
+seriously to set about repairing acknowledged evils and defects. But
+Wishart, and those who came under his influence, seem to have abandoned
+this struggle, and to have striven for the formation of a new
+organisation apart from the old one. He formed kirks or
+congregations--at least in Montrose and Dundee; the former consisting
+probably mainly of the lesser gentry in the adjacent districts of Angus
+and Mearns, and the latter chiefly of the substantial burghers of the
+town of Dundee. I suppose that some forms of discipline began to be put
+in practice in the Dundee congregation, and that it was on that account,
+as well as from the remarkable revival which had taken place under his
+ministrations, that the town came to be spoken of as "the Scottish
+Geneva." The New Testament of Tyndale's translation had been introduced
+both there and in Montrose as early as 1526; and by this time the
+subsequent editions had been largely imported, and since 1543 might be
+openly read.[76] John Wedderburn was then in his native city, and I
+suppose by that date had published, in its most rudimentary form, his
+'Psalms and Spiritual Songs,' largely translated from the German. John
+Scott, the printer, was also there, and under suspicion of the
+authorities in Edinburgh. Of the psalms and hymns, one, as I have
+already mentioned, bears unmistakable reference to the _pest_ then
+infesting the town of Dundee; another was sung by Wishart that evening
+on which he was apprehended in East Lothian; a third is certainly
+referred to in the 'Complaynt of Scotland,' which, being published as
+early as 1549, is a guarantee for the earlier existence of the hymn.[77]
+This rudimentary collection of 'Psalms and Spiritual Songs' was the book
+of praise in family and social gatherings of the reformed until the
+'Genevan Psalter' came into use.[78] The earliest editions of it have
+perished. A nearly complete copy of the edition of 1567 has, however,
+been preserved, and now at last reprinted.[79]
+
+[Sidenote: Helvetic Confession and Communion Office.]
+
+The translation of the First Helvetic Confession, which Wishart made,
+was no doubt meant as the Confession of the churches he formed, though
+it may only have been extant then in manuscript, and not published till
+1548. That fragment of the Communion Office which was used by Knox in
+the administration of the Lord's Supper at Berwick in 1550, and perhaps
+had been used by him at St Andrews in 1547--and which was recently
+brought to light again by Dr Lorimer from among the MSS. in Dr Williams'
+library in London[80]--was almost certainly derived from Wishart, for
+part of it is translated from the Office of the Church of Zürich, with
+which he could not fail to have become acquainted during his residence
+there, and part from other German Offices, which were more likely to
+have fallen in his way (who had been a traveller on the Continent) than
+in Knox's. It may even have been used by Wishart in 1545, when he
+dispensed the communion in both kinds at Dun. The same may be said of
+that interesting burial-service which purports to have been used in the
+kirk at Montrose, and has been reprinted in the Miscellany of the Wodrow
+Society;[81] though probably this, as we now have it, may not be the
+original form, but a recension of it, made later, under the auspices of
+Erskine of Dun, superintendent of Angus and Mearns. The foundations of
+the superstructure that was to be were thus laid by Wishart. It was
+reserved to his successor to raise it, as the martyr had predicted it
+would be raised, even to the copestone.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] [The charter is dated at Montrose on the 20th of March 1534-35. The
+Martyr's signature, as "M. Geo. Wischert," proves that he had already
+taken his degree (Register of Great Seal, iii., No. 1462).]
+
+[58] [His translation is reprinted in the Wodrow Miscellany, pp. 7-23.]
+
+[59] Cattley's Foxe, v. 626.
+
+[60] [This is now in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.]
+
+[61] [Cook's History of the Reformation, 1811, i. 272, 273; 1819, i.
+273. Dr Cook says that Dr Leslie, minister of Fordoun, "got a short view
+of them," and favoured him with the account which he wrote. In a very
+similar notice of the paintings by Dr Leslie, it is stated that they
+were discovered when the old house of Pittarrow was being pulled down in
+1802 ('New Statistical Account of Kincardineshire,' p. 81).] As Dr Cook
+long ago surmised, the lines of covert sarcasm on the pope are not
+original. One evening as I returned to Guildford Street after a long day
+in the British Museum, I had occasion to pass through Red Lion Square
+and the alley to the east of it, where I saw exposed in a pawnbroker's
+window a little antique volume, in a very dilapidated state, opened at
+the page which contained these lines almost _verbatim_. I at once
+purchased it, and on further examination I found it had been published
+at Basle in 1537--_i.e._, a few years before Wishart was there. [The
+little collection which Dr Mitchell thus refers to bears the title:
+"Pasqvilli de Concilio Mantuano Iudicium. Qverimonia Papistarum ad
+Legatum Pontificium in comicijs Schmalcaldianis. Mantua uæ miseris
+nimium uicina Papistis. MDXXXVII."
+
+The colophon runs thus: "Impressum Romae in porta Angelorum.
+M.D.XXXVII."
+
+Wishart evidently found his lines in the following:--
+
+"Lavs Romani Pontificis. Scripta ad placitum Romanae curiae per
+uenerabilem dominum Doctorem Ioannem Cochleum, Theutonicae Doctor
+Rotzloffel, et Georgium VVicelium cognomento, Meister Lugenmaul, Romanae
+Ecclesiae propugnatores egregios.
+
+    "Pauperibus sua dat gratis nec munera curat
+      Curia Papalis quod modo percipimus
+    Laus tua non tua fraus, Virtus non copia rerum
+      Scandere te fecit, hoc Decus eximium
+    Conditio tua sit stabilis nec tempore paruo
+      Viuere te faciat hic Deus omnipotens.
+
+"Quos uersiculos pessimus quidam haereticus, Lutheranus, iuuenilis
+fortasis Poeta VVittembergensis, ita de uerbo ad uerbum inuertit.
+
+    "Percipimus modo quod Papalis curia curat
+      Munera, nec gratis dat sua pauperibus
+    Eximium decus hoc fecit te scandere rerum
+      Copia, non uirtus, fraus tua, non tua laus.
+    Omnipotens Deus hic faciat te uiuere paruo
+      Tempore, nec stabilis sit tua conditio."]
+
+[62] Hamilton Papers, ii. 38.
+
+[63] Maxwell's Old Dundee prior to the Reformation, 1891, pp. 92, 395.
+
+[64] Laing's Knox, i. 126. [Calderwood (i. 186) and Spottiswoode (i.
+150) have _burning_ for _hornyng_.]
+
+[65] Laing's Knox, i. 126.
+
+[66] [Knox calls it "the East Porte of the Toune" (Laing's Knox, i.
+129). Maxwell says that the Port which stood in the Seagate would alone
+correspond to that described by Knox; and he adds: "The Port yet
+standing in the Cowgate--which, because of its association with the
+honoured name of George Wishart, only was left when some of the others
+were demolished--really cannot be identified as his preaching-place, and
+should not carry the inscription which has been recently put over its
+archway" ('History of Old Dundee,' 1884, pp. 220-222).]
+
+[67] Laing's Knox, i. 130.
+
+[68] Gude and Godlie Ballatis, 1897, p. 165.
+
+[69] Laing's Knox, i. 130, 131. The name of this priest is given as Sir
+_John_ Wightone, or Weighton, by Knox, Calderwood, and Spottiswoode.
+Maxwell cannot find a priest of this name among those ministering in
+Dundee in 1550 ('Old Dundee prior to the Reformation,' 1891, p. 87, n.)
+The _James_ Wichtand who was reader at Inchture and Kinnaird in 1574
+(Wodrow Miscellany, p. 353) is said to have held a chaplaincy in Dundee
+before the Reformation. But Dr Laing holds that there was a Sir _John_
+Wighton, a chaplain in Dundee, who obtained the vicarage pensionary in
+the parish church of Ballumby in 1538, and who appears to have been
+incarcerated in St Andrews Castle in the cardinal's absence in 1543
+(Laing's Knox, vi. 670).
+
+[70] Lemon's State Papers, v. 377.
+
+[71] Laing's Knox, i. 536. [Maxwell gives a detailed account of this
+other George Wishart in his 'Old Dundee prior to the Reformation,' 1891,
+pp. 91-95.]
+
+[72] Cattley's Foxe, v. 635.
+
+[73] Cattley's Foxe, v. 635. [Foxe is here quoting the account in the
+black-letter tract printed in or about 1547, which Knox deemed important
+enough to copy from Foxe into his own pages.]
+
+[74] Gude and Godlie Ballatis, 1897, p. 180.
+
+[75] Lorimer's Scottish Reformation, 1860, pp. 153, 154.
+
+[76] Wedderburn and Wishart seem also to have been acquainted with
+Coverdale's Bible of 1535.
+
+[77] See my Introduction to 'The Gude and Godlie Ballatis,' 1897, p.
+xxxviii, n.
+
+[78] No doubt the initial Catechism was in use also. It has been
+conjectured that the Catechism may even have been printed separately,
+and that the first part of the following entry may refer to it: "The
+catechisme in two partes; the first in Scotch poetry, having a kalender
+before it. The second part in Latin and Scotis prose, entituled
+Catechismus ecclesiae Geneuensis.... Edinburgh: Imprinted by John Ross
+for Henrie Charteris, 1574" (Dickson and Edmond's Annals of Scottish
+Printing, 1890, p. 334).
+
+[79] [Reprinted under the editorial care of Dr Mitchell in 1897 for the
+Scottish Text Society.]
+
+[80] Lorimer's Knox and the Church of England, 1875, pp. 290-292.
+
+[81] Wodrow Miscellany, pp. 295-300.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+KNOX AS LEADER OF OUR REFORMATION.
+
+
+As stated towards the close of my last lecture, the sword-bearer of
+Wishart stood forth at once "to wield the spiritual sword which had
+fallen from the master's grasp, and to wield it with a vigour and
+trenchant execution superior even to his."
+
+At this time Knox was full forty years of age, having been born at
+Giffordgate, in Haddington, in 1505. He probably received the rudiments
+of his education there, and matriculated at the University of Glasgow in
+1522. Some suppose that he may have followed Major to St Andrews in
+1523, or may have come there later, to study theology or to act as a
+private tutor to some young men studying at that university. But there
+is no reference to him in the university books, nor mention of his
+presence by any one then resident. From 1522 up to 1545-46, when he
+appears as sword-bearer to Wishart, his life is to us almost a blank.
+But as Minerva was said to have come full armed from the brain of
+Jupiter, so did Knox then start up as leader of our Reformation, fully
+equipped and singularly matured. Whatever his early training may have
+been, he had by that time thoroughly mastered the subjects in
+controversy between the two churches, and possibly, as Bayle supposes,
+had made himself aquainted in his retirement with the writings of that
+great doctor of the western church to whom Luther, Calvin, and Alesius
+were largely indebted. I believe no man in recent times has in brief
+space sketched his character, both on its brighter and darker sides,
+with less partisan feeling than Dr Merle D'Aubigné, when he says: "The
+blood of warriors ran in the veins of the man who was to become one of
+the most intrepid champions of Christ's army.... He was active, bold,
+thoroughly upright and perfectly honest, diligent in his duties, and
+full of heartiness for his comrades. But he had in him also a firmness
+which came near to obstinacy, an independence which was very much like
+pride, a melancholy which bordered on prostration, a sternness which
+some took for insensibility, and a passionate force sometimes mistakenly
+attributed to a vindictive temper."[82] According to Calderwood, he
+received his first "taste of the truthe" from the preaching of his
+fellow-countryman, Thomas Guilliame or Williams, a black friar, who in
+1543 became one of the chaplains of the regent, and shortly after,
+being inhibited to preach, retired into England.[83] The good seed sown
+by him was watered by Wishart, and grew up apace, "first the blade, then
+the ear, after that the full corn in the ear."
+
+[Sidenote: Tragedy of the Cardinal.]
+
+On 29th May 1546, while the applause of priests and friars was still
+ringing in his ears, and he was proudly congratulating himself on the
+progress of his new fortifications, and the success of all his measures
+to secure the triumph of his party and his own complete personal
+ascendancy, the cardinal was suddenly surprised by conspirators in his
+stronghold, and cut off by "a fate as tragical and ignominious" as
+almost "any that has ever been recorded in the long catalogue of human
+crimes."[84] Only the deep feeling of relief thus given from merciless
+oppression could prompt or excuse the lines of Sir David Lindsay--
+
+    "As for the Cardinal, I grant
+    He was a man we weill culd want,
+      And we'll forget him sune;
+    But yet I think the sooth to say,
+    Although the loon is weill away,
+      The deed was foully dune."[85]
+
+When it became known that the conspirators who assassinated Betoun
+meant to hold the castle of St Andrews, they were joined by a
+considerable number of their friends from among the reforming gentry of
+Fife, and gradually by others from a greater distance who were friendly
+to the Reformation and the English alliance, and in consequence were
+then being subjected to many annoyances at the hands of the regent and
+his new following. Among these last, about Pasche 1547--in charge of his
+pupils, the sons of certain lairds in East Lothian--came John Knox,
+whose life, ever since he had cast in his lot with Wishart, had been
+made so miserable to him by the regent's bastard brother[86]--the
+aspirant to the vacant archbishopric--that, but for this refuge
+unexpectedly opened to him, he would have found it necessary to leave
+his native land and follow Alesius, Fyfe, and others to Germany or
+Switzerland. At the time when he arrived in St Andrews there was a truce
+between the regent and the occupants of the castle, and with the latter
+the inhabitants of the city had pretty free intercourse. The reforming
+citizens resorted at times to the services in the chapel of the castle;
+and John Rough, the chaplain of the garrison, under the powerful
+protection he enjoyed, occasionally forced his way into the parish
+church and preached there to the assembled citizens.
+
+[Sidenote: His Call to the Ministry.]
+
+Knox was no sooner settled in St Andrews than he resumed the system he
+had followed with good effect in East Lothian, causing his pupils to
+give account of their catechism in public to all who chose to come, and
+opening up in a plain and colloquial manner the Gospel of St John. His
+great ability and success as a teacher, and his wonderful gift of
+persuasive speech, thus became generally known. After private but
+unsuccessful efforts had been made by Balnaves and others to induce him
+to become colleague to John Rough, a formal call to the ministry was,
+with the counsel of Sir David Lindsay,[87] publicly addressed to him
+from the pulpit by Rough, in the name of the rest, and he was solemnly
+adjured not to despise the voice of God speaking to him. Thus honourably
+called to assume the office of a public preacher in that reformed
+congregation, he at last entered on the work with all his heart, and
+made full proof of his ministry before the assembled citizens in their
+parish church, as well as before the rude garrison in the castle
+chapel. He administered the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper in the simple
+form he always used, and continued the public catechising of his pupils,
+which the people of the town heard repeated till they had the substance
+of his teaching by heart, and thus was spread a knowledge of Gospel
+truth even among those who could not read. A very graphic account is
+given in his History of the sermons, catechisings, and disputations he
+held with the popish champions, by means of which the new doctrines
+gained a hold on the minds of the citizens of St Andrews which they
+never wholly lost. But times of trial were to come ere the cause should
+finally triumph in that city, or in his native land; and the earnest
+preacher, whose mouth God had opened in that old parish church, was to
+be taught by sad experience how hard it is to leave all and simply
+follow Christ, ere he was to be privileged to see the full fruit of his
+labours.
+
+[Sidenote: A Galley-slave.]
+
+Those who had presumed to take into their hands "the sword of God" as
+they called it, and to mete out to the tyrant cardinal the punishment
+which human justice was too weak to award, were made to feel that they
+who take the sword must expect to suffer from the sword. They had been
+able to withstand the power of the regent and the attacks of his
+unskilful captains; but help and skill at last came to the aid of these
+from their co-religionists abroad--chief among them being a militant
+ecclesiastic entitled Prior of Capua--and the succour promised to the
+garrison by England having been again and again delayed, they were
+obliged to surrender the castle to the representative of the French
+king.[88] The occupants of the castle--those who had come to it for
+shelter, as well as those who were really guilty of the murder--were
+deprived of liberty, and dealt with as criminals of the worst class. For
+nineteen months[89] our reformer had to work as a chained slave on board
+the French galleys, generally at Rouen or Dieppe, though sometimes a
+cruise was taken to more distant waters. Once, at least, he was brought
+within sight of the towers of the city where he had begun his ministry;
+and then he solemnly affirmed that he believed God would once more allow
+him to proclaim His word there. Even then he maintained unshaken faith
+in God, and at times indulged in sallies of pleasantry against his
+popish custodiers; but he would have been more than human if the iron
+had not entered into his soul, and if traces of the sternness thence
+arising had not long been visible in his character.
+
+[Sidenote: His Work in England.]
+
+Early in 1549 he was, by English influence, released from his captivity
+in the French galleys, and from his exile.[90] He proceeded first to
+London, and thereafter to Berwick, with the approval of the English
+Privy Council. There he was as near to his persecuted fellow-countrymen
+as it was safe for him to go, and there many of them might resort to
+him; and in fact so many did so, that the president of the English
+Northern Council became anxious for his transference farther south.
+There also, through the appointment of the Privy Council, a wide field
+of usefulness was opened to him among the English. Into this he entered
+with his whole soul, preaching the Gospel with great boldness and
+success not only to the garrison and citizens of Berwick, but also in
+the surrounding districts; and proving himself a true successor of those
+early Scottish missionaries who had originally won over to the Christian
+faith the heathen Saxons of Northumbria. At Newcastle, in 1550, he
+discussed, before Tonstal, Bishop of Durham, his doctors, and the
+Northern Council, the idolatry of the mass; and in the spring of 1551 he
+removed his headquarters to that more central and influential town,
+extending his labours at times, no doubt, into Yorkshire, as well as
+into Northumberland and Cumberland.
+
+His fame as an eloquent preacher, and able and ready defender of the
+doctrines of the Reformation, spread southwards; and at the close of
+1551, or early in 1552, he was appointed one of the royal chaplains of
+Edward VI. In the autumn of 1552 he was summoned to the south, and
+preached with great power and faithfulness before the king and his
+court. He persistently advocated, along with the other royal chaplains,
+those thoroughgoing Protestant doctrines which, in the north, he had
+previously held and taught and carried out in practice. In conjunction
+with the other five royal chaplains, he was called to give his opinion
+of the Articles then proposed to be adopted as the creed of the English
+Church, and of the revised Communion Office then prepared to take the
+place of that of 1549. His objections to the act of kneeling in
+receiving the elements in the Lord's Supper helped to procure the
+insertion of that rubric which high-churchmen term "the black rubric."
+He refused both an English bishopric and a London rectory, and continued
+to labour on, faithfully and devotedly, as a preacher unattached. He
+had a presentiment that the time he would have to do so would be brief,
+and he improved it to the uttermost. The Reformation in England at that
+date had been forced on by its courtly patrons and their earnest
+preachers beyond what was warranted by the hold it had as yet gained on
+the mass of the people. When the good King Edward[91] was succeeded by
+the bigoted Mary, nothing remained for the Protestant bishops and
+preachers but either to prove the sincerity of their convictions in
+prison and at the stake, or to leave the country and reserve themselves
+in exile for happier times. Knox, as a foreigner, was especially
+warranted to choose the latter course; and at the urgent request of his
+friends in the north he did so, when it was only not yet too late to
+escape.
+
+[Sidenote: Visits Scotland.]
+
+The five years of the reformer's life which followed were not less
+eventful for himself nor for those of whom he now became the chosen
+leader. After an unsuccessful attempt to set up a substantially Puritan
+church among the English exiles at Frankfort, Whittingham and he
+obtained at Geneva, through the favour of Calvin, an asylum for
+themselves and their like-minded fellow-exiles, where they might be
+allowed peacefully to carry out their own forms of worship and
+discipline. But he had not been long there till, at the earnest
+invitation of the reforming party, he paid a visit to his native land--a
+visit which was memorable for its immediate, and still more for its
+ultimate, results. For several years the cause of the Reformation had
+been making quiet progress. Those who could read the Scriptures had been
+drinking the waters of life from the fountain-head. Those who could not,
+drank from the streams opened by the Reformation poets, whose verses
+were carefully committed to memory. Then came the voice of the living
+preacher, accompanied, as it had never yet been in Scotland, with the
+demonstration of the Spirit and with power from on high. The reformer
+wrote that he would be content to sing his _nunc dimittis_ after forty
+such days as he had had three of in Edinburgh. He prolonged for six
+months a visit which he had intended to complete in as many weeks; and,
+when he was at last recalled to Geneva by the urgent letters of the
+congregation there, he promised to his friends in Scotland that he would
+return whenever they saw meet to summon him and to assure him of
+protection from persecution.
+
+The few quiet years which Knox and his fellow-exiles passed at Geneva
+were to be richly blessed to themselves and to their fatherland. He, at
+least, had not gone there to have his views of Christian doctrine or
+church order formed or materially changed. He went to see the pure
+reformed faith (which he and Calvin in common believed, and
+independently had drawn from the Holy Scriptures and from the writings
+of the great doctor of the ancient church) exhibiting its benign
+influence in quickening to higher life, and moulding into a united
+community the volatile citizens of Geneva. He came to have his wearied
+spirit revived and refreshed by communion with devoted Christian
+brethren; and, by witnessing the success of their labours, to be nerved
+for further achievements in the service of their common Lord and for the
+good of his native land.
+
+[Sidenote: Genevan Benefits.]
+
+It was there that Puritanism was organised as a distinct school, if not
+also as a distinct party, in the church. If it had done nothing more
+than what it was honoured to do in the few peaceful years our fathers
+were permitted to spend in that much loved city by the bright blue
+waters of the Leman Lake, it would have done not a little for which the
+church and the world would have had cause to be grateful to it still.
+There were first clearly proclaimed in our native language those
+principles of constitutional government, and the limited authority of
+the "upper powers," which are now universally accepted by the
+Anglo-Saxon race. There was first deliberately adopted and resolutely
+put in practice among British Christians a form of church constitution
+which eliminated sacerdotalism, and taught the members of the church
+their true dignity and responsibility as priests to God and witnesses
+for Christ in the world. There was first used that Book of Common Order
+which was long to be the directory for public worship in the fully
+reformed Church of Scotland, and whose simple rites Bishop Grindal was
+forced to own, in his controversy with the English Puritans, he could
+not reprove. There was nearly completed, after the model of the French
+version, the English Metrical Psalter. There was planned and executed a
+translation of the Scriptures into our mother tongue, which for nearly
+half a century continued to hold its place alongside of others executed
+at greater leisure and more favoured by authority.[92] That was how our
+reformer and his tireless associates occupied themselves when left
+freely to follow their own bent. That was how he was ultimately prepared
+for the great work he was to accomplish in his native country when
+finally invited to return to it.
+
+Immediately after the accession of Elizabeth to the English throne in
+the autumn of 1558,[93] the English exiles on the Continent began to
+break up their congregations and return to their native land. Those at
+Geneva were among the first who commenced to do so; but those of them
+who had been occupying themselves in that translation of the Bible into
+English which was to prove such a blessing to their countrymen decided
+to remain where they were until they had finished that work.[94] Those
+who returned were at first favourably received by the queen and her
+advisers, and taken into service in the reconstituted church; but when
+it was found that they were generally averse to comply fully with the
+ceremonies which she fostered, a change took place.
+
+[Sidenote: Returns to Scotland.]
+
+Knox, who does not seem to have been one of the translators, appears to
+have left Geneva among the earliest. In February 1558-59 we find that he
+had gone to Dieppe, whence, while assisting in the French Protestant
+services, he sent a request to Cecil for leave to pass through England
+on his way to Scotland, and to converse with him on some matters which
+deeply concerned the welfare of the Protestants in both realms.[95] But
+his 'First Blast of the Trumpet' was an insult which Elizabeth could not
+brook, and so, after waiting in vain for the desired permission for a
+reasonable time, he set sail from Dieppe for Scotland, and arrived in
+Edinburgh on the 2nd of May 1559, much to the consternation of the
+popish council then assembled in the city. It dissolved forthwith; but
+care was taken to get Knox's name, as that of an already condemned
+heretic, added to the list of Protestant preachers then under summons to
+appear before the queen regent and her council to answer for their
+persistence in preaching.[96] Knox at once resolved to throw in his lot
+with his brethren, and went north to Dundee where the zealous
+Protestants of Fife, Angus, and Mearns were already assembling,
+determined to make common cause with their preachers, and to go forward
+in peaceful form to Stirling in order that they might do so, and leave
+the queen and her council in no doubt as to the position which they were
+henceforth to occupy towards her and them. They accordingly marched
+forward from Dundee to Perth, and sent on Erskine of Dun to Stirling to
+apprise the queen and council of their attitude and intentions. It is
+said that she promised Erskine that the prosecution of the preachers
+would be abandoned, but they were condemned in absence and outlawed, and
+the breach between the two parties thus became irrevocable. Nothing
+remained for the queen, from her point of view, but to prosecute the
+matter to the bitter end, if thereby she might succeed in silencing and
+repressing the Protestants.
+
+[Sidenote: Preaches in St Andrews.]
+
+After the regent's falsehood to Erskine and persistence in her fatal
+policy, the reformers proceeded at once to set about such reform as they
+desired, and commenced rather roughly at Perth, where they had the
+majority of the population in their favour. Knox, along with Moray,
+went to Fife as soon after as it became apparent that forcible measures
+must be taken to secure toleration for the Protestants. After a few
+brief visits to other towns he presented himself at the public
+preaching-place in St Andrews. Modern historians will not allow us to
+say that it was in that city that he had received his university
+training, or had first listened to the preaching of the reformed
+doctrines, or been brought to a personal knowledge of the truth; but
+they leave untouched, as previously stated, the more important facts
+that it was there, when in charge of his pupils at the university, that
+he had first ventured at the hazard of his life openly to make known to
+others that which had been blessed of God to the quickening of his own
+soul, and publicly to exert in the cause of the Reformation those rare
+gifts of telling argument and persuasive speech which were destined so
+signally to contribute to its ultimate and permanent triumph throughout
+the land. It was there, probably in the old parish church, that he had
+been first solemnly called to the ministry of the Word in the reformed
+church; and there, in the chapel of the old and now ruined castle, that
+he had first celebrated the Lord's Supper with the same purity and
+simplicity with which it was afterwards observed in the fully reformed
+Church of Scotland.[97] Even in exile and working as a slave in the
+galleys his heart had turned with special pleasure to the scene of his
+first labours, and he had cherished the confident expectation that God
+would again bring him to the place where he had first opened his mouth,
+and permit him again to preach from its pulpit the precious truths of
+His Holy Word.[98]
+
+[Sidenote: The Victory.]
+
+This expectation he believed that God had then fulfilled, and neither
+the threats of adversaries could make him quail from his purpose, nor
+the counsels of timid friends move him to let slip the opportunity which
+he believed God had then given him of bearing full and faithful
+testimony to the truth of God in that important city.[99] He therefore
+boldly proclaimed before the dignitaries of the church, the doctors of
+the university,[100] and the magistrates of the burgh, as well as
+before more humble citizens, that doctrine of the grace of God which had
+long been his own solace and support, and was then being more generally
+recognised and embraced by his countrymen. Having thus seized the
+opportunity and improved it to the utmost, his efforts were so
+abundantly blessed by God that the cause of truth and right finally
+triumphed there. The reformed worship was by general consent peaceably
+set up, and the authority of the archbishop was virtually ended in the
+very stronghold of his power. That which, with the divine blessing, the
+reformer's preaching then accomplished in St Andrews, was by the same or
+similar means effected in the chief cities of the kingdom, and
+throughout the greater part of the lowlands, almost within the compass
+of a single year. In fact, four months after his arrival, he could write
+to his friends: "Nothwithstanding the fevers have vexed me, ... yitt
+have I travelled through the most part of this realme where (all praise
+be to His blessed Majestie) men of all sorts and conditiouns embrace the
+Truthe.... We doe nothing but goe about Jericho, blowing with trumpets
+as God giveth strenth, hoping [for the] victorie by His power
+alone."[101] The reformer's expectation of victory, and of victory by
+the persuasive means which Bishop Hooper affirmed were alone legitimate
+and in accord with Christ's will, was neither disappointed nor long
+deferred. The great body of the nation, with unexampled rapidity and
+unanimity, embraced the truth, and submitted to the discipline of their
+teacher, and under its salutary influence, as Stähelin in his 'Johannes
+Calvin' affirms, from being one of the rudest, most ignorant, indigent,
+and turbulent peoples, grew to be one of the most civilised, educated,
+prosperous, and upright which our family of nations can show.
+
+Believing that we have no cause to be ashamed of the great revolution
+which was thus effected, or of aught which has legitimately followed
+from it, but that we need to have our pure minds stirred up by way of
+remembrance of the great things the Lord has done for us, I proceed to
+direct attention to the distinctive characteristics of the Scottish
+Reformation in respect of doctrine, worship, government, discipline, and
+church life, and the lessons which such a review should tend to rivet on
+the hearts of those who still hold fast its principles and long to see
+them more fully carried out.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 17.
+
+[83] Calderwood's History, i. 155, 156, 160; Laing's Knox, i. 95, 96,
+105. [Calderwood says that Williams was born "beside Elstonefurde, in
+East Lothiane."]
+
+[84] Lorimer's Scottish Reformation, pp. 155, 156.
+
+[85] [Though these lines are continually attributed to Lindsay, I do not
+remember to have ever seen them in any edition of his works, or quoted
+as his by any earlier writer than Wodrow.]
+
+[86] [According to Knox, though "called bastard brother to the
+governour," many deemed him to be a son of "the old Bischope of
+Dunkelden, called Crychtoun" (Laing's Knox, i. 105). Buchanan says he
+was "first callid _Cuningham_, estemit _Cowane_, and at last Abbot
+_Hamiltoun_" (Admonition to the trew Lordis). In a transcript used by
+Ruddiman, _Givane_ occurs instead of _Cowane_.]
+
+[87] [Laing's Knox, i. 186. Though the Lyon King was then in St Andrews,
+he was not one of those who were sheltering in the castle (Laing's
+Lindsay's Poetical Works, 1879, vol. i. pp. xxxix, xli).]
+
+[88] [Knox says that the castle was rendered "upone Setterday, the last
+of Julij" (Laing's Knox, i. 205); Bishop Lesley says "the xxix of Julij"
+(Lesley's History, 1830, p. 195). In 1547, the last of July fell not on
+Saturday but on Sabbath.]
+
+[89] Laing's Knox, vi. 104.
+
+[90] [The negotiations for the release of the captives seem to have
+dragged their weary length along very slowly. So early as the 29th of
+March 1548, Huntly wrote thus to Somerset: "The governor has agreed to
+exchange the men in the castle of St Andrews with Scots prisoners
+conform to your desire, and has sent me commission therein, as I shall
+show you at my coming to London: or if you send your mind to my Lord
+Warden, I shall appoint with him. The governor has written to the king
+of France to send the men taken in St Andrews to Rouen, to be ready for
+the exchange" (Bain's Calendar, 1543-67, p. 104).]
+
+[91] [Edward died July 6, 1553.]
+
+[92] [The first edition of the Genevan version was printed at Geneva by
+Rouland Hall in 1560. "The changes made in the Geneva Bible were the
+adoption of Roman type instead of the black letter, in which all English
+Bibles had previously been printed, and the division of the chapters
+into verses. These changes were the principal cause of the wonderful
+popularity of this version, of which about 200 editions are known. From
+1560 to 1616 no year passed without one or more editions issuing from
+the press, in folio, quarto, or octavo. In 1599 no less than ten
+distinct editions were printed, each of which consisted of a large
+number of copies. The last quarto printed in England is dated 1615, and
+the last folio 1616. After this time a great many editions were printed
+at Amsterdam by Joost Broerss and other Dutch printers; the last folio
+bears the imprint of Thomas Stafford, and the date 1644.... 150,000
+copies were imported from Holland after this version had ceased to be
+printed in England.... Owing to the vast number of copies in circulation
+during the three-quarters of a century that this version was the
+household Bible of England, it is now the most common of all early
+printed Bibles.... The singular rendering of the 7th verse of the third
+chapter of Genesis in every edition of the Genevan version has caused it
+to be commonly known as the 'Breeches' Bible" (Dore's Old Bibles, 1888,
+pp. 203, 204).]
+
+[93] [Mary Tudor died on the 17th of November 1558.]
+
+[94] Troubles at Frankfort, Petheram's reprint, pp. cxci, cxcii.
+
+[95] [After making two requests by messengers, Knox wrote to Cecil from
+Dieppe on the 10th of April 1559, and on the 22nd sent from the same
+town a duplicate of that letter with a postscript added (Laing's Knox,
+ii. 15-22, vi. 15-21).]
+
+[96] [The Provincial Council is said to have closed on the 10th of April
+(Robertson's Concilia Scotiæ, ii. 151, 176; Lesley's History, p. 271);
+but Knox says that it sat until he arrived in Scotland (Laing's Knox, i.
+291); and that the date of his arrival was the 2nd of May (Ibid., i.
+318, vi. 21); and an anonymous writer alleges that the council broke up
+when assured that Knox had come (Wodrow Miscellany, pp. 56, 57). M'Crie
+suggests that, although the Acts were concluded on the 10th of April,
+the council may not have then closed (Life of Knox, 1855, p. 126, n.).]
+
+[97] [While it is apparent from Knox's own narrative that his first
+public sermon was delivered in the parish church of St Andrews (Laing's
+Knox, i. 189), it is not quite so clear whether Rough addressed the call
+to him in that church or in the chapel of the castle, though it rather
+appears to have been in the former (Ibid., i. 186-188); and the precise
+building in St Andrews in which he first celebrated the Lord's Supper
+seems to me to be also uncertain (Ibid., i. 201).]
+
+[98] Laing's Knox, i. 228.
+
+[99] Ibid., i. 348, 349; vi. 25.
+
+[100] [Many members of the university became Protestants. The twenty-one
+men in St Andrews, whom the first General Assembly deemed qualified "for
+ministreing and teaching," were with few exceptions professors, or
+regents. For the number of the ecclesiastics who joined the congregation
+at St Andrews in the early months of the Reformation, see _supra_, p.
+13. In September, 1566, St Andrews was emphatically declared to be "the
+most flourishing city as to divine and human learning in all Scotland"
+(Laing's Knox, vi. 546).]
+
+[101] Laing's Knox, vi. 78.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE OLD SCOTTISH CONFESSION OF 1560.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Alleged Omission of a Chapter.]
+
+Knox, in his 'History of the Reformation,' has stated that the
+preparation of this Confession was entrusted to the same six ministers
+who were commissioned to draw up the Book of Discipline--viz., Wynram,
+Spottiswoode, Willock, Douglas, Row, and himself.[102] It has been
+frequently taken for granted that the Confession was prepared and
+revised within four days after the formal charge to frame it was issued
+by the Parliament, and that the Book of Discipline was not ordered to be
+prepared till after the Parliament of 1560 was adjourned. It is evident,
+however, from the dates specified in the Introduction, and at the
+conclusion of the copy of the Book of Discipline engrossed by Knox,[103]
+that the original charge to frame it had been granted on the 29th April
+1560, or just two days after the nobles and barons signed one of those
+"godly bands" or covenants[104] by which they pledged themselves to
+stand by each other in setting forward the Reformation of religion
+according to God's Word; and it can hardly be supposed that that book
+should have been taken in hand some months before the Parliament met,
+and that no attempt should have been made in this interval to prepare
+materials for the 'Confession of Faith.' Besides, Knox has not stated
+that within four days after the charge was formally issued the
+Confession was _prepared_, but only that it was _presented_, so that we
+may hold with Dr M'Crie that "the ministers were not unprepared for this
+task," which was then formally devolved on them by the Parliament. Knox
+has further stated that the Confession was accepted by the Parliament in
+the form in which it was laid before them _without change of a single
+sentence_.[105] Others supplement his statement by explaining that
+before it was publicly presented it was submitted privately to certain
+lords of Parliament, and by their direction was handed for revision to
+the rather time-serving Wynram and the anon time-serving and
+vacillating Laird of Lethington, who softened many harsh expressions in
+it, and even recommended the omission of a chapter or part of a chapter
+from it. This they say was a chapter bearing the title, "Of the
+obedience and disobedience due from subjects to magistrates."[106] But
+the chapter on the "Civil Magistrate" still found in the Confession
+treats so fully and expressly of the obedience due to magistrates, that
+it is difficult to see how place could ever have been sought for an
+additional chapter on the same subject. There may possibly at first have
+stood in the chapter still retained some such clause or sentence
+regarding the _limits_ of obedience as we find in the corresponding
+chapter of some of the Genevan symbolical books,[107] and this may have
+been the matter deemed unfit to be "entreated of" at that time, and
+recommended by the revisers to be omitted; or it may be that, after all,
+their recommendation and the suggestions of the English ambassador on
+the subject were not followed in this instance, and that we have the
+chapter still as it was originally framed by Knox and his
+associates.[108]
+
+In endeavouring to form an estimate of the real merits of this
+Confession, we must make due allowance for the circumstances in which it
+was composed. Even though we suppose that the materials of it had been
+collected beforehand, only four days seem to have been allowed to the
+committee to put them into final shape.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the Confession.]
+
+We must not look either on the one hand for an exhaustive and logical
+elaboration of the several doctrines of the system and nicely balanced
+statement of complementary truths, or on the other for a careful
+avoidance of incidental expressions which seem dogmatically to determine
+points not fully or directly handled in the places where we should have
+expected them to be so. Yet, if we make such due allowance, look at it
+from the proper point of view, and peruse the work not only in the now
+obsolete Scotch, but also in the neat Latin version which often
+accompanies it, and is said to have been the work of Archbishop
+Adamson,[109] we shall not hesitate to own that it holds a
+distinguished place among the Confessions of that age, and is a credit
+to our reformer and his associates. Coinciding not infrequently in
+expression and agreeing generally in its definitions of doctrine with
+the other Reformed or Calvinistic Confessions (an agreement which its
+framers explicitly testified by inserting among the subordinate
+standards of their church, first Calvin's Catechism, and a few years
+after the Later Helvetic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism), the
+Scottish Confession of 1560 had characteristics of its own,--a framework
+rather historical than dogmatic, and a liberal and manly, yet reverent
+and cautious spirit. It probably contributed to mould the early Scottish
+theology into a form somewhat less minute and rigid than the Swiss, yet
+considerably less vague and indefinite than the earlier English.
+
+The first topic deserving of notice, from the place it holds both in the
+preface and in the body of this treatise, is the distinct and hearty
+acknowledgment of the supreme authority of the written Word of God, or
+"the buiks of the Auld and New Testamentis," which books are briefly but
+sufficiently defined as those "quhilk of the ancient have been reputed
+canonicall."[110] In these they affirm "that all thingis necessary to
+be beleeved for the salvation of mankinde is sufficiently expressed,"
+and to these they desire in all things to conform, protesting that, if
+any man should note any article or sentence in their Confession contrary
+to the Scriptures, and should "of his gentleness" admonish them of the
+same, they "do promise unto him satisfactioun fra the mouth of God, that
+is, fra His Haly Scriptures, or else reformation of that quhilk he sal
+prove to be amisse."[111]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fall and the Remedy.]
+
+In the opening chapter the unity and attributes of God, and the trinity
+of persons in the Godhead, are briefly but definitely treated of.[112]
+In subsequent chapters the divinity of our blessed Lord is fully
+asserted, and the "heresies of Arius, Marcion, Eutyches, Nestorius, and
+sik uthers as either did denie the eternitie of His Godhead, or the
+veritie of His humaine nature, or confounded them or zit devided them,"
+are specifically rejected.[113] The second chapter treats of the
+creation and fall of our first parents, while the third treats of the
+effects of the fall in language no less explicit than that of the other
+Protestant Confessions, Lutheran and Reformed; and as it not only
+clearly embodies the teaching of our reformers on this subject, but
+gives a brief summary of their views regarding the application of the
+Gospel remedy, it may be as well I should quote it at length. It is as
+follows: "Be quhilk transgressioun, commonlie called original sinne,
+_wes the image of God utterlie defaced in man_, and he and his
+posteritie of nature become enimies to God, slaves to Sathan, and
+servandis unto sin.[114] In samekle that deith everlasting hes had and
+sall have power and dominioun over all that have not been, ar not, or
+sall not be, regenerate from above: quhilk regeneratioun is wrocht be
+the power of the Holie Gost, working in the hartes of the elect of God
+ane assured faith in the promise of God reveiled to us in His Word, be
+quhilk faith we apprehend Christ Jesus with the graces and benefites
+promised in Him."[115]
+
+[Sidenote: The Eternal Decree.]
+
+[Sidenote: Alasco's Influence.]
+
+After this follow several chapters on the history of the promises of
+redemption, the preparation for the coming of the promised Redeemer,
+the dignity and constitution of His person, His incarnation,
+sufferings, and death, His resurrection and ascension, and the blessed
+effects resulting from them to His people. In another of these chapters
+distinct reference is made to "the eternall and immutable decree" from
+which the appointment of the God-man as our Redeemer, and "al our
+salvatioun springs and depends";[116] and in another all that is good in
+us is traced up to that decree of the eternal God who of mere grace
+elected us in Christ Jesus His Son before the foundation of the world
+was laid. The same mysterious subject is again referred to in the
+sixteenth chapter, which treats of the church, and, like the earlier
+Confession used by Knox's congregation at Geneva and our later
+Confession, identifies that invisible but real church, which is "the
+bodie and spouse" of Christ Jesus, with the elect of all ages, nations,
+and tongues, so that "as without Christ Jesus there is nouther life nor
+salvation, so sal there nane be participant therof bot sic as the Father
+hes given unto His Sonne," and who in time come unto Him.[117] Many
+individual expressions occurring in these chapters can be clearly traced
+to one or other of Calvin's Confessions, or to the earliest edition of
+his Institutes;[118] but the only Confession I can remember in which a
+similar, though shorter, history of the preparation for the coming
+Redeemer is given, is the 'Summa Doctrinæ' of John Alasco,[119] which
+may be regarded as the Confession of Faith, not only of the ministers
+but also of the members of the church of the foreigners in London. Knox
+was brought into contact with them both in London and in Frankfort,
+agreed with them generally in opinion, and largely adopted their forms
+and arrangements in matters of worship and discipline.
+
+[Sidenote: Justification.]
