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Loubat, LL.D.</title> + + +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- + +body {font-size: 1em; text-align: justify; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} + +h1 {font-size: 140%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} +h2 {font-size: 130%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em;} +h3 {font-size: 130%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h4 {text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h5 {font-size: 120%; text-align: center; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +table {border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; + width: 90%; margin-left: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + font-size: 95%;} + +div {margin-bottom: 2em;} + +ul {list-style-type: none;} + +span.rx {border-bottom:thin dotted gray;} + +hr.small {margin-left: 45%; width: 10%;} +hr.third {margin-left: 35%; width: 30%; margin-top: 2em;} +hr.half {margin-left: 25%; width: 50%; margin-top: 2em;} + +.hrdashed {border-bottom: 1px dashed; margin-left: 20%; width: 60%;} + +.p0 {margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} +.p2 {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +.pagenum {visibility: hidden; position: absolute; right:0; + font-size: 13px; text-align: right; + color: #C0C0C0; background-color: inherit;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 95%;} +.tn {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 80%; + margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;} + +.quote {margin-left: 05%; margin-right: 05%; font-size: 95%;} +.center {text-align: center;} +.tit-center {text-align: center; margin-top: 2em;} + +.col20 {margin-left: 20%; text-align: left;} +.col40 {margin-left: 40%; text-align: left;} +.col60 {margin-left: 60%; text-align: left;} + +.add1em {margin-left: 1em;} +.add2em {margin-left: 2em;} +.add4em {margin-left: 4em;} +.add6em {margin-left: 6em;} + +.td-center {text-align: center;} +.td-right {text-align: right;} +.td-left {text-align: left;} + +.figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 1em;} + +.right {float: right; clear: right; text-align: right;} +.right1 {position: absolute; right: 10%; text-align: right;} +.left60 {position: absolute; left: 60%; text-align: left;} + +.floatright {float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; + margin: 0 10px 2em 0;} +.floatleft {float: left; clear: left; text-align: center; + margin: 0 0 2em 10px; } +.nofloat {clear: left; clear: right;} + +--> +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medallic History of the United States +of America 1776-1876, by J. F. Loubat + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Medallic History of the United States of America 1776-1876 + +Author: J. F. Loubat + +Illustrator: Jules Jacquemart + +Release Date: June 20, 2007 [EBook #21880] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDALLIC HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Christine P. Travers and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1>THE<br> +MEDALLIC HISTORY<br> +OF<br> +THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,<br> +1776-1876.</h1> + + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h2>J. F. LOUBAT, LL.D.</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">member of the new-york historical society</span>.</h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">knight commander of st. stanislaus of russia</span>.<br> +<span class="smcap">knight of the first class of the crown and of frederick of württemberg</span>.<br> +<span class="smcap">knight of the legion of honor of france</span>.</h4> + +<hr class="small"> + +<h4>WITH 170 ETCHINGS BY JULES JACQUEMART.</h4> + +<hr class="small"> + +<h4><i>published by</i><br> +<strong>N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.</strong><br> +<strong>New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.</strong></h4> + + +<a id="img001" name="img001"></a> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="250" height="198" alt="Arms" title="Arms"> +</div> + +<p class="center">Library of Congress Catalog Card No 67-28353</p> + +<p class="center">Printed & Bound in Norwalk, Connecticut<br> +by <span class="smcap">T. O'Toole & Sons, Inc</span>.</p> + +<p class="center">All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be +reproduced in any form without written permission +of the publisher.</p> + +<p class="center"><strong>N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.</strong><br> +<strong>New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.</strong></p> + + +<h2><span class="smcap">to the</span> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevi" name="pagevi"></a>(p. vi)</span><br> +HONORABLE ELIHU B. WASHBURNE,</h2> + +<p class="smcap center">late envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary<br> + of the united states of america to france.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><i>My Dear Sir:</i></p> + +<p><i>Permit me to dedicate to you this work on our National Medals, + as a slight testimonial for your distinguished services during + your long official residence in Paris, and especially during the + siege of that city in 1870-1871, when you had under your + protection the subjects of fourteen governments besides your own, + and yet so discharged your delicate and responsible duties as to + win universal approbation.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col40"><i>Yours sincerely,</i></span><br> + + <span class="smcap col60">J. F. Loubat</span>.<br> + <span class="smcap">New-York, Union Club</span>, <i>May, 1878.</i></p> +</div> + + + +<h2>INTRODUCTION. <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevii" name="pagevii"></a>(p. vii)</span></h2> + + +<p>Medals, by means of the engraver's art, perpetuate in a durable form +and within a small compass which the eye can embrace at a glance, not +only the features of eminent persons, but the dates, brief accounts, +and representations (direct or emblematical) of events; they rank, +therefore, among the most valuable records of the past, especially +when they recall men, deeds, or circumstances which have influenced +the life of nations. How much light has been furnished for the study +of history by the concise and faithful testimony of these silent +witnesses! The importance of medals is now universally acknowledged, +and in almost every country they are preserved with reverent care, and +made the subject of costly publications, illustrated by elaborate +engravings, with carefully prepared letter-press descriptions and +notes. Up to the present time no thorough work devoted to the medals +of the United States of America has been published. When I entered +upon the task, several years ago, of investigating their <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageviii" name="pageviii"></a>(p. viii)</span> +history for the period embracing the first century of the Republic, I +had little conception of the difficulties to be encountered. The +search involved a very considerable expenditure of time and labor, but +at last I have the satisfaction of offering to the public the result +of my investigations, completed according to the original plan.</p> + +<p>Although our political history measures but a hundred years, it +records so many memorable deeds, and the names of so many illustrious +citizens, that our medals form, even now, an historically valuable +collection, to say nothing of the great artistic merit of some of +them. During the War of Independence alone, how many exploits, how +many heroes do we find worthy of being thus honored! How numerous +would have been our medals if Congress had not been imbued with the +conviction that only the very highest achievements are entitled to +such a distinction, and that the value of a reward is enhanced by its +rarity! In voting those struck after the War of 1812-'15 with Great +Britain, and after that of 1846-'47 with Mexico, the same discretion +was shown. There was still greater necessity for reserve during the +late Civil War, and only two were presented during that painful +period: one to Ulysses S. Grant, then a major-general, for victories, +and another to Cornelius Vanderbilt, in acknowledgment of his free +gift of the steamship which bore his name.</p> + +<p>Similar national rewards have been earned also by deeds which interest +humanity, science, or commerce; as, for instance, the laying of the +transatlantic telegraph cable, the expedition of Doctor Kane to the +Arctic Seas, and the beneficence of George Peabody. If to these are +added the Indian <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageix" name="pageix"></a>(p. ix)</span> peace medals, bearing the effigies of our +successive Presidents, the various elements which compose the official +medals of the United States of America will have been enumerated.</p> + +<p>As neither titles of nobility nor orders of knighthood exist in our +country, Congress can bestow no higher distinction on an American +citizen than to offer him the thanks of the nation, and to order that +a medal be struck in his honor. I cannot do better than to quote here +the words of General Winfield Scott, when he received from President +Monroe the medal voted to him for the battles of Chippewa and Niagara:</p> + +<p>"With a deep sense of the additional obligation now contracted, I +accept at the hands of the venerable Chief Magistrate of the Union the +classic token of the highest reward a free man can receive: the +recorded approbation of his country."</p> + +<p>Our medals number eighty-six in all, most of which were struck by +order of Congress in honor of citizens of the United States. Seventeen +belong to the period of the Revolution, twenty-seven to the War of +1812-'15, four to the Mexican War, and two to the Civil War. Only five +were voted to foreigners: one, in 1779, to Lieutenant-Colonel de +Fleury, a French gentleman in the Continental Army, for gallant +conduct at Stony Point; another, in 1858, to Dr. Frederick Rose, an +assistant-surgeon in the British Navy for kindness and humanity to +sick seamen on one of our men-of-war; and the others, in 1866, to +three foreign merchant captains, Messrs. Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, +who, in December, 1853, went to the aid of the steamer <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagex" name="pagex"></a>(p. x)</span> San +Francisco, thereby "rescuing about five hundred Americans."</p> + +<p>Seven of the eighty-six medals do not owe their origin to a +congressional vote: two which were struck in the United Netherlands +(1782), one to commemorate their acknowledgment of the United States +of America, and the other the treaty of amity and commerce between the +two countries; that known as Libertas Americana (1783); the two in +honor of Franklin (1784-1786); the Diplomatic medal (1790); and lastly +that struck in memory of the conclusion of the treaty of commerce +between the United States and France (1822). Although these cannot +properly be classed as official medals, their historic importance and +value as works of art entitle them to a place in our national +collection.</p> + +<p>Nearly all of the early medals were executed by French engravers, +whose names alone are a warrant for the artistic merit of their work. +We are indebted to Augustin Dupré, who has been called the "great +Dupré" for the Daniel Morgan, the Nathaniel Greene, the John Paul +Jones, the Libertas Americana, the two Franklin, and the Diplomatic +medals; to Pierre Simon Duvivier for those of George Washington, de +Fleury, William Augustine Washington, and John Eager Howard; to +Nicolas Marie Gatteaux for those of Horatio Gates, Anthony Wayne, and +John Stewart; and to Bertrand Andrieu and Raymond Gayrard for the one +in commemoration of the signature of the treaty of commerce between +France and the United States.</p> + +<p>Congress had not yet proclaimed the independence of the thirteen +United Colonies when, on March 25, 1776, it ordered <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexi" name="pagexi"></a>(p. xi)</span> that a +gold medal be struck and presented to "His Excellency, General +Washington," for his "wise and spirited conduct in the siege and +acquisition of Boston." But this, although the first one voted, was +not engraved until after the de Fleury and the Libertas Americana +pieces, both of which were executed in Paris under the direction of +Benjamin Franklin. The following letter gives the date of the de +Fleury medal:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">Huntington</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">President of Congress.</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Passy</span>, March 4, 1780.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Agreeably to the order of Congress, I have employed one of + the best artists here in cutting the dies for the medal intended + for M. de Fleury. The price of such work is beyond my + expectation, being a thousand livres for each die. I shall try if + it is not possible to have the others done cheaper.</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p>With great respect I have the honour to be, Sir, your most + obedient and most humble servant,</p> + +<p class="smcap col60">B. Franklin.</p> +</div> + +<p>This medal was shown in the exhibition of the Royal Academy in Paris +in 1781. The Libertas Americana piece was struck in 1783.</p> + +<p>Six of the earliest of the series were designed under the supervision +of Colonel David Humphreys, namely, those for Generals Washington, +Gates, Greene, and Morgan, and Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and +Howard. To insure a due observance of the laws of numismatics, and +that they might bear comparison with the best specimens of modern +times, Colonel Humphreys asked the aid of the French Academy of +Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexii" name="pagexii"></a>(p. xii)</span> the composition of the +designs. He explained his action in this respect to the President of +Congress in the following letter:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To His Excellency<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">The President of Congress</span>.<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, March 18, 1785.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Before I left America, I made application to the + Superintendent of Finances for the sword which Congress had been + pleased to order, by their resolution of the 17th of November, + 1781, to be presented to me, in consequence of which Mr. Morris + informed me verbally that he would take the necessary + arrangements for procuring all the honourary presents which had + been directed to be given to different officers during the late + war, and requested that I would undertake to have them executed + in Europe. Some time after my arrival here, I received the + inclosed letter<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1">[1]</a> from him, accompanied with a list of medals, + etc., and a description of those intended for General Morgan and + Colonels Washington and Howard.</p> + +<p>Upon the receipt of these documents I did not delay to make the + proper inquiries from the characters who were the best skilled in + subjects of this nature, and after having spoken to some of the + first artists, I was advised to apply to the Abbé Barthélémy, + member of the academies of London, Madrid, Cortona, and + Hesse-Cassel, and actual keeper of the King's Cabinet of Medals + and Antiquities, at whose instance I wrote a letter to the Royal + Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, of which a copy is + inclosed. Being informed at the same time that the description of + medals for General Morgan, etc., was not in the style and manner + such medals were usually executed, I took the liberty of + suspending the execution of them, until I could learn whether it + is the pleasure of Congress to have them performed <i>exactly</i> in + the manner prescribed—which shall be done accordingly, in case I + should not be honoured with further instructions on the subject + before their approaching recess.</p> + +<p>The medals voted for the capture of Stony Point have been, or I + believe may be, all struck from the die originally engraved to + furnish one of them for Colonel de Fleury.</p> + +<p>As to the swords in question, it is proposed to have them all + constructed in precisely the same fashion, the hilt to be of + silver, round which a foliage of <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiii" name="pagexiii"></a>(p. xiii)</span> laurel to be enameled + in gold in such a manner as to leave a medallion in the centre + sufficient to receive the arms of the United States on one side, + and on the reverse an inscription in English, "The United States + to Colonel Meigs, July 25, 1777," and the same for the others. + The whole ten, executed in this manner, may probably cost about + three hundred louis d'or, which is (as I have been informed) but + little more than was paid for the sword which some time since was + presented on the part of the United States to the Marquis de la + Fayette.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">D. Humphreys.</span></p> + +<p>P.S. I forgot to mention that, in order to have the medals for + General Morgan, etc., executed in the manner originally proposed, + it will be necessary for me to have more particular information + of the numbers on both sides, of the killed, wounded, prisoners, + trophies, etc., which the enemy lost in the action of the + Cowpens.</p> +</div> + +<p>The following is the letter to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and +Belles-Lettres, referred to by Colonel Humphreys in the above:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, March 14, 1785.<br> +Mr. <span class="smcap">Dacier</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions and + Belles-Lettres, Rue Chabanais, Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Having it in charge to procure the honourary presents which + (during the late war) have been voted by Congress to several + meritorious officers in their service, particularly three medals + in gold, one for General Washington, another for General Gates, + and a third for General Greene; and, being extremely desirous + that these medals should be executed in a manner grateful to the + illustrious personages for whom they are designed, worthy the + dignity of the sovereign power by whom they are presented, and + calculated to perpetuate the remembrance of those great events + which they are intended to consecrate to immortality, I therefore + take the liberty to address, through you, Sir, the Academy of + Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, on the subject, and entreat that + this learned body will be pleased to honour me, <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiv" name="pagexiv"></a>(p. xiv)</span> as soon + as may be convenient, with their advice and sentiments respecting + the devices and inscriptions proper for the before mentioned + medals. A memoir,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2">[2]</a> which has been left in the hands of M. + Barthélémy, one of their members, will give the necessary + information.</p> + +<p>In addressing so respectable an assembly of <i>literati</i> I do not + think myself permitted to enlarge on the importance of this + subject, because they must know, much better than I can inform + them, in how great a degree such monuments of public gratitude + are calculated to produce a laudable emulation, a genuine love of + liberty, and all the virtues of real patriotism, not only among + the innumerable generations who are yet to people the wastes of + America, but on the human character in general. Nor do I make + those apologies for the trouble I am now giving, which would be + requisite, did I not feel a conviction that whatever is + interesting to the national glory of America, to the good of + posterity, or to the happiness of the human race, cannot be + indifferent to a society composed of the most enlightened and + liberal characters in Europe, fostered by the royal protection of + a monarch whose name will forever be as dear to the United States + as it will be glorious in the annals of mankind.</p> + +<p>Being so unfortunate as not to be able to write myself in French, + my intimate friend and brave companion in arms, M. le marquis de + la Fayette, has had the goodness to make a translation of this + letter into that language, which I inclose herewith.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect, Sir, your + most obedient and most humble servant,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">D. Humphreys.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>A letter written by Franklin, about the same time, to John Jay, then +Secretary for Foreign Affairs, is of much interest in this connection:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To the Honourable<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">John Jay</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Passy</span>, May 10, 1785.</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>P.S. The striking of the medals being now in agitation here, I + send the inclosed for consideration.</p> + +<p><i>A <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexv" name="pagexv"></a>(p. xv)</span> thought concerning the Medals that are to be struck by + order of Congress.</i></p> + +<p>The forming of dies in steel to strike medals or money, is + generally with the intention of making a great number of the same + form.</p> + +<p>The engraving those dies in steel is, from the hardness of the + substance, very difficult and expensive, but, once engraved, the + great number to be easily produced afterward by stamping + justifies the expense, it being but small when divided among a + number.</p> + +<p>Where only one medal of a kind is wanted, it seems an unthrifty + way to form dies for it in steel to strike the two sides of it, + the whole expense of the dies resting on that medal.</p> + +<p>It was by this means that the medal voted by Congress for M. de + Fleury cost one hundred guineas, when an engraving of the same + figures and inscriptions might have been beautifully done on a + plate of silver of the same size for two guineas.</p> + +<p>The ancients, when they ordained a medal to record the memory of + any laudable action, and do honour to the performer of that + action, struck a vast number and used them as money. By this + means the honour was extended through their own and neighbouring + nations, every man who received or paid a piece of such money was + reminded of the virtuous action, the person who performed it, and + the reward attending it, and the number gave such security to + this kind of monuments against perishing and being forgotten, + that some of each of them exist to this day, though more than two + thousand years old, and, being now copied in books by the arts of + engraving and painting, are not only exceedingly multiplied but + likely to remain some thousands of years longer.</p> + +<p>The man who is honoured only by a single medal is obliged to show + it to enjoy the honour, which can be done only to a few and often + awkwardly. I therefore wish the medals of Congress were ordered + to be money, and so continued as to be convenient money, by being + in value aliquot parts of a dollar.</p> + +<p>Copper coins are wanting in America for small change. We have + none but those of the King of England. After one silver or gold + medal is struck from the dies, for the person to be honoured, + they may be usefully employed in striking copper money, or in + some cases small silver.</p> + +<p>The nominal value of the pieces might be a little more than the + real, to prevent their being melted down, but not so much more as + to be an encouragement of counterfeiting. I am, etc.,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">B. Franklin.</span></p> +</div> + + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexvi" name="pagexvi"></a>(p. xvi)</span> Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres "entered on +the discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject had been +designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots, or to +immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own +nation."<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3">[3]</a> Commissioners, consisting of four of its members, were at +once appointed to suggest designs for the three medals asked for +Generals Washington, Gates, and Greene.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Through the courtesy of M. Narcisse Dupré, son of Augustin Dupré, I am +enabled to give the contract between his father and Colonel Humphreys +for the engraving of the medal for General Greene:<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>I, the undersigned, Augustin Dupré, engraver of medals and + medallist of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, bind + myself to Colonel Humphreys to engrave the medal representing the + portrait of General Greene. On the reverse, Victory treading + under her feet broken arms, with the legend and the exergue, and + I hold myself responsible for any breakage of the dies up to + twenty-four medals, and bind myself to furnish one at my own + expense (the diameter of the medal to be twenty-four <i>lignes</i>).</p> + +<p>All on the following conditions: That for the two engraved dies + of the said medal shall be paid me the sum of two thousand four + hundred <i>livres</i>, on delivery of the two dies after the + twenty-four medals which the Colonel desires have been struck.</p> + +<p>Done in duplicate between us, in Paris, this nineteenth of + November, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five (1785).<br> + <span class="smcap col60">D. Humphreys.</span><br> + <span class="smcap col60">Dupré.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>On November 25th of the same year, M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary +of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, communicated +another letter from Colonel Humphreys, in which he requested the +Academy to compose designs for three more medals, which had been voted +to General <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexvii" name="pagexvii"></a>(p. xvii)</span> Morgan and to Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and +Howard. Commissioners were appointed and designs made for these +also.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Colonel Humphreys having returned to America before the medals were +finished, their superintendence was undertaken by Mr. Jefferson, as +will be seen from the following letter:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To the Honourable<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">John Jay</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, February 14, 1787.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Mr. Morris, during his office, being authorized to have the + medals and swords executed, which had been ordered by Congress, + he authorized Colonel Humphreys to take measures here for the + execution. Colonel Humphreys did so, and the swords were finished + in time for him to carry them. The medals not being finished, he + desired me to attend to them. The workman who was to make that of + General Greene brought me yesterday the medal in gold, + twenty-three in copper, and the die. Mr. Short, during my + absence, will avail himself of the first occasion which shall + offer of forwarding the medals to you. I must beg leave, through + you, to ask the pleasure of Congress as to the number they would + choose to have struck. Perhaps they might be willing to deposit + one of each person in every college of the United States. Perhaps + they might choose to give a series of them to each of the crowned + heads of Europe, which would be an acceptable present to them. + They will be pleased to decide. In the meantime I have sealed up + the die, and shall retain it till I am honoured with their orders + as to this medal, and the others also, when they shall be + finished.</p> + +<p class="col40">With great respect and esteem,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p>In another letter to Mr. Jay, dated Marseilles, May 4, 1787, Mr. +Jefferson again refers to this subject:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>I am in hopes Mr. Short will be able to send you the medals of + General Gates by this packet. I await a general instruction as to + these medals. The academies of Europe will be much pleased to + receive a set.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +</div> + + +<p>Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexviii" name="pagexviii"></a>(p. xviii)</span> Jefferson's communication of the 14th of February was +brought to the notice of Congress by Mr. Jay, and was referred back to +him by Congress. The result was the following report:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Office for Foreign Affairs</span>,<br> + July 11, 1787.</p> + +<p>The Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign + Affairs, to whom was referred a letter from the Honourable Mr. + Jefferson of the 14th of February last,</p> + +<p><i>Reports</i>, Your secretary presumes that the following paragraphs + in this letter occasion its being referred to him, viz.: "The + workman who was to make a medal of General Greene brought me + yesterday the medal in gold, twenty-three in copper, and the die. + I must beg leave, through you, to ask the pleasure of Congress as + to the number they would choose to have struck. Perhaps they + might be willing to deposit one of each person in every college + of the United States. Perhaps they might choose to give a series + of them to each of the crowned heads of Europe, which would be an + acceptable present to them. They will be pleased to decide. In + the meantime I have sealed up the die, and shall retain it till I + am honoured with their orders as to this medal, and the others + also, when they shall be finished."</p> + +<p>As these medals were directed to be struck in order to signalize + and commemorate certain interesting events and conspicuous + characters, the distribution of them should in his opinion be + such as may best conduce to that end. He therefore thinks that + both of Mr. Jefferson's hints should be improved, to wit, that a + series of these medals should be presented to each of the crowned + heads in Europe, and that one of each set be deposited in each of + the American colleges. He presumes that Mr. Jefferson does not + mean that any should be presented to the King of Great Britain, + for it would not be delicate; nor that by crowned heads he meant + to exclude free states from the compliment, for to make + discriminations would give offense.</p> + +<p>In the judgment of your secretary it would be proper to instruct + Mr. Jefferson to present in the name of the United States one + silver medal of each denomination to every monarch (except His + Britannic Majesty), and to every sovereign and independent state + without exception in Europe; and also to the Emperor of Morocco. + That he also be instructed to send fifteen silver medals of each + set to Congress, to be by them presented to the thirteen + <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexix" name="pagexix"></a>(p. xix)</span> United States respectively, and also to the Emperor of + China with an explanation and a letter, and one to General + Washington. That he also be instructed to present a copper medal + of each denomination to each of the most distinguished + universities (except the British) in Europe, and also to Count de + Rochambeau, to Count d'Estaing, and to Count de Grasse; and, + lastly, that he be instructed to send to Congress two hundred + copper ones of each set, together with the dies.</p> + +<p>Your secretary thinks that of these it would be proper to present + one to each of the American colleges, one to the Marquis de la + Fayette, and one to each of the other major-generals who served + in the late American army; and that the residue with the dies be + deposited in the Secretary's Office of the United States, subject + to such future orders as Congress may think proper to make + respecting them.</p> + +<p>It might be more magnificent to give gold medals to sovereigns, + silver ones to distinguished persons, and copper ones to the + colleges; but, in his opinion, the nature of the American + Governments, as well as the state of their finance, will + apologize for their declining the expense.</p> + +<p>All which is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.<br> + <span class="smcap col60">John Jay</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The records of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres show +that in 1789, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, it also composed +designs for the medals awarded by Congress to General Wayne, Major +Stewart, and Captain John Paul Jones.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7">[7]</a> Mr. Jefferson had previously +had an interview with M. Augustin Dupré on the subject, as will be +seen by the following note, the original of which is in Mr. +Jefferson's handwriting:<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">M. Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the + Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Jefferson having received orders concerning medals to be + struck would like to talk about them with M. Dupré, if he will + please do him the honour to call on him to-morrow morning before + eleven o'clock.</p> + +<p>Saturday, January 3, 1789.</p> +</div> + +<p>In <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexx" name="pagexx"></a>(p. xx)</span> the following month, Mr. Jefferson again wrote to M. +Dupré, inclosing descriptions of the designs for the medals of General +Morgan and of Admiral Jones. The reader will note some slight +differences between these and those originally composed by the Academy +of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> +<span class="smcap add2em">M. Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the Royal + Academy of Painting and Sculpture.</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Jefferson has the honour to send to M. Dupré the devices for + the medals for General Morgan and Rear-Admiral Paul Jones, which + he has just received from the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and the + making of which he proposes to M. Dupré, the latter to be + responsible for the success of the dies up to the striking of + three hundred and fifty of each medal in gold, silver, or bronze, + and to furnish proofs in tin at the end of the month of March + next, so that the medals may all be struck before the 15th of + April. He begs him to kindly mention the conditions on which he + will undertake them, and Mr. Jefferson will have the honour to + reply on receipt of them.</p> + +<p>February 13, 1789.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Medal for General Morgan, of twenty-four lignes in diameter.</i></p> + + <p>The general, at the head of his army, charges the enemy, which + takes to flight.</p> + + <p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">victoria libertatis vindex</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 Jan. + 1781.</span></p> + + <p><i>Reverse</i>: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left + hand upon a trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right + crowns the general, who bends before her.</p> + + <p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">danieli morgan duci exercitus</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Medal <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxi" name="pagexxi"></a>(p. xxi)</span> for Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones, of twenty-four + lignes.</i></p> + + <p><i>Device</i>: His head (M. Houdon will furnish the bust in plaster).</p> + + <p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">joanni paulo jones classis præfecto.</span></p> + + <p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana.</span></p> + + <p><i>Reverse</i>: Naval Engagement.</p> + + <p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.</span></p> + + <p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>The following, from the same to the same, bearing date February 15, +1789, throws some light on the prices of the medals engraved by M. +Dupré:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> +<span class="smcap add2em">M. Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Engraver of Medals, Paris.</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Jefferson has the honour to observe to M. Dupré that he pays + only twenty-four hundred <i>livres</i> to M. Duvivier or to M. + Gatteaux for medals which measure twenty-four <i>lignes</i>, that he + paid the same sum to M. Dupré himself for that of General Greene, + and that recently M. Dupré asked no higher price for that of + General Morgan. Mr. Jefferson cannot, therefore, consent to give + more. For that sum he would expect to have the best work of M. + Dupré and not that of inferior artists. As regards time, perhaps + it may be possible to prolong it somewhat in regard to the medal + for Admiral Paul Jones, that officer being at present in Europe. + Mr. Jefferson will have the honour to await M. Dupré's answer, + and will be happy to conclude this arrangement with him.<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>February 15, 1789.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is to be supposed that Dupré accepted these conditions, since he is +the engraver of the John Paul Jones medal, one of the finest specimens +in our collection. The Daniel Morgan piece is no less remarkable as an +effort of numismatic skill. The fight at the Cowpens, on the reverse, +is a striking example of the boldness with which Dupré <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxii" name="pagexxii"></a>(p. xxii)</span> +enlarged the limits of his art, and, in defiance of all traditional +rules, successfully represented several planes in the background.</p> + +<p>I cannot do better than to give the opinion, concerning this and the +other of Dupré's American medals, of M. Charles Blanc,<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10">[10]</a> from whom I +quote freely in the following:</p> + +<p>The Morgan medal, says this eminent French critic, seems to vibrate +beneath the rush of cavalry and the tread of infantry flying in the +background, indicated by the almost imperceptible lines of the metal +where the smoke of the cannonade is vanishing away in air. In the +Libertas Americana medal, which recalls, if we except the evacuation +of Boston, the two most memorable events of the War of Independence, +namely, the capitulation of General Burgoyne, at Saratoga, in October, +1777, and that of General Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in October, +1781, Dupré has represented the new-born Liberty, sprung from the +prairies without ancestry and without rulers, as a youthful virgin, +with disheveled hair and dauntless aspect, bearing across her shoulder +a pike, surmounted by the Phrygian cap. This great artist, in +consequence of his intimacy with Franklin, had conceived the greatest +enthusiasm for the cause of the United States. Franklin resided at +Passy, and Dupré at Auteuil. As they both went to Paris every day, +they met and made acquaintance on the road—an acquaintance which soon +ripened into friendship. Dupré first engraved Franklin's seal with the +motto, "<i>In simplici salus</i>," <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxiii" name="pagexxiii"></a>(p. xxiii)</span> and afterward his +portrait. This portrait presents an <i>alto-rilievo</i> which is well +adapted for medals only; it is conceived in the spirit of the French +school, which has always attached great importance to the truthful +rendering of flesh. The artist has indicated the flat parts, the +relaxation of the muscles, and, as it were, the quivering of the +flesh, so as to convey an exact idea of the age of the model. He has +conscientiously represented the lines which the finger of Time +imprints on the countenance, but, above all, he has given us with +wonderful fidelity the physiognomy of the American sage, his shrewd +simplicity, his sagacity, and his expression of serene uprightness. A +Latin hexameter from the pen of Turgot became the well-known legend of +this medal: "<i>Eripuit cœlo fulmen, sceptrumque tyrannis.</i>"</p> + +<p>The four pieces executed by Duvivier are no less remarkable for beauty +and excellence of workmanship. They all figured at the exhibitions of +the members of the Royal Academy of Paris, that of the Chevalier de +Fleury, as mentioned before, in the exhibition of 1781, and those of +General and of Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, and of +Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, in that of 1789.<a id="footnotetag11" name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>In those by Gatteaux, the personification of America as an Indian +queen with an alligator at her feet is noteworthy.</p> + +<p>With the exception of the Treaty of Commerce medal (1822), and perhaps +of that of Captain Truxtun, our medals after the War of Independence +were engraved and struck at home. Before that time, indeed, the one +voted in 1779 to Major Henry Lee had been made by John Wright, of +Philadelphia. From the close of the eighteenth century down <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxiv" name="pagexxiv"></a>(p. xxiv)</span> +to 1840 John Reich and subsequently Moritz Fürst were the engravers of +the national medals. Reich's works are valued; unfortunately they are +few in number. They consist of the medal voted in 1805 to Captain +Edward Preble for his naval operations against Tripoli, of another +voted in 1813 to Captain Isaac Hull for the capture of the British +frigate Guerrière, and of those of Presidents Jefferson and Madison. +That of President Jefferson especially deserves attention for its +beauty.</p> + +<p>But little can be said in commendation of the works of Fürst, whose +numerous medals are very inferior to Reich's, and still less worthy of +being compared with those of the French engravers. While wishing to +avoid undue severity, I cannot but endorse the opinion of General +Scott, given in a communication addressed to the Honorable William L. +Marcy, Secretary of War, in regard to the medal voted to General +Zachary Taylor, for victories on the Rio Grande:</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To the Honourable<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War.</span><br> + +<span class="smcap col40">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Washington</span>, July 25, 1846.</p> + +<p>As medals are among the surest monuments of history, as well as + muniments of individual distinction, there should be given to + them, besides intrinsic value and durability of material, the + utmost grace of design, with the highest finish in mechanical + execution. All this is necessary to give the greater or + adventitious value; as in the present instance, the medal is to + be, at once, an historical record and a reward of distinguished + merit. The credit of the donor thus becomes even more than that + of the receiver interested in obtaining a perfect specimen in the + fine arts.</p> + +<p>The within resolution prescribes <i>gold</i> as the material of the + medal. The general form (circular) may be considered as equally + settled by our own practice, and that of most nations, ancient + and modern. There is, however, some little diversity in + <i>diameter</i> and <i>thickness</i> in the medals heretofore ordered + <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxv" name="pagexxv"></a>(p. xxv)</span> by Congress, at different periods, as may be seen in the + cabinets of the War and Navy Departments. Diversity in dimensions + is even greater in other countries.</p> + +<p>The specific character of the medal is shown by its two faces, or + the <i>face</i> and the <i>reverse</i>. The within resolution directs + appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon.</p> + +<p>For the <i>face</i>, a bust likeness is needed, to give, with the name + and the rank of the donee, <i>individuality</i>. To obtain the + likeness, a first-rate miniature painter should, of course, be + employed.</p> + +<p>The <i>reverse</i> receives the device, appropriate to the events + commemorated. To obtain this, it is suggested that the + resolutions and despatches, belonging to the subject, be + transmitted to a master in the art of design—say Prof. Weir, at + West Point—for a drawing—including, if practicable, this + inscription:</p> + +<p class="center"> + <span class="smcap">Palo Alto;</span><br> + <span class="smcap">Resaca de La Palma:</span><br> + <span class="smcap">May 8 and 9, 1846.</span></p> + +<p>A third artist—all to be well paid—is next to be employed—a + die-sinker. The mint of the United States will do the coinage.</p> + +<p>Copies, in cheaper metal, of all our gold medals, should be given + to the libraries of the Federal and State Governments, to those + of the colleges, etc.</p> + +<p>The medals voted by the Revolutionary Congress were + executed—designs and dies—under the superintendence of Mr. + Jefferson,<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12">[12]</a> in Paris, about the year 1786. Those struck in + honour of victories, in our War of 1812, were all—at least so + far as it respected the land service—done at home, and not one + of them presented, I think, earlier than the end of Mr. Monroe's + administration (1825). The delay principally resulted from the + want of good die-sinkers. There was only one of mediocre merit + (and he a foreigner) found for the army. What the state of this + art may now be in the United States I know not. But I beg leave + again to suggest that the honour of the country requires that + medals, voted by Congress, should always exhibit the arts + involved, in their highest state of perfection <i>wherever</i> found: + for letters, science, and the fine arts constitute but <i>one</i> + republic, embracing the world. So thought our early Government, + and Mr. Jefferson—a distinguished member of that general + republic.</p> + +<p>All which is respectfully submitted to the Secretary of War.</p> +</div> + +<p>Whatever <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxvi" name="pagexxvi"></a>(p. xxvi)</span> may be the weight of General Scott's opinion on +such a subject, and whether or not it is important, as he insists, +that medals should possess high artistic value, in order that they may +be not only the rewards of merit and monuments of history, but also +favorable specimens of contemporary art, it must be acknowledged that +those struck since 1840 differ widely, in many respects, from those of +the preceding period. While the earlier works are of a pure and lofty +style, the later ones are not always in good taste. The former are +conceived generally in strict observance of classical rules, and will +bear comparison with the numismatic masterpieces of antiquity; the +latter reflect the realistic tendency of their day.</p> + +<p>The Indian medals, with the exception of that of President Jefferson +and a few others, which are very fine, possess only an historic value. +These pieces owe their origin to the custom, in the colonial times, of +distributing to the chiefs of Indian tribes, with whom treaties were +concluded, medals bearing on the obverse the effigy of the reigning +British sovereign, and on the reverse friendly legends and emblems of +peace. Mr. Kean, member of the Continental Congress from South +Carolina, on April 20, 1786, moved: "That the Board of Treasury +ascertain the number and value of the medals received by the +commissioners appointed to treat with the Indians, from said Indians, +and have an equal number, with the arms of the United States, made of +silver, and returned to the chiefs from whom they were received." The +result was the Indian series, which bear on their obverses the busts +of the respective Presidents under whom they were issued <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxvii" name="pagexxvii"></a>(p. xxvii)</span> +(none exists of President Harrison, who died a month after his +inauguration); but it should be borne in mind that these are mere +Indian peace tokens, struck only for distribution as presents to +friendly chiefs.</p> + +<p>I have called in question the discernment of some of the Federal +administrations in their choice of engravers; unfortunately, I have +also to draw attention to an unaccountable delay in the execution of +one of the medals. It seems scarcely credible that the one voted in +1857 to Dr. Elisha Kent Kane for his discoveries in the Arctic Seas +has not yet been struck. Elder, in his "Life of E. K. Kane" (page +228), says:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "Congress having failed at its first session after his (Kane's) + return to appropriate, by a national recognition, the honors he + had won for his country, had no other opportunity for repairing + the neglect till after his death; then a gold medal was ordered, + of which, I believe, nothing has been heard since the passage of + the resolution." +</p> + +<p>To complete my undertaking, it was necessary not only to study the +composition and history of all our national medals, but also to have +plates of them engraved, which could only be done from the originals +or copies, or, as a last resort, from casts.</p> + +<p>My first step was to apply to the Mint in Philadelphia for bronze +copies of all the medals. In 1855 the director of that establishment +had been authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, to strike from +the original dies, copies of the medals for sale, as is the custom at +the Paris Mint. But when he sought to avail himself of this +authorization, it was discovered that many of the dies were missing. +It was thought probable that those of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxviii" name="pagexxviii"></a>(p. xxviii)</span> medals which +had been struck in France during the War of Independence would be +found there, and the French Government was communicated with, in 1861, +in regard to the following: "Washington before Boston; General Wayne, +for capture of Stony Point; Colonel Fleury, for same; Captain Stewart, +for same; Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook; Colonel John Eager +Howard, for Cowpens; Colonel William Washington, for same; +Major-General Greene, for Eutaw Springs; Captain John Paul Jones, for +capture of the Serapis by the Bonhomme Richard."<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>But the Paris Mint possessed only the dies of the two Washington, of +the Howard, and of the John Paul Jones medals; moreover, the rules of +that establishment did not permit them to be given up. Bronze copies +of the four were obtained, however, and from them Messrs. George +Eckfeldt and R. Jefferson of the Philadelphia Mint cut new dies.</p> + +<p>In Washington, in January, 1872, I was informed by Mr. Spofford, of +the Library of Congress, that after the fire which destroyed a portion +of that library, December 24, 1851, the bronze copies of the medals +formerly deposited there had been transferred to the Smithsonian +Institution. At the latter place I was shown the remains of the +collection, all more or less injured by fire. Moreover, the five +wanted were not to be found; and further investigations made in +December, 1877, in the Philadelphia Mint, showed that four of the +dies, namely, those of Generals Greene and Wayne, and of +Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury and Major Stewart, are still missing from +that establishment.</p> + +<p>During the year 1872, I obtained permission from the Honorable +Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, to examine in <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxix" name="pagexxix"></a>(p. xxix)</span> the +archives of his department the official papers relating to the medals +of the War of Independence, and was fortunate enough to find the +correspondence concerning the Diplomatic medal between Jefferson, +William Short, the Marquis de la Luzerne, and the Count de Moustier. +Afterward, in the reports of the Massachusetts Historical Society +(vol. vi., 3d series), I found a description which seemed to apply to +this same medal. I then went to Philadelphia to see the writer of the +description, Joshua Francis Fisher, Esq., but he was on his death-bed, +and it was impossible to prosecute the inquiry. After his decease, I +was informed that no medal of the kind described was contained in his +collection.</p> + +<p>In 1790, President Washington ordered two Diplomatic medals to be +struck and presented, one to the Marquis de la Luzerne, French +Minister to the United States, and the other to his successor, the +Count de Moustier. In Paris, in 1874, I made application to the +present heads of those families, the Count de Vibray<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14">[14]</a> and the +Marquis de Moustier,<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15">[15]</a> for information concerning these medals; but +no trace of the object of my search could be found among their family +papers.</p> + +<p>About this time, Mr. Charles I. Bushnell, of New York city, kindly +sent me plaster casts of an obverse and of a reverse, in which I at +once recognized the Diplomatic medal, but neither bore the signature +of Dupré. Nevertheless, I had a plate engraved from them, hoping by +its aid to find the original.</p> + +<p>I <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxx" name="pagexxx"></a>(p. xxx)</span> then turned once more to M. Gatteaux, the son of M. +Nicolas Marie Gatteaux, who had shown me, in 1868, in his house in the +Rue de Lille, Paris, the wax model of the obverse of the medal of +General Gates, and the designs for those of General Wayne and Major +Stewart, but, the house having been burnt during the reign of the +Commune in 1871, he could furnish no information, and I was as far as +ever from discovering the original of this piece.</p> + +<p>In 1876 I showed to M. Augustin Dumont, the celebrated sculptor,<a id="footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16">[16]</a> +and the godson of Augustin Dupré, the plate engraved from the plaster +casts, and from him I learned that M. Narcisse Dupré, the son of +Augustin, was still living in the south of France, at Montpellier. M. +Dumont had given to M. Ponscarme, his pupil, now professor in the +École des Beaux-Arts, the <i>maquettes</i>, or lead proofs, of many of +Dupré's works. A few days later, M. Ponscarme showed me a <i>maquette</i> +of the obverse of the Diplomatic medal, and at last M. Narcisse Dupré +sent me a photograph of the reverse. I thus obtained proof of the +correctness of the engraved plate.</p> + +<p>While in Washington, in February, 1872, I was fortunate enough to +find, in the office of Rear-Admiral Joseph Smith, then chief of the +Bureau of Yards and Docks, in the Navy Department, where they were +used as paperweights, the original dies of the medal voted to +Commodore Edward Preble for his naval operations against Tripoli. I +immediately brought this to the notice of the chief clerks of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxi" name="pagexxxi"></a>(p. xxxi)</span> the Navy and of the Treasury Departments, and also to that +of Captain (now Rear-Admiral) George H. Preble, a connection of the +commodore's, and these dies are now where they belong, in the Mint in +Philadelphia. Shortly afterward I was also instrumental in having +restored to the mint the dies of the Vanderbilt medal, which were +lying in the cellar of one of the New York city banks.</p> + +<p>I have found it impossible to obtain any trustworthy information +respecting the designer and the engraver of the medal, voted on March +29, 1800, in honor of Captain Thomas Truxtun. As there were no +competent medallists in the United States at the period, and as we +were then at war with France, it is presumable that the dies were made +in England. If so, they were probably cut at the private mint of +Matthew Boulton, of Birmingham, who furnished the United States +Government for a long time with planchets for its copper coinage.</p> + +<p>The work now offered to the public consists of two volumes: Volume I., +Text; Volume II., Plates.</p> + +<p>The text is subdivided into eighty-six sections, corresponding to the +number of the medals, in each of which is included, besides the +descriptive matter, all the documents that could be obtained relating +to the respective piece, and arranged according to the following plan:</p> + +<p>1. The number of the medal, its date, and its number in the book of +plates. The medals are arranged chronologically: those voted by +Congress according to the dates of the several resolutions or acts +awarding them, and not in the order of the events which they +commemorate; the unofficial ones in the order of events which they +commemorate; and <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxii" name="pagexxxii"></a>(p. xxxii)</span> the presidential pieces according to the +date of inauguration of each President.</p> + +<p>2. The descriptive titles of each medal, in the following order: 1st, +the legends of the obverse and of the reverse; 2d, the name of the +person honored, or of the title by which the piece is known; 3d, the +event commemorated.</p> + +<p>3. A description of the medal, beginning with the obverse: 1st, the +whole legend; 2d, the description of the emblems and devices; 3d, the +legend of the exergue; 4th, the names of the designer and of the +engraver. The same order has been followed for the reverse. The +legends are copied exactly from the medals, and when in Latin, +translated; the abbreviations are explained, and are, like the +translations, placed between parentheses. The words, "facing the +right" and "facing the left" mean the right or the left of the person +looking at the piece.</p> + +<p>4. A short biographical sketch of the designers and of the engravers.</p> + +<p>5. A short biographical sketch of the person in whose honor the medal +was struck, or of the President of the United States, in case of the +Indian peace tokens.</p> + +<p>6. Original documents, such as Resolutions or Acts of Congress, the +official reports of the events commemorated, and letters of interest.</p> + +<p>The original documents have been given in the belief that the reader +would prefer them to a mere recital of the events of which they treat. +Many of these are now printed for the first time.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that Mr. Jefferson, as early as 1789, +entertained the idea of publishing an account of all the <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxiii" name="pagexxxiii"></a>(p. xxxiii)</span> +American medals struck up to that time, as will be seen from the +following letter;</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">M. Dupré,</span><br> +<span class="add4em">Engraver of Medals, Paris.</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Jefferson is going to have a description of all the medals + printed, in order to send them, with copies of the medals, to the + sovereigns of Europe. The one of Mr. Franklin, made by M. Dupré, + is wanting; he begs you to lend him a copy, and to communicate to + him the description also, if any has been made, as is probable.</p> + +<p>February 23, 1789<a id="footnotetag17" name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17">[17]</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>No mention is made of the size of the medals, as the plates show their +exact dimensions.</p> + +<p>Being desirous that the execution of the engravings should be as +perfect as possible, I invited M. Jules Jacquemart, of Paris, to +undertake the whole of them. M. Jacquemart needs no praise. All +amateurs know his etchings from Van der Meer, Franz Hals, Rembrandt, +etc., and his plates for the "History of Porcelain," by M. Albert +Jacquemart, his father, for the "Gems and Jewels of the Crown," +published by M. Barbet de Jouy, and for the "Collection of Arms" of +Count de Nieuwerkerke. The American public has had, moreover, an +opportunity of admiring the works of this eminent artist at the +Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city. His collaboration adds +great value to the artistic portion of this work.</p> + + + + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxiv" name="pagexxxiv"></a>(p. xxxiv)</span><br> + +<span class="smcap">REFERRED TO IN THE INTRODUCTION.</span></h4> + +<h4>A</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col60">Mount Vernon</span>, November, 1787.<br> +<span class="smcap">To<br> +<span class="add2em">The</span> Printer of the American Museum</span> (<span class="smcap">Mr. Carey</span>.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I understand that a part, if not all, of the medals which, + in the course of the late war, were voted by Congress to officers + of distinguished merit, and for the execution of which I + contracted with artists at Paris, have lately arrived in America. + But, not having seen any account published of the devices and + inscriptions, I presume it will not be ungrateful to the public + to receive some authentic information respecting these memorials + of national glory. However superfluous the publication of the + correspondence<a id="footnotetag18" name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18">[18]</a> on this subject with the Perpetual Secretary + of the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres might be + deemed, it will not, I conceive, be improper it should be known + that this learned society, to whom a reference was made, entered + on the discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject had + been designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots, or + to immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own + nation. You will be at liberty to insert in your <i>Museum</i> the + result of their deliberations.</p> + +<p>In our free republics certainly nothing should be suppressed that + can tend to awaken a noble spirit of emulation, to cherish the + fine feelings of patriotism, to exhibit alluring examples for + imitation, or to extend and perpetuate the remembrance of those + heroic achievements which have ennobled the era of the American + Revolution. Few inventions could be more happily calculated to + diffuse the knowledge and preserve the memory of illustrious + characters and splendid events than medals—whether we take into + consideration the imperishable nature of the substance whence + they are formed, the facility of multiplying copies, or the + practice of depositing them in the cabinets of the curious. + Perhaps one improvement might be made. The sage and venerable Dr. + Franklin, whose patriotic genius is active in old age, and ever + prolific in projects of public utility, once suggested,<a id="footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19">[19]</a> in + conversation with me, as an expedient for propagating still more + extensively the knowledge of facts designed to be perpetuated in + medals, that their devices should be impressed on the current + coin of the nation.</p> + +<p>Under <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxv" name="pagexxxv"></a>(p. xxxv)</span> influence of such ideas, I shall claim the + indulgence of my countrymen for bringing forward a communication + which might possibly have come more satisfactorily from some + other quarter. An apprehension that the subject might remain + unnoticed is my apology.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">David Humphreys</span>.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Devices and Inscriptions of American Medals.</i></p> + +<p>The gold medal for General Washington represents the head of His +Excellency, with this legend: <span class="smcap">georgio washington supremo duci +exercituum, adsertori libertatis, comitia americana.</span> On the reverse: +The Evacuation of Boston. The American army advances in good order +toward the town, which is seen at a distance, while the British army +flies with precipitation toward the strand, to embark on board the +vessels with which the roads are covered. In the front of the picture, +on the side of the American army, General Washington appears on +horseback, amid a group of officers, to whom he seems to be pointing +out the retreat of the enemy.</p> + +<p>Legend: <span class="smcap">hostibus primo fugatis.</span></p> + +<p>On the Exergue: <span class="smcap">bostonium recuperatum, die 17 martii, mdcclxxvi.</span></p> + +<p>The gold medal for General Gates represents the head of that general, +with this legend: <span class="smcap">horatio gates, duci strenuo, comitia americana.</span></p> + +<p>On the reverse: The enemy's general, at the head of his army, who are +grounding their arms, presents his sword to the American general, +whose troops stand with shouldered arms.</p> + +<p>Legend: <span class="smcap">salus regionum septentrionalium.</span></p> + +<p>On the Exergue: <span class="smcap">hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto, die 17 +octobris, mdcclxxvii.</span></p> + +<p>The gold medal of General Greene represents the head of that general, +with this legend: <span class="smcap">nathanieli green, egregio duci, comitia americana.</span></p> + +<p>On the reverse: A Victory treading under feet broken arms.</p> + +<p>Legend: <span class="smcap">salus regionum australium.</span></p> + +<p>On the Exergue: <span class="smcap">hostibus apud eutaw debellatis, die 8 septembris, +mdcclxxxi.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>The medal in gold for General Morgan, and those in silver for Colonels +Howard and Washington, were to be indicative of the several +circumstances which attended the victory at the Cowpens on the 17th of +January, 1781, in conformity to a special resolution of Congress.</p> + +<p>It may not be foreign to the purpose to add that dies have formerly +been engraved under the direction of Dr. Franklin,<a id="footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20">[20]</a> for striking +the gold medal for General Wayne, and the silver medals for Colonels +de Fleury and Stewart, emblematic of their gallant conduct in storming +the works of Stony Point, sword in hand.</p> + +<p>These are all the medals voted by Congress in the course of the +war.<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21">[21]</a></p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>B <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxvi" name="pagexxxvi"></a>(p. xxxvi)</span></h4> + +<h4><i>Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des +Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1785.</i></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Vendredi 8 avril 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur le secrétaire a fait part d'une lettre de Monsieur + Humphreys, ancien colonel au service des États-Unis, par laquelle + il demande trois médailles pour Messieurs Washington, le général + Gates et le général Green. Il envoie en même temps des + renseignements sur les actions de ces trois personnes.</p> + +<p>L'académie a remis à huitaine pour s'occuper de ces trois + médailles.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 19 avril 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Après ces différents arrangements, on s'est occupé des médailles + demandées par le Congrès d'Amérique, et l'on a invité messieurs + les académiciens à apporter des projets pour ces médailles, à la + première séance, dans laquelle on est convenu de nommer des + commissaires pour rédiger ces médailles.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Vendredi 22 avril 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur Dacier a fait ensuite la lecture des projets des trois + médailles pour les trois officiers généraux américains; après les + avoir bien discutés, on a nommé, pour les terminer, Messieurs + Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier et Le Blond.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 26 avril 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur Dacier, le secrétaire perpétuel, lut ensuite les sujets + de médailles demandées par le Congrès pour trois officiers + généraux.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour Monsieur Washington.</i></p> + +<p>D'un côté sa tête.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori +libertatis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: La prise de Boston, l'armée anglaise fuyant vers le rivage +pour s'embarquer, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">hostibus</span> ou <span class="smcap">anglis primum fugatis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776</span>.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour Monsieur Gates.</i></p> + +<p>D'un côté sa tête.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">horatio gates duci provido comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: Le général ennemi, à la tête de son armée, présente son épée +au général Gates, à la tête de l'armée américaine.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxvii" name="pagexxxvii"></a>(p. xxxvii)</span> <span class="smcap">salus provinciarum septentrionalium</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8<sup>{bris}</sup> +1777.</span></p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour Monsieur Green.</i></p> + +<p>D'un côté sa tête.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: La Victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brisées.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">salus provinciarum australium</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Vendredi 13 mai 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>D'après des observations des commissaires, on a cru devoir + changer, dans les deux médailles du général Gates et du général + Green, le mot <i>Provinciarum</i> en celui de <i>Regionum</i>. Et dans les + médailles de Gates, du côté de la tête, au lieu de <i>Duci provido</i> + on a mis <i>Duci strenuo</i>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Vendredi 25 novembre 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur le secrétaire a fait encore la lecture d'une lettre du + colonel Humphreys, secrétaire d'ambassade de l'Amérique, par + laquelle il prie l'académie, au nom du Congrès, de faire trois + médailles votées par le même Congrès; l'une pour le général + Morgan, la seconde pour le colonel Washington, la troisième pour + le colonel Howard.</p> + +<p>La délibération a été remise à huitaine selon l'usage.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 6 décembre 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>On a nommé, pour rédiger les sujets de médailles demandées par le + Congrès des États-Unis de l'Amérique, Messieurs Barthélémy, Des + Brequigny, Le Blond, Brotier.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 13 décembre 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur le secrétaire a lu les trois projets de médailles + arrêtés par les commissaires pour les médailles du général Morgan + et des colonels Washington et Howard, les voici:</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour le général Morgan.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: Le général à la tête de ses troupes, charge l'armée ennemie +qui prend la fuite.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">victoria libertatis vindex</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... +17 jan. 1781.</span></p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, appuie sa main +gauche sur un trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite couronne +le général incliné devant elle.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <a id="footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22">[22]</a><span class="smcap">n. morgan duci exercitus</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana anno</span> ...</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxviii" name="pagexxxviii"></a>(p. xxxviii)</span> le colonel Washington.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: Le colonel, à la tête d'un petit nombre de soldats, fond sur +l'ennemi, qui commence à prendre la fuite, et que lui montre la +Victoire, placée au-dessus de sa tête.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">n. washington legionis n. præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia</span>, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: L'inscription suivante doit être gravée dans une couronne de +lauriers:</p> + +<p class="center smcap">quod<br> +parva militum manu<br> +strenue prosecutus hostes<br> +virtutis ingenitæ<br> +præclarum specimen dedit<br> +in pugna apud cowpens<br> +17 jan. 1781.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour le colonel Howard.</i></p> + +<p>Même type, même légende au nom près.</p> + +<p>Même exergue qu'à la précédente.</p> + +<p>Au <i>Revers</i>: Dans une couronne de lauriers:</p> + +<p class="center smcap">quod<br> +in nutantem hostium aciem<br> +subito irruens<br> +præclarum bellicæ virtutis<br> +specimen dedit<br> +in pugna apud cowpens<br> +17 jan. 1781.</p> +</div> + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of +Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1785.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Friday, April 8, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>The secretary communicated a letter from Mr. Humphreys, formerly + a colonel in the service of the United States, in which he asks + for three medals for Messrs. Washington, General Gates and + General Green. He sends at the same time information concerning + the deeds of these three persons.</p> + +<p>The academy postponed for a week the consideration of these three + medals.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Tuesday, April 19, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>After these different arrangements, the medals asked by the + Congress of America considered, and the gentlemen academicians + were invited to bring suggestions for <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexxxix" name="pagexxxix"></a>(p. xxxix)</span> these medals at + the following meeting, at which it was agreed that commissioners + should be named to compose these medals.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Friday, April 22, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>M. Dacier then read the proposals for the three medals for the + three American general officers; after they had been thoroughly + discussed, Messrs. Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier, and Le Blond, were + appointed to report on them.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Tuesday, April 26, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary, then read the subjects of the + medals asked for by Congress for the three general officers.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For Mr. Washington.</i></p> + +<p>On one side, his head.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori +libertatis.</span></p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana.</span></p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: The taking of Boston, the English army fleeing toward the +shore to embark, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">hostibus</span> or <span class="smcap">anglis primum fugatis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776.</span></p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For Mr. Gates.</i></p> + +<p>On one side, his head.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">horatio gates duci provido comitia americana.</span></p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: The enemy's general at the head of his army, surrenders his +sword to General Gates, at the head of the American army.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">salus provinciarum septentrionalium.</span></p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8<sup>{bris}</sup> +1777.</span></p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For Mr. Green.</i></p> + +<p>On one side, his head.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana.</span></p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: Victory treading under her feet broken arms.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">salus provinciarum australium.</span></p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Friday, May 13, 1783.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>After observations by the commissioners, it was thought proper to + change, in the two medals of General Gates and of General Green, + the word <i>Provinciarum</i> to that of <i>Regionum</i>. And in the medal + of Gates, on the side of the head, instead of <i>Duci provido</i> to + substitute <i>Duci strenuo</i>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Friday, <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexl" name="pagexl"></a>(p. xl)</span> November 25, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>The secretary also read a letter of Colonel Humphreys, Secretary + of Embassy of America, in which he requested the academy, in the + name of Congress, to compose three medals voted by the same + Congress: one for General Morgan, the second for Colonel + Washington, the third for Colonel Howard.</p> + +<p>The discussion was laid over, according to custom, until next + week.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Tuesday, December 6, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Messrs. Barthélémy, Des Brequigny, Le Blond, and Brotier, were + named to compose the medals asked for by the Congress of the + United States of America.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Tuesday, December 13, 1785.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>The secretary read the three reports agreed upon by the + commissioners for the medals for General Morgan and Colonels + Washington and Howard, as follows:</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For General Morgan.</i></p> + +<p><i>Device</i>: The general, at the head of his troops, charges the army of +the enemy, which takes to flight.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">victoria libertatis vindex</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... +17 jan. 1781</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left hand +upon a trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right crowns the +general, who bends before her.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">n. morgan duci exercitus</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana anno</span> ...</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For Colonel Washington.</i></p> + +<p><i>Device</i>: The colonel, at the head of a few soldiers, rushes on the +enemy, who begin to fly, and whom Victory, hovering over his head, +points out to him.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">n. washington legionis n. præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia</span>, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: The following inscription to be engraved in a crown of +laurel:</p> + +<p class="center smcap">quod<br> +parva militum manu<br> +strenue prosecutus hostes<br> +virtutis ingenitæ<br> +præclarum specimen dedit<br> +in pugna apud cowpens<br> +17 jan. 1781.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexli" name="pagexli"></a>(p. xli)</span> Colonel Howard.</i></p> + +<p>Same device, same legend, excepting the name.</p> + +<p>Same exergue as the preceding.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: Within a crown of laurel:</p> + +<p class="center smcap">quod<br> +in nutantem hostium aciem<br> +subito irruens<br> +præclarum bellicæ virtutis<br> +specimen dedit<br> +in pugna apud cowpens<br> +17 jan. 1781</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>C</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>Je soussigné Augustin Dupré, graveur en médaille<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23">[23]</a> et + médailliste de l'Académie Royal de Peinture et Sculpture.</p> + +<p>M'engage envers Monsieur le colonel Humphreys à graver la + médaille représentant le portrait du général Green. Au revers la + Victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brisées avecque la légende + et l'exergue, et répond de la fracture des coins jusqu'à la + concurrence de vingt quatre médailles, dont j'en fourniray une en + or à mes frais et dépend (le diamètre de la médaille sera de la + grandeur de vingt-quatre lignes).</p> + +<p>Le tout aux conditions suivantes, que les deux coins gravés de + ladite médaille me seront payée la somme de deux mille quatre + cens livres en remettant les deux coins après avoir frappés les + vingt quatre médailles que désire Monsieur le colonel.</p> + +<p>Fait le double entre nous, ce dix-neuf novembre mille sept cens + quatre vingt cinq (1785) à Paris.<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">D. Humphreys</span>.<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Dupré</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>D</h4> + +<h4><i>Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des +Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1789.</i></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 13 janvier 1789.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur Dacier annonça ensuite que Monsieur Jefferson, ministre + des États-Unis d'Amérique, <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlii" name="pagexlii"></a>(p. xlii)</span> priait l'Académie de + vouloir bien s'occuper de sujets pour les trois médailles que le + Congrès a résolu de frapper en l'honneur du général Wayne, du + major Stewart et du commodore Paul Jones. Sur cette demande, la + Compagnie a décidé que les commissaires nommés dans la séance + précédente seraient chargés de rédiger le projet de ces + médailles.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Mardi 10 février 1789.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>Monsieur Dacier a mis, au commencement de la séance, sous les + yeux de l'Académie, le travail de Messieurs les commissaires + relativement aux médailles qu'ils étaient chargés de rédiger.</p> + +<p>Sur la demande de Monsieur Jefferson, ministre des États-Unis de + l'Amérique, on a corrigé ainsi l'exergue de la médaille + anciennement composée pour le général Morgan:</p> + +<p class="smcap">fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus, 17 jan. 1781</p>. +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Médaille pour le général Wayne.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, tient de la main +gauche, élevée, une couronne murale, et donne, de la droite, une +couronne de lauriers au général incliné devant elle.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">n. wayne duci exercitus</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: Le Rocher et le Fort de Stony Point.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">stony point expugnatum</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">15 JUL. 1779</span>.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour le major Stewart.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: L'Amérique, debout, comme ci-dessus, donne une palme au major, +incliné devant elle.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">n. stewart cohortis præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: Le major monte à l'assaut au travers d'un abatis d'arbres +qu'il a fait rompre par sa troupe.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">stony point oppugnatum</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">15 jul. 1779.</span></p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Pour le commodore Paul Jones.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: La tête du commodore.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">paulo jones classis præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: Combat de vaisseaux.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">primus americanorum triumphus navalis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno</span> ...</p> + +<p><i>Autre légende</i>: <span class="smcap">hostium navibus captis aut fugatis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: Comme de l'autre part.</p> +</div> + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.] <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexliii" name="pagexliii"></a>(p. xliii)</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<h4><i>Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of +Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1789</i>.</h4> + +<p class="col60">Tuesday, January 13, 1789.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>M. Dacier then announced that Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the + United States of America, begged the academy kindly to occupy + itself with the subjects of the three medals which Congress has + resolved to strike in honor of General Wayne, Major Stewart, and + Commodore Paul Jones. According to this request, the company have + decided that the commissioners<a id="footnotetag24" name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24">[24]</a> named in the preceding sitting + shall be charged with the composition of these medals.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="col60">Tuesday, February 10, 1789.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>M. Dacier submitted to the academy at the opening of the sitting, + the report of the commissioners in reference to the medals, with + the composition of which they had been intrusted.</p> + +<p>At the suggestion of Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States + of America, the exergue of the medal formerly composed for + General Morgan was altered as follows:</p> + +<p class="smcap">fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Medal for General Wayne.</i></p> + +<p><i>Device</i>: America, recognizable by her shield, holds in her left hand, +which is elevated, a mural crown, and presents with her right a crown +of laurels to the general, who bends before her.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">n. wayne duci exercitus</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: The Rock and the Fort of Stony Point.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">stony point expugnatum</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">15 jul. 1779</span>.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For Major Stewart.</i></p> + +<p><i>Device</i>: America, standing as above, presents a palm to the major, +who bends before her.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">n. stewart cohortis præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse:</i> The major mounts to the assault through an abatis of trees, +which his men have broken through.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">stony point oppugnatum</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">15 jul. 1779.</span></p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>For <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexliv" name="pagexliv"></a>(p. xliv)</span> Commodore Paul Jones.</i></p> + +<p><i>Device</i>: The head of the commodore.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">paulo jones classis præfecto</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Reverse</i>: A naval engagement.</p> + +<p><i>Legend</i>: <span class="smcap">primus americanorum triumphus navalis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno</span> ...</p> + +<p><i>Another legend</i>: <span class="smcap">hostium navibus captis aut fugatis</span>.<a id="footnotetag25" name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25">[25]</a></p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: Same as above.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>E</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>A Monsieur<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Graveur en médaille et médailliste de l'Académie + Royale de Peinture et Sculpture.</span></p> + +<p>Monsieur Jefferson ayant reçu des ordres au sujet des médailles à + faire seroit bien aise d'en traiter avec Monsieur Dupré, s'il + voudrait bien lui faire l'honneur de passer chez lui demain matin + avant les onze heures.</p> + +<p>Samedi 3<sup>me</sup> janvier 1789.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'envoyer à Monsieur Dupré les + devises des médailles pour le général Morgan et le contre-amiral + Paul Jones qu'il vient de recevoir de l'Académie des + Belles-Lettres, et dont il propose à Monsieur Dupré l'entreprise, + en répondant du succès des coins jusqu'à frapper trois cents + cinquante de chaque médaille en or, argent ou bronze, et d'en + fournir les épreuves en étain au fin du mois de mars prochain, à + fin que les médailles peuvent être frappées toutes avant le 15<sup>me</sup> + avril. Il le prie d'avoir la bonté de lui indiquer les conditions + auxquelles il les entreprendra, et Monsieur Jefferson aura + l'honneur d'y répondre au moment qu'il les recevra.</p> + +<p>Ce 13<sup>me</sup> février 1789.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Médaille pour le général Morgan, de 24 lignes de diamètre.</i></p> + +<p>Le général à la tête de son armée charge l'ennemi, qui prend la fuite.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">victoria libertatis vindex</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: L'Amérique reconnaissable à son écusson appuie sa main +gauche sur une trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite, +couronne le général incliné devant elle.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">danieli morgan duci exercitus</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Médaille <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlv" name="pagexlv"></a>(p. xlv)</span> pour le contre-amiral John Paul Jones, de 24 +lignes.</i></p> + +<p><i>Type</i>: Sa tête (M. Houdon fournira le buste en plâtre).</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">joanni paulo jones classis præfecto</span></p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">comitia americana</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Revers</i>: Combat de vaisseaux.</p> + +<p><i>Légende</i>: <span class="smcap">hostium navibus captis aut fugatis</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>F</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>A Monsieur<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Graveur en médailles, à Paris.</span></p> + +<p>Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'observer à Monsieur Dupré qu'il + ne donne pas pour les médailles de 24 lignes ni à Monsieur + Duvivier ni à Monsieur Gatteaux que 2,400 livres, que c'est là ce + qu'il a payé à Monsieur Dupré aussi pour celle du général Greene, + et que Monsieur Dupré n'a demandé que ça dernièrement pour celle + du général Morgan. Monsieur Jefferson ne peut pas consentir donc + de donner plus. À ce prix, il attendroit ce que Monsieur Dupré + pourrait faire de mieux, de soi-même, et non pas par des artistes + subalternes. Pour ce qui regarde le temps, peut être qu'il seroit + possible de le prolonger un peu pour la médaille de l'amiral Paul + Jones, cet officier étant actuellement en Europe. Monsieur + Jefferson aura l'honneur d'attendre la réponse de Monsieur Dupré + et sera charmé de pouvoir conclure cet arrangement avec lui.</p> + +<p>Ce 15<sup>me</sup> février 1789.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>G</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de + l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant + l'intention de Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie + d'Angeviller, Conseiller du Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp de + Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, + Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare, Intendant du Jardin du Roi, + Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des Bâtiments de Sa Majesté, + Jardins, Arts, Académies & Manufactures Royales; de l'Académie + Royale des Sciences.<br> + +<span class="col40">A Paris, rue Saint-Jacques,</span><br> + +De l'Imprimerie de la veuve Hérissant, Imprimeur du Roi, des + Cabinet, Maison et Bâtiments de Sa Majesté; de l'Académie Royale + de Peinture, etc.<br> + +<span class="col40">M.DCC.LXXXI.</span></p> + +<p>Avec privilège du Roi.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Gravures.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlvi" name="pagexlvi"></a>(p. xlvi)</span></p> + +Par <span class="smcap">M. Duvivier</span>, académicien, graveur général des Monnoies de France & des +Médailles du Roi. + +<p>294.—Sous un même cadre et sous un même numéro.</p> +<ol> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>Médaille ordonnée par les États-Unis de l'Amérique, à l'honneur de + M. le Chevalier de Fleury, pour s'être distingué à la prise de Stony + Point, en 1779.</li> +</ol> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de + l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant + l'intention de Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie + d'Angeviller, Conseiller du Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp + de Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre Royal et Militaire de + Saint-Louis, Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare, Gouverneur de + Rambouillet, Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des Bâtiments de Sa + Majesté, Jardins, Arts, Académies et Manufactures Royales; de + l'Académie Royale des Sciences.<br> +<span class="col40">A Paris,</span><br> +De l'Imprimerie des Bâtiments du Roi et de l'Académie Royale de + Peinture.<br> +<span class="col40">M.DCC.LXXXIX.</span></p> + +<p>Avec privilège du Roi.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Gravures.</i></p> + +<p>Par <span class="smcap">M. Duvivier</span>, graveur général des Monnoies et des Médailles du Roi.</p> + +<ol> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>Buste du Général Washington, & au revers, Évacuation de Boston, 1776.</li> +<li>& 7. Médailles pour le Colonel Washington et le Colonel Howard. Ces trois + médailles sont pour les États-Unis de l'Amérique.</li> +</ol> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p>Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the + Gentlemen of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been + ordered, according to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count + de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Councillor of the King in His + Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight of the Royal and + Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the Order of Saint + Lazare, Intendant of the Garden of the King, Director and + Ordonnator-General of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts and + Royal Academies and Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of + Sciences.<br> +<span class="col40">Paris, Rue Saint Jacques,</span><br> + + From the Printing Office of widow Hérissant, Printer to the King, + to the Cabinet, Household and Buildings of His Majesty; of the + Royal Academy of Paintings, etc.<br> + +<span class="col40">M.DCC.LXXXI.</span></p> + +<p>With the privilege of the King.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Engravings.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlvii" name="pagexlvii"></a>(p. xlvii)</span></p> + +<p>By M. Duvivier, Academician, engraver-general of the Moneys of France +and of the Medals of the King.</p> + +<p>294—In the same case and under the same number.</p> + +<ol> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>Medal ordered by the United States of America in honor of the Chevalier de + Fleury, for having distinguished himself at the taking of Stony Point, in 1779.</li> +</ol> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p>Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the + Gentlemen of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been + ordered, according to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count + de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Councillor of the King in His + Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight of the Royal and + Military Order of Saint Louis, Commander of the Order of Saint + Lazare, Governor of Rambouillet, Director and Ordonnator-General + of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts, and Royal Academies + and Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of Sciences.<br> + +<span class="col40">PARIS.</span><br> + + From the Printing Office of the Building of the King and of the + Royal Academy of Painting.<br> + +<span class="col40">M.DCC.LXXXIX.</span><br> + + With the privilege of the King.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Engravings.</i></p> + +<p>By M. Duvivier, engraver-general of the Moneys and of the Medals of +the King.</p> + +<ol> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>*** ...</li> +<li>Bust of General Washington, and on the reverse, Evacuation of Boston, 1776.</li> +<li>and 7. Medals for Colonel Washington and Colonel Howard.<br> + These three medals are for the United States of America.</li> +</ol> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>H</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col60">Mint of the United States</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Philadelphia</span>, November 22, 1861.<br> +Honorable<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">William L. Dayton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Minister of the United States at the Court of France.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: During the Revolutionary War, medals were awarded by + resolution of the Continental Congress to certain officers who + commanded the American forces in the principal conflicts with the + enemy, or participated therein. The dies for these medals were + prepared in Paris, and the medals produced there. Several of the + dies in question are understood to be in the possession of the + Mint of Medals at Paris. As <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlviii" name="pagexlviii"></a>(p. xlviii)</span> we have recently + prepared, for distribution, bronze medals from the national medal + dies in our country, it would be very gratifying if the American + medal dies, at the French Mint, could be procured and the series + made complete. The medals that were prepared for us in Paris are + interesting memorials of some of the most remarkable events in + our history, and the appropriate place for the dies would appear + to be in the National Mint of the United States.</p> + +<p>May I request the favor of you to ascertain, from the proper + official source, what medal dies, relating to events connected + with the history of the United States, are at the mint in Paris, + and whether the same can be obtained. If not, I should be glad to + have, say twenty copies in bronze, struck from the dies, provided + the expense would not be too great.</p> + +<p>Inclosed I send you a list of the medals recently struck in + bronze from the dies of a public character in our possession. It + will be seen that it is deficient in medals of the Revolutionary + era.</p> + +<p>The following American medal dies are believed to be at the French + Mint of Medals:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Washington before Boston.</li> +<li>General Wayne, for capture of Stony Point.</li> +<li>Colonel Fleury, for same.</li> +<li>Captain Stewart, for same.</li> +<li>Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook.</li> +<li>Colonel John Eager Howard, for Cowpens.</li> +<li>Colonel William Washington, for same.</li> +<li>Major General Greene, for Eutaw Springs.</li> +<li>Captain John Paul Jones, for capture of the Serapis by the Bonhomme Richard.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Your attention to the request contained herein will greatly + oblige,</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Your friend and obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="smcap col60">James Pollock</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Director of the Mint.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col40">Legation of the United States</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, December 10, 1861.<br> +To His Excellency,<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Thouvenel</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur le Ministre</span>: I have received from the Director of the + Mint of the United States a letter (of which I annex a copy), + calling me to procure a certain series of medals prepared in + Paris to commemorate certain events in the history of the + American Revolution.</p> + +<p>These dies having been prepared in Paris, and the medals struck + here, it is supposed the former yet remain in some safe + depository.</p> + +<p>If it is possible to procure the original dies, I am requested to + do so; if that be not possible, I should be happy to learn if I + can procure copies.</p> + +<p>I avail myself of the occasion to renew to Your Excellency the + assurance of the high consideration with which I have the honor + to be,</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Your obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">W. L. Dayton</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexlix" name="pagexlix"></a>(p. xlix)</span> le 17 janvier 1862.<br> + +Monsieur <span class="smcap">Dayton</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">Ministre des États-Unis à Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur</span>: Par la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de + m'adresser le 10 décembre dernier, vous m'exprimiez le désir + d'être mis en possession des coins d'un certain nombre de + médailles commémoratives d'événements de la guerre de + l'Indépendance qui ont été frappées à Paris. Monsieur le Ministre + des Finances à qui j'avais du écrire à ce sujet, me répond que le + Musée Monétaire ne possède les coins que de quatre de ces + médailles. La prise de Boston, la prise de Serapis, bataille de + Cowpens—Washington, et bataille de Cowpens—Howard. Le musée ne + pourrait se dessaisir de ces coins, mais il serait facile, + moyennant une légère dépense, de faire frapper de nouveaux + exemplaires; il faudrait seulement, si la proposition était agrée + par le gouvernement Fédéral, que vous me fissiez parvenir + l'indication précise du nombre d'exemplaires de chacune de ces + médailles qu'il désirerait obtenir.</p> + +<p>Agréez les assurances de la haute considération avec laquelle + j'ai l'honneur d'être,<br> +<span class="col40">Monsieur,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,</span><br> +Pour le ministre et par autorisation,<br> +<span class="col40">Le Ministre Plénipotentiaire Directeur,</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Banneville</span>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, January 17, 1862.<br> +Mr. <span class="smcap">Dayton</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">Minister of the United States, Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By the letter which you did me the honor to address to me on + the 10th of December last, you expressed to me the desire to + obtain the dies of a certain number of medals, commemorative of + events of the War of Independence, which were struck in Paris. + The Minister of Finance, to whom I had to write on the subject, + replies that the Museum of the Mint possesses the dies of only + four of these medals: the taking of Boston, the capture of the + Serapis, the battle of the Cowpens—Washington, and the battle of + the Cowpens—Howard. The museum cannot part with these dies, but + it will be easy, at a small outlay, to have new copies struck; it + will only be necessary, if the proposition is accepted by the + Federal Government, for you to indicate to me the precise number + of copies of each of these medals which it wishes to obtain.</p> + +<p>Receive the assurances of the high consideration with which I + have the honor to be,<br> +<span class="col40">Sir,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your very humble and very obedient servant,</span><br> +For the minister and by authorization,<br> +<span class="col40">The Minister Plenipotentiary Director,</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Banneville</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap col60">Legation of the United States</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">Paris</span>, January 23, 1862.<br> +To His Excellency,<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Thouvenel</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur Le Ministre</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt + of your letter of the 17th instant in reference to the American + medal dies. I avail myself of your kind offer to have copies + struck from the original dies.</p> + +<p>Be <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagel" name="pagel"></a>(p. l)</span> pleased to direct that twenty copies in bronze be + struck from such dies, with a diameter of two and one half + inches. The expense will be met by this Legation immediately upon + notice.</p> + +<p>I avail myself of the opportunity to assure Your Excellency of + the high consideration with which I am,<br> +<span class="col40">Your humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">W. L. Dayton</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>I</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>A Monsieur<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Graveur en médailles, à Paris.</span></p> + +<p>Monsieur Jefferson va faire imprimer des explications de toutes + les médailles, pour les envoyer avec les médailles aux souverains + de l'Europe; il lui manque celle de M. Franklin, faite par M. + Dupré; il le prie de lui en prêter une exemplaire, et de lui en + communiquer l'explication aussi, s'il y en a été une de faite + comme il y en avait sans doute.</p> + +<p>Ce 23 février 1789.</p> +</div> + + +<h2>CONTENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageli" name="pageli"></a>(p. li)</span></h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Contents"> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="65%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="15%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><i>Number of Text</i></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="td-center"><i>Number of Plate.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text1">1</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateI">I</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Boston Retaken.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page001">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page002">Biographical Sketch of Pierre Simon Duvivier</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page002">Biographical Sketch of George Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page003">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 25, 1776</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page004">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 19, 1776</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page005">The President of Congress to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 2, 1776</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page005">John Adams to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 2, 1776</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page006">General Washington to John Adams</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 15, 1776</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page006">Colonel Humphreys to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May, 1785</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page006">Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 30, 1786</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page007">Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 7, 1786</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text2">2</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateII">II</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page008">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page009">Biographical Sketch of Nicolas Marie Gatteaux</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page009">Biographical Sketch of Horatio Gates</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page010">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Gates</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 4, 1777</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page010">General Gates to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 18, 1777</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page011">Articles of Convention between Generals Gates and Burgoyne</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 16, 1777</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page013">Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 4, 1785</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page013">Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text3">3</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIII">III</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page014">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page014">Biographical Sketch of Anthony Wayne</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page015">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Wayne, to +Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 26, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page016">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 16, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page016">General Wayne to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 16, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page016">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 20, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page020">General Wayne to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 17, 1779</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelii" name="pagelii"></a>(p. lii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text4">4</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIV">IV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page022">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page023">Biographical Sketch of François Louis Teisseidre de Fleury</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page024">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 25, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page025">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 28, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page025">Memorial for M. de Fleury</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text5">5</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR JOHN STEWART.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateV">V</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page028">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page028">Biographical Sketch of John Stewart</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text6">6</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR HENRY LEE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVI">VI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Surprise of Paulus Hook.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page029">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page030">Biographical Sketch of Joseph Wright</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page030">Biographical Sketch of Henry Lee</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page030">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Major Henry Lee, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 24, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page031">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 23, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page032">Major Henry Lee to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 22, 1779</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text7">7</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC VAN WART.