+
+A group of chapters[120] treats of the nature and work of the Holy
+Spirit, the cause of good works, the works which are reputed good, the
+perfection of the Law of God, and the imperfection of man. Those who
+have overlooked the explicit statement in the third chapter concerning
+the depravity of man have generally overlooked or failed to perceive the
+full significance of the emphatic statements in the twelfth chapter
+regarding our entire dependence for spiritual renovation, and all good,
+on the Holy Spirit. The words are: "Of nature we are so dead, so blind,
+and so perverse, that nether can we feill when we ar pricked, see the
+licht when it shines, nor assent to the will of God when it is reveiled,
+unles the Spirit of the Lord Jesus quicken that quhilk is dead, remove
+the darknesse from our myndes, and bowe our stubburne hearts to the
+obedience of His blessed will;"[121] and again, "As we willingly spoyle
+ourselves of all honour and gloir of our awin creation and redemption,
+so do we also of our regeneration and sanctification."[122] These
+statements, however they may be viewed by others, seem to me no less
+explicit than those of the later Confession, which have been sometimes
+contrasted with them. "This effectual call is of God's free and special
+Grace alone, not from anything at all foreseen in man, who is
+altogether passive therein _until_, being quickened and renewed by the
+Holy Spirit, he is thereby enabled to answer this call, and to embrace
+the Grace offered and conveyed in it."[123] The last of this group of
+chapters contains the fullest and most direct exposition the Confession
+embodies of the views of its framers in the article of Justification. It
+is as follows: "It behovis us to apprehend Christ Jesus with His justice
+and satisfaction, quha is the end and accomplishment of the Law, be
+quhome we ar set at this liberty that the curse and malediction of God
+fall not upon us, albeit we fulfill not the same in al pointes. For God
+the Father, beholding us in the body of His Sonne Christ Jesus, acceptis
+our imperfite obedience as it were perfite, and covers our warks, quhilk
+ar defyled with mony spots, with the justice of His Sonne."[124] To the
+same effect it is said in chapter xxv. that "albeit sinne remaine and
+continuallie abyde in thir our mortall bodies, zit it is not imputed
+unto us, bot is remitted and covered with Christ's justice."[125] It has
+been questioned, however, whether we have in these statements the
+doctrine taught generally in the reformed churches regarding the
+_articulus stantis vel cadentis ecclesiæ_. This can be a question only
+with those who forget that the church which received this Confession,
+and required her adult members to assent to the heads of it, appointed
+for the instruction of her youth the Catechism in which this doctrine of
+Calvin is stated in his own words; and that the very men[126] who in
+1560 drew it up, in 1566, along with their brethren of the General
+Assembly, declared of the _Later Helvetic Confession_--which is
+admitted to contain what has been termed "the Lutherano-Calvinian view"
+of justification--that therein was "most faithfully, holily, piously,
+and indeed divinely explained" what they themselves had for eight years
+been constantly teaching, and still by the grace of God continued to
+teach, and that in consequence they felt constrained not only to express
+their approval, but their "exceeding commendation of every chapter and
+of every sentence," save the one relating to holidays.[127] It may be
+taken for granted that they knew their own meaning, and that of their
+Swiss brethren;[128] the more especially as in our day Stähelin, whose
+impartiality and historical reputation will not be challenged, has
+adduced the statement in chapter xv. as one of his proofs that Calvin
+himself could not have framed the Scotch Confession otherwise than Knox
+has done.[129]
+
+[Sidenote: Notes of the True Church.]
+
+The nature of the church, and the notes by which the true church is to
+be discerned, are explained in chapters xvi. and xviii. As in most of
+the other Reformed or Calvinistic Confessions, greater prominence is
+assigned to the Invisible Church, consisting of the elect of all times
+and nations, than to the general visible church subsisting at any
+particular time in the world and embracing all who profess faith in
+Christ and submit to the godly discipline He has prescribed. The notes
+by which it may be discerned whether any branch of the professing church
+is indeed part of the true Kirk of Christ are stated _negatively_--not
+to be "antiquitie, title usurpit, lineal descente, place appointed, nor
+multitude of men approving," as Roman Catholics were wont to allege; and
+_positively_ to be "the trew preaching of the Worde of God," "the right
+administration of the Sacraments," and "ecclesiastical discipline
+uprightlie ministred as Goddis Worde prescribes."[130] "These articles,"
+as Principal Lee has so pithily expressed it, "have been almost as
+disagreeable to some Episcopalian writers as they were to the most
+servile adherents of the pope. It is thought a most dangerous omission
+to make no mention of uninterrupted succession and conveyance of
+authority from the apostles. This omission has been somewhat incorrectly
+charged against the reformers of our church. They do certainly mention
+_lineal succession_, but they mention it only to disown it. They say
+that though the Jewish priests in our Saviour's time 'lineally descended
+from Aaron,' yet no 'man of sound judgment will grant that they were the
+Church of God.'"[131] They further assert that wherever the three notes
+given above are found and continue for any time (be the number never so
+few above two or three), there without all doubt is the true Kirk of
+Christ, who according to His promise is in the midst of them; and in
+this they are borne out not only by Calvin but by Luther, who boldly
+affirmed: "Were I the only man on earth that held by the Word, _I alone
+would be the church_, and I would be justified in pronouncing of all the
+rest of the world that it was not the church."
+
+[Sidenote: Two Sacraments only.]
+
+The only other parts of the Confession I deem it necessary to refer to
+in this review of it are the chapters relating to the sacraments and the
+right use of them. It was asserted some years ago by a leader of modern
+thought in Scotland that Knox did not go beyond the Zwinglian doctrine
+regarding the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper; and that his Order for the
+administration of it was a bold protest against the "mystical jargon"
+which Luther employed, and from which Calvin was not free. When he made
+this assertion he seems to have forgot that the address in Knox's Order
+for the administration of the Lord's Supper was little else than a
+translation of that in Calvin's Liturgy, and teaches exactly the same
+mystical doctrine. This doctrine is no less explicitly taught in the
+Confession; and Stähelin, whose competence to judge in the matter cannot
+be questioned, maintains that the Zwinglian doctrine is as explicitly
+rejected as the Romano-Lutheran; and that the language as well as the
+doctrine closely resembles Calvin's. The text of the common editions of
+the Confession speaks of two _chief_ sacraments only as being appointed
+under the New Testament as well as under the Old. From this expression,
+some, who are more familiar with Anglican than with Calvinistic
+formularies, have concluded that Knox, like several of the earlier
+English reformers, attributed a _quasi_-sacramental character to some of
+the other rites regarded as sacraments by the Romanists. But in the
+copy of the Confession reprinted in Dr Laing's edition of Knox's History
+the word _chief_ is omitted in the second instance, and the clause runs
+_two sacraments only_.[132] Perhaps it will be accepted as some
+confirmation of the correctness of this reading that it is identical
+with that found in Alasco's 'Epitome Doctrinæ Ecclesiarum Frisiæ
+Orientalis,' from which treatise the opening sentence of chapter xxi. of
+the Scottish Confession may possibly have been taken,[133] though the
+verbal coincidence with the early edition of Calvin's Institutes is in
+some respects more marked.
+
+[Sidenote: Type of Scottish Theology.]
+
+Such are the main contents and general bearing of this ancient Scottish
+Confession. Notwithstanding the confident assertions to the contrary
+made of late both within and without the Presbyterian churches, I
+venture to think that no one who, with a good conscience and honest
+intent, could sign that Confession, and answer in the affirmative the
+questions regarding election put to candidates for the ministry at their
+ordination, need hesitate to put his name to that which in 1647 was
+received as "in nothing contrary" to the former, and held its place
+alongside of it even after the restoration of Charles II., and under the
+episcopal _régime_.[134] Most assuredly at least no one need hesitate to
+do so who would have put his name to that Confession which was drawn up
+in the time of the first episcopacy,[135] and which is quite as
+distinctively Calvinistic as the Westminster Confession, while it
+ventures incidentally to determine some points the Westminster divines
+have wisely left undetermined.[136] The old Confession can advance no
+claim to the terse English style, the logical accuracy, the judicial
+calmness, and intimate acquaintance with early patristic theology which
+characterise that mature product of the faith and thought of the more
+learned Puritans of the south. I am not ashamed to avow that it has long
+appeared to me that there is somewhat to be said in favour of the
+opinion that Scottish presbyterianism gained quite as much as, nay, more
+than, it lost, by being brought into contact with the broader, richer,
+and decidedly more catholic spirit of the south, and adding to its
+earlier symbolical books those which it still holds in common with
+almost all the orthodox presbyterians of the Anglo-Saxon race. No one
+who will take the trouble to read the report of the discussion on
+Arminianism in the Scottish General Assembly of 1638[137] will, I am
+sure, be so bold as to affirm that the type of theology then prevalent
+among Scottish ministers was in any material respect different from that
+which was set forth in the Confession of 1647, and which has never
+since, either under episcopal or presbyterian _régime_, been set aside
+in the National Church. The teaching of the latest of our symbolical
+books imposes nothing in regard to the doctrines known as
+Calvinistic[138] but what is explicitly contained in or fairly deducible
+from the earliest Confession drawn up for the English church at Geneva,
+of which Knox was pastor, and adopted (along with the larger one on
+which I have been commenting) at the beginning of the Reformation in
+Scotland, and printed in Scotch psalm-books[139] as late as 1638, in
+which it is asserted "which church is not seene to man's eye but only
+knowne to God, who of the lost sonnes of Adam hath ordained some as
+vessels of wrath to damnation, and hath chosen others as vessels of His
+mercy to bee saved, the which also in due time He calleth to integritie
+of life and godly conversation to make them a glorious church to
+Himselfe."[140]
+
+[Sidenote: Unmeasured Language.]
+
+Probably, however, the main argument against recurring to the old
+Scottish Confession of 1560 is that derived from the unmeasured language
+of vituperation in which it, as well as the contemporary forms of
+recantation[141] required of priests at that date, indulges when
+referring to the teaching of the members of the pre-Reformation church.
+No doubt it might be deemed sufficient proof of this to subjoin the
+examples furnished in chapter xviii. on the "Notis" or marks by which
+"the trewe Kirk is decernit fra the false," where the old church is
+designated the "pestilent synagoge," "the filthie synagogue," and "the
+horrible harlot, the kirk malignant"[142]--the last words no doubt meant
+as a translation of the Vulgate rendering of Psalm xxvi. 5, _ecclesiam
+malignantium_,[143] translated "the congregation of evil doers" in our
+authorised English version. But I may add, in corroboration, that in
+chapter xxi. on the true uses of the sacraments, the papists are charged
+with having "perniciouslie taucht and damnablie beleeved" the
+transubstantiation of the bread into Christ's natural body and of wine
+into his natural blood,[144] and that in the last chapter the language
+of Rev. xiv. 11 ("the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and
+ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his
+image") is adduced in proof of the ultimate fate of those who delight in
+superstition or idolatry.[145]
+
+The same unrestrained spirit is shown in some contemporary Confessions,
+notably in the earliest Danish one, the framers of which seem to have
+kept closer to Luther than to the more gentle Melanchthon: but however
+excusable it may have been in the fierce battle then forced on them,
+there can be no doubt that the calmer and more measured language of the
+later Confession is a decided improvement on the statements of the
+earlier one; and I do not hesitate to say that, with the simpler formula
+of 1693-94 recently restored, and the explanatory act which accompanies
+it--emphasising the distinction between matters of minor importance and
+the great doctrines of the faith--the position of the ministers of our
+church in these respects is as nearly what it should be as is that of
+the ministers in any of the allied Presbyterian churches.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[102] Laing's Knox, ii. 128.
+
+[103] Ibid., ii. 183, 257.
+
+[104] [For this band, see Laing's Knox, ii. 61-64.]
+
+[105] ["Quhilk thay willinglie acceptit and within foure dayis presentit
+this Confessioun as it followis, without alteratioun of any ane
+sentence." (Laing's Knox, ii. 92).]
+
+[106] [These statements are based on the information which Randolph sent
+to Cecil on 7th September 1560 (Laing's Knox, vi. 120, 121).]
+
+[107] "At vero in praefectorum obedientia unum semper excipiendum ne ab
+ejus obedientia nos deducat, cujus decretis regum omnium jussa cedere
+par est.... Adversus ipsum si quid imperent nullo sit nec loco nec
+numero, sed illa potius sententia locum habeat, obediendum Deo magis
+quam hominibus."
+
+[108] This seems to be the opinion of Dr Laing (Knox's Works, vi. 121,
+n.) Indeed one can hardly read chapter xviii. without having a suspicion
+induced that Knox may have proved too strong for them in regard to some
+of what they termed the more harsh expressions in the treatise, as well
+as in regard to the particular chapter in question.
+
+[109] [The Scotch and Latin versions are printed in parallel columns in
+Dunlop's 'Collection of Confessions' ii. 13-98.]
+
+[110] "Libros, qui ab infantia usque ecclesiae semper habiti sunt
+canonici" (Latin version, Dunlop, ii. 70).
+
+[111] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 17, 18; Laing's Knox, ii. 96. A similar
+protestation is made in the Preface to the First Book of Discipline
+(Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 518; Laing's Knox, ii. 184).
+
+[112] The sources from which this chapter was taken can still be pretty
+clearly traced. I place in parallel columns its statements and those of
+the two Confessions from which it was probably taken:--
+
+"We confesse and acknawledge           "Je confesse qu'il y a un seul
+ane only God, to whom only we          Dieu auquel il nous faut tenir,
+must cleave, whom onelie we must       pour le servir, adorer, et y avoir
+serve, whom onelie we must worship,    notre fiance et refuge."--Confession
+and in whom onelie we must             subscribed by students
+put our trust.                         in Academy in Geneva.
+
+"Who is eternall, infinit,             "I beleve and confesse my
+unmeasurable, incomprehensible,        Lorde God eternal, infinite,
+omnipotent, invisible: ane in          unmeasurable, incomprehensible,
+substance, and zit distinct in         and invisible, one in substance,
+thre personnis, the Father, the        and three in persone, Father,
+Sone, and the Holie Gost."--Old        Sonne, and Holy Ghoste."--Confession
+Scottish Confession, in Dunlop's       of English Congregation
+Confessions, ii. 21, 22.               at Geneva, in Laing's Knox, iv.
+                                       169; Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 3.
+
+[113] This also comes from a Genevan source:--
+
+"We condemne the damnable              "Ideirco detestor omnes haereses
+and pestilent heresies of Arius,       huic principio contrarias
+Marcion, Eutyches, Nestorius,          puta Marcionis, Manetis, Nestorii,
+and sik uthers."--Old Scottish         Eutychetis, et similium."--Genevan
+Confession, as above, ii. 31.          Confession.
+
+[114] Extraneum ab omni benedictione Dei, Satanae mancipium, sub peccati
+jugo captivum, horribili denique exitio destinatum et jam
+implicitum.--Calvin.
+
+[115] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 24, 25; Laing's Knox, ii. 98. It has
+been questioned if this description of faith is one which Calvin and his
+stricter followers would have used. But nothing is more common, even in
+the earliest edition of his Institutes, than to find him describing
+faith as the apprehension of Christ with His gifts, or graces, as well
+as with His righteousness: "Apprehendimus ac obtinemus et ... Christi
+_dona_ amplectimur, quod ipsum est habere veram, ut decet fidem." "Haec
+omnia nobis a Deo offeruntur ac dantur in Christo Domino nostro nempe
+remissio peccatorum gratuita, ... _dona et gratiae_ Spiritus Sancti si
+certâ fide ea amplectimur." In one of these chapters [of the Scottish
+Confession] relating to the incarnation of Christ Jesus, He is spoken of
+not only, as in most of the Protestant Confessions, as the promised
+Messiah, the just seed of David, the Immanuel, or God in our nature--God
+and man in one person--but also as the _Angel of the great counsel of
+God_ [Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 31; Laing's Knox, ii. 99]. This
+expression is no doubt a translation of the μεγαλης βουλης
+αγγελος of the Septuagint, and is the more remarkable, not only as
+showing familiarity on the part of some of the framers of the Confession
+with a somewhat unusual rendering of one of the most explicit Messianic
+prophecies of Isaiah, but also as showing that they had perceived the
+true significance of an expression which last century gave rise to no
+little discussion and misconception. So far as I can remember, this
+remarkable expression does not appear in any other of the Protestant
+Confessions of that age.
+
+[116] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 32; Laing's Knox, ii. 100.
+
+[117] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 60, 61; Laing's Knox, ii. 108.
+
+[118] The following are a few specimens of close verbal coincidence
+between the Scottish Confession and the first edition of Calvin's
+Institutes:--
+
+1. "It behooved that the               Filii Dei sumus quod naturalis
+Sonne of God suld descend unto         Dei Filius sibi corpus ex corpore
+us, and tak himself a bodie of         nostro, carnem ex carne nostra
+our bodie, flesh of our flesh, and     ossa ex ossibus nostris composuit
+bone of our bones, and so become       ut idem nobiscum esset.
+the Mediator betwixt God
+and man, giving power to so
+many as beleeve in Him to be
+the sonnes of God."--Dunlop,
+ii. 33, 34.
+
+2. "Quhatsaever wee have               Ut quod in Adamo perdidimus
+tynt in Adam is restored unto us       Christus restitueret.
+agayne."--Dunlop, ii. 34.
+
+3. "It behooved farther the            Praeterea sic nostra referebat,
+Messias and Redemer to be very         verum esse Deum et hominem
+God and very man, because He           qui Redemptor noster futurus
+was to underlie the punischment        esset.... Prodiit ergo verus
+due for our transgressiouns, and       homo, Dominus noster, Adae
+to present himselfe in the presence    personam induit ... ut Patri
+of His Father's judgment               se obedientem pro eo exhiberet
+as in our persone to suffer for our    ut carnem nostram in satisfactionem
+transgression and inobedience,         justo Dei judicio statueret
+be death to overcome him that          ac sisteret, ut in eâdem carne
+was author of death. Bot because       peccati poenam persolveret.
+the onely Godhead culd                 Quum denique mortem nec solus
+not suffer death, neither zit culd     Deus sentire, nec solus homo
+the onlie manhead overcome the         superare posset, humanitatem
+samin, He joyned both togither         cum divinitate sociavit ut alterius
+in one persone that the imbecillitie   imbecillitatem morti in poenam
+of the ane suld suffer and             persolveret, alterius virtute
+be subject to death quhilk we          adversus mortem in victoriam
+had deserved: and the infinit          luctaretur.
+and invincible power of the
+uther, to wit, of the God-head,
+suld triumph and purchesse to us
+life, libertie, and perpetuall
+victory."--Dunlop, ii. 35, 36.
+
+4. "That Hee being the                 Judicis scilicet sententia damnatus
+cleane, innocent Lambe of God,         pro nocente et malefico ut
+was damned in the presence of          apud summi judicis _tribunal_ ejus
+an earthlie judge, that we suld        damnatione absolveremur.
+be absolved befoir the _tribunal_
+seat of our God."--Dunlop, ii.
+37, 38.
+
+5. "Suffered ... the cruell            Crucifixus in cruce quae Dei
+death of the Crosse, quhilk was        lege maledicta fuerat.
+accursed be the sentence of
+God."--Dunlop, ii. 38.
+
+6. "Suffered for a season the          Divini judicii horrorem et
+wrath of His Father quhilk sinners     severitatem sensisse ... luens
+had deserved. Bot zit we               poenas non suae ... sed nostrae
+avow that He remained the only         iniquitati. Neque tamen
+wel-beloved and blessed Sonne          intelligendum est patrem illi
+of His Father, even in the middest     unquam iratum fuisse. Quomodo
+of His anguish and                     enim dilecto filio, in quo illi
+torment."--Dunlop, ii. 38.             complacitum est, irasceretur.
+
+[119] Alasco's Works, ii. 296, 298.
+
+[120] Chapters xii.-xv.
+
+[121] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 46. "Sunt autem dona Spiritus Sancti,
+per quem regeneramur, e diaboli potestate et vinculis explicamur, in
+filios Dei gratuito adoptamur, ad omne opus bonum sanctificamur."--Calvin.
+
+[122] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 47.
+
+[123] Westminster Confession, chap. x.
+
+[124] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 58. There is hardly one of these
+expressions that may not be found in Calvin's Institutes:--
+
+It behoves us to apprehend             Confiteor nos justificari per
+Christ Jesus with His justice and      fidem quâtenus per eam apprehendimus
+satisfaction.                          Jesum Christum.
+
+We are set at this liberty             Omni execratione quae nobis
+that the curse and malediction         incumbebat eximeremur dum in
+of the law fall not upon us.           eum traduceret. Fides, in Christi
+                                       damnatione absolutionem,
+                                       benedictionem in maledictione,
+                                       apprehendit.
+
+God the Father, beholding              Ubi nos in filii sui communionem
+us in the body of His Son Christ       semel recepit, opera
+Jesus, accepts our imperfect           nostra grata acceptaque habet,
+obedience as it were perfect.          non quod ita promereantur sed
+                                       quia condonatâ eorum imperfectione,
+                                       nil in illis intuetur, nisi
+                                       quod a Spiritu suo profectum,
+                                       purum ac sanctum est.
+
+_Covers_ our works, which are          Nullae nostrae sordes aut
+defiled with many spots, with          immunditiae imperfectionis
+the justice of His Son.                imputantur, sed illa puritate
+                                       Christi ac perfectione velut
+                                       sepultae _conteguntur_.
+                                       Cujus perfectione tegatur
+                                       nostra imperfectio. See also
+                                       Calvin's Catechism in Dunlop's
+                                       Confessions, ii. 175.
+
+[125] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 95; Laing's Knox, ii. 119.
+
+[126] [Of the six, all save Willock sign the letter to Beza on 4th
+September 1566 (Laing's Knox, vi. 548-550).]
+
+[127] Laing's Knox, vi. 546-548.
+
+[128] Considerable ingenuity has been expended in the attempt to show
+that the words "who is the end and accomplishment of the law" are to be
+understood in some other than their most obvious and commonly received
+meaning. Without questioning the competency of such ingenious rather
+than ingenuous exposition, were a case raised before the judicial
+committee of a modern privy council to have the expounder tried and
+condemned as a heretic, I venture to think that when the matter to be
+determined is rather what, in point of fact, did Knox and his associates
+hold and teach, the following brief quotation from the "godly and
+perfect" treatise of Balnaves on Justification must go pretty near to
+settle it: "Christ is the end of the law (unto righteousnes) to all that
+beleeve--that is, Christ is the consummation and fulfilling of the lawe,
+and that justice whiche the lawe requireth; and all they which beleeve
+in Him are just by imputation through faith, and for His sake are repute
+and accepted as just" (Laing's Knox, iii. 492). If more than this has
+been taught in recent times, I should be greatly inclined with Principal
+Lee to trace it to Jonathan Edwards, or perhaps even to the great
+Independent, Dr Owen, rather than to the Westminster divines, or the
+earlier Scottish.
+
+[129] Stähelin's Johannes Calvin, ii. 88.
+
+[130] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 66-68; Laing's Knox, ii. 110.
+
+[131] Lee's Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, i. 124,
+125.
+
+[132] Laing's Knox, ii. 113. [In the Confession, as printed in the Acts
+of the Parliaments of 1560 and 1567 ratifying it, the word _chief_ is
+retained (Acts of Parliament, ii. 532; iii. 20). The Confession of 1616
+bears that: "We believe that there be only two sacraments appointed by
+Christ under the New Testament, Baptisme and the Lord's Supper" ('Booke
+of the Universall Kirk,' iii. 1137). Concerning the sacraments the First
+Book of Discipline says: "They be two, to wit, Baptism and the Holy
+Supper of the Lord Jesus" (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 520; Laing's Knox,
+ii. 186).]
+
+[133] Hujus generis _duo praecipua_ in vetere ecclesiâ fuerunt
+circumcisio et agnus paschalis. Nos illorum loco _duo_ etiam habemus
+baptismum et caenam domini.
+
+[134] "The Confession of Faith made by Mr Knox, and ratified in
+Parliament by King James VI., together with the Westminster Confession
+(both agreed on by the General Assembly of Presbyters), are owned next
+to the Word of God, by both parties, as the Standard of the doctrine of
+our Church" (Case of Suffering Church of Scotland).
+
+[135] It is printed at length in Calderwood's History, vii. 233-242; and
+also in the 'Booke of the Universall Kirk,' iii. 1132-1139; and is
+supposed to have been mainly the work of Howie, Melville's successor at
+St Andrews.
+
+[136] [In speaking of this Confession of 1616, Dr Grub says that it
+"agrees with the old one in all important points, the chief difference
+being in its more marked enunciation of the doctrine of Calvin in regard
+to election and predestination" (Grub's History, ii. 306).]
+
+[137] Printed in Peterkin's Records of the Kirk, pp. 155-160.
+
+[138] Generally so designated, but really as old as the days of Paul and
+Augustine.
+
+[139] [After 1564-65, the Book of Common Order was usually printed with
+a complete metrical version of the Psalms (Laing's Knox, vi. 279, 280,
+284); and was comprehended under the name 'Psalm Book' (_infra_, p.
+128). Mr Cowan, of 47 Braid Avenue, Edinburgh, informs me that the
+Confession, drawn up for the English congregation at Geneva, appears in
+every edition of the Book of Common Order which he has examined, from
+the Geneva edition of 1556 down to the edition printed by Evan Tyler in
+1644.]
+
+[140] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 8; Laing's Knox, iv. 171, 172.
+
+[141] [These forms of recantation may be seen in the Maitland
+Miscellany, iii. 215-221; and in the Register of St Andrews
+Kirk-session, Scot. Hist. Soc., i. 11-18.]
+
+[142] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 65, 66; Laing's Knox, ii. 109, 110.
+
+[143] The designation is undoubtedly Knoxian, as it occurs in his
+dispute with Friar Arbuckill in 1547. To the reformer's assertion "that
+the spous of Christ had nether power nor authoritie against the Word of
+God," the Friar replied, "Yf so be, ye will leave us na kirk;" and to
+that the reformer rejoined, "In David I read that thare is a church of
+the malignantis, for he sayis, _Odi ecclesiam malignantium_. That church
+ye may have without the Word, ... of that church yf ye wilbe, I can not
+impead yow" (Laing's Knox, i. 200).
+
+[144] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 80; Laing's Knox, ii. 114.
+
+[145] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 96, 97.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE BOOK OF COMMON ORDER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: At Frankfort.]
+
+This, though in point of time the first composed of the symbolical books
+of the Scottish Reformation, was the last to be formally assigned its
+honoured place. The title it commonly bore in that age was the Book of
+Common Order. In the First Book of Discipline it is called "the Order of
+Geneva" and "the Book of our Common Order."[146] In recent times it has
+been more generally designated as Knox's Liturgy. It has usually been
+deemed sufficient to say that it was drawn up and first privately and
+then publicly printed at Geneva, and was directly taken from the liturgy
+then used there, as well as approved by Calvin. But this is only
+partially true. The first English congregation on the Continent which
+invited Knox to be one of its pastors was that formed at Frankfort in
+1554, and admitted to hold its services in the same church as the
+congregation of French-speaking exiles on condition of using the same
+ceremonies and Confession of Faith as the French.[147] The minister and
+other office-bearers accordingly signed the Confession of Faith along
+with those of the French congregation, and it was ultimately
+incorporated into the Book of Common Order as the exposition of the
+Apostles' Creed in the baptismal service. The first draft of the Book of
+Common Order was drawn up before the end of 1554, and privately
+printed,[148] to implement the stipulation for conformity with the
+French in ceremonies as well as in Confession of Faith, and it seems to
+have been mainly owing to Knox that it was not adopted at once, but that
+time was given for circulating and examining it. Unfortunately the
+ambitious plan was taken of inviting the English exiles at Strassburg
+and Zurich to join with them in their proposed action, which led to
+those unfortunate disputes, chronicled at length in the 'Troubles at
+Frankfort,' and to the departure of a large number of the English exiles
+to Geneva, where through the kindness of Calvin a hospitable reception
+was promised them, and the Church of Marie la Neuve was assigned for
+their services and those of the Italian exiles, but without any
+hampering clause about identity of ceremonies or Confession of Faith.
+The congregation which shared with the English exiles the church of "the
+white ladies," or Cistercian nuns, at Frankfort, consisted chiefly of
+the company of French-speaking exiles which had been originally gathered
+at Strassburg by Farel, tended for several years by Calvin, and then by
+Poullain, or Pollanus, under whom, when the Interim was imposed on the
+city, they had to seek a new home. This they ultimately found in
+England, to which Bucer and Martyr from the same city had already been
+invited and had gone. Glastonbury Abbey was assigned for their residence
+by the king and council, and there they lived in peace and quiet till
+the close of the reign of Edward VI. In 1551 Pollanus published the
+first edition of his 'Liturgia Sacra seu Ritus ministerii in ecclesia
+peregrinorum profugorum propter Evangelium Christi Argentinæ.' No doubt
+he had heard that the favour shown to Alasco and his congregations of
+French and Flemings in London was intended to help on further
+reformation in the Church of England also, and so in a lengthy
+dedication to the king he bespeaks his favour not only to his
+congregation but also to their book, affirming "ut in cultu Dei externo
+ita etiam in disciplina morum nullam esse puriorem aut quæ propius
+accedat ad illam quæ fuit temporibus Apostolorum." No doubt it was in a
+similar spirit and in similar terms that he pressed the forms of his
+book on the acceptance of the English exiles at Frankfort, and to a
+great extent with success. Their Book of Common Order is founded on
+Farel's and Calvin's services, but is so after these services have
+passed through the alembic of Pollanus and been modified and
+supplemented by him. This will appear from several of the notes
+subjoined, and will be more fully shown in the Appendix.[149]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Authority.]
+
+The exclusive authority of this book--previously drafted but first used
+in Knox's congregation at Geneva--was not asserted by the General
+Assembly till 1564: nevertheless, even in 1560, the Book of Discipline
+indicated a very marked preference for its regulations, speaking not
+only of it as the book of _our_ Common Order, already used in some
+churches, but specially commended its form for administration of the
+Lord's Supper; and in giving directions for the celebration of the
+sacraments and marriage, and for the burial of the dead, it followed
+closely the regulations of this book. In 1561 Quintine Kennedy, Abbot of
+Crossraguel, in his oration against the Protestants, alluded to it in
+such a way as implied that it was already well known and in general use
+in Scotland.[150] In 1562 the General Assembly enjoined the observance
+of a uniform Order in the administration of the sacraments and the
+celebration of marriage according to the "Booke of Geneva"--_i.e._, the
+Order used by Knox's congregation there;[151] and in 1564 it further
+ordained that "everie minister, exhorter, and reader sall have one of
+the Psalme Bookes latelie printed in Edinburgh, and use the Order
+contained therein [that is, the Order in Knox's Book] in prayers,
+marriage, and ministration of the sacraments."[152]
+
+[Sidenote: Early Practice in Scotland.]
+
+There seems sufficient reason to believe that for some years before the
+establishment of the Reformed Church, the morning and evening prayers,
+along with the lessons from Holy Scripture, as contained in the Second
+Prayer Book of Edward VI., were used at least in part of the assemblies
+held by the reformed for worship and mutual edification;[153] and
+perhaps they may have continued to be so used for a year or two
+afterwards, though no formal sanction was ever given by the General
+Assembly even to those parts of that book, still less to the other parts
+to which Knox's party had always objected. But it is now ascertained
+that as early as 1556, or at least 1557, Knox had recommended, and that
+soon after some of the more fully organised congregations adopted, a
+form of service more simple, and more nearly resembling the Genevan than
+the Anglican.[154] It is known that when the treaty of peace between
+France, England, and Scotland was being negotiated in July 1560, the
+ministers and congregation of Scotland, thinking their own profession
+after the order and discipline of Geneva to be more pure than the
+Anglican, as containing no other ceremonies than are expressly mentioned
+in the Scriptures, "wald not ressave or admitt any uther."[155]
+
+[Sidenote: Knox and the English Liturgy.]
+
+Randolph, the English ambassador, in his letters to his Government, not
+only admits that they were "lothe to remytte anie thing of that that
+thei _have receaved_,"[156] but also leads us to conclude that the
+practice of their leading ministers in public worship at this early date
+was not very dissimilar to that of their successors in the next
+century. "The Byshop of Athens," he says, "preacheth earnestly, and
+prayethe hartely for the Queene's Majestie our Soveraigne, and greatly
+extollethe her benefyttes; Mr Wyllocke specially by name prayethe both
+for France and Englande; Mr Knox, universally for all Prynces lyvinge in
+the feare of God, desyring Him to turne the hartes of other, and to
+sende them in the rycht way."[157] About the same period, in one of his
+letters to Mrs Lock, Knox links together "Mr Parson's _pattering of his_
+CONSTRAINED _prayers_" and "the masse-munging of Mr Vicar and of his
+wicked companions," in such a way as shows that he was no great admirer
+of the one or the other.[158] In tolerating for a little the use of the
+morning and evening services of the Prayer Book of Edward VI., our
+reformers can be judged inconsistent only by those who do not know that
+in the time of the good King Edward considerably greater latitude was
+allowed in the celebration of those services than has ever since been
+suffered in the sister church. The minister, for instance, was expressly
+permitted to shorten them _according_ to his _discretion_ when a sermon
+or other divine ordinance was to follow. He had a sort of sanction for
+any neglect of minuter directions as to kneeling, crossing, &c., from a
+general rubric which intimated that these things were to be left free
+"as every man's devotion serveth." He had also a pretty full indulgence
+practically conceded for deviating from the strict injunctions of the
+book in regard to surplices and other ecclesiastical vestments,[159]
+which were never adopted or tolerated by Knox and his associates, the
+rigid enforcement of which in the days of Queen Elizabeth produced great
+misery and discontent at the time, and paved the way for more and
+greater in the days of James and Charles, her successors. It is by no
+means so clear as some have recently asserted it to be, that Knox used
+this liturgy habitually when he was in England, acting as one of the
+court chaplains and special preachers in the time of Edward VI. The
+observance of the liturgy was not enforced in the northern part of the
+kingdom when Knox began his labours there. And even at the time when he
+removed to the southern province it was not necessary that he should use
+the liturgy in the office he held, as the special preachers of that day,
+and even the lecturers for long after, often delivered their discourses
+in the open air, and used before them only free prayer or a short prayer
+similar to that which is still employed by the university preachers at
+Oxford and Cambridge. It was not till a considerably later period that
+"to gall tender consciences" it was required of all _lecturers_ and
+_special preachers_ that they should also personally read the liturgy so
+many times every year. Dr Lorimer has proved that Knox used at Berwick a
+simpler form of communion service, moulded so far as yet traced on Swiss
+and German offices.[160] And it can be established on the best of all
+authority--Knox's own testimony--that he neither approved of nor was
+willing to conform to the communion office. Then no sooner was he beyond
+the restraint of English law than he proposed for adoption in his
+congregation, first at Frankfort and then at Geneva, the form ultimately
+adopted in Scotland after his return thither.
+
+[Sidenote: A Guide or Moael.]
+
+As has been already mentioned, the exclusive authority of the Book of
+Common Order, as a guide and aid to ministers in conducting public
+worship and administering the sacraments, was asserted by the General
+Assembly in 1564. It continued to hold the place thus given to it down
+to 1637, when it was superseded, in so far as the king and his council
+were concerned, first, by what is known as Archbishop Laud's Liturgy,
+and then by an injunction of the disappointed prelates, which required
+that, till further order should be taken, neither the new nor the old
+liturgy should be used in the public services, in Edinburgh, but only
+those prayers which the ministers had been accustomed to make before and
+after their sermons.[161] Thus the bishops themselves were the unwitting
+instruments of first setting aside a partially liturgic, and introducing
+instead a wholly extemporary, form of worship into Scotland. There is no
+reason, however, for maintaining that the Book of Common Order, while it
+continued in authority, was regarded as more than a guide or model, at
+least to the ordained ministers, or can be so regarded by any one who
+studies with care its rubrics and general contents, far less was
+observed as a rigid liturgy, every word of which must be repeated
+unvaryingly by the officiating minister. It has indeed been maintained,
+even in recent times, and by ministers of the National Church, that "the
+idea of extemporaneous prayer as an appropriate vehicle of public
+devotion was one quite unknown to the Reformation." But this cannot be
+made good with respect to any of the Reformed or Calvinistic churches,
+and certainly least of all with respect to the National Church of
+Scotland at any period of its history. Our reformers laid it down in
+their First Book of Discipline as a fixed principle that "it is neither
+the clipping of their crownes, the greasing of their fingers,[162] nor
+the blowing of the dumb dogges called the bishops, neither the laying on
+of their hands, that maketh true ministers of Christ Jesus. But the
+Spirit of God, inwardly first moving the heart to seeke to enter in the
+holy calling for Christ's glory and the profite of His Kirk, and
+thereafter the nomination of the people, the examination of the learned,
+and publick admission, ... make men lawfull ministers."[163] They
+distinctly taught that no one was to be regarded as a lawful minister of
+Christ into whose mouth Christ had not put _some word of exhortation_
+or vouchsafed some gift of expounding and preaching the Word of
+God,[164] and they expressly encouraged their ministers to look for
+their Master's aid and guidance in praying as well as in preaching.
+Hence throughout their Book of Common Order they carefully abstained
+from imposing the _ipsissima verba_ of particular forms as rigidly
+binding, or even from encouraging their ministers to rest contented with
+the stated repetition of them.
+
+[Sidenote: Its tolerant Rubrics.]
+
+[Sidenote: Calderwood's Testimony.]
+
+[Sidenote: Row's Opinion.]
+
+"When the congregation is assembled," run its tolerant rubrics, "the
+minister useth one of these two confessions, or _like in effect_."[165]
+"This done, the people sing a psalme altogether in a plain tune, which
+ended, the minister prayeth for the assistance of God's Holie Spirit _as
+the same shall move his heart_, and so proceedeth to the sermon. The
+minister, after the sermon, useth this prayer following, or _such
+like_."[166] "Then the people sing a psalme, which ended, the minister
+pronounceth one of these blessings, and so the congregation
+departeth."[167] Such are its few and simple directions for the ordinary
+form of public worship; and as if even these might fail to beget in the
+minds of some of the old priests a sense of their freedom from minute
+restrictions and a burdensome ritual, it is added: "It shall not be
+necessarie for the minister daylie to repeat all these things before
+mentioned; but, beginning with _some maner of confession_, to proceede
+to the sermon, which ended, he either useth the prayer for all estates
+before mentioned, or else _prayeth as the Spirit of God shall move his
+heart_, framing the same according to the time and matter which he hath
+entreated of."[168] To the same effect, in the First Book of Discipline,
+after recommending that in all the large towns there should every day be
+either sermon or common prayers with reading of Scriptures, it is said:
+"What day[169] the publick sermon is, we can neither require _nor
+greatly approve_ that the common prayers be publickly used, lest that we
+should either foster the people in superstition, who come to the prayers
+as they come to the masse; or else give them occasion, that they think
+them no prayers which be made before and after sermons."[170] Even in
+the most solemn of its special services and in the most solemn part of
+it, the prayer of thanksgiving and consecration in the communion, the
+rubric is: "The minister ... giveth thanks either in these words
+following _or like in effect_."[171] The same thing is confirmed by many
+of the rubrics of the other occasional services in the Book of Common
+Order,[172] and by the express testimony of Calderwood, Row, and others
+who officiated as ministers of the church while the book was in use. The
+first named of these, though entertaining so strong a regard for its
+venerable forms that even on the approval of the Westminster Directory
+in 1645 he is said to have opposed the adoption of any Act expressly
+abrogating the Book of Common Order, had not hesitated when contrasting
+it with the English Liturgy thus to speak of the nature and extent of
+the submission expected to be given to it: "Habemus quidem nos etiam in
+Ecclesiâ nostra Agendas, et ordinem in sacris celebrandis servandum,
+_sed nemo alligatur precibus aut exhortationibus liturgiae nostrae_,
+proponuntur tantum ut peradigmata, quibus precum aut exhortationum
+materia et forma quoad substantialia indicantur, non ut eisdem verbis
+adstringantur ministri. Totos ego tredecim annos, quibus functus sum
+ministerio, sive in sacramentis, sive in aliis sacris celebrandis,
+exhortationibus aut precibus quae extant in Agendâ nostrâ, _nunquam usus
+sum_. Sic etiam alii complures; et omnibus etiam liberum est idem
+facere."[173] While in regard to the Liturgy by which it was attempted
+in 1637 to supplant the Book of Common Order, Row thus expresses
+himself: "Though they amend all those errours, and that in all the
+Service Book there were no materiall errour at all, neither masse nor
+popish ceremonie; and though they should read nothing but Canonicall
+Scripture, yea say that all their prayers and exhortations were merelie
+words of Holie Scripture, yit it is not lawfull to introduce a reading
+ministrie, and to stint men (gifted of God, who has the spirit of their
+calling, able ministers of the gospell who hes the Spirit of adoption
+teaching them to pray, Gal. iv. 6; Rom. viii. 26; and to whom God hes
+opened a doore of utterance, to speak the gospell with boldness, haveing
+touched their lips with a coall from His awin altar) to such a Liturgie
+as is to be made the onlie forme of God's publict worship. For though I
+confess good use may be made of a formed Liturgie and publict service,
+to serve for a rule to other kirks to fall on the like way, finding it
+warranted by the Word, and to be as a monument to the posteritie, who
+thence may learn what forms have been, are, and ought to be used; and
+that it may lead the way, and be a directorie to those that are
+beginning in the ministrie; yit certainlie reading of prayers and
+exhortations is not the way whereby the Lord in His Word has appoynted
+His servants of the ministrie to worship Him, or to convert, edifie, and
+comfort, or strengthen soulls; but seing they have receaved gifts for
+praying and preaching, they ought to stirre up the gift of God, and putt
+the talent to use; and though in their privat studies they may borrow
+some help from other men's gifts and labours, yit _neither is it lawfull
+for a man to tye himself, or for bishops to tye all ministers, to a
+prescript and stinted forme of words in prayer and exhortation_."[174]
+Henderson says that while they had their Directory and prescribed Order,
+they were "not tyed to set formes and words."[175]
+
+[Sidenote: Practice in other Reformed Churches.]
+
+It is plain, therefore, that the General Assembly, by the sanction it
+gave to the Book of Common Order, did not mean to restrict its ordained
+ministers to the use of a certain unvarying form of words, but to
+provide such a Directory or model as would guide them in "the substance
+and right ordering of all the parts of divine worship," as well as guide
+the readers and others not fully admitted to the ministry of the Word,
+through whose special aid alone they were able, in a time of so great
+dearth of qualified ministers, to supply in part the spiritual
+destitution of their countrymen. Nor in granting such an amount of
+liberty, at least to their ordained ministers, did they follow a course
+which was, as has been so confidently asserted, altogether novel, but
+rather, as in several other things, carried out more thoroughly and
+consistently[176] what others of the Reformed churches had adopted at
+least partially. In almost all the Reformed or Calvinistic liturgies the
+prayers are left partly free, and in several of them no form is
+furnished even as a guide or model for the prayer immediately preceding
+the sermon (and the same might be said of some of the earlier Lutheran
+_Agend-bücher_). In the churches of Basle, which probably in this
+respect only followed the general practice of the churches of East
+Switzerland, Hagenbach informs us that there was for fifty years after
+the Reformation no form of prayer, before or after sermon, imposed by
+public authority, and for fifty years longer only the prayer after
+sermon for all estates and conditions of men.[177] What, therefore,
+distinguished our reformers from their successors, and from the English
+Puritans of the seventeenth century, was not that the former disapproved
+of or curtailed free prayer while the latter advocated and encouraged
+it, but that the former retained in their Book of Common Order a variety
+of forms, not only as models, but also as aids to the officiating
+minister, while the latter put their Directory into such a shape that
+even the "help and furniture" it provided required the exercise of
+thought and care on the part of the minister to adapt it for use. This
+certainly was no great divergence, considering how thoroughly both
+parties were agreed, on the one hand, as to the liberty which should be
+left to ordained ministers, and, on the other, as to the limitations
+within which it should be confined.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers of the Readers.]
+
+From the notices given in his 'Order and Government of the Church of
+Scotland,' and from the specimens of Henderson's prayers which accompany
+his printed discourses, it is further evident that he, like Calderwood,
+habitually used free prayer both before and after sermon. There seems
+reason to suppose that in not a few cases the readers also before 1638
+took the liberty of varying from the forms in Knox's Book and exercising
+their own gifts. The charges made against the character of their
+prayers, in what is called the King's Declaration, but what was in
+reality the declaration of some of his prelates, is only intelligible on
+this supposition.[178] And the Assembly, as I read their deliverance,
+rather deny that the prayers of the readers were of the particular
+character charged than affirm they were the identical prayers contained
+in Knox's Book.[179]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[146] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 520, 583; Laing's Knox, ii. 186, 239.