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVII">VII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of Major André.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page037">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page037">Biographical Sketches of Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page038">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to John Paulding, David + Williams, and Isaac Van Wart</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 3, 1780</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page038">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 26, 1780</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page039">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 7, 1780</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text8">8</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVIII">VIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page040">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page041">Biographical Sketch of Augustin Dupré</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page041">Biographical Sketch of Daniel Morgan</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page041">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to General Morgan and to + Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 9, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page042">General Morgan to General Greene</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 19, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page045">Act of Congress Directing a Gold Copy of General Morgan's Medal + to be Struck for Morgan Neville</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 2, 1836</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageliii" name="pageliii"></a>(p. liii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text9">9</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM A. WASHINGTON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIX">IX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page046">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page046">Biographical Sketch of William Augustine Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text10">10</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER HOWARD.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateX">X</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page048">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page048">Biographical Sketch of John Eager Howard</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text11">11</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXI">XI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Eutaw Springs.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page050">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page050">Biographical Sketch of Nathaniel Greene</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page051">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Greene, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 29, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page052">General Greene to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 11, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page056">John Jay to Major William Pierce and others</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 12, 1788</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text12">12</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + BY THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXII">XII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Libera Soror.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page057">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page058">Biographical Sketch of John George Holtzhey</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page058">John Adams to Robert R. Livingston</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 19, 1782</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page058">Extracts from the Register Books of the States of the Netherlands</a></td> +<td colspan="2">1782</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page064">Original Documents from the Royal Archives at the Hague</a></td> +<td colspan="2">1782</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page072">John Adams to Robert R. Livingston</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 22, 1782</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text13">13</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE + UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE + UNITED NETHERLANDS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXIII">XIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Favstissimo Foedere Jvnctæ.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page074">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page075">Treaty between the United Netherlands and the United States of + America</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 8, 1782</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page084">Convention between the United Netherlands and the United States + of America</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 8, 1782</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageliv" name="pageliv"></a>(p. liv)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text14">14</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIBERTAS AMERICANA.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXIV">XIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and at Yorktown.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page086">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page087">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 19, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page088">General Washington to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 27, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page088">Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, etc., for the Taking of + Yorktown</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 29, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page090">Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 4, 1782</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page090">Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 17, 1783</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page090">Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 15, 1783</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page091">Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 22, 1783</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page091">Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of Malta</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 6, 1783</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page092">The Grand Master of Malta to Benjamin Franklin</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 21, 1783</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text15">15</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXV">XV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page093">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page093">Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Franklin</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text16">16</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXVI">XVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page095">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page095">William Short to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 14, 1790</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page096">Thomas Jefferson to the President of the National Assembly of France</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 8, 1791</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text17">17</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXVII">XVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Serapis.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page097">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page098">Biographical Sketch of John Paul Jones</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page098">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to the Chevalier John Paul + Jones</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 16, 1787</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page099">Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin Franklin</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 3, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page109">M. de Sartine to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 30, 1780</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page109">M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul Jones</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 28, 1780</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page110">Resolution of Congress Authorizing Captain Jones to Accept from + the King of France the Cross of Military Merit</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 27, 1781</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page110">The United States to the King of France</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 19, 1787</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page111">Thomas Jefferson to General Washington</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 2, 1788</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page112">Admiral John Paul Jones to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 29,/ September 9, 1788</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text18">18</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXVIII">XVIII</a><br><a href="#plateXIX">XIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>First President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page113">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page113">Indian Peace Medals</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelv" name="pagelv"></a>(p. lv)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text19">19</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">THE DIPLOMATIC MEDAL.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXX">XX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page115">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page116">Biographical Sketch of César Anne de la Luzerne</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page116">Biographical Sketch of Éléonore François Élie de Moustier</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page117">John Adams to the President of Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 3, 1779</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page117">Thomas Jefferson to William Short</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 30, 1790</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page118">Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la Luzerne</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 30, 1790</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page119">William Short to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 14, 1790</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page119">Thomas Jefferson to William Short</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 26, 1790</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page120">Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 2, 1791</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page120">Thomas Jefferson to William Short</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 8, 1791</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page121">William Short to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 6, 1791</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page121">William Short to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 25, 1791</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page122">William Short to M. Dupré</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page123">M. de Moustier to M. Dupré</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page124">William Short to Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 8, 1792</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page124">M. Lagrange to William Short</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 31, 1792</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text20">20</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXI">XXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Second President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page127">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page127">Biographical Sketch of John Adams</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text21">21</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXII">XXII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Action with the Vengeance.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page128">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page128">Biographical Sketch of Thomas Truxtun</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page129">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Captain Truxtun, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 3, 1800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page130">Captain Thomas Truxtun to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 3, 1800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page130">Journal of Captain Truxtun of Occurrences on board the United + States Ship Constellation</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 1, 1800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page132">President John Adams to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 31, 1800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page132">John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 30, 1802</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text22">22</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIII">XXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Third President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page133">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page133">Biographical Sketch of John Reich</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page133">Biographical Sketch of Thomas Jefferson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text23">23</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIV">XXIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Naval operations against Tripoli.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page135">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page135">Biographical Sketch of Edward Preble</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page136">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commodore Preble</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 3, 1805</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page136">President Thomas Jefferson to Congress</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 20, 1805</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page137">Commodore Preble to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 18, 1804</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page150">R. Smith to George Harrison</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 26, 1805</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text24">24</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXV">XXV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Fourth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page151">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page152">Biographical Sketch of James Madison</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text25">25</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVI">XXVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Guerrière.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page153">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page153">Biographical Sketch of Isaac Hull</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page154">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Hull, Decatur, Jones, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 29, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page155">Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 21, 1812</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page157">Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 30, 1812</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page159">Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 30, 1812</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text26">26</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVII">XXVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Frolic.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page160">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page160">Biographical Sketch of Moritz Fürst</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page161">Biographical Sketch of Jacob Jones</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page161">Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 24, 1812</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text27">27</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVIII">XXVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Macedonian.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page163">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page163">Biographical Sketch of Stephen Decatur</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page164">Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 30, 1812</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelvii" name="pagelvii"></a>(p. lvii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text28">28</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIX">XXIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Java.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page166">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page166">Biographical Sketch of William Bainbridge</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page167">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Bainbridge, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 3, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page167">Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 3, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page168">Extract from Captain Bainbridge's Journal</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 30, 1812</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page170">H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 1, 1813</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text29">29</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE McCALL.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXX">XXX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page171">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page171">Biographical Sketch of Edward Rutledge McCall</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page172">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Lieutenants McCall. Burrows, + etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 6, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page172">Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 14, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page173">Lieutenant McCall to Captain Hull</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 7, 1813</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text30">30</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXI">XXXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page174">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page174">Biographical Sketch of William Burrows</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text31">31</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXII">XXXII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page176">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page176">Biographical Sketch of Oliver Hazard Perry</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page177">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Perry, Elliott, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 6, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page178">Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 10, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page178">Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 13, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page180">The Secretary of the Navy to George Harrison</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 4, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelviii" name="pagelviii"></a>(p. lviii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text32">32</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIII">XXXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page183">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page183">Biographical Sketch of Jesse Duncan Elliott</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text33">33</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIV">XXXIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Captain of the Peacock.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page185">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page185">Biographical Sketch of James Lawrence</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page186">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Lawrence, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 11, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page186">Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 19, 1813</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text34">34</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXV">XXXV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page189">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page189">Biographical Sketch of Thomas Macdonough</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page190">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Macdonough and + Henley, Lieutenant Cassin, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 20, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page190">Resolution of Congress Complimentary to Lieutenant Silas Duncan</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 13, 1826</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page191">Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 11, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page191">Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 13, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text35">35</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVI">XXXVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page193">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page194">Biographical Sketch of Robert Henley</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text36">36</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVII">XXXVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page195">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page196">Biographical Sketch of Stephen Cassin</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text37">37</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Épervier.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page197">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page197">Biographical Sketch of Lewis Warrington</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page198">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Warrington, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 21, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page198">Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 29, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text38">38</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIX">XXXIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Reindeer.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page200">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page201">Biographical Sketch of Johnston Blakeley</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page201">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Blakeley, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 3, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page201">Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 8, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelix" name="pagelix"></a>(p. lix)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text39">39</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXL">XL</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page203">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page203">Biographical Sketch of Jacob Brown</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page204">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Generals Brown, Scott, Porter, Gaines, Macomb, Ripley and Miller</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 3, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page205">General Brown to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 7, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page208">General Orders</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 6, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page208">General Brown to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page211">General Brown to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 29, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page214">General Brown to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 1, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text40">40</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLI">XLI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page215">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page215">Biographical Sketch of Peter Buel Porter</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page216">General Porter to General Brown</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 22, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text41">41</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER WHEELOCK RIPLEY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLII">XLII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page219">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page219">Biographical Sketch of Eleazer Wheelock Ripley</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page220">General Ripley to General Gaines</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 17, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text42">42</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIII">XLIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page223">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page223">Biographical Sketch of James Miller</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text43">43</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIV">XLIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page224">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page224">Biographical Sketch of Winfield Scott</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text44">44</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND PENDLETON GAINES.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLV">XLV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Erie.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page226">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page226">Biographical Sketch of Edmund Pendleton Gaines</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page227">General Gaines to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 15, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page227">General Gaines to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 23, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page231">General Gaines to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 26, 1814</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelx" name="pagelx"></a>(p. lx)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text45">45</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVI">XLVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Plattsburgh.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page233">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page233">Biographical Sketch of Alexander Macomb</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page234">General Macomb to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 15, 1814</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page237">Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to Martin J. Aitkin and others</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 20, 1826</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text46">46</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVII">XLVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of New Orleans.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page238">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page238">Biographical Sketch of Andrew Jackson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page239">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Jackson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 27, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page240">General Jackson to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 13, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page241">General Jackson to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 19, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page242">General Jackson's Farewell Address to his Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page243">Resolutions of Congress complimentary to Commodore D. T. + Patterson and others</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 15, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page244">Resolutions of Congress complimentary to the People of the State + of Louisiana, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 15, 1815</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text47">47</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVIII">XLVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page245">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page245">Biographical Sketch of Charles Stewart</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page246">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Stewart, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 22, 1816</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page246">Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May, 1815</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page247">Minutes of the Action between the Constitution, Cyane, and Levant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 20, 1815</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text48">48</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIX">XLIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Capture of the Penguin.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page249">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page249">Biographical Sketch of James Biddle</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page250">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Biddle, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 22, 1816</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page250">Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 25, 1815</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text49">49</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateL">L</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Fifth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page253">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page253">Biographical Sketch of James Monroe</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxi" name="pagelxi"></a>(p. lxi)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text50">50</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLI">LI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page254">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page254">Biographical Sketch of William Henry Harrison</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page255">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Harrison and + Governor Shelby, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 4, 1818</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page255">General Harrison to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 5, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page256">General Harrison to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 9, 1813</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page261">General Orders of Debarkation, of March, + and of Battle</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 27, 1813</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text51">51</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLII">LII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page265">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page265">Biographical Sketch of Isaac Shelby</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text52">52</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIII">LIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page266">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page266">Biographical Sketch of Bertrand Andrieu</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page267">Biographical Sketch of Raymond Gayrard</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page267">Treaty of Commerce with France</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 24, 1822</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text53">53</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIV">LIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Sixth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page270">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page270">Biographical Sketch of John Quincy Adams</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text54">54</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLV">LV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Seventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page271">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text55">55</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVI">LVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Defence of Fort Stephenson.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page272">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page272">Biographical Sketch of George Croghan</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page273">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to Colonel Croghan, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 13, 1835</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page273">Major Croghan to General Harrison</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 5, 1813</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxii" name="pagelxii"></a>(p. lxii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text56">56</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVII">LVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Eighth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page275">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page275">Biographical Sketch of Martin Van Buren</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text57">57</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVIII">LVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Tenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page276">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page276">Biographical Sketch of John Tyler</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page277">R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 2, 1841</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page278">J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 13, 1841</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page279">R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 17, 1842</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page279">D. Parker to R. M. Patterson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 21, 1842</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text58">58</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIX">LIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Eleventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page280">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page280">Biographical Sketch of James Knox Polk</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text59">59</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLX">LX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories on the Rio Grande.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page281">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page281">Biographical Sketch of Zachary Taylor</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page282">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to + General Taylor</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 16, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page282">General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 9, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page283">General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 9, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page284">General Order Congratulating the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 11, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page285">General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 16, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page287">The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 9, 1846</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page288">Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 12, 1846</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text60">60</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXI">LXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Taking of Monterey.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page290">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page290">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to General Taylor</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 2, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page291">General Taylor to the Adjutant-General + of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 9, 1846</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxiii" name="pagelxiii"></a>(p. lxiii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text61">61</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-WAR SOMERS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXII">LXII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>For Having Saved the Lives of Americans.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page299">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page299">Biographical Sketch of Charles Gushing Wright</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page300">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to British, French, and + Spanish Officers, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 3, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page300">Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. Perry</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 10, 1846</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text62">62</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIII">LXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Mexican Campaign.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page304">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page304">Biographical Sketch of Salathiel Ellis</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page304">Biographical Sketch of G. C. Humphries</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page305">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to + General Scott</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 9, 1848</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page305">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 12, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page307">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 23, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page309">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 29, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page310">Terms of Capitulation for the Surrender of Vera Cruz, etc.</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page311">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 19, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page314">General Orders No. 111</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 17, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page315">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 28, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page323">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 11, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page325">General Scott to the Secretary of War</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 18, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page334">General Orders No. 286</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September, 1847</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text63">63</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIV">LXIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victory of Buena Vista.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page336">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page336">Biographical Sketch of Frederick Augustus Smith</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page336">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to General Taylor</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 9, 1848</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page337">General Taylor to the Adjutant-General + of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 6, 1847</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page346">General Order Congratulating the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 26, 1847</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text64">64</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXV">LXV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Twelfth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page348">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text65">65</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVI">LXVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Thirteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page349">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page349">Biographical Sketch of Joseph Willson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page349">Biographical Sketch of Millard Fillmore</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxiv" name="pagelxiv"></a>(p. lxiv)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text66">66</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVII">LXVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Fourteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page351">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page351">Biographical Sketch of Franklin Pierce</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text67">67</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVIII">LXVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Release of Martin Coszta.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page352">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page353">Biographical Sketch of Seth Eastman</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page353">Biographical Sketch of P. F. Cross</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page353">Biographical Sketch of James Barton Longacre</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page353">Biographical Sketch of Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page353">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to Commander Ingraham</a></td> +<td colspan="2">August 4, 1854</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page354">Commander Ingraham to Commodore Stringham</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 6, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page355">Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 28, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page356">Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 29, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page356">Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 2, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page357">Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 2, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page357">S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 28, 1853</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page358">Enclosure from Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page359">Martin Coszta's Declaration of Intention</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 31, 1852</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page359">Agreement between the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul + of the United States of America</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 2, 1853</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text68">68</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIX">LXIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Fifteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page361">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page361">Biographical Sketch of James Buchanan</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text69">69</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXX">LXX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page362">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page362">Biographical Sketch of A. C. Paquet</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page363">Biographical Sketch of Frederick Henry Rose</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page363">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to Doctor Rose</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 11, 1858</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page364">Captain Sands to the Secretary of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 15, 1858</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text70">70</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXI">LXXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Sixteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page366">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page366">Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxv" name="pagelxv"></a>(p. lxv)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text71">71</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIIa">LXXII a</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page367">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td rowspan="2"><a href="#page367">Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals of Honor</a></td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page367">December 21, 1861</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page367">July 16, 1862</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text72">72</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIIb">LXXII b</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page368">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td rowspan="2"><a href="#page368">Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting Army Medals of Honor</a></td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page368">July 12, 1862</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page369">March 3, 1863</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text73">73</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIII">LXXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Victories of fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page370">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page371">Biographical Sketch of Antrobus</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page371">Biographical Sketch of Ulysses Simpson Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page371">Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal + to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 17, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page372">General Grant to General Cullum</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 16, 1862</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page374">General Buckner to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 16, 1862</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page374">General Grant to General Buckner</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 16, 1862</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page374">General Buckner to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 16, 1862</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page375">General Orders No. 2</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 17, 1862</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page375">General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 6, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page391">General Pemberton to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 3, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page392">General Grant to General Pemberton</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 3, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page392">General Grant to General Pemberton</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 3, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page393">General Pemberton to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 3, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page393">General Grant to General Pemberton</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 4, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page394">General Pemberton to General Grant</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 4, 1863</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page394">General Grant to the Assistant + Adjutant-General</a></td> +<td colspan="2">December 23, 1863</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text74">74</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIV">LXXIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page406">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page406">Biographical Sketch of Emanuel Leutze</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page407">Biographical Sketch of Cornelius Vanderbilt</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page407">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to Cornelius Vanderbilt</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 28, 1864</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page408">The Secretary of State to Cornelius Vanderbilt</a></td> +<td colspan="2">April 17, 1866</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page408">Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of State</a></td> +<td colspan="2">May 3, 1866</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text75">75</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXV">LXXV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Seventeenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page410">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page410">Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxvi" name="pagelxvi"></a>(p. lxvi)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text76">76</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVI">LXXVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Testimonial of National Gratitude.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page411">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page412">Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Creighton, + Low, and Stouffer</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 26, 1866</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page412">Major Wyse to the Adjutant General of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 14, 1854</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page414">Consolidated Morning Report, 3d Artillery</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 14, 1854</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page415">Colonel Gates to the Adjutant-General + of the Army</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 16, 1854</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td rowspan="2"><a href="#page416">Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay to Lieutenant Francis + Key Murray and others</a></td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page416">March 27, 1854</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#page417">August 5, 1854</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text77">77</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CYRUS WEST FIELD.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVII">LXXVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page418">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page419">Biographical Sketch of J. Goldsborough Bruff</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page419">Biographical Sketch of William Barber</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page419">Biographical Sketch of Cyrus West Field</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page419">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to Cyrus W. Field</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 2, 1867</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page420">The Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 7, 1869</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text78">78</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">GEORGE PEABODY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Promotion of Universal Education.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page421">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page422">Biographical Sketch of George Peabody</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page423">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to George Peabody</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 16, 1867</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page423">George Peabody's Gift for Southern Education</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 7, 1867</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page425">Action of the Trustees of the Peabody Gift</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 8, 1867</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page426">The Secretary of State to George Peabody</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 23, 1868</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page427">George Peabody to the Secretary of State</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 18, 1868</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page427">The Secretary of State to George Peabody</a></td> +<td colspan="2">October 7, 1868</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page428">George Peabody to the Secretary of State</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 6, 1869</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text79">79</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIX">LXXIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Eighteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page429">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text80">80</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXX">LXXX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Heroic Conduct.