+[In another passage it is spoken of as "the Booke of the Common Order,
+called the Order of Geneva" (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 548; Laing's
+Knox, ii. 210).] The Book of Common Order, which has been frequently
+reprinted, is included in vols. iv. and vi. of Dr Laing's edition of
+Knox's Works.
+
+[147] The extract from the minutes of the city council embodying these
+conditions, which I found in Withof's 'Vertheidigung' and communicated
+to Dr Hume Brown, was printed by him in the Appendix to his 'John Knox,'
+and is also reprinted here in Appendix D.
+
+[148] "At lenght it was agreed that the Order of Geneua (whiche then was
+alreadie printed in Englishe and some copies there amonge them) shulde
+take place as an Order moste godly and fardeste off from superstition.
+But Maister Knox beinge spoken unto, aswell to put that Order in
+practise, as to minister the communion, refused to do ether the one or
+the other, affirminge, that for manie considerations he coulde not
+consente that the same Order shulde be practised, till the lerned men
+off Strausbrough, Zurik, Emden, &c., were made privy" (Brief Discourse
+of the Troubles begun at Frankfort in the year 1554, Petheram's reprint,
+p. xxvii). We have the following additional entry: "After longe
+debatinge to and fro, it was concluded that Maister Knox, Maister
+Whittingham, Maister Gilby, Maister Fox and Maister T. Cole shulde drawe
+forthe some Order meete for their state and time: whiche thinge was by
+them accomplished and offred to the congregation (beinge the same Order
+off Geneua whiche is nowe in print). This Order was verie well liked off
+many, but suche as were bent to the Booke of Englande coulde not abide
+it" (Ibid., pp. xxxvi, xxxvii).
+
+[149] [It is greatly to be regretted that Dr Mitchell does not seem to
+have been able to prepare the Appendix to which he here refers; but
+after this lecture had left his hands he expressed his "strong
+conviction that the words and matter of Knox's Latin Prayer Book of 1556
+were derived directly from the Liturgia Sacra of Pollanus." On this
+point he entertained "no doubt whatever."]
+
+[150] Laing's Knox, vi. 162.
+
+[151] Booke of the Universall Kirk, i. 30.
+
+[152] Ibid., i. 54.
+
+[153] [The grounds on which this opinion is usually based are given in
+Laing's Knox, vi. 277, 278. To these may be added the terms of the
+summons raised by Sir James Archebald, Vicar of Lintrathin, against his
+parishioners, on the 27th of May 1560, for payment of his teinds, &c.,
+on the plea that he "is lauchfullie providit be the lawis and practik of
+oure realme, observit in tymes past, of the said vicarage, and hes bene
+in possessioun of the samyn thir divers yeris bigane, and hes causit
+_the commone prayeris and homilies_ be red owlklie to the parrochinaris
+of the said parrochin, and uther wyiss is content to abyde sik
+reformatioun as the Lordis of our Secreit Counsale plesis mak
+thairintill, and als is adjonit to Goddis congregatioun, and takis part
+with the saidis Lordis in setting fordwart the commone caus, to the
+gloir of God and commone weill of our realme" (Spalding Miscellany, iv.
+120).]
+
+[154] Laing's Knox, iv. 137-139. [Laing gives the 7th of July 1556 as
+the correct date of this letter, and says that it is by some oversight
+that M'Crie in the later editions of his 'Life of Knox' has dated it 7th
+July 1557 (Ibid., iv. 140).]
+
+[155] Lesley's History, p. 292.
+
+[156] Laing's Knox, vi. 119.
+
+[157] Laing's Knox, vi. 118. This evidently shows that they used not the
+_ipsissima verba_ of the prayer for all estates, but variant words,
+"like in effect." [Randolph's letter is dated 25th August 1560.
+Alexander Gordon, Bishop of Galloway, was titular Archbishop of Athens.]
+
+[158] Laing's Knox, vi. 13. [This letter is dated 6th April 1559.]
+
+[159] Liturgies of Edward VI., Parker Society, pp. 157, 158. [The
+"certain notes" thus referred to pertain to Edward's First Liturgy.]
+
+[160] Lorimer's Knox and the Church of England, 1875, pp. 29-32.
+
+[161] [On the 29th of July 1637--six days after the riot in St Giles--it
+was reported to the Privy Council by Archbishop Spottiswoode, for
+himself and in name of the remanent bishops, that it seemed expedient to
+them "that there should be a surcease of the service-booke" till the
+king signified his pleasure as to the punishment of "that disorderlie
+tumult"; and "that a course be sett down for the peaceable exercise
+thereof." He also reported that "the saids bishops had appointed and
+given order that, in the whole churches of this citie [_i.e._,
+Edinburgh], sermon sall be made at the accustomed times, by regular and
+obedient ministers, and that a prayer sall be made before and after
+sermon, and that neither the old service nor the new established service
+be used in this interim." The Council remitted to the bishops "to doe
+therein according to the power incumbent unto thame in the dewtie of
+thair office" (Peterkin's Records of the Kirk, p. 52).]
+
+[162] [In Knox's version--"the crossing of thair fingaris" (Laing's
+Knox, ii. 255).]
+
+[163] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 603.
+
+[164] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 526, 530, 532, 536, 603; Laing's Knox,
+ii. 191, 194, 196, 199, 255.
+
+[165] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 417; Laing's Knox, iv. 179; vi. 294.
+
+[166] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 421; Laing's Knox, iv. 182; vi. 297.
+
+[167] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 425; Laing's Knox, iv. 185; vi. 298.
+
+[168] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 426. There is a similar rubric in the
+Liturgy of Pollanus: "Minister, nomine Domini invocato, ut Spiritu
+Sancto adjutus, possit digna Deo atque salutaria ecclesiae eloqui
+recitat textum."
+
+[169] The Liturgy of Pollanus appoints sermons to be preached on the
+mornings of Tuesday and Thursday. The service is to begin with a psalm,
+which being sung, the minister having invoked the Holy Spirit recites
+his text and proceeds with his sermon. He concludes with some shorter
+prayer "prout animus tulerit."
+
+[170] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 583; Laing's Knox, ii. 238.
+
+[171] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 450; Laing's Knox, iv. 194.
+
+[172] In the Order of the General Fast it is stated: "The exhortation
+and prayers of everie several exercise we have remitted to be gathered
+by the discrete ministers, for time preased us so that we culd not frame
+them in such order as wes convenient, nether yit thought we it so
+expedient to pen prayers unto men, as to teach them with what hart and
+affection and for what causes we shuld pray, in this great calamitie"
+(Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 695; Laing's Knox, vi. 421). See also
+Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 698; Laing's Knox, vi. 470. Even the Order of
+Excommunication might be "enlarged or contracted as the wisedome of the
+discreit minister shall thinke expedient" (Dunlop's Confessions, ii.
+746; Laing's Knox, vi. 470).
+
+[173] Calderwood's Altare Damascenum, 1623, p. 613. In this and the
+preceding pages I have made use of materials contributed by me to a
+Report anent Innovations in Public Worship, presented to the General
+Assembly in 1864. [Elsewhere, Calderwood says: "None are tyed to the
+prayers of that book; but the prayers are set down as samplers"
+(Calderwood's History, 1678 ed., p. 25). Principal Baillie's evidence is
+to the same effect: "The Warner is here also mistaken in his beliefe
+that ever the Church of Scotland had any liturgy; they had and have
+still some formes for helpe and direction but no tie ever in any of them
+by law or practise" (Review of Bramhall's Faire Warning against the
+Scots Discipline, 1649, p. 57).]
+
+[174] Row's History, Wodrow Society, pp. 403, 404.
+
+[175] Order and Government of the Church of Scotland, 1641: Address to
+the reader.
+
+[176] Certainly not more consistently than Pollanus in the following
+rubric: "Hae sunt precationum in liturgiis certae formulae, _quae tamen
+sequitur minister_ SUO ARBITRIO ut tempus fert et res postulat. Neque
+enim ullâ praescriptione formularum alligandus est Spiritus Dei ad eum
+verborum numerum, cui non liceat subjicere vel supponere si meliora
+suggerat.... Hae formulae _serviunt tantum rudioribus. Nullius libertati
+praescribitur_, tantum ne ab eâ ratione discedatur quam nobis Jesus
+Christus praescripsit.... Cumque is (_scilicet_ Spiritus Sanctus) apud
+tribunalia subministret quae dicenda sint, non deerit nobis [si] cum
+vera fide coram Deo nos sistemus sensu orationis excitati."
+
+[177] "Von vorgeschriebenen Kirchengebeten vor und nach der Predigt
+finden wir keine Spur, vielmehr das sichere Gegentheil.... Ums Jahr 1589
+finden wir zuerst das sogenannte Lob und Dankopfer und die daran
+gehängten Fürbitten für die Obrigkeit, und die übrigen christlichen
+Stände.... Erst nach der Mitte des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts ... suchte
+man auch im Liturgischen die Willkür der einzelnen in engere Schränken
+zuruckzuführen" (Geschichte der ersten Basler-konfession, S. 249-251).
+
+[178] [The charges are in the alleged causes which led James VI.,
+immediately after his accession to the English throne, to endeavour to
+bring about uniformity in the services of the church throughout the
+whole kingdom, and run thus: "That diversitie, nay deformitie, which was
+used in Scotland, where no set or publike forme of prayer was used, but
+preachers or leaders and ignorant schoolmasters prayed in the church,
+sometimes so ignorantly as it was a shame to all religion to have the
+Majestie of God so barbarously spoken unto, sometimes so seditiously
+that their prayers were plaine libels, girding at soveraigntie and
+authoritie; or lyes, being stuffed with all the false reports in the
+kingdome" (Large Declaration, 1639, p. 16).]
+
+[179] [The committee appointed by the General Assembly to examine the
+Large Declaration describe it as dishonourable to God, to the king, and
+to the kirk; and as "stuffed full of lies and calumnies." Concerning
+this part in particular they say: "To the great dishonour of this kirk
+[it] is affirmed in this Declaration that there is a great deformitie in
+our service--no forme of publict prayer, but preachers, readers, and
+ignorant schoollemasters, praying in the church, sometymes so
+ignorantlie," &c. (Peterkin's Records of the Kirk, pp. 265, 266).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE FIRST BOOK OF DISCIPLINE; OR, THE BOOKE OF THE POLICIE OF THE
+CHURCH.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Knox's part in its preparation.]
+
+I regard the First Book of Discipline as, in several respects, the most
+thoughtful, judicious, practical, and comprehensive of the documents
+connected with the organisation of the Reformed Church of Scotland. It
+was drawn up by the same six men[180] who were subsequently entrusted
+with the preparation of the Confession of Faith; and it has been said
+that they first settled the titles of the several chapters, and then
+apportioned the preparation of so many of them to each. But this is
+matter of pure conjecture. The portion on the universities, from the
+multitude of its practical details, we cannot but assign mainly to
+Douglas, the Principal of St Mary's College, and Wynram, the sub-prior
+of the Augustinian Monastery at St Andrews. One can hardly doubt that
+the rest, if not actually drafted by Knox, was carefully remoulded by
+him; and it bears evidence of acquaintance with books which were far
+more likely to have been known to him than to any of the others--as
+Herman of Cologne's Book of the Reformation, Latin versions of some of
+the earlier Kirchenbücher or Kirchenordnungen of the German Protestants,
+and probably of the famous Ordonnances of Calvin, as drafted at Geneva
+after his return from exile.
+
+
+I. _The Government of the Church._
+
+[Sidenote: Permanent Office-bearers.]
+
+The opinions of our reformer and his associates respecting the
+government and discipline of the church are gathered partly from the
+opening chapters of the Book of Common Order, but mainly from the
+treatise ultimately entitled the First Book of Discipline. I believe
+that a careful study of these will lead to a pretty definite conclusion
+as to what these opinions actually were, and to a pretty decided
+conviction that, like their opinions respecting matters of doctrine and
+ritual, they were substantially in harmony with those to which the
+Scottish nation has been so long and firmly attached. It may be admitted
+that there were some of Knox's associates who, whatever may have been
+their own private sentiments, would, on grounds of expediency, have been
+contented to retain the former hierarchical government of the church;
+and if on such a point any weight is to be allowed to the assertions of
+Spottiswoode,[181] the popish Archbishop of St Andrews might possibly in
+that case not have refused to follow the course taken for a time by his
+relatives in St Mary's College, and to remain at his post at the head of
+the reformed church. But from the disastrous issue of the compromise in
+their case, as well as from what is known and indisputable of his own
+history and character, there is no reason to suppose that anything was
+lost, but on the contrary that incalculable gain accrued to the reformed
+church from this temptation not being put in his way. It was long
+maintained by the leaders of the Scottish episcopalians that Knox
+himself, to a certain extent, yielded to the wishes of his less
+thoroughgoing associates, and was implicated with them in certain
+attempts to continue or restore the semblance of a hierarchy in the new
+church. In fact, some of them went so far as to assert that it was not
+till after his death that controversy arose as to whether the episcopal
+or presbyterian form of government was the more primitive and
+scriptural. These views, if I understand rightly, are now abandoned by
+their ablest men; and it was full time that they should be so. The works
+of Whitgift, which have been republished in our own day and made more
+generally accessible, clearly show that the controversy about the
+presbyterian government of the church had been formally raised even in
+England at least as early as 1568; while the Later Helvetic Confession,
+approved by the Church of Scotland in 1566 at the request of Knox
+himself,[182] as clearly shows that the principles on which the
+controversy fell to be decided had been generally adopted by the
+followers of Calvin even at an earlier date. These principles were:
+First, that the names of bishop and presbyter are in Scripture used
+indiscriminately to denote the holder of the same office; second, that
+the only office-bearers of permanent divine appointment in the church
+are the pastor, the doctor, the elder, and the deacon. In fact, at the
+head of Calvin's Ordonnances Ecclesiastiques, drawn up, if not printed,
+as early as 1541, we find the following: "Il y a quatre ordres d'offices
+que notre Seigneur a institue pour le gouvernment de son eglise,
+premierement les pasteurs, puis les docteurs, apres les ancients,
+quatrement les diacres," which passed substantially into the Book of
+Common Order in 1556. This being the case, we are not guilty of any
+anachronism in attributing substantially presbyterian opinions to our
+reformer, even if we have to grant that the particular church court
+first known as the greater eldership or presbytery, and now exclusively
+enjoying the title of presbytery, existed at that time only in a
+rudimentary form.
+
+[Sidenote: Superintendents temporary.]
+
+The Book of Common Order of 1556 is the earliest authentic document
+casting light on the opinions of our reformers respecting the government
+and discipline of the church. The introductory part of the book treats
+at length of the permanent office-bearers of the church, the manner of
+their election, the duties of their respective offices, and the
+assemblies they were to hold in common for government and discipline.
+The enumeration of the office-bearers and the description of their
+duties is quite in harmony with what the Books of Discipline
+subsequently laid down. The office-bearers recognised are the minister,
+the elder, the deacon, and the doctor; and the duties assigned to each
+are such as have generally been allotted to these functionaries in the
+presbyterian churches. The terms in which the last-named of them is
+referred to are specially deserving of notice. They effectually close a
+loophole, that might otherwise have been imagined to be left, for the
+introduction of either bishop or superintendent as an essential and
+ordinary office-bearer in the church on the pretext that, even if he
+were so, he could be of little use in the single English congregation at
+Geneva.[183] "Wee are not ignorant," it is said, "that the Scriptures
+make mention of a fourth kind of ministers left to the church of Christ,
+which also are verie profitable where time and place doth permit; but
+for lack of opportunity in this our dispersion and exile we cannot well
+have the use thereof, and would to God it were not neglected where
+better occasion serveth. These ministers are called teachers or doctors,
+whose office is to instruct and teach the faithfull in sounde doctrine,
+providing with all diligence that the puritie of the Gospel be not
+corrupt either through ignorance or evill opinions."[184] Now, can it be
+supposed that Knox would have said all this of the doctor and not a word
+of the superintendent, if he had deemed both to be of like permanence
+and necessity in the church of Christ; or that he would have devoted
+several pages to explain the duties of the office-bearers, and their
+assemblies for the interpretation of the Scriptures and the
+administration of discipline, and not have uttered one word about the
+bishop, had he believed that that official was the chief or even an
+essential minister of the church? Can it be supposed likely that he
+would have been so silent, even if there had been no bishop, as
+confessedly there was no doctor, among the English in Geneva; or
+possible that he could have been so with Miles Coverdale,[185] a
+regularly consecrated bishop attending on his ministrations and acting
+as an elder in his congregation, unless he had regarded (and wished it
+to be known that he regarded) the simple presbyter as _jure divino_ on a
+level with the diocesan bishop, to say nothing of the fact that his
+party at Frankfort had refused to have a bishop or superintendent over
+their congregation?
+
+[Sidenote: Necessity of Preaching.]
+
+This examination of the introductory chapters of the Book of Common
+Order will enable us the better to understand and explain the parts of
+the Book of Discipline drawn up in 1560 respecting the ministers and
+office-bearers of the church. Even the ordinary ministers of the church
+must all be well qualified to preach the gospel of salvation, as many of
+the common people were unable to read,[186] and could only be saturated
+with its teaching by the living voice of the preacher who, by sermons
+and catechising on the Lord's day, and in the towns also by the sermon
+during the week, was to his utmost to carry home the truth to their
+hearts. Our reformers judged it necessary "that His Gospell be truely
+and openly preached in every church and assembly of this realme";[187]
+that no one "unable to edifie the church by wholesome doctrine" should
+be promoted to or retained in ecclesiastic administration;[188] and held
+that the sacraments cannot be "rightlie ministred by him in whose mouth
+God hath put no sermon of exhortation."[189] Instead of entrusting
+parishes, as was so often done in England, to men able only to read
+homilies prepared by others, they affirmed that it was alike to have no
+minister at all and to have an idol in place of a true minister, yea, in
+some cases it was worse.[190] Men of best knowledge of God's Word and
+cleanest life were to be nominated annually for election as elders and
+deacons.[191] The former were to assist the minister in all affairs of
+the kirk, to hold meetings with him for judging of causes, admonishing
+evil livers, yea, to take heed to the life, manners, diligence, and
+study of the ministers, as well as of the flock.[192] The deacons were
+to assist in judgment, but chiefly to collect and distribute what was
+provided for the poor. They might also, as in the French Church, be
+admitted to read the Scriptures and common prayers in the congregation
+if required and qualified to do so.[193] Besides ministers, elders, and
+deacons, generally recognised in the reformed churches as holding
+offices of divine institution, and being of "the ministry" or consistory
+of the church, certain other functionaries are mentioned in this Book of
+Discipline, to whom special duties are assigned, at least for a time.
+These are the readers, or exhorters, and the superintendents, and both
+classes appear to be spoken of in such a way as to make it clear that
+they were not to be permanently retained as orders of office-bearers in
+the church distinct from those above named.
+
+[Sidenote: Readers.]
+
+Readers, or exhorters, were to be provided for those churches which
+could not presently be supplied with ministers. These readers were to be
+men judged most apt distinctly to read the common prayers and the
+Scriptures, but they were to be encouraged and urged so to exercise
+their gifts that they might grow in knowledge and utterance, and in time
+might come to be entrusted with the power of preaching the Word,
+administering the sacraments, and discharging all the functions of the
+ordinary pastor.[194] Special provision was made for the spiritual
+improvement of these readers or exhorters in those weekly meetings for
+the interpretation of Scripture which, originally introduced among the
+exiles at Frankfort and Geneva, were after their return set up by them
+in England under the name of prophesying, and in Scotland under the name
+of the exercise.[195]
+
+The portion of the book relating to the superintendents opens with a
+statement of the reasons which had led its framers "to make difference
+betwixt preachers _at this time_."[196] These last words, as has often
+been remarked, would have been unmeaning had they regarded the
+superintendent's office as by divine institution permanent in the church
+and superior to that of the ordinary minister. Accordingly, when they
+proceed to state in detail the reasons which induced them to sanction
+such a difference, these are found to be--not, as in the Anglican
+Ordinal, that there have always been in the church of Christ distinct
+orders of bishops and presbyters,[197] nor even as in Alasco's book that
+such offices were in some sort necessary, though, save in matters
+executive, in no way superior to their brethren the ordinary ministers
+of the church, but--that the dearth of qualified preachers or ministers
+at that time in Scotland was so great, that if each were to be settled
+in a single town or parish, and allowed to make continual residence
+therein, the larger part of the realm would be left altogether destitute
+of that efficient spiritual instruction, oversight, and training which
+the people themselves eagerly longed for, and the reformed leaders
+earnestly desired to provide for them. To meet this emergency, without
+being obliged to avail themselves so generally and unrestrictedly
+as the English had done of the former popish incumbents, they deemed it
+most expedient that these should, for a time at least, be restricted to
+the humbler duties of readers; and that from the whole number of godly
+and learned men then in the realm ten or twelve should be selected, and
+one of them assigned to each of the proposed provinces, which he should
+visit annually through its whole extent, preaching from time to time in
+every parish not provided with an ordained and preaching minister,
+seeing to the administration of the sacraments and of church discipline
+in such parishes, and presiding at the meetings of the provincial synod,
+and at the examination and admission of ministers and readers appointed
+to serve at the churches.
+
+[Sidenote: Superintendent and Bishop compared.]
+
+It used to be maintained by Scottish episcopalians, and has been
+reiterated even in our own day, that there is hardly any difference to
+be discerned between these superintendents and the old bishops save the
+substitution of a name which is bad Latin for one which is good Greek.
+This is more smart than true. The following very material differences
+will at once occur to any one acquainted with the First Book of
+Discipline, and with the constitution and practice of episcopal
+churches. (1) The bishop in the latter must be consecrated to his office
+by three, or at least two, bishops who have derived their office in the
+like lineal succession from their predecessors; while the
+superintendent, according to the practice of the Church of Scotland, and
+the constitution of the Church of the Foreigners in London, might be set
+apart to his office by a simple presbyter or ordinary minister of the
+church. (2) The distinctive duties of the bishop are such as, according
+to the practice of the churches recognising the necessity of his office,
+cannot be delegated save to one of his own order, while there was no
+duty entrusted to the superintendent in the Church of Scotland which
+might not be devolved on a mere presbyter; and it was the custom of the
+General Assembly to delegate to ordinary ministers the whole functions
+of visitation and superintendence in provinces not provided with a
+permanent superintendent, and to do so at times even in the case where
+the former popish bishop of the diocese had joined himself to the
+Reformed Church. (3) It is not generally recognised in episcopal
+churches as a duty specially incumbent on the bishop to preach regularly
+in the several churches of his diocese (certainly it was not expected of
+the English bishops who were contemporary with the Scottish
+superintendents);[198] but it was one of the main duties expected of
+these superintendents, and one of the chief reasons assigned for the
+institution of their office, that the Gospel might be preached from time
+to time in all those parishes not provided with a more stated ministry,
+and that thus men in every corner of the land might attain some
+knowledge of the truths of our holy religion, as well as some feeling of
+godliness. (4) Finally, the bishop in all episcopal churches, so far as
+my knowledge extends, is allowed to claim a negative voice in synods of
+his clergy, and can in no case be taken under discipline and judged by
+them, but only by a synod of his own order; while the superintendent in
+the Scottish Church was merely the permanent Moderator of Synod, and was
+bound to give effect to the decision of the majority, or to carry it by
+appeal before a higher court; and he was not only liable to be judged
+and punished for neglect of duty and for personal misconduct by the
+General Assembly, but was also liable to be charged with such offences
+before his own synod, and to be judged and punished by it. On these
+grounds I am so far from admitting that the superintendent was in all
+respects identical with the bishop, that I am inclined to hold that it
+was just because he was so completely stripped of all real episcopal
+power that, when the hierarchy was revived, even the most moderate of
+the bishops found they could not contain themselves within the limits
+prescribed to the superintendents in the First Book of Discipline; and
+that one of the main obstacles in the way of their success in the
+struggle with their refractory presbyters was occasioned by their own
+hasty promise to observe the caveats founded on the previous practice in
+the case of superintendents, and especially by their promise to be
+subject to the judgment and censure of the General Assembly.
+
+[Sidenote: Gradation of Church Courts.]
+
+The form of church government in Scotland was still further connected
+with that of the Calvinistic churches on the Continent (particularly
+that of France) by the establishment and gradation of church courts--the
+General Assembly having jurisdiction over the whole church, the
+provincial synod over the ministers and congregations within a
+particular province, and the session or lesser eldership or consistory
+over one or more neighbouring congregations.[199] What afterwards came
+to be known as the greater eldership, or presbytery, or classical
+consistory,[200] does not appear at first under that distinctive name;
+but even the germ of this was implanted in that weekly meeting of
+ministers and elders for the interpretation of Scripture termed the
+exercise, which was authorised both by the Book of Common Order and the
+First Book of Discipline.[201] It was soon established in all the
+considerable towns in Scotland where there was a fully constituted
+reformed church, and though at first it may possibly have confined
+itself to the object it was immediately intended to serve, and may have
+intervened only by advice in matters of discipline, yet it was not in
+the nature of things that such a gathering of ministers and elders from
+neighbouring churches should take place from week to week without such
+cases as occupied the attention of parochial consistories being
+discussed and advised on, as well as the doctrinal and critical
+questions arising out of their exercises, which they were expressly
+empowered to dispose of. The tendencies of the institution were so
+manifest, and the powers it speedily assumed so undisguised, that Queen
+Elizabeth became alarmed, and insisted on the suppression of it
+throughout the province of Canterbury, notwithstanding the
+remonstrances and entreaties of the good Archbishop Grindal, and his
+repeated and urgent petitions that she would rather endeavour to confine
+it to the original purpose, in which it had been of great service, than
+suppress it altogether. In the province of York, where the institution
+had taken firmer root, and where the contentions between Papists and
+Protestants had gained more prominence than those between Puritans and
+anti-Puritans, it was tolerated for a considerably longer period. When
+in 1581 Scotland was regularly divided into presbyteries, the exercises
+previously existing in particular towns were merged in, and their work
+devolved on, these; and in the beginning of the seventeenth century,
+when episcopacy was restored, the name of presbytery was again
+frequently exchanged for that of exercise.
+
+[Sidenote: The General Assembly.]
+
+Of these several church courts perhaps the most distinctive as well as
+the most important was the General Assembly, which was originally held
+to represent the whole church; and which may still, after the lapse of
+ages, be held substantially to do so--having representatives not only
+from each of the presbyteries but also from each of the universities and
+royal burghs in the kingdom. It has been wont to meet not (as such
+national synods have generally done elsewhere) occasionally and chiefly
+for legislative purposes, that is, authoritatively to explain the
+church's creed and enact canons to regulate the administration of
+discipline, but frequently and at short stated intervals to review the
+proceedings of the inferior judicatories of the church, as well as to
+legislate regarding matters of doctrine and discipline. Whether its
+peculiar vitality in the Scottish Church is to be ascribed to its
+popular constitution, or to the fact that it has in general faithfully
+represented the national sentiments in those controversies which in
+successive generations have been agitated in our country; or whether the
+groundwork of it had not been laid long before in those national
+councils of the church which the popish ecclesiastics had, under the
+bull of Pope Honorius III.,[202] deemed themselves warranted to hold
+every year, and at which the king and his nobles appear often to have
+been present, and whether, therefore, in the maintenance of this
+quasi-Gallican liberty, as well as in some minor matters enumerated by
+Lord Hailes, there may not have been a closer and more real connection
+between the pre- and post-Reformation church in Scotland than has been
+commonly admitted, it would now, perhaps, be very difficult to
+determine. But it will be allowed on all hands that this venerable
+court--which was so early established and has subsisted almost
+uninterruptedly since the Reformation, and has exercised such extensive
+legislative and judicial powers--is the most distinctive characteristic
+of the Scottish Church, and has had great influence in the development
+of Scottish opinion and religious life.
+
+
+II. _The Discipline of the Church._
+
+The opinions of our reformer and his associates regarding the discipline
+and practical organisation of the church have hardly ever been made a
+subject of serious controversy, even by those who have so long called in
+question the generally received ideas regarding his opinions on the
+government of the church. That which marked out the early Reformed
+Church of Scotland most distinctively among the churches of the
+Reformation was the fact that she advocated, and resolutely carried into
+practical operation, that "godly discipline" which they all admitted had
+been used in the primitive church in her best and purest days, and the
+restoration of which, they perhaps ventured to hint, was much to be
+desired, but which yet they had not the courage to demand from the civil
+power as of essential concern to the wellbeing of their churches. Even
+Luther, who began so well, hesitated and quailed before the claims of
+the civil powers, and left it to Calvin to carry out his own earlier
+conceptions, and those of the Hessian Synod of 1528.[203] Our reformers,
+however, boldly laid down the absolute necessity of it in their Book of
+Common Order, and named in their Confession as one of the three
+distinctive marks of a true church of Christ, "ecclesiastical discipline
+uprightlie ministred as Goddis Worde prescribes, whereby vice is
+repressed and vertew nurished."[204] Not content to exercise such a
+discipline merely under this clause of their State-ratified Confession,
+they sought and obtained an explicit acknowledgment of the church's
+privileges in special Acts of Parliament, which continue in force at the
+present day, and have enabled the Church of Scotland to maintain a
+stricter and more efficient discipline than any other established church
+has ventured to aim at.
+
+[Sidenote: Nature and Ends of Discipline.]
+
+The nature and ends of this discipline are pretty fully explained in the
+introductory chapters of the Book of Common Order, in the Book of
+Discipline, and the Order of Excommunication and Public Repentance. "As
+no citie, towne, house, or family," it is affirmed in the first of
+these treatises, "can maintaine their estate and prosper without policy
+and governance, even so the Church of God, which requireth more purely
+to be governed than any citie or family, cannot without spirituall
+policy and ecclesiastical discipline continue, increase, and
+flourish;[205] and as the Word of God is the life and soule of this
+church, so this godly order and discipline is, as it were, sinews in the
+body, which knit and joine the members together with decent order and
+comelinesse; it is a bridle to stay the wicked from their mischiefs, it
+is a spurre to pricke forward such as be slow and negligent; yea, and
+for all men it is the father's rod, ever in a readiness to chastise
+gently the faults committed, and to cause them afterward to live in more
+godly feare and reverence."[206] Three causes are assigned why such
+discipline should be retained and practised in the church--viz., that
+evil men may not be numbered among God's children, that the good may not
+be infected by association with the ungodly, and that the individual
+taken under discipline may be made ashamed of his fault, and so may be
+induced to repent and amend. This is said to be the object even of
+excommunication--the highest censure the church can inflict on an
+offending brother--that he, being brought to a due sense of his sin and
+misery, may be saved in the day of the Lord. It is expressly provided
+that, in regard to this last and highest censure, nothing is to be
+attempted without the determination of the whole church--_i.e._, of the
+ordinary members of the church--and they are affectionately reminded
+that it is their duty to take good heed "that they seeme not more ready
+to expell from the congregation than to receave againe those, in whom
+they perceave worthy fruits of repentance to appeare," and "that all
+punishments, corrections, censures, and admonitions stretch no farther
+than God's Word with mercy may lawfully beare."[207]
+
+[Sidenote: Order of Excommunication.]
+
+The Order of Excommunication and Public Repentance, sanctioned by the
+General Assembly in 1569, long continued to be used as a directory in
+the administration of discipline. It was compiled by Knox, or rather
+abridged by him from Alasco's 'Modus ac Ritus Excommunicationis' and his
+'Forma ac Ratio Publicæ Penitentiæ,' used with the approbation of
+Edward VI. in the Church of the Foreigners in London. It breathes
+throughout a spirit of tender regard for erring brethren and earnest
+longing for their recovery, quite as strongly as it manifests a spirit
+of holy zeal for the glory of God and the purity of His church. In all
+save the most notorious and urgent cases, the offender was to be dealt
+with repeatedly both in private and in public to confess his aggravated
+offence before the extreme penalty was inflicted on him. If these
+dealings and admonitions proved ineffectual, the minister was once more
+to explain the nature of his offence, and the frequency of the public
+and private admonitions addressed to him, was then to appeal to the
+elders and deacons to confirm the truth of what he said, and finally was
+to ask of the whole church if they thought such a contempt should be
+suffered amongst them, and only in the event of no man making further
+intercession for the erring and obstinate was the minister to proceed to
+pronounce the fearful sentence.[208]
+
+[Sidenote: Discipline under Prelacy.]
+
+In the times of declension which arose after James VI. took the
+government into his own hands, the strict exercise of such discipline
+became specially odious to the king and his gay courtiers, and incessant
+efforts were made to relax its rigour. These, however, were in general
+directed to effect this object rather by means of than in spite of the
+church, by securing that cases involving the sentence of excommunication
+should be reserved for the determination of the higher courts of the
+church, on which the king and his friends could bring their influence to
+bear with most effect. Even during the domination of the Second
+Episcopacy it is well known, from records still extant, that
+kirk-sessions and presbyteries were continued, and were allowed, with
+the sanction of the bishop, to maintain a discipline which in the
+present day would not be generally accounted lax. The grotesque penances
+so often resorted to in the times immediately succeeding the
+Reformation, and for the use of which our forefathers have been
+subjected to so much abuse and ridicule, were by no means confined to
+them, and probably had been suggested by similar grotesque ones in use
+before, and were employed by the Court of High Commission, by the Church
+of England, and by other churches too, in so far as they ever ventured
+to exercise discipline on notorious offenders. Even those melancholy
+trials of witches, for which they have been so severely blamed, were
+not originated by them, and were countenanced quite as much by their
+opponents, and by no one more than by the pope and his entourage, as
+well as by James VI., the great patron of the bishops, and for long were
+clamoured for by the people.
+
+[Sidenote: The People remoulded.]
+
+To us, living in the light and glorying in the toleration of the
+nineteenth century, some of these disciplinary provisions may seem
+harsh, several of the details frivolous, others inquisitorial; and the
+very principle of such a close identification of the ecclesiastical and
+civil, as that all offences against morality and church discipline were
+to be also dealt with and punished by the state, more than questionable.
+But to men living in the sixteenth century and just emerging out of the
+ignorance and licence which the old church had tolerated, and longing to
+be moulded into a community really holy and self-denying and quickened
+to a higher life--enthused with a longing to reach loftier heights in
+it--the iron discipline of Calvin and Knox was welcome as requiring only
+what they felt to be their duty and their true interest. We may extend
+to the disciple what the historian of French Protestantism has said of
+the master, and so far varying the words of Haag affirm: "The
+institutions of Calvin [and Knox] accomplished what was proposed. In
+less than three generations the Genevese [and Lowland Scots] were
+entirely remoulded. To frivolity and licentiousness succeeded that
+somewhat austere strictness of morals which in earlier days
+distinguished the disciples of the reformer[s]. History tells of only
+two [three] men who have been able permanently to impress their stamp on
+an entire people--Lycurgus and Calvin [and Knox], whose characters in
+fact have much in common."[209] The Athenians made merry over the black
+broth of the Spartans; but Sparta conquered Athens. How many accusations
+and witticisms have been launched against the Calvinistic spirit, and
+yet Calvinistic countries led the way in Christian activity and civil
+freedom, and to them even those who abuse them are largely indebted for
+their blessings.
+
+
+III. _The Prerogatives and Duties of Church Members._
+
+[Sidenote: The Exercise.]
+
+The thorough agreement of our reformers' ideas respecting the nature of
+the church with those of the apostles and primitive Christians comes out
+even more emphatically in the statements they make in the First Book of
+Discipline and the Book of Common Order about the ordinary members of
+the congregation, and the arrangements there recommended for promoting
+their spiritual welfare, and calling forth all their gifts. Not only are
+they to be allowed a voice in the choice of their ministers, elders, and
+deacons, in the exclusion of members from the church and their
+readmission into it, and through their representatives in the government
+of the church generally; not only are they to have week-day and Sabbath
+services, and frequent communions for their edification and growth in
+grace,--but in the principal congregations there are to be weekly
+meetings for the study and interpretation of the Scriptures. At these
+meetings every man was to be allowed to speak his mind and propose his
+doubts, to exercise his gifts for the edification of the brethren, or to
+"inquire as God shall move his heart and the text minister
+occasion."[210] The opening paragraph of chapter xii. of the First Book
+of Discipline shows us whence this remarkable institution was derived,
+and proves clearly that Neander was not the first in post-Reformation
+times who discovered the full significance of certain well-known
+passages in St Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, but only a
+restorer of the long-forgotten teaching of Calvin, Alasco, and Knox.
+The paragraph is as follows: "To the end that the kirk of God may have a
+tryall of men's knowledge, judgements, graces, and utterances; as also,
+such that have somewhat profited in God's Word may from time to time
+grow in more full perfection to serve the kirk as necessity shall
+require; it is most expedient that in every towne where schooles and
+repaire of learned men are, there be a time in one certain day every
+week appointed to that exercise which S. Paul calls prophecying; the
+order whereof is expressed by him in thir words: 'Let the prophets speak
+two or three and let the other judge, but if anything be revealed to
+another that sitteth by, let the former keep silence; for ye may one by
+one all prophesie that all may learne, and all may receive consolation.'
+... By which words of the apostle, it is evident that in the Kirk of
+Corinth when they did assemble for that purpose, some place of Scripture
+was read, upon the which one first gave his judgement to the instruction
+and consolation of the auditors; after whom did another either confirme
+what the former had said, or added what he had omitted, or did gently
+correct or explaine more properly where the whole verity was not
+revealled to the former; and in case things were hid from the one and
+from the other, liberty was given for a third to speak his judgement to
+the edification of the kirk." The exercise or practice here authorised
+by the apostle, it is next affirmed, is a thing most necessary for the
+kirk of God this day in Scotland, "for thereby, as said is, shall the
+kirk have judgement and knowledge of the graces, gifts, and utterances
+of _every man within their bodie_, the simple and such as have somewhat
+profited shall be encouraged daily to studie and to proceed in
+knowledge, and the whole kirk shall be edified; for this exercise must
+be patent to such as list to hear and learne, and _every man shall have
+liberty to utter and declare his minde and knowledge to the comfort and
+consolation of the Kirk_."[211] Then after appointing some prudent
+regulations to prevent this liberty of prophesying from encroaching on
+the province of the regular ministry of the church, or degenerating into
+a school for the encouragement of rash speculation instead of
+ministering to the comfort and godly edifying of the brethren,
+directions are given that the ministers of the landward parishes
+adjacent to every important town, together with the readers within six
+miles, should assist those that prophesy within the towns, that they
+themselves may learn or others may learn from them. "And moreover," it
+is again repeated, "men in whom is supposed to be any gifts which might
+edifie the church if they were well imployed must be charged ... to
+joyn themselves with the session and company of interpreters.... For no
+man _may be permitted as best pleaseth him to live within the kirk of
+God_, but every man must be constrained by fraternall admonition and
+correction to bestow his labours, when of the kirk he is required, to
+the edification of others."[212] Such was the remarkable provision made
+by our reformers, that every adult member of the church should enjoy
+such means of grace as were fitted to promote his growth in Christian
+knowledge as well as in spiritual life, and should have reasonable
+opportunity of using for the glory of God and the good of his brethren
+the gifts with which the Spirit of God had furnished him. It may be
+questioned whether some such institution is not as much needed in the
+present day, if the members of the church are to be preserved from the
+temptations to doubt with which they are surrounded, and if they are to
+be encouraged to supplement the labours of their ministers and elders in
+winning back those who have been seduced into the paths of error or sin;
+and whether its influence, if it were only set about with earnestness,
+would be less powerful to preserve and reclaim than it was in those
+earlier times.
+
+
+
+IV. _Education of the Young and University Reform._
+
+[Sidenote: Schools.]
+
+The care and anxiety of our reformers were not confined to the adult
+members of the church. They were extended in a special manner to the
+young, and were manifested towards them, if possible, with more intense
+earnestness and loving tenderness. Though parish schools, in the later
+sense, were not yet devised, detailed arrangements were made that the
+readers at the several kirks should impart religious knowledge and the
+elements of primary education to the young of the flock, and that those
+who showed an aptitude for learning and capability of being trained to
+be of service to kirk or common-weal should have access at various
+centres to higher training. "Seeing," they say in their importunate
+pleading with the nobles on their behalf, "that God hath determined that
+His kirke here in earth shall be taught not by angels but by men, and
+seeing that men are borne ignorant of God and of all godlinesse, ... of
+necessity it is that your honours be most careful for the vertuous
+education and godly upbringing of the youth of this realm, if either ye
+now thirst unfainedly [for] the advancement of Christ's glorie or yet
+desire the continuance of His benefits to the generation following; for
+as the youth must succeed to us, so we ought to be carefull that they
+have knowledge and erudition to profit and comfort that which ought to
+be most deare to us, to wit, the kirk and spouse of our Lord
+Jesus."[213] To secure this noble end it was deemed necessary that,
+besides the readers' schools, every considerable town should have at
+least one schoolmaster appointed who was competent to teach grammar and
+the Latin tongue; and that in the more notable towns, especially the old
+cathedral cities, where the revenues of the prebendaries or of the monks
+might be made available, there should be a college in which at least
+logic, rhetoric, and the languages--_i.e._, Latin and Greek--should be
+taught by competent masters, for whom and for the poorer scholars
+attending them suitable stipends and bursaries should be provided out of
+the aforesaid revenues. The fruit of such an organisation, it is
+affirmed, would soon appear. "For first, the youthhead and tender
+children shall be nourished and brought up in vertue _in presence of
+their friends_, by whose good attendance many inconveniences may be
+avoyded in which the youth commonly fall either by overmuch libertie
+which they have in strange and unknowne places while they cannot rule
+themselves, or else for lack of good attendance and of such necessaries
+as their tender age requires. Secondly, the exercise of children in
+every kirke shall be great instruction to the aged and unlearned," who
+had never been taught to read, and in whose presence in the Sunday
+afternoon service they were examined. Lastly, "the great Schooles called
+the Universities shall be replenished with these that shall be apt to
+learning; for this must be carefully provided that no father, of what
+estate or condition that ever he be, use his children at his own
+fantasie especially in their youthhead; but _all must be compelled_ to
+bring up their children in learning and vertue." Thus boldly did our
+reformers lay down the principle of compulsory education, which men in
+our own day have only hesitatingly adopted, but with greater consistency
+or daring than our contemporaries have yet evinced, for they proposed to
+apply the principle to the children of the rich and potent, as well as
+to those of the poor and vicious. Those higher classes, they say, "may
+not be permitted to suffer their children to spend their youth in vaine
+idleness as heretofore they have done, but they must be exhorted, and by
+the censure of the kirk compelled, to dedicate their sonnes by training
+them up in good exercises to the profite of the kirk and commonwealth."
+This they expect the rich to do at their own expense, while they desire
+the children of the poor to be supported at the charge of the kirk. The
+sons neither of rich nor poor are to be permitted to reject learning if
+they develop any aptitude for it, but are to be "charged to continue
+their studie that the commonwealth may have some comfort by them." To
+secure this object, discreet and learned men are to visit the schools
+every quarter, and examine what proficiency the pupils have
+attained.[214]
+
+[Sidenote: Value of Learning.]