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page430">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page431">Biographical Sketch of George Foster Robinson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page431">Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal + to George F. Robinson</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 1, 1871</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page432">Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in Regard to George + F. Robinson</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxvii" name="pagelxvii"></a>(p. lxvii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text81">81</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXI">LXXXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Courage and Humanity.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page434">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page434">Biographical Sketch of Charles E. Barber</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page434">Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Crandall + and others</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 24, 1873</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page435">Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary + of the Navy</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 1, 1872</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page437">Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks + to Captain Ritchie</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 24, 1873</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text82">82</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CENTENNIAL MEDAL.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXII">LXXXII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page438">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page439">Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial Medals</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 16, 1874</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page439">Official Notice Promulgated by the Centennial + Board of Finance</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 24, 1875</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text83">83</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">CENTENNIAL MEDAL.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page440">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text84">84</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page441">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page442">Act of Congress Instituting Life Saving Medals</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 20, 1874</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page442">The Acting Secretary of the Treasury + to Lucien M. Clemons</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 30, 1876</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page443">The Acting Secretary of the Treasury + to James Martin</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 3, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page444">The Acting Secretary of the Treasury + to John Dean</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 3, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page444">Report of the United States Life-Saving + Service</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 30, 1876</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page447">The Secretary of the Treasury + to Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 30, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page448">The Secretary of the Treasury + to Carl Fosberg</a></td> +<td colspan="2">September 22, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page448">Report of the United States Life-Saving + Service</a></td> +<td colspan="2">November 29, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page452">The Secretary of the Treasury + to Philip C. Bleil</a></td> +<td colspan="2">January 15, 1878</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text85">85</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXV">LXXXV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page453">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page453">The Secretary of the Treasury + to John O. Philbrick</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 22, 1876</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page454">The Secretary of the Treasury to Henry M. Lee</a></td> +<td colspan="2">July 31, 1877</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page454">The Secretary of the Treasury + to Captain Charles H. Smith</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 12, 1878</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page455">The Secretary of the Treasury to Edward Nordall</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 12, 1878</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page456">The Secretary of the Treasury to Malachi Corbell</a></td> +<td colspan="2">March 12, 1878</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxviii" name="pagelxviii"></a>(p. lxviii)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text86">86</a></td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">JOHN HORN, JR.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-center">[<i>Heroic Exploits.</i>]</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page457">Description of Medal</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page457">Biographical Sketch of John Horn, Jr.</a></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page458">Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John Horn, Jr.</a></td> +<td colspan="2">June 20, 1874</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td><a href="#page458">John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field</a></td> +<td colspan="2">February 23, 1874</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h3>LIST OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagelxix" name="pagelxix"></a>(p. lxix)</span></h3> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Given or Referred to in the Introduction</span>.</h5> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="List of the original documents"> +<colgroup> + <col width="65%"> + <col width="25%"> + <col width="10%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="td-right"><i>Page.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Benjamin Franklin to the President of Congress</td> +<td class="td-right">March 4, 1780</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Colonel Humphreys to the President of Congress</td> +<td class="td-right">March 18, 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexii">xii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Colonel Humphreys to the Perpetual Secretary of the Royal + Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres of France</td> +<td class="td-right">March 14, 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Benjamin Franklin to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs</td> +<td class="td-right">May 10, 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Contract between Colonel Humphreys and M. Dupré for + Engraving the Medal of General Greene</td> +<td class="td-right">November 19, 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to the Secretary for Foreign + Affairs</td> +<td class="td-right">February 14, 1787</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Report of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs</td> +<td class="td-right">July 11, 1787</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">January 3, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexix">xix</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">February 13, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexx">xx</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">February 15, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>General Winfield Scott to the Secretary of War</td> +<td class="td-right">July 25, 1846</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">February 23, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Colonel Humphreys to the Printer of the American Museum + (Mr. Carey)</td> +<td class="td-right">November, 1787</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale + des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Contract between Colonel Humphreys and M. Dupré for + Engraving the Medal of General Greene</td> +<td class="td-right">November 19, 1785</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexli">xli</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale + des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexli">xli</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">Royale January 3, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">Royale February 13, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">February 15, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Explication des Peintures. Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de + l'Académie Royale, etc.</td> +<td class="td-right">1781 and 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>James Pollock to William L. Dayton</td> +<td class="td-right">November 22, 1861</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>William L. Dayton to the French Minister of Foreign + Affairs</td> +<td class="td-right">December 10, 1861</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Marquis de Banneville to W. L. Dayton</td> +<td class="td-right">January 17, 1862</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>William L. Dayton to the French Minister + of Foreign Affairs</td> +<td class="td-right">January 23, 1862</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré</td> +<td class="td-right">February 23, 1789</td> +<td class="td-right"><a href="#pagel">l</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>LIST OF PLATES.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="List of plates"> +<colgroup> + <col width="15%"> + <col width="45%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><i>Number of Plate.</i></td> +<td class="td-center"><i>Title of Medal.</i></td> +<td class="td-center"><i>Designer and Engraver.</i></td> +<td class="td-center"><i>Number of Text.</i></td> +<td class="td-center"><i>Page of Text.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateI">I</a></td> +<td colspan="2">GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Boston retaken.</i>]</span><br> +Georgio Washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm +adsertori libertatis Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Hostibus primo fugatis.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUVIVIER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text1">1</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page001">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateII">II</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.</i>]</span><br> +Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia Americana. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Salus regionum septentrional.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">N. GATTEAUX.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text2">2</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page008">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIII">III</a></td> +<td colspan="2">BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</span><br> +Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia Americana. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Stoney-Point expugnatum.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">GATTEAUX.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text3">3</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page014">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIV">IV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</span><br> +Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + Aggeres paludes hostes victi.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUVIVIER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text4">4</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page022">22</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateV">V</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR JOHN STEWART.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</span><br> +Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia Americana. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Stoney-Point oppugnatum.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">GATTEAUX.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text5">5</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page028">28</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVI">VI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR HENRY LEE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Surprise of Paulus Hook.</i>]</span><br> +Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto. Comitia + Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Non obstantib fluminibus + vallis, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">J. WRIGHT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text6">6</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page029">29</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVII">VII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, + ISAAC VAN WART.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of Major André.</i>]</span><br> +Fidelity. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vincit amor patriæ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text7">7</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page037">37</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateVIII">VIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</span><br> +Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia + Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Victoria libertatis + vindex.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text8">8</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page040">40</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateIX">IX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM + AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</span><br> +Gulielmo Washington legionis equit. + præfecto Comitia American. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Quod + parva militum manu, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUVIVIER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text9">9</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page046">46</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateX">X</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN + EAGER HOWARD.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</span><br> +Joh. Egar. Howard legionis peditum + præfecto Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Quod + in nutantem hostium aciem, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUVIVIER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text10">10</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page048">48</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXI">XI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Eutaw Springs</i>.]</span><br> +Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia + Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Salus regionum + australium.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text11">11</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page050">50</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXII">XII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED + STATES OF AMERICA BY THE + UNITED NETHERLANDS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Libera Soror.</i>]</span><br> +Libera soror. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Tyrannis virtute + repulsa.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">I. G. HOLTZHEY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text12">12</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page057">57</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXIII">XIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE + BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES + OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED + NETHERLANDS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Faustissimo Foedere Junctæ.</i>]</span><br> +Faustissimo foedere junctæ. die VII Octob. + MDCCLXXXII. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Justitiam et non + temnere divos.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">I. G. HOLTZHEY.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text13">13</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page074">74</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXIV">XIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIBERTAS AMERICANA.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and at Yorktown</i>.]</span><br> +Libertas Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Non sine diis + animosus infans.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text14">14</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page086">86</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXV">XV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.<br> +Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">AUG. DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text16">16</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page095">95</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXVII">XVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Serapis.</i>]</span><br> +Joanni Paulo Jones classis præfecto. + Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Hostium + navibus captis aut fugatis.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text17">17</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page097">97</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXVIII">XVIII</a><br><a href="#plateXIX">XIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>First President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +George Washington President. 1792.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text18">18</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page113">113</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXX">XX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.<br> +To peace and commerce. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. The United + States of America.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">DUPRÉ.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text19">19</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXI">XXI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Second President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +John Adams President of the U.S. A.D. 1797. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text20">20</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page127">127</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXII">XXII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Action with the Vengeance.</i>]</span><br> +Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. United States frigate Constellation of + 38 guns, &c.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text21">21</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page128">128</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIII">XXIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Third President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D. + 1801. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">REICH.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text22">22</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIV">XXIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Naval operations against Tripoli.</i>]</span><br> +Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia + Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vindici commercii + Americani.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">REICH.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text23">23</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page135">135</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXV">XXV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Fourth President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +James Madison President of the U.S.A. + D. 1809. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">REICH.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text24">24</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page151">151</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVI">XXVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Guerrière.</i>]</span><br> +Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul. + MDCCCXII Aug. certamine fortes. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + Horæ momento victoria.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">REICH.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text25">25</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page153">153</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVII">XXVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Frolic.</i>]</span><br> +Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Victoriam hosti majori celerrime + rapuit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text26">26</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page160">160</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXVIII">XXVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Macedonian.</i>]</span><br> +Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis + pluribus, victor. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Occidit signum + hostile sidera surgunt.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text27">27</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page163">163</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXIX">XXIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Java.</i>]</span><br> +Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque + laudatus. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pugnando.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text28">28</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page166">166</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXX">XXX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE McCALL.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</span><br> +Edward R. McCall navis Enterprise + præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + Vivere sat vincere.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text29">29</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page171">171</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXI">XXXI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</span><br> +Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ mæstam. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + Vivere sat vincere.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text30">30</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page174">174</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXII">XXXII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</span><br> +Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense. + classim totam contudit. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Viam invenit + virtus aut facit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text31">31</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page176">176</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIII">XXXIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</span><br> +Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid + superesset agendum. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Viam invenit + virtus aut facit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text32">32</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page183">183</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIV">XXXIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Peacock.</i>]</span><br> +Jac. Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro + patria mori. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Mansuetud. maj. quam + victoria.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text33">33</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page185">185</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXV">XXXV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</span><br> +Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas. + Reg. Brit. superavit. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno latere + percusso. alterum impavide vertit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text34">34</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page189">189</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVI">XXXVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</span><br> +Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu. per + æternit. florebit. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno latere percusso. + alterum impavide vertit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text35">35</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page193">193</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVII">XXXVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</span><br> +Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ + regio in terris nos. non plena lab. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno + latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text36">36</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page195">195</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Épervier.</i>]</span><br> +Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pro patria paratus aut vincere aut mori.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text37">37</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page197">197</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXXXIX">XXXIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Reindeer.</i>.]</span><br> +Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav. + Wasp dux. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Eheu! bis victor patria + tua te luget plauditq.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text38">38</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page200">200</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXL">XL</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>.]</span><br> +Major General Jacob Brown. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text39">39</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page203">203</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLI">XLI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>.]</span><br> +Major General Peter B. Porter. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text40">40</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page215">215</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLII">XLII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER WHEELOCK RIPLEY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>.]</span><br> +Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress Novemb. 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text41">41</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page219">219</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIII">XLIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>.]</span><br> +Brigadier Genl. James Miller. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text42">42</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page223">223</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIV">XLIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Winfield Scott. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814. etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text43">43</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page224">224</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLV">XLV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND P. GAINES.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Erie.</i>.]</span><br> +Major General Edmund P. Gaines. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text44">44</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page226">226</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVI">XLVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Plattsburgh.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Alexander Macomb. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress November 3. 1814.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text45">45</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page233">233</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVII">XLVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of New Orleans.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Andrew Jackson. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress February 27. 1815.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text46">46</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page238">238</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLVIII">XLVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.</i>]</span><br> +Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution dux. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Una victoriam eripuit ratibus binis.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text47">47</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page245">245</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateXLIX">XLIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Capture of the Penguin.</i>]</span><br> +The Congress of the U.S. to Capt. James + Biddle. etc. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Capture of the British ship + Penguin by the U.S. ship Hornet.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text48">48</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page249">249</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateL">L</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Fifth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +James Monroe President of the U.S.A. D. + 1817. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text49">49</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page253">253</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLI">LI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</span><br> +Major General William H. Harrison. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress April 4. 1818.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text50">50</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page254">254</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLII">LII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</span><br> +Governor Isaac Shelby. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Battle of the + Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text51">51</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page265">265</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIII">LIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.<br> +Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Gallia. + et. America. foederata.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">ANDRIEU.<br>GAYRARD.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text52">52</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page266">266</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIV">LIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Sixth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +John Quincy Adams President of the United + States 1825. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text53">53</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page270">270</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLV">LV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Seventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +Andrew Jackson President of the United States + A.D. 1829. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text54">54</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page271">271</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVI">LVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Defence of Fort Stephenson.</i>]</span><br> +Presented by Congress to Colonel George + Croghan 1835. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pars magna fuit.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text55">55</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page272">272</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVII">LVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Eighth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +Martin Van Buren President of the United States + A.D. 1837. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">FÜRST.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text56">56</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page275">275</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLVIII">LVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Tenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +John Tyler, President of the United States. + 1841. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text57">57</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page276">276</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLIX">LIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Eleventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +James K. Polk President of the United States. + 1845. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PEALE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text58">58</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page280">280</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLX">LX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories on the Rio Grande.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Zachary Taylor. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress July 16th 1846, etc.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text59">59</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page281">281</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXI">LXI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Taking of Monterey.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Zachary Taylor. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution + of Congress March 2nd 1847, etc.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text60">60</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page290">290</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXII">LXII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OR-WAR SOMERS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>For Having Saved the Lives of Americans</i>.]</span><br> +Somers navis Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pro vitis + Americanorum conservatis.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">C. C. WRIGHT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text61">61</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page299">299</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIII">LXIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Mexican Campaign</i>.]</span><br> +Major General Winfield Scott. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo. Contreras, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.<br>G. C. HUMPHRIES.<br>C. C. WRIGHT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text62">62</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page394">394</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIV">LXIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victory of Buena Vista.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Buena Vista Feb. 22 & 23, 1847.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.<br>F. A. SMITH.<br>C. C. WRIGHT.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text63">63</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page336">336</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXV">LXV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Twelfth President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +Zachary Taylor President of the United + States 1849. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and friendship.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">F. PEALE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text64">64</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page348">348</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVI">LXVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Thirteenth President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +Millard Fillmore President of the United States +1850. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Labor virtue honor.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.<br>J. WILLSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text65">65</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page349">349</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVII">LXVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Fourteenth President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +Franklin Pierce, President of the United + States. 1853. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Labor virute honor.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.<br>J. WILLSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text66">66</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page351">351</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXVIII">LXVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Release of Martin Coszta</i>.]</span><br> +Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis. + Austrian brig of war Hussar. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + Presented by the President of the + United States to Commander Duncan N. + Ingraham, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. EASTMAN.<br>P. F. CROSS.<br>J. B. LONGACRE.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text67">67</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page352">352</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXIX">LXIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Fifteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +James Buchanan, President of the United + States 1857. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Labor virtue honor.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.<br>J. WILLSON.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text68">68</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page361">361</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXX">LXX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.</i>]</span><br> +James Buchanan, President of the United + States. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. To Dr. +Frederick Rose, Assistant + Surgeon, Royal Navy, G.B.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text69">69</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page362">362</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXI">LXXI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Sixteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +Abraham Lincoln, President of the United + States 1862.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">S. ELLIS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text70">70</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page366">366</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIIa">LXXIIa</a></td> +<td colspan="2">NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text71">71</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page367">367</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIIb">LXXIIb</a></td> +<td colspan="2">ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text72">72</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page368">368</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIII">LXXIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.</i>]</span><br> +Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Joint Resolution + of Congress December 17. 1863. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Donelson, Vicksburg, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">ANTROBUS.<br>PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text73">73</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page370">370</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIV">LXXIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.</i>]</span><br> +A grateful country to her generous son + Cornelius Vanderbilt. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Bis dat qui tempori + dat. 1865.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">LEUTZE.<br>S. ELLIS.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text74">74</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page406">406</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXV">LXXV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Seventeenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</span><br> +Andrew Johnson, President of the United + States. 1865. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text75">75</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page410">410</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVI">LXXVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Testimonial of National Gratitude.</i>]</span><br> +By joint resolution of Congress to the + rescuers of the passengers officers and + men of steamship San Francisco, etc. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. July 26 1866.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text75">75</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page410">410</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVII">LXXVII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CYRUS WEST FIELD.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable</i>.]</span><br> +Honor and fame are the reward. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. By + resolution of the Congress of the United + States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, + of New York, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">J. G. BRUFF.<br>BARBER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text77">77</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page418">418</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">GEORGE PEABODY.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Promotion of Universal Education</i>.]</span><br> +<span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. The people of the United States to + George Peabody, etc.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text78">78</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page421">421</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXIX">LXXIX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Eighteenth President of the United States of America</i>.]</span><br> +United States of America. Liberty justice + and equality "Let us have peace." <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. + On earth peace good will toward men.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text79">79</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page429">429</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXX">LXXX</a></td> +<td colspan="2">GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Heroic Conduct.</i>]</span><br> +To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the + Congress of the United States, March 1, + 1871.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">G. Y. COFFIN.<br>PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text80">80</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page430">430</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXI">LXXXI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Courage and Humanity.</i>]</span><br> +By Resolution of Congress February 24, + 1873.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">W. & C. BARBER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text81">81</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page434">434</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXII">LXXXII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CENTENNIAL MEDAL.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence</i>.]</span><br> +These United Colonies are, and of right + ought to be, free and independent States. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. In commemoration of the hundredth + anniversary.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">W. BARBER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text82">82</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page438">438</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></td> +<td colspan="2">CENTENNIAL MEDAL.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence</i>.]</span><br> +These United Colonies are, and of right + ought to be, free and independent + States. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. By authority of the + Congress, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">W. BARBER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text83">83</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page440">440</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea</i>.]</span><br> +Life Saving medal of the first class. + United States of America. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. In + testimony of heroic deeds, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text84">84</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page441">441</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXV">LXXXV</a></td> +<td colspan="2">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea</i>.]</span><br> +Life Saving medal of the second class. + United States of America. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. In testimony + of heroic deeds, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">PAQUET.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text85">85</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page453">453</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#plateLXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></td> +<td colspan="2">JOHN HORN, JR.<br> +<span class="add2em">[<i>Heroic Exploits.</i>]</span><br> +John Horn, Jr. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. By Act of Congress + June 20th 1874. In recognition of his + heroic exploits, etc.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="td-right">C. BARBER.</td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#text86">86</a></td> +<td class="td-center"><a href="#page457">457</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h2>THE MEDALLIC HISTORY <span class="pagenum"><a id="page001" name="page001"></a>(p. 001)</span><br> + +OF<br> + +THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.<br> + +1776-1876.</h2> + +<p> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateI" name="plateI"><strong>Plate I.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text1" name="text1"><strong>No. 1.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 17, 1776.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center"> + Georgio Washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm adsertori libertatis + Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>.<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26">[26]</a> Hostibus primo fugatis. +</p> + +<h4>GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Boston retaken.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">GEORGIO WASHINGTON SVPREMO DVCI EXERCITVVM ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS +COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American Congress to George Washington, +commander-in-chief of the armies, the assertor of liberty.</i>) Undraped +bust of General Washington, facing the right. <span class="smcap">Duvivier. Paris. F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">HOSTIBUS PRIMO FUGATIS. (<i>The enemy put to flight for the first +time.</i>) To the left, General Washington on horseback, surrounded by +his staff, points toward the British fleet, which is leaving Boston. +The American army, in battle array in front of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page002" name="page002"></a>(p. 002)</span> its +intrenchments, makes ready to occupy the city. Exergue: BOSTONIUM +RECUPERATUM XVII MARTII MDCCLXXVI. (<i>Boston retaken, March 17, 1776</i>.) +On a cannon, <span class="smcap">duviv.</span> (<i>Duvivier</i>).<a id="footnotetag27" name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate001" name="plate001"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate001b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 001b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate001a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 001a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">Although this medal was the first one voted by Congress, it was not +struck until after that of the Chevalier de Fleury, which was voted +three years later. Its designs, and those of the medals awarded to +General Horatio Gates for Saratoga, General Nathaniel Greene for Eutaw +Springs, General Daniel Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonels William Augustine +Washington and John Eager Howard for the Cowpens, General Anthony +Wayne and Major John Stewart for Stony Point, and Captain John Paul +Jones for the capture of the Serapis, were composed by commissioners +appointed by the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, at +the request of Colonel David Humphreys and of Mr. Jefferson. The +legend of the reverse of the General Washington medal, as originally +proposed, was <span class="smcap">hostibus</span> or <span class="smcap">anglis primum fugatis</span>. Several of the medals +are treated of at length in the Introduction, to which, to avoid +repetition, the reader is referred.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Pierre Simon Duvivier</span> was born in Paris, November 5, 1731. He was the +son of Jean Duvivier, a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and +Sculpture, and the grandson of Jean Duvivier, known as Duvivier "<i>le +père</i>," the first of this distinguished family of medal engravers, who +lived in Liège at the beginning of the 17th century. Pierre Simon +Duvivier was engraver-general of the Paris Mint prior to 1793, and +executed medals of many eminent persons. America is indebted to him +for those of General Washington, Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, +Lieutenant-Colonel William Augustine Washington, and +Lieutenant-Colonel John Eager Howard. He was a member of the Academy +of Fine Arts, and died June 10, 1819.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">George Washington</span> was born near Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, +Virginia, February 22, 1732. He lost his father when but ten years of +age, and in 1752, in consequence of the death of his elder brother, +came into possession of the estate of Mount Vernon, on the Potomac +River, and other property. The same year he received a commission as +major of militia, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page003" name="page003"></a>(p. 003)</span> and in 1755 became colonel and aid-de-camp +to General Braddock. On the death of that officer in the disastrous +march against Fort Duquesne, Washington conducted the retreat, and was +shortly afterward appointed commander of the Virginia troops. In 1774 +he was elected member of the first Continental Congress, held in +Philadelphia, and in the following year was appointed +commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, taking command of the +forces at Cambridge, July 3, 1775. On March 17, 1776, he compelled the +British forces to evacuate Boston, for which Congress gave him a vote +of thanks and a gold medal. He was commander-in-chief throughout the +War of Independence, and resigned his commission as such, December 23, +1783, when he retired to Mount Vernon. He was delegate from Virginia +to the National Convention which met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to +frame the Constitution of the United States, and was chosen its +president. He was afterward unanimously elected first President of the +United States, and was inaugurated in New York city, April 30, 1789. +He was re-elected, and inaugurated a second time, March 4, 1793; +refused a third term of office, and issued a farewell address, +September 17, 1796. When a war with France was expected, in 1797, he +was re-appointed commander-in-chief. General Washington died at Mount +Vernon, December 14, 1799.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Washington.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In Congress</span>.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of this Congress, in their own name, + and in the name of the thirteen United Colonies, whom they + represent, be presented to His Excellency General Washington, and + the officers and soldiers under his command, for their wise and + spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston; and that + a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great event, + and presented to His Excellency; and that a committee of + three<a id="footnotetag28" name="footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28">[28]</a> be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks and a proper + device for the medal.</p> + +<p>Monday, March 25, 1776.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page004" name="page004"></a>(p. 004)</span> Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">John Hancock</span>, Esq.<br> +<span class="add4em">President of Congress.</span><br> +<span class="smcap col60">Headquarters, Cambridge</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap col60">March 19, 1776.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It is with the greatest pleasure I inform you that, on + Sunday last, the seventeenth instant, about nine o'clock in the + forenoon, the ministerial army evacuated the town of Boston, and + that the forces of the United Colonies are now in actual + possession thereof. I beg leave to congratulate you, Sir, and the + honourable Congress, on this happy event, and particularly as it + was effected without endangering the lives and property of the + remaining unhappy inhabitants.</p> + +<p>I have great reason to imagine their flight was precipitated by + the appearance of a work which I had ordered to be thrown up last + Saturday night on an eminence at Dorchester, which lay nearest to + Boston Neck, called Nook's Hill.</p> + +<p>The town, although it has suffered greatly, is not in so bad a + state as I expected to find it; and I have a particular pleasure + in being able to inform you, Sir, that your house has received no + damage worth mentioning. Your furniture is in tolerable order, + and the family pictures are all left entire and untouched. + Captain Cazeneau takes charge of the whole until he shall receive + further orders from you.</p> + +<p>As soon as the ministerial troops had quitted the town, I ordered + a thousand men (who had had the small-pox), under command of + General Putnam, to take possession of the heights, which I shall + endeavour to fortify in such a manner as to prevent their return, + should they attempt it. But as they are still in the harbour, I + thought it not prudent to march off with the main body of the + army until I should be fully satisfied they had quitted the + coast. I have, therefore, only detached five regiments, besides + the rifle battalion, to New York, and shall keep the remainder + here till all suspicion of their return ceases.</p> + +<p>The situation in which I found their works evidently discovered + that their retreat was made with the greatest precipitation. They + have left their barracks, and other works of wood at Bunker Hill, + &c., all standing, and have destroyed but a small part of their + lines. They have also left a number of fine pieces of cannon + which they first spiked up, also a very large iron mortar, and, + as I am informed, they have thrown another over the end of your + wharf. I have employed proper persons to drill the cannon, and + doubt not I shall save the most of them. I am not yet able to + procure an exact list of all the stores they have left. As soon + as it can be done, I shall take care to transmit it to you. From + an estimate of what the quartermaster-general has already + discovered, the amount will be twenty-five or thirty thousand + pounds.</p> + +<p>Part of the powder mentioned in yours of the sixth instant has + already arrived. The remainder I have ordered to be stopped on + the road, as we shall have no occasion for it here. The letter to + General Thomas I immediately sent to him. He desired leave for + three or four days to settle some of his private affairs, after + which he will set out for his command in Canada. I am happy that + my conduct in intercepting Lord Drummond's letter is approved of + by Congress.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page005" name="page005"></a>(p. 005)</span> +President of Congress to General Washington.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> + <span class="smcap add2em">General Washington</span>.<br> +<span class="smcap col60">Philadelphia</span>, April 2, 1776.<br></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It gives me the most sensible pleasure to convey to you, by + order of Congress, the only tribute which a free people will ever + consent to pay—the tribute of thanks and gratitude to their + friends and benefactors. The disinterested and patriotic + principles which led you to the field have also led you to glory; + and it affords no little consolation to your countrymen to + reflect that, as a peculiar greatness of mind induced you to + decline any compensation for serving them, except the pleasure of + promoting their happiness, they may, without your permission, + bestow upon you the largest share of their affections and esteem.</p> + +<p>Those pages in the annals of America will record your title to a + conspicuous place in the temple of fame which shall inform + posterity that, under your direction, an undisciplined band of + husbandmen, in the course of a few months, became soldiers; and + that the desolation meditated against the country by a brave army + of veterans, commanded by the most experienced generals, but + employed by bad men in the worst of causes, was, by the fortitude + of your troops, and the address of their officers, next to the + kind interposition of Providence, confined for near a year within + such narrow limits as scarcely to admit more room than was + necessary for the encampments and fortifications they lately + abandoned. Accept, therefore, Sir, the thanks of the United + Colonies, unanimously declared by their delegates to be due to + you and the brave officers and troops under your command; and be + pleased to communicate to them this distinguished mark of the + approbation of their country. The Congress have ordered a golden + medal, adapted to the occasion, to be struck, and, when finished, + to be presented to you.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with every sentiment of esteem, Sir, + your most obedient and very humble servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John Hancock</span>, President.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Adams to General Washington.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To<br> +<span class="smcap add2em">General Washington</span>.<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, April 2, 1776.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I congratulate you, as well as all the friends of mankind, + in the reduction of Boston, an event which appeared to me of so + great and decisive importance, that, the next morning after the + arrival of the news, I did myself the honour to move for the + thanks of Congress to Your Excellency, and that a medal of gold + should be struck in commemoration of it. Congress have been + pleased to appoint me, with two other gentlemen, to prepare a + device. I should be very happy to have Your Excellency's + sentiments concerning a proper one.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your most + obedient and affectionate servant,</p> +<p class="col60 smcap">John Adams.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page006" name="page006"></a>(p. 006)</span> +Washington to John Adams.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, April 15, 1776.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Adams</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">In Congress.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I am impressed with the deepest gratitude for the high + honour intended me by Congress. Whatever devices may be + determined upon by the respectable committee they have chosen for + that purpose will be highly agreeable to me.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, most respectfully, Sir, your most + obedient and affectionate humble servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Colonel Humphreys to General Washington.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, May, 1785.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General Washington</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear General</span>: Upon leaving America Mr. Morris invested me with + the power of procuring the several honourary presents which have + been voted by Congress to different officers in their service + during the late war. The Royal Academy of Inscriptions and + Belles-Lettres, to whom I addressed a letter on the subject, have + furnished me with the following device and inscriptions for the + gold medal which is to be executed for Your Excellency:</p> + +<p>"On one side, the head of the general. Legend: '<span class="smcap">georgio + washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori libertatis comitia + americana</span>.' On the reverse: Taking possession of Boston. The + American army advances in good order toward the town, which is + seen at a distance, while the British army flies with + precipitation toward the shore, to embark on board the vessels, + with which the harbour is covered. In the front of the American + army appears the general on horseback, in a group of officers, + whom he seems to make observe the flight of the enemy. Legend: + '<span class="smcap">hostibus primo fugatis</span>.' Exergue: '<span class="smcap">bostonium recuperatum die + xvii martii, mdcclxxvi</span>.'"</p> + +<p>I think it has the character of simplicity and dignity which is + to be aimed at in a memorial of this kind, which is designed to + transmit the remembrance of a great event to posterity. You + really do not know how much your name is venerated on this side + of the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, my dear General, your sincere friend and + humble servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">D. Humphreys</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="col60 smcap">London</span>, January 30, 1786.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: Gatteaux, the engraver, lives in the street St. Thomas + du Louvre, opposite the Treasury of the Duke de Chartres.</p> + +<p>Now <span class="pagenum"><a id="page007" name="page007"></a>(p. 007)</span> that there is no obstacle to commencing the medal + for General Washington, since Houdon's return, I could wish, + should it not be giving you too much trouble, that you would send + for Duvivier, who lives in the old Louvre, and propose to him + undertaking it upon exactly the terms he had offered, which, I + think, were 2,400 livres, besides the gold and expense of + coinage. If he should not choose it, we must let it rest until + Dupré shall have finished General Greene's. Gatteaux has a paper + on which is the description of General Washington's medal.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">D. Humphreys</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, May 7, 1786.<br> +To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel Humphreys</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">London.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have received the books and papers you mention, and + will undertake to have finished what you left undone of the + medals, or, at least, will proceed in it till the matter shall be + put into better hands.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, dear Sir, your friend and servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page008" name="page008"></a>(p. 008)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateII" name="plateII"><strong>Plate II.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text2" name="text2"><strong>No. 2.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 17, 1777.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center"> + Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Salus regionum septentrional. +</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American Congress +to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.</i>) Bust of General Gates, in +uniform, facing the left. <span class="smcap">N. GATTEAUX</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (<i>Salus regionum septentrionalium: The +safety of the northern regions.</i>) Lieutenant-General Burgoyne is +surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the background, on the +left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are grounding their arms +and standards. On the right is the victorious American army, in order +of battle, with colors flying.<a id="footnotetag29" name="footnotetag29"></a><a href="#footnote29">[29]</a> Exergue: HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN +DEDITION. (<i>deditionem</i>) ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (<i>Octobris</i>) +MDCCLXXVII. (<i>The enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of +October, 1777.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">GATTEAUX, F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag30" name="footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30">[30]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate002" name="plate002"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate002b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 002b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate002a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 002a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page009" name="page009"></a>(p. 009)</span> legend of the obverse of this medal, originally proposed +by the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was <span class="smcap">horatio +gates duci provido comitia americana</span>; and that of the reverse, <span class="smcap">salus +provinciarum septentrionalium</span>.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Nicolas Marie Gatteaux</span> was born in Paris, August 2, 1751, and in the +latter part of the reign of Louis XVI. was appointed engraver of +medals to the king. During the French Revolution he was intrusted with +the execution of various works of art for different branches of the +public service. The process followed in the printing of assignats, of +bills of exchange, and of lottery tickets, as well as the +printing-press which works at the same time with the dry and wet +stamp, were his inventions. He designed and engraved a number of +medals representing eminent persons, or important events of the +period, including three relating to the War of Independence, viz., +those of General Gates, General Wayne, and Major John Stewart He died +in Paris, June 24, 1832.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Horatio Gates</span> was born in Malden, England, in 1728. He entered the +British army when young, and served under General Lord Cornwallis in +Nova Scotia, and afterward under General Braddock in his campaign +against Fort Duquesne, but, being severely wounded during the retreat, +left the army and settled in Virginia. Having received a commission as +adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier, he accompanied +Washington to Cambridge in July, 1775. While commander-in-chief of the +northern army, he defeated General John Burgoyne at Stillwater, +September 17, 1777, and received his surrender at Saratoga on the 17th +of October following, for which most important achievement Congress +gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.<a id="footnotetag31" name="footnotetag31"></a><a href="#footnote31">[31]</a> He was appointed +commander-in-chief of the southern department in June, 1780, but, +being defeated shortly afterward at Camden, on the 16th of August, he +was superseded by General Greene. During the remainder of the war he +played no prominent part, and, at the conclusion of peace, retired to +his estate, in Virginia. In 1790 he removed to New York city, where he +died, April 10, 1806.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page010" name="page010"></a>(p. 010)</span></h4> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Gates.</i></p> + +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">in Congress</span>.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in +behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented +to Major-General Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern department, +and to Major-Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers +and troops under his command, for their brave and successful efforts +in support of the independence of their country, whereby an army of +the enemy, of ten thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large +detachment of it, strongly posted and intrenched, having been +conquered at Bennington; another repulsed with loss and disgrace from +Fort Schuyler; and the main army of six thousand men, under +Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, after being beaten in different actions, +and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments, reduced to +the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and +advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of October last, to +Major-General Gates; and that a medal of gold be struck, under the +direction of the Board of War, in commemoration of this great event, +and in the name of these United States presented by the President to +Major-General Gates.</p> + +<p>Tuesday, November 4, 1777.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Gates to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p>To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Hancock</span>, Esq., +<span class="col40 smcap">Camp Saratoga</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">President of Congress.</span> +<span class="col40 smcap">October 18, 1777.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the satisfaction to present Your Excellency with the + convention of Saratoga, by which His Excellency + Lieutenant-General Burgoyne has surrendered himself and his whole + army into my hands, and they are now upon their march for Boston. + This signal and important event is the more glorious, as it was + effected with so little loss to the army of the United States.</p> + +<p>This letter will be presented to Your Excellency by my + adjutant-general, Colonel Wilkinson, to whom I must beg leave to + refer Your Excellency for the particulars that brought this great + business to so happy and fortunate a conclusion.</p> + +<p>I desire to be permitted to recommend this gallant officer in the + warmest manner to Congress, and entreat that he may be continued + in his present office, with the brevet of a brigadier-general.</p> + +<p>The honourable Congress will believe me when I assure them that, + from the beginning of this war, I have not met with a more + promising military genius than Colonel Wilkinson, and whose + services have been of the greatest importance to this army.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Horatio Gates</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Articles <span class="pagenum"><a id="page011" name="page011"></a>(p. 011)</span> of Convention between Major-General Gates and +Lieutenant-General Burgoyne.</i></p> + +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<p>The troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march out of their +camp, with the honours of war and the artillery of the intrenchments, +to the verge of the river, where the old fort stood, where the arms +and artillery are to be left, the arms to be piled by word of command +from their own officers.</p> + +<p class="center">II.</p> + +<p>A free passage to be granted to the army under Lieutenant-General +Burgoyne to Great Britain, on condition of not serving again in North +America during the present contest; and the port of Boston is assigned +for the entry of transports to receive the troops whensoever General +Howe shall so order.</p> + +<p class="center">III.</p> + +<p>Should any cartel take place by which the army under General Burgoyne, +or any part of it, may be exchanged, the foregoing article to be void, +as far as such exchange be made.</p> + +<p class="center">IV.</p> + +<p>The army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march to Massachusetts +Bay by the easiest, most expeditious and convenient route, and to be +quartered in, near, or as convenient as possible to, Boston, that the +march of the troops may not be delayed when transports arrive to +receive them.</p> + +<p class="center">V.</p> + +<p>The troops to be supplied, on their march and during their being in +quarters, with provisions, by General Gates's orders, at the same rate +of rations as the troops of his own army; and, if possible, the +officers' horses and cattle are to be supplied with forage at the +usual rates.</p> + +<p class="center">VI.</p> + +<p>All officers to retain their carriages, bathorses, and other cattle, +and no baggage to be molested or searched, Lieutenant-General Burgoyne +giving his honour that there are no public stores secreted therein. +Major-General Gates will, of course, take the necessary measures for +the due performance of this article. Should any carriages be wanted, +during the march, for the transportation of officers' baggage, they +are, if possible, to be supplied by the country at the usual rates.</p> + +<p class="center">VII.</p> + +<p>Upon the march, and during the time the army shall remain in quarters +in Massachusetts Bay, the officers are not, as far as circumstances +admit, to be separated from their men. The officers are to be +quartered according to rank, and are not to be hindered from +assembling their men for roll-call, and other necessary purposes of +regularity.</p> + +<p class="center">VIII. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page012" name="page012"></a>(p. 012)</span></p> + +<p>All corps whatsoever of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's army, whether +composed of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent +companies, and followers of the army, of whatever country, shall be +included in the fullest sense and the utmost extent of the above +articles, and comprehended in every respect as British subjects.</p> + +<p class="center">IX.</p> + +<p>All Canadians and persons belonging to the Canadian establishment, +consisting of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent +companies, and many other followers of the army, who come under no +particular description, are to be permitted to return there; they are +to be conducted immediately, by the shortest route, to the first +British post on Lake George, are to be supplied with provisions in the +same manner as the other troops, and are to be bound by the same +condition of not serving during the present contest in North America.</p> + +<p class="center">X.</p> + +<p>Passports to be immediately granted for three officers, not exceeding +the rank of captains, who shall be appointed by Lieutenant-General +Burgoyne to carry despatches to Sir William Howe, Sir Guy Carleton, +and to Great Britain, by the way of New York; and Major-General Gates +engages the public faith that these despatches shall not be opened. +These officers are to set out immediately after receiving their +despatches, and are to travel the shortest route and in the most +expeditious manner.</p> + +<p class="center">XI.</p> + +<p>During the stay of the troops in Massachusetts Bay the officers are to +be admitted on parole, and are to be allowed to wear their side arms.</p> + +<p class="center">XII.</p> + +<p class="tit-center">Should the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne find it necessary to +send for their clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are +permitted to do it in the most convenient manner, and the necessary +passports granted for that purpose.</p> + +<p class="center">XIII.</p> + +<p>These articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow +morning at nine o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant-General +Burgoyne are to march out of their intrenchments at three o'clock in +the afternoon.</p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Horatio Gates</span>, Major-General.<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">J. Burgoyne</span>, Lieutenant-General.<br> +<span class="smcap">Saratoga</span>, October 16, 1777.</p> + +<p>To prevent any doubts that might arise from Lieutenant-General +Burgoyne's name not being mentioned in the above treaty, Major-General +Gates hereby declares that he is understood to be comprehended in it +as fully as if his name had been specifically mentioned.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">Horatio Gates.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas <span class="pagenum"><a id="page013" name="page013"></a>(p. 013)</span> Jefferson +to Colonel Humphreys.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, December 4, 1785.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Colonel Humphreys</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">London.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I inclose a letter from Gatteaux, observing that there + will be an anachronism if, in making a medal to commemorate the + victory of Saratoga, he puts on General Gates the insignia of the + Cincinnati, which did not exist at that date. I wrote him, in + answer, that I thought so, too, but that you had the direction of + the business; that you were now in London; that I would write to + you, and probably should have an answer within a fortnight; and + that, in the mean time, he could be employed on other parts of + the die. I supposed you might not have observed on the print of + General Gates the insignia of the Cincinnati, or did not mean + that that particular should be copied. Another reason against it + strikes me: Congress have studiously avoided giving to the public + their sense of this institution. Should medals be prepared to be + presented from them to certain officers, and bearing on them the + insignia of the order, as the presenting them would involve an + approbation of the institution, a previous question would be + forced on them, whether they would present these medals. I am of + opinion it would be very disagreeable to them to be placed under + the necessity of making this declaration. Be so good as to let me + know your wishes on this subject by the first post, and be + assured of the esteem with which I am, dear Sir, your friend and + servant,</p> +<p class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">London</span>, Leicester Square, No. 18.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have been honoured with your favour of December 4th, + and on the subject of Gatteaux' application take the liberty to + inform you that I never had an idea of his engraving the insignia + of the Cincinnati. I clearly see the impropriety of it. I should, + therefore, be much obliged if you would take the trouble of + giving him definitive instructions on this and any other points + that may occur in the execution of the medal....</p> + +<p>I am, with the sincerest affection, dear Sir, your most obedient + and humble servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">D. Humphreys.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page014" name="page014"></a>(p. 014)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateIII" name="plateIII"><strong>Plate III.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text3" name="text3"><strong>No. 3.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 15, 7779.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Stoney-Point +expugnatum.</p> + +<h4>BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ANTONIO WAYNE DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American +Congress to General Anthony Wayne</i>.) America, personified as an Indian +queen, standing, and having at her feet a bow, an alligator, and the +American shield, presents to General Wayne a laurel and a mural crown. +<span class="smcap">Gatteaux</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">STONEY-POINT (<i>sic</i>) EXPUGNATUM. (<i>Stony Point carried by storm.</i>) The +American troops carrying Stony Point by assault. Six ships on the +Hudson River. Exergue: <span class="smcap">xv jul. mdcclxxix</span>. (<i>15 Julii, 1779: July 15, +1779.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">gatteaux</span>.<a id="footnotetag32" name="footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32">[32]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate003" name="plate003"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate003b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 003b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate003a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 003a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Anthony Wayne</span> was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, +January 1, 1745. He was educated in Philadelphia. In 1774 he was +elected a member of the Pennsylvania Convention, and in 1775 was +appointed colonel of a regiment under General Thomas in Canada, and +took part in the engagements at Three Rivers and at Ticonderoga. In +1777 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general under +Washington, and fought at the Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. On +the night of July 15, 1779, he surprised and took Stony Point, on the +Hudson River, for which gallant deed Congress gave him a vote of +thanks and a gold medal. He afterward served in the South, occupied +Savannah, July 11, 1782, and Charleston, South Carolina, on the 14th +of December following, and retired to his estate at the close of the +war. On April 3, 1792, he was appointed major-general and +commander-in-chief in the war against the western Indians, and in 1794 +gained an important victory over the Miami tribe of Indians. He +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page015" name="page015"></a>(p. 015)</span> died at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, December 14, +1796. In 1809, his son, Colonel Wayne, removed his remains to the +cemetery of Radnor church, near Waynesborough, where the Pennsylvania +State Society of the Cincinnati caused a handsome monument to be +erected to his memory. He was known during the Revolutionary War by +the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony."</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Wayne, to Lieutenant +Colonel de Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.</i></p> + +<p class="center smcap">In Congress Assembled.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That the thanks of Congress be given to His +Excellency General Washington for the vigilance, wisdom, and +magnanimity with which he hath conducted the military operations of +these States, and which are among many other signal instances +manifested in his orders for the late glorious enterprize and +successful attack on the enemy's fortress on the bank of Hudson's +river.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That the thanks of Congress be presented to +Brigadier-General Wayne for his brave, prudent, and soldierly conduct +in the spirited and well-conducted attack of Stony Point.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That Congress entertain a proper sense of the +good conduct of the officers and soldiers under the command of +Brigadier-General Wayne, in the assault of the enemy's works at Stony +Point, and highly commend the coolness, discipline, and firm +intrepidity exhibited on that occasion.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major +Stewart, who by their situation in leading the two attacks had a more +immediate opportunity of distinguishing themselves, have, by their +personal achievements, exhibited a bright example to their brother +soldiers, and merit in a particular manner the approbation and +acknowledgment of the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That Congress warmly approve and applaud the +cool determined spirit with which Lieutenant Gibbons and Lieutenant +Knox led on the forlorn hope, braving danger and death in the cause of +their country.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That a medal, emblematical of this action, be +struck:</p> + +<p>That one of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Wayne, and a silver +one to Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart respectively.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That brevets of captain be given to Lieutenant +Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox.</p> + +<p>That the brevet of captain be given to Mr. Archer, the bearer of the +general's letter, and volunteer aid to Brigadier-General Wayne.</p> + +<p>That <span class="pagenum"><a id="page016" name="page016"></a>(p. 016)</span> Congress approve the promises of reward made by General +Wayne, with the concurrence of the commander-in-chief, to the troops +under his command.</p> + +<p>That the value of the military stores taken at Stony Point be +ascertained, and divided among the gallant troops by whom it was +reduced, in such manner and proportion as the commander-in-chief shall +prescribe.</p> + +<p>Monday, July 26, 1779.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New Windsor</span>, half-past nine o'clock,<br> +<span class="col60">July 16, 1779.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">the President of Congress</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the pleasure to transmit to Your Excellency the + inclosed copy of a letter from Brigadier-General Wayne, which + this moment came to hand. I congratulate Congress upon our + success, and what makes it still more agreeable from the report + of Captain Fishbourn, who brought me General Wayne's letter, the + post was gained with but very inconsiderable loss on our part. As + soon as I receive a particular account of the affair, I shall + transmit it.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, etc.,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Wayne to General Washington.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Stony Point</span>, two o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 16, 1779.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General Washington</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear General</span>: The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are + ours. Our officers and men behaved like men who are determined to + be free.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Yours, most sincerely,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Anthony Wayne</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New Windsor</span>, July 20, 1779.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">the President of Congress</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the 16th instant I had the honour to inform Congress of a + successful attack upon the enemy's post at Stony Point, on the + preceding night, by Brigadier-General Wayne and the corps of + light infantry under his command. The ulterior operations on + which we have been engaged have hitherto put it out of my power + to transmit the particulars of this interesting event. They will + now be found in the inclosed report, which I have received from + General Wayne. To the encomiums he has deservedly bestowed on the + officers and men under his command, it gives me pleasure to add, + that his own conduct throughout the whole of this arduous + enterprize merits <span class="pagenum"><a id="page017" name="page017"></a>(p. 017)</span> the warmest approbation of Congress. + He improved upon the plan recommended by me, and executed it in a + manner that does signal honour to his judgment and to his + bravery. In a critical moment of the assault, he received a flesh + wound in the head with a musket ball, but continued leading on + his men with unshaken firmness.</p> + +<p>I now beg leave, for the private satisfaction of Congress, to + explain the motives which induced me to direct the attempt. In my + former letters I have pointed out the advantages which the enemy + derived from the possession of this post and the one on the + opposite side, and the inconveniences resulting from it to us. To + deprive them of the former, and to remove the latter, were + sufficient inducements to endeavour to dispossess them. The + necessity of doing something to satisfy the expectations of the + people, and reconcile them to the defensive plan we are obliged + to pursue, and to the apparent inactivity which our situation + imposes upon us; the value of the acquisition in itself, with + respect to the men, artillery, and stores, which composed the + garrison; the effect it would have upon the successive operations + of the campaign, and the check it would give to the immediate + depredations of the enemy at the present season; all these + motives concurred to determine me to the undertaking. The certain + advantages of success, even if not so extensive as might be + hoped, would, at all events, be very important; the probable + disadvantages of a failure were comparatively inconsiderable, + and, on the plan which was adopted, could amount to little more + than the loss of a small number of men.</p> + +<p>After reconnoitering the post myself, and collecting all the + information I could get of its strength and situation, I found + that, without hazarding a greater loss than we were able to + afford, and with little likelihood of success, the attempt to + carry it could only be by way of surprize. I therefore resolved + on this mode, and gave my instructions to General Wayne + accordingly, in hopes that Verplanck's Point might fall in + consequence of the reduction of the other. Dispositions were made + for the purpose, which unluckily did not succeed. The evening + appointed for the attack, I directed Major-General McDougall to + put two brigades under marching orders to be moved down toward + Verplanck's, as soon as he should receive intelligence of the + success of the attempt on this side, and requested General Wayne + to let his despatches to me pass through General McDougall, that + he might have the earliest advice of the event. But by some + misconception, they came directly to headquarters, which + occasioned a loss of several hours. The next morning + Major-General Howe was sent to take the command of those troops, + with orders to advance to the vicinity of the enemy's works, and + open batteries against them. I was in hopes that this might + either awe them, under the impression of what had happened on the + other side, to surrender, or prepare the way for an assault. But + some accidental delays, in bringing on the heavy cannon and + intrenching tools necessary for an operation of this kind, + unavoidably retarded its execution, till the approach of the + enemy's main body made it too late. General Howe, to avoid being + intercepted, found himself under the necessity of relinquishing + his project and returning to a place of security. I did not unite + the two attacks at the same time and in the same manner, because + this would have rendered the enterprize more complex, more liable + to suspicion, and less likely to succeed for want of an exact + co-operation, which could hardly have been expected. + When <span class="pagenum"><a id="page018" name="page018"></a>(p. 018)</span> I came to examine the post at Stony Point, I found + it would require more men to maintain it than we could afford, + without incapacitating the army for other operations. In the + opinion of the engineer, corresponding with my own and that of + all the general officers present, not less than fifteen hundred + men would be requisite for its defence; and, from the nature of + the works, which were opened toward the river, a great deal of + labour and expense must have been incurred, and much time + employed to make them defensible by us. The enemy, depending on + their shipping to protect their rear, had constructed the works + solely against an attack by land. We should have had to apprehend + equally an attack by water, and must have inclosed the post. + While we were doing this, the whole army must have been in the + vicinity, exposed to the risk of a general action, on terms which + it would not be our interest to court, and too distant to assist + in carrying on the fortifications at West Point, or to support + them in case of necessity. These considerations made it a + unanimous sentiment to evacuate the post, remove the cannon and + stores, and destroy the works, which was accomplished on the + night of the 18th, one piece of heavy cannon only excepted. For + want of proper tackling within reach to transport the cannon by + land, we were obliged to send them to the fort by water. The + movements of the enemy's vessels created some uneasiness on their + account, and induced me to keep one of the pieces for their + protection, which finally could not be brought off without + risking more for its preservation than it was worth. We also lost + a galley, which was ordered down to cover the boats. She got + under way on her return the afternoon of the 18th. The enemy + began a severe and continued cannonade upon her, from which + having suffered some injury she was run on shore, which disabled + her from proceeding. As she could not be got afloat till late in + the flood-tide, and one or two of the enemy's vessels under + favour of the night passed above her, she was set on fire and + blown up.</p> + +<p>Disappointed in our attempt on the other side, we may lose some + of the principal advantages hoped from the undertaking. The enemy + may re-establish the post at Stony Point, and still continue to + interrupt that communication. Had both places been carried, + though we should not have been able to occupy them ourselves, + there is great reason to believe the enemy would hardly have + mutilated their main body a second time, and gone through the + same trouble to regain possession of posts where they had been so + unfortunate. But though we may not reap all the benefits which + might have followed, those we do reap are very important. The + diminution of the enemy's force, by the loss of so many men, will + be felt in their present circumstances. The artillery and stores + will be a valuable acquisition to us, especially in our scarcity + of heavy cannon for the forts. The event will have a good effect + upon the minds of the people, give our troops greater confidence + in themselves, and depress the spirits of the enemy + proportionably. If they resolve to re-establish the post, they + must keep their force collected for the purpose. This will serve + to confine their ravages within a narrower compass, and to a part + of the country already exhausted. They must lose part of the + remainder of the campaign in rebuilding the works; and when they + have left a garrison for its defence, their main body, by being + lessened, must act with so much the less energy, and so much the + greater caution.</p> + +<p>They have now brought their whole force up the river, and + yesterday they landed a body at Stony Point. It is supposed not + impossible that General Clinton may retaliate <span class="pagenum"><a id="page019" name="page019"></a>(p. 019)</span> by a + stroke upon West Point; and his having stripped New York and its + dependencies pretty bare, and brought up a number of small boats, + are circumstances that give a colour to the surmise. Though all + this may very well be resolved into different motives, prudence + requires that our dispositions should have immediate reference to + the security of this post; and I have, therefore, drawn our force + together, so that the whole may act in its defence on an + emergency. To-morrow I shall remove my own quarters to the fort.</p> + +<p>It is probable Congress will be pleased to bestow some marks of + consideration upon those officers who distinguished themselves + upon this occasion. Every officer and man of the corps deserves + great credit; but there were particular ones, whose situation + placed them foremost in danger, and made their conduct most + conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart + commanded the two attacks. Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox commanded + the advanced parties, or <i>forlorn hope</i>; and all acquitted + themselves as well as possible. These officers have a claim to be + more particularly noticed. In any other service promotion would + be the proper reward, but in ours it would be injurious. I take + the liberty to recommend in preference some honourary present, + especially to the field-officers. A brevet captaincy to the other + two, as it will have no operation in regimental rank, may not be + amiss.</p> + +<p>Congress will perceive that some pecuniary rewards were promised + by General Wayne to his corps. This was done with my concurrence; + and in addition to them, as a greater incitement to their + exertions, they were also promised the benefit of whatever was + taken in the fort. The artillery and stores are converted to the + use of the public, but, in compliance with my engagements, it + will be necessary to have them appraised, and the amount paid to + the captors in money. I hope my conduct in this instance will not + be disapproved. Mr. Archer, who will have the honour of + delivering these despatches, is a volunteer aid to General Wayne, + and a gentleman of merit. His zeal, activity, and spirit are + conspicuous on every occasion.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington.</span></p> + +<p>P.S. Congress may be at a loss what to do with Mr. Archer. A + captain's brevet, or commission in the army at large, will be + equal to his wishes; and he deserves encouragement on every + account. Lest there should be any misapprehension as to what is + mentioned about the manner of sending despatches through General + McDougall, I beg leave to be more explicit. I directed General + Wayne, when he marched from his ground, to send his despatches in + the first instance to the officer of his baggage guard, left at + the encampment from which he marched, who was to inform his + messenger where I was to be found. I left word with this officer + to forward the messenger to General McDougall, and I desired + General McDougall to open the despatches. The messenger, who was + Captain Fishbourn, came directly on, either through misconception + in General Wayne, in the officer of the guard, or in himself.</p> + +<p>I forgot to mention that there are two standards taken, one + belonging to the garrison and one to the Seventeenth regiment; + these shall be sent to Congress by the first convenient + opportunity.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page020" name="page020"></a>(p. 020)</span> Wayne to +General Washington.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Stony Point</span>, July 17, 1779.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General Washington.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir:</span> I have the honour to give you a full and particular relation + of the reduction of this Point, by the light infantry under my + command.</p> + +<p>On the 15th instant, at twelve o'clock, we took our line of march + from Sandy Beach, distant fourteen miles from this place; the + roads being exceedingly bad and narrow, and having to pass over + high mountains, through deep morasses and difficult defies, we + were obliged to move in single files the greatest part of the + way. At eight o'clock in the evening the van arrived at Mr. + Springsteel's, within one mile and a half of the enemy, and + formed into columns as fast as they came up, agreeably to the + order of battle annexed; namely, Colonels Febiger's and Meigs' + regiments, with Major Hull's detachment, formed the right column; + Colonel Butler's regiment and Major Murfey's two companies the + left. The troops remained in this position until several of the + principal officers with myself had returned from reconnoitering + the works. At half-past eleven o'clock, being the hour fixed on, + the whole moved forward. The van of the right consisted of one + hundred and fifty volunteers, properly officered, who advanced + with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, under the command of + Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury; these were preceded by twenty picked + men, and a vigilant and brave officer, to remove the abatis and + other obstructions. The van of the left consisted of one hundred + volunteers, under the command of Major Stewart, with unloaded + muskets and fixed bayonets, also preceded by a brave and + determined officer with twenty men, for the same purpose as the + other.</p> + +<p>At twelve o'clock, the assault was to begin on the right and left + flanks of the enemy's works, while Major Murfey amused them in + front; but a deep morass covering their whole front, and at this + time overflowed by the tide, together with other obstructions, + rendered the approaches more difficult than was at first + apprehended, so that it was about twenty minutes after twelve + before the assault began. Previously to which I placed myself at + the head of Febiger's regiment, or the right column, and gave the + troops the most pointed orders not to fire on any account, but + place their whole dependence on the bayonet, which order was + literally and faithfully obeyed. Neither the deep morass, the + formidable and double rows of abatis, nor the strong works in + front and flank, could damp the ardour of the troops, who, in the + face of a most tremendous and incessant fire of musketry, and + from cannon loaded with grape-shot, forced their way at the point + of the bayonet through every obstacle, both columns meeting in + the centre of the enemy's works nearly at the same instant. Too + much praise cannot be given to Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury (who + struck the enemy's standard with his own hand) and to Major + Stewart, who commanded the advanced parties, for their brave and + prudent conduct.</p> + +<p>Colonels Butler, Meigs, and Febiger conducted themselves with + that coolness, bravery, and perseverance that will ever insure + success.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Hay was wounded in the thigh, bravely + fighting at the head of his battalion. I should take up too much + of Your Excellency's time were I to particularize every + individual who deserves it, for his bravery on this occasion. I + cannot, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page021" name="page021"></a>(p. 021)</span> however, omit Major Lee, to whom I am indebted + for frequent and very useful intelligence, which contributed much + to the success of the enterprize, and it is with the greatest + pleasure I acknowledge to you, that I was supported in the attack + by all the officers and soldiers under my command, to the utmost + of my wishes. The officers and privates of the artillery exerted + themselves in turning the cannon against Verplanck's Point, and + forced the enemy to cut the cables of their shipping, and run + down the river.</p> + +<p>I should be wanting in gratitude were I to omit mentioning + Captain Fishbourn and Mr. Archer, my two aids-de-camp, who, on + every occasion, showed the greatest intrepidity, and supported me + into the works after I received my wound in passing the last + abatis.</p> + +<p>Inclosed are the returns of the killed and wounded of the light + infantry, as also of the enemy, together with the number of + prisoners taken; likewise of the ordnance and stores found in the + garrison.</p> + +<p>I forgot to inform Your Excellency that, previously to my + marching, I had drawn General Muhlenberg into my rear, who, with + three hundred men of his brigade, took post on the opposite side + of the marsh, so as to be in readiness either to support me, or + to cover a retreat, in case of accident; and I have no doubt of + his faithfully and effectually executing either, had there been + any occasion for him.</p> + +<p>The humanity of our brave soldiery, who scorned to take the lives + of a vanquished foe calling for mercy, reflects the highest + honour on them, and accounts for the few of the enemy killed on + the occasion.</p> + +<p>I am not satisfied with the manner in which I have mentioned the + conduct of Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox, the two gentlemen who + led the advanced parties of twenty men each. Their distinguished + bravery deserves the highest commendation. The former belongs to + the Sixth Pennsylvania regiment, and lost seventeen men killed + and wounded in the attack; the latter belongs to the Ninth + Pennsylvania regiment, and was more fortunate in saving his men, + though not less exposed.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Anthony Wayne.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page022" name="page022"></a>(p. 022)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateIV" name="plateIV"><strong>Plate IV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text4" name="text4"><strong>No. 4.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 15, 1779.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Aggeres paludes hostes +victi.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">VIRTUTIS ET AUDACIÆ MONUM. ET PRÆMIUM. (<i>Virtutis et audaciæ +monumentum et præmium: A memorial and reward of courage and +boldness.</i>) Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, as a Roman soldier, +helmeted, stands amidst the ruins of a fort, holding in his right hand +a sword, and in his left the staff of an enemy's flag, which he +tramples under his right foot Exergue: D. (<i>sic</i>) DE FLEURY EQUITI +GALLO PRIMO SUPER MUROS RESP. AMERIC. D.D. (<i>D. de Fleury equiti gallo +primo super muros Respublica Americana dono dedit: The American +Republic presented this gift to D. de Fleury, a French knight, the +first to mount the walls.</i>) <span class="smcap">DUVIVIER</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">AGGERES PALUDES HOSTES VICTI. (<i>Fortifications, marshes, enemies +overcome.</i>) The fortress of Stony Point. Six vessels on the Hudson +River. Exergue: <span class="smcap">STONY-PT. EXPUGN. XV JUL. MDCCLXXIX.</span> (<i>Stony Point +expugnatum, 15 Julii, 1779: Stony Point carried by storm, July 15, +1779</i>).<a id="footnotetag33" name="footnotetag33"></a><a href="#footnote33">[33]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate004" name="plate004"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate004b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 004b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate004a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 004a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">I give an extended biography of the Chevalier de Fleury, the only +foreigner to whom a medal was awarded during the Revolutionary War, +because no accurate account of him has hitherto been published. The +facts were obtained partly from the archives of the French Ministry of +War, through the politeness of M. Camille Roussel, member of the +French Academy, and at the time historiographer of the Ministry of +War, and partly from the archives of the Ministry <span class="pagenum"><a id="page023" name="page023"></a>(p. 023)</span> of Marine. +I am also indebted to M. Roussel for the memorial (petition) of M. de +Fleury, a translation of which is given below.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">François Louis Teisseidre de Fleury</span>, son of François Teisseidre, +Seigneur de Fleury, was born at St. Hippolyte, Languedoc, France, +August 28, 1749. He entered the French army as a volunteer in the +regiment of Rouergue infantry, May 15, 1768; became second-lieutenant, +September 15, 1768; lieutenant second class, of rifles, June 11, 1776; +first lieutenant, June 2, 1777; major of Saintonge infantry, March 19, +1780; colonel of the Pondichéry (India) regiment, January 16, 1784; +maréchal-de-camp, June 30, 1791; and resigned, June 24, 1792. He was +made a knight of St. Louis, December 5, 1781. The Chevalier de Fleury +served in Corsica during the campaigns of 1768, 1769, and 1770. Having +been commissioned a captain of engineers in 1776, he obtained a +furlough and entered the American army as a volunteer, was appointed +by Congress a captain of engineers, May 22, 1777, and was sent first +to General Washington's army, and toward the end of the campaign to +Fort Mifflin, where he was wounded. At the battle of the Brandywine, +he had a horse shot under him, and was again wounded. Congress +presented him with a horse, "as a testimonial of the sense they had of +his merits," September 13, 1777, and promoted him to a +lieutenant-colonelcy, "in consideration of the disinterested gallantry +he had manifested in the service of the United States," November 26, +1777. In the assault on Stony Point, July 15, 1779, he commanded one +of the attacks, was the first to enter the main works, and struck the +British flag with his own hands, for which gallant deed Congress voted +him a silver medal. On Friday, October 1, 1779, Congress passed the +following resolution concerning Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury: +"<i>Resolved</i>, That Congress entertain a high sense of the zeal, +activity, military genius, and gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury, +which he has exhibited on a variety of occasions during his service in +the armies of these States, wherein, while he has rendered essential +benefit to the American cause, he has deservedly acquired the esteem +of the army and gained unfading reputation for himself." He continued +in America after General Count de Rochambeau's arrival, serving under +him in the campaigns of 1780, 1781, and 1782; and received a pension +of four hundred livres by royal decree of May 8, 1783, in +consideration of his distinguished services, especially <span class="pagenum"><a id="page024" name="page024"></a>(p. 024)</span> at +the siege and taking of Yorktown, October 19, 1781. He afterward +served in India, commanded in chief the islands of Mauritius and of +Bourbon from May to November, 1785, obtained a pension of one thousand +livres, in consideration of his services, November, 1786, and returned +to France in April, 1790. He held the rank of maréchal-de-camp in the +army of the North, and commanded at Montmédy after General de +Bouillé's flight in 1791, and at Givet and Cambray in 1791 and 1792. +At the breaking out of the war he was at Valenciennes, and served +under Marshals de Rochambeau and de Luckner. During the retreat from +Mons his horse, which had been shot under him, fell upon him, and, +while lying helpless in that position, he was ridden over by the +enemy's cavalry. After a long illness he left the army, June 24, 1792, +and retired to Rebais, in the Department of Seine-et-Oise.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.<a id="footnotetag34" name="footnotetag34"></a><a href="#footnote34">[34]</a></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col40 smcap">Headquarters, West Point,</span><br> +<span class="col60">July 25, 1779.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury having communicated to me his + intention to return to France at the present juncture, on some + matters interesting to himself, I have thought proper to give him + this letter to testify to Congress the favourable opinion I + entertain of his conduct. The marks of their approbation which he + received on a former occasion have been amply justified by all + his subsequent behaviour. He has signalized himself in more than + one instance since; and in the late assault on Stony Point he + commanded one of the attacks, was the first that entered the + enemy's works, and struck the British flag with his own hands, as + reported by General Wayne. It is but justice to him to declare + that, in the different stations in which he has been employed, he + has rendered services of real utility, and has acquitted himself + in every respect as an officer of distinguished merit, one whose + talents, zeal, activity, and bravery alike entitle him to + particular notice. He has intimated to me a desire to obtain a + furlough for a few months. I doubt not Congress will be disposed + to grant him every indulgence which can be granted with + propriety.