+
+To these suggestions regarding primary and secondary schools succeeds a
+very detailed statement of the changes desired in the universities to
+adapt them to the new order of things. And then they conclude as
+follows: "All other things touching the books to be read in ilk classe,
+and all such like particular affaires, we referre to the discretion of
+the masters, principals, and regents, with their well-advised counsel;
+not doubting but if God shall grant quietnesse, and give your wisedomes
+grace to set forward letters in the sort prescribed, ye shall leave
+wisdome and learning to your posterity--a treasure more to be esteemed
+than any earthly treasure ye are able to amasse for them, which without
+wisdome are more able to be their ruin and confusion than their help and
+comfort. And as this is most true, so we leave it with the rest of the
+commodities to be weighed by your honours' wisedome, and set forwards
+by your authority to the most high advancement of this commonwealth
+committed to your charge."[215]
+
+These touching appeals were not made altogether in vain. Though neither
+quietness nor a large measure of grace was granted to the rough barons
+so earnestly and tenderly addressed, yet the goodly fabric of our church
+and commonwealth was reared up in those troublous times. The full and
+liberal adoption of the plan of national education sketched by our
+reformer and his associates still remains in part to be desiderated, and
+is worthy to be striven for by the churches which claim to represent
+them. The partial carrying out of their views, more than any other
+influence that can be named, has conduced to elevate our people and
+raise Scotland to the rank it now holds among the nations; and we can
+hardly doubt that the more complete realisation of them in the careful
+Christian training of the young and the adult members of the church, and
+the extension of the blessings of education and religion to the masses
+so long left to grow up in ignorance and vice, would tend greatly to
+bring back the disaffected to the paths of peace and life, to raise the
+members of the church in the scale of intelligence and virtue, to make
+the nobles more than ever heretofore the _decus et tutamen patriæ_, and
+to bind all, both classes and masses, closely together in the bonds of
+mutual Christian affection and true patriotism.
+
+
+V. _Care of the Poor._
+
+[Sidenote: Oppression of the Poor.]
+
+I must still add that the same enlightened principles which guided them
+to make careful provision for these important objects, led them also to
+take a kindly interest in the humbler poor and aged, and to urge both on
+the state and on the members of the church the duty they owed to this
+long despised and neglected class of the population. First, for the poor
+peasantry who were not paupers, but who, they allege, had been
+grievously oppressed by the exactions of the clergy in the times
+immediately preceding, they present the following earnest plea: "With
+the griefe of our hearts we heare that some gentlemen are now as cruell
+over their tenants as ever were the Papists, requiring of them (the
+tiends and) whatsoever they afore payed to the kirk, so that the
+Papistical tyrannie shall onely be changed into the tyrannie of the lord
+and laird. We dare not flatter your honours, neither yet is it
+profitable for you that we so doe: (for neither shall we,) if we permit
+cruelty to be used; neither shall ye, who by your authoritie ought to
+gaine-stand such oppression, nor yet they that use the same, escape
+God's heavie and fearfull judgements. The gentlemen, barones, earles,
+lords, and others must be content to live upon their just rents, and
+suffer the kirk to be restored to her _(right and) liberty_; that by her
+restitution, the poore, who heretofore, by the cruell Papists, have been
+spoiled and oppressed, may now receive some comfort and relaxation, and
+their tiends and other exactions _be cleane discharged_ and no more
+taken in time comming. The uppermost claith, corps-present, clerk-maile,
+the pasche-offering, tiend-ale, and all handlings[216] upaland can
+neither be required nor recieved of good conscience."[217]
+
+[Sidenote: Exactions of the Medieval Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Oppressors relentless.]
+
+The history of the world, the history of the Christian church, has few
+passages more noble than this, where these poor ministers, not yet
+assured of decent provision for their own maintenance, boldly undertake
+the patronage of the peasantry, and say they would rather suffer
+themselves than ask that teinds should be exacted from those who had
+been so long ground down, not only by the exaction of these from their
+crofts and even from their gardens, but also by a multitude of other
+imposts, which, although their very names are now almost forgotten in
+Scotland, had been long felt to be a grievous oppression. Was it any
+wonder that those crushed and down-trodden classes should rally round
+their protectors, and under their kindly and godly training should grow
+up to be a strength to the church and a power in the state? Charming
+fancy pictures are still sometimes drawn of the stately monastery--with
+its handsome church and kindly and cultured monks--as a centre of
+civilising and Christianising influences to the district in which it was
+erected. These influences no doubt had a certain reality in the early
+ages of the church, and even in the days of the good Queen Margaret; but
+in Scotland, at least, these days had long passed away before the
+sixteenth century; and the monasteries, as a whole, had become a source
+of weakness and scandal, rather than of strength and honour to the
+dominant church. In fact, their wealth, being to a large extent derived
+from the teinds of parishes, should have been devoted to the spiritual
+interests of these parishes, whereas the vicars appointed by them being
+generally put off with a miserable pittance and left largely dependent
+on these hated and oppressive exactions--corpse presents, uppermost
+cloth, Pasche-offerings--could not fail to alienate the peasantry from
+the monasteries and their rural representatives. Such charges of
+oppression could never have been so publicly made against them had they
+not been notoriously true. And if further evidence were needed, it may
+be found in abundance in the poems of Sir David Lindsay and the
+Wedderburns. The picture the former has drawn of the poor peasant driven
+out of house and holding[218] by these oppressive exactions is known to
+be true to the life; and contributed greatly to the overthrow of the
+merciless oppressors who, until the very eve of the triumph of the
+Reformation, could not be persuaded either to abolish or abate their
+dues.[219]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[180] [The six were John Wynram, John Spottiswoode, John Willock, John
+Douglas, John Row, and John Knox (_supra_, p. 99).]
+
+[181] Spottiswoode's History, Spot. Soc. ed., i. 371, 372.
+
+[182] _Supra_, pp. 112, 113.
+
+[183] The appointment of such an official as chief minister of the
+English congregation of Frankfort had, however, been urged by Knox's
+opponents there, but was refused by his party (Discourse of Troubles at
+Frankfort, pp. xiv, xlvii, cxvii, cxxxv-cxxxviii, cxlvi, cxlvii).
+
+[184] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 409, 410; Laing's Knox, iv. 177.
+
+[185] The great services Coverdale had rendered to the cause of
+Protestantism by his translation of the Scriptures did not suffice to
+blot out from the minds of Elizabeth and her ministers the remembrance
+of his connection with Knox and Goodman. He was welcomed at the
+consecration of Archbishop Parker, though he came in his black gown, for
+they could not well do that without him; but all Grindal's efforts
+failed to secure for him a Welsh bishopric, or even to get him left
+unmolested in the parochial benefice he conferred on him.
+
+[186] Even in St Andrews, with all its equipment of schools and
+colleges, the common people are represented in 1547 as welcoming Knox's
+offer of a public disputation, because though they could not all read
+his papers they could understand what he addressed to them _vivâ voce_
+(Laing's Knox, i. 189).
+
+[187] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 518; Laing's Knox, ii. 185.
+
+[188] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 526; Laing's Knox, ii. 191.
+
+[189] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 530; Laing's Knox, ii. 194.
+
+[190] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 530; Laing's Knox, ii. 194.
+
+[191] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 577; Laing's Knox, ii. 233.
+
+[192] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 578; Laing's Knox, ii. 234, 235.
+
+[193] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 581; Laing's Knox, ii. 236, 237.
+
+[194] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 532; Laing's Knox, ii. 195, 196.
+[Readers who were able to _exhort_ and explain the Scriptures were to
+have their stipends augmented until they attained the honour of a
+minister (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 536, 537; Laing's Knox, ii. 199,
+200).]
+
+[195] [The readers who had "any gift of interpretation" were to take
+part in these meetings (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 590; Laing's Knox, ii.
+244).]
+
+[196] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 539; Laing's Knox, ii. 202.
+
+[197] ["It is evident unto all men, diligently reading Holy Scripture
+and ancient authors, that from the apostles' time there hath been these
+orders of ministers in Christ's church: bishops, priests, and deacons"
+(Liturgies of Edward VI., Parker Society, p. 331).]
+
+[198] The jest attributed to Queen Elizabeth that she had _made_ a
+bishop but _marred_ a good preacher shows this.
+
+[199] In the chief towns, just as in Geneva, there seems from early
+times to have been a common or "general session," although there were
+several congregations in each, as in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, and
+Perth.
+
+[200] Even the Second Book of Discipline does not sharply distinguish
+between the lesser and greater eldership or presbytery; and Gillespie
+admits they were not distinguished in the primitive church, though he
+holds that both were needed in Scotland to do the work which the one
+presbytery did in the primitive church (_infra_, pp. 230-233).
+
+[201] [The Book of Common Order distinguishes between the weekly meeting
+of the ministers and elders in their assembly or consistory, and the
+weekly meeting of the congregation for the interpretation of the
+Scriptures (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 411-413; Laing's Knox, iv.
+177-179). For the nature and object of the exercise see _infra_, pp.
+170-173.]
+
+[202] [The bull, which is printed in Concilia Scotiæ, ii. 3, is dated
+"xiiij kalendas Junij pontificatus nostri anno nono," _i.e._, the 19th
+of May 1225.]
+
+[203] See Schenkel's article, "Kirche," in Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie.
+
+[204] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 68; Laing's Knox, ii. 110.
+
+[205] See Calvin's Institutes, book iv. chap. ii.--"As no city or
+village can exist without a magistrate and government, so the Church of
+God stands in need of a spiritual polity of its own. This is altogether
+distinct from the civil government, and is so far from hindering or
+impairing it, that it rather does much to aid and promote it."
+
+[206] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 413; Laing's Knox, iv. 203.
+
+[207] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 414-417; Laing's Knox, iv. 204-206. If
+this humanity is not observed in private as well as in public, there is
+danger lest instead of discipline we fall into a kind of Gehenna, and
+instead of correctors and educators become executioners of the brethren
+(Calvin).
+
+[208] The form of absolution then appointed to be used was, with consent
+of Henderson, modified by the Westminster divines into the shape in
+which it appears in their Directory for Church Government and
+Excommunication, and as modified was afterwards inserted in our Form of
+Process of 1707.
+
+[209] La France protestant, deuxième édition, iii. 530.
+
+[210] Book of Common Order, in Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 412; Laing's
+Knox, iv. 179.
+
+[211] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 587-589; Laing's Knox, ii. 242, 243.
+
+[212] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 590, 591; Laing's Knox, ii. 244, 245.
+
+[213] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 547; Laing's Knox, ii. 209.
+
+[214] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 548-550; Laing's Knox, ii. 209-211.
+
+[215] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 561; Laing's Knox, ii. 220, 221.
+
+[216] [Dr Mitchell seems to have thought that _handlings_ should be read
+_haldings_.]
+
+[217] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 562, 563. [The words which in this
+quotation are enclosed in parentheses are not in the copy of the Book of
+Discipline preserved by Knox (Laing's Knox, ii. 221, 222). Instead of
+the words, "if _we_ permit cruelty to be used," that copy reads, "if
+_you_ permit suche creualtie to be used"; and after the words, "comfort
+and relaxation," is the clause, "Concludit be the Lordis."]
+
+[218] The pauper comes on the stage with the words--
+
+    "Of your almis, gude folks, for God's luife of heavin,
+    For I have motherles bairns either sax or seavin;"
+
+and proceeds in piteous strain--
+
+    "Gude man, will ye gif me of your charitie,
+    And I sall declair yow the black veritie.
+    My father was ane auld man, and a hoir,
+    And was of age four scoir of yeirs and moir.
+    And Mald, my mother, was four scoir and fyfteine,
+    And with my labour I did thame baith susteine.
+    Wee had are meir, that caryit salt and coill,
+    And everie ilk yeir scho brocht us hame ane foill.
+    Wee had thrie ky, that was baith fat and fair,
+    Nane tydier into the toun of Air.
+    My father was sa waik of blude, and bane,
+    That he deit, quhairfoir my mother maid gret maine:
+    Then scho deit, within ane day or two;
+    And thair began my povertie and wo.
+    Our gude gray meir was baittand on the feild,
+    And our Land's laird tuik hir for his hyreild,
+    The vickar tuik the best cow be the heid,
+    Incontinent, quhen my father was deid.
+    And quhen the vickar hard tel how that my mother
+    Was deid, fra hand he tuke to him ane uther:
+    Then Meg, my wife, did murne baith evin and morow,
+    Till at the last scho deit for verie sorow:
+    And quhen the vickar hard tell my wyfe was dead,
+    The thrid cow he cleikit be the heid.
+    Thair umest clayis, that was of rapploch gray,
+    The vickar gart his clark bear them away.
+    Quhen all was gane, I micht mak na debeat,
+    Bot with my bairns past for till beg my meat.
+        Now, haif I tald yow the blak veritie,
+        How I am brocht into this miserie."
+
+--Laing's Lindsay's Poetical Works, 1879, ii. 99, 102, 103.
+
+[219] [In the Articles addressed by some of the temporal lords and
+barons to the queen regent, and sent by her to the Provincial Council
+convened in Edinburgh a few weeks before the Reformation burst like a
+tempest upon the country, it was requested that "the corps presentes,
+kow, and [um]est claith, and the silvir commonlie callit the kirk
+richts, and Pasch offrands quhilk is takin at Pasch fra men and women
+for distribution of the sacrament of the blessit body and blood of Jesus
+Christ," should no longer be extorted under pain of excommunication or
+debarring from the sacraments, but left to the free will of the givers
+(Concilia Scotiæ, ii. 148, 149). The Council met this demand for
+reformation by enacting that in future the poor should be freed from
+mortuary dues, while those not quite so poor were only to pay them in a
+modified form; and the small tithes and oblations were to be taken up
+before Lent so as to avoid the appearance of selling the sacrament
+(Ibid., ii. 167, 168, 174). When, on the 27th of May 1560, the reforming
+vicar of Lintrathin raised a summons against his parishioners for
+payment of his teinds, "the cors present and umest clayth of all yeris
+and termes bigane restand unpayit" were specially excepted from his
+claim (Spalding Miscellany, iv. 121).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE LAST DAYS OF JOHN KNOX.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Assassination of the Good Regent.]
+
+The eighth decade of the sixteenth century was memorable in the history
+of Protestantism in its Presbyterian or Calvinistic form, and the year
+1572 has been termed its _annus mirabilis_. It marked a crisis in the
+long and bloody struggle of the Protestants in the Netherlands with
+their Spanish oppressors,--a struggle which issued in securing the
+independence of the Dutch people, and settling on a Calvinistic basis
+the Reformed Church of Holland. It formed the turning-point in the
+tragic fortunes of the Reformed Church of France, at which, from being
+able to claim as adherents a majority of the landed gentry and a large
+minority of the more intelligent and wealthy _bourgeois_ in the
+provincial towns, and being only weak among the citizens of the capital
+and the peasantry of northern and central France, she was, by an act of
+base treachery and fiendish cruelty, hurled from her promising
+position, sadly crippled in numbers and influence, permanently weakened
+and cast down, though not crushed or driven to despair.[220] This decade
+was especially memorable in the history of the Reformed Church of
+Scotland as having witnessed the removal of the ablest and best of the
+lay defenders of the Reformation, the death of our great reformer
+himself, and the return to Scotland of the intrepid and devoted man who
+was to take up and complete the work, from which failing health and a
+grieved spirit had obliged Knox to withdraw. The assassination of the
+Good Regent (as the Earl of Moray was deservedly surnamed) was
+unquestionably the most disgraceful of all the murders perpetrated in
+Scotland in the interests of faction during those years of confusion and
+strife.[221] It brought no permanent advantage to the party of reaction.
+It wrought much woe to the country, which under his firm yet kindly rule
+had begun to settle into order and to recover its prosperity.
+
+[Sidenote: He leaves Edinburgh.]
+
+This great national calamity preyed on the spirit and broke the already
+waning strength of Knox. In the month of October in that year[222] he
+had a stroke of paralysis or of apoplexy, which for a time laid him
+aside altogether from work, and permanently enfeebled his constitution.
+As in the case of Wycliffe in the fourteenth century, his opponents
+exulted over his misfortune, and circulated maliciously exaggerated
+accounts of his condition, on which probably their more malicious and
+notoriously fictitious accounts of his last illness were founded. But
+this first seizure was not so severe as to put a final arrest on his
+activities. Before many weeks were over he had so far recovered as to be
+able, in part at least, to resume his labours. He was able in a measure
+to continue them through the anxious and unquiet months of the
+succeeding winter and spring--bearing faithful testimony to the
+principles, religious and political, which he had long professed;
+standing up resolutely in defence of the authority of the young prince,
+when many, who had formerly sworn allegiance to him, led by the
+intriguing laird of Lethington and the "fause" house of Hamilton, went
+over to the party of his popish mother. He exposed their sophistries,
+and fearlessly rebuked their defection, even after they had gained for
+the time the supremacy in Edinburgh. Others might truckle to them or
+quail before them, but that palsied old man, with all his former
+plainness and much of his former fire, persevered in denouncing their
+treachery and discrediting their proposals. Threatenings were uttered
+against his life if he persisted in his course; protection seems to have
+been refused him by the party against the violence of their lawless
+followers; and one evening (as had often happened to Calvin in his years
+of conflict) a musket-ball was fired in at the window of his house, and
+lodged in the roof of the apartment in which he was sitting. Again and
+again faithful citizens, an attached kirk-session, and John Craig, then
+his colleague in the ministry, entreated him to remove for a time to
+some place where his life would be safe from violence, and whence he
+could return to his loving and beloved flock as soon as the prevailing
+faction should be put down, or should vacate the city. But he heard them
+all unmoved, until at last they were constrained to tell him plainly
+that if he was attacked they had made up their minds to peril their
+lives in his defence, and if they were compelled to shed blood in the
+contest it must lie on his head. Thus "sore against his will,"[223] as
+one of the earliest historians of his declining years tells us, and
+"almost thrust out by the authority of the church court,"[224] as
+another of them has it, he, on the 5th May 1571, took farewell of
+Edinburgh for a time, and crossing the Firth of Forth at Leith moved on
+by short and easy stages through Fife to the city in which "God had
+first opened his mouth" to proclaim His truth, and for which to the last
+he, as well as the Good Regent, cherished a special affection. As Mr
+John Davidson, then a teacher in one of the colleges, has expressed it
+in homely Scotch:--
+
+    "Thou knawis he lude the by the lave,
+    For _first_ in the he gave the rout
+    Till Antechrist that Romische slave,
+    Preicheing that Christ did only save.
+    Bot _last_ of Edinburgh exprest,
+    Quhen he was not far fra his grave
+    He came to the by all the rest."[225]
+
+[Sidenote: His preaching in St Andrews.]
+
+In St Andrews the reformer was sure to be free from personal danger, and
+on the whole to have the sympathy of the citizens; though it was not to
+be supposed that--in the city and university where the late Archbishop
+Hamilton had been long supreme, and had recently been claiming to
+exercise the authority of Chancellor of the University, and new founder
+of St Mary's College,[226] and where he had left behind several
+relations and dependents more compliant with the new order of things
+than himself--there were not to be found in this crisis several
+influential persons who had more sympathy with their late chief and
+with the selfish and crooked policy of the Hamiltons than with the
+straightforward course and steadfast fidelity of the dauntless reformer,
+and who would have little relish for his earnest warnings and stern
+reproofs. The notices preserved to us regarding this last and, so far as
+is yet known, longest visit of Knox to St Andrews are both detailed and
+interesting. From the simple and loving Memorials of his attendant,
+Richard Bannatyne, we learn that all the time he was there--_i.e._, from
+the beginning of July 1571 to the 17th of August 1572--he preached every
+Sunday, and expounded the prophecies of Daniel to the middle of the
+ninth chapter, applying the words of the prophet to the circumstances of
+Scotland at the time, and inveighing in the strongest terms against "the
+bloody house of Hamilton" and its abettors for their deceit, treachery,
+and turbulence, their base murder of the Good Regent, and cunning plot
+to restore a popish queen.[227] These themes, to which in the
+applications of his sermons he ever and anon returned, woke up all the
+fire and fervour of the old man eloquent; and if it might not be said,
+as in earlier days, that every sermon was of more value to the cause he
+defended than five hundred armed men, yet the report of his untiring
+zeal and unswerving fidelity would still contribute greatly to animate
+and cheer the adherents of the young prince and of the new regent in all
+parts of the land.
+
+As I have hinted, there were some in the city to whom such discourses
+could not fail to be distasteful--some who refused to attend on his
+ministry, and were perhaps so stung by what was reported of his sharp
+but not undeserved reproofs that they were compelled to throw off the
+mask they had hitherto worn, and soon after openly to apostatise from
+the faith which for several years they had professed and taught. But the
+effect on many of the young men in attendance on the university, or
+acting as regents in its colleges, was salutary and enduring; and
+perhaps it was not without special intention that, when the door was
+shut against him in Edinburgh and the ears of the men in power there
+were closed against his counsels, he betook himself to what was still
+the principal university in the realm, and made his last appeals to the
+rising hopes of the church and country there. Such discourses as he then
+delivered, coming from one they had already learned to venerate, could
+not fail to form or foster in their ingenuous minds that fidelity to the
+reformed faith, that jealousy of popery, and that hatred of its cruelty
+and tyranny, which distinguished them to the last.
+
+[Sidenote: Melville's sketch of Knox.]
+
+James Melville, whose plastic nature and gentle spirit retained through
+life the impressions then made, supplements in his Diary the notices in
+Bannatyne's Memorials, and, in a passage which has been often quoted,
+gives a very fresh and vivid sketch of the old reformer. "Bot of all the
+benefites I haid that yeir"--the first year he was a student in St
+Andrews, and had "drunk of St Leonard's well"--"the greatest," he tells
+us, "was the coming of that maist notable profet and apostle of our
+nation, Mr Jhone Knox, to St Androis; wha be the faction of the Quein
+occupeing the castell and town of Edinbruche was compellit to remove
+thairfra with a number of the best, and chusit to com to St Androis. I
+hard him teatche ther the prophecie of Daniel that simmer and the wintar
+following. I haid my pen and my litle book, and tuk away sic things as I
+could comprehend. In the opening upe of his text he was moderat the
+space of an halff houre; bot when he enterit to application he maid me
+sa to grew and tremble that I could nocht hald a pen to wryt. I hard him
+oftymes utter these thretenings [against the faction then] in the hicht
+of their pryde, quhilk the eis [_i.e._, eyes] of monie saw cleirlie
+brought to pass within few yeirs upon the captean of that castle, the
+Hamiltones, and the Quein hirselff. He ludgit down in the Abbay besyde
+our Collage."[228] So far was it from being true, as is commonly
+asserted, that he had caused the destruction of the abbey and of the
+abbey church or cathedral in 1559, that in 1571 he found a habitable
+building there, in which he, a frail old man, with his wife and
+children, could pass the winter in comfort. It, we know from a letter of
+his antagonist, Archibald Hamilton, was "the new ludgene of the
+abbey,"[229] or _novum hospitium_, built for the reception of Mary of
+Guise, the queen of James V.[230] It was in the immediate vicinity of St
+Leonard's College, and our diarist further tells us: "Our regents, Mr
+Nicol Dalgleise, Mr Wilyeam Colace, and Mr Jhone Davidsone, went in
+ordinarilie to his grace [or devotional exercises] efter denner and
+soupper.... Mr Knox wald sum tymes com in and repose him in our Collage
+yeard [that is the gardens immediately to the west of the _novum
+hospitium_, adjoining St Leonard's College], and call us schollars unto
+him and bless us, and exhort us to knaw God and His wark in our contrey,
+and stand be the guid cause, to use our tyme weill, and lern the guid
+instructiones, and follow the guid exemple of our maisters."[231] No
+wonder, in these circumstances, that he is able to add, "Our haill
+collage, maisters and schollars, war sound and zelus for the guid
+cause," or that we can now still further add that thence proceeded
+several of the men who were to uphold it most resolutely in the evil
+days which followed.
+
+[Sidenote: Opposition in St Andrews.]
+
+In the New College we are told, "whowbeit Mr Jhone Dowglass, then Rector
+[and Principal] was guid aneuche," yet the "uther maisters and sum of
+the regentes war evill-myndit," and "hated Mr Knox and the guid
+cause";[232] and two of them, Archibald and John Hamilton, soon after
+apostatised, betook themselves to the Continent, and rose to high office
+in the Universities of Louvain and Paris, where the one in not inelegant
+Latin, and the other in courtly Scotch, sought to vindicate their
+conduct, and to traduce and refute their former co-religionists. Some
+of the masters of the Old College also, as Bannatyne has recorded, hated
+the plain-speaking reformer, though "be outward gesture and befoir his
+face thei wald seime and apeir to favore and love him above the
+rest."[233] The Hamiltons especially seem to have given him considerable
+occasion to complain of their bitter and unguarded criticisms, and one
+of them, stung by his denunciations, challenged him to defend his
+doctrine in the schools of the university. This he at first refused,
+maintaining that the pulpit was not to be controlled by the university
+schools, nor the church put into subjection to the academy.
+
+[Sidenote: Patrick Adamson.]
+
+St Andrews at that time was the _rendezvous_ of others of the adherents
+of the young prince, who did not feel themselves safe under the faction
+then in possession of the castle and city of Edinburgh. One of these, Mr
+John Durie of Leith, was "for stoutness and zeall in the guid cause
+mikle renouned and talked of." He was an enthusiastic leader of the
+volunteers of his day. "The gown was na sooner af and the Byble out of
+hand fra the kirk, when on ged the corslet, and fangit was the hagbot,
+and to the fields."[234] Another was Robert Leckprevick, the famous
+printer, who brought his types and printing-press with him, and so did
+notable service to the cause. "He haid then in hand," Melville tells
+us, "Mr Patrik Constant's [or Adamson's[235]] Catechisme of Calvin,
+converted in Latin heroic vers, quhilk with the author was mikle estimed
+of";[236] and deservedly so, for Adamson was an accomplished scholar,
+was using his scholarship for the church's good, was eulogised by
+Lawson, Knox's colleague and successor, and had not yet developed that
+spirit of subserviency to the powers that be which afterwards proved his
+ruin.
+
+The printer had also the honour of publishing in St Andrews the last
+work which engaged the thoughts of the reformer. This was his 'Answer to
+a letter of a Jesuit named Tyrie.' It had been drawn up some years
+before, but was now carefully revised and enlarged, and exhibited his
+matured views respecting several of the most notable subjects of
+controversy between the reformed and unreformed churches. Possibly it
+may have been because he had detected through all their disguises the
+secret leaning of the two Hamiltons to Romanist or semi-Romanist views
+regarding the apostolical succession, the nature of the sacraments, and
+the unfailing visibility and perpetuity of the church, that he now so
+fully entered into a controversy which previously he had been inclined
+to shun. Perhaps this is what is hinted at in the preface, in which he
+says: "Wonder not, gentill reidar, that sic ane argument suld proceid
+fra me in thir dolorous days after that I have taken gude-night at the
+warld and at all the fasherie of the same.... There ar sevin yeares past
+sen a scrole send from a Jesuite to his brother was presented unto me be
+a faithfull brother requyring sum answer to be maid to the same....
+Amongs my other caires I scriblit that which followis, and that in few
+dayis; which being finished I repented of my laubour, and purposed
+fullie to have suppressed it. Which, na dout I had done, if that the
+devil had not steirit up the Jesuites of purpois to trouble godlie
+harts, with the same argumentis which Tyrie usis, amplifyed and set
+furth with all the dog eloquence that Sathan can devyse for suppressing
+of the free progres of the Evangell of Jesus Christ." Then, after a
+touching reference to the hard lot of his dispersed flock "suffering
+lytill les calamitie than did the faithfull efter the persecutioun of
+Steaphen," and an earnest petition that God would grant them one day to
+meet in glory, he entreats the brethren to pray for _him_, that God "in
+His mercy will pleis to put end to my long and panefull battell," as he
+was unable to fight as erewhile he had done, and longed for release,
+though still resigned to bear patiently whatsoever God saw meet to lay
+upon this, his "wicked carkase."[237]
+
+[Sidenote: The St Andrews Assembly.]
+
+In March 1572 the General Assembly was held at St Andrews in the schools
+of St Leonard's College.[238] This place was no doubt chosen in part at
+least for the convenience of the aged reformer, whose counsel in that
+time of trouble was specially needed. It was the last Assembly at which
+he was able to be present, and probably the first witnessed by Davidson
+and Melville. "Thair," the latter narrates, "was motioned the making of
+bischopes, to the quhilk Mr Knox opponit himselff directlie and
+zealuslie";[239] and thus probably were implanted in the youthful
+student's mind the germs of those presbyterian principles which were
+nurtured by intercourse with his uncle Andrew Melville, and were
+retained by him to the last with heroic tenacity.
+
+[Sidenote: Three Kinds of Bishops.]
+
+Two months before this a convention at Leith had given its sanction to
+a sort of mongrel episcopacy, nominally to secure the tithes more
+completely to the church, but really to secure the bulk of them by a
+more regular title to certain covetous noblemen who sought in this way
+to reimburse themselves for their services in the cause of the
+Reformation.[240] Chief among these noblemen was the Earl of Morton,
+then one of the chief supporters of the young prince, and soon after
+regent of the kingdom. Having secured a presentation to the
+Archbishopric of St Andrews for Mr John Douglas before mentioned, he
+came over to the city, had him elected by the chapter in terms of the
+convention, and on the 10th of February inaugurated into his office.
+This function was performed by Wynram, Superintendent of Fife, according
+to the Order followed in the admission of Superintendents, save that the
+Bishop of Caithness, the Superintendent of Lothian, and Mr David
+Lindsay, who sat beside Douglas, laid their hands on his head. Knox had
+preached that day as usual; but, as Bannatyne is careful to tell us, had
+"refuised to inaugurat the said bischope";[241] and as others add had
+"denounced anathema to the giver, anathema to the receaver,"[242] who
+as rector and principal had already far more to do than such an aged man
+could hope to overtake.[243] It was in reference to the same appointment
+that Adamson, as yet uncorrupted by Court influences, had a few days
+before in a sermon from the same pulpit given utterance to his famous
+distinction of three kinds of bishops, my lord bishop, my lord's bishop,
+and the Lord's bishop, the first of whom had been in time of popery, the
+second was now brought in merely to enable my lord to draw the kirk
+rents, and the third was the evangelical pastor as he should be in times
+of thorough reformation.[244]
+
+One more brief sketch from the Diary of the quaint but graphic
+chronicler on whom I have repeatedly drawn may conclude our notice of
+these last labours of the reformer, and bring us to his last illness and
+death. "The town of Edinbruche recovered againe [out of the hands of the
+queen's faction] and the guid and honest men therof retourned to thair
+housses,[245] Mr Knox with his familie past hame to Edinbruche." During
+the time of his residence in St Andrews he was very weak. "I saw him
+everie day of his doctrine," says Melville, "go hulie and fear with a
+furring of martriks about his neck, a staff in the an hand, and guid
+godlie Richart Ballanden, his servand, halding upe the uther oxtar, from
+the abbey to the paroche kirk; and be the said Richart and another
+servant lifted upe to the pulpit, whar he behovit to lean at his first
+entrie; bot or he haid done with his sermont he was sa active and
+vigorus that he was lyk to ding that pulpit in blads, and fly out of
+it."[246]
+
+[Sidenote: His Message to Charles IX.]
+
+Soon after his return to Edinburgh he found himself quite unable to
+preach in the large church which he had formerly occupied, and a smaller
+one was fitted up for him in the western part of the nave of St
+Giles.[247] But not even so were his services to be long available. On
+one occasion only after his return may it be said that the old fire
+burst out with all its former fierceness and brilliancy. This was in
+September, when tidings reached him of the bloody massacre of St
+Bartholomew's day in France. "Being conveyed to the pulpit," Dr M'Crie
+tells us, "and summoning up his remaining strength, he thundered the
+vengeance of God against 'that cruel murderer and false traitor, the
+King of France,' and [borrowing the language of the Old Testament
+prophets] desired Le Croc, the French ambassador, to tell his master
+that sentence was pronounced against him in Scotland, that the divine
+vengeance would never depart from him nor from his house, if repentance
+did not ensue; but his name would remain an execration to posterity, and
+none proceeding from his loins should enjoy his kingdom in peace."[248]
+The only further notice of his work is by Melville, who simply informs
+us that after "instituting in his roum, be the ordinar calling of the
+kirk and congregation, Mr James Lawsone, a man of singular learning,
+zeal, and eloquence, ... he tuk him to his chamber and most happelie and
+comfortablie departed this lyff."[249]
+
+With this kindly notice by his youthful admirer this lecture would have
+ended, had I not promised to the late Dean Stanley several years ago
+that, when a suitable opportunity occurred, I would not fail publicly to
+advert to a shameless misrepresentation of the closing scene to which he
+had directed my attention. This originated with Archibald Hamilton,
+already referred to as one of the two masters of the New College, who
+apostatised from the Protestant faith, and after his flight to the
+Continent published the most barefaced lies of his old antagonist and
+the noble men who were associated with him in his hard battle and
+well-earned triumph. These lies were exposed and refuted at the time by
+Principal Smeton of Glasgow, himself a convert from that Society of
+Jesus which Hamilton ultimately joined. But as they have been revived in
+our own day, and distributed in the form of a tract by Popish emissaries
+at the doors of Protestant churches in London, and as one of a series
+bearing the sensational title of "Death-bed Scenes," I shall, in
+fulfilment of my promise, subjoin a brief account of the reformer's last
+illness and death, taken almost exclusively from the contemporary
+narratives of Bannatyne and Smeton, the former of whom was an
+eye-witness, and the latter of whom had full information from
+Lawson,[250] who also was an eye-witness of all. This, I feel assured,
+is all that is required to set matters in their true light.
+
+[Sidenote: Popish Calumny.]
+
+The vague charges of immorality brought against the reformer by those
+calumniators, ancient and modern, may be dismissed at once as nothing
+more than the stock-in-trade of hard-pressed controversialists in the
+sixteenth century. Had there been the slightest foundation for them,
+some of Knox's many opponents in Scotland--Ninian Winzet, or the Abbot
+of Crossraguel, or Tyrie the Jesuit, or Hamilton himself before he left
+the country--would not have scrupled openly to upbraid him with them.
+Neither would the culprits among the Protestant clergy and laity, whom
+at various times he subjected to so rigorous a discipline, have borne
+this patiently at his hands had he himself been a known offender. It was
+his character which gave him his influence both at home and abroad, both
+with friends and with foes, and could it have been successfully
+assailed, it would not have been left to two Jesuits in a foreign land
+to lead the assault after he was silenced in death.
+
+Such, however, I hardly need to assure you was not the end of the
+restorer of a really holy church in Scotland, if aught of credit is to
+be given to the unanimous testimony of those who attended him during his
+last illness and witnessed its closing scene, though it may have been
+the end which Popish controversialists in the sixteenth century deemed
+meet for him--as well as for Luther and Calvin and many more of whom the
+world was not worthy--as it is in one of the foulest legends with which
+their successors in the nineteenth century think it fair to supplement
+the legends of their predecessors in the sixteenth. According to them
+Luther was the child of a demon, not figuratively but literally; Calvin
+was eaten up of worms, like Herod who slew the children of Bethlehem and
+was smitten by the judgment of God, because (though apparently in this
+they confound him with a later Herod) he affected divine honours. To
+mention such slanders, as the sceptical Bayle has said with special
+reference to the case of Knox, is all that is needed to refute them.
+They are the product of malignity so evident that it defeats itself. I
+know but one parallel to them in our literature, and it has the excuse
+that it has come down to us from the dark ages.[251] Some would
+persuade us that the time has come when we might afford to forget old
+controversies and to shake hands with our former antagonists, but such
+occurrences as these tend to show that such forgetfulness and
+affectation of cordiality is likely to be all on one side.
+
+And now let me simply set over against these fables, in as abridged form
+as I can, the unvarnished statements of Bannatyne and Smeton, the latter
+of which was published in reply to Hamilton who first gave shape to
+these charges, and which hitherto has been deemed a conclusive
+refutation of them.[252]
+
+[Sidenote: His last Illness.]
+
+[Sidenote: His Dying Exhortations.]
+
+On the 10th of November, the day after he inducted Lawson as his
+colleague, he was seized with a violent cough and began to breathe with
+difficulty. Many, who desired ardently, if it were possible, to detain
+him a little longer here, advised him to call in the assistance of
+skilful physicians. He readily complied with their advice, though he
+felt that the end of his warfare was now nigh at hand. Next day he
+caused the wages of all his servants to be paid, and earnestly exhorted
+them all to be careful to lead holy and Christian lives. On the 13th,
+being obliged by the increase of his malady to leave off his ordinary
+course of reading in the Scriptures (for every day he had been wont to
+read some chapters of the Old and New Testaments, especially some of the
+Psalms and Gospels), he directed his wife and servant to read to him
+each day the 17th chapter of St John's Gospel, one or other of the
+chapters of St Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, and the 53rd chapter of
+Isaiah. On the 14th he rose early, apparently supposing it had been the
+Lord's day, and being asked why he did so when he was so ill, he replied
+that he had been meditating all night on the resurrection of the Lord
+(the subject which would have fallen to be treated next in order by him
+in his ministry), and that he was now prepared to ascend the pulpit to
+communicate to his brethren the consolation he had enjoyed in his own
+soul. Next day, though very sick, he prevailed on Durie, already
+mentioned, and another friend, Steward by name, to remain to dinner with
+him, ordered a hogshead of wine in his cellar to be pierced for them,
+and desired Steward to send for some of it as long as it lasted, for he
+should not tarry till it was done. Little is recorded of him for several
+days after this, but it was probably in this interval that he was
+visited by many of the chief of the nobility, including the Earl of
+Morton, so soon to be created regent,[253] and by many members of his
+congregation. All of these he "solidly exhorted" and comforted. On the
+20th or 21st he gave orders that his coffin should be prepared. On the
+22nd he sent for the ministers, elders, and deacons of the church, that
+he might give them his last counsels and take final farewell of them. In
+the brief but solemn address which he delivered to them he called God to
+witness, whom he served in the Gospel of His Son, that he had taught
+nothing but the pure and solid doctrine of the Gospel of the Son of God,
+and had never indulged his own private passions, or spoken from any
+hatred of the persons of those against whom he had denounced the heavy
+judgments of God. He exhorted them to persevere in the truth of the
+Gospel and in their allegiance to their young sovereign, and dismissed
+them with his solemn blessing. To Lawson and Lindsay, whom he asked to
+remain behind, he gave a last earnest message for his old friend
+Kirkaldy of Grange, the commandant of the castle, who had gone over to
+the party of the queen,[254] and whose soul, notwithstanding, he said,
+was dear to him--as being one of his congregation in the castle of St
+Andrews, and a sharer in his hard lot in France--so that he would not
+have it perish if by any means he could save it. "Go and tell him," he
+said, "that neither the craggy rock in which he miserably trusts, nor
+the carnal prudence of that man whom he regards as a demigod, nor the
+assistance of foreigners, as he falsely flatters himself, shall deliver
+them, but he shall be disgracefully dragged from his nest to punishment
+and hung on a gallows in the face of the sun, unless he speedily amend
+his life and betake himself to the mercy of God."
+
+[Sidenote: His Consolation.]
+
+On the 23rd the difficulty of his breathing had greatly increased, and
+he seems to have thought that his end was near at hand. To one of his
+most intimate friends who asked him if he felt great pain, he replied
+that that was not reckoned as pain by him which would be the end of many
+miseries and the beginning of perpetual joy. And soon after, apparently
+supposing his end was come, he repeated the Lord's Prayer and the
+Apostles' Creed, adding certain paraphrases of his own on each petition
+of the prayer and article of the creed to the great comfort of those who
+stood by; and then lifting up his hands to heaven he once more said,
+"Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit." During the succeeding night
+he caused the 15th chapter of 1st Corinthians to be read and re-read to
+him, and repeatedly said to himself, "O! how sweet and salutary
+consolation does the Lord provide for me in this chapter." The following
+day, about noon, he once more sat up in bed, but owing to his extreme
+weakness was not able to remain long in that posture. About three in the
+afternoon one of his eyes failed, and his tongue performed its office
+less readily than before. About six in the evening he again said to his
+wife, "Go, read where I cast my first anchor," referring to the
+instructions he had given on the 13th.[255]
+
+When this had been done, he continued for some hours in troubled
+slumber. It is in this occurrence alone that there can be got the
+slightest foundation for the slanders which his traducers have
+circulated. And it is only necessary to quote the account given of it by
+those who witnessed it to show that it was as honourable to the dying
+confessor as the gross misrepresentation of it was dishonourable to his
+opponents. During these hours he uttered frequent sighs and groans, so
+that those who stood by could not doubt that he was contending with some
+grievous temptation. When he awoke they asked him what was the cause of
+his distress. He answered that in the course of his life he had had many
+contests with his spiritual adversary. Often he had been tempted to
+despair of God's mercy because of the greatness of his sins, often also
+tempted by the allurements of the world to forget his calling to endure
+hardness as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. But now the cunning
+adversary had assailed him in another form, and endeavoured to persuade
+him that he had merited heaven itself and a blessed immortality by the
+faithful discharge of the duties of his high office. "But blessed be
+God," exclaimed the dying reformer, "who hath brought seasonably to my
+mind those passages of Scripture by which I was enabled to quench the
+fiery dart, 'What hast thou, that thou hast not received?' 'By the grace
+of God I am what I am,' and 'Not I, but the grace of God in me' ...
+wherefore I give thanks to my God by Jesus Christ who has been pleased
+to grant me the victory. And I am firmly persuaded that ... in a short
+time, without any great bodily pain, and without any distress of mind, I
+shall exchange this mortal and miserable life for an immortal and
+blessed life through Jesus Christ."
+
+[Sidenote: His Peaceful Death.]
+
+This persuasion of his speedy and happy departure was soon to be
+justified by the event. After evening prayers Dr Preston, his physician,
+asked him whether he had heard them, when he replied, "I would to God
+that ye and all men heard them as I have heard them, and I praise God
+for that heavenly sound." Shortly after the signs of immediate
+dissolution appeared, his friends gathered round his bed, and his
+faithful servant addressed him: "Now, sir, the time that you have long
+called to God for, to wit an end of your battle, is come. And seeing all
+natural power now fails, remember those comfortable promises, which
+often times ye have shown to us, of our Saviour Jesus Christ. And that
+we may understand and know that ye hear us, make us some sign." And so
+he lifted up one of his hands, and incontinent thereafter rendered up
+his spirit apparently without pain or movement, so that he seemed rather
+to fall asleep than to die.
+
+Such was the account of his last illness and death transmitted by those
+who attended on him and witnessed it, a death worthy of his noble life,
+and fully justifying the brief comment of Smeton, "Surely, whatever
+opprobrious things profane men may utter, God hath in him given us an
+example of the right way as well of dying as of living." It is true, as
+his heartless traducer takes care to remind us, no dirge was chanted
+over his remains, no mass of requiem was celebrated for his soul. He and
+his countrymen had long ceased to believe in the worth of such priestly
+ceremonies, or to imagine that their eternal state could be affected by
+them, or by aught save Christ's finished work and their own faith and
+repentance while God's day of grace was prolonged to them here. The
+brief eulogy pronounced over his grave by the stern and reserved
+regent[256] was a truer and more impressive testimony to his worth than
+the most gorgeous celebration of Romish rites which he could but have
+shared with a Borgia or a Betoun. The stern simplicity of his grave,
+which, like his master Calvin's, was till lately preserved in the memory
+of men without stone or bronze to mark it out, tells a tale very
+different from that his traducer hints at; and if his bitter taunts
+shall lead the reformer's countrymen now to erect a material monument to
+him in some measure corresponding to the benefits he has been honoured
+to confer on them, this attack on his fair fame will have been overruled
+for good.
+
+[Sidenote: The Scottish Nation his Monument.]
+
+But his real monument will never be one graven by art or man's device.
+It is one more noble, more lasting far. It is to be found in the life
+God enabled him to live, and the work God honoured him to do. It is to
+be seen in the plans he devised, in the institutions he founded, in the
+people he moulded anew, when the old church had confessedly failed in
+its mission. And while the Scottish nation continues to retain these
+institutions, and to bear this impress, it will continue the grandest,
+as it is the most telling, monument to the memory of its noble-hearted
+and single-minded reformer.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[220] Dr Lorimer in British and Foreign Evangelical Review for 1872, p.
+758.
+
+[221] [The Good Regent was assassinated on the 23rd of January 1569-70.]
+
+[222] [1570.]
+
+[223] Bannatyne's Memoriales, Ban. Club, p. 118.
+
+[224] See Laing's Knox, vi. 651.
+
+[225] M'Crie's Knox, 1855, p. 459; Rogers' Three Scottish Reformers, p.
+97.
+
+[226] [Archbishop Hamilton was hanged at the market cross of Stirling on
+the 7th of April 1571.]
+
+[227] Bannatyne's Memoriales, Ban. Club, p. 255.
+
+[228] Melville's Diary, Wodrow Society, p. 26.
+
+[229] [Archibald Hamilton's letter or protestation is in Bannatyne's
+Memoriales, pp. 262, 263.]
+
+[230] [According to Martine, it was built, not for the reception of Mary
+of Guise, but when James V. was married to Magdalene, the fair daughter
+of Francis I., in 1537, the tradition being that the physicians chose
+this place as peculiarly suitable for such a delicate creature; and that
+"so many artificers were conveened and employed, and the materials so
+quicklie prepared, that the house was begun and finished in a month"
+(Reliquiæ Divi Andreæ, p. 190). There is better evidence to show that
+Mary of Guise spent her honeymoon within its substantial walls in the
+summer of 1538 (Lesley's History, pp. 155, 156; Pitscottie's History,
+1778, pp. 250, 251).]
+
+[231] Melville's Diary, p. 26.
+
+[232] Ibid.
+
+[233] Bannatyne's Memoriales, p. 256.
+
+[234] Melville's Diary, p. 32.
+
+[235] [In the rather scurrilous Legend of the Bischop of St Androis, it
+is said:--
+
+    "Ane baxters sone, are beggar borne,
+    That twyse his surnaime hes mensworne;
+    To be called Constene he thocht shame,
+    He tuke up Constantine to name.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Thinking that poore professione vaine,
+    He changed his surname ower agane;
+    Now Doctor Adamsone at last,
+    Whairthrow he ower to Paris past."
+
+--Dalyell's Scotish Poems, 1801, ii. 309, 310.
+
+He inherited both names from his ancestors, who were called Constantine
+or Adamson (M'Crie's Melville, 1856, p. 461).]
+
+[236] Melville's Diary, p. 32.
+
+[237] Laing's Knox, vi. 481, 482.
+
+[238] [This Assembly met on the 6th of March 1571-72.]
+
+[239] Melville's Diary, p. 31.
+
+[240] [This convention was held in January 1571-72. See Booke of the
+Universall Kirk, i. 203-236; Calderwood's History, iii. 168-196.]
+
+[241] Bannatyne's Memorials, p. 223.
+
+[242] Calderwood's History, iii. 206.
+
+[243] [Dr Laing has not only indicated that there has long been much
+uncertainty and speculation as to the parentage and social status of
+John Douglas, but has stated that he "was descended from the Douglasses
+of Pettendreich" (Laing's Knox, i. 286 n.) Principal Lee has said: "All
+the accounts of Douglas which I have ever seen in modern books abound
+with errors. He is represented as having been an obscure Carmelite friar
+whom the Earl of Argyle chose to employ as his chaplain, and for whom
+the Archbishop of St Andrews expressed the strongest aversion. He was
+quite a different man--a man of family undoubtedly, and most probably
+related to James Douglas the Earl of Morton, son of Sir George Douglas
+of Pinky, and, like him, a branch of the great family of Angus" (Lee's
+Lectures, ii. 3). When working in the Register House, I found
+unimpeachable evidence concerning his parentage. On the 2nd of January
+1563-64, letters of legitimation were granted in favour of Mr John
+Douglas, Rector of the University of St Andrews, bastard son natural of
+quondam Robert Douglas in Langnewtoune (Register of Privy Seal, xxxii.
+23).]
+
+[244] Melville's Diary, p. 32; Calderwood's History, iii. 206.
+
+[245] These honest men earnestly implored their pastor to return also to
+Edinburgh, if he could do so without serious injury to his health.
+
+[246] Melville's Diary, p. 33.
+
+[247] [Dr Cameron Lees says that the Tolbooth, in which Knox preached
+for some little time and where he delivered his last sermon, was "the
+portion of St Giles which had been cut off the western part of the nave,
+and was used for meetings of the Council" (St Giles', 1889, p. 157).]
+
+[248] M'Crie's Knox, 1855, p. 269.
+
+[249] Melville's Diary, p. 33.
+
+[250] [In the opinion of Dr David Laing, Lawson was the author of the
+Vera Historia extremae vitae et obitus eximii viri Joannis Knoxii,
+appended to Smeton's Responsio ad Hamiltonii Dialogum, in 1579 (Laing's
+Knox, vi. 646).]
+
+[251] Walsingham's abuse of Wycliffe. [Thomae Walsingham, Historia
+Anglicana, ii. 119, 120; and Ypodigma Neustriae a Thoma Walsingham, p.
+340; Rolls series. Translations will be found in Vaughan's John de
+Wycliffe, 1853, pp. 468, 469; and in Lechler's Wycliffe, Relig. Tract
+Soc., p. 423.]
+
+[252] [For the substance of Archibald Hamilton's account, see M'Crie's
+Knox, 1855, p. 405. Bannatyne's account is in both editions of his work
+(Journal of Transactions, 1806, and Memoriales of Transactions, 1836).
+It is likewise in Laing's Knox, vi. 634-645; and there (pp. 649-660) is
+also given a translation of Smeton's (or Lawson's) account. The accounts
+of Bannatyne and Smeton do not always agree as to the exact day on which
+certain events happened.]
+
+[253] [Morton was elected regent on the 24th of November 1572, the day
+on which Knox died (Acts of Parliament, iii. 78; Bannatyne's Memoriales,
+p. 280). Bannatyne places Morton's visit on the 19th; Smeton leaves the
+day uncertain.]
+
+[254] For a defence of Kirkaldy see Barbé's Kirkaldy of Grange, Famous
+Scots Series, pp. 108-124.
+
+[255] For a different interpretation see Taylor Innes's John Knox,
+Famous Scots Series, pp. 30, 31.
+
+[256] [Morton's testimony to Knox, as recorded by Melville, was: "That
+he nather fearit nor flatterit anie fleche" (Diary, p. 60). As recorded
+by Calderwood: "Here lyeth a man who in his life never feared the face
+of man; who hath beene often threatned with dag and dager, but yitt hath
+ended his dayes in peace and honour. For he had God's providence
+watching over him in a speciall maner, when his verie life was sought"
+(History, iii. 242).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE SECOND BOOK OF DISCIPLINE.
+
+
+In a previous lecture I have endeavoured to give a pretty full account
+of the First Book of Discipline. It remains yet to say a few words about
+the Second Book of Discipline.
+
+[Sidenote: The Two Books Compared.]
+
+Principal John Cunningham has said: "The First Book exhibited a system
+of polity sagaciously suited to the circumstances of the country and the
+church: it seemed to grow out of the times."[257] I will add that it was
+not only suited to the times, but to many of the practical needs of the
+church of all times. I therefore hold that even yet it is worthy of a
+higher place than to be deemed merely a "collection of parchments and
+coins deposited beneath it [_i.e._, the Second Book] by which future
+generations may read the story of the times in which the building was
+begun."[258] The Second Book is more a book of constitutional law; and
+aims, as the Principal says, at elaborating a system from the New
+Testament without reference to circumstances, and bears far more
+resemblance to the Ordonnances of Calvin than to the less ambitious and
+more comprehensive Church Order Books of Germany. But the Second Book of
+Discipline has even fewer practical details than the ordinances of
+Geneva. Of course, so far as it actually abolished or modified the
+regulations of the First Book, these fell to be disused; but in so far
+as it did not actually do so, they still had a certain validity: and
+even in the Covenanting times it is generally the Books, not the Book of
+Discipline, to which reference is made in Acts of Assembly.
+
+No one in our times, perhaps, has shown a more thorough appreciation of
+the real merits of the First Book than the Duke of Argyll in his
+well-known essay on "Presbytery." Mr Hill Burton, who depreciates it in
+comparison with the Second, makes far more than is warranted of the
+strong language in which it occasionally indulges against the old
+church, with which he contrasts the more restrained and balanced
+utterances of the Second Book.[259] I do not yield to many in my
+admiration of the courage and calmness of Melville; but I could no more
+think of placing him, scholarly and bold, yet calm, as he generally was,
+nor the Book attributed to him, more logical and unimpassionately
+didactic though it be, before the eager, impetuous, yet sagacious Knox,
+with his wealth of rude eloquence and thrilling tenderness, and his Book
+in which these qualities of head and heart are so clearly mirrored, than
+I would think of placing Calvin, highly as I honour him, before Luther,
+or his Catechism before the Wittenberg hymn-books.
+
+I do not believe that the principles of the two Books are so widely
+different as they have sometimes been represented to be, or that the
+grand ideas of Knox concerning the place of the laity in the church, the
+education of the young, and the support and kindly treatment of the aged
+poor, were meant to be rejected or ignored by his great successor; but I
+do think these matters fall considerably into the background. Some of
+the noblest conceptions of the earlier Book are narrowed, and the whole
+system stiffened; and in the contests in which the church had then to
+engage with the young monarch, in vindication of her independence in her
+own province, positions were laid down which were soon pressed to
+consequences from which Knox and his associates would have shrunk.
+
+[Sidenote: The Supreme Power.]
+
+They, who had been obliged long to contend with a corrupt and obstinate
+clergy which would grant no real reform in doctrine, no substantial
+concessions for the alleviation of practical grievances, boldly laid
+down the principle that "to kings, princes, rulers, and magistrates ...
+chieflie and most principallie the conservation and purgation of the
+religioun apperteinis; so that not onlie they are appointed for civill
+policie, but also for maintenance of the trew religioun, and for
+suppressing of idolatrie and superstitioun whatsoever.... And therefore
+wee confesse and avow that sik as resist the supreme power doing that
+thing quhilk appertains to his charge, do resist Goddis ordinance, and
+therefore cannot be guiltles."[260] Melville, who was called to contend
+with a king bent on securing autocratic power in the church as well as
+in the state, laid down, with the utmost precision, the principle in
+chapter x., "Although kings and princes that be godlie, sumtymes be
+their awin authority whan the kirk is corruptit and all things out of
+ordor, place ministers and restore the trew service of the Lord efter
+the examples of sum godly kings of Juda and divers godly emperours and
+kings also in the light of the New Testament; yit quhair the ministrie
+of the kirk is anes lawfullie constitute and they that are placeit do
+thair office faithfullie, all godlie princes and magistratis aucht to
+heir and obey thair voice, and reverence the majestie of the Son of God
+speiking be them";[261] or, as in chapter i., where it is laid down, "As
+ministeris are subject to the judgement and punishment of the magistrat
+in externall things if they offend, so aucht the magistratis to submit
+themselfis to the discipline of the kirk gif they transgresse in
+matteris of conscience and religioun."[262]
+
+[Sidenote: Limits of Ecclesiastical Power.]
+
+Hill Burton sarcastically remarks that "if we grant that those who
+prepared it were what they called themselves--the Church of God,
+presided over by the Lord Jesus Christ as the representative of the
+Godhead on earth--it would be difficult to refuse assent to what
+follows. Nothing can be more perfect than the analysis by which the two
+ruling powers are separated from each other, and the ecclesiastical set
+above the secular."[263] If this is not quite borne out, one can hardly
+help feeling that more care should have been taken to mark out the
+limits of ecclesiastical authority, and to show that the power of
+ministers and elders was as distinctly limited by the laws of Christ as
+that of kings and magistrates ought to be by the laws of the land; or,
+in other words, that ministers and elders may err in interpreting the
+laws of Christ, just as civil rulers may err in interpreting the laws of
+the land. No doubt the limitation contended for is in words admitted,
+"the magistrat neither aucht to preich, minister the sacraments, nor
+execute the censuris of the kirk, nor yit prescrive any rewll how it
+sould be done; bot command the ministeris to observe the rewll commandit
+in the Word, and punish the transgressours be civill means. The
+ministeris exerce not the civill jurisdictioun, bot teich the magistrat
+how it sould be exercit according to the Word."[264] "It is proper to
+kings, princes, and magistrates to be callit lordis and dominators over
+their subjectis, whom they govern civilly; bot it is proper to Christ
+onlie to be callit Lord and Master in the spirituall government of the
+kirk, and all utheris that beiris office therein aucht not to usurp
+dominion therein, nor be callit lordis, bot onlie ministeris, disciples,
+and servantis. For it is Christis proper office to command and rewll His
+kirk universall, and every particular kirk, throw His Spirit and Word,
+be the ministrie of men."[265] But it is not made sufficiently prominent
+anywhere in the Book that these men are only entitled to unreserved
+obedience when they truly speak Christ's mind and truly follow His Word.
+Those who have made most of the Book have neither clearly perceived this
+nor have they realised the full meaning of the lucid and explicit
+statement made by Rutherfurd when he was contending against the
+Erastians and Independents of England. Had they done so, I cannot but
+think that the bitter divisions among Scottish Presbyterians would have
+been fewer, and that there would have been far less occasion for the
+reproach often cast on them, that new presbyter is but old priest writ
+large.
+
+[Sidenote: Rutherfurd's Opinion.]
+
+"That the magistrate is not obliged," Rutherfurd affirms, "to execute
+the decrees of the church without further examination, whether they be
+right or wrong, as Papists teach that the magistrate is to execute the
+decrees of their Popish councels with blind obedience, and submit his
+faith to them, because he is a layman and may not dare to examine
+whether the church doth erre or not, is clear. 1. Because, if in hearing
+the Word all should follow the example of the men of Berea, not relying
+on the testimony of Paul or any preacher, [and] try whether that which
+concerneth their conscience and faith be agreeable to the Scriptures or
+no, and accordingly receive or reject; so in all things of discipline
+the magistrate is to try by the Word whether he ought to adde his
+sanction to these decrees which the church gives out for edification,
+and whether he should draw the sword against such a one as a heretick
+and a perverter of souls. But the former is true; the magistrate's
+practise in adding his civill sanction and in punishing hereticks
+concerneth his conscience, knowing that he must do it in faith as he
+doth all his moral actions; _ergo_, the magistrate must examine what he
+practiseth in his office according to the Word, and must not take it
+upon the meer authority of the church, else his faith in these moral
+acts of his office should be resolved _ultimate_ on the authority of the
+church, not on the Word of God, which, no doubt, is Popery, for so the
+warrant of the magistrate's conscience should not be 'thus saith the
+Lord,' but 'thus saith the church in their decrees.' 2. The magistrate
+and all men have a command to try all things, _ergo_, to try the decrees
+of the church, and to retain what is good (1 Thes. v. 21); to try the
+spirits even of the church in their decrees (1 John iii. 1). 3. We
+behooved [in that case] to lay down this Popish ground that ... the
+church cannot erre in their decrees.... Its against Scripture and reason
+that magistrates, and by the like reason all others, should obey the
+decrees of the church with a blinde faith, without inquiring in the
+warrants and grounds of their decrees, which is as good Popery as,
+Magistrates and all men are to beleeve as the church beleeveth, with an
+implicite faith, so ignorance shall be the mother of devotion. Whoever
+impute this to us--who have suffered for nonconformity, and upon this
+ground, that synods can erre, refused the ceremonies--are to consult
+with their own conscience whether this be not to make us appear
+disloyall and odious to magistracy in that which we never thought, far
+lesse [presumed] to teache and professe it to the world."[266]
+
+[Sidenote: Gillespie's Opinion.]
+
+Even more notable are the utterances of George Gillespie, when
+vindicating against the Erastians of the south that more free government
+of the church by its own courts from which they feared so many evils.
+"I dare confidently say," he affirms, "that, if comparisons be rightly
+made, presbyterial government is the most limited and the least
+arbitrary government of any other in the world."[267] And, after
+entering into details to make good this affirmation in regard to the
+papal and prelatical forms of government, he proceeds to maintain that
+Independents "must needs be supposed to exercise a much more unlimited
+or arbitrary power than the presbyterial churches do," because they
+exempt individual congregations from all control and correction by
+superior courts, and because it is "one of their three grand principles
+which disclaimeth the binding of themselves for the future unto their
+present judgement and practice, and avoucheth the keeping of this
+reserve to alter and retract."[268] Some who think that, after all
+recent changes, they more truly hold the opinions of Gillespie than we
+do, have laid it down very dogmatically that even although the
+constitution of a national church were in all other respects scriptural,
+yet if it did not reserve this power to alter and retract without let or
+hindrance, it would still be at variance with the tenets of the
+Covenanting times; but you see here that Gillespie affirms that that was
+a principle of the Independents, not of the Presbyterians, and
+claims[269] it as a special merit of the latter that they were willing
+to explain their doctrine and discipline to the civil authorities, and,
+getting these sanctioned, to abide by them till they were again altered
+by consent of church and state. He denies that in claiming a distinct
+government for the church the Presbyterians meant to deprive the
+Christian magistrate of that power and authority in matters of religion
+which the Word of God and the earlier Confessions of the Reformed
+churches recognised as belonging to his office. On the contrary, he
+maintains that not only in extraordinary cases when church government
+doth degenerate into tyranny, or those who manage it make defection from
+the truth, "the Christian magistrate may and ought to do diverse things
+in and for religion, and interpose his authority diverse wayes so as
+doth not properly belong to his cognisance, decision and administration
+ordinarily, and in a reformed and well constituted church";[270] but
+also that, in ordinary cases, he is free to act as his own conscience
+directs in giving or refusing his sanction to the government and
+discipline of the church; and that if he is offended with any sentence
+of its courts, "they ought to be ready, in all humility and respect, to
+give him an account and reason of such their proceedings, and by all
+means to endeavour the satisfaction of the magistrate his conscience, or
+otherwise to be warned and rectified if themselves have erred."[271]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Influence not unmixed.]
+
+Had the principles thus laid down been more clearly kept in view by
+the framers of the Second Book of Discipline, its influence for good on
+Scottish Christianity would have been more unmixed than it has been. Had
+they been more consistently acted on by Rutherfurd and his associates,
+who consented to their formal insertion in our later standards, many sad
+troubles which then and afterwards befel the church, for which they
+lived and laboured, would have been altogether avoided, or more easily
+provided against; but as it is, great misunderstandings have certainly
+arisen. The two Books of Discipline have been too much read apart,
+instead of being regarded as complementary each of the other; and while
+all that is liberal and progressive tends, I think, more and more to
+rally round the one, I believe that much that is narrower, but still
+earnest and resolutely Christian, will continue to draw its inspiration
+from the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Its Theory of the Church.]
+
+The Second Book of Discipline, as well as the First, failed to commend
+itself to the ruling powers, and to obtain a place in its full form on
+the statute book. Those of its clauses relating to the functions of the
+several church courts were inserted almost word for word in the Act of
+the Scottish Parliament of 1592, reckoned the charter of the
+presbyterian church. It was, however, several times ratified by the
+General Assembly, and was partially carried out by its authority from
+the time of its ratification; and to this extent it, as well as the
+First Book of Discipline, appears to have been fully recognised. The
+question of its authority was very fully argued in the famous
+Auchterarder case. The counsel for the presbytery and the minority of
+the judges did not venture to argue, however, that as a whole the Second
+Book of Discipline had received the sanction of the state save in
+irregular times; but they contended that the notes, contained in
+Spottiswoode's History, of the clauses respecting which the king and the
+commissioners of Parliament had come to agreement with the ministers,
+should be accepted as determining the extent to which it was law. It was
+affirmed, however, by the majority of the judges that only the clauses
+actually inserted in the Act of Parliament could be so regarded, and it
+has since been maintained by Mr Peterkin that the alleged notes of
+agreement between the king and the church's commissioners are not
+actually found in the manuscript copy of the History which is preserved
+in the Advocate's Library.[272] The general theory of the church,
+however, which may be said to underlie the most important statement of
+the Second Book of Discipline, is not materially different from that
+which finds expression in the First. "The kirk of God," it is said, "is
+sumtymes largelie takin for all them that professe the Evangill of Jesus
+Christ, and so it is a company and fellowship, not onely of the godly,
+but also of hypocrites professing alwayis outwardly ane true religion.
+Uther tymes it is takin for the godlie and elect onlie, and sumtymes for
+them that exercise spiritual function amongis the congregation of them
+that professe the truth."[273] These last, ministers, doctors, elders,
+and deacons, are taken to represent the church in its wider sense, and
+must have a lawful calling from it. This lawful calling is said to
+consist of two parts--viz., election and ordination. Election is defined
+to be the choosing out of a person or persons most able for the office
+that is vacant, by the judgment of the eldership and consent of the
+congregation to which the person or persons are appointed. Ordination is
+defined as the separation and sanctifying of the person appointed of God
+and His kirk after he be well tried and found qualified. The ceremonies
+of ordination are declared to be fasting, earnest prayer, and imposition
+of the hands of the eldership. Then follow two of the most important
+paragraphs in the Book, which come nearest to supplying that which I
+deem defective in it, a clear and distinct admission that human rulers
+in the church as well as in the state have but limited powers. "All thir
+[_i.e._, those various kinds of office-bearers], as they must be raisit
+up be God and be Him made able for the wark quhairto they ar callit, so
+aught they [to] knaw their message to be limitit within God's Word,
+without the quhilk bounds they aught not to passe. All thir sould tak
+these titils and names onlie ... quhilk the Scriptures gevis unto them,
+as these quhilks import labour, travell and wark; and ar names of
+offices and service, and not of idlenes, dignitie, warldlie honour or
+preheminence, quhilk be Christ our Maister is expresslie reprovit and
+forbidden.... And generallie thir twa things aught they all to respect,
+the glorie of God, and edifieing of His kirk, in discharging their
+dewties in their callings."[274]
+
+[Sidenote: Institution of the Presbytery.]
+
+[Sidenote: Eldership or Presbytery.]
+
+It is generally supposed that it is in this Second Book of Discipline
+that we have the first clear institution of that church court which we
+now call the presbytery, and it admits of no dispute that it was in the
+year 1581, after the final adoption of the Book by the Assembly, that an
+attempt was made, with consent of the crown, regularly to divide the
+country into presbyteries. These, however, though marked out on paper in
+that year, were in point of fact only gradually set up, and in general
+they arose out of, and absorbed into themselves, the previously existing
+_exercise_, which the First Book of Discipline had sanctioned and
+recommended to meet weekly for the study and interpretation of the
+Scriptures.[275] The introduction of what are called, but erroneously,
+lay elders[276] to the place they have so long worthily filled in the
+presbyteries was a still more gradual process. The presbytery of St
+Andrews, even down to the close of the sixteenth century, appears to
+have contained no elders save the _doctors_, under which name were
+comprehended the masters of the university, both professors of divinity
+and professors of philosophy, and even the doctor or master of the
+grammar-school. The question, however, has been raised whether it is
+really the presbytery or the kirk-session which is meant by the word
+_eldership_, which is generally applied in the Second Book of Discipline
+to that court to which it asserts that it belongs to see that the Word
+of God is purely preached within its bounds, the sacraments rightly
+administered, the discipline maintained, and the ecclesiastical goods
+rightly distributed; to take care that the ordinances made by
+provincial, national, and general assemblies are duly executed; and also
+to make constitutions which concern τὸ πρéπον in the
+kirk,[277]--all which duties by the Act of Parliament are expressly
+assigned to the presbytery.[278] This question has been keenly debated
+down to our own day. The weight of authority is certainly very decidedly
+in favour of the opinion which identifies this eldership with the
+presbytery. Among recent authorities we have Dr David Laing and Dr Cook
+of Haddington on this side, in opposition to the late Principal
+Cunningham of St Andrews; and among those of a somewhat earlier time we
+have Principal Lee, Dr M'Crie, and the late Dr George Cook of St Andrews
+pronouncing in favour of the same view. If we go to older authorities
+again, we have Spottiswoode, the episcopal historian, and Calderwood,
+the presbyterian, at one in supporting it. I know of no considerable
+authority in the seventeenth century which has been adduced on the other
+side, save that of Henderson, whose statement, however, is rather
+inferential than direct. In fact, the eldership is used in the Second
+Book of Discipline itself as a convertible term with presbytery, and is
+often so used in the acts of contemporary assemblies. When presbyteries
+came to be set up, they are sometimes designated by the name of
+eldership, and sometimes by that of presbytery; and where our present
+authorised version of Scripture reads "with the laying on of the hands
+of the presbytery," the Genevan version reads, "with the laying on of
+the hands of the companie of the eldership."[279]
+
+[Sidenote: The Kirk-Session.]
+
+The only other alternative is that suggested by the late Procurator
+Cook, that in the Second Book of Discipline the functions of the two
+courts were as yet undistributed; and that when they came to be legally
+distributed by the Act of Parliament of 1592, those which the framers of
+the Second Book assigned to the eldership were in nearly its very words
+appropriated to the presbytery, and a much more limited province
+assigned to the kirk-session--the court called by the Puritans of the
+south by the name of the Lesser Presbytery. Perhaps it may be regarded
+as a rather curious confirmation of this theory of Procurator Cook's,
+that what he supposes to have been first intended by the framers of the
+Book as a common court is asserted by Gillespie, the ablest of their
+successors in the following century, to have been really characteristic
+of the presbytery of the primitive church. Whatever may be thought of
+his argument in vindication of what he calls the two presbyteries, the
+fact remains that he explicitly admits there was but one in the
+primitive church;[280] and this will be all the more remarkable if,
+with Mr Cook, we hold that what the framers of the Second Book of
+Discipline really designed was one presbytery or eldership governing a
+larger or smaller number of churches in common; and that we owe the
+distribution of the power between the two courts rather to the Act of
+Parliament than to the Second Book of Discipline. I agree with
+Gillespie, however, that in the circumstances of the church in a
+thoroughly Christianised country it would have been a matter to be
+regretted if every congregation had not had its session or lesser
+presbytery, with such definitely limited powers as by the Act of
+Parliament, and by the later acts of the church, are entrusted to it;
+and I am not sure that we do not owe this arrangement to the episcopal
+rather than to the presbyterian party, and that it was a concession made
+by them as the only presbytery they could well acknowledge, if they were
+to leave any function for the bishop at all in this court. At least the
+rough draft of the clause of the subsequent Act of Parliament in regard
+to the kirk-session appears first in the conference held between the two
+parties, and is then noted as having had the express approval of the
+king and commissioners of Parliament,[281] which was not at that time,
+nor till considerably later, secured to the clauses in the Act affirming
+the powers of the larger presbytery.
+
+[Sidenote: Westminster Theory of the Church.]
+
+I have said elsewhere that in chapters xxv. and xxvi. of the Westminster
+Confession of Faith we have a doctrine affirmed as to the church and the
+communion of saints which seems to me to be more thoroughly catholic
+than that which is set forth in the Articles of the Irish Episcopal
+Church, of the teaching of which the compilers of our Confession have so
+largely availed themselves. In addition to one invisible church to which
+all the true elect of God are affirmed to belong, and particular visible
+churches composed of _professing_ Christians in particular nations (both
+of which are expressly owned in both formularies), the Westminster
+Confession recognises one visible church to which all throughout the
+world who profess faith in Christ are to feel that they belong, and
+with the members of which they are bound, as God gives them opportunity,
+to cultivate union and communion. "The catholic or universal church,
+which is invisible, consists of the whole number of the elect that have
+been, are, or shall be gathered into one, under Christ the head thereof;
+and is the spouse, the body, the fulness of Him that filleth all in all.
+The visible church, which is also catholic or universal under the Gospel
+(not confined to one nation as before under the law), consists of all
+those throughout the world that profess the true religion, and of their
+children, and is the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ, the house and
+family of God, out of which there is no ordinary possibility of
+salvation. Unto this catholic visible church Christ hath given the
+ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God for the gathering and
+perfecting of the saints in this life to the end of the world; and doth
+by His own presence and Spirit, according to His promise, make them
+effectual thereunto. This catholic church hath been sometimes more,
+sometimes less, visible; and particular churches which are members
+thereof are more or less pure, according as the doctrine of the Gospel
+is taught and embraced, ordinances administered, and public worship
+performed more or less purely in them.... All saints that are united to
+Jesus Christ their head, by His Spirit and by faith, have fellowship
+with Him in His graces, sufferings, death, resurrection, and glory. And,
+being united to one another in love, they have communion in each other's
+gifts and graces, and are obliged to the performance of such duties,
+public and private, as do conduce to their mutual good." In other words,
+every true member of the church, be he hearer or office-bearer, holds
+his place in the body for the good of all, and is bound to use his gifts
+and opportunities to promote, as far as he can, the spiritual and
+temporal good of all. A single sentence from the Westminster Directory
+for Church Government is all I need to give, in supplement of this
+statement of the Confession, to put you in full possession of their
+authors' views and aspirations. "When their number [_i.e._, the
+membership of a congregation] is so great that they cannot conveniently
+meet in one place, it is expedient that they be divided according to the
+respective bounds of their dwellings into distinct and fixed
+congregations for the better administration of such ordinances as belong
+unto them, and the discharge of mutual duties; wherein all, according to
+their several places and callings, are to labour to promote whatever
+appertains to the power of godliness and credit of religion, that the
+whole land, in the full extent of it, may become the kingdom of our Lord
+and of His Christ."
+
+[Sidenote: Ideal Presbytery.]
+
+The sum of all this may be given in the words of Henderson, in the
+conclusion of his treatise on 'The Government and Order of the Church of
+Scotland,' the only other treatise which has any right to be set
+alongside of the Books of Discipline. "In the authoritie of these
+assemblies, parochial, presbyteriall, provinciall, and nationall, and in
+the subordination of the lesser unto the greater, or of more particular
+elderships to the larger and generall eldership, doth consist the
+externall order, strength, and steadfastnesse of the Church of
+Scotland.... Here there is a superiority without tyrannie, for no
+minister hath a papall or monarchicall jurisdiction over his own flock,
+far lesse over other pastors and over all the congregations of a large
+dioces. Here there is paritie without confusion and disorder, for the
+pastors are in order before the elders, and the elders before the
+deacons; the church [_i.e._, each congregation] is subordinate to the
+presbyterie, the presbyterie to the synod, and the synod to the
+nationall assembly. One pastor also hath priority [of esteem] before
+another, for age, for zeale, for gifts, for his good deservings of the
+church, each one honouring him whom God hath honoured, and as he beareth
+the image of God which was to bee seen among the apostles themselves.
+But none hath power or jurisdiction above others: even as in nature one
+eye hath not power over another, only the head hath power over all, even
+as Christ over His church.... And lastly, here there is a subjection
+without slaverie, for the people are subject to the pastors and
+assemblies, yet there is no assemblie wherein everie particular church
+hath not interest and power; nor is there anything done but they are, if
+not actually, yet virtually called to consent unto it."[282] This is
+presbytery in theory, and there is no reason why we should not
+approximate to the ideal in practice more closely than some recent
+representations imply, save that we come short of what we ought to be as
+men and as Christians, and that would suffice to mar any form of
+government that could be devised by the wit of men.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[257] Cunningham's Church History of Scotland, 1859, i. 444.
+
+[258] Ibid., i. 445.
+
+[259] Hill Burton's History of Scotland, 1876, v. 203.
+
+[260] Confession of 1560, in Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 92, 93. [In
+Laing's Knox, ii. 118, it is _reformatioun and purgatioun_ instead of
+_conservation and purgation_.]
+
+[261] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 788, 789. [The Second Book of Discipline
+has been frequently printed. It is in Calderwood's History, Wodrow
+Society ed., iii. 529-555; Spottiswoode's History, 1655, pp. 289-302;
+Spottiswoode Society ed., ii. 233-256; Booke of the Universall Kirk,
+Bannatyne Club ed., ii. 488-512; Peterkin's ed., pp. 537-563; Dunlop's
+Confessions, ii. 757-805. The quotations in the text are from Dunlop.]
+
+[262] Ibid., ii. 764. Melville afterwards more pithily expressed the
+same principle in his sovereign's presence: "Thair is twa kings and twa
+kingdomes in Scotland. Thair is Chryst Jesus the King, and His kingdome
+the kirk, whase subject King James the Saxt is, and of whase kingdome
+nocht a king, nor a lord, nor a heid, bot a member! And they whome
+Chryst hes callit and commandit to watch over His kirk, and governe His
+spirituall kingdome, hes sufficient powar of Him and authoritie sa to
+do, bathe togidder and severalie; the quhilk na Christian king nor
+prince sould controll and discharge, but fortifie and assist, utherwayes
+nocht fathfull subjects nor members of Chryst" (Melville's Diary, p.
+370).
+
+[263] Hill Burton's History of Scotland, v. 203.
+
+[264] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 763.
+
+[265] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 762.
+
+[266] Rutherfurd's Divine Right of Church Government, 1646, pp. 596,
+597. [1 John iii. 1 is a misprint in the original for 1 John iv. 1.]
+
+[267] Aaron's Rod Blossoming, 1646, p. 177.
+
+[268] Ibid., pp. 180, 181.
+
+[269] [Dr Mitchell may have found such a claim elsewhere in Gillespie's
+works; but it is not distinctly made in that chapter of 'Aaron's Rod
+Blossoming' from which the quotations in this paragraph are taken,
+although perhaps it may be held to be implied in the words: "By which it
+appeareth that their [_i.e._, the Independents'] way will not suffer
+them to be so far moulded into an uniformity, or bounded within certain
+particular rules (I say not with others, but even among themselves) as
+the Presbyterian way will admit of" (Aaron's Rod Blossoming, p. 181).]
+
+[270] Aaron's Rod Blossoming, p, 182.
+
+[271] Aaron's Rod Blossoming, p. 183.
+
+[272] Peterkin's Booke of the Universall Kirk, 1839, p. 549 n. [The late
+Bishop Russell, after examining the four MS. copies of Spottiswoode's
+History, came to the conclusion that the one in the Advocates' Library
+is only the first and incompleted draft of the work, and that the one in
+Trinity College, Dublin, is the one which Spottiswoode himself prepared
+for the press. Bishop Russell accordingly followed the Dublin MS. in his
+edition of the History printed for the Spottiswoode Society, and that
+edition (as well as the old folio edition) contains the notes of
+agreement and disagreement. Peterkin has printed the Second Book of
+Discipline, from an attested copy publicly read on the 29th of September
+1591 "in the elderschip of Haddingtoun," and "subscryvit be the brethren
+thairof." Of the ten subscribers, nine write _minister_ after their
+names; the other simply signs, "Mr L. Hay, Bass."]
+
+[273] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 759, 760.
+
+[274] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 769.
+
+[275] _Supra_, pp. 170-173.
+
+[276] ["Some reproachfully and others ignorantly call them _lay elders_.
+But the distinction of the clergie and laity is popish and
+anti-christian; and they who have narrowly considered the records of
+ancient times have noted this distinction as one of the grounds whence
+the mystery of iniquity had the beginning of it. The name of _clergie_
+appropriate to ministers is full of pride and vaine-glory, and hath made
+the holy people of God to be despised, as if they were prophane and
+uncleane in comparison of their ministers" (Gillespie's Assertion of the
+Government, 1641, p. 3).]
+
+[277] Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 779, 780.
+
+[278] Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, iii. 542.
+
+[279] [In some editions of the Genevan version the word "eldership" is
+thus explained in the margin: "Under this name he containeth the whole
+ministerie of the church which was at Ephesus."]
+
+[280] Assertion of the Government of the Church of Scotland, 1641, pp.
+128-130, 136-147.
+
+[281] [It is not quite clear which conference Dr Mitchell is here
+referring to. In the conference held at Stirling in December 1578, the
+Second Book of Discipline was discussed section by section. The results
+are preserved not only by Spottiswoode, as mentioned above (p. 227 n.),
+but also by Calderwood (iii. 433-442), neither of whom, however, says
+that these results were then noted as having been expressly approved by
+the king. The heads agreed upon at the Holyrood conference on 17th
+February 1585-86 do not include anything which can be regarded as the
+draft of the clause of the Act of 1592 concerning the power and
+jurisdiction of "particulare kirkis" (Calderwood's History, iv.
+491-494). The articles defining the jurisdiction of provincial
+assemblies, presbyteries, and particular kirks, agreed on by the king in
+conference with some of the brethren sent to him by the General Assembly
+in May 1586, are transferred almost _verbatim_ to the Act of Parliament
+of 1592 (Booke of the Universall Kirk, Bannatyne Club edit., ii. 665,
+666; Calderwood's History, iv. 567, 568; Acts of Parliament, iii. 541,
+542).]
+
+[282] The Government and Order of the Church of Scotland, 1641, pp. 60,
+64, 65.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ALESIUS.
+
+
+We owe it to the Rev. Christopher Anderson, the author of the 'Annals of
+the English Bible,' that attention has been once more turned to the
+deeply interesting story of Alexander Alane, or Alesius. Principal
+Lorimer, in his 'Scottish Reformation,' has thrown further light on him.
+And Dr Merle D'Aubigné, who appears to have minutely examined most of
+his tracts and commentaries, has wrought into his graphic but
+imaginative narrative much of the information which they have been the
+chief means of handing down to us. It was after his expatriation that he
+received from Melanchthon the name of Alesius, or the wanderer.
+
+[Sidenote: His miraculous Escape.]
+
+This highly distinguished but long forgotten _alumnus_ of St Andrews
+University was born in Edinburgh on the 23rd of April 1500, of honest
+parents, and received the first rudiments of his education in his
+native city. It was probably while he was still there that he had
+vouchsafed on his behalf those wonderful interpositions of Providence,
+which remained through life engraven on his heart, and which he thus
+relates in his preface to his Commentary on the Second Epistle of Paul
+to Timothy, published at Leipzig in 1551. "Certe ab infantia [Diabolus]
+me saepe incautum opprimere voluit, et perdere non tam insidiis et
+crudelitate hostium, quam praecipitio in ignem et aquam. Verum ille, qui
+servavit me inter omnia pericula et infantem de gradibus patris mei
+cadentem in acervum lapidum advectorum ad extruendum supremum tabulatum
+in aedibus, et reptantem manibus in cacumine altissimi montis, ex cujus
+declivi vel praerupto, divinitus in alterum latus in quo facilis erat
+descensus, subito perveni."[283] With even more than his usual licence,
+Dr D'Aubigné thus recounts this adventure: He "was fond of going with
+other boys of his own age to the heights which environ Edinburgh. The
+great rock on the summit of which the castle stands, the beautiful
+Calton Hill, and the picturesque hill called Arthur's Seat, in turn
+attracted them. One day, it was in 1512, Alexander and his friends,
+having betaken themselves to the last-named hill, amused themselves by
+rolling over and over down a slope which terminated in a precipice.
+Suddenly the lad found himself on the brink; terror deprived him of his
+senses; some hand grasped him and placed him in safety, but he never
+knew by whom or by what means he had been rescued. The priests gave the
+credit of this escape to the paper with which they had provided him, but
+Alexander himself attributed it to God and his father's prayers."[284]
+
+[Sidenote: Discussions with Patrick Hamilton.]
+
+Alesius, or Alane as he was still called, being of good abilities, was
+early sent to the university, and seems to have been one of the first
+set of students who entered St Leonard's College (the college founded by
+Prior John Hepburn, with the consent of Archbishop Alexander Stuart)
+after its opening in 1512. His studies appear to have been prosecuted
+there in the usual way, and in 1515 he became a determinant, or took the
+degree of B.A.;[285] and, probably after acting for a few years as a
+regent in the college, he was drafted as a novice into the priory, and
+ultimately became one of its canons. When John Major came to St Andrews
+in 1523 as principal of the Pædagogium, he, like Hamilton and some
+others who ultimately shared the same opinions, studied theology under
+him, and made great progress, especially in the study of the schoolmen
+and the fathers of the Christian church. He was, like most of the young
+scholastics of his time, fond of disputation; and if he listened to
+those lectures on the gospels which Major gave to the press some years
+after, he probably imbibed from his teacher that combative attitude
+towards the new opinions which at this period of his life he showed.
+D'Aubigné says: "His keenest desire was to break a lance with Luther....
+As he could not measure himself personally with the man whom he named
+_arch-heretic_, Alesius had refuted his doctrine in a public discussion
+held at the university. The theologians of St Andrews had covered him
+with applause.[286] ... Alesius, alive to these praises and a sincere
+catholic, thought that it would be an easy task for him to convince
+young Hamilton of his errors.... Armed cap-a-pie, crammed with
+scholastic learning, and with all the formulæ 'quo modo sit, quo modo
+nonsit,'" he had various discussions with him. "Hamilton had before him
+nothing but the Gospel, and he replied to all the reasonings of his
+antagonist with the clear, living, and profound word of the
+Scriptures.... Alesius, struck and embarrassed, was silenced, and felt
+as if 'the morning star were rising in his heart. It was not merely his
+understanding that was convinced, the breath of a new life penetrated
+his soul."[287] He continued from time to time to visit the reformer
+while he lived, and to cherish his memory after he had been so cruelly
+put to death.
+
+When the opinions and martyrdom of Hamilton were the subject of
+conversation among the canons, several of the younger of whom were
+attached to him, Alesius refused to condemn him. He was not yet by any
+means, as Dr Lorimer would have it, a Lutheran; he was not yet prepared
+to separate himself from the old church; but he saw and mourned over her
+corruptions, and longed, and in a quiet way laboured, for the removal of
+them, and also yearned for the revival of a more earnest Christian
+spirit, and more correct moral conduct among those over whom his
+influence extended. From that day no one could induce him to express
+approval of the proceedings which had been taken against Hamilton, or to
+pronounce an unfavourable judgment on the articles for which he had been
+condemned to death.
+
+[Sidenote: Patrick Hepburn.]
+
+This silence brought him under the suspicion of his more bigoted
+associates, and gave special offence to his superior, Prior Patrick
+Hepburn (the nephew of Prior John, who had founded St Leonard's
+College), a violent, coarse, immoral young noble, emulous of the
+debaucheries and vices, as well as of the cultured _hauteur_, of the
+young French ecclesiastics of rank among whom his youth had been passed.