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page025" name="page025"></a>(p. 025)</span> Washington +to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Certificate</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">West Point</span>, July 28, 1779.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress.</span></p> + +<p>I certify that Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury has served in the army + of the United States since the beginning of the campaign of 1777, + to the present period, and has uniformly acquitted himself as an + officer of distinguished merit for talents, zeal, activity, + prudence, and bravery; that he first obtained a captain's + commission from Congress, and entered as a volunteer in a corps + of riflemen, in which, by his activity and bravery, he soon + recommended himself to notice; that he next served as + brigade-major, with the rank of major, first in the infantry and + then in the cavalry, in which stations he acquired reputation in + the army, and the approbation of his commanding officers, of + which he has the most ample testimonies; that, toward the + conclusion of the campaign of 1777, he was sent to the important + post of Fort Mifflin in quality of engineer, in which he rendered + essential services, and equally signalized his intelligence and + his valour.</p> + +<p>That, in consequence of his good conduct on this and on former + occasions, he was promoted by Congress to the rank of + lieutenant-colonel, and has been since employed in the following + stations, namely, as a sub-inspector, as second in command in a + corps of light infantry in an expedition against Rhode Island, + and lastly as commandant of a battalion of light infantry in the + army under my immediate command; that in each of these + capacities, as well as the former, he has justified the + confidence reposed in him, and acquired more and more the + character of a judicious, well-informed, indefatigable, and brave + officer. In the assault of Stony Point, a strong fortified post + of the enemy on the North River, he commanded one of the attacks, + was the first that entered the main works, and struck the British + flag with his own hands.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>A Memorial for M. de Fleury, an Officer in the Regiment of Rouergue +for twelve years; a Captain of Engineers in the Service of France for +three years; and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Service of the United +States for two years.</i></p> + +<p>M. de Fleury left France with M. du Coudray in 1776.</p> + +<p>He obtained a furlough and was commissioned as a captain of engineers.</p> + +<p>Congress having refused to employ M. du Coudray and the officers who +came over with him, almost all of them were discouraged; but M. de +Fleury joined the army and served as a volunteer private during a part +of the campaign of 1777.</p> + +<p>At the fight of Piscataqua he had the good fortune to be remarked +while in performance of his duty, and he was promoted to the rank of +captain. (<i>Certified by Colonel Morgan</i>).</p> + +<p>He <span class="pagenum"><a id="page026" name="page026"></a>(p. 026)</span> was afterward employed to make a survey of the environs of +Philadelphia, which was to be the seat of the approaching campaign, to +take soundings in the Delaware, and to fortify Billingsport. +(<i>Certified by General Washington</i>).</p> + +<p>The enemy having landed at Hith, he joined the army and acted as major +of brigade.</p> + +<p>At the battle of the Brandywine, he remained on the field after his +brigade had been routed, had a horse shot under him, and carried off a +piece of ordnance.</p> + +<p>On the report of General Washington to Congress, it was ordered that a +horse be presented to M. de Fleury "as a mark of the high sense +Congress entertained of his merits." (<i>Certified by General Washington +and General Sullivan</i>).</p> + +<p>N.B. This honour has been paid only to General Arnold and M. de +Fleury.</p> + +<p>At the battle of Germantown he acted as brigade-major of dragoons, +charged several times, and made several prisoners. The horse which had +been given to him by Congress was shot under him, and he himself was +wounded in the leg. (<i>Certified by General Count Pulaski</i>).</p> + +<p>Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, the only defence of the Delaware, was +threatened by the British army and squadron. It was a post of the +greatest importance, and M. de Fleury was sent there as chief +engineer. He sustained a siege of six weeks behind a stockade. A ship +of sixty-four guns, the Augusta, and one of 22 guns, the Merlin, blew +up under fire from the fort. The commandant and the garrison, +numbering 600 men, were relieved three times, but M. de Fleury refused +to leave the fort. He was wounded October 15th, and the fort was +evacuated that same night. For this action he was made a +lieutenant-colonel, and a letter of thanks was addressed to him by the +President of Congress. (<i>Certified by Congress, the General-in-chief, +and M. de la Fayette</i>).</p> + +<p>During the winter of 1778 he formed the project of crossing the ice +and setting fire to the English squadron. The Delaware not being +frozen that year hard enough for his purpose, he invented explosive +boats, and he was engaged in constructing them when he received orders +to join the Army of the North. (<i>Certified by General Washington and +Commodore Hasilwood</i>).</p> + +<p>The Canadian expedition did not take place, and on his return M. de +Fleury was appointed inspector and charged with forming, instructing, +and disciplining the troops. (<i>Certified by General Washington</i>).</p> + +<p>At the opening of the campaign of 1778 he was second in command of a +select corps (in which was the general's body-guard) of 600 men, 2 +pieces of ordnance, and 50 cavalry. He served in this capacity at the +battle of Monmouth and afterward.</p> + +<p>On the arrival of the French squadron, he was sent to meet Count +d'Estaing by General Washington, and he went with him to Rhode Island, +where an attack was expected.</p> + +<p>It was by his advice that the fruitless siege of Newport was raised, +and that the retreat to the north part of the island was resolved +upon. The corps in which he served repulsed the enemy and covered the +retreat. (<i>Certified by General Sullivan</i>).</p> + +<p>When he returned to the Army of the South, Count d'Estaing kindly +wrote to General Washington: "Allow me to recommend particularly to +your favour M. de Fleury. General Sullivan will tell you what he did +at Rhode Island; he is an excellent officer and a useful Frenchman. I +should be happy, if the occasion offered, to serve again with him. He +is fitted to bring about good feeling among private individuals, and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page027" name="page027"></a>(p. 027)</span> to make them as friendly as our two nations are." (<i>Letter of +M. d'Estaing</i>).</p> + +<p>At the opening of the campaign of 1779 M. de Fleury was in command of +a corps of light infantry; he was the first to mount the ramparts of +Stony Point, and he took the enemy's flag with his own hand. +(<i>Certified by the General and by Congress</i>).</p> + +<p>On this occasion the President of Congress wrote that Congress hoped +he would receive some reward from his own country, and the French +minister also expressed a hope that his Court would give America, +through M. de Fleury, some token of the satisfaction with which the +services of a French officer to America were viewed in France. +(<i>Letter from Mr. Jay</i>).</p> + +<p>When M. de la Luzerne arrived, General Washington requested him to +call the attention of the French Court to the conduct of M. de Fleury.</p> + +<p>At the close of the campaign, by the advice of his general, he asked +for nine months' leave. At his departure, General Washington wrote to +Congress that he desired the return of an officer who had rendered +such important services. (<i>Letter of General Washington</i>).</p> + +<p>Though far from rich, M. de Fleury declined any pecuniary recompense +on leaving America.</p> + +<p>M. de Fleury, having thus by his services risen from the ranks to a +lieutenant-colonelcy, and having been honoured by the good will of the +nation and of the army, the esteem of Congress and the confidence of +his general, ventures to solicit some mark of the approbation of his +Prince and of the minister under whose auspices he entered the service +of an ally of France.</p> + +<p>Though convinced that he owes his success to his good fortune rather +than to his talents, and that by his zeal he has alone been enabled to +make up for his deficiency, he ventures to hope that his country will +not overlook his services, and that his return to a beloved +land—which is a source of happiness to every Frenchman—will not +prove in his case a misfortune and a loss.</p> + +<p>P.S. M. de Fleury has made some surveys and written reports which have +met with the approbation of M. Girard; he begs to be allowed to +present them to the Minister. (<i>Letter of M. Girard</i>).</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page028" name="page028"></a>(p. 028)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateV" name="plateV"><strong>Plate V.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text5" name="text5"><strong>No. 5.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 15, 1779.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Stoney-Point oppugnatum.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR JOHN STEWART.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Taking of Stony Point.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOANNI STEWART COHORTIS PRÆFECTO COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American +Congress to Major John Stewart.</i>) America, personified as an Indian +queen, leaning on the American shield, and having at her feet an +alligator, presents a palm branch to Major Stewart. <span class="smcap">gatteaux.</span></p> + +<p class="quote">STONEY-POINT (<i>sic</i>) OPPUGNATUM. (<i>Stony Point assaulted.</i>) Major +Stewart, at the head of his men, is crossing an abatis of trees, in +pursuit of the defeated enemy; in the background the American troops +are mounting to the assault of Stony Point Six ships are on the Hudson +River. Exergue: XV JUL. MDCCLXXIX. (<i>15 Julii, 1779: July 15, 1779.</i>) +On the platform, <span class="smcap">gatteaux</span>.<a id="footnotetag35" name="footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35">[35]</a><a id="footnotetag36" name="footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36">[36]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate005" name="plate005"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate005b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 005b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate005a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 005a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Stewart</span> was a major of infantry, served under General Wayne, and +for his gallantry at the storming of Stony Point, on the Hudson River, +July 15, 1779, Congress voted him a silver medal. No trustworthy +information can be found concerning him. He is reported to have died +near Charleston, South Carolina, from injuries caused by a fall from +his horse.</p> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page029" name="page029"></a>(p. 029)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateVI" name="plateVI"><strong>Plate VI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text6" name="text6"><strong>No. 6.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>August 19, 1779.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto. Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Non +obstantib fluminibus vallis, etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR HENRY LEE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Surprise of Paulus Hook.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">HENRICO LEE LEGIONIS EQUIT. PRÆFECTO. COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>Henrico Lee +legionis equitum præfecto Comitia Americana: The American Congress to +Henry Lee, major of cavalry.</i>) Bust of Major Lee, facing the right. On +edge of bust, <span class="smcap">J. WRIGHT</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a crown of laurel: NON OBSTANTIB FLUMINIBUS VALLIS ASTUTIA & +VIRTUTE BELLICA PARVA MANU HOSTES VICIT VICTOSQ. ARMIS HUMANITATE +DEVINXIT. IN MEM PUGN AD PAULUS HOOK DIE XIX. AUG. 1779. (<i>Non +obstantibus fluminibus vallis astutia et virtute bellica parva manu +hastes vicit victosque armis humanitate devinxit. In memoria pugni ad +Paulus Hook, die 19 Augusti, 1779: Notwithstanding rivers and +ramparts, he conquered, with a handful of men, the enemy by skill and +valor, and attached by his humanity those vanquished by his arms. In +commemoration of the battle of Paulus Hook, August 19, 1719.</i>)<a id="footnotetag37" name="footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37">[37]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate006" name="plate006"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate006b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 006b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate006a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 006a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The original die of the obverse of this medal is in the Mint at +Philadelphia, but the original die of the reverse is not to be found +there. A new one was engraved for the Mint, some time ago, by Mr. Wm. +Barber.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Joseph <span class="pagenum"><a id="page030" name="page030"></a>(p. 030)</span> Wright</span> was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, in 1756. He +studied painting in England and France, and, after his return to +America, painted a portrait of General Washington. He was appointed +first draughtsman and die sinker to the United States Mint, and made +the dies of a medal, the bust on the obverse of which was considered +to be the best medallic profile likeness of Washington. He also made +the medal voted by Congress to Major Lee. He died in Philadelphia in +1793.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Henry Lee</span> was born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia, +January 29, 1756. He was graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, +in 1773; was appointed captain in 1777, and major in 1778. He +surprised Paulus Hook, August 19, 1779, and received for the +"prudence, address, and bravery" displayed by him on that occasion the +thanks of Congress and a gold medal; he became lieutenant-colonel, +November 6, 1780, and joined the southern army under General Greene, +greatly distinguished himself in various engagements, and resigned in +1782. In 1786 he was chosen one of the delegates to Congress from +Virginia; was governor of that State, 1791-1794; member of Congress, +1799; and on the death of Washington was selected to pronounce his +eulogium, in which he embodied the memorable words: "First in war, +first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." He wrote, in +1809, "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United +States." He died on Cumberland Island, Georgia, March 25, 1818. He was +known during the Revolutionary War by the sobriquet of "Light Horse +Harry."</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Major Henry Lee, etc.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the United States in Congress Assembled.</span></p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of Congress be given to His Excellency +General Washington, for ordering with so much wisdom the late attack +on the enemy's fort and works at Powles Hook.<a id="footnotetag38" name="footnotetag38"></a><a href="#footnote38">[38]</a></p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page031" name="page031"></a>(p. 031)</span> That the thanks of Congress be given to +Major-General Lord Stirling for the judicious measures taken by him to +forward the enterprize and to secure the retreat of the party.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major Lee for the +remarkable prudence, address and bravery displayed by him on the +occasion; and that they approve the humanity shown in circumstances +prompting to severity, as honourable to the arms of the United States, +and correspondent to the noble principles on which they were assumed.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That Congress entertain a high sense of the discipline, +fortitude, and spirit manifested by the officers and soldiers under +the command of Major Lee in the march, action and retreat; and while +with singular satisfaction they acknowledge the merit of these gallant +men, they feel an additional pleasure by considering them as part of +an army, in which very many brave officers and soldiers have proved, +by their cheerful performance of every duty under every difficulty, +that they ardently wish to give the truly glorious examples they now +receive.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That Congress justly esteem the military caution so +happily combined with daring activity by Lieutenants McAllister and +Rudolph in leading on the forlorn hope.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That a medal of gold, emblematical of this affair, be +struck, under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and presented to +Major Lee.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the brevet, and the pay and subsistence of captain, +be given to Lieutenant McAllister and to Lieutenant Rudolph +respectively.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the sum of 15,000 dollars be put into the hands of +Major Lee, to be by him distributed among the non-commissioned +officers and soldiers of the detachment he commanded at the attack and +surprize of Powles Hook, in such manner as the commander-in-chief +shall direct.</p> + +<p>Friday, September 24, 1779.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head Quarters, West Point</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">August 23, 1779.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to enclose to Your Excellency Major Lee's + report of the surprize and capture of the garrison of Powles + Hook. The Major displayed a remarkable degree of prudence, + address, enterprize and bravery, upon this occasion, which does + the highest honour to himself and to all the officers and men + under his command. The situation of the post rendered the attempt + critical and the success brilliant. It was made in consequence of + information that the garrison was in a state of negligent + security, which the event has justified. I am much indebted to + Lord Stirling for the judicious measures he took to forward the + enterprize, and to secure the retreat of the party. Lieutenant + McAllister, who will have the honour of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page032" name="page032"></a>(p. 032)</span> delivering + these despatches, will present Congress with the standard of the + garrison, which fell into his possession during the attack. Major + Lee speaks of this gentleman's conduct in the handsomest terms.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> + +<p>P.S. The report not having been received till this day, prevented a +speedier transmission. Major Lee mentions twenty men lost on our side. +Captain Rudolph informs me that, since the report was concluded, +several of the missing had returned, which will lessen the supposed +loss near one half.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Major Henry Lee to General Washington.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paramus</span>, August 22, 1779.<br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General Washington</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Lord Stirling was pleased to communicate to Your Excellency + my verbal report to his Lordship of the 19th instant. I now do + myself the honour to present a particular relation of the + enterprize Your Excellency was pleased to commit to my direction.</p> + +<p>I took command of the troops employed on this occasion on the + 18th. They amounted to four hundred infantry, composed of + detachments from the Virginia and Maryland divisions, and one + troop of dismounted dragoons.</p> + +<p>The troops moved from the vicinity of the New Bridge about four + o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Patrols of horse being detached to watch the + communication with the North River, and parties of infantry + stationed at the different avenues leading to Powles Hook. My + anxiety to render the march as easy as possible, induced me to + pursue the Bergen road lower than intended. After filing into the + mountains, the timidity or treachery of the principal guide + prolonged a short march into a march of three hours; by this + means the troops were exceedingly harassed, and being obliged, + through deep mountainous woods, to regain our route, some parties + of the rear were unfortunately separated. This affected me most + sensibly, as it not only diminished the number of men destined + for the assault, but deprived me of the aid of several officers + of distinguished merit.</p> + +<p>On reaching the point of separation, I found my first disposition + impracticable, both from the near approach of day and the rising + of the tide. Not a moment being to spare, I paid no attention to + the punctilios of honour or rank, but ordered the troops to + advance in their then disposition. Lieutenant Rudolph, whom I had + previously detached to reconnoitre the passages of the canal, + returned to me at this point of time and reported that all was + silence within the works, that he had fathomed the canal and + found the passage on the centre route still admissible. This + intervening intelligence was immediately communicated from front + to rear, and the troops pushed on with that resolution, order, + and coolness which insures success.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page033" name="page033"></a>(p. 033)</span> forlorn hopes, led by Lieutenant McAllister, of the + Maryland, and Lieutenant Rudolph, of the dragoons, marched on + with trailed arms, in most profound silence. Such was the + singular address of these two gentlemen, that the first notice to + the garrison was the forlorns plunging into the canal. A firing + immediately commenced from the block-houses and along the line of + the abatis, but did not in the least check the advance of the + troops. The forlorns, supported by Major Clarke, at the head of + the right column, broke through all opposition, and found an + entrance into the main work. So rapid was the movement of the + troops, that we gained the fort before the discharge of a single + piece of artillery. The centre column, conducted by Captain + Forsyth, on passing the abatis, took a direction to their left. + Lieutenant Armstrong led on the advance of this column. They soon + possessed themselves of the officers and troops posted at the + house No. 6, and fully completed every object of their + destination. The rear column, under Captain Handy, moved forward + in support of the whole. Thus were we completely victorious in + the space of a few moments.</p> + +<p>The appearance of daylight, my apprehension lest some accident + might have befallen the boats, the numerous difficulties of the + retreat, the harassed state of the troops, and the destruction of + all our ammunition by passing the canal, conspired in influencing + me to retire in the moment of victory. Major Clarke, with the + right column, was immediately put in motion with the greater part + of the prisoners. Captain Handy followed on with the remainder. + Lieutenants Armstrong and Reed formed the rear guard.</p> + +<p>Immediately on the commencement of the retreat, I sent forward + Captain Forsyth to Prior's Mill to collect such men from the + different columns as were most fit for action, and to take post + on the heights of Bergen to cover the retreat.</p> + +<p>On my reaching this place I was informed by Cornet Neill (who had + been posted there during the night for the purpose of laying the + bridge and communicating with the boats), that my messenger, + directed to him previous to the attack, had not arrived, nor had + he heard from Captain Peyton, who had charge of the boats.</p> + +<p>Struck with apprehension that I should be disappointed in the + route of retreat, I rode forward to the front, under Major + Clarke, whom I found very near the point of embarkation, and no + boats to receive them. In this very critical situation I lost no + time in my decision, but ordered the troops to regain Bergen road + and shove on to the New Bridge; at the same time I communicated + my disappointment to Lord Stirling by express, then returned to + Prior's Bridge to the rear-guard.</p> + +<p>Oppressed by every possible misfortune, at the head of troops + worn down by a rapid march of thirty miles, through mountains, + swamps, and deep morasses, without the least refreshment during + the whole march, ammunition destroyed, incumbered with prisoners, + and a retreat of fourteen miles to make good, on a route + admissible of interception at several points, by a moving in our + rear, and another (from the intelligence I had received from the + captured officers) in all probability well advanced on our right; + a retreat naturally impossible to our left; under all these + distressing circumstances, my sole dependence was in the + persevering gallantry of the officers and obstinate courage of + the troops. In this I was fully satisfied by the shouts of the + soldiery, who gave every proof of unimpaired vigour the moment + that the enemy's approach was announced.</p> + +<p>Having <span class="pagenum"><a id="page034" name="page034"></a>(p. 034)</span> gained the point of intersection opposite + Weehawken, Captain Handy was directed to move with his division + on the mountain road, in order to facilitate the retreat. Captain + Catlett, of the Virginia regiment, fortunately joined me at this + moment, at the head of fifty men, with good ammunition. I + immediately halted this officer, and having detached two parties, + the one on the Bergen road in the rear of Major Clarke, the other + on the banks of the North River, I moved with the party under the + command of the captain on the centre route. By these precautions + a sudden approach of the enemy was fully prevented. I am very + much indebted to this officer, and the gentlemen under him, for + their alacrity and vigilance on this occasion.</p> + +<p>On the rear's approach to the Fort Lee road, we met a detachment + under the command of Colonel Ball, which Lord Stirling had pushed + forward, on the first notice of our situation, to support the + retreat. The colonel moved on, and occupied a position which + effectually covered us.</p> + +<p>Some little time after this, a body of the enemy (alluded to in + the intelligence I mentioned to have received from the officers + while in the fort) made their appearance, issuing out of the + woods on our right, and moving through the fields directly to the + road. They immediately commenced a fire upon my rear. Lieutenant + Reed threw himself, with a party, into a stone house which + commanded the road. These two officers were directed mutually to + support each other, and give time for the troops to pass the + English Neighbourhood Creek, at the liberty pole. On the enemy's + observing this disposition, they immediately retired by the same + route they had approached, and gained the woods. The + precipitation with which they retired, preventing the possibility + of Colonel Ball's falling in with them, saved the whole.</p> + +<p>The body which moved in our rear, having excessively fatigued + themselves by the rapidity of their march, thought prudent to + halt before they came in contact with us.</p> + +<p>Thus, Sir, was every attempt to cut off our rear completely + baffled. The troops arrived safe at the New Bridge, with all the + prisoners, about one o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> on +the nineteenth.</p> + +<p>I should commit the highest injustice was I not to assure Your + Excellency that my endeavours were fully seconded by every + officer in his station; nor can any discrimination justly be made + but what arose from opportunity. The troops vied with each other + in patience under their many sufferings, and conducted themselves + in every vicissitude of fortune with a resolution which reflects + the highest honour on them.</p> + +<p>During the whole action not a single musket was fired on our + side—the bayonet was our sole dependence.</p> + +<p>Having gained the fort, such was the order of the troops, and + attention of the officers, that the soldiers were prevented from + plundering, although in the midst of every sort.</p> + +<p>American humanity has been again signally manifested. + Self-preservation strongly dictated, on the retreat, the putting + the prisoners to death, and British cruelty fully justified it, + notwithstanding which, not a man was wantonly hurt.</p> + +<p>During the progress of the troops in the works, from the + different reports of my officers, I conclude not more than fifty + of the enemy were killed, and a few wounded. Among the killed is + one officer, supposed (from his description) to be a captain in + Colonel Buskirk's regiment. Our loss, on this occasion, is very + trifling. I have not yet <span class="pagenum"><a id="page035" name="page035"></a>(p. 035)</span> had a report from the + detachment of the Virginians; but as I conclude their loss to be + proportionate to the loss of the other troops, I can venture to + pronounce that the loss of the whole, in killed, wounded, and + missing, will not exceed twenty. As soon as the report comes to + hand, I will transmit to headquarters an accurate return. I + herewith enclose a return of the prisoners taken from the enemy.</p> + +<p>At every point of the enterprize I stood highly indebted to Major + Clarke for his zeal, activity, and example. Captains Handy and + Forsyth have claim to my particular thanks for the support I + experienced from them on every occasion. The Captains Reed, + McLane, Smith, Crump, and Wilmot, behaved with the greatest zeal + and intrepidity. I must acknowledge myself very much indebted to + Major Burnet and Captain Peyton, of the dragoons, for their + counsel and indefatigability in the previous preparations to the + attack. The premature withdrawal of the boats was owing to the + non-arrival of my despatches; and, though a most mortifying + circumstance, can be called nothing more than unfortunate. + Lieutenant Vanderville, who was to have commanded one of the + forlorns, but was thrown out by alteration of the disposition of + battle, conducted himself perfectly soldier-like. The whole of + the officers behaved with the greatest propriety; and, as I said + before, no discrimination can justly be made, but what arose from + opportunity.</p> + +<p>The Lieutenants McAllister, Armstrong, Reed, and Rudolph + distinguished themselves remarkably. Too much praise cannot be + given to those gentlemen for their prowess and example. Captain + Bradford, of the train, who volunteered it with me, for the + purpose of taking direction of the artillery, deserves my warmest + thanks for his zeal and activity. I am personally indebted to + Captain Rudolph and Dr. Irvine, of the dragoons, who attended me + during the expedition, for their many services.</p> + +<p>I beg leave to present Your Excellency with the flag of the fort + by the hands of Mr. McAllister, the gentleman into whose + possession it fell.</p> + +<p>It is needless for me to explain my reasons for the instantaneous + evacuation of the fort. Your Excellency's knowledge of the post + will suggest fully the propriety of it. The event confirms it.</p> + +<p>Among the many unfortunate circumstances which crossed our + wishes, none was more so than the accidental absence of Colonel + Buskirk and the greatest part of his regiment. They had set out + on an expedition up the North River the very night of the attack. + A company of vigilant Hessians had taken their place in the fort, + which rendered the secrecy of approach more precarious, and, at + the same time, diminished the object of the enterprize by a + reduction of the number of the garrison. Major Sutherland + fortunately saved himself by a soldier counterfeiting his person. + This imposition was not discovered until too late.</p> + +<p>I intended to have burned the barracks, but on finding a number + of sick soldiers and women with young children in them, humanity + forbade the execution of my intention. The key of the magazine + could not be found, nor could it be broken open in the little + time we had to spare, many attempts having been made to that + purpose by the Lieutenants McAllister and Reed. It was completely + impracticable to bring off any pieces of artillery. I consulted + Captain Bradford on the point, who confirmed me in my opinion. + The circumstance of spiking them being trivial it was omitted + altogether.</p> + +<p>After <span class="pagenum"><a id="page036" name="page036"></a>(p. 036)</span> most of the troops had retired from the works, and + were passed and passing the canal, a fire of musketry commenced + from a few stragglers, who had collected in an old work, on the + right of the main fort. Their fire being ineffectual, and the + object trifling, I determined not to break in upon the order of + retreat, but continued passing the defile in front. I cannot + conclude this relation without expressing my wannest thanks to + Lord Stirling, for the full patronage I received from him in + every stage of the enterprize. I must also return my thanks to + the cavalry, for their vigilant execution of the duties assigned + them.</p> + +<p>Captain Rudolph waits on Your Excellency with these despatches. I + beg leave to refer to this officer for any further explanation + that may be required.</p> + +<p><span class="add4em">I have the honour to be, Sir, with the most perfect respect,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Henry Lee, Jr.</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page037" name="page037"></a>(p. 037)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateVII" name="plateVII"><strong>Plate VII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text7" name="text7"><strong>No. 7.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 23, 1780.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Fidelity. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vincit amor patriæ.</p> + +<h4>JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC VAN WART.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of Major André.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">FIDELITY. Field embossed in and wreathed with two branches, one of +laurel, the other of palm, united by a ribbon.</p> + +<p class="quote">VINCIT AMOR PATRIÆ. (<i>Love of country conquers.</i>) A vacant space, to +receive the name of the recipient, between two branches of +fleur-de-lis, united by a ribbon.<a id="footnotetag39" name="footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39">[39]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate007" name="plate007"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate007b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 007b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate007a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 007a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">This is not properly a medal, but a <i>repoussé</i>, made by a silversmith.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">John Paulding</span> was born in New York in 1759; and died in Westchester +County, New York, February 18, 1848.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">David Williams</span> was born in Tarrytown, October 21, 1754, and died in +Broome, Schoharie County, New York, August 2, 1831.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Isaac Van Wart</span> was born in New York in 1750, and died in Westchester +County, New York, May 23, 1818.</p> + +<p>These three militiamen captured Major André, of the British Army, +September 23, 1780, and refusing his large offers of money, delivered +him up to the American commanding officer of the district. Thus the +treasonable intentions of General Arnold to surrender West Point to +the enemy were frustrated. For this great service to their country +they each received the thanks of Congress and a silver medal.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page038" name="page038"></a>(p. 038)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to John Paulding, David +Williams, and Isaac Van Wart.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By The United States in Congress Assembled.</span></p> + +<p><i>Whereas</i>, Congress have received information that John Paulding, +David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, three young volunteer militiamen +of the State of New York, did, on the 23d day of September last, +intercept Major John André, adjutant-general of the British army, on +his return from the American lines, in the character of a spy; and, +notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly +disdaining to sacrifice their country for the sake of gold, secured +and conveyed him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby +the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Benedict Arnold was brought +to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, and the United +States rescued from impending danger:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That Congress have a high sense of the virtuous and +patriotic conduct of the said John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac +Van Wart. In testimony whereof,</p> + +<p><i>Ordered</i>, That each of them receive annually, out of the public +treasury, 200 dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money +of these States, during life; and that the Board of War procure for +each of them a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a shield +with this inscription: "Fidelity," and on the other the following +motto: "Vincit amor patriæ," and forward them to the +commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the same, with a copy +of this resolution, and the thanks of Congress for their fidelity, and +the eminent service they have rendered their country.</p> + +<p>Friday, November 3, 1780.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Robinson House, In The Highlands,</span><br> +<span class="col60">September 26, 1780.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President Of Congress.</span><br> +<span class="add4em smcap">Sir:</span><br> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p>In the mean time, a packet had arrived from Lieutenant-Colonel + Jameson, announcing the capture of a John Anderson, who was + endeavouring to go to New York with several interesting and + important papers, all in the handwriting of General Arnold. This + was also accompanied with a letter from the prisoner, avowing + himself to be Major John André, adjutant-general of the British + army, relating the manner of his capture, and endeavouring to + show that he did not come under the description of a spy. From + the several circumstances, and information that the general + (Arnold) seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on + receiving a letter, a little time before <span class="pagenum"><a id="page039" name="page039"></a>(p. 039)</span> he went down + from his quarters, I was led to conclude immediately, that he had + heard of Major André's captivity, and that he would, if possible, + escape to the enemy; and I accordingly took such measures as + appeared the most probable, to apprehend him. But he had embarked + in a barge, and proceeded down the river under a flag to the + Vulture sloop-of-war, which lay some miles below Stony and + Verplanck's Points. After he got on board, he wrote to me a + letter, of which the enclosed is a copy.</p> + +<p>Major André is not arrived yet, but I hope he is secure, and that + he will be here to-day. I have been and am taking proper + precautions, which I trust will prove effectual, to prevent the + important consequences which this conduct on the part of General + Arnold was intended to produce. I do not know the party that took + Major André, but it is said to have consisted only of militia, + who acted in such a manner as does them the highest honour, and + proves them to be men of great virtue. They were offered, I am + informed, a large sum of money for his release, and as many goods + as they would demand, but without any effect. Their conduct gives + them a just claim to the thanks of their country, and I also hope + they will be otherwise rewarded. As soon as I know their names, I + shall take pleasure in transmitting them to Congress.</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paramus</span>, October 7, 1780.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President Of Congress</span>.<br> +<span class="add4em smcap">Sir:</span></p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p>I have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the three + persons who captured Major André, and who refused to release him, + notwithstanding the most earnest importunities and assurances of + a liberal reward on his part. Their conduct merits our wannest + esteem; and I beg leave to add, that I think the public will do + well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have prevented in all + probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that could + have been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding, + David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page040" name="page040"></a>(p. 040)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateVIII" name="plateVIII"><strong>Plate VIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text8" name="text8"><strong>No. 8.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>January 17, 1781.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Victoria +libertatis vindex.</p> + +<h4>BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">DANIELI MORGAN DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American +Congress to General Daniel Morgan.</i>) America, personified as an Indian +queen, standing, places with her right hand a crown of laurel upon the +head of General Morgan, while her left rests on a bow. To the left are +seen trophies of the enemy's arms; against a cannon is the American +shield, upon which lies a branch of laurel; to the right is a forest. +<span class="smcap">dupré, f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">VICTORIA LIBERTATIS VINDEX. (<i>Victory, the vindicator of liberty.</i>) +General Morgan is leading his troops, who advance with colors flying, +and put to flight the British army; in the foreground, a combat +between an Indian and a dismounted cavalry soldier. Exergue: FVGATIS +CAPTIS AVT CAESIS AD COWPENS HOSTIBVS XVII. JAN. MDCCLXXXI. (<i>Fugatis +captis aut cæsis ad Cowpens hostibus, 17 Januarii, 1781: The enemy put +to flight, taken, or slain at the Cowpens, January 17, 1781.</i>) <span class="smcap">dupré +inv et f.</span> (<i>Dupré invenit et fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag40" name="footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate008" name="plate008"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate008b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 008b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate008a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 008a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The legend of the exergue of this medal, as originally proposed by the +French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was CÆSIS AUT +CAPTIS AD COWPENS HOSTIUM * * SIGNIS RELATIS * * 17 JAN. 1781. The +change was made at the suggestion of Jefferson.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Augustin <span class="pagenum"><a id="page041" name="page041"></a>(p. 041)</span> Dupré</span> was born in St. Etienne, France, October, +1748. He began life as a workman in a manufactory of arms. In 1768 he +went to Paris as apprentice to an engraver, and became one of the most +distinguished medal engravers of the latter part of the 18th century. +Among his works are the celebrated five franc piece known as "à +l'Hercule," the five centime and one decime pieces, on which the head +of Liberty is the profile of Madame Récamier, and seven medals +relating to America: John Paul Jones, General Morgan, General Greene, +Libertas Americana, the Diplomatic medal, and two of Franklin. Dupré +was engraver-general of the Paris Mint from July, 1791, to 1801, when +he was dismissed by General Bonaparte, then first consul. He died at +Armentières, January 31, 1833.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Daniel Morgan</span> was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 1736. In +early life he served as a teamster in General Braddock's army, and +afterward settled in Frederick (now Clarke) County, Virginia. In 1775 +he was captain of a rifle company, and served under Washington. He +accompanied General Arnold to Canada, and was made prisoner at Quebec; +he served again under Washington, as colonel of a rifle regiment, in +1776, and greatly distinguished himself under General Gates at +Saratoga. He was brigadier-general in 1780, served in the South under +Generals Gates and Greene, and won the brilliant victory of the +Cowpens, January 17, 1781, for which Congress gave him a vote of +thanks and a gold medal. Soon afterward he resigned from ill health, +and retired to his plantation. He was a member of Congress from 1795 +to 1799. In 1780 he removed to Winchester, Virginia, where he died +July 6, 1802.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Morgan and to +Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard, etc.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the United States in Congress Assembled</span>.</p> + +<p>Considering it as a tribute due to distinguished merit to give a +public approbation of the conduct of Brigadier-General Morgan, and of +the officers and men under his command, on the 17th day of January +last, when with 80 cavalry and 237 infantry of the troops of the +United States, and 553 militia from the States of Virginia, North +Carolina, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page042" name="page042"></a>(p. 042)</span> South Carolina, and Georgia, he obtained a +complete and important victory over a select and well appointed +detachment of more than 1,100 British troops commanded by +Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton; do therefore <i>resolve</i>:—</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be given to +Brigadier-General Morgan, and the officers and men under his command, +for their fortitude and good conduct displayed in the action at the +Cowpens, in the State of South Carolina, on the 17th day of January +last:</p> + +<p>That a medal of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Morgan, and a +medal of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Washington (William), of the +cavalry, and one of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, of the +infantry of the United States; severally with emblems and mottoes +descriptive of the conduct of those officers respectively on that +memorable day:</p> + +<p>That a sword be presented to Colonel Pickens, of the militia, in +testimony of his spirited conduct in the action before mentioned:</p> + +<p>That Captain Edward Giles, aid-de-camp of Brigadier-General Morgan, +have the brevet commission of major; and that Baron de Glasbuch, who +served with Brigadier-General Morgan as a volunteer, have the brevet +commission of captain in the army of the United States; in +consideration of their merit and services.</p> + +<p><i>Ordered</i>, That the commanding officer in the southern department +communicate these resolutions in general orders.</p> + +<p>Friday, March 9, 1781.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Morgan to General Greene.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Camp, near Cain Creek</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">January 19, 1781.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General Greene</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The troops I have the honour to command have been so + fortunate as to obtain a complete victory over a detachment from + the British army, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton. The + action happened on the 17th instant, about sunrise, at the + Cowpens. It perhaps would be well to remark, for the honour of + the American arms, that although the progress of this corps was + marked with burning and devastation, and although they waged the + most cruel warfare, not a man was killed, wounded, or even + insulted, after he surrendered. Had not the Britons during this + contest received so many lessons of humanity, I should natter + myself that this might teach them a little. But I fear they are + incorrigible.</p> + +<p>To give you a just idea of our operation, it will be necessary to + inform you, that on the 14th instant, having received certain + intelligence that Lord Cornwallis and Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton + were both in motion, and that their movements clearly indicated + their intentions of dislodging me, I abandoned my encampment on + Grindall's Ford on the Pacolet, and on the 16th, in the evening, + took possession of a post, about seven miles from the Cherokee + Ford, on Broad river. My former position subjected <span class="pagenum"><a id="page043" name="page043"></a>(p. 043)</span> me + at once to the operations of Cornwallis and Tarleton, and in case + of a defeat, my retreat might have easily been cut off. My + situation at the Cowpens enabled me to improve any advantages I + might gain, and to provide better for my own security should I be + unfortunate. These reasons induced me to take this post, at the + risk of its wearing the face of a retreat.</p> + +<p>I received regular intelligence of the enemy's movements from the + time they were first in motion. On the evening of the 16th + instant they took possession of the ground I had removed from in + the morning, distant from the scene of action about twelve miles. + An hour before daylight, one of my scouts returned and informed + me that Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton had advanced within five + miles of our camp. On this information, I hastened to form as + good a disposition as circumstances would admit, and from the + alacrity of the troops, we were soon prepared to receive them. + The light infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, and + the Virginia Militia, under the command of Major Triplett, were + formed on a rising ground, and extended a line in front. The + third regiment of dragoons, under Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, + were posted at such a distance in their rear as not to be + subjected to the line of fire directed at them, and to be so near + as to be able to charge the enemy should they be broken. The + volunteers of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, under + the command of the brave and valuable Colonel Pickens, were + situated to guard the flanks. Major McDowell, of the North + Carolina Volunteers, was posted on the right flank in front of + the line, one hundred and fifty yards; and Major Cunningham, of + the Georgia Volunteers, on the left, at the same distance in + front. Colonels Brannon and Thomas, of the South Carolinians, + were posted on the right of Major McDowell, and Colonels Hays and + McCall, of the same corps, on the left of Major Cunningham. + Captains Tate and Buchanan, with the Augusta Riflemen, to support + the right of the line.</p> + +<p>The enemy drew up in single line of battle, four hundred yards in + front of our advanced corps. The first battalion of the 71st + regiment was opposed to our right, the 7th regiment to our left, + the infantry of the legion to our centre, the light companies on + their flank. In front moved two pieces of artillery. + Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton, with his cavalry, was posted in the + rear of his line.</p> + +<p>The disposition of battle being thus formed, small parties of + riflemen were detached to skirmish with the enemy, upon which + their whole line moved on with the greatest impetuosity, shouting + as they advanced. McDowell and Cunningham gave them a heavy and + galling fire, and retreated to the regiments intended for their + support. The whole of Colonel Pickens' command then kept up a + fire by regiments, retreating agreeably to their orders. When the + enemy advanced to our line, they received a well-directed and + incessant fire; but their numbers being superior to ours, they + gained our flanks, which obliged us to change our position. We + retired in good order about fifty paces, formed, advanced on the + enemy, and gave them a fortunate volley, which threw them into + disorder. Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, observing this, gave orders + for the line to charge bayonets, which was done with such address + that they fled with the utmost precipitation, leaving their field + pieces in our possession. We pushed our advantages so + effectually, that they never had an opportunity of rallying, had + their intentions been ever so good.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel <span class="pagenum"><a id="page044" name="page044"></a>(p. 044)</span> Washington, having been informed that + Tarleton was cutting down our riflemen on the left, pushed + forward, and charged them with such firmness, that, instead of + attempting to recover the fate of the day, which one would have + expected from an officer of his splendid character, they broke + and fled.</p> + +<p>The enemy's whole force were now bent solely in providing for + their safety in flight—the list of their killed, wounded, and + prisoners, will inform you with what effect Tarleton, with the + small remains of his cavalry, and a few scattering infantry he + had mounted on his waggon horses, made their escape. He was + pursued twenty-four miles, but owing to our having taken a wrong + trail at first, we never could overtake him.</p> + +<p>As I was obliged to move off the field of action in the morning, + to secure the prisoners, I cannot be so accurate as to the killed + and wounded as I could wish. From the reports of an officer whom + I sent to view the ground, there were one hundred + non-commissioned officers and privates, and ten commissioned + officers, killed, and two hundred rank and file wounded. We have + now in our possession five hundred and two non-commissioned + officers and privates prisoners, independent of the wounded, and + the militia are taking up stragglers continually. Twenty-nine + commissioned officers have fallen into our hands. Their rank you + will see by an enclosed list. The officers I have paroled, the + privates I am conveying by the safest route to Salisbury.</p> + +<p>Two standards, two field pieces, thirty-five waggons, a + travelling forge, and all their music are ours. Their baggage, + which was immense, they have in a great measure destroyed.</p> + +<p>Our loss is inconsiderable, which the enclosed return will + evince. I have not been able to ascertain Colonel Pickens' loss, + but know it to be very small.</p> + +<p>From our force being composed of such a variety of corps, a wrong + judgment may be formed of our numbers. We fought only eight + hundred men, two-thirds of which were militia. The British, with + their baggage guard, were not less than one thousand one hundred + and fifty, and these veteran troops. Their own officers confess + that they fought one thousand and thirty-seven.