+Knox has given a graphic if rather coarse account of the revelries of
+this young man and his gay associates, more in keeping with what we
+should have expected from the sons of Tarquin in heathen Rome than from
+the _élite_ of the young ecclesiastics of a primatial Christian city,
+and under the eye of an aged archbishop.[288] The representation of
+Alesius is only the more credible because it is the more restrained, and
+the one representation corroborates the other, and proves to what a low
+ebb morality had sunk among the ministers of the old church in Scotland
+before it was swept away. Not only did this bold bad man set at nought
+the laws of God and the canons of his church, and make a boast of doing
+so among his boon companions, but even when the archbishop sought to
+separate him from his unlawful connection, the prior collected his armed
+retainers, and would have fought with him had not the Earl of Rothes and
+the Abbot of Arbroath, the primate's hopeful nephew, come between the
+two bands and patched up a sort of truce between their leaders.
+
+The Christian lives and healthful influence of the younger canons could
+not but be felt to be a standing rebuke by their superior, and doubtless
+were one main cause why he bore them so deep a grudge and gave way to
+such savage outbursts of temper in his intercourse with them. He is
+said to have denounced them, and especially Alesius, to the aged
+primate, and probably with the view of entrapping him into some
+unguarded expression of approval of the new opinions, he got him
+appointed to preach the sermon at the opening of a synod of bishops and
+priests which was held at St Andrews probably in the Lent of the year
+1529. Alesius, while carefully avoiding everything which might give
+needless offence to his hearers, thought, to use his own words, that in
+such presence, and speaking in the Latin language, he would not
+discharge his duty unless he earnestly exhorted those set in authority
+over the churches to the practice of piety, the observance of good
+morals, the study of Christian doctrine, and the pious teaching and
+governing of their churches. He confesses that he earnestly inveighed
+against immoral priests, but he adds that as he had said nothing in a
+disloyal spirit, or more harshly than the facts warranted, and had
+attacked no one by name, the sermon gave no offence to good men. But his
+irate and domineering prior imagined that the sermon was specially aimed
+at him, and was intended to hold him up to the ridicule of the assembled
+prelates and clergy. Having already defied the archbishop, Hepburn could
+not brook such a liberty on the part of one of his own subordinates. An
+opportunity soon occurred to him of paying back with interest the insult
+which he imagined had been done to him.
+
+[Sidenote: Assaulted and Imprisoned.]
+
+It so happened that the whole college of canons resolved, for many and
+grave reasons, to lodge a complaint with the king respecting the
+harshness and cruelty of their superior. When this came to Hepburn's
+ears, he rushed with a band of armed attendants into the sacred
+chapter-house where the canons were assembled, and when admonished by
+Alesius, who probably presided in the meeting, not in the heat of
+passion to be guilty of any foolish prank, he ordered the speaker to be
+seized by his armed attendants, and drawing his sword would have run it
+through him had not two of the canons forcibly dragged him back and
+turned aside his weapon. The affrighted and timid canon cast himself at
+his superior's feet and entreated him to spare his life, but in return
+only received a kick in the breast which nearly proved fatal to him.
+When he had partially recovered from this, and was being hurried off to
+prison, another dastardly attack was made on him, but that was parried
+by the prior's own retainers, who saw that he was beside himself with
+rage and fury. After this all the other canons were seized and
+imprisoned, but on the remonstrance of certain noble friends they were
+ordered to be released by the king, who was then in St Andrews and was
+informed of what had taken place.
+
+[Sidenote: His Prison changed.]
+
+The king's order was speedily carried out in regard to all save Alesius;
+but he, notwithstanding all remonstrances of friends, was not only
+detained in custody, but was even thrust into a more filthy dungeon,
+called by the sufferer, in one of his treatises, _teterrimo specu subtus
+terram inter bufones et serpentes_,[289] and in another a
+_latrinâ_,[290] or sink, to which I know nothing at all corresponding in
+St Andrews save the underground chamber near the college hall,[291] and
+the roughly-hewn cavern still subsisting in the rock to the north of the
+house at the end of Castle Street, going down by the southern entrance
+by thirty or more somewhat irregular steps through the rock, and
+terminating in a small chamber of rounded or oval form, having an
+opening in its roof originally little more than a foot in diameter, but
+now considerably enlarged, and to which on the other side a covered
+passage from the castle leads down. They might well abandon hope who
+entered there, and possibly one at least of its uses was for literally
+immuring those who were never again to have further intercourse with
+their fellow-men. In this or some other equally horrible place the poor
+canon was confined for eighteen or twenty days; and when, after repeated
+remonstrances on the part of the king and the magistrates of the city,
+the prior was obliged to produce his victim, he enjoined him strictly on
+no account to utter one word about the shameful maltreatment to which he
+had been subjected. Alesius, however, had suffered too horribly in this
+place to let slip the opportunity so unexpectedly presented to him of
+telling the worst to the friendly magistrates, and entreating them to
+save him from all further risk of a repetition of this barbarous
+cruelty. But the magistrates, though friendly, were easily persuaded
+that all was now to go right. As soon, however, as they were got out of
+the way under this persuasion, the prior upbraided the poor canon for
+having divulged the whole disgusting truth which he had enjoined him to
+conceal, and ordered him to be again placed in confinement, in which he
+was left to languish for nearly a year. But this confinement was in a
+less objectionable place, and apparently within the precincts of the
+priory; and when the prior was absent the canons occasionally had the
+prisoner brought out from his ward, and even permitted him, as in former
+times, to take a leading part in the services at the altar. On one
+occasion the prior, coming back unexpectedly, and seeing what occurred
+in his absence, ordered Alesius at once into confinement, threatening on
+the morrow to have him off to the old filthy place where his life had
+been so nearly sacrificed before, and where he was to be entrusted to
+the care of a more remorseless jailer.
+
+[Sidenote: He escapes by Night.]
+
+As soon as their superior left them for the night the canons, satisfied
+that all hope of preserving the life of their comrade in St Andrews was
+at an end, and that if he did not seek safety by instant flight horrible
+torments and certain death awaited him, gathered round him and urged him
+to escape. On his expressing a wish to consult with other friends before
+taking a step so serious, they pressed him only the more urgently to
+flee and leave the country at once, as he would certainly be pursued,
+and, if overtaken, brought back for condign punishment. The sequel I
+give in his own unvarnished statement, which is to me more touching from
+its very simplicity than the highly embellished _rechauffées_ of
+D'Aubigné: "Etsi maximo dolore afficiebar cum cogitarem mihi è patria,
+qua nihil dulcius est bene institutis naturis, discedendum esse, tamen,
+et necessitati, et tot bonorum virorum consiliis parendum duxi."[292]
+And then follows a parting scene only less affecting than that of St
+Paul from the disciples on the seashore at Tyre, and proving that even
+yet all good was not extinguished from the hearts of those under the
+rule of this vicious prior, and encouraging the hope, which was
+afterwards fully realised, that the best of them would ultimately find a
+more congenial home in a new and purified church. Only the apostle,
+though in a heathen land, could kneel down in open day on the seashore
+to pray with his friends, and they without challenge could accompany him
+to the ship which waited to receive him; while these men, though living
+in a professedly Christian land, had secretly to bring out their friend
+from the place of confinement and comfort him, and then send him away
+alone into the thick darkness to pursue his weary journey under cover of
+night to that broad firth which bounds Fifeshire on the north, if haply
+he might find on its shores some boat to ferry him across, or on its
+bosom some friendly craft to convey him without loss of time beyond the
+reach of his implacable persecutor. "Clam igitur educunt me domo,
+instruunt et viatico. Ita cum lachrymantes inter nos vale dixissemus, et
+illi suavissima commemoratione illustrium virorum et sanctorum qui
+similiter è patria tyrannidi cesserunt, maesticiam meam non nihil
+levassent, media jam nocte in densissimis tenebris solus iter
+ingredior."[293] Sadly he plodded on his way through the darkness,
+oppressed with forebodings, for he knew of no hospitable retreat in
+other lands; he had neither friend nor acquaintance among foreigners; he
+could speak no language but his native tongue and Latin; and he had some
+reason to fear that he might be classed with those vagabonds who had
+been driven out from various Continental states because of their
+fanatical opinions, and were justly suspected even by Protestants in
+Germany. But in the multitude of distracting thoughts within him he
+encouraged himself in the Lord his God and in Christ his Saviour. Ere
+morning had well dawned his journey was completed, and he got safely on
+shipboard, where, according to his own account, _quidam homo
+germanus_[294]--that is, according to some, a certain man a German;
+according to others, a certain man a kinsman--received him very
+affectionately, and afterwards nursed him with great kindness during the
+sea-sickness from which he suffered throughout the stormy voyage.
+
+[Sidenote: His Dundee Friends.]
+
+On the day following his escape, when the vessel which sheltered him had
+already sailed, there came horsemen to the shore, sent by the prior from
+St Andrews, to make search for the fugitive. When they returned without
+success to their master, he is reported to have summoned before him a
+certain citizen of Dundee, whom he suspected to have aided in providing
+a ship for the canon. This merchant citizen[295] took with him another
+true-hearted favourer of the Reformation, James Scrymgeour, provost of
+the town; and on the former denying that he had given the assistance
+which he was accused of doing to Alesius, and which probably he could
+deny with a good conscience, his sons in St Andrews and Dundee having
+been too prudent to involve him in their little plot, the provost spoke
+out boldly to the haughty prior, and said: Why make a work about this?
+I, myself, if I had known that Alexander was preparing to go away, would
+with the greatest pleasure have furnished him both with a ship and with
+provisions for his voyage, that he might be put in safety beyond the
+reach of your cruelty. Assuredly, had he been my brother I would long
+ago have rescued him from those perils and miseries in which you have
+involved him.
+
+Thus Alexander Alesius was driven from his much-loved native land,
+destined never to return to it more, or again to see the friends and
+relations to whom he was so warmly attached. "Could any one then have
+whispered in the ear of the disconsolate exile that he was on the road
+to far more extensive usefulness" and freedom; that he would gain many
+friends in foreign lands, and would not only be spared to labour there
+for more than thirty years, but would also be honoured to be the first
+to plead by his writings for the free circulation of the Scriptures in
+his native Scotland, and one of the first to help on Cranmer in England,
+and Hermann von Wied, the reforming Archbishop of Cologne, in Germany;
+that he would be privileged to attend, as one of the Protestant
+representatives, many of the most important colloquies of the leaders of
+the old and the new church on the Continent, to be the intimate friend
+of Luther and Melanchthon, to labour as a professor of theology in two
+German universities, and to live and die in the greatest honour and
+respect among those with whom he laboured,--"how incredible would it all
+have seemed to him!" Yet it was thus God meant it, and thus He brought
+it to pass; and if there was one among the Scottish exiles of those
+times who was less embittered towards his persecutors than another, or
+more ready to yield to them in things indifferent or of minor
+importance, if only he could gain their hearts for Christ and His cause
+in matters of highest moment, it was he.
+
+[Sidenote: Driven by the Tempest to Malmö.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hermann von Wied's Apologue.]
+
+The ship in which Alesius sailed was bound for France, probably for
+Dieppe or Rouen, with which towns the trade of Scotland was carried on,
+and where many Scottish merchants resided or had factors; but she had
+not gone far on her way from port when a violent westerly gale carried
+her across the German Ocean, drove her into the Sound, and made it
+necessary to get her into the harbour at Malmö in Scania, in order to
+refit her. There, as well as at the French ports named, there was a
+community of Scottish merchants, probably by this time enjoying the
+ministrations of John Gaw or Gall, another St Andrews _alumnus_, early
+won over to the cause of the Reformation. The community of Malmö, a year
+or two before, had given its adhesion to the same cause, and its leading
+ministers, as well as the Scottish chaplain, were, therefore, prepared
+to welcome and treat with all kindness their exiled co-religionist, as
+he himself, twenty-five years after, feelingly narrates.[296] After
+being refitted at Malmö, the vessel proceeded on her voyage to France,
+where Alesius left, and plodding his way along the northern coast,
+visited Belgium, where he would meet with friendly Scots at Bruges, and
+probably also at Antwerp. He then passed up the Rhine to Cologne,
+where, as already suggested, he was favourably received by the
+Archbishop, Hermann von Wied, who afterwards became a friend of the
+Reformation, though at this time, like Alesius himself, not yet decided
+altogether to break with the old church. It is no doubt to this visit he
+refers in the following passage of the treatise from which I have
+repeatedly quoted: "When lately at Cologne I conversed familiarly with
+a certain man of the highest learning and authority, and perceived how
+deeply he was grieved by the disturbed state of the church in Germany. I
+began to exhort him to interpose his judgment in certain matters of
+dispute, because I hoped that milder views might gain the ascendancy if
+princes and people only had such monitors excelling in learning and
+authority. When I had argued long in support of my opinion, heaving a
+sigh, but making no formal reply to my arguments, he bade me listen to
+an apologue: When the lion, worn out with old age, could no longer
+obtain his prey by hunting, he fell on the device of inviting the beasts
+to visit him in his den. There came to him a bear, a wolf, and a fox.
+The bear entered first, and being affably received by the lion, and
+conducted round the den, he was asked how he was pleased with the
+amenity of the place. Being no courtier, the bear answered bluntly that
+he could never stay in such a filthy hole, among heaps of decaying
+carcasses. The lion, enraged, chid the bear for finding fault with the
+amenity of the royal den, and tearing him up, cast away his carcass
+among the others. The wolf, who had been standing by, seeing in what
+danger he was, thought by artifice to soothe the haughty mind of the
+lion. He accordingly approached, was led round the den, and was asked
+whether the smell of the heap of carcasses was unpleasant to him. The
+wolf replied, in a carefully considered speech, that he had never seen
+anything more pleasant. This artifice, however, was of no avail to the
+wolf. The lion meted out the same treatment to him as to the bear,
+tearing him up for his impudent flattery. The fox, who had witnessed all
+this, and how both the simplicity of the bear and the flattery of the
+wolf had given equal offence to the lion, was in great perplexity what
+to answer when it came to his turn. He went forward, however, and being
+interrogated as the others had been whether the smell of the den was
+disagreeable, he replied modestly that he could not express any opinion
+on the point, as he was labouring under a cold in the head." Alesius
+waited to hear from his host the moral or application of the apologue,
+but this was not given by him. He preferred to leave it to his own good
+sense, merely counselling him to be cautious of engaging in such
+discussions for the present. Ultimately, however, both came to see that
+there is a time to speak as well as a time to keep silence; and it is
+interesting to note that to the last both observed similar moderation in
+their statements of doctrine, both evinced the same desire, by
+conciliation to gain opponents, rather than to provoke them,
+notwithstanding all the hard usage they both met with from their secular
+and ecclesiastical superiors.
+
+[Sidenote: Befriended by Melanchthon.]
+
+Soon after this Alesius appears to have passed on from Cologne to
+Wittenberg, and there for a time to have resumed the study of theology,
+as well as of Greek and Hebrew, under Melanchthon and the other gifted
+teachers in that university. Luther he does not seem to have met for a
+time, or to have been acquainted with his writings when he published his
+_first_[297] treatises. Melanchthon cherished a special affection for
+Alesius and the Scottish exiles who soon after followed him to
+Wittenberg, believing that they were the descendants of those Scoti who
+had sent the early Christian missionaries to Germany, and that it became
+him to repay to them the great kindness the heathen Germans had received
+from their forefathers in the distant past.[298]
+
+It was while he was thus occupied that Alesius heard of the cruel edict
+of the Scottish bishops, and it hardly admits of doubt that he submitted
+to Melanchthon, and got corrected by him, his little treatise against
+their decree, forbidding the New Testament Scriptures to be used by the
+laity in the vernacular. It is a very pithy and forcible bit of
+pleading for the right of the Christian laity to possess and study the
+Scriptures in their own tongue. This remarkable treatise struck the true
+key-note in the contest it ushered in, and helped it on to victory--a
+victory which was substantially to be gained ere Knox had taken his
+place among the combatants on the side of the Reformation at all.[299]
+
+To this epistle Cochlaeus replied without loss of time,[300] and ere the
+year was out Alesius rejoined in that Responsio ad Cochlei
+calumnias,[301] in which he has given so touching an account of his own
+maltreatment, so interesting a statement of his own opinions in matters
+of faith and church polity, and so trenchant a reply to the sophistries
+and slanders of his opponent.[302]
+
+[Sidenote: Cochlaeus.]
+
+This able and, for the age, singularly temperate reply made a deep
+impression in England as well as in Scotland, and doubtless prepared the
+way for that offer of employment there which two years subsequently was
+made him by Cranmer, whom, in his moderation and earnest desire to avoid
+a total rupture between the old church and the new life, he then so much
+resembled. But whatever its merits, the disputatious Cochlaeus--"der
+gewaffnete mann," as Luther sneeringly terms him--was determined that
+his opponent should not have the last word in the dispute, and
+accordingly in August 1534 he published at Leipsic his Apologia pro
+Scotiae Regno adversus personatum Alexandrum Alesium Scotum.[303] In
+this treatise he repeats the assertion in his previous one that
+Melanchthon, not Alesius, was the author of these epistles. He charges
+Alesius with putting lies into the mouth of a foreigner to the discredit
+of his native country, and tells him that if he had the power he would
+gladly send him away to Scotland with his hands tied behind his back to
+be ignominiously punished as a traitor and a public slanderer. His
+opponent's minute and temperate narrative of facts appears to have made
+no impression on him. He is content magisterially to pronounce it absurd
+and incredible, and inconsistent with itself as well as with
+probability. He appears in his ire to forget that the king of Scots and
+his subjects were better able to judge of its truthfulness than he, a
+foreigner, could be; and that after saying all he could for the bishops
+and superior clergy in his former reply, he had been obliged to conclude
+with the damaging admission that possibly there were "bishops and
+prelates who, neither in sanctity of life nor in acquaintance with
+sacred learning, responded to or satisfied their dignity and office."
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of his Treatises.]
+
+The epistles of Cochlaeus, if abusive and less cogent in reasoning, as
+well as less relieved by any sparkle of wit or racy anecdote than those
+of Alesius, are certainly written in a more easy and flowing Latin
+style, and, in that respect at least, the Scottish prelates had no
+reason to be ashamed of the champion who had volunteered his services in
+their cause. Nor were they wanting in those more substantial expressions
+of their satisfaction which Cochlaeus, like most of the
+controversialists of his time, evidently coveted. The Archbishops of St
+Andrews and Glasgow testified their gratitude for his services by
+sending him liberal presents. The king wrote him a letter, a
+contemporary transcript of which is still extant, and also, as is stated
+by Cochlaeus himself in a letter to a Polish archbishop, sent him some
+more material tokens of his regard.[304] And even the messenger who had
+brought over the copies of his first epistle received, as it now
+appears, a present of fifty pounds Scots.[305] Alesius, though in quite
+another way, did not lack his reward, and it came in the way which he
+valued most--the treatises he had written, to a certain extent at least,
+got into circulation both in Scotland and in England. They cheered the
+hearts of the faithful under all the terrible trials to which they were
+subjected in the later years of James's reign, when he seems to have
+abandoned his former kindliness, and surrendered himself in a great
+measure to the priests and to vicious indulgences. They carried
+conviction to the minds of many, and gradually ripened opinion to
+demand the right to do publicly what many had learned to do secretly--to
+study the Word of God, and especially the New Testament, in their native
+tongue. This right was authorised by an Act of the Scottish Parliament
+passed in 1543,[306] when Cardinal Betoun was in disgrace, and the
+Archbishop of Glasgow was left alone to protest against it. This Act was
+the first real victory of the reformed party in Scotland, and it was
+mainly due to the able and temperate pleading of Alesius that this great
+boon, or indeed I may say this indefeasible right of Christian laymen,
+was granted. The same subject had been reverted to by him in his more
+elaborate treatise, De authoritate Verbi Dei, which was published in
+1542 in Latin, and some time after was translated into English.[307]
+
+[Sidenote: Erasmus intervenes.]
+
+One other episode in this controversy remains still to be adverted to.
+This is the intervention of the great humanist, Erasmus,--an incident in
+his history on which his biographers with one consent have observed a
+judicious silence. Nevertheless, the fact is as undoubted as melancholy
+that he--who had done so much to promote the freer circulation and
+profounder study of the Greek original of the New Testament, and had
+even ventured, under the patronage of Pope Leo X., to bring out a Latin
+version of the New Testament more true to the original than the Vulgate
+version, that those who knew only Latin might understand more fully the
+meaning of the original--in his old age, when irritated by the course of
+events, and by his controversies with Luther, consented to recommend
+this scurrilous pamphleteer to his friends in Scotland. His own letter
+is not now extant, or, if extant, is not at present accessible; but the
+answer sent to him by the Scottish king has been preserved, like his
+letter to Cochlaeus, among the MSS. in the British Museum. It is
+sufficient to prove the fact that Erasmus did intervene, and commend to
+his Scottish friends a writer who represents Luther's translation of the
+New Testament, which more than any other book has made Germany what it
+is, as the "pabulum mortis, fomes peccati, velamen malitiae, praetextus
+falsae libertatis, inobedientiae praesidium, disciplinae corruptio,
+morum depravatio, concordiae dissipatio ... vitiorum scaturigo ...
+rebellionis incendium ... charitatis peremptio ... veritatis
+perduellio."
+
+[Sidenote: At Cambridge and London.]
+
+In 1535 Alesius, having received encouragement from the agents of the
+English king then negotiating an alliance with the Protestant princes of
+Germany, came over to England with a letter of recommendation from
+Melanchthon.[308] He was favourably received by Archbishop Cranmer, by
+Crumwell the Vicar-General, and by the king himself, who appointed him
+king's scholar, and instructed Crumwell, as Chancellor of the University
+of Cambridge, to give him a place as a reader in divinity there. He
+accordingly went into residence in Queen's College, the same college
+which shortly before had been the home of Erasmus while lecturing in the
+university on Greek, and towards the end of the year he began a course
+of lectures on the Hebrew Psalter. He is supposed to have been the first
+who delivered lectures in Cambridge on the Hebrew Scriptures, but he was
+not suffered to do it long in peace. It could not be concealed that he
+was a favourer of the new opinions and a friend of Melanchthon, and that
+he had, in fact, been recommended by him to the king and the chancellor
+of the university. By the time he had entered on the exposition of Psalm
+viii. he was challenged by one of the champions of the old learning to a
+public disputation, and courageously accepted the challenge; but when
+the day appointed for the discussion arrived, his opponent did not
+venture to meet him in open fight. He preferred to plot against him in
+secret, and to foment tumult among the scholars, till Alesius, finding
+that his life was in danger, and that he could not count on the
+protection of the university authorities, deemed it his duty to leave
+Cambridge and return to London.[309]
+
+[Sidenote: Returns to the Continent.]
+
+For the next three years he remained there, supporting himself chiefly
+by the practice of medicine, which he studied under a London physician
+of note. He occasionally, however, gave assistance to his reforming
+friends in the varying fortunes of these unquiet times. He did so
+notably in a convocation or a meeting of the superior clergy in 1536 or
+1537,[310] being put forward by Cranmer and Crumwell as the chief
+spokesman on the reforming side, the opinions of which he defended with
+considerable force and ability, so far as the notes of the debates
+preserved by Foxe in his 'Acts and Monuments' enable us to judge.[311]
+His appearance on this occasion brought him into sharp collision with
+Stokesley, Bishop of London. On the other hand, it secured for him the
+warm friendship of Cranmer and Latimer, towards both of whom he
+continued to the last to cherish a deep affection, and of whose
+martyrdom he spoke with so much grief when he published his Commentary
+on the First Book of Psalms. While in England, as Thomasius tells us, he
+married an English lady, by name Catherine de Mayn; and when Henry VIII.
+once more veered round to his former moorings, and passed the bloody
+statute of the six articles, insisting _inter alia_ on the doctrine of
+Transubstantiation and the celibacy of the clergy, Alesius, like several
+other married priests, had to consult his safety and that of his family
+by a hurried retreat to the Continent.[312]
+
+Among those who had to leave England about the same time were John
+M'Alpine[313] and John Fyffe--or, as they were henceforth to be surnamed
+by Melanchthon, Joannes Macchabaeus and Joannes Fidelis--both, like
+Alesius himself, Scotsmen, the former having been prior of the Dominican
+monastery at Perth, and the latter an _alumnus_ and teacher in St
+Leonard's College. They had, along with several other known favourers of
+the Reformation, been obliged to leave Scotland at an earlier period,
+and after finding a temporary shelter in England, apparently at
+Salisbury, under the protection of Bishop Shaxton, who was then a
+favourer of the reformed opinions, were, like Alesius himself, to find
+their ultimate home and special work on the Continent--the one in the
+University of Copenhagen, the other in the University of Frankfort on
+the Oder. They seem to have gone first to Wittenberg, and while the
+others for a time resumed their studies there, Alesius almost
+immediately on his return was selected by Melanchthon to accompany him
+to the colloquy at Worms, and then to that at Regensburg, which were
+attended not only by the Lutheran and the Catholic theologians, but also
+by Bucer, Calvin, and other reforming divines of Strassburg. So it came
+about that Alesius, who had suffered exile in the cause of the
+Reformation in Scotland, and still had striven to promote it, was
+probably the first of our countrymen to be brought into contact with
+Calvin, who was ultimately to exercise so marked an influence on the
+form and mode of that Reformation, and who too was then an exile both
+from his native land and from the scene of his earlier labours. To the
+last Alesius seems to have been the one of his pupils to whom the gentle
+and timid Melanchthon most closely clung, and it was by his
+recommendation that in the very year of his return to the Continent he
+was promoted to be Professor of Divinity in the University of Frankfort
+on the Oder. And it is something of which a Scotchman and a St Andrean
+may be proud, that the university of that little principality of
+Brandenburg, which has since expanded into the great kingdom of Prussia,
+was indebted for two of its first Protestant professors of divinity to
+Scotland and to St Andrews.
+
+[Sidenote: Leaves Frankfort for Leipsic.]
+
+His stay at Frankfort, however, was but short, a controversy having
+arisen between him and one of his colleagues about the propriety of
+attaching civil punishments to adultery and other offences against the
+seventh commandment. In 1542, or early in 1543, he resigned his
+professorship, and transferred his family to Leipsic. Melanchthon, who,
+though concurring in his opinions, blamed his hasty resignation, yet
+exerted himself to procure an appointment for him in the great Saxon
+university; so also did Ludovicus Fachsius, at once the Burgomaster and
+the head of the Faculty of Law, of whose kindness he makes special
+mention in the dedication to his sons of his edition of Melanchthon's
+Catechism, which he had used when superintending their religious
+instruction.[314]
+
+[Sidenote: The Perth Martyrs.]
+
+The remaining twenty-one years of his life were spent busily and
+usefully in this famous university, though he suffered somewhat
+severely during the Schmalkaldic war and the seige of Leipsic. It was
+there that most of his theological treatises were elaborated and
+published. He was twice at least chosen Rector of the university--viz.,
+in 1555 and in 1561.[315] In 1542, as already stated, he published in
+Latin the arguments he had used in his disputation with Stokesley,
+Bishop of London, on the authority of the Word of God, and against the
+doctrine of the seven sacraments, both confirming his former arguments
+as to the rights of the Christian laity, and maintaining the supremacy
+of Scripture over tradition. He had previously published his inaugural
+dissertation in the University of Frankfort, 'De restituendis scholis,'
+in which he advocated at length the great need for university training
+for the ministers of the protestant churches, and gave a detailed
+account of his own opinions, which he affirmed were then in full accord
+with those of the Lutheran churches. In 1543, probably before he was
+fully settled at Leipsic, it is said that on hearing the news of the
+favourable change which had taken place in Scotland on the death of
+James V. and the accession of Arran to the regency, he, like many other
+Scottish exiles, had serious thoughts of returning home, and availing
+himself to the uttermost of this unexpected opportunity which seemed to
+be opening for carrying forward the work of the Reformation in the land
+which was still dear to him. But before he had fully made up his mind to
+follow this course, he fortunately heard that the fickle regent had
+already begun to change his policy, and that though the privilege of
+freely reading the Scriptures in the vernacular, for which he had so
+earnestly contended, was legally secured, the triumph of the Reformation
+was by no means so near at hand as at first he had been led to suppose.
+Shortly after this, roused by the tidings of fresh persecutions which
+had reached him from Scotland, and especially by the account of the
+cruel executions of the humble martyrs of Perth by the cardinal and his
+party on St Paul's day, 1543-44, Alesius on 23rd April wrote to
+Melanchthon in the following terms:--
+
+"Three days ago there were here several countrymen of mine, who declare
+that the cardinal rules all things at his pleasure in Scotland, and
+governs the governor himself. In the town of St Johnston he hung up
+four respectable citizens, for no other cause than because they had
+requested a monk, in the middle of his sermon, not to depart in his
+doctrine from the sacred text, and not to mix up notions of his own with
+the words of Christ. Along with these a most respectable matron,
+carrying a sucking child in her arms, was haled before the tribunal and
+condemned to death by drowning. They report that the constancy of the
+woman was such that, when her husband was led to the scaffold and
+mounted the ladder, she followed and mounted along with him, and
+entreated to be allowed to hang from the same beam. She encouraged him
+to be of good cheer, for in a few hours, said she, I shall be with
+Christ along with you. They declare also that the governor was inclined
+to liberate them, but that the cardinal suborned the nobles to threaten
+that they would leave him if the condemned were not put to death. When
+the cardinal arrived with his army at Dundee, from which the monks had
+been expelled, all the citizens took to flight; and when he saw the town
+quite deserted he laughed, and remarked that he had expected to find it
+full of Lutherans."[316]
+
+[Sidenote: He pleads for National Union.]
+
+[Sidenote: He repels the Cry of Innovation.]
+
+Before the expiry of that year Alesius addressed to the chief nobles,
+prelates, barons, and to the whole people of Scotland, his Cohortatio ad
+concordiam pietatis ac doctrinæ Christianæ defensionem. This piece, Dr
+Lorimer tells us, "is instinct throughout with the spirit of true
+Christian patriotism, as well as with genuine evangelical earnestness
+and fervour. Lamenting the distractions of the kingdom by opposing
+political factions--the French faction and the English--he [like the
+author of the Complaynt of Scotland a few years later] implores his
+countrymen to lay aside these divisions, and demonstrates by many
+examples from classical history the dangers of national disunion, and
+the duty of patriotic concord in defence of the safety and honour of
+their common country. His expostulations against the oppression and
+cruelty of the bishops, and his allusions to the martyrs who had
+suffered in the cause of truth, are full of interest; and his
+digression, in particular, upon the character and martyrdom of Patrick
+Hamilton, is a noble burst of eloquence and pathos. When he exhorts to
+national union he means union in the truth--union in the one great work
+of purifying religion and reforming the corruptions of the church of
+God. What urgent need there was of such a work he demonstrates at much
+length, and with great freedom and faithfulness. Unless the church of
+Christ be reformed it must perish from the earth, and those are its
+worst enemies, not its real friends, who oppose such indispensable
+reform."[317] "Everywhere," he says, "we see the church driven forward
+to such reform. Ask even those who are most solicitous for its welfare,
+and they will tell you that the church can no longer be safe or free
+from troubles unless it be strengthened by the removal of abuses. If
+this, then, is a measure of absolute necessity unless we would see the
+whole church go to ruin; if all men confess that this should be done, if
+facts themselves call with a loud voice that some care should be taken
+to relieve the labouring [bark of the] church, to purify her depraved
+doctrine, and to reform her whole administration,--why, I demand, are
+those maligned and vilified who discover and point out the church's
+faults and failings? The proper remedies could not possibly have been
+applied till the disease was known; and yet the men who point it out,
+warn of its virulence and danger, and wish to alleviate or entirely
+remove it, are hated and persecuted as much as if they had been
+themselves the cause of all." With equal vigour he repels the cry of
+innovation raised against the reformers and their teaching. Their work
+was rather an honest attempt at restoration. What they sought, he said,
+"was just such a change as would take place in the manners of an age if
+the gravity, modesty, and frugality of ancient times were to take the
+place of levity, lewdness, luxury, and other vices. Such a change might
+be termed the introduction of what was novel, but in fact it was only
+the reintroduction of what was old and primitive. Let us," he exclaims,
+"have innovation everywhere if only we can get the true for the false,
+seriousness for levity, and solid realities for empty dreams." "It is no
+new doctrine we bring, but the most ancient, nay rather the eternal
+truth, for it proclaims that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came into the
+world to save sinners, and that we are saved by faith in Him. Of Him
+even Moses wrote, and to Him give all the prophets witness, that
+whosoever believeth in Him shall receive remission of sins. This is the
+old doctrine which runs through all the ages. Those which are really new
+are the doctrines which have obscured or contaminated it, brought in by
+those entrusted with the care of the vineyard of the Lord, and who, like
+the keepers of the vineyard in the Gospel parable, have maltreated and
+slain many of the Lord's messengers."
+
+This was the last service, so far as we know, which Alesius was able to
+render to the cause of the Reformation in his native land, and it did
+not fail in due time to produce abundant and lasting fruit. As Major
+before him, so Knox after him, strenuously contended for union of
+Scotsmen among themselves; and after that, but only after that, for a
+league with England rather than with France. They laboured, and others
+entered into their labours, and, proceeding on the same lines on which
+they had worked, at last brought the conflict to a triumphant issue.
+Tidings of their success filled Alesius with joy in the land of his
+exile. Even these, however, failed in his old age to tempt him back to
+the home of his youth, or the scene of those early struggles which were
+so deeply engraven on his memory and heart. And, so far as we know, he
+received no call to return from those who were then at the head of
+affairs in Scotland, though unquestionably he was more deeply read in
+theology than any one of them, and though, as unquestionably, the
+faculty of divinity was for several years but poorly supplied in the
+universities of Scotland, and preachers of ability, culture, and
+learning were very rare in the land.
+
+[Sidenote: Appreciation of his Services.]
+
+His life, especially after the close of the Schmalkaldic war, seems to
+have passed tranquilly and happily at the great Lutheran University of
+Leipsic. He was loved and honoured by his colleagues and by his prince,
+and, as I have already hinted, he was the bosom friend and unremitting
+correspondent of Melanchthon. As his services had been called into
+requisition by the Preceptor Germaniæ at the colloquies of Worms and
+Regensburg, so were they sought and got at the colloquy of Saxon
+theologians for the preparation of the Leipsic Interim in 1548, at that
+of Naumburg in 1554, at that of Nuremberg in 1555, and that of Dresden
+in 1561. "In all these"--the Leipsic professor, who on the occasion of
+the first centenary of his second rectorship pronounced an oration on
+him, affirms that--"he so conducted himself that no one could charge him
+with want of perseverance in building up the truth, or of judiciousness
+in examining the errors of others, or of faithfulness and dexterity in
+the counsels he gave." M'Kenzie, who has inserted a sketch of his career
+in his 'Lives of Eminent Scotsmen,' assures us that in the conference of
+Naumburg he acquitted himself to the admiration of the whole assembly,
+for which he is highly commended by Camerarius in his 'Life of
+Melanchthon'; and further, that in the year 1555 the disciples of Andrew
+Osiander having raised great dissensions in the city of Nuremberg
+respecting the doctrine of justification, Melanchthon made choice of
+Alesius as the fittest person to appease them by his wisdom and
+learning, and that his management answered Melanchthon's expectations,
+though Alesius himself had previously taken a side in the controversy.
+In the Majoristic controversy, Alesius, like Melanchthon, so far sided
+with Major as to maintain against the extreme Lutherans the necessity of
+good works, not to justification, but to final salvation; and in 1560 he
+seems to have discussed this question in one of his so-called
+_disputationes_.
+
+With respect to his private life, we are told by Thomasius that he had
+by his English wife one son, whose name was Caspar, and who died while
+still a youth, and had a monument erected by his father to his memory,
+bearing the simple inscription, "Caspari. Filiolo. Alexander. Alesius.
+Doctor. Lugens. Posuit." He had at least two daughters. One named
+Christina, Thomasius tells us, was married to a German bearing the
+classical name Marcus Scipio: she outlived her husband, and died in
+1604, in the fifty-ninth year of her age. The name of the other daughter
+does not seem to have been known to Thomasius, but as he states that she
+was given in marriage in 1557, we can have no doubt that she is the same
+Anna whose wedding is referred to in a letter of Alesius to
+Melanchthon, recently unearthed, and inviting him and other friends in
+Wittenberg to the wedding.[318]
+
+[Sidenote: His Death.]
+
+[Sidenote: Deserves a Memorial.]
+
+Alesius himself died on the 17th March 1565, and was buried at Leipsic;
+but no stone was raised, or, if raised, now remains, to tell where his
+ashes repose. In all probability it was in his son's grave, in the
+church of St Paul, in the city of Leipsic, that his ashes were laid to
+rest. The only monuments to his memory reared at the time and still
+existing are those furnished by our own John Johnston--second master of
+St Mary's College, and colleague of Andrew Melville--in his Latin poems
+on the Scottish martyrs and confessors, and entitled Περι Στεφανων and
+by Beza in his 'Icones.' Johnston, joining together Macchabaeus and
+Alesius, says:--
+
+    "Sors eadem exilii nobis, vitaeque laborumque,
+      Ex quo nos Christi conciliavit amor.
+    Una salus amborum, unum et commune periclum;
+      Pertulimus pariter praestite cuncta Deo.
+    Dania te coluit. Me Lipsia culta docentem.
+      Audiit, et sacros hausit ab ore sonus."[319]
+
+Beza says, "He was a man dear to all the learned, who would have been a
+distinguished ornament of Scotland if that country had recovered the
+light of the Gospel at an earlier period; and who, when rejected by
+both Scotland and England, was most eagerly embraced by the evangelical
+church of Saxony, and continued to be warmly cherished and esteemed by
+her to the day of his death." The man who was held in such high esteem
+by the reforming Archbishops of Cologne and Canterbury; who was the
+bosom friend of Melanchthon; who was highly thought of by Luther, and
+warmly eulogised by Beza and Johnston, was certainly not one whose
+memory his countrymen should willingly let die. He was unquestionably
+the most cultured, probably also the most liberal and conciliatory, of
+the Scottish theologians of the sixteenth century. He was the first to
+plead publicly before the authorities of the nation for the right of
+every household and every individual to have access to the Word of God
+in the vernacular tongue, and to impress on parents the sacred duty of
+sedulously inculcating its teaching on their children, and therefore, as
+Christopher Anderson has said, "the man who struck the first note in
+giving a tone to that character," for which his native country has since
+been known, and often since commended, as Bible-loving Scotland. Had his
+countrymen not so long lost sight of him, perhaps some stone of
+remembrance might have been found to his memory in Germany; but surely,
+though he was so long an exile, the chief memorial of his birth and
+death ought to be in Edinburgh or St Andrews. "There, in reference to
+the cause he advocated, no inappropriate emblem" would be "a father and
+his child reading the same sacred volume; and, for a motto, in
+remembrance of his position at the moment, perhaps his own memorable
+quotation of the Athenian, 'Strike, but hear me.'"[320]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[283] [Alesius thus proceeds: "Et in mari inter tempestates et 18 diebus
+subtus terram in teterrimo specu inter bufones et serpentes custodivit
+(oportet enim me haec alicubi commemorare pro gratitudine erga Deum).
+Hic igitur Salvator omnium, maxime fidelium, perficiet id quod per me
+facere instituit" (In Alteram ad Timotheum expositio. Autore Alexandro
+Alesio. D. Lipsiae, 1551, sign. A 2).]
+
+[284] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 13, 14.
+[D'Aubigné is here following, or rather embellishing, the account which
+Alesius thus gives in another of his works: "Pueri, me adhuc puero,
+quasdam sententias excerptas ex Joanne, scriptas in membrana, ut illam,
+in principio erat verbum, Ecce agnus Dei, &c., Sic Deus dilexit mundum,
+Ego sum resurrectio et vita, &c., ac similes, vel auro et argento
+inclusas circa collum gestabant, non tam ornamenti causa, quàm quod
+magnam vim et virtutem in his collocarent contra incantationes et
+pericula, in quae diabolus saepe pueros incautos solet conjicere. Memini
+frequenter, et quoties reminiscor, toto corpore cohorresco, me in
+praerupto altissimi montis manibus et pedibus reptantem, ac proximum
+praecipitio, subito translatum nescio à quo aut quomodo, in alium locum:
+et alia vice ex eminentiori deambulacro aedium patris cadentem inter
+acervum lapidum poliendorum ad aedificium, servatum esse divinitus.
+
+"Non tribuo hanc salutem sententiis ex Joanne, quas forsan aliorum
+puerorum more circumferebam: sed fidei parentum, qui harum sententiam
+mente circumferebant, et pro me orabant. Sed tamen, ut mihi videtur,
+magis deceret nobilitatem Christianam, has et similes sententias in auro
+et lapidibus preciosis insculptas à collo dependentes circumferre, quàm
+ethnicorum Regum ac Caesarum imagines" (Commentarius in Evangelium
+Joannis. Basileae, 1553. Epistola Dedicatoria, pp. 14-16).]
+
+[285] [In a list of names without a heading, he appears as "Alexr.
+Allane na. Lau.," which shows that of the nations into which the members
+of the university were then classified, he belonged to Lothian. In the
+list of determinants he appears as "Allexr. Alan." Opposite his name and
+the names of his class-fellows is the word "pauperes," which shows that
+they paid no fees.]
+
+[286] He himself at a later period ingenuously acknowledges that his
+arguments in great part were borrowed from the treatise of an English
+bishop, namely Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, who at the request of Henry
+VIII. had replied to Luther's attack on that monarch.
+
+[287] D'Aubigné's Reformation in the Time of Calvin, vi. 59, 60.
+
+[288] Laing's Knox, i. 40, 41.
+
+[289] [See it so described in the passage quoted, _supra_, p. 240 n.]
+
+[290] [He calls it a _latrinâ_ in his 'Responsio ad Cochlei Calumnias,'
+sign. A v.]
+
+[291] [Now known as Bishop's Hall.]
+
+[292] Responsio ad Cochlei Calumnias, sign. A vj.
+
+[293] Responsio ad Cochlei Calumnias, sign. A vj.
+
+[294] Ibid.
+
+[295] No doubt James Wedderburn, merchant at the West Kirk Style of
+Dundee, who carried on a large trade with the Continent, and was known
+to be friendly to those holding the reformed opinions. One of his sons
+was then studying at St Andrews, and probably had been the means of
+communication between the canons and Dundee to secure beforehand a
+speedy departure for their fugitive friend. [For many interesting
+details concerning the sons of this Dundee merchant, see Dr Mitchell's
+Wedderburns and their Work, 1867; and also his edition of The Gude and
+Godlie Ballatis, 1897, pp. xvii-xxxii, lxxxiii-civ.]
+
+[296] [In his Introduction (pp. xviii-xx) to Gau's 'Richt Vay to the
+Kingdom of Heuine,' Dr Mitchell says: "The treatise 'De Apostolicis
+Traditionibus,' in which he [_i.e._, Alesius] has given an account of
+his visit, and of the manner in which he was received by his countrymen
+and the reforming preachers of Malmö, is one of the rarest of his minor
+treatises, and is not to be found in any of our Scottish libraries, nor
+in the British Museum, nor even in the library of the University of
+Leipsic, in which he was so long an honoured professor.... Neither the
+name of Gau nor that of any other of his countrymen then in the city is
+given by Alesius.... Principal Lorimer has ingeniously conjectured that
+Gau may have come out to act as chaplain to his countrymen at Malmö. And
+I am inclined to accept the conjecture to a modified extent.... At any
+rate, we find that before the close of 1533 he was in Denmark, and had
+got such an accurate knowledge of the Danish language that he had
+translated and published a treatise of considerable length from Danish
+into his native Scotch." In the Appendix to the same Introduction (p.
+xlv) Dr Mitchell explains that "modern Danish scholars express doubts
+whether, in the early part of the 16th century, any nation, save the
+German as represented by the Hanseatic League, was organised as a
+distinct community at Malmö."]
+
+[297] [This sentence is interlined, and the word which seems to be
+_first_ is rather indistinct.]
+
+[298] In the preceding narrative I have availed myself of the details
+which Alesius has given us of his labours and sufferings in his
+commentaries and lesser treatises, and especially in two of the smallest
+of them, both published in 1533, the one bearing the title--"Alexandri
+Alesii Epistola contra decretum quoddam Episcoporū in Scotia, quod
+prohibet legere Noui Testamenti libros lingua vernacula"; the other
+"Alexandri Alesii Scotti Responsio ad Cochlei Calvmnias."
+
+[299] [The nature of the arguments used by Alesius in this epistle may
+be learned from the lengthy extracts quoted in Christopher Anderson's
+Annals of the English Bible, 1845, ii. 430-437.]
+
+[300] [This reply by Cochlaeus, which is dated 6th June 1533, is
+entitled: "An Expediat Laicis, legere Noui Testamenti libros lingua
+Vernacula? Ad Serenissimvm Scotiæ Regem Iacobum V. Disputatio inter
+Alexandrum Alesium Scotum, & Iohannem Cochlæum Germanum. Anno dn̄i
+M.D. XXXIII." A beautiful copy of this very rare work was secured at the
+Laing sale for the library of the Church of Scotland. There is also a
+copy in the Signet Library. A few extracts may be found in Anderson's
+Annals, ii. 439-441.]
+
+[301] [A beautiful copy of this excessively rare tract was also secured
+for the Church library at the Laing sale.]
+
+[302] [For a translation by Dr Mitchell of that part of the Responsio
+which relates to the opinions of Alesius, see Appendix E.]
+
+[303] [Dr Mitchell possessed copies of several of the other tracts of
+Cochlaeus, as well as of this: "Pro Scotiae Regno Apologia Iohannis
+Cochlei, adversvs personatum Alexandrum Alesium Scotum. Ad Sereniss.
+Scotorū regē. M.D.XXXIIII." It ends: "Excusum Lipsiae apud
+Michaelem Blum."]
+
+[304] [Alesius says: "I was at Antwerp whan a contryman of myne, whose
+name was John Foster, did send a somme of mony unto Cochleus by a
+marchant from the Bisshop of S. Andrews, which geveth him yerely so long
+as he liveth a certen stipend. And it chanced by the goodnes of God,
+wherby He discloseth the wickednes of these hipocytes (_sic_), that a
+pistle of Cochleus which he sent unto a certen bisshop of Pole came unto
+my handes, wherin he complayneth that he hath gret losse and evel
+fortune in setting forth of bokes, for as moch as no man wil wetesaue to
+rede his bokes. And he beggeth a yerely stipend of the bisshops of Pole,
+saing that he hath bene nobly rewarded of the King of Scottys and of the
+Archbisshop of S. Andrews and of the Bisshop of Glasguo" ('Of the
+Auctorite of the Word of God').]
+
+[305] [From the Treasurer's Accounts, as quoted by M'Crie, it appears
+that the servant who brought over his book received £10 (M'Crie's Knox,
+1855, p. 321 n.).]
+
+[306] [15th March 1542-43 (Acts of Parliament, ii. 415).]
+
+[307] [The title is: "De Avthoritate Verbi Dei Liber Alexandri Alesij,
+contra Episcopum Lundensem. An. M.D.XLII." The preface is dated:
+"Francfordiae ad Oderam. Calend. Maijs. an. Domini M.D.XL." The colophon
+is: "Argentorati apvd Cratonem Mylivm an. M.D.XLII. mense Septembri."
+The translation, which is in black-letter, bears no date, place, or
+printer's name. For a copy of its title, see _infra_, p. 268 n.]
+
+[308] [Alesius says that he was the bearer of the Loci Theologici, which
+he had persuaded Melanchthon to dedicate to Henry VIII. (Foreign
+Calendar, Elizabeth, i. 525).]
+
+[309] [He was in London during the time of the trial and execution of
+Anne Boleyn. He sent Elizabeth an account of a dream or vision which he
+then had. See Appendix F.]
+
+[310] [There is "great uncertainty" as to whether this meeting took
+place in 1536 or 1537 (Hardwick's Reformation, 1883, p. 182 n.). The
+year 1537 is given by Alesius in his 'De Avthoritate Verbi Dei' (p. 18),
+and is repeated in the translation. In the latter it is said: "Contrary
+to all my expectacion I chanced to fall agayn into such a disputacyon as
+I was in before, and in maner with like adversarys.... Unto this
+disputacion I came sodenly unprepared, for as I did mete bi chance in
+the streate the right excellent Lord Crumwel going unto the Parlament
+Howse in the yeare 1537, he whan he sawe me called me unto him, and toke
+me with him to the Parlament House to Westmyster (_sic_), where we fownd
+all the bisshops gathered together."]
+
+[311] Cattley's Foxe, v. 381-384. [The whole of this account, as Cattley
+points out, is taken by Foxe almost _verbatim_ from a statement made by
+Alesius himself in his rare tract entitled, _Of the Auctorite of the
+Word of God agaynst the Bisshop of London, wherein are conteyned certen
+disputacyons had in the Parlament Howse betwene the Bisshops, abowt the
+nomber of the Sacraments, and other things very necessary to be known:
+made by Alexander Alane Scot and sent to the Duke of Saxon_. Christopher
+Anderson says that this translation of the tract De Authoritate Verbi
+Dei Liber was made by Edmund _Allen_. So completely had the original
+name of Alesius dropped out of knowledge that Anderson actually charges
+the printer with committing "a strange blunder in the title." Believing
+that _Ales_ was the real name of Alesius, he thought that the printer
+had divided the name of the author between the author and the translator
+('Annals of the English Bible,' ii. 479 n.).]
+
+[312] [For the circumstances of his departure, see Appendix G.]
+
+[313] [For M'Alpine, see Gau's Richt Vay, Introd., p. xii.]
+
+[314] "I owe much," he says, "to your father, who received me most
+hospitably at my first coming hither, and, in name of Duke Maurice (now
+Elector of Saxony), invited me to give my services to this famous
+university, and retained me here some years after, when I was called
+elsewhere" (_i.e._, probably Königsberg), "promising me the favour and
+grace of the most illustrious prince elector. Finally, after the war, he
+encouraged me, then hesitating, to write to the elector to beg the
+restitution of my books and other effects, which I had lost at the time
+of the siege of this city, kindly offering his best services in
+rendering my supplicatory letter to the prince, by which, however, he
+only succeeded in securing that the elector, when departing from his own
+dominions to attend the imperial diet, should give instructions on the
+matter to his counsellors whom he had left at home, and should deliver
+to be sent on to me a letter full of kindness through Damianus
+Sybothendorff, secretary to his highness."
+
+[315] On the former of which occasions he inscribed the following
+paragraph in the matriculation book of the university: "Anno MDLV, die
+23 Aprilis, qui Divo Georgio sacer est, et quo existimo me natum esse,
+supputatis retro LV annis, ego Alexander Alesius, gente Scotus, Patriâ
+Edinburgensis, atavis consulibus, qui duobus regibus, Jacobo Quinto, et
+Henrico Octavo, et quatuor electoribus, Johanni Friderico, Mauricio et
+Augusto, Ducibus Saxoniae, et Joachimo Electori Brandeburgensi
+inservivi, invitus suscepi officium rectoris universitatis scholae in
+inclytâ urbe Lipsiâ."
+
+[316] Lorimer's Scottish Reformation, 1860, pp. 112, 113. [The Perth
+martyrs are noticed above, pp. 53, 54. See also Laing's Knox, i. 117,
+118, 523-526.]
+
+[317] Lorimer's Scottish Reformation, 1860, pp. 115, 116. [The
+quotations from the Cohortatio which follow agree substantially with
+those given by Dr Lorimer, but many of the variations in the phraseology
+show that Dr Mitchell had the original as well as Lorimer's translation
+before him when he wrote.]
+
+[318] See Appendix H.
+
+[319] M'Crie's Knox, 1855, p. 462.
+
+[320] Anderson's Annals of the English Bible, 1845, ii. 485. For a list
+of the published writings of Alesius see Appendix I.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A (p. 19).
+
+THE PÆDAGOGIUM, OR ST MARY'S COLLEGE, ST ANDREWS.[321]
+
+
+St Mary's College, if in one sense the youngest, is in another sense the
+oldest, college within the University. It occupies the earliest site of
+the University, and gathers up into itself not only the old
+_Pædagogium_, but also a still older college. In January 1418 ... a
+certain _Robertus de Monte Rosarum_ mortified a site on the south side
+of South Street, with the buildings thereon, as a college for the study
+of theology and arts. This was the strip of ground on which the eastern
+portion of the Library, as well as the new south wing, now stands, but
+on which, in the oldest bird's-eye view of the city, a sort of
+collegiate building is represented as standing. That was undoubtedly the
+College, or Hall, or "Inns" of St John, to which repeated reference is
+made in the oldest manuscript records of the University. It had probably
+a lecture-room, rooms for the students to lodge in, and a chapel also,
+dedicated to St John the Evangelist, in which daily service was
+maintained, but, so far as we now know, it was very poorly endowed.
+
+In 1430 Bishop Wardlaw, the illustrious founder of the University,
+mortified as a site for a _Pædagogium_ or common school for the faculty
+of arts the strip of land and buildings thereon immediately to the west
+of St John's College--the frontage now covered by the western portion of
+the Library, the porch of St Mary's College, and the Principal's house.
+After the erection and endowment of St Salvator's College by Bishop
+Kennedy, and of St Leonard's College by Prior Hepburn, the attendance on
+the _Pædagogium_, which was but slenderly endowed, seems to have fallen
+off, and the number of its regents to have been curtailed. Archbishop
+Alexander Stewart, the favourite pupil of Erasmus, and one of the most
+accomplished of our long line of chancellors, was the first who formed
+the purpose of enlarging and endowing Bishop Wardlaw's foundation, but
+his life was prematurely brought to a close on the fatal field of
+Flodden. His successor, Andrew Forman, appears to have taken no interest
+in the work on which Stewart had set his heart. But James Betoun, who
+came next in succession, acted a nobler part. He brought with him from
+Glasgow John Major--the one great schoolman of whom Scotland in the
+sixteenth century could boast, who had upheld the reputation of his
+country in the University of Paris as an able and successful teacher of
+the philosophy and theology of the day. Major and Patrick Hamilton--the
+one the representative of the old, the other of the new learning--were
+incorporated into the University of St Andrews on the same day (9th June
+1523); and, for at least two years, the former presided over the
+_Pædagogium_, and probably lectured both on philosophy and theology. In
+1525-26 he returned to Paris, partly that he might publish there his
+commentaries on the Gospels, and partly that he might act again as a
+teacher in that wider sphere; but a few years later, on a vacancy
+occurring in the principality of St Salvator's College, he returned to
+St Andrews, and continued in that more lucrative charge till his death.
+
+It was mainly in his last years, however, that James Betoun set himself
+in right earnest to complete the work which Archbishop Stewart had
+begun. At his solicitation Pope Paul III., on 12th February 1537, issued
+a bull annexing the teinds of the church of Tannadice, in Forfarshire,
+and of the wealthier church of Tyninghame, in East Lothian, to the old
+foundation, and erecting it into a privileged college under the title of
+the Blessed Mary of the Assumption. In this college, medicine, law, and
+theology, as well as arts, were henceforth to be taught, and the
+privilege was granted to it of conferring degrees in all lawful
+faculties, and of conferring them on those who had gained their
+knowledge elsewhere as well as on those who had studied within the
+college--in fact, making it almost a university within the University,
+and conceding to it more extensive powers than were conceded to many
+universities. His first work was to replace the decaying buildings of
+the _Pædagogium_ by others more massive and commodious. That work was
+far from finished at the time of his death, and having been intermitted
+by his successor [the cardinal], was only completed by Archbishop
+Hamilton, who, with papal sanction, reconstituted the college and added
+to its endowments.
+
+Early, however, in 1538, the first staff of teachers entered on their
+work as a college organised and equipped "_ut militans Dei ecclesia
+indies abundet viris litterarum scientiâ præditis_," and few
+institutions through a long and eventful history have more illustriously
+fulfilled this object, though in another sense than its founders meant,
+and handed on the torch of sacred learning from generation to
+generation. Bannerman, who succeeded Major, had the honour of
+reorganising the old institution and starting it on its new career.
+Archibald Hay, who came next, was the child of the Renaissance, and more
+in earnest about religion than many of that school; and, had his life
+been spared, and the cardinal given heed to his counsels, the old Church
+might have been able to make a better fight for privilege or for life in
+the struggle which ensued. John Douglas, his successor, bridged the
+passage from the old to the new without any violent break, probably
+taking part with Wynram in the composition of Archbishop Hamilton's
+Catechism, as he did afterwards in the preparation of the Reformed
+Confession of Faith and the First Book of Discipline. He was a man of
+the ancient academic type, content to live in single blessedness, to
+treat his pupils, who also lived in college, with the familiarity and
+affection of a father. He had the honour of training the youthful Andrew
+Melville, and perhaps it was with some presentiment of his future
+eminence that, as he held the precocious youth between his knees at the
+college fire, he fondly said, "My sillie fatherless and motherless
+chyld, it is ill to wit what God may mak of thee yit."
+
+God watched over that weakly youth, and prospered his studies at Paris,
+Poictiers, and Geneva, so that with a mind stored with all the learning
+of his time, he returned to his native land to complete the reformation
+of its universities, and to delight successive generations of students
+by his stores of learning and wit, and by his accessibility and
+generosity. It was to meet his ideas of what a theological school should
+be that the college was set apart "allenarly" for the study of theology,
+and furnished with professors of the Old and the New Testament, who were
+to "expone" the various books of Scripture as well as to read them in
+the original, comparing the Hebrew of the Old Testament with the
+Septuagint and the Chaldee paraphrases, and the Greek of the New
+Testament with the old Syriac translation, while the principal was to
+teach the _loci communes_ or the systematic theology of the age. The
+first assistants in the "wark of theology" were Mr John Robertson, who
+acted as _professor Novi Testamenti_, and his own nephew, James
+Melville, who taught Hebrew and the Old Testament, and to whom we owe
+that graphic diary which gives us several interesting glimpses of
+college life in those early days. To John Robertson succeeded Mr John
+Johnston, author of Latin poems in praise of our reformers and martyrs,
+and of Latin verses descriptive of the line of our Scottish kings.
+
+Melville was by no means an illiberal theologian, and he and Johnston
+wrote to the Protestant churches of France urging moderation on them in
+controversies which were then being discussed with great bitterness.
+Both lived with and for their pupils, and secured in an unusual degree
+their reverence and affection. Both ultimately lost the favour of the
+king; and Melville, after being cruelly used in London, had to spend his
+declining years in the French Protestant University of Sedan.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[321] [This is taken from a paper on "St Mary's College," contributed by
+Dr Mitchell to the "Student's Handbook to the University of St Andrews,"
+1895, pp. 12-15.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B (p. 30).
+
+CITATIO PATRICII HAMILTON
+
+E FORMULARI VETERE ANDREANO.
+
+_Citatio super suspecto de heresi ad faciendum purgationem alias ad
+videndum [ipsum] hereticum declarari._
+
+
+Jacobus etc., Decano Christianitatis nostre de L[audonia] Universisque
+et singulis aliis Dominis rectoribus, vicariis perpetuis, capellanis
+curatis et non curatis per provinciam nostram S[ti Andree] ubilibet
+constitutis, Illique vel illis ad quem vel ad quos presentes litere
+pervenerint, Salutem cum benedictione divina: Quia per fidelem
+inquisitionem aliter de mandato nostro legitime receptam compertum
+extitit quendam Magistrum P[atricium] H[amilton] de heresi multiplici
+suspectum, quem citandum et desuper accusandum antea decrevimus, sed
+medio tempore relictâ patriâ ad alia et extera se transtulit loca, nuper
+autem vagante fama ad aures nostras clamorosa insinuatione pervenit
+Ipsum nuperrime in patriam reversum et quod primo statim adventu non
+debite missus nec prerogativis aut privilegiis debitis munitus, sed
+propriâ auctoritate et temerariâ presumptione, predicationis officium de
+heresi ei designata acceptare ausus est, et suas hereticas pravitates et
+perversas Martini Lutheri heretici alias ab ecclesia damnati et suorum
+fautorum ac sequacium opiniones promulgare, docens seminansve et
+pertinaciter affirmans, ac populum Christianum de eisdem instruere non
+erubescit, indeque simplices et illiteratos hujus regni Christi fideles
+qui in se et progenitoribus per tanta temporis curricula, spatio viz.
+mille et trecentorum annorum et ultra in ecclesiâ Dei constantissime
+militaverunt, a verâ nostrâ orthodoxâ fide et catholica ecclesia
+seducere, et quantum in eo est pervertere nititur et proponit, dicendo
+predicando et temerario ausu inter alia palam et publice affirmando:--
+
+Legibus, canonibus, patrum sanctionibus et decretis, humanis quoque
+constitutionibus non esse obtemperandum; Claves et censuras ecclesie
+contempnendas, nec sacramentis ejusdem fidendum, Templa non esse
+frequentanda, nec ymagines adorandas, pro defunctorum animabus non esse
+exorandum; nec decimas Deo et ecclesie solvendas; pro bonis operibus
+nullum fore salutis premium nec pro malis cruciatum; Nostros
+progenitores in ecclesia Dei et ejusdem sacramentis fidentes in malâ et
+iniquâ fide esse mortuos et in inferno sepultos:--
+
+Aliaque dictu et recitatu saltem inter Christianos et fideles horrenda
+et nephanda predicat docet et affirmat in Dei viventis claviumque
+ecclesie ac nostre fidei orthodoxe contemptum, regni et reipublice
+ejusdem damnum scandalum et, digna Dei ultione, si premissis favere
+incipiat, sperandam ruinam, animabusque perpetrantium gravissimum
+periculum nisi remedio succurratur oportuno: In quibus omnibus et
+singulis idem Magister P. communi voce et famâ ex publicâ et notoria
+ejusdem predicatione orta de heresi suspectus reputatur, habetur et
+divulgatur. Consilio igitur desuper recepto ipsum citandum et de
+premissis experiendum decrevimus: Quare vobis et vestrum cuilibet nos
+precipimus et mandamus, quatenus citetis legitime dictum Magistrum P. H.
+primo, secundo, tertio et peremptorie etc. quod compareat personaliter
+coram [nobis] nostrisque consulibus Dn̄is Episcopis, Abbatibus,
+Prioribus, sacrarum literarum Professoribus, et Religiosis, aliisque
+nobis pro tempore assistentibus, in ecclesiâ nostrâ Metropolitanâ S[ti
+Andree] regni Scotie primatiali, die _N_ mensis _N_ proxime futuris,
+horâ decimâ antemeridiana vel eo circa, ad respondendum nobis ex officio
+de et super suis pertinaciter dictis, affirmatis, predicatis,
+divulgatis, tentis et disputatis contra nostram orthodoxam fidem et
+sanctam ecclesiam catholicam; et propterea ad videndum et audiendum
+ipsum hereticum declarari, et penâ condignâ a canonibus propterea latâ
+et imperatâ puniendum fore et puniri debere; superque adherentiâ et
+favoribus prestitis peregrinis opinionibus et pravitatibus dicti Martini
+Lutheri, heretici ab ecclesiâ damnati, et suorum sequacium; ac aliis
+interrogandis similiter reddendis, et tanquam heretice pravitatis
+fautorem et male de fide sentientem accusandum fore et accusari ac
+condempnari debere. Testimonia quoque et probationes, si necesse fuerit,
+desuper recipi, jurari, et admitti; ac in premissis omnibus et singulis
+summarie et de plano sine strepitu et figurâ judicii prout juris fuerit
+procedendum fore et procedi debere; Vel ad allegandum causam
+rationabilem quare premissa fieri non deberent; Cum intimatione debita,
+ut moris est, intimamus eidem quod sive dictis die et loco comparere
+curaverit sive non comparuerit Nos nihilominus in premissis omnibus et
+singulis procedere volumus et intendimus justitiâ mediante; Imprimis
+absentiâ seu contumaciâ in aliquo non obstante; et ne periculum sit in
+mora, et ut interim hujus hereses in hoc regno hucusque ab omni tali
+labe et hereticâ peste per tanta temporis spatia sano, et post Christi
+Salvatoris susceptam fidem inviolabiliter preservato, non oriantur nec
+per Christi fideles audiantur, vobis omnibus et singulis supradictis,
+modo et forma premissis precipimus et mandamus, quatenus auctoritate
+nostra inhibentes omnibus et singulis Christi fidelibus cujuscunque
+dignitatis, status, gradus, ordinis aut conditionis existant, ne dicto
+Magistro P. sic ut premittitur, de heresi suspecto, favorem,
+assistentiam, societatem, colloquium seu gratam audientiam praebeant;
+nec in suis temerariis et insolentibus predicationibus disputationibus
+seu conventiclis publice vel occulte quovis quesito colore vel ingenio
+conveniant seu presentiam exhibeant; sed sibi et suis saltem de
+premissis fautoribus resistere studeant, resistentiamque faciant et
+procurent; ab illo quoque edendo, bibendo aut communicando in premissis
+abstineant, donec de heresi et infamia desuper ortâ purgetur, et eundem
+vitent sub penâ excommunicationis majoris; Quam contrarium facientes
+incurrere volumus et decernimus ipso facto. Et quos vos, etc. Datum,
+etc.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C (p. 46).
+
+CARDINAL BETOUN'S INCONTINENCE.
+
+
+"While ... he was possessed," Mr M'Bain tells us, "of eminent qualities,
+he led, in many respects, anything but a moral life. His favourite
+mistress was Marion Ogilvie, daughter of Sir James, afterwards Lord,
+Ogilvie of Airlie, to whom [as Abbot of Arbroath] he granted a liferent
+lease of the lands of Burnton of Ethie, and other lands near the place,
+for a small sum of money _and other causes_. This was on the 22nd of May
+1528. On the 20th of July 1530, he granted her a liferent lease of the
+Kirkton of St Vigeans, with the muir-fauld and the toft of St Vigeans,
+and a piece of common land lying to the south of the church. On 17th
+February 1533-34, she obtained a nineteen years' lease of the eighth
+part of the lands of Auchmithie [lying to the north-east of Ethie], with
+the brew-house there, and the lands belonging to it, and on 10th March
+1534[-35] there is the record of a feu to her of a piece of land in the
+'Sandpots,' for the construction of a toral or ustrina lying 'beyond and
+near the red wall of the monastery commonly so called'" (Eminent
+Arbroathians, 1897, pp. 37, 38). For these facts Mr M'Bain has the
+authority of the 'Registrum de Aberbrothoc,' Bannatyne Club, ii. 482,
+500, 519, 521. On p. 482 are the words: "Pro certa summa pecunie et
+aliis causis assedat pro toto tempore vite Mariote Ogylwy subtenentibus
+coadjutoribus et assignatis," &c. Mr M'Bain adds: "It is not known by
+whom Ethie House was built, but it was [one of the mansions belonging to
+the abbey and] a favourite residence of David Beaton and Marion Ogilvie,
+his mistress.... After Beaton's death a natural daughter of his by
+Marion Ogilvie laid claim to the furniture in Ethie House, if not to the
+house itself.... But Ethie was not the only place in the neighbourhood
+occupied by David Beaton and Marion Ogilvie. In 1542 he acquired the
+barony of Melgund, and erected the castle in which he and his mistress
+and their children resided. The Beaton and the Ogilvie arms are still to
+be seen in one of the rooms. The initials 'D.B.' are over one window,
+and 'M.O.' over the other; while on the corbal of the stair leading to
+this room are the Ogilvie arms, and the initials 'M.O.' ... David Beaton
+settled the property of Melgund on his mistress in liferent, and on his
+eldest son David in fee" (Eminent Arbroathians, pp. 38, 39).
+
+[According to Dr Joseph Robertson, "Cardinal Beaton had five bastards"
+('Concilia Scotiæ,' ii. 302). There is record evidence, however, to show
+that he had at least seven. On the 4th of November 1539, three of his
+sons were legitimated in the following terms: "Rex dedit literas
+legitimationis Jacobo Betoun, Alexandro Betoun et Johanni Betoun,
+bastardis, filiis naturalibus Davidis archiepiscopis S. Andree, &c."
+(Register of Great Seal, iii. No. 2037). He had also a son David (Ibid.,
+No. 1931), and three daughters, Elizabeth (Ibid., Nos. 1274, 2330),
+Margaret, and Agnes (Ibid., iv. Nos. 1353, 2740; 'Liber Officialis
+Sancti Andree,' Abbotsford Club, p. 158).]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D (p. 124).
+
+CONDITIONS ON WHICH THE USE OF THE CHURCH OF THE WHITE LADIES AT
+FRANKFORT WAS GRANTED TO THE ENGLISH EXILES.
+
+
+"Nun war bey Ankunft der Engelländer eine Kirche in Frankfurt, die
+einigen französischen Protestanten zum Gebrauch eingeräumt war, welche
+nun auch zum Behuf der Engelländer in Vorschlag gebracht, und am 14
+Julii ihnen wirklich angewiesen wurde. Doch machte der Rath gewisse
+Ordnungen, und suchte die Sache also einzurichten, das allerlei
+Disputen, die etwa entstehen mögten, der Weg verlaget wurde. Die
+vornehmsten waren diese: (_a_) dass die Engelländer und Franzosen
+einerley Lehre und Ceremonien führen sollten; Daher sollten jene (_b_)
+der Franzosen Glaubensbekäntniss, das diese N.B. dem Rath überreichet
+hatten, unterschreiben. (_c_) Liessen sich die Engelländer gefallen,
+dass das Volk bey dem gemeinen Gebet das Amen nicht mehr laut sagen
+sollte, wie sonst in der Kirche von Engelland üblich ist. (_d_) Dass die
+Prediger das weisse Chorhemde, nebst vielen andern in Engelland
+eingeführten Ceremonien abschaffen sollten, als welche den Einwohnern,
+die solcher Dinge ungewohnt wären, einstossig seyn könnten. Und was der
+gleichen Umstände mehr waren, welche die Engelländer, um desto eher zum
+Stande zu kommen, freiwillig eingiengen."--J. Hildebrand Withof,
+'Vertheidigung der.... Nachricht wie es mit V. Pollane erstem
+Reformirten Prediger zu Frankfurt-am-Mayn ... zugegangen,' 1753, folio.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E (p. 260).
+
+THE THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL OPINIONS OF ALESIUS.
+
+(_From the 'Responsio ad Cochlei Calvmnias.'_)
+
+
+"With all his scribbling, he [_i.e._, Cochlaeus] has never yet, so far
+as I know, disclosed what are his own opinions about Christian doctrine;
+and therefore his empty and scurrilous treatises miss their mark, and
+are justly held in derision by learned men.... But I, renowned monarch,
+that you may know that my alliance is with the Church of Christ and not
+with any other factions, do not refuse before you and other good men to
+give a simple and clear account of my faith as I formerly wrote to you,
+for I believe the prophetical and apostolical Scriptures, and embrace
+the consensus of the holy fathers whom the Church approves. I also
+reverence the ecclesiastical authority, being one who, especially in
+doubtful matters, will obey and follow its decisions. Does Cochlaeus ask
+anything further? I myself will add, I approve of nothing seditious.
+With my whole heart and soul I abhor the ravings of the Anabaptists. No
+new doctrine, unsupported by the testimony of the ancient Church, is
+acceptable to me. Further still, as I do not undertake the defence of
+Luther, so, on the other hand, I do not approve of all the dreams of the
+monks which have been received, not only contrary to the decision of the
+Scripture, but also to the authority of the ancient church. Moreover, I
+cannot approve of the cruelty which is everywhere being practised
+against those who, following the judgment of Scripture and of the
+fathers, reject or censure any manifest abuse or error that in the
+course of time may have crept into the Church. Such is my faith, O
+Cochlaeus, use it if you are pleased with it; if not, show me a better.
+If the unjust punishments inflicted on the truly pious afford you
+pleasure, you are not only a miserable, but a contemptible wretch. I
+neither can nor will ever knowingly burden or pollute my conscience by
+approving of these parricides. I saw in my own country the punishment of
+one, born in a most honourable station, and innocent of any serious
+crime, Patrick [Hamilton]. I saw burned at Cologne two men of pious and
+orthodox sentiments, and most averse to the fanatical opinions of the
+Anabaptists. Nor can I express in words how deeply I was grieved by
+these mournful spectacles. And I did not grieve only over the fate of
+those who were punished, in whom because, as the poet says, 'grace shone
+through their very anguish,' their singular bravery and constancy
+brought some alleviation to my grief; but much more did I grieve over
+the fate of the Church, which is disordered in many ways, and likely yet
+to be more so, by the practice of such cruelty. Finally, there is no
+doubt that the State will, in God's appointed time, have to suffer
+heaviest punishment for its guilt in permitting such parricides; yet I
+do not impugn the laws as to the punishment of heretics, if only there
+is due cognition of each case, and care is taken that those who are
+really innocent of perverting the true Christian faith may not be
+punished."
+
+Then follows a paragraph of great importance in itself, and of almost as
+much from the light it casts on its author's state of mind, and,
+perhaps, also on Melanchthon's, at that particular time:--
+
+"I myself also desire moderation in certain things on the part of the
+Lutherans, and reasonableness. To this they may be recalled if the
+matters in dispute are duly examined into. It is the duty of the bishops
+to do their utmost that learned men of either side should lovingly
+confer together on Christian doctrine, that some one certain form of
+doctrine, founded only upon the Word of God and the teaching of the
+primitive fathers, should be framed; and if this were done, the Church
+might easily be brought to coalesce again into one body. Nor do I doubt
+that good men on both sides are so disposed that they would not only
+willingly proffer their opinions, but also yield their individual
+convictions if they should hear more weighty reasons from the other
+side. For it is tyrannical, and specially unbecoming in a theologian, to
+do that which the son reproves in the tyrant, his father, in the
+tragedy. He wishes, the son says, to speak but to hear nothing in reply.
+At present the good men who are most desirous to provide some remedy for
+public evils keep silence, and secretly bewail the fate of the Church,
+not only alarmed by fear of those in power, but crushed by a sort of
+despair in this so great madness of slanderers, who have become so
+domineering that they would suffer no one but themselves to gain a
+hearing."
+
+
+
+
+[APPENDIX F (p. 267).
+
+THE DREAM OR VISION OF ALESIUS CONCERNING THE DECAPITATION OF ANNE
+BOLEYN.
+
+
+I take to witness Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead, that I
+am about to speak the truth. On the day upon which the Queen was
+beheaded, at sunrise between two and three o'clock, there was revealed
+to me (whether I was asleep or awake I know not) the Queen's neck after
+her head had been cut off, and this so plainly that I could count the
+nerves, the veins, and the arteries.
+
+Terrified by this dream, or vision, I immediately arose, and, crossing
+the river Thames, I came to Lambeth (this is the name of the Archbishop
+of Canterbury's palace), and I entered the garden in which he was
+walking.
+
+When the archbishop saw me, he inquired why I had come so early, for the
+clock had not yet struck four. I answered that I had been horrified in
+my sleep, and I told him the whole occurrence. He continued in silent
+wonder for a while, and at length broke out into these words, "Do not
+you know what is to happen to-day?" and when I answered that I had
+remained at home since the date of the Queen's imprisonment, and knew
+nothing of what was going on, the archbishop then raised his eyes to
+heaven and said, "She who has been the Queen of England upon earth will
+to-day become a queen in heaven." So great was his grief that he could
+say nothing more, and then he burst into tears.
+
+Terrified at this announcement, I return[ed] to London sorrowing.
+Although my lodging was not far distant from the place of execution, yet
+I could not become an eye-witness to the butchery of such an illustrious
+lady, and of the exalted personages who were beheaded along with
+her.--(Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth, i. 528).]
+
+
+
+
+[APPENDIX G (p. 269).
+
+THE DEPARTURE OF ALESIUS FROM ENGLAND.
+
+
+As soon as the king [_i.e._, Henry VIII.] began to hate her [_i.e._,
+Anne Boleyn], laws hostile to the purer doctrine of the Gospel appeared.
+When I could not bear these with a good conscience, nor could my
+profession allow me to dissemble them (for I was filling the office of
+the ordinary reader in the celebrated University of Cambridge by the
+king's orders), I came to the Court, and asked for my dismissal by means
+of Crumwell. But he retained me for about three years with empty hopes,
+until it was decreed and confirmed by law that married priests should be
+separated from their wives and punished at the king's pleasure. But
+before this law was published, the Bishop of Canterbury sent Lord
+Pachet [_i.e._ Paget] from Lambeth to me at London.... He directed me to
+call upon the archbishop early in the morning. When I called upon him,
+"Happy man that you are," said he, "you can escape! I wish that I might
+do the same; truly my see would be no hindrance to me. You must make
+haste to escape before the island is blocked up, unless you are willing
+to sign the decree, as I have, compelled by fear. I repent of what I
+have done. And if I had known that my only punishment would have been
+deposition from the archbishopric (as I hear that my Lord Latimer is
+deposed), of a truth I would not have subscribed. I am grieved, however,
+that you have been deprived of your salary for three years by
+Crumwell;[322] that you have no funds for your travelling expenses, and
+that I have no ready money. Nor dare I mention this to my friends, lest
+the king should become aware that warning had been given by me for you
+to escape, and that I have provided you with the means of travelling. I
+give you, however, this ring as a token of my friendship. It once
+belonged to Thomas Wolsey, and it was presented to me by the king when
+he gave me the archbishopric."
+
+When I heard what the bishop had to say, I immediately caused my
+property to be sold, and I concealed myself in the house of a German
+sailor until the ship was ready, in which I embarked, dressed as a
+soldier, along with other German troops, that I might not be detected.
+When I had escaped a company of searchers, I wrote to Crumwell (although
+he had not behaved well towards me) and warned him of the danger in
+which he stood at that time, and about certain other matters. For this I
+can vouch the testimony of John Ales, Gregory, and the Secretary, and
+Pachet himself. But Christopher Mount said that Crumwell did not dare
+to speak to me when I was going away and soliciting my dismissal, nor
+could he venture to give me anything, lest he should be accused to the
+king, but that he would send the sum that he owed me into Germany.[323]
+
+The next intelligence, however, which I heard of him was that he had
+undergone capital punishment by order of the king; to whom he had
+written, when in prison, saying that he was punished by the just
+judgment of God, because he had loved the king more than God; and that
+out of deference to his sovereign he had caused many innocent persons to
+be put to death, not sparing your [_i.e._, Elizabeth's] most holy
+mother, nor had he obeyed her directions in promoting the doctrine of
+the Gospel.--(Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth, i. 532-534).]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[322] [In Crumwell's accounts there are payments of £5 to Alesius on
+each of the following dates: 4th January 1536-37, 28th March, 28th May,
+and 24th October 1537; of 10 merks, on 19th February 1537-38; and of £5,
+on 13th October 1538, to Ric. Morison, which he gave "by my lord's
+command" to Alesius (Letters and State Papers, Henry VIII., vol. xiv.
+part ii. 328-338).]
+
+[323] [Alesius arrived at Wittenberg on the 9th of July 1539, and from
+thence informed Crumwell that he was encouraged to hope that he would
+receive a post in the University there (Letters and State Papers, Henry
+VIII., vol. xiv. part i. 583, 584). Melanchthon wrote to the Elector's
+chancellor, on the 1st of December 1539, recommending him for the
+University of Frankfort (Corpus Reformatorum, iii. 842-844).]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX H (p. 281).
+
+ALESIUS' INVITATION OF MELANCHTHON TO HIS DAUGHTER'S WEDDING.
+
+
+Nockau, 11 _August_ 1557.
+
+ALEXANDER ALESIUS AU MELANCHTHON.
+
+S.D. Quod fœlix faustumque sit. Dilectissima filia mea Anna, cui
+nomen in baptismo indidit bonæ memoriæ primogenita vestra, desponsata
+est honesto iuveni Martino Luxsolario (nam solem etiam pro insigni
+habet), doctoris Martini filio, petente id sua matre per cognatos et
+affines, et suadentibus communibus amicis nostris. Dictus est autem
+dies nuptiarum ultimus Augusti, circa quod tempus vos ad colloquium
+profecturum (_sic_) spero. Peto igitur reverenter et amanter, ut una cum
+honestissima coniuge vestra, genero, filia ac nepte nuptias vestra
+praesentia ornare velitis. Existimo autem magistrum Paulum, amanuensem
+vestrum, una venturum, sed tamen ut eum cum uxore invitetis meis verbis
+ad nuptias oro. Scitis autem summum sacerdotem et pontificem nostrum
+filium Dei, qui primos parentes in paradyso copulavit, et non minore
+magnificentia quam sapientia et potencia suam ordinationem contra
+sophistica et tyrannidem diaboli et multiplicem ingratitudinem nostram
+defendit, ut totam actionem, ita etiam invitacionem hospitum et communia
+officia sua presentia et primo miraculo comprobasse[t] ac monstrasse[t],
+quantum dilectetur (_sic_) istis congressibus. Nos autem parentes et
+amici, sponsi et sponsae, una cum eis, pro hoc officio et molestia
+profectionis gratitudinem pollicemur per omnem occasionem.
+
+Ex pago Nockau postridie Laurentii 1557.
+
+ALEXANDER ALESIUS.
+
+_Adresse:_ Clarissimo et ornatissimo viro d. Philippo Melanchthoni, suo
+præceptori carissimo.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I (p. 283).
+
+THE WORKS OF ALESIUS.
+
+
+The following is a list of the published writings of Alesius, so far as
+I have been able to trace them:--
+
+1. Epistola contra decretum quoddam Episcoporum in Scotia, 1533. [For a
+full copy of the title see p. 259 n. No place, date, or printer's name
+is given on the title-page. This small 8vo consists of only 14 leaves.
+It begins: "Inclyto Regis Scotorum D. Iacobo Quinto Duci Albaniæ,
+Principi Hiberniæ & Orchadum Domino suo clementissimo Allexander Alesius
+S. D." At the end there is the date, "Anno. M.D.XXXIII." In Cooper's
+'Athenae Cantabrigienses' (i. 239), 1542 and 1543 are given as the dates
+of other two editions.]
+
+2. Responsio ad Cochlei Calumnias, 1533. [The full title is: "Alexandri
+Alesii Scotti Responsio ad Cochlei Calvmnias." No place, date, or
+printer's name is given.]
+
+3. Oratio de Gratitudine et Restituendis Scholis. Lipsiæ (?), 1541. [In
+the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses,' the 'Oratio de Gratitudine' and the 'De
+Restituendis Scholis' are entered as separate works published in Leipsic
+in 1541. They may, however, have been also issued as one. In the 'Corpus
+Reformatorum,' xi. 251-257, is printed the "Oratio de Gratitudine M.
+Alexandri Alesii Scoti, Decani, in promotione Magistrorum anno
+M.D.XXXIV." The full title of the other is: "De Restitvendis Scholis
+Oratio habita ab Alexdro (_sic_) Alesio, in celebri Academia
+Frācofordiana ad Oderam. An. M.D.XL. Mense Iunio. Francofordiæ apud
+Ioannem Hanaw." The dedication ends: "Francofordiæ ad Oderam calēdis
+Iunij. An. M.D.XL." There are only 19 leaves in this small tract.]
+
+4. De Auctore et Utilitate Psalmorum. 1542.
+
+5. De Auctoritate Verbi Dei contra Episcopum Lundensem. 1542. [See p.
+264 n.]
+
+6. Of the Auctorite of the Word of God agaynst the Bisshop of London.
+[For a full copy of the title, see p. 268 n. This small 8vo black-letter
+tract of 46 leaves bears no place, date, or printer's name. In the
+British Museum Catal., _Leipsic_ is given as the probable place of
+printing, and 1537 as the supposed date. Perhaps the date has been
+inferred from the opening sentence of the tract: "Abowt V yere agone I
+wrote to the noble king of Scottys the father of my contry complanning
+of a certen proclamacyon wherin the bisshops had forbidden the Holy
+Scripture to be redd in the mother tong." It is rather curious that in
+the Latin version this sentence runs thus; "Ante _biennium_ scripsi
+inclyto regi Scotorum patri meæ patriæ, et questus sum de edicto quodam,
+quo episcopi prohibebant lectionem sacrorum librorum lingua patria."]
+
+7. Cohortatio ad concordiam pietatis ac doctrinæ Christianæ defensionem.
+Lipsiæ, 1544.
+
+8. [De Argvmento Epistolae ad Romanos Dispvtatio prima, pvblice
+proposita in celebri Academia Lipsensi, et in ordinaria dispvtatione
+defensa, praesidente Alexandro Alesio, sacrae theologiae doctore.
+Lipsiae in officina Valenttini Papae. anno M.D.XLVII. This small 8vo
+tract of 8 leaves is printed in italics.]
+
+9. Ordo Distributionis Sacramenti Altaris in Regno Angliæ. 1548. [This
+is a translation of 'The Order of the Communion,' which has been
+re-printed for the Parker Society in 'The Two Liturgies of Edward VI.'
+In the British Museum Catal., it is mentioned that the translator's
+address to the reader is signed: 'A. A. S. D. Th.'--_i.e._, "Alexander
+Alesius, Scotus, Doctor Theologiæ." See also Coverdale's Remains, Parker
+Society, p. 525 n.]
+
+10. Epitome Catechismi D. P. Melanchthonis cui addita est expositio
+symboli et Orationis Dominicæ. 1550.
+
+11. Commentarius in Epistolam Primam Si Pauli ad Timotheum. Lipsiæ,
+1550.
+
+12. Commentarius in Epistolam Secundam Si Pauli ad Timotheum. Lipsiæ,
+1551. [The exact title of this is: "In Alteram ad Timotheum Expositio.
+Avtore Alexandro Alesio. D. Lipsiæ, excvdebat Georgivs Hantzsch anno
+M.D.LI."]
+
+13. Ordinatio Ecclesiæ in Regno Angliæ. 1551. [This is a translation of
+the 'First Liturgy of Edward VI.' As a translation it is somewhat
+adversely criticised in the 'Liturgical Services of Queen Elizabeth,'
+Parker Society, pp. xxiv-xxvii. The full title is: "Ordinatio Ecclesiae,
+sev Ministerii Ecclesiastici, in Florentissimo Regno Angliæ, conscripta
+sermone patrio, & in Latinam linguam bona fide conuersa, & ad
+consolationem ecclesiarum Christi, ubicunque locorum ac gentium, his
+tristissimis temporibus, edita, ab Alexandro Alesio Scoto sacrae
+theologiae doctore. Lipsiae in officina VVolfgangi Gvnteri. Anno
+M.D.LI." The copy of this 4to in the Edinburgh University Library
+belonged to Drummond of Hawthornden. In the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses,'
+1619 and 1690 are given as the dates of two 8vo editions.]