</p> + +<p>Such was the inferiority of our numbers, that our success must be + attributed to the justice of our cause and the bravery of our + troops. My wishes would induce me to mention the name of every + sentinel in the corps I have the honour to command. In justice to + the bravery and good conduct of the officers, I have taken the + liberty to enclose you a list of their names, from a conviction + that you will be pleased to introduce such characters to the + world.</p> + +<p>Major Giles, my aid, and Captain Brookes, my brigade-major, + deserve and have my thanks for their assistance and behaviour on + this occasion.</p> + +<p>The Baron de Glasbuch, who accompanies Major Giles with these + despatches, served with me in the action as a volunteer, and + behaved in such a manner as merits your attention.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, dear Sir, your obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Daniel Morgan</span>.</p> + +<p>P.S. Our loss was very inconsiderable, not having more than + twelve killed and about sixty wounded.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page045" name="page045"></a>(p. 045)</span> enemy had ten commissioned officers and upwards of + one hundred rank and file killed, two hundred rank and file + wounded, and twenty-seven officers and more than five hundred + privates which fell into our hands, with two pieces of artillery, + two Standards, eight hundred stand of arms, one travelling forge, + thirty-five waggons, ten negroes, and upwards of one hundred + dragoon horses.</p> + +<p>Although our success was complete, we fought only eight hundred + men, and were opposed by upwards of one thousand British troops.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Act of Congress directing a gold copy of General Morgan's medal to be +struck and presented to Morgan Neville, Esq., the lineal heir of +General Morgan.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States in Congress assembled</i>, That, in pursuance of the +request of Morgan Neville, in his memorial presented at the present +session of Congress, the director of the mint be and he is hereby +authorized and directed to cause to be struck, a gold medal, of the +intrinsic value of one hundred and fifty dollars, in honour of the +battle of the Cowpens, which was fought on the seventeenth day of +January, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, to replace the original +medal presented by a resolution of the Continental Congress, of March +ninth, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, to Brigadier-General Daniel +Morgan; the said medal to be struck from the original die, and +delivered when executed to the said Morgan Neville, the lineal heir of +General Morgan; the expense of the same to be paid out of any money in +the treasury not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved July 2d, 1836.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page046" name="page046"></a>(p. 046)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateIX" name="plateIX"><strong>Plate IX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text9" name="text9"><strong>No. 9.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>January 17, 1781.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Gulielmo Washington legionis equit. præfecto Comitia American. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Quod parva militum manu, etc.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">GULIELMO WASHINGTON LEGIONIS EQUIT. (<i>equitum</i>) PRÆFECTO COMITIA +AMERICAN. (<i>Americana.</i>) (<i>The American Congress to William +Washington, commander of a regiment of cavalry.</i>) Lieutenant-Colonel +Washington, at the head of his men, is pursuing the enemy's cavalry. A +winged Victory hovers above him, holding in her right hand a crown of +laurel, and in her left a palm branch. <span class="smcap">duv.</span> (<i>Duvivier</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a crown of laurel: QUOD PARVA MILITUM MANU STRENUE PROSECUTUS +HOSTES VIRTUTIS INGENITÆ PRÆCLARUM SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS +XVII. JAN. (<i>Januarii</i>) MDCCLXXXI.(<i>Because in vigorously pursuing the +enemy with a handful of soldiers he gave a noble example of innate +courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781</i>).<a id="footnotetag41" name="footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41">[41]</a>,<a id="footnotetag42" name="footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42">[42]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate009" name="plate009"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate009b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 009b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate009a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 009a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">William Augustine Washington</span>, a distant relation of General +Washington's, was born in Stafford County, Virginia, February 28, +1752. He was educated for the church, but entered the army as captain +of infantry, and fought in the battles of Long Island, Trenton, and +Princeton. In 1778 he was lieutenant-colonel of dragoons, and served +in the South under Generals Lincoln, Greene, and Morgan. He +distinguished himself at the victory of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page047" name="page047"></a>(p. 047)</span> Cowpens, for +which he received from Congress a silver medal; was made a prisoner at +Eutaw Springs, and remained in captivity in Charleston, South +Carolina, till the close of the war, when he settled in that city. He +served for some time in the South Carolina Legislature; was appointed +on General Washington's staff with the rank of brigadier-general, in +1797, and died in Charleston, March 6, 1810.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page048" name="page048"></a>(p. 048)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateX" name="plateX"><strong>Plate X.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text10" name="text10"><strong>No. 10.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>January 17, 1781.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Joh. Egar Howard legionis peditum præfecto Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Quod in nutantem hostium aciem, etc.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER HOWARD.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of the Cowpens.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOH. (<i>Johanni</i>) EGAR. (<i>sic</i>) HOWARD LEGIONIS PEDITUM PRÆFECTO +COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American Congress to John Eager Howard, +commander of a regiment of infantry.</i>) Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, on +horseback, is in pursuit of a foot-soldier of the enemy who is +carrying away a standard. A winged Victory hovers over him, holding in +her right hand a crown of laurel, and in her left a palm branch. +<span class="smcap">duviv.</span> (<i>Duvivier</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a crown of laurel: QUOD IN NUTANTEM HOSTIUM ACIEM SUBITO +IRRUENS PRÆCLARUM BELLICÆ VIRTUTIS SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS +XVII. JAN. (<i>Januarii</i>) MDCCLXXXI. (<i>Because by rushing suddenly on +the wavering lines of the enemy, he gave a brilliant example of +martial courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17, +1781</i>).<a id="footnotetag43" name="footnotetag43"></a><a href="#footnote43">[43]</a>,<a id="footnotetag44" name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44">[44]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate010" name="plate010"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate010b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 010b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate010a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 010a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Eager Howard</span> was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, June 4, +1752. On the breaking out of the Revolution he was appointed captain, +and took part in the battle of White Plains. He was promoted to the +rank of major in 1777, and fought at Germantown and Monmouth. He +became lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Maryland regiment of infantry in +1779, and served in the South under Generals Gates, Greene, and +Morgan, taking a brilliant part in every engagement. At the victory of +the Cowpens he held in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page049" name="page049"></a>(p. 049)</span> his hands at one time the swords of +seven British officers who had surrendered to him. For his services in +this battle Congress awarded him a silver medal. He was colonel of the +2d Maryland regiment at Eutaw Springs. At the close of the war he +retired to Baltimore, and was governor of Maryland, 1789-1792, and +United States senator, 1796-1803 When a war with France was expected +in 1797, he was selected by General Washington for one of his +brigadier-generals. He organized the defence of Baltimore in 1814, and +died in that city, October 12, 1827.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page050" name="page050"></a>(p. 050)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXI" name="plateXI"><strong>Plate XI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text11" name="text11"><strong>No. 11.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 8, 1781.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Salus regionum +australium.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Eutaw Springs.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">NATHANIELI GREEN (<i>sic</i>) EGREGIO DUCI COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The +American Congress to Nathaniel Greene, a distinguished general.</i>) Bust +of General Greene, in uniform, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">SALUS REGIONUM AUSTRALIUM. (<i>The safety of the southern regions.</i>) A +winged Victory holds a crown of laurel in her right hand, and a palm +branch in her left; one foot is resting on a trophy of arms and flags +of conquered enemies. Exergue: HOSTIBUS AD EUTAW DEBELLATIS DIE VIII +SEPT (<i>Septembris</i>) MDCCLXXXI. (<i>The enemy vanquished at Eutaw on the +8th of September, 1781.</i>) <span class="smcap">DUPRÉ</span>.<a id="footnotetag45" name="footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45">[45]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate011" name="plate011"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate011b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 011b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate011a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 011a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The legend of the reverse of this medal, as originally proposed by the +French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was, <span class="smcap">SALUS +PROVINCIARUM AUSTRALIUM</span>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Greene</span> was born at Potowhommet, Warwick County, Rhode +Island, May 27, 1742. He began life as a blacksmith, but entered the +"Kentish Guards" as a private in 1774. He was made brigadier-general +of the Rhode Island contingent to the army before Boston, in May, +1775, and a brigadier-general in the Continental Army, June 22, 1775, +and remained in active service throughout the war. In 1776 he +commanded in Long Island as a major-general; and fought at Trenton, +Princeton, the Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Newport, and +Springfield. He was quartermaster-general from March 2, 1778, to +August, 1780; and was commander of the army, in September, when +Arnold's treason was discovered. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page051" name="page051"></a>(p. 051)</span> same year he was +appointed commander-in-chief of the southern department, retook the +two Carolinas and Georgia, and won the battle of Eutaw Springs, +September 8, 1781, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of +thanks and a gold medal. After the war he removed to a plantation, +which the State of Georgia had given him, on the Savannah river, and +died there of a sunstroke, June 19, 1786.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Greene, etc.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By the United States in Congress Assembled</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the United States in Congress +assembled, be presented to Major-General Greene for his wise, +decisive, and magnanimous conduct in the action of the 8th of +September last, near the Eutaw Springs, in South Carolina, in which, +with a force inferior in number to that of the enemy, he obtained a +most signal victory.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be +presented to the officers and men of the Maryland and Virginia +brigades, and Delaware battalion of continental troops, for the +unparalleled bravery and heroism by them displayed, in advancing to +the enemy through an incessant fire, and charging them with an +impetuosity and ardour that could not be resisted.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be +presented to the officers and men of the legionary corps and +artillery, for their intrepid and gallant exertions during the action.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be +presented to the brigade of North Carolina for their resolution and +perseverance in attacking the enemy, and sustaining a superior fire.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be +presented to the officers and men of the state corps of South +Carolina, for the zeal, activity, and firmness by them exhibited +throughout the engagement.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be +presented to the officers and men of the militia, who formed the front +line in the order of battle, and sustained their post with honour, +propriety, and resolution, worthy of men determined to be free.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That a British standard be presented to Major-General +Greene as an honourable testimony of his merit, and a golden medal +emblematical of the battle and victory aforesaid.</p> + +<p>That <span class="pagenum"><a id="page052" name="page052"></a>(p. 052)</span> Major-General Greene be desired to present the thanks of +Congress to Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne and Captain +Shubrick, his aids-de-camp in testimony of their particular activity +and good conduct during the whole of the action.</p> + +<p>That a sword be presented to Captain Pierce, who bore the general's +despatches giving an account of the victory, and that the Board of War +take order herein.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the United States in Congress +assembled, be presented to Brigadier-General Marion, of the South +Carolina militia, for his wise, gallant, and decided conduct in +defending the liberties of his country; and particularly for his +prudent and intrepid attack on a body of the British troops, on the +30th day of August last, and for the distinguished part he took in the +battle of the 8th of September.</p> + +<p>Monday, October 29, 1781.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Greene to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p class="col40"><span class="smcap">Headquarters, Martin's Tavern, near Ferguson's Swamp,</span><br> +<span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>, September 11, 1781.<br></p> +<p>To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress</span>.</p> + + <p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In my last despatch of the 25th of August, I informed Your + Excellency that we were on our march for Fryday's Ferry, to form + a junction with the State troops and a body of militia, + collecting at that place, with an intention to make an attack + upon the British army laying at Colonel Thompson's, near McCord's + Ferry. On the 27th, on our arrival near Fryday's Ferry, I got + intelligence that the enemy were retiring.</p> + + <p>We crossed the river at Howell's Ferry, and took post at Motte's + plantation. Here I got intelligence that the enemy had halted at + the Eutaw Springs, about forty miles below us; and that they had + a reinforcement, and were making preparations to establish a + permanent post there. To prevent this, I was determined rather to + hazard an action, notwithstanding our numbers were greatly + inferior to theirs. On the 5th we began our march, our baggage + and stores having been ordered to Howell's Ferry under a proper + guard. We moved by slow and easy marches, as well to disguise our + real intention, as to give General Marion an opportunity to join + us, who had been detached for the support of Colonel Harden, a + report of which I transmitted in my letter of the 5th, dated + Maybrick's Creek. General Marion joined us on the evening of the + 7th, at Burdell's plantation, seven miles from the enemy's camp.</p> + + <p>We made the following disposition, and marched at four o'clock + the next morning to attack the enemy. Our front line was composed + of four small battalions of militia, two of North and two of + South Carolinians; one of the South Carolinians was under the + immediate command of General Marion, and was posted on the right, + who also commanded the front line; the two North Carolina + battalions, wider the command of Colonel Malmady, were posted in + the centre; and the other South <span class="pagenum"><a id="page053" name="page053"></a>(p. 053)</span> Carolina battalion + under the command of General Pickens, was posted on the left. Our + second line consisted of three small brigades of continental + troops—one from North Carolina, one from Virginia, and one from + Maryland. The North Carolinians were formed into three + battalions, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Ash, Majors + Armstrong and Blount; the whole commanded by General Sumner, and + posted upon the right. The Virginians consisted of two + battalions, commanded by Major Snead and Captain Edmonds, and the + whole by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and posted in the centre. + The Marylanders also consisted of two battalions, commanded by + Lieutenant-Colonel Howard and Major Hardman, and the brigade by + Colonel Williams, deputy adjutant-general to the army, and were + posted upon the left. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee with his legion + covered our right flank; and Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson, with + the State troops, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonels Hampton, + Middleton, and Polk, our left. Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, + with his horse and the Delaware troops, under Captain Kirkwood, + formed a corps of reserve. Two three-pounders, under + Captain-Lieutenant Gaines, advanced with the front line, and two + sixes, under Captain Browne, with the second.</p> + + <p>The legion and State troops formed our advance, and were to + retire upon the flanks upon the enemy's forming. In this order we + moved on to the attack. The legion and State troops fell in with + a party of the enemy's horse and foot, about four miles from + their camp, who, mistaking our people for a party of militia, + charged them briskly, but were soon convinced of their mistake by + the reception they met with. The infantry of the State troops + kept up a heavy fire, and the legion in front, under Captain + Rudolph, charged them with fixed bayonets; they fled on all + sides, leaving four or five dead on the ground, and several more + wounded. As this was supposed to be the advance of the British + army, our front line was ordered to form and move on briskly in + line, the legion and State troops to take their position upon the + flanks. All the country is covered with timber, from the place + the action began to Eutaw Springs. The firing began again between + two and three miles from the British camp. The militia were + ordered to keep advancing as they fired. The enemy's advanced + parties were soon driven in, and a most tremendous fire began on + both sides from right to left, and the legion and State troops + were closely engaged. General Marion, Colonel Malmady, and + General Pickens conducted the troops with great gallantry and + good conduct; and the militia fought with a degree of spirit and + firmness that reflects the highest honour upon that class of + soldiers. But the enemy's fire being greatly superior to ours, + and continuing to advance, the militia began to give ground. The + North Carolina brigade, under General Sumner, was ordered up to + their support. These were all new levies, and had been under + discipline but little more than a month, notwithstanding which + they fought with a degree of obstinacy that would do honour to + the best of veterans, and I could hardly tell which to admire + most, the gallantry of the officers or the bravery of the troops. + They kept up a heavy and well directed fire, and the enemy + returned it with equal spirit, for they really fought worthy of a + better cause, and great execution was done on both sides. In this + stage of the action, the Virginians under Lieutenant-Colonel + Campbell, and the Marylanders under Colonel Williams, were led on + to a brisk charge, with trailed arms, through a heavy cannonade + and a shower of musket balls. Nothing could exceed the gallantry + and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page054" name="page054"></a>(p. 054)</span> firmness of both officers and soldiers upon this + occasion. They preserved their order, and pressed on with such + unshaken resolution that they bore all before them. The enemy was + routed in all quarters. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee had, with great + address, gallantry, and good conduct, turned the enemy's left + flank, and was charging them in rear at the same time the + Virginia and Maryland troops were charging them in front. A most + valuable officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Hampton, who commanded the + State cavalry, and who fortunately succeeded Lieutenant-Colonel + Henderson in command, charged a party of the enemy, and took + upwards of one hundred prisoners. Lieutenant-Colonel Washington + brought up the corps of reserve upon the left, where the enemy + seemed disposed to make further resistance, and charged them so + briskly with the cavalry and Captain Kirkwood's infantry as gave + them no time to rally or form. Lieutenant-Colonels Polk and + Middleton, who commanded the State infantry, were no less + conspicuous for their good conduct than their intrepidity; and + the troops under their command gave a specimen of what may be + expected from men, naturally brave, when improved by proper + discipline. Captain-Lieutenant Gaines, who commanded the + three-pounders with the front line, did great execution until his + pieces were dismounted. We kept close at the enemy's heels after + they broke, until we got into their camp, and a great number of + prisoners were continually falling into our hands, and some + hundreds of the fugitives ran off toward Charleston. But a party + threw themselves into a large three-story brick house, which + stands near the spring; others took post in a picqueted garden, + while others were lodged in an impenetrable thicket, consisting + of a cragged shrub called a blackjack. Thus secured in front, and + upon the right by the house and a deep ravine, upon the left by + the picqueted garden and in the impenetrable shrubs, and the rear + also being secured by the springs and deep hollow ways, the enemy + renewed the action. Every exertion was made to dislodge them. + Lieutenant-Colonel Washington made most astonishing efforts to + get through the thicket to charge the enemy in the rear, but + found it impracticable, had his horse shot under him, and was + wounded and taken prisoner. Four six-pounders were ordered up + before the house—two of our own and two of the enemy's, which + they had abandoned—and they were pushed on so much under the + command of the fire from the house and the party in the thicket + as rendered it impracticable to bring them off again when the + troops were ordered to retire. Never were pieces better served; + most of the men and officers were either killed or wounded. + Washington failing in his charge upon the left, and the legion + baffled in an attempt upon the right, and finding our infantry + galled by the fire of the enemy, and our ammunition mostly + consumed, though both officers and men continued to exhibit + uncommon acts of heroism, I thought proper to retire out of the + fire of the house, and draw up the troops at a little distance in + the woods, not thinking it advisable to push our advantages + further, being persuaded the enemy could not hold the post many + hours, and that our chance to attack them on the retreat was + better than a second attempt to dislodge them, in which, if we + succeeded, it must be attended with considerable loss.</p> + + <p>We collected all our wounded, except such as were under the + command of the fire of the house, and retired to the ground from + which we marched in the morning, there being <span class="pagenum"><a id="page055" name="page055"></a>(p. 055)</span> no water + nearer, and the troops ready to faint with the heat and want of + refreshment, the action having continued near four hours. I left + on the field of action a strong picquet, and early in the morning + detached General Marion and Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, with the + legion of horse between Eutaw and Charleston, to prevent any + reinforcements from coming to the relief of the enemy; and also + to retard their march, should they attempt to retire, and give + time to the army to fall upon their rear and put a finishing + stroke to our success. We left two pieces of our artillery in the + hands of the enemy, and brought off one of theirs. On the evening + of the 9th the enemy retired, leaving upward of seventy of their + wounded behind them, and not less than one thousand stand of arms + that were picked up on the field, and found broke and concealed + in the Eutaw Springs. They stove between twenty and thirty + puncheons of rum, and destroyed a great variety of other stores, + which they had not carriages to carry off. We pursued them the + moment we got intelligence of their retiring; but they formed a + junction with Major McArthur at this place, General Marion and + Lieutenant-Colonel Lee not having a force sufficient to prevent + it; but on our approach they retired to the neighbourhood of + Charleston. We have taken five hundred prisoners, including the + wounded the enemy left behind; and I think they cannot have + suffered less than six hundred more in killed and wounded. The + fugitives that fled from the field of battle spread such an alarm + that the enemy burnt their stores at Dorchester, and abandoned + their post at Fair Lawn; and a great number of negroes and others + were employed in felling trees across the roads for some miles + without the gates at Charleston. Nothing but the brick house, and + the peculiar strength of the position at Eutaw, saved the remains + of the British army from being all made prisoners.</p> + + <p>We pursued them as far as this place; but not being able to + overtake them, we shall halt a day or two to refresh, and then + take our old position on the high hills of Santee. I think myself + principally indebted for the victory we obtained to the free use + of the bayonet, made by the Virginians and Marylanders, the + infantry of the legion, and Captain Kirkwood's light infantry, + and though few armies ever exhibited equal bravery with ours in + general, yet the conduct and intrepidity of these corps were + peculiarly conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell fell as he + was leading his troops to the charge, and though he fell with + distinguished marks of honour, yet his loss is much to be + regretted; he was the great soldier and the firm patriot.</p> + + <p>Our loss in officers is considerable, more from their value than + their number; for never did men or officers offer their blood + more willingly in the service of their country. I cannot help + acknowledging my obligations to Colonel Williams for his great + activity on this and many other occasions in forming the army, + and for his uncommon intrepidity in leading on the Maryland + troops to the charge, which exceeded anything I ever saw. I also + feel myself greatly indebted to Captains Pierce and Pendleton, + Major Hyrne and Captain Shubrick, my aids-de-camp, for their + activity and good conduct throughout the whole of the action.</p> + + <p>This despatch will be handed to Your Excellency by Captain + Pierce, to whom I beg leave to refer you for further particulars.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Nath. Greene</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John <span class="pagenum"><a id="page056" name="page056"></a>(p. 056)</span> Jay to Major William Pierce and others.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Office for Foreign Affairs</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">12 February, 1788.</span><br> +<i>To the Honourables</i></p> +<p class="add2em"><span class="smcap">Major William Pierce</span> and <span class="smcap">Nathaniel Pendleton</span>, Esquire, of Georgia, and +<span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis Morris</span><a id="footnotetag46" name="footnotetag46"></a><a href="#footnote46">[46]</a>, <span class="smcap">Major Thomas Shubrick</span> and <span class="smcap">Major +Hyrne</span>, of South Carolina, formerly aids of the late <span class="smcap">General Greene</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir:</span> It gives me pleasure to have an opportunity of transmitting + to you, by order of Congress, a copy of the medal struck by their + direction in honour of the late General Greene. A variety of + circumstances conspire to render this work of public attention + acceptable to you, though I am persuaded none among them will + more immediately affect the feelings, than the relation it bears + to that great man, whose loss you in particular, and the people + of America in general, have great reason to regret and lament.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John Jay.</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page057" name="page057"></a>(p. 057)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXII" name="plateXII"><strong>Plate XII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text12" name="text12"><strong>No. 12.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 19, 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Libera soror. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Tyrannis virtute repulsa.</p> + +<h4>ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF + THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY + THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.</h4> + +<p class="quote">LIBERA SOROR. (<i>Free sister.</i>) The sun shedding its rays on two + maidens, one of whom, with breast-plate and helmet, and + personifying the States-General of the Netherlands, holds with + her left hand a staff surmounted by a cap of Liberty over the + head of her companion. The latter, an Indian queen (<i>America</i>), + holds in her left hand a lance, a shield with thirteen stars + (<i>the thirteen original United States</i>), and the end of a chain + which binds a leopard (<i>Great Britain</i>), on whose head she rests + her left foot. Their right hands, clasped, are extended over a + fire burning on an antique altar ornamented with a caduceus and a + cornucopia, the attributes of Mercury, god of commerce. Exergue: + SOLEMNI DECR. AGN. 19 APR. MDCCLXXXII (<i>Solemni decreto agnita, + 19 Aprilis, 1782: Acknowledged by a solemn decree, April 19, + 1782</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">TYRANNIS VIRTUTE REPULSA. (<i>Tyranny repulsed by virtue.</i>) A + unicorn (<i>Great Britain</i>), royally gorged, lies extended at the + foot of a precipice, against which it has broken its horn; in the + background a vast country (<i>America</i>), diversified by plains, + rivers and mountains. Exergue: SUB GALLIÆ AUSPICIIS (<i>Under the + auspices of France</i>). On the platform: <span class="smcap">I. G. HOLTZHEY FEC</span>. + (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag47" name="footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47">[47]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate012" name="plate012"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate012b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 012b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate012a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 012a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John <span class="pagenum"><a id="page058" name="page058"></a>(p. 058)</span> George Holtzhey</span> was born in Amsterdam, in 1729. He was +the eldest son of Martin Holtzhey, a celebrated engraver, who died in +Middleburg, November I, 1767. John George Holtzhey was the pupil of +his father, and engraved, in collaboration with him, the plates in a +work entitled: "Catalogus der (73 stuks) Medailles en gedenkpenningen +betrekking hebbende op de voornamste historien der Vereenigde +Nederlanden (Amsterdam, 1755)." Among his works are two medals +relating to the United States of America, "Libera Soror," and +"Faustissimo Fœdere Junctæ." He was one of the most eminent +engravers of his day. He died in Amsterdam, February 15, 1808.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Amsterdam</span>, April 19th, 1782.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Robert R. Livingston</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to transmit you the following resolutions + of the respective provinces, relative to my admission in quality + of Minister Plenipotentiary, together with two resolutions of + their High Mightinesses, upon the same subject, all in the order + in which they were taken.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John Adams</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Friesland</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Register Book of the Lords, the States of +Friesland.</i></p> + +<p>"The requisition of Mr. Adams, for presenting his letters of credence +from the United States of North America to their High Mightinesses, +having been brought into the Assembly and put into deliberation, as +also the ulterior address to the same purpose, with a demand of a +categorical answer, made by him, as is more amply mentioned in the +minutes of their High Mightinesses, of the 4th of May, 1781, and the +9th of January, 1782, whereupon, it having been taken into +consideration, that the said Mr. Adams would have, probably, some +propositions to make to their High Mightinesses, and to present to +them the principal articles and foundations upon which the Congress, +on their part, would enter into a treaty of commerce and friendship, +or other affairs to propose, in regard to which dispatch would be +requisite.</p> + +<p>"It has been thought fit and resolved to authorize the gentlemen, the +Deputies of this Province at the generality, and to instruct them to +direct things, at the table of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page059" name="page059"></a>(p. 059)</span> their High Mightinesses, in +such a manner that the said Mr. Adams be admitted forthwith as +Minister of the Congress of North America, with further order to the +said Deputies, that if there should be made, moreover, any similar +propositions by the same to inform immediately their Noble +Mightinesses of them. And an extract of the present Resolution shall +be sent them for their information, that they may conduct themselves +conformably.</p> + +<p>"Thus resolved at the Province House, the 26th of February, 1782.<br> +<span class="col40">"Compared with the aforesaid book to my knowledge,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">A. J. V. Sminia</span>."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Holland and West Friesland</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract of the Resolutions of the Lords, the States of Holland and +West Friesland, taken in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand +Mightinesses.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Thursday, March 28th, 1782.</p> + +<p>"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address +of Mr. Adams, made the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, +to the President of the States-General, communicated to the Assembly, +the 9th of May, 1781, and the 22d of last month, to present his +letters of credence, in the name of the United States of America, to +their High Mightinesses, by which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams +has demanded a categorical answer, that he may acquaint his +constituents thereof; deliberated also upon the petitions of a great +number of merchants, manufacturers and others, inhabitants of this +Province interested in commerce, to support their request presented to +the States-General the 20th current, to the end that efficacious +measures might be taken to establish a commerce between this country +and North America, copies of which petitions have been given to the +members the 21st; and it has been thought fit, and resolved, that the +affairs shall be directed, on the part of their Noble and Grand +Mightinesses, at the Assembly of the States-General, and there shall +be there made the strongest instances that Mr. Adams be admitted and +acknowledged, as soon as possible, by their High Mightinesses in +quality of Envoy of the United States of America. And the +Counsellor-Pensionary has been charged to inform, under his hand, the +said Mr. Adams of this Resolution of their Noble and Grand +Mightinesses."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Zealand</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the +States-General of the United Provinces.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Monday, April 8th, 1782.</p> + +<p>"The Deputies of the Province of Zealand have brought to the Assembly +and caused to be read there the Resolution of the States of the said +Province, their principals, to cause to be admitted as soon as +possible, Mr. Adams, in quality of Envoy of the Congress of North +America in the following terms:</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract <span class="pagenum"><a id="page060" name="page060"></a>(p. 060)</span> from the Register of the Resolutions of the Lords, +the States of Zealand.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">April 4th, 1782.</p> + +<p>"It has been thought fit and ordered, that the gentlemen, the Ordinary +Deputies of this Province at the generality, shall be convoked and +authorized, as it is done by the present, to assist in the direction +of affairs at the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, in such a +manner that Mr. Adams may be acknowledged as soon as possible as Envoy +of the Congress of North America; that the letters of credence be +accepted, and that he be admitted in that quality according to the +ordinary form, enjoining further upon the said Lords, the Ordinary +Deputies, to take such propositions as should be made to this +Republic, by the said Mr. Adams, for the information and the +deliberation of their High Mightinesses, to the end to transmit them +here as soon as possible. And an extract of this resolution of their +Noble Mightinesses shall be sent to the gentlemen, their Ordinary +Deputies, to serve them as an instruction.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">J. M. Chalmers."</p> + +<p>"Upon which, having deliberated, it has been thought fit and resolved +to pray, by the present, the gentlemen, the Deputies of the Provinces +of Guelderland, Utrecht, and Groningen, and Ommelanden, who have not +as yet explained themselves upon this subject, to be pleased to do it, +as soon as possible."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Overyssel.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of the Equestrian Order, +and of the cities composing the States Overyssel.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Zwoll</span>, 5th of April, 1782.</p> + +<p>"The grand Bailiff de Sallande, and the other commissions of their +Noble Mightinesses for the affairs of finance, having examined, +conformably to their commissarial resolution of the 3d of this month, +the addresses of Mr. Adams, communicated to the Assembly the 4th of +May, 1781, and the 22d of February, 1782, to present his letters of +credence to their High Mightinesses, in the name of the United States +of North America; as well as the resolution of the Lords, the States +of Holland and West Friesland, dated the 28th of March, 1782, carried +the 29th of the same month to the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, +for the admission and acknowledgment of Mr. Adams, have reported to +the Assembly, that they should be of opinion that the gentlemen, the +Deputies of this Province in the States-General, ought to be +authorized and charged to declare in the Assembly of their High +Mightinesses, that the Equestrian Order and the cities' Judge, that it +is proper to acknowledge, as soon as possible, Mr. Adams, in quality +of Minister of the United States of North America, to their High +Mightinesses. Upon which, having deliberated, the Equestrian Order and +the cities have conformed themselves to the said report.</p> + +<p> +<span class="col40">"Compared with the aforesaid Register.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Derk Dumbar.</span>"</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Groningen</span>. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page061" name="page061"></a>(p. 061)</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their Noble +Mightinesses, the States of Groningen and Ommelanden.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Tuesday, 9th of April, 1782.</p> + +<p>"The Lords, the States of Groningen and Ommelanden, having heard the +report of the gentlemen, the Commissioners for the Petitions of the +Council of State and the Finances of the Province, and having +carefully examined the demand of Mr. Adams, to present his letters of +credence from the United States of North America, to their High +Mightinesses, have, after deliberation upon the subject, declared +themselves of opinion that in the critical circumstances in which the +Republic finds itself at present, it is proper to take, without loss +of time, such efficacious measures as may not only repair the losses +and damages that the kingdom of Great Britain has caused, in a manner +so unjust, and against every shadow of right, to the commerce of the +Republic, as well before as after the war, but particularly such as +may establish the free navigation and the commerce of the Republic, +for the future, upon the most solid foundations, as may confirm and +re-assure it by the strongest bonds of reciprocal interest, and that, +in consequence, the gentlemen, the Deputies at the Assembly of their +High Mightinesses, ought to be authorized on the part of the Province, +as they are by the present, to admit Mr. Adams to present his letters +of credence from the United States of North America, and to receive +the propositions which he shall make, to make report of them to the +Lords, the States of this Province.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">E. Lewe</span>, <i>Secretary</i>."</p> + +<p>"The States-General, having deliberated the same day upon this +resolution, have <i>Resolved</i>, 'That the Deputies of the Province of +Guelderland, which has not yet declared itself upon the same subject, +should be requested to be pleased to do it as soon as possible.'"</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Utrecht</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract of the Resolutions of their Noble Mightinesses, the States of +the Province of Utrecht.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">10th of April, 1782.</p> + +<p>"Heard the report of Mr. de Westerveld, and other Deputies of their +Noble Mightinesses for the Department of War, who, in virtue of the +commissarial resolutions of the 9th of May, 1781, the 16th of January, +and the 20th of March, of the present year, 1782, have examined the +resolution of their High Mightinesses of the 4th of May, 1781, +containing an overture, that the President of the Assembly of their +High Mightinesses had made, 'that a person, styling himself J. Adams, +had been with him, and had given him to understand that he had +received letters of credence for their High Mightinesses from the +United States of North America, with a request that he would be +pleased to communicate them to their High Mightinesses,' as well as +the resolution of their High Mightinesses, of the 9th of January, +containing an ulterior overture of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page062" name="page062"></a>(p. 062)</span> the President, 'that the +said Mr. Adams had been with him, and had insisted upon a categorical +answer, whether his said letters of credence would be accepted or +not;' finally, the resolution of their High Mightinesses, of the 5th +of March last, with the insertion of the resolution of Friesland, +containing a proposition 'to admit Mr. Adams in quality of Minister of +the Congress of North America.'"</p> + +<p>"Upon which, having deliberated and remarked that the Lords, the +States of Holland and West Friesland, by their resolution, carried the +29th of March to the States-General, have also consented to the +admission of the said Mr. Adams in quality of Minister of the Congress +of North America, it has been thought fit, and resolved, that the +gentlemen, the Deputies of this Province in the States-General, should +be authorized, as their Noble Highnesses authorize them by the +present, to conform themselves, in the name of this Province, to the +resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West Friesland, and +of Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, that Mr. Adams be +acknowledged and admitted as Minister of the United States of North +America, their Noble Mightinesses being at the same time of opinion +that it would be necessary to acquaint Her Majesty, the Empress of +Russia, and the other neutral powers, with the resolution to be taken +by their High Mightinesses upon this subject, in communicating to them +(as much as shall be necessary) the reasons which have induced their +High Mightinesses to it, and in giving them the strongest assurances, +that the intention of their High Mightinesses is by no means to +prolong thereby the war, which they would have willingly prevented and +terminated long since; but that, on the contrary, their High +Mightinesses wish nothing with more ardor than a prompt +re-establishment of peace, and that they shall be always ready on +their part to co-operate in it, in all possible ways, and with a +suitable readiness, so far as that shall be any way compatible with +their honour and their dignity. And to this end an extract of this +shall be carried by missive to the gentlemen, the Deputies at the +Generality."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Guelderland</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Precis of the ordinary Diet, held in the City of +Nimeguen, in the month of April, 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Wednesday, 17th of April, 1782.</p> + +<p>"The requisition of Mr. Adams to present his letter of credence to +their High Mightinesses, in the name of the United States of North +America, having been brought to the Assembly and read, as well as an +ulterior address made upon this subject, with the demand of a +categorical answer by the said Mr. Adams, more amply mentioned in the +registers of their High Mightinesses, of the date of the 4th of May, +1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, moreover, the resolutions of the +Lords, the States of the six other Provinces, carried successively to +the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, and all tending to admit Mr. +Adams, in quality of Envoy of the United States of North America, to +this Republic; upon which their Noble Mightinesses, after <span class="pagenum"><a id="page063" name="page063"></a>(p. 063)</span> +deliberation, have resolved to authorize the Deputies of this +Province, as they authorize them by the present, to conform themselves +in the name of this Province, to the resolution of the Lords, the +States of Holland and West Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, +that Mr. Adams may be acknowledged and admitted, in quality of Envoy +of the United States of North America, to this Republic. In +consequence, an extract of the present shall be sent to the said +Deputies, to make, as soon as possible, the requisite overture of it +to the Assembly of their High Mightinesses.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">J. In De Betouw</span>."</p> + +<p>This resolution of Guelderland was no sooner remitted, on the 19th, to +their High Mightinesses, than they took immediately a resolution +conformable to the unanimous wish of the Seven Provinces, conceived in +the following terms:</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High +Mightinesses, the States-General of the United Provinces.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Friday, April 19th, 1782.</p> + +<p>"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address, +made by Mr. Adams, the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January of the +current year, to the President of the Assembly of their High +Mightinesses, to present to their High Mightinesses his letters of +credence, in the name of the United States of North America, and by +which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams has demanded a categorical +answer, to the end to be able to acquaint his constituents thereof; it +has been thought fit and resolved, that Mr. Adams shall be admitted +and acknowledged in quality of Envoy of the United States of North +America to their High Mightinesses, as he is admitted and acknowledged +by the present."</p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">W. Boreel</span>."<br> +<span class="col40">"Compared with the aforesaid register.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">H. Fagel</span>."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">The Formal Resolution Of Their High Mightinesses</span>.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High +Mightinesses, the States-General of the United Provinces.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Monday, April 22d, 1782.</p> + +<p>"Mr. Boreel, who presided in the Assembly the last week, has reported +to their High Mightinesses and notified them, that Mr. John Adams, +Envoy of the United States of America, had been with him last +Saturday, and had presented to him a letter from the Assembly of +Congress, written at Philadelphia, the 1st of January, 1781, +containing a credence for the said Mr. Adams, to the end to reside in +quality of its Minister Plenipotentiary near their High Mightinesses. +Upon which, having deliberated, it has been thought fit and resolved +to declare by the present, that the said <span class="pagenum"><a id="page064" name="page064"></a>(p. 064)</span> Mr. Adams is +agreeable to their High Mightinesses; that he shall be acknowledged in +quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, and that there shall be granted +to him an audience, or assigned commissioners, when he shall demand +it. Information of the above shall be given to the said Mr. Adams by +the agent, Van der Burch de Spieringshoek.</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">W. van Citters</span>."<br> +<span class="col40">"Compared with the aforesaid register.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">H. Fagel</span>."</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><span class="smcap">Original Documents, from the Royal Archives at the Hague, relating to +the acknowledgment of the United States of America by the United +Netherlands</span>.<a id="footnotetag48" name="footnotetag48"></a><a href="#footnote48">[48]</a></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Friesland van den jare 1782.</i></p> + +<p>Adams te admitteeren als minister weegens het congres van +Noord-America.</p> + +<p>Ter vergaderinge voorgedragen en in deliberatie gelegd zijnde het +versoek van de heer Adams om zijne brieven van credentie van de +Verenigde Staten van Noord-America aan Hun Hoog Mog' te overhandigen, +mitsgaders het nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek van een +cathegorisch antwoord door deselve gedaan en breeder in de notulen van +Hun Hoog Mog' van den 4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, vermeld.</p> + +<p>Waarop in consideratie genomen zijnde dat de voorschr. heer Adams niet +onwaarschijnlijk eenige propositien aan Hun Hoog Mog' zoude hebben te +doen en voorname articulen en gronden aan Hun Hoog Mog' kunnen ter +hand stellen, waarop 't congres aan haare zijde in een tractaat van +commercie en vriendschap zoude willen treeden of andere zaaken hebben +voortedragen, waaromtrent spoed vereischt wierde, is goedgevonden en +verstaan de heeren deeser prov. gecommitteerden ter generaliteit te +authoriseeren en te gelasten, het ter tafel van Hun Hoog Mog' daar +heen te dirigeeren, dat gedagte heer Adams met den eersten als +minister van het Congres van Noord-America, werde toegelaten, met +verdere last aan opgemelde gecommitteerden, om indien door deselve +eenige soortgelijke propositien werden gedaan, daar van ten +spoedigsten Hun Ed. Mog' te informeeren.</p> + +<p>En sal extract deeses aan hun worden toegesonden tot narigt en om sig +daar na te gedragen.</p> + +<p>Aldus geresolveert op 't Landschapshuis den 26e February 1782.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract <span class="pagenum"><a id="page065" name="page065"></a>(p. 065)</span> uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten +van Holland en Westfriesland van den jare, 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Donderdag den 28 Maart 1782.</p> + +<p>Bij resumtie gedelibereert zijnde op het adres en nader adres van den +heer Adams den 4 Mey 1781 en 9 January 1782 aan den heer ter +generaliteit presideerende en den 9 Mey 1781 en 22 der voorlede maand +ter vergadering gecommuniceert, om uit naam der Vereenigde Staten van +Noord-America zijne brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te +overhandigen en bij welk nader adres gemelde heer Adams een +cathagorisch antwoord heeft versogt, om daar van aan sijne +principaalen kennis te kunnen geeven, als meede op de requesten van +een groot aantal commercieerende, fabriceerende en sig door den handel +geneerende ingezeetenen in deese provincie, tot appui van hunne +versoeken ter generaliteit den 20 deeser gedaan ten einde tot +verkrijging der handel uit deesen landen op Noord-America, +efficacieuse middelen werden beraamt, op den 21 deeser bij copie aan +de leden gegeeven.</p> + +<p>Is goedgevonden en verstaan dat de saak van wegens Hun Edele Groot +Mog' ter generaliteit daar heen sal worden gedirigeert en daar op ten +sterkste geinsteert, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de Vereenigde +Staten van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten bij Hun Hoog Mog' moge +werden ge admitteert en erkent; en word de raadpensionaris gelast den +voornoemden heer Adams van deese Hun Edele Groot Mog' resolutie onder +de hand te informeeren.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Zeeland van den jare 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Den 29 Maart 1782.</p> + +<p>De raadpensionaris heeft ter voldoening aan Hun Ed. Mog' onderscheiden +resolutien commissoriaal van den 5, 11 en 25 deezer maand, uit naam +van heeren commissarissen gerapporteerd, dat geexamineerd hadden het +nader adres van den heer Adams, den 9 January deezes jaars aan den +heer præsideerende ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' gedaan op het +subject van het overhandigen zijner brieven van credentie aan +hoogstdezelve uit naam der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, ten +einde en met verzoek van een cathagorisch antwoord daar op, om +deswegens aan dezelve kennis te kunnen geeven, voorts de resolutie der +heeren Staten van Vriesland den 5 deezer ter generaliteit ingebragt, +houdende een auctorisatie op derzelver gecommitteerden om het aldaar +daar heen te dirigeeren dat gemelden heer Adams met den eersten als +minister van Noord-America worde erkend, nog Hun Hoog Mog' resolutie +nopens de aan hoogstdezelve den 20 deezer gepræsenteerde drie +requesten door commercieerende, fabriceerende en met verscheiden +handel zig geneerende ingezeetenen deezer landen, waar bij op het +sterkste aandringen op een vryen handel tusschen de ingezeetenen +deezer republicq en die van Noord-America, en <span class="pagenum"><a id="page066" name="page066"></a>(p. 066)</span> eindelijk de +den 25 deezer aan Hun Ed. Mog' gepræsenteerde requesten door het +collegie van de kooplieden te Middelburg en die te Vlissingen, +verzoekende dat hoogstdezelve de heeren gedeputeerden van deeze +provincie ter generaliteit gelieven te auctoriseeren, om het ter +vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' insgelyks daar heen te helpen dirigeeren +dat meergenoemden heer Adams in voorschr. qualiteit erkend, met +denzelven in onderhandeling getreeden en een tractaat van commercie en +navigatie gesloten werde, bij voorige notulen breeder vermeld, bij +welke gelegenheid de raadpensionaris wyders heeft gerelateerd, dat +even voor het aangaan van het besogne nog ontfangen hebbende een +request van een groot aantal kooplieden, rheeders, assuradeurs, +trafiquanten en fabricquers binnen de stad Middelburg, tendeerende ten +zelven einde als de twee evengemelde requesten, heeren commissarissen, +onder Hun Ed. Mog' welnemen (als relatif tot het onderwerp waar over +'t besogne was gedecerneerd) geen zwarigheid hadden gemaakt om +hetzelve al mede te examineeren en daarop rapport te doen, ter wyl +heeren commissarissen ook waren geinformeerd geworden dat eenige +kooplieden te Veere mede van voornemen zijn geweest om tot hetzelve +oogmerk zig aan Hun Ed. Mog te adresseeren, indien tijdig genoeg van +de voorschr. requesten hadden kennis gehad; dat heeren commissarissen, +in ernstige overweginge genomen hebbende het verval van den +koophandel, die voorname zenuw van den Staat, de vermindering, ja +bijna geheelen stilstand van de fabricquen en traficquen, mitsgaders +het middel 't geen mogelyk zon kunnen strekken om al het zelve wederom +eenigsins te herstellen of wel tot voorig aanzien te brengen, en dus +de schaden, welken de commercieerende ingezeetenen door den oorlog met +het rijk van Groot Brittannien bereids geleeden hadden, wederom +vergoed te krijgen, door naamelyk het sluyten van een tractaat van +commercie en negotie tusschen deeze republyk en de Vereenigde Staten +van Noord-Amerika als waar op zoo zeer door 's lands ingezeetenen +alomme wordt aangedrongen en waar toe ook van de zyde van het congres +sedert eenige maanden aanzoek was gedaan; na alles rijpelyk onderzogt, +als mede in 't breede beredeneerd te hebben, eindelijk gemeend hadden +Hun Ed. Mog' te moeten adviseeren dat de heeren ordinaris +gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit door Hun Ed. Mog' zoo +spoedig immers doenlijk zij, zouden behooren te worden aangeschreeven +en geauctoriseerd, om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' daar heen +te helpen dirigeeren, dat de heer Adams, als minister plenipotentiaris +van het congres van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten werde erkend, +deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd, en in die hoedanigheid +ter gemelde vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' toegelaaten, met verderen +last aan dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige +propositien, als door den voorschr. heer aan deeze republijk zouden +mogen worden gedaan, ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' +copielijk overtenemen en dezelve ten spoedigsten overtezenden. Waarop +gedelibereerd zijnde, hebben de raadpensionaris voor den heer eersten +edelen, benevens de heeren gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, +Goes, Tholen en Veere copie verzogt van het voorschr. rapport en die +van Tholen ook van de drie over het zelve onderwerp aan Hun Ed. Mog' +gepresenteerde requesten, om te brengen ter kennis en deliberatie van +de heeren hunne respective committenten. De heeren gedeputeerden van +Vlissingen hebben geinhaereerd het advys door dezelve omtrent de +admissie van den heer Adams op de laastvoorige sessie uitgebragt en +wyders geinsteerd dat de andere leden zig, zoo ras <span class="pagenum"><a id="page067" name="page067"></a>(p. 067)</span> mogelijk +op dit important poinct gelieven te verklaaren, waar op die van Veere +aannaamen om in deeze zaak alle spoed te recommandeeren aan de heeren +hunne principaalen, ten einde zoo veel van dezelve dependeerde, een +spoedige conclusie zal kunnen worden genomen.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Zeeland van den jare 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Den 4 April 1782.</p> + +<p>De heer van Lijnden voor den heer eersten edelen en de heeren +gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, Goes, Tholen en Veere verzogt +zijnde zig te verklaaren op het rapport van het besogne den 29 Maart, +jongstleden ter vergadering uitgebragt, raakende het erkennen van den +heer Adams, als minister plenipotentiaris der Vereenigde Staten van +Noord-Amerika, by voorige notulen breeder gemeld, heeft eerstgemelden +heer aangenomen zig daar op nader te zullen verklaaren; die van +Middelburg, Goes, Tholen en Veere hebben, op speciaalen last van de +heeren hunne committenten, zig met het voorschr. rapport geconformeerd +en die van Ziericzee uit specialen last gedeclareerd, dat indien de +kooplieden binnen de stad Ziericzee in tijds kennisse bekomen hadden +dat die van de Walchersche steden zig wegens deeze zaak aan Hun Ed. +Mog' zouden addresseeren, zij uyt overtuiging van het nut, het geen +uit eene alliantie met de Noord-Americaansche Staten voor den +koophandel en scheepvaart deezer landen zouden voortspruiten, zig zeer +gaarne daar bij zouden hebben gevoegd. Dat Hun Ed. Actb. ook volkomen +geconvinceerd van het important belang hetgeen in zoodanige alliantie +voor de geheele republiq geleegen zij, van wegens hunne stad de +dertien Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America als vry en onafhankelyk +erkennen en mitsdien met alle empressement moeten insteeren, dat de +heeren ordinaris geedeputeerden ter generaliteit ten spoedigsten +werden gelast, den heer Adams als minister plenipotentiaris van het +congres, ter audientie te admitteren en als dan de propositien, welke +door denzelven tot het aangaan van een tractaat van koophandel of +eenige andere dergelijke, mogten worden gedaan, ter deliberatie van +Hun Ed. Mog' overteneemen. Het welk gehoord, heeft de raadpensionaris +verzogt dat den heer van Lijnden zig nu ook geliefde te expliceeren, +die daar op gezegd heeft dat, ziende de inclinatie van alle deszelfs +medeleden in de admissie van den heer Adams zeer wel konde toekomen, +doch dat eenige bedenkingen hebbende op een te neemen resolutie, +conform het dispositif van het voorschr. rapport, zoude praefereeren +dat in deeze zaak werde te werk gegaan even als bij de heeren Staten +van Holland, en mitsdien hoogstderzelver resolutie gevolgd, en +vervolgens door den raadpensionaris daar op omvrage gedaan zijnde, +hebben die van Middelburg geoordeeld dat alle zwaarigheid zoude kunnen +worden weggenomen, indien maar eenvoudig wierde gesteld de volgende +periode: "en in die hoedanigheid, op de gewoone wijze toegelaaten," +zonder melding te maken van het "admitteeren" bepaaldelijk "ter +vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende," de heeren gedeputeerden van de vijf +andere steden hebben zig met onderlinge concurrentie met <span class="pagenum"><a id="page068" name="page068"></a>(p. 068)</span> het +gemeld conciliatoir advijs der heeren van Middelburg geconformeerd, +waar na de heer van Lijnden heeft gedeclareerd dat, ofschoon meer +inclineerde, zoo als gezegd heeft, om de resolutie van Holland te +volgen, echter bespeurende de overeenkomende sentimenten der andere +leden om, onder de voorgeslage verandering, het rapport ter conclusie +te brengen en overtuigd zijnde van de noodzaakelykheid dat hier +omtrent een resolutie met eenpaarigheid werde genomen, zig als nu ook +daar by zoude voegen, om de afdoening deezer zaak te bevorderen. +Vervolgens bij resumtie gedelibereerd zijnde op het voorschr. rapport, +als mede op de onderscheidene requesten en andere stukken daar bij +gemeld, is, met eenparige bewilliging van alle de leden, goedgevonden +en verstaan dat de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter +generaliteit zullen worden aangeschreven, en geauctoriseerd, gelijk +geschiedt by deeze om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende daar +heen te helpen dirigeeren, dat de heer Adams, als afgezant van het +congres van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten werde erkend deszelfs +brieven van credentie geaccepteerd en in die hoedanigheid op de +gewoone wyze toegelaaten; met verdere last aan dezelve heeren +ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien, als door den +voorschr. heer Adams aan deeze republicq zouden mogen worden gedaan, +ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' copielijk overteneemen en +dezelve ten spoedigsten herwaards te zenden.</p> + +<p>En zal extract van deeze Hun Ed. Mog' resolutie aan gemelde heeren +ordinaris gedeputeerden, tot derzelver narigt worden gezonden, zonder +resumtie.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Overijssel, van 11 Maart tot 1 November 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Vrijdag den 5 April 1782.</p> + +<p>De heeren de droste van Zalland en andere Hunner Ed. Mog' +gecommitteerden tot de zaaken van financie, ingevolge en ter +voldoening van derzelver resolutie commissoriaal van den 30 deezer +hebbende geexamineerd de adressen van den heere Adams, den 4e Mey 1781 +en 9e January 1782, aan den heere ter generaliteit presideerende en +den 9e Mey 1781 en 22 February 1782 ter vergadering gecommuniceert, om +uit naam van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven van +credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen; als mede de resolutie +van de heeren staten van Holland en Westvriesland van den 28e Maart +1782 den 29e, dierzelfde maand ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' +ingebragt op de admissie en erkentenis van den heere Adams, als +afgezant der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America. Hebben ter +vergadering gerapporteert, dat van advise zouden wesen, dat de heeren +gecommitteerden van wegens deeze provincie ter generaliteit zouden +behooren te worden geautoriseerd en gelast, om ter vergadering van Hun +Hoog Mog' te declareeren, dat Ridders en Steden van oordeel zijn, dat +de heer Adams als afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America +bij Hun Hoog Mog' ten spoedigsten behoorde te worden erkent.</p> + +<p>Waarop zijnde gedelibereerd, hebben Ridders en Steden zig met het +voorschr. rapport geconformeert.</p> + +<p>En <span class="pagenum"><a id="page069" name="page069"></a>(p. 069)</span> hebben wijders de heeren gedeputeerden der stad Deventer +geinsteert, dat de twee overige pointen vervat in derzelver resolutie +van den 30 Maart 1782, geinsereerd in deeze onze notulen van den 3 +dezer mede ter deliberatie mogen worden genomen.</p> + +<p>Waarmede de heere droste van Ysselmuijden zig heeft gevoegd.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Stad en Lande (Groningen) van 1781-1782.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Dingsdag den 9 April 1782.</p> + +<p>Gedelibereert sijnde op het rapport der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de +petitien van de Raad van State en deezer provincie finances, in dato +den 26 deser, tenderende om den heere Adams tot het overgeven van +zijne brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America +aan Hun Hoog Mogende toetelaaten, luidende als volgt:</p> + +<p><i>Rapport</i> der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de petitien van de Raad van +State en deser provincie finances.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edele Mogende Heeren</span>.</p> + +<p>Door de heeren Uwer Edele Mogende gecommitteerden ingevolge en ter +voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal, in dato den 4 May des +voorigen jaars, zijnde geexamineert, het verzoek van den heer Adams, +om zijne brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van +Noord-America aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, als mede ter +voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal in dato den 14 Maart +jongstl. daar tevens zijnde gelesen en naagegaan, de resolutie der +Heeren Staten van Friesland op den 5 Meert, daar bevorens ter +vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende ingebragt waar bij de heeren +derzelver gecommitteerden ter generaliteit hebben gelast ter tafel van +Hun Hoog Mogende het daar heen te dirigeren dat de heer Adams, als +minister van 't congres van Noord-America, by Hun Hoog Mogende werde +toegelaten met verdere last aan opgemelde gecommitteerden indien door +dezelve eenige propositien werden gedaan, betrekkelijk het aangaan van +een tractaat van commercie en vriendschap, daar van ten spoedigsten de +heeren Staten van Friesland te informeren, hebben de heeren +gecommitteerden de eer UEdele Mogende te rapporteeren, dat van +gedagten zouden zijn, dat in de hachelijke omstandigheden, waar in de +republyk zich thans ziet gebragt, zodane efficacieuse maatregelen, +zonder tijdverzuim, behoorden te worden genomen, waar door niet alleen +de geledene schadens en naedeelen tegens allen schijn van recht, zoo +voor als nae het declareren van den oorlog door het rijk van Groot +Brittannien, op zulk een onregtvaardige wyze aan de commercie dezer +landen toegebragt, zoude kunnen worden vergoed, maar vooral ook de +vrye scheepvaart en koophandel van de Republyk voor het toekomende op +vaste gronden gestelt en door de sterkste banden van weederkerige +belangens bevestigt en beveiligt en dat overzulks de heeren UEdele +Mogende gedeputeerden ter vergaderinge van <span class="pagenum"><a id="page070" name="page070"></a>(p. 070)</span> Hun Hoog Mogende +behoorden te worden geauthoriseert, om zoo haast door de provincie van +Holland en Westfriesland, of eene der meest geinteresseerde +provincien, daar in mede zal sijn geconsenteert, den heer Adams, tot +het overgeven sijner brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten +van Noord-America toetelaten, diens te doene propositie overtenemen en +daar van aan UEdele Mogende ten eersten verslag te doen.</p> + +<p>Aldus gedaan binnen Groningen in het provincie huis, op dingsdag den 26 +Maart 1782—</p> + +<p class="center">was getekent:</p> + +<p class="col40"> +<span class="smcap">T. van Hoorn</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">L. A. Trip</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">I. H. Keiser</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">P. Laman</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">G. Lewe</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">T. Jarges</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">S. I. Niehoff</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">F. Fiddens</span>, en<br> +<span class="smcap">I. A. Engelhard</span>. +</p> + +<p>Hebben de heeren Staten van Stad en Lande, zich met het uitgebragte +rapport geconformeert en de heeren ministers geauthoriseert, hier van +extract naa der zaaken omstandigheid geconcipieert, te verzenden; +zonder resumtie aftewachten.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der +provincie Gelderland van 1782-1783.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Mercurii den 17 April 1782.</p> + +<p>Was ter vergaderinge ingekomen en aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden +copielijk medegedeeld.</p> + +<p class="center">1.</p> + +<p>Een missive van de gecommitteerdens ter generaliteit van den 8 Maart, +hebbende tot bylage copie van eene bij haar nevens de heeren +gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland, van Utrecht en van Stad +en Lande overgenomene resolutie van de heeren Staten van de provincie +van Friesland op den 5 daar bevorens ter tafele van Haar Hoog Mogende +geexhibeerd, waar bij de gecommitteerdens van welgemelte provincie ter +generaliteit worden gelast, het ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende +daar heenen te dirigereen, dat, in consideratie der redenen in +voorschreeve resolutie vervat, de heer Adams, met ten eersten als +minister van het congres van Noord-America, bij de republicq werde +geadmitteerd, van welke missive en bijlage op den 9 Maart de +afschriften aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden waaren ingezonden.</p> + +<p class="center">2.<br> +<span class="smcap">Dat 't hof enz.</span></p> + +<p>Op welke voorschreve poincten voor zoo verre daar op niet mogte +geresolveerd zijn, welgemelde raaden verzogten, dat Haar Edele Mogende +zoodane resolutien zouden gelieven te neemen als na derselver hooge +wijsheid zouden oordeelen en vermeenen te behooren.</p> + +<p>Ter <span class="pagenum"><a id="page071" name="page071"></a>(p. 071)</span> vergaderinge voorgebragt en gelesen zijnde het versoek +van den heer Adams, om uit naam van de Vereenigde Staten van +Noord-America, zijne brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te +overhandigen, mitsgaders het nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek +van een cathegorisch antwoord door denzelven gedaan en breder in de +notulen van Hun Hoog Mogende van den 4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, +vermeld, als mede de resolutie van de heeren Staten van de ses andere +provincien, ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende successivelyk +ingebragt, alle tendeerende tot het admitteeren van den heer Adams, +als afgesant van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, bij dese +republicq.</p> + +<p>Hebben Haar Edele Mogende na gehoudene deliberatie, goedgevonden de +gecommitteerdens van wegens dese provincie ter generaliteit te +authoriseeren, gelijk geauctoriseert worden bij dezen, on zig namens +deze provincie met de resolutie der heeren Staten van Holland en +Westfriesland te conformeeren en dienvolgens te consenteeren dat de +heer Adams, als gezant van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America bij +deze republicq werde erkend en geadmitteerd.</p> + +<p>Zullende oversulx extract dezes aan welgemelte gecommitteerdens worden +toegesonden, om daar van ten spoedigsten ter vergadering van Hun Hoog +Mogende de vereischte opening te doen.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren +Staten Generaal der Vereenigde Provincien van den jare 1782. 1 deel.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Veneris den 19 April 1782.</p> + +<p>Bij resumtie gedelibereerd sijnde op het adres en nader adres van den +heer Adams, den 4 Mey, 1781 en 9 January deezes jaars aan den heer ter +vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende præsideerende, gedaan, om uit +naem der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven +van credentie aan Haar Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, en bij welk nader +adres, gem. heer Adams, een cathegorisch antwoord heeft versogt, om +daer van aan zijne principalen kennis te kunnen geeven.</p> + +<p>Is goedgevonden en verstaan, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de +Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, bij Haar Hoog Mogende zal worden +geadmitteert en erkent, gelijk deselve geadmitteert en erkend word bij +deezen.</p> + +<p>De heeren gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland en Utrecht +hebben geinhaereert de resolutien van de heeren Staten hunne +principalen op het voorn subject ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende +ingebragt.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren +Staten Generaal der Vereenigde Nederlanden van den jare 1782. 1 deel.</i></p> + +<p class="col60">Lunae den 22 April 1782.</p> + +<p>De heer Boreel, in de voorleeden week ter vergaderinge gepraesideert +hebbende heeft aan Haar Hoog Mogende voorgedragen en bekend gemaakt +dat den heer John Adams, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page072" name="page072"></a>(p. 072)</span> afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten +van America, voorleeden saturdag bij hem was geweest en aan hem +overgeleevert hadde een missive van de vergadering van 't Congres, +geschreeven te Philadelphia den 1 January 1781, houdende creditif op +gemelde heer Adams, om in qualitiet als hunnen minister +plenipotentiars bij Haar Hoog Mogende te resideeren.</p> + +<p>Waarop gedelibereerd sijnde, is goedgevonden en verstaan mits deezen +te verklaaren dat gemelde heer Adams aan Haar Hoog Mogende aangenaam +is en dat deselve in de qualitiet van minister plenipotentiaris sal +worden erkent en dat aan dezelve audientie sal worden verleent of +commissarissen toegevoegt zullen worden, als hij die zal komen te +versoeken.</p> + +<p>En zal hier van aan geme. heer Adams door den agent van der Burch van +Spieringshoek, kennise worden gegeeven.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">The Hague</span>, April 22d, 1782.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Robert R. Livingston</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the 22d of April I was introduced, by the Chamberlain, to + His Most Serene Highness, the Prince of Orange.</p> + +<p>Knowing that His Highness spoke English, I asked his permission + to speak to him in that language, to which he answered, smiling, + "if you please, Sir." Although French is the language of the + Court, he seemed to be pleased, and to receive as a compliment my + request to speak to him in English.</p> + +<p>I told him I was happy to have the honour of presenting the + respects of the United States of America, and a letter of + credence from them to His Most Serene Highness, and to assure him + of the profound veneration in which the House of Orange had been + held in America even from its first settlement, and that I should + be happier still to be the instrument of further cementing the + new connexions between two nations professing the same religion, + animated by the same spirit of liberty, and having reciprocal + interests, both political and commercial, so extensive and so + important; and that, in the faithful and diligent discharge of + the duties of my mission, I flattered myself with hopes of the + approbation of His Most Serene Highness.</p> + +<p>His Highness received the letter of credence, which he opened and + read. The answer that he made to me was in a voice so low and so + indistinctly pronounced that I comprehended only the conclusion + of it, which was that "he had made no difficulty against my + reception." He then fell into familiar conversation with me, and + asked me many questions about indifferent things, as is the + custom of Princes and Princesses upon such occasions. How long I + had been in Europe? How long I had been in this country? Whether + I had purchased a house at the Hague? Whether I had not lived + some time at Leyden? How long I had lived at Amsterdam? How I + liked the country? &c.</p> + +<p>This conference passed in the Prince's chamber of audience, with + his Highness alone. I had waited some time in the antechamber, as + the Duc de la Vauguyon was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page073" name="page073"></a>(p. 073)</span> in conference with the + Prince. The Duke, on his return through the antechamber, meeting + me unexpectedly, presented me his hand with an air of cordiality + which was remarked by every courtier, and had a very good effect.</p> + +<p>The Prince has since said to the Duc de la Vauguyon that he was + obliged to me for not having pressed him upon the affair of my + reception at the beginning. He had reason; for if I had, and he + had said or done anything offensive to the United States or + disagreeable to me, it would now be remembered, much to the + disadvantage of the Court.</p> + + +<p><span class="col20">I have the honour to be, Sir,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Adams</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page074" name="page074"></a>(p. 074)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXIII" name="plateXIII"><strong>Plate XIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text13" name="text13"><strong>No. 13.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 8, 1782.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Favstissimo foedere jvnctæ. die VII Octob. MDCCLXXXII. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Justitiam et non temnere divos.</p> + +<h4>TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND +THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.</h4> + +<p class="quote">FAVSTISSIMO FOEDERE JVNCTÆ. DIE VII OCTOB.<a id="footnotetag49" name="footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49">[49]</a> (<i>Octobris</i>) +MDCCLXXXII. (<i>United by a most auspicious alliance, October 7, 1782.</i>) +Fame seated on the clouds is blowing a trumpet, held in her left hand; +in her right she holds two shields: one bearing the arms of the United +Netherlands, the other studded with thirteen stars (<i>the thirteen +original United States</i>); above the two shields is a wreath, and +beneath them are the lion's skin and the club of Hercules.</p> + +<p class="quote">JUSTITIAM ET NON TEMNERE DIVOS.<a id="footnotetag50" name="footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50">[50]</a> (<i>Learn justice, and not to +despise the gods.</i>) On the face of a pyramid, the base of which is +adorned with flowers, is placed the crowned shield of Amsterdam, +resting on fasces; beneath, on a scroll, the inscription: PRODROMUS +(<i>a forerunner</i>). A flying Mercury places a wreath on the shield; +below on the right, an anchor, a basket of flowers, and a cock crowing +(<i>France</i>); in the background, the sea covered with ships. Exergue: S. +P. Q. AMST. SACRVM. (<i>Senatui populoque Amstelodamensi sacrum: +Dedicated to the Senate and people of Amsterdam</i>). On the platform, <span class="smcap">I. +G. Holtzhey fec</span>. (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag51" name="footnotetag51"></a><a href="#footnote51">[51]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate013" name="plate013"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate013b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 013b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate013a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 013a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page075" name="page075"></a>(p. 075)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Treaty of Amity and Commerce between their High Mightinesses the +States-General of the United Netherlands and the United States of +America, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, +Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South +Carolina, and Georgia. Concluded October 8, 1782; ratified January 22, +1783.</i></p> + +<p>Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands +and the United States of America, to wit: New Hampshire, +Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, +New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, +North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, desiring to ascertain, in +a permanent and equitable manner, the rules to be observed relative to +the commerce and correspondence which they intend to establish between +their respective States, countries and inhabitants, have judged that +the said end cannot be better obtained than by establishing the most +perfect equality and reciprocity for the basis of their agreement, and +by avoiding all those burdensome preferences which are usually the +sources of debate, embarrassment, and discontent; by leaving also each +party at liberty to make, respecting commerce and navigation, such +ulterior regulations as it shall find most convenient to itself; and +by founding the advantages of commerce solely upon reciprocal utility +and the just rules of free intercourse; reserving withal to each party +the liberty of admitting at its pleasure other nations to a +participation of the same advantages.</p> + +<p>On these principles their said High Mightinesses the States-General of +the United Netherlands have named for their Plenipotentiaries, from +the midst of their assembly, Messieurs their Deputies for the Foreign +Affairs; and the said United States of America, on their part, have +furnished with full powers Mr. John Adams, late Commissioner of the +United States of America at the Court of Versailles, heretofore +Delegate in Congress from the State of Massachusetts Bay, and Chief +Justice of the said State, who have agreed and concluded as follows, +to wit:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> I.</p> + +<p>There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace and sincere +friendship between their High Mightinesses, the Lords, the +States-General of the United Netherlands, and the United States of +America, and between the subjects and inhabitants of the said parties, +and between the countries, islands, cities, and places situated under +the jurisdiction of the said United Netherlands and the said United +States of America, their subjects and inhabitants, of every degree, +without exception of persons or places.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> II.</p> + +<p>The subjects of the said States-General of the United Netherlands +shall pay in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or +places of the United States of America, or any of them, no other nor +greater duties or imposts, of whatever nature or <span class="pagenum"><a id="page076" name="page076"></a>(p. 076)</span> +denomination they may be, than those which the nations the most +favoured are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the +rights, liberties, privileges immunities, and exemptions in trade, +navigation, and commerce which the said nations do or shall enjoy, +whether in passing from one port to another in the said States, or in +going from any of those ports to any foreign port of the world, or +from any foreign port of the world to any of those ports.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> III.</p> + +<p>The subjects and inhabitants of the said United States of America +shall pay in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities or +places of the said United Netherlands, or any of them, no other nor +greater duties or imposts, of whatever nature or denomination they may +be, than those which the nations the most favoured are or shall be +obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the rights, liberties, +privileges, immunities and exemptions in trade, navigation and +commerce, which the said nations do or shall enjoy, whether in passing +from one port to another in the said States, or from any one toward +any one of those ports from or to any foreign port of the world. And +the United States of America, with their subjects and inhabitants, +shall leave to those of their High Mightinesses the peaceable +enjoyment of their rights in the countries, islands and seas in the +East and West Indies, without any hindrance or molestation.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV.</p> + +<p>There shall be an entire and perfect liberty of conscience allowed to +the subjects and inhabitants of each party, and to their families; and +no one shall be molested in regard to his worship, provided he +submits, as to the public demonstration of it, to the laws of the +country: There shall be given, moreover, liberty, when any subjects or +inhabitants of either party shall die in the territory of the other, +to bury them in the usual burying-places, or in decent and convenient +grounds to be appointed for that purpose, as occasion shall require; +and the dead bodies of those who are buried shall not in any wise be +molested. And the two contracting parties shall provide, each one in +his jurisdiction, that their respective subjects and inhabitants may +henceforward obtain the requisite certificates in cases of deaths in +which they shall be interested.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> V.</p> + +<p>Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands +and the United States of America shall endeavour, by all the means in +their power, to defend and protect all vessels and other effects, +belonging to their subjects and inhabitants, respectively, or to any +of them, in their ports, roads, havens, internal seas, passes, rivers, +and as far as their jurisdiction extends at sea, and to recover, and +cause to be restored to the true proprietors, their agents, or +attorneys, all such vessels and effects, which shall be taken under +their jurisdiction: And their vessels of war and convoys, in cases +when they may have a common enemy, shall take under their protection +all the vessels belonging to the subjects and inhabitants of either +party, which shall not be laden with contraband goods, according to +the description which shall be made of them hereafter, for places with +which one of the parties is in peace and the other at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page077" name="page077"></a>(p. 077)</span> war, +nor destined for any place blockaded, and which shall hold the same +course or follow the same route; and they shall defend such vessels as +long as they shall hold the same course or follow the same route, +against all attacks, force and violence of the common enemy, in the +same manner as they ought to protect and defend the vessels belonging +to their own respective subjects.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> VI.</p> + +<p>The subjects of the contracting parties may, on one side and on the +other, in the respective countries and States, dispose of their +effects by testament, donation or otherwise; and their heirs, subjects +of one of the parties, and residing in the country of the other, or +elsewhere, shall receive such successions, even <i>ab intestato</i>, +whether in person or by their attorney or substitute, even although +they shall not have obtained letters of naturalization, without having +the effects of such commission tested under pretext of any rights or +prerogatives of any province, city or private person. And if the heirs +to whom such successions may have fallen shall be minors, the tutors +or curators established by the judge domiciliary of the minors may +govern, direct, administer, sell and alienate the effects fallen to +the said minors by inheritance, and, in general, in relation to the +said successions and effects, use all the rights and fulfill all the +functions which belong, by the disposition of the laws, to guardians, +tutors and curators: provided, nevertheless, that this disposition +cannot take place but in cases where the testator shall not have named +guardians, tutors or curators by testament, codicil or other legal +instrument.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> VII.</p> + +<p>It shall be lawful and free for the subjects of each party to employ +such advocates, attorneys, notaries, solicitors or factors as they +shall judge proper.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> VIII.</p> + +<p>Merchants, masters and owners of ships, mariners, men of all kinds, +ships and vessels, and all merchandizes and goods in general, and +effects of one of the confederates, or of the subjects thereof, shall +not be seized or detained in any of the countries, lands, islands, +cities, places, ports, shores, or dominions whatsoever of the other +confederate, for any military expedition, publick or private use of +any one, by arrests, violence, or any colour thereof; much less shall +it be permitted to the subjects of either party to take or extort by +force anything from the subjects of the other party, without the +consent of the owner; which, however, is not to be understood of +seizures, detentions, and arrests which shall be made by the command +and authority of justice, and by the ordinary methods, on account of +debts or crimes, in respect whereof the proceedings must be by way of +law, according to the forms of justice.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> IX.</p> + +<p>It is further agreed and concluded that it shall be wholly free for +all merchants, commanders of ships, and other subjects and inhabitants +of the contracting parties, in every <span class="pagenum"><a id="page078" name="page078"></a>(p. 078)</span> place subjected to the +jurisdiction of the two powers respectively, to manage themselves +their own business; and moreover as to the use of interpreters or +brokers, as also in relation to the loading or unloading of their +vessels, and everything which has relation thereto, they shall be, on +one side, and on the other, considered and treated upon the footing of +natural subjects, or, at least, upon an equality with the most +favoured nation.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> X.</p> + +<p>The merchant ships of either of the parties, coming from the port of +an enemy, or from their own, or a neutral port, may navigate freely +towards any port of an enemy of the other ally: they shall be, +nevertheless, held, whenever it shall be required, to exhibit, as well +upon the high seas as in the ports, their sea-letters and other +documents described in the twenty-fifth article, stating expressly +that their effects are not of the number of those which are prohibited +as contraband; and not having any contraband goods for an enemy's +port, they may freely, and without hindrance, pursue their voyage +towards the port of an enemy. Nevertheless, it shall not be required +to examine the papers of vessels convoyed by vessels of war, but +credence shall be given to the word of the officer who shall conduct +the convoy.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XI.</p> + +<p>If, by exhibiting the sea-letters and other documents described more +particularly in the twenty-fifth article of this treaty, the other +party shall discover there are any of those sorts of goods which are +declared prohibited and contraband, and that they are consigned for a +port under the obedience of his enemy, it shall not be lawful to break +up the hatches of such ship, nor to open any chests, coffers, packs, +casks, or other vessels found therein, or to remove the smallest +parcels of her goods, whether the said vessel belongs to the subjects +of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United +Netherlands or to the subjects or inhabitants of the said United +States of America, unless the lading be brought on shore, in presence +of the officers of the Court of Admiralty, and an inventory thereof +made; but there shall be no allowance to sell, exchange or alienate +the same until after that due and lawful process shall have been had +against such prohibited goods of contraband, and the Court of +Admiralty, by a sentence pronounced, shall have confiscated the same, +saving always as well the ship itself as any other goods found +therein, which are to be esteemed free, and may not be detained on +pretence of their being infected by the prohibited goods, much less +shall they be confiscated as lawful prize: But, on the contrary, when, +by the visitation at land, it shall be found that there are no +contraband goods in the vessel, and it shall not appear by the papers +that he who has taken and carried in the vessel has been able to +discover any there, he ought to be condemned in all the charges, +damages and interests of them, which he shall have caused, both to the +owners of vessels and to the owners and freighters of cargoes with +which they shall be loaded, by his temerity in taking and carrying +them in; declaring most expressly the free vessels shall assure the +liberty of the effects with which they shall be loaded, and that this +liberty shall extend itself equally to the persons who shall be found +in a free vessel, who may not be taken out of her, unless they are +military men actually in the service of an enemy.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XII. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page079" name="page079"></a>(p. 079)</span></p> + +<p>On the contrary, it is agreed that whatever shall be found to be taken +by the subjects and inhabitants of either party, or any ship belonging +to the enemies of the other, or to their subjects, although it be not +comprehended under the sort of prohibited goods, the whole may be +confiscated in the same manner as if it belonged to the enemy; except, +nevertheless, such effects and merchandizes as were put on board such +vessel before the declaration of war, or in the space of six months +after it, which effects shall not be, in any manner, subject to +confiscation, but shall be faithfully and without delay restored in +nature to the owners who shall claim them, or cause them to be +claimed, before the confiscation and sale, as also their proceeds, if +the claim could not be made, but in the space of eight months after +the sale, which ought to be publick: Provided, nevertheless, that if +the said merchandizes are contraband, it shall by no means be lawful +to transport them afterwards to any port belonging to enemies.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XIII.</p> + +<p>And that more effectual care may be taken for the security of subjects +and people of either party, that they do not suffer molestation from +the vessels of war or privateers of the other party, it shall be +forbidden to all commanders of vessels of war and other armed vessels +of the said States-General of the United Netherlands and the said +United States of America, as well as to all their officers, subjects +and people, to give any offence or do any damage to those of the other +party; and if they act to the contrary they shall be, upon the first +complaint which shall be made of it, being found guilty after a just +examination, punished by their proper judges, and, moreover, obliged +to make satisfaction for all damages and interests thereof, by +reparation, under pain and obligation of their persons and goods.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XIV.</p> + +<p>For further determining of what has been said, all captains of +privateers or fitters-out of vessels armed for war, under commission +and on account of private persons, shall be held, before their +departure, to give sufficient caution, before competent judges, either +to be entirely responsible for the malversations which they may commit +in their cruizes or voyages, as well as for the contraventions of +their captains and officers against the present treaty, and against +the ordinances and edicts which shall be published in consequence of +and conformity to it, under pain of forfeiture and nullity of the said +commissions.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XV.</p> + +<p>All vessels and merchandizes, of whatsoever nature, which shall be +rescued out of the hands of any pirates or robbers, navigating the +high seas without requisite commissions, shall be brought into some +port of one of the two States, and deposited in the hands of the +officers of that port, in order to be restored entire to the true +proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proofs shall be made +concerning the property thereof.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XVI.</p> + +<p>If any ships or vessels belonging to either of the parties, their +subjects, or people, shall, within the coasts or dominions of the +other, stick upon the sands, or be wrecked, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page080" name="page080"></a>(p. 080)</span> or suffer any +other sea damage, all friendly assistance and relief shall be given to +the persons shipwrecked, or such as shall be in danger thereof; and +the vessels, effects and merchandizes, or the part of them which shall +have been saved or the proceeds of them, if, being perishable, they +shall have been sold, being claimed within a year and a day by the +masters or owners, or their agents or attorneys, shall be restored, +paying only the reasonable charges, and that which must be paid, in +the same case, for the salvage, by the proper subjects of the country: +there shall also be delivered them safe conducts or passports for +their free and safe passage from thence, and to return, each one to +his own country.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XVII.</p> + +<p>In case the subjects or people of either party, with their shipping, +whether publick and of war, or private and of merchants, be forced, +through stress of weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, or any other +urgent necessity for seeking of shelter and harbor, to retract and +enter into any of the rivers, creeks, bays, ports, roads or shores +belonging to the other party, they shall be received with all humanity +and kindness, and enjoy all friendly protection and help, and they +shall be permitted to refresh and provide themselves, at reasonable +rates, with victuals, and all things needful for the sustenance of +their persons or reparation of their ships; and they shall no ways be +detained or hindered from returning out of the said ports or roads, +but may remove and depart when and whither they please, without any +let or hindrance.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XVIII.</p> + +<p>For the better promoting of commerce on both sides, it is agreed that, +if a war should break out between their High Mightinesses the +States-General of the United Netherlands and the United States of +America, there shall always be granted to the subjects on each side +the term of nine months after the date of the rupture, or the +proclamation of war, to the end that they may retire, with their +effects, and transport them where they please, which it shall be +lawful for them to do, as well as to sell or transport their effects +and goods, in all freedom and without any hindrance, and without being +able to proceed, during the said term of nine months, to any arrests +of their effects, much less of their persons; on the contrary, there +shall be given them, for their vessels and their effects, which they +could carry away, passports and safe conducts for the nearest ports of +their respective countries, and for the time necessary for the voyage. +And no prize made at sea shall be adjudged lawful, at least if the +declaration of war was not or could not be known in the last port +which the vessel taken has quitted; but for whatever may have been +taken from the subjects and inhabitants of either party, and for the +offences which may have been given them, in the interval of the said +terms, a complete satisfaction shall be given them.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XIX.</p> + +<p>No subject of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United +Netherlands shall apply for or take any commission or letters of +marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the +said United States of America, or any of them, or the subjects and +inhabitants of the said United States, or any of them, or <span class="pagenum"><a id="page081" name="page081"></a>(p. 081)</span> +against the property of the inhabitants of any of them, from any +Prince or State with which the said United States of America may +happen to be at war: nor shall any subject or inhabitant of the said +United States of America, or any of them, apply for or take any +commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as +privateers against the High and Mighty Lords the States-General of the +United Netherlands, or against the subjects of their High +Mightinesses, or any of them, or against the property of any one of +them, from any Prince or State with which their High Mightinesses may +be at war: And if any person of either nation shall take such +commission or letters of marque, he shall be punished as a pirate.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XX.</p> + +<p>If the vessels of the subjects or inhabitants of one of the parties +come upon any coast belonging to either of the said allies, but not +willing to enter into port, or being entered into port and not willing +to unload their cargoes or break bulk, or take in any cargo, they +shall not be obliged to pay, neither for the vessels nor for the +cargoes, at least if there is not just cause to presume that they +carry to an enemy merchandizes of contraband.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXI.</p> + +<p>The two contracting parties grant to each other, mutually, the liberty +of having, each in the ports of the other, consuls, vice-consuls, +agents, and commissaries, of their own appointing, whose functions +shall be regulated by particular agreement, whenever either party +chooses to make such appointments.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXII.</p> + +<p>This treaty shall not be understood in any manner to derogate from the +ninth, tenth, nineteenth, and twenty-fourth articles of the treaty +with France, as they were numbered in the same treaty, concluded the +sixth of February, 1778, and which make the articles ninth, tenth, +seventeenth, and twenty-second of the treaty of commerce now +subsisting between the United States of America and the Crown of +France; nor shall it hinder His Catholic Majesty from according to +that treaty, and enjoying the advantages of said four articles.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXIII.</p> + +<p>If at any time the United States of America shall judge necessary to +commence negotiations with the King or Emperor of Morocco and Fez, and +with the Regencies of Algiers, Tunis, or Tripoli, or with any of them, +to obtain passports for the security of their navigation in the +Mediterranean Sea, their High Mightinesses promise that upon the +requisition which the United States of America shall make of it, they +will second such negotiations in the most favourable manner, by means +of their Consuls residing near the said King, Emperor, and Regencies.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Contraband.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXIV.</p> + +<p>The liberty of navigation and commerce shall extend to all sorts of +merchandizes, excepting only those which are distinguished under the +name of contraband, or merchandizes prohibited; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page082" name="page082"></a>(p. 082)</span> and under +this denomination of contraband and merchandizes prohibited, shall be +comprehended only warlike stores and arms, as mortars, artillery, with +their artifices and appurtenances, fusils, pistols, bombs, grenades, +gunpowder, saltpetre, sulphur, match, bullets and balls, pikes, +sabres, lances, halberts, casques, cuirasses, and other sorts of arms, +as also soldiers, horses, saddles, and furniture for horses; all other +effects and merchandizes, not before specified expressly, and even all +sorts of naval matters, however proper they may be for the +construction and equipment of vessels of war, or for the manufacture +of one or another sort of machines of war, by land or sea, shall not +be judged contraband, neither by the letter, nor according to any +pretended interpretation whatever, ought they or can they be +comprehended under the notion of effects prohibited or contraband: so +that all effects and merchandizes, which are not expressly before +named, may, without any exception, and in perfect liberty, be +transported by the subjects and inhabitants of both allies, from and +to places belonging to the enemy; excepting only the places which at +the time shall be besieged, blocked, or invested; and those places +only shall be held for such which are surrounded nearly by some of the +belligerent powers.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXV.</p> + +<p>To the end that all dissention and quarrel may be avoided and +prevented, it has been agreed, that in case that one of the two +parties happens to be at war, the vessels belonging to the subjects or +inhabitants of the other ally shall be provided with sea letters or +passports, expressing the name, the property, and the burthen of the +vessel, as also the name of abode of the master, or commander of the +said vessel, to the end that thereby it may appear that the vessel +really and truly belongs to the subjects or inhabitants of one of the +parties; which passports shall be drawn and distributed, according to +the form annexed to this treaty; each time that the vessel shall +return, she should have such her passport renewed, or at least they +ought not to be of more ancient date than two years, before the vessel +has been returned to her own country.</p> + +<p>It has also been agreed that such vessels, being loaded, ought to be +provided not only with the said passports or sea letters, but also +with a general passport, or with particular passports or manifests, or +other publick documents, which are ordinarily given to vessels outward +bound in the ports from whence the vessels have set sail in the last +place, containing a specification of the cargo, of the place from +whence the vessel departed, and of that of her destination, or, +instead of all these, with certificates from the magistrates or +governors of cities, places and colonies from whence the vessel came, +given in the usual form, to the end that it may be known whether there +are any effects prohibited or contraband, on board the vessels, and +whether they are destined to be carried to an enemy's country or not; +and in case any one judges proper to express in the said documents the +persons to whom the effects on board belong, he may do it freely, +without, however, being bound to do it; and the omission of such +expression cannot and ought not to cause a confiscation.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXVI.</p> + +<p>If the vessels of the said subjects or inhabitants of either of the +parties, sailing along the coasts or on the high seas, are met by a +vessel of war, or privateer, or other <span class="pagenum"><a id="page083" name="page083"></a>(p. 083)</span> armed vessel of the +other party, the said vessels of war, privateers, or armed vessels, +for avoiding all disorder, shall remain without the reach of cannon, +but may send their boats on board the merchant vessel, which they +shall meet in this manner, upon which they may not pass more than two +or three men, to whom the master or commander shall exhibit his +passport, containing the property of the vessel, according to the form +annexed to this treaty: And the vessel, after having exhibited such a +passport, sea letter, and other documents, shall be free to continue +her voyage, so that it shall not be lawful to molest her, or search +her in any manner, nor give her chase, nor to force her to alter her +course.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXVII.</p> + +<p>It shall be lawful for merchants, captains, and commanders of vessels, +whether publick and of war, or private and of merchants, belonging to +the said United States of America, or any of them, or to their +subjects and inhabitants, to take freely into their service, and +receive on board of their vessels, in any port or place in the +jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses aforesaid, seamen or others, +natives or inhabitants of any of the said States, upon such conditions +as they shall agree on, without being submitted for this to any fine, +penalty, punishment, process, or reprehension whatsoever.</p> + +<p>And reciprocally, all merchants, captains, and commanders, belonging +to the said United Netherlands, shall enjoy, in all the ports and +places under the obedience of the said United States of America, the +same privilege of engaging and receiving seamen or others, natives or +inhabitants of any country of the domination of the said +States-General: Provided, that neither