+
+14. Commentarius in Epistolam S. Pauli ad Titum. Lipsiæ, 1552. [The full
+title of this is: "Epistolae ad Titvm Expositio, in qva pleraque
+tractantur per quæstiones, ut à pueris facilius percipi, & retineri
+possint. Nulla est autem sententia in tota Epistola praetermissa, quae
+non sit explicata: Et de Syntaxi, & Figura sermonis, ac genuina
+significatione dictionū passim disputatur. Praelecta Lipsiae, ab
+Alexandra Alesio. D. Lipsiae, in officina typographica Georgii Hantzsch.
+M.D.LII."]
+
+15. Refutatio errorum Andreæ Osiandri de Justificatione. Wittembergæ,
+1552. [The full title is: "Alexandri Alesii Doctoris Theologiae diligens
+refutatio errorum, quos sparsit nuper Andreas Osiander in libro, cui
+titulum fecit: De Vnico Mediatore Christo. Edita VVitebergæ ex officina
+Ioannis Lufftij anno 1552." In the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses' it is
+stated that an edition was also printed at Leipsic in 1553.]
+
+16. Commentarius in Evangelium Joannis. Lipsiæ, 1552. Basilii, 1553.
+[The full title is: "Commentarivs in Euangelium Ioannis, praelectvs in
+celebri Academia Lipsensi, ab Alexandro Alesio D. Theologo, anno Domini
+1552. Cum locuplete rerum & uerborum memorabilium indice. Basileae, per
+Ioannem Oporinum." The colophon is: "Basileae, ex officina Ioannis
+Oporini, anno salutis humanae M.D.LIII. Mense Martio." This volume
+contains over 600 pages.]
+
+17. Disputatio in XIIII. cap. Rom. Disputt. et Orr. aliquot Francoforti
+habitæ 1540 et 1541. [The full title is: "In Capvt XIIII. Epistolae
+Pavli ad Romanos, Dispvtatio Alexandri Alesii Theologiae D. Lipsiae,
+M.D.XLVI." This tract of 6 leaves, with the exception of the title-page
+and the heading, is printed in italics.]
+
+18. Omnes Disputationes Alexandri Alesii in Epistolam Si Pauli ad
+Romanos. Lipsiæ, 1553. [The full title is: "Omnes Dispvtationes D.
+Alexandri Alesii de tota Epistola ad Romanos diversis temporibvs
+propositae ab ipso in celebri Academia Lipsensi, et a mvltis doctis
+viris expetitae, iam tandem collectae per Georgivm Hantsch, et editae in
+gratiam stvdiosorvm. Cvm praefatione Philippi Melanchthonis. M.D.LIII."
+In the British Museum Catal. Wittenberg is entered as the supposed place
+of publication. In the sale catal. of the Makellar Library there is the
+item: "Alesius (Alex. Scotus) De Paulina Argumentatione, capiti secundo
+ad Romanos, Ideo inexcusabilis es, o Homo quis-quis es qui Judicus
+(_sic_), Disputatio Sexta, ... s. l. anno 1549." See also _supra_, Nos.
+8 and 17.]
+
+19. Primus Liber Psalmorum Davidis. Lipsiæ, 1550, 1554.
+
+20. Disputationes Tres De Mediatore et Justificatione hominis. Lipsiæ,
+1554.
+
+21. Responsio ad Tapperum de Missâ et Cœna Domini. Lipsiæ. [In the
+'Athenae Cantabrigienses,' 1565 is given as the date of publication.]
+
+22. Contra horrendas Serveti Blasphemias Disputationes Tres. Lipsiæ,
+1554. [These disputations were probably issued separately and were
+supplemented by a fourth. In the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses' there is the
+entry: "Contra Michaelem Servetum ejusque blasphemias disp. iii.
+Leipsic, 8vo. 1554"; and also this other: "Contra horrendas Serveti
+blasphemias disputatio quarta. Leipsic, 8^{vo.} 1555."]
+
+23. Disputatio de Perpetuo Consensu Ecclesiæ. Lipsiæ, 1553(?), 1556.
+
+24. Ad libellum Ludovici Nogarolæ comitis De Traditionibus Apostolicis
+et earum necessitate Responsio Alexandri Alesii D. Lip. 1556. [For the
+rarity of this tract see _supra_, p. 255 n. In his Introduction to Gau,
+Dr Mitchell gives as the alternate title: "Apostolicæ institutiones a
+Ludovico Nogarola Com. in parvum libellum collectæ et ab Alexandro
+Alesio in Disputationem propositæ in celebri Academia Lipsiensi. Lipsiæ,
+Excudebat Georgius Hantzsch, 1556." 8vo.]
+
+25. Responsio ad Duos et triginta Articulos Theologorum Lovaniensium.
+Lipsiæ, 1559. [In the sale catalogue of the Makellar Library 1545 is
+given as the year of publication. In the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses' 1549
+is given.]
+
+26. Assertio Doctrinæ Ecclesiæ Catholicæ de Sancta Trinitate, cum
+confutatione erroris Valentini Gentilis. 1564 (?). [British Museum
+Catalogue gives Geneva, 1567.]
+
+27. Edinburgi Regiæ Scotorum Urbis Descriptio. Bannatyne Club
+Miscellany, vol. i. [This description of Edinburgh was sent by Alesius
+to Sebastian Munster for his "Cosmography," printed at Basle in 1550,
+and republished in 1572. There are translations of it in Mackenzie's
+Lives and Characters of Scots Writers, ii. 400, 401; and in Chambers'
+Minor Antiquities of Edinburgh; and in Hume Brown's Scotland before
+1700.]
+
+28. [Congratulatory letter to Queen Elizabeth, dated at Leipsic, 1st
+September 1559. The original holograph of twenty pages and a slip is
+still preserved. A translation of most of it is given in the Calendar of
+Foreign State Papers, Reign of Elizabeth, i. 524-534.]
+
+[There are copies of Nos. 5, 12, 14, 15, 16 (1553), and 18 in St Andrews
+University Library; of No. 2 in the Church of Scotland Library,
+Edinburgh; of No. 16 (1553) in the Signet Library; of No. 8 in the
+Advocates'; of Nos. 2, 3 (De Restituendis Scholis), 5, 13, 16 (1553),
+and 17 in the Edinburgh University Library; and of Nos. 1, 6, 7, 9, 10,
+12, 13, 15, 16 (1553), 18, 19 (1554), 23 (1556), and 26 in the British
+Museum. Nos. 27 and 28 are in all important public libraries. At Laing's
+sale, No. 1 brought £6, 5s.; No. 2, £17, 17s.; No. 5, £6; No. 6, £4; No.
+13, £10; No. 15, £5, 17s. 6d.; No. 16, £5, 10s.; and No. 18 (with which
+was bound up "Sarcerius de Scholasticae Theologiae Vanitate"), £6. In
+the 'Athenae Cantabrigienses,' the following six items, which are not in
+the above list, are mentioned: "Disputatio de Justitia Dei et Justitia
+hominis coram Deo. Leipsic, 1553." "De utriusque naturae officiis in
+Christo." "De distincta Christi hypostasi." "Preface to Gardiner upon
+obedience. Translated from English to Latin." "De Balaei Vocatione.
+Translated from English." "Ordinationes Anglorum Ecclesiae per Bucerum.
+Translated from English to Latin." In connection with the last, see
+'Liturgical Services of Queen Elizabeth,' Parker Society, p. xxv, n. 3.]
+
+
+
+
+[ADDENDA.
+
+
+Page 20. _Patrick Hamilton's admission to the Faculty of Arts in St
+Andrews University._--The entry in the 'Acta Facultatis Artium' runs
+thus: "Congregatione artium facultatis, in Nouis Scolis eiusdem tenta
+tercio die mensis Octobris, anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo vigesimo
+quarto, Magister Johannes Ba[l]four regentium senior Collegij Sancti
+Saluatoris in quodlibetarium est electus; et Magister Patricius
+Hamiltone, abbas de Ferne, Rossensis diocesis, in facultatem est
+receptus."
+
+Page 117. _Two sacraments only._--In the Preface to the Book of Common
+Order it is said that "for the ministration of the two sacraments, our
+Booke giveth sufficient proofe" (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 395; Laing's
+Knox, iv. 164). In the Confession used in the English congregation at
+Geneva only two are referred to (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 9; Laing's
+Knox, iv. 172); in "the Maner to Examine Children" their number is said
+to be two (Laing's Knox, vi. 344); and in Calvin's Catechism, printed
+with the Book of Common Order, it is emphatically declared that there
+are two only (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 233).
+
+Page 121. _The language of Rev. xiv. 11._--In the text of the Confession
+the passage runs thus: "For sik as now delyte in vanity, cruelty,
+filthynes, superstition or idolatry, sal be adjudged to the fire
+unquencheable: in quhilk they sall be tormented for ever, asweill in
+their awin bodyes, as in their saules, quhilk now they give to serve
+the devill in all abhomination" (Dunlop's Confessions, ii. 96, 97). As
+printed in Laing's Knox (ii. 120) the word "inextinguishable," and in
+the Acts of Parliament (ii. 534; iii. 22) the word "unstancheabill," is
+used instead of "unquencheable." In Dunlop, however, there is in
+addition, at the bottom of the page, in smaller type: "Rev. 14. 10. The
+same shall drynke the wyne of the wrath of God, which is poured in the
+cuppe of hys wrath. And he shall be punyshed in fyre and brymstone
+before the holy angells, and before the Lambe. And the smooke of theyr
+torment ascendeth up evermore, and they have no rest daye nor nyght,
+whyche worshyppe the beast and hys ymage."
+
+Page 153. _Readers or exhorters._--The name _exhorter_ does not occur in
+the First Book of Discipline; but that "sort of readers" therein
+mentioned as having "some gift of exhortation" (Dunlop's Confessions,
+ii. 537; Laing's Knox, ii. 200) soon came to be known as exhorters, and
+are so named in various Acts of Assembly; see, for example, the Act of
+1564 quoted on p. 128. They are distinguished from readers in the
+'Register of Ministers, Exhorters, and Readers,' printed for the
+Maitland Club; but, as David Laing has pointed out, the title of
+exhorter as indicating an advanced class seems to have been soon and
+silently dropped. "On comparing the list of the persons so styled in
+1567 with that of 1574, we find some of them had become ministers, but
+the greater number are entered simply as readers" (Wodrow Miscellany, p.
+323).
+
+Page 233. _Conference between the two parties._--Besides the three
+conferences mentioned in the footnote, there was another held in the
+early summer of 1578. The results, as recorded in the Booke of the
+Universall Kirk (ii. 414, 415) and in Calderwood's History (iii. 412,
+413), embrace nothing about the kirk-session, beyond the perpetuity of
+the persons of the elders.
+
+Page 259. _Alesius at Wittenberg._--Through the influence of Luther and
+Melanchthon, the Elector of Saxony had conferred on Alesius the prebend
+of Aldenburgh. Being in greats straits for money, and having been
+disappointed of help otherwise, he was constrained to write from
+Wittenberg, on the 12th of December 1533, to Spalatinus, requesting him
+to obtain payment of the moiety of the prebend (Corpus Reformatorum, ii.
+690, 691).
+
+Page 261. _The disputatious Cochlaeus._--On the suggestion of
+Melanchthon, an attack in verse was made on Cochlaeus for his injustice
+to Alesius; but the timorous author so dreaded Cochlaeus that, instead
+of writing in his own name, he personated Alesius (Corpus Reformatorum,
+iv. 1025, 1026).
+
+Page 265. _Erasmus and Cochlaeus._--Summaries of the letters which James
+V. wrote, on the 1st of July 1534, to Erasmus, to Cochlaeus, and to the
+King of the Romans, are in the Letters and State Papers of Henry VIII.,
+vol. vii. p. 358.
+
+Page 267. _Alesius as a physician._--"I determined with my self to serve
+the tyme and to change the preaching of the crosse with the scyence of
+physic wherin I had a litle sight before, and thus I went unto a very
+well-lerned phisycian called Doctor Nicolas, which hath practised phisyk
+in London thes many yeares with high prayse, whose company I dyd use
+certen yeares, wherby I did both see and lern many things, even the
+principal poyntes concerning that science. In so moch that at length
+certen of my frindes did move me to take in hand to practise, which
+thing I did I trust not unluckyly" (Of the Auctorite of the Word of God
+agaynst the Bisshop of London).
+
+Page 268. _Latimer and Cranmer._--For the opinion of Alesius on Latimer
+and Cranmer, see Dr Mitchell's Westminster Assembly, 1883, p. 14 n., and
+p. 23 n.
+
+Page 268 n. _Ales or Alesius._--Christopher Anderson may be excused for
+supposing that Ales was the real name of Alesius; but less can be said
+for those editors of State Papers and compilers of important Library
+Catalogues who have helped to perpetuate the error long after it was
+pointed out by Principal Lorimer in his Patrick Hamilton.
+
+Page 269. _John M'Alpine and John Fyffe._--From a correction which Dr
+Mitchell has made in his own copy of the 'Gude and Godlie Ballatis,'
+1897, p. cv, it seems that he had come to the conclusion that it was
+M'Alpine and _Macdowal_, not _Fyffe_, who were protected by Bishop
+Shaxton. Cf. Lorimer's Patrick Hamilton, pp. 186, 187.]
+
+
+
+
+CORRIGENDA.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: These corrigenda have been applied to this version
+of the text.]
+
+
+P. 119, line 4 from bottom. _After_ contained _insert_ in.
+
+P. 240, line 14. _For_ oedibus _read_ aedibus.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Acton, Lord, quotation from 'Lecture on the Study of History' by, 2 fn.
+
+Acts of Parliament referred to, 15, 23, 50, 51, 53, 226, 233, 264.
+
+Adamson, Archbishop, 102, 195, 199.
+
+À Kempis, 3.
+
+Alane, Alexander, 36, 239, 242
+  --not Ales, 268 fn., 309
+  --see Alesius.
+
+Alasco, John, reference to 'Summa Doctrina' by, 109, 117
+  --his congregation at London, 126
+  --on the office of bishop, 154
+  --'Modus ac Ritus Excommunicationis' and 'Forma ac Ratio Public
+      Penitentiæ' by, 165.
+
+Ales, John, 299.
+
+Alesius, 10, 11 fn., 17, 22, 32, 33 fn., 36 _et seq._, 51, 75, 80,
+      239 _et seq._
+  --his treatise against the decree of the Scottish Bishops, 37, 259
+  --a miraculous escape, 240
+  --at College, 242
+  --discussions with Patrick Hamilton, 243
+  --his account of Patrick Hepburn, 245
+  --assaulted and imprisoned, 247
+  --his escape, 251
+  --at Malmö, 255
+  --at Cologne, 256
+  --befriended by Melanchthon at Wittenberg, 259, 308
+  --his controversy with Cochlaeus, 260 _et seq._
+  --the intervention of Erasmus, 264
+  --at Cambridge, 266
+  --at London, 267
+  --his dispute with Stokesley, _ib._, 268
+  --marries Catherine de Mayne, 268
+  --returns to the Continent, 269
+  --appointed Professor of Divinity in Frankfort University, 270
+  --Professor in Leipsic University, 271
+  --the Perth Martyrs, 273
+  --he pleads for National Union, 275
+  --his public and private life, 279
+  --his family, 280
+  --his death, 281
+  --his theological opinions, 295 _et seq._
+  --his dream concerning Anne Boleyn, 297
+  --his departure from England, 298
+  --a letter to Melanchthon, 300
+  --his works 301 _et seq._
+  --prebend of Aldenburgh conferred on him, 309
+  --one writes in his name, _ib._
+  --he practises as a physician, _ib._
+  --his name not _Ales_, _ib._
+
+Allen, Edmund, 268 fn.
+
+Anderson, Rev. Christopher, reference to 'Annals of the English Bible' by,
+  239, 260 fns., 268 fn., 283 fn.
+
+Anderson, William, 53.
+
+Anselm, 3, 17.
+
+Arbuckill, Friar, 121 fn.
+
+Archebald, Sir James, vicar of Lintrathin, 128 fn., 183 fn.
+
+Argyll, the Duke of, 215.
+
+Arminianism, discussion on, 119.
+
+Arran, Earl of, 50 _et seq._, 273.
+
+Arth, William, 35 fn.
+
+Assembly, General, 160-162.
+
+Augustine, 3, 119 fn.
+
+
+Baillie, Principal, 138 fn.
+
+Bain's Calendar quoted, 86 fn.
+
+Balnaves on Justification quoted, 113 fn.
+
+Bannatyne's Memoriales, 187 fn., 189, 192 fn., 194 fn., 198 fn.,
+  205 fn. _et seq._
+
+Bayle, 80, 204.
+
+Benedict XIII., 16.
+
+Betoun, Archbishop James, 22, 24 _et seq._, 30 fn., 34, 42, 74, 245,
+  246, 262, 286, 287.
+
+Betoun, Cardinal, 11 fn., 36, 42 _et seq._, 54 _et seq._, 57, 60, 68-74,
+      81, 245, 264, 273, 274, 287
+  --his seven children, 292.
+
+Beza, 36, 281, 282.
+
+Boleyn, Anne, 267 fn., 297.
+
+'Booke of the Universall Kirk' referred to, 13 fn., 117 fn., 118 fn.,
+  128 fn., 198 fn., 218 fn., 227 fn., 233 fn.
+
+Borthwick, Sir John, 38 fn.
+
+Bothwell, Earl of, 72.
+
+Bradwardine, 17.
+
+Brown, Mr Hume, references to 'John Knox' by, 11 fn., 55 fn., 124 fn.
+
+Bucer, 270.
+
+Buchanan, George, 17, 22, 40, 49, 73.
+
+Burton's 'History' referred to, 215, 219.
+
+
+Caithness, Bishop of, 198.
+
+Calderwood, 137, 142--his 'Altare Damascenum' referred to, 137 _et seq._
+  --'History' referred to, 33 fn., _et passim._
+
+Calumnies, Popish, 202 _et seq._
+
+Calvin, 17, 80, 88, 90, 105 fn., 106 fn., 107, 112, 115, 116, 124, 125,
+  147, 163, 164 fn., 168, 170, 187, 204, 215, 216, 270.
+
+Cambridge, 58, 266, 298.
+
+Campbell, Friar, 29, 32.
+
+Campbell of Cessnock, 16.
+
+Catechism, Hamilton's, 8 fn., 287
+  --Calvin's, 103, 112
+  --Heidelberg, 103
+  --Melanchthon's, 271.
+
+Cattley's 'Foxe' referred to, 33 fn., 39 fn., 59 fn., 70 fn., 74 fn.,
+  268 fn.
+
+Charters, Andrew, 41.
+
+Church, the medieval, corruption and decay of, 7 _et seq._
+  --the reforming priests of, 12 _et seq._
+
+Cistercian Nuns, or White Ladies, at Frankfort, 125, 294.
+
+Cochlaeus, 260 _et seq._, 295, 309.
+
+Cocklaw, Thomas, 41.
+
+Colace, William, 192.
+
+Cole, Thos., 125 fn.
+
+Common Order, Book of, its origin, 123 _et seq._
+  --its authority, 127
+  --early practice in Scotland, 128 _et seq._
+  --Knox and the English liturgy, 130 _et seq._
+  --a guide or model only, 132 _et seq._
+  --testimony of Calderwood, Baillie, Row, and Henderson, 137 _et seq._
+  --practice in other Reformed churches, 141
+  --its evidence on Church government, 145, 147 _et seq._
+  --on discipline, 163 _et seq._
+  --on Church members, 170.
+
+Conæus, 11 fn.
+
+Confession, First Helvetic, 58, 77
+  --Later Helvetic, 103, 113, 147
+  --Westminster, 107, 110, 118, 122, 234
+  --of English congregation at Geneva, 107, 120
+  --of 1616, 117 fn., 118.
+
+Confession of 1560, the Scottish, its preparation, 99 _et seq._
+  --alleged omission of a chapter, 101
+  --its character, 102 _et seq._
+  --the supreme authority of the Scriptures, 103
+  --the fall and the remedy, _ib._, 105
+  --the eternal decree, 107
+  --influence of John Alasco, 109, 117
+  --the effectual call, 110
+  --justification, 111 _et seq._
+  --notes of the True Church, 114 _et seq._
+  --the sacraments, 116 _et seq._
+  --compared with later confessions, 118 _et seq._, 122
+  --its unmeasured language, 120 _et seq._
+
+Constable's 'Major' referred to, 18 fn.
+
+Cook, Dr George, of St Andrews, 231.
+
+Cook, Dr, of Haddington, 231.
+
+Cook, Procurator, 232.
+
+Cook's 'History of the Reformation' referred to, 61 fn.
+
+Coverdale, Miles, 150.
+
+Craig, John, 187.
+
+Cranmer, Archbishop, 58, 254, 266, 268, 282, 297, 298, 299, 309.
+
+Craw or Crawar, Paul, 15.
+
+Croc, Le, 201.
+
+Crumwell, 37 fn., 266-268, 298-300.
+
+Cunningham, Principal, 231
+  --his 'Church History of Scotland' quoted, 214.
+
+
+D'Ailley, 18.
+
+Dalgleish, Nicol, 192.
+
+Dalrymple's 'Lesley' referred to, 28 fn.
+
+'Dalyell's Scottish Poems' quoted, 195 fn.
+
+D'Aubigné's 'Reformation in the Time of Calvin' referred to, 26 fn.,
+  33 fn., 42 _et seq._, 48 fn., 80 fn., 239, 241 fn., 243 fn., 250.
+
+Davidson, John, 188, 192, 197.
+
+Declaration, the Large (or King's), 142, 143.
+
+Discipline, the First Book of, its preparation, 99, 144
+  --the government of the Church, 145 _et seq._
+  --the discipline of the Church, 162 _et seq._
+  --discipline under Prelacy, 167
+  --the prerogatives and duties of Church members, 169 _et seq._
+  --education of the young and university reform, 174 _et seq._
+  --care of the poor, 179 _et seq._
+
+Discipline, the Second Book of, compared with the First Book, 214 _et seq._
+  --the authority of the king, 217
+  --the limits of ecclesiastical authority, 219 _et seq._
+  --influence of the Second Book not unmixed, 225
+  --its authority, 226
+  --its theory of the Church, 227
+  --institution of the presbytery, 229 _et seq._
+  --the Westminster doctrine of the Church, 234 _et seq._
+  --the ideal presbytery, 237.
+
+'Diurnal of Occurrents' referred to, 38 fn., 39 fn.
+
+Dore's 'Old Bibles' quoted, 91 fn.
+
+Douglas, John, 99, 144, 193
+  --is made Archbishop, 198
+  --his parentage, 199 fn.
+  --Principal of St Mary's College, 287, 288.
+
+Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow, 262, 264.
+
+Dundee, 41, 54, 60, 62-65, 71, 75, 76, 94, 158 fn.
+
+Dundrennan, Thomas, Abbot of, 16 fn.
+
+Dunlop's 'Collection of Confessions' referred to, 102 fn. _et passim._
+
+Durie, Mr John, 194, 206.
+
+
+Ebrard, 14.
+
+Edinburgh, 38, 41, 89, 93, 158 fn., 187, 190, 200, 239-241.
+
+Education, 9, 174 _et seq._
+
+Edward VI., 87, 88, 130, 131.
+
+Erasmus, 21, 24, 264, 309.
+
+Erskine of Dun, 40, 56 _et seq._, 78, 94.
+
+Ethie House, 57, 293.
+
+Eugenius the Fourth, Pope, 17.
+
+Exactions of pre-Reformation Church, 9, 179 _et seq._
+
+Exercise, or Prophesying, 153, 159, 170 _et seq._, 229.
+
+Exhorters, 152, 153, 308.
+
+
+Fachsius, Ludovicus, 271.
+
+Farel, 125.
+
+Felix the Fifth, 17 fn.
+
+Ferne, 20, 307.
+
+Fisher, Bishop, 243.
+
+Forbes, Bishop, 10.
+
+Fordun, 16.
+
+Forman, Archbishop, 43 fn.
+
+Forrest, Henry, 35.
+
+Forret, Thomas, vicar of Dollar, 41.
+
+Foster, John, 263 fn.
+
+Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' see Cattley.
+
+Frankfort on the Oder, 40, 88, 109, 124, 126, 149 fn., 150, 269, 270, 272.
+
+'Frankfort, Troubles at,' 124 fn., 125.
+
+Frith, 26.
+
+Fyffe, John, 40, 269, 310.
+
+
+Gau, Gaw, or Gall, John, 255
+  --his 'Richt Vay to the Kingdom of Heuine' referred to, 33 fn., 255 fn.
+
+Geneva, 89-91, 125, 149, 158 fn., 288.
+
+Gerson, 18.
+
+Gilby, Ant., 125 fn.
+
+Gillespie, George, 158 fn.
+  --his 'Aaron's Rod Blossoming' quoted, 222 _et seq._
+  --'Assertion of the Government' referred to, 229 fn., 232.
+
+Glasgow martyr, 15.
+
+Gordon, Bishop of Galloway, 130.
+
+Gourlay, Norman, burned for marrying, 39.
+
+Grimani, 55.
+
+Grindal, Archbishop, 91, 150 fn., 160.
+
+Grosteste, 17.
+
+Grub's 'History,' 118 fn.
+
+'Gude and Godlie Ballatis' referred to, 67, 74 fn., 76 fn.
+
+Guise, Mary of, 11 fn., 46, 93, 94, 192.
+
+
+Haag, quotation from 'La France Protestant' by, 168.
+
+Hailes, Lord, 161.
+
+Hamilton, Archibald, 192, 193, 202, 203, 205.
+
+Hamilton, James, 39.
+
+Hamilton, James, Bishop of Argyle, 20.
+
+Hamilton, John, Abbot of Paisley, Archbishop of St Andrews, 18, 51, 82,
+      146, 188, 287
+  --his Catechism, 8 fn., 287.
+
+Hamilton, John, apostate, 193.
+
+Hamilton, Patrick, 17, 19 _et seq._
+  --birth and early years, 20
+  --studies abroad, 21
+  --returns to Scotland and is received into St Andrews University, 22
+  --preaches the reformed faith, 24
+  --summoned to appear before Archbishop Betoun, 25
+  --escapes to the Continent, 26
+  --his final return to Scotland, 27
+  --invited to a friendly conference at St Andrews, 28
+  --seized and condemned, 30
+  --his martyrdom, 31 _et seq._
+  --sources of information, 33 fn.
+  --effect of his death, 34 _et seq._, 37, 73, 75, 242, 243, 244, 275,
+      286, 289, 296, 307
+
+'Hamilton Papers' quoted, 52 fn.
+
+Hardwick's 'Reformation' referred to, 267 fn.
+
+Harrison, quotation from article on 'Freeman's Method of History' by, 2 fn.
+
+Hay, Mr L., Bass, 227 fn.
+
+Hay, Principal, 11 fn., 287.
+
+Heidelberg Catechism, 103
+
+Henderson, Alexander, 142, 166 fn., 231
+  --his 'Government and Order of the Church of Scotland' quoted, 140, 237
+
+Henry VIII., 49, 266 fn., 268, 298.
+
+Hepburn, Bishop, 57.
+
+Hepburn, Prior John, 242, 244, 286.
+
+Hepburn, Prior Patrick, 36, 40, 46, 74, 244-247, 249, 250, 252, 253.
+
+Honorius III., 161.
+
+Hooper, Bishop, 98.
+
+Hunter, James, 53.
+
+
+Innes, Taylor, reference to 'John Knox' by, 209 fn.
+
+James V., 23, 38, 39, 44, 46 _et seq._, 192, 247-249, 263 fn., 273.
+
+James VI., 131, 143 fn., 166, 168.
+
+Johnston, John, 281, 288.
+
+Johnston, Rev. T. P., reference to 'Patrick Hamilton' by, 33 fn.
+
+
+Kennedy, Bishop, 9, 17, 286.
+
+Kennedy, Quintine, Abbot of Crossraguel, 127, 203.
+
+Kincavel, 20.
+
+Kirkcaldy of Grange, 208.
+
+Kirk-session, or lesser eldership, 158, 232, 233, 308.
+
+Knox, 6, 10, 11 fn., 13 fn., 18, 33 fn.
+  --early life and education, 79
+  --leader of the Reformation, 80
+  --settles in St Andrews, 82
+  --called to the ministry, 83
+  --a galley slave, 85
+  --obtains release, 86
+  --his work among the English, _ib. et seq._
+  --five years exile, 88 _et seq._
+  --a visit to Scotland, 89
+  --returns to Scotland, 93
+  --at Dundee, 94
+  --preaches at St Andrews, 95 _et seq._
+  --the reformed worship established throughout Scotland, 97 _et seq._
+  --the old Scottish Confession of 1560, 99 _et seq._
+  --Knox's Liturgy, 123 _et seq._
+  --the First Book of Discipline, 144 _et seq._
+  --his last days, 184 _et seq._
+  --leaves Edinburgh, 187
+  --preaching in St Andrews, 188 _et seq._
+  --James Melville's impression of Knox, 191 _et seq._
+  --returns to Edinburgh, 200
+  --Popish calumnies, 202 _et seq._
+  --his last illness and death, 205 _et seq._, 216, 278.
+
+Knox's Liturgy, _see_ Common Order, Book of.
+
+
+Laing, Dr David, 10, 22, 102 fn., 231
+  --his 'Knox' referred to, 13 fn. _et passim_
+  --his 'Lindsay's Poetical Works' referred to, 83 fn.
+
+Lamb, Robert, 53.
+
+Lambert, of Avignon, 26, 27
+  --his 'Commentary on the Apocalypse' referred to, 33 fn.
+
+Lang, Mr Andrew, 71.
+
+Latimer, Bishop, 58, 268, 299, 309.
+
+Laud's Liturgy, 133.
+
+Lawsone, Mr James, 195, 201, 203, 205, 207.
+
+Lay-elders, the term, 229.
+
+Leckprevick, Robert, printer, 194, 195.
+
+Lee, Principal, 113 fn., 231
+  --quotation from 'Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland' by,
+      115, 199 fn.
+
+Lees, Dr Cameron, reference to 'St Giles' by, 201 fn.
+
+Leipsic, 271, 272, 279, 281.
+
+Lemon's 'State Papers' referred to, 37 fn., 44 fns., 69 fn.
+
+Lesley's 'History' referred to, 24 fn., 39 fn., 85 fn., 129 fn., 192 fn.
+  --'De Origine' referred to, 28 fn.
+
+Leslie, Dr, of Fordoun, 60, 61 fn.
+
+Lethington, Laird of, 101, 186.
+
+Lindores, Laurence, Abbot of, 15.
+
+Lindsay, Mr David, 198, 207.
+
+Lindsay, Sir David, 10, 11 fn., 81, 83, 182
+  --reference to 'Tragedy of the Cardinal' by, 73.
+
+Liturgy of Edward VI., 77, 128, 130, 131, 154 fn.
+
+Lock, Mrs, 13 fn., 130.
+
+Logie, Gavin, 40.
+
+Logie, Robert, 41.
+
+Lollards, persecution in Scotland of, 15 _et seq._
+
+Lorimer, Principal, his 'Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr
+      of the Scottish Reformation,' referred to, 26, 33 fn., 310
+  --'Scottish Reformation' referred to, 41 fn., 69, 75 fn., 81 fn., 239,
+      244, 274 fn., 275, 276 fn.
+  --'Knox and the Church of England' referred to, 77, 132 fn.
+  --article in 'British and Foreign Evangelical Review' by, referred to,
+      185.
+
+Luther, 6, 19, 21, 26, 28, 38, 67, 80, 115, 116, 163, 204, 216, 243, 254,
+  261, 265, 282, 295.
+
+Lyne, John, 41.
+
+
+M'Alpine, 40, 269, 310.
+
+M'Crie, Dr, 231--'Melville' referred to, 15 fn., 195 fn.
+  --'Life of Knox' referred to, 40 fn., 93 fn., 129 fn., 188 fn., 201,
+      205 fn., 281 fn.
+
+M'Dowal, 40, 310.
+
+M'Kenzie's 'Lives of Eminent Scotsmen,' 279.
+
+Magdalene, Queen, 192 fn.
+
+'Maitland Miscellany,' 120 fn.
+
+Major, John, 17 _et seq._, 21, 22, 34, 79, 242, 278, 280, 286, 287.
+
+Malmö, 255.
+
+Margaret, Queen, 181.
+
+Marsillier, 57.
+
+Mary, Queen, 11 fn., 189.
+
+Massacre of St Bartholomew, 184, 185, 201.
+
+Maxwell's 'Old Dundee prior to the Reformation' referred to, 63 fn.,
+      68 fn., 69 fn.
+  --'History of Old Dundee' referred to, 65 fn.
+
+Mayn, Catherine de, 268.
+
+Melanchthon, 17, 22, 26, 36, 239, 254, 259, 261, 266, 270, 271, 279,
+  280, 282, 300, 309.
+
+Melville, Andrew, 216 _et seq._, 281, 288, 289.
+
+Melville, James, 191 _et seq._, 288.
+
+Montrose, 24, 57, 60, 62, 71, 75, 78.
+
+Morison, Ric., 299 fn.
+
+Morton, Earl of, 198, 199 fn., 207, 212.
+
+Mount, Christopher, 300.
+
+
+Neander, 170.
+
+
+Ogilvie, Lord James, 292.
+
+Ogilvie, Marion, 292, 293.
+
+Order of Excommunication, 165, 166.
+
+Osiander, Andrew, 279.
+
+
+Paget, Lord, 299.
+
+Parker, Archbishop, consecration of, 150 fn.
+
+'Pasqvilli de Concilio Mantuano Iudicium' quoted, 61 fn.
+
+Paul III., 286.
+
+Perth Martyrs, the, 53, 273.
+
+Peterkin, references to 'Records of the Kirk' by, 119 fn., 133 fn., 143 fn.
+  --to 'Booke of the Universal Kirk' by, 218 fn., 227 fn.
+
+Pitscottie, Lindsay of, 73
+  --his 'History' referred to, 24 fn., 31 fn., 33 fn., 39 fn., 192 fn.
+
+Plague, or pest, 64, 67, 76.
+
+Pole, Cardinal, 45.
+
+Poor, care of, 179, 180.
+
+Poullain, or Pollanus, 126, 127, 136 fns.
+
+Preaching, necessity of, 151.
+
+Presbytery, ideal, 237, 238.
+
+Presbytery, or greater eldership, 159, 229 _et seq._
+
+Preston, Dr, 211.
+
+Psalm Book, 120, 128.
+
+'Psalms and Spiritual Songs,' 76.
+
+
+Ranaldson, James, 53.
+
+Randolph, Thomas, 129.
+
+Readers, 152, 153, 172, 308.
+
+Reformation, the, nature and need of, 1 _et seq._
+  --decay of the medieval Church, 7 _et seq._
+  --the reforming priests, 12 _et seq._
+  --precursors of the Reformation, 14 _et seq._
+  --Patrick Hamilton, 19 _et seq._
+  --Acts of 1525 and 1527 against reformed opinions, 23
+  --Tyndale's New Testament brought into Scotland, 24
+  --the oppressed and the oppressors, 34 _et seq._
+  --George Wishart, 56 _et seq._
+  --Knox as leader of the Reformation, 79 _et seq._
+  --its triumph, 97
+  --the Confession of 1560, 99 _et seq._
+  --the Book of Common Order, 123 _et seq._
+  --the First Book of Discipline, 144 _et seq._
+  --the last days of Knox, 184 _et seq._
+  --the Second Book of Discipline, 214 _et seq._
+  --Alesius, 239 _et seq._
+
+Regent, the Good, 185, 188, 189
+
+Register of Privy Seal, 199 fn.
+
+'Register of St Andrews Kirk-Session' referred to, 13 fn., 37 fn., 120 fn.
+
+Resby, James, 15.
+
+Richardson, John, 41.
+
+Richardson, Robert, 41.
+
+Robertson, John, 288.
+
+Robertson, Dr Joseph, 10, 11 fn.
+  --'Concilia Scotiæ' referred to, 16 fn., 30 fn., 45 fn., 50 fn., 93 fn.,
+      161 fn., 183 fn., 293.
+
+Roger's 'Three Scottish Reformers,' 188 fn.
+
+Rolle, Richard, 14.
+
+Rothes, Earl of, 245.
+
+Rough, John, 83.
+
+Row, John, 99, 144 fn.
+
+Row, John, of Carnock, on liturgies, 138.
+
+Rubric, the black, 87.
+
+Russell, Bishop, 227 fn.
+
+Rutherfurd's 'Divine Right of Church Government' quoted, 220 _et seq._
+
+
+Sacraments, two, only, 116, 117, 307.
+
+Saxony, Elector of, 271 fn.
+
+Scipio, Marcus, 280.
+
+Scott, John, printer, 76.
+
+Scotus, Duns, 17.
+
+Scriptures, reading, in vernacular, 5, 37, 38, 51, 259, 260, 264, 272,
+      273, 282
+  --Genevan version, 91, 231.
+
+Scrymgeour, James, 253.
+
+Sharp, Archbishop, 35.
+
+Shaxton, Bishop, 269, 310.
+
+Smeton, Principal, 202, 203, 205, 211.
+
+Spalatinus, 309.
+
+'Spalding Miscellany' referred to, 128 fn., 183 fn.
+
+Spottiswoode, Archbishop, 133 fn.
+  --his 'History' referred to, 10, 31 fn., 33 fn., 34 fn., 64 fn., 68 fn.,
+      73, 146 fn., 218 fn., 227, 231.
+
+Spottiswoode, John, superintendent of Lothian, 99, 144 fn., 198.
+
+St Andrews, reforming priests from Augustinian Priory and College of
+      St Leonard, 13
+  --University and Colleges of, 15, 19, 20, 22, 95, 96 fn., 239, 242,
+      285 _et seq._
+  --Major at, 18, 19, 22, 242, 286
+  --Patrick Hamilton at, 19, 20, 22 _et seq._, 29 _et seq._, 307
+  --Alesius at, 36, 242 _et seq._
+  --Wishart at, 72, 73
+  --Knox at, 82 _et seq._, 95 _et seq._, 188 _et seq._
+
+St Bernard, 3.
+
+St Giles' Church, 133 fn., 201.
+
+Stähelin's 'Johannes Calvin' referred to, 98, 114 fn.
+
+Stanley, Dean, 202
+
+Stevenson's 'Mary Stuart' quoted, 55 fn.
+
+Steward, Walter, 40.
+
+Stewart, Archbishop, 286.
+
+Stirling martyrs, 41.
+
+Stokesley, Bishop of London, 268, 272.
+
+Stonehouse, 20.
+
+Stratoun, David, 39.
+
+Succession, Apostolic, 115.
+
+Superintendents, 152
+  --wherein they differed from bishops, 155 _et seq._
+
+Sybothendorff, Damianus, 271 fn.
+
+
+Tannadice, 287.
+
+Tauler, 3.
+
+Theiner's 'Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum' referred to, 44 fn.,
+  45 fn., 51 fn., 54 fns.
+
+Thorpe's 'Calendar' referred to, 44 fns.
+
+Tilney, Emery, 58.
+
+Tonstal, Bishop of Durham, 86.
+
+Tour, M. de la, 19.
+
+Tudor, Elizabeth, 92, 93, 131, 150 fn., 156 fn., 159, 300.
+
+Tudor, Mary, 88, 92 fn.
+
+Twopenny Faith, the, 8 fn.
+
+Tyndale's translation of the New Testament introduced into Scotland,
+  24, 26.
+
+Tyninghame, 287.
+
+Tyrie, the Jesuit, 195, 196, 203.
+
+Tytler, 11 fn.
+
+
+Walsingham, 205 fn.
+
+Wardlaw, Bishop, 285, 286.
+
+Wedderburn, James, 10, 253 fn.
+
+Wedderburn, John, 10, 18, 22, 66, 76.
+
+Weir, Professor, article on George Wishart in 'North British Review'
+  referred to, 70.
+
+Westminster Confession of Faith. See Confession.
+
+Westminster Directory for Church Government, 166 fn., 236.
+
+Westminster Directory for Worship, 137, 142.
+
+Whitgift, 147.
+
+Whittingham, William, 88, 124 fn.
+
+Wichtand, James, 68 fn.
+
+Wied, Hermann von, Archbishop of Cologne, 145, 254, 256, 282.
+
+Wightone, or Weighton, Sir John, 68 fn.
+
+Williams, Thomas, 80.
+
+Willock, John, 40, 99, 112 fn., 130, 144 fn.
+
+Winkworth, Miss, quotation from 'Christian Singers of Germany' by,
+  6 _et seq._
+
+Winzet, Ninian, his 'Tractates' referred to, 11 fns., 203.
+
+Wishart, George, 36, 41
+  --early education, 56
+  --summoned for heresy, 57
+  --escapes to England, _ib._
+  --converted before Cranmer, 58
+  --returns and enters Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, _ib._
+  --a pupil's description of him, 59
+  --returns to Scotland, _ib._
+  --preaches in Montrose and Dundee, 62 _et seq._
+  --his labours in Dundee during the plague, 64 _et seq._
+  --attempted assassination of, 68
+  --innocent of the plot to assassinate Betoun, 69 _et seq._
+  --proceeds to Edinburgh, 71
+  --seized at Ormiston, 72
+  --his martyrdom, 73
+  --his work, 74 _et seq._
+
+Wishart, George, bailie of Dundee, 63, 69.
+
+Witches, prosecution of, 168.
+
+Withof's 'Vertheidigung,' 124 fn., 294.
+
+Wittenberg, 26, 259, 269, 300 fn., 308, 309.
+
+'Wodrow Miscellany' referred to, 58 fn., 69 fn., 78 fn., 93 fn., 308.
+
+Wycliffe, 3, 14, 17, 18, 37, 186, 205.
+
+Wycliffites in Scotland, 15.
+
+Wynram, John, 77, 99, 100, 144, 198, 287.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.
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+
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+Baird Lectures.
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+THEISM. Being the Baird Lecture for 1876. By ROBERT FLINT, D.D., LL.D.,
+Professor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh. Ninth Edition,
+Revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.
+
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+ANTI-THEISTIC THEORIES. Being the Baird Lecture for 1877. By the SAME
+AUTHOR. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d.
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+THE EARLY RELIGION OF ISRAEL. As set forth by Biblical Writers and
+Modern Critical Historians. Being the Baird Lecture for 1888-89. By
+JAMES ROBERTSON, D.D., Professor of Oriental Languages in the University
+of Glasgow. Demy 8vo, 12s.
+
+THE APOSTOLIC MINISTRY IN THE SCOTTISH CHURCH. The Baird Lecture for
+1897. By ROBERT HERBERT STORY, D.D. (Edin.), F.S.A. Scot., Principal of
+the University of Glasgow, Principal Clerk of the General Assembly, and
+Chaplain to the Queen. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.
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+Croall Lectures.
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+
+[_In the press._
+
+RECENT ARCHÆOLOGY AND THE BIBLE. Being the Croall Lecture for 1898. By
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+University of Aberdeen; Author of 'Recent Explorations in Bible Lands.'
+Demy 8vo, 9s. net.
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+THE POETRY AND THE RELIGION OF THE PSALMS. The Croall Lecture, 1893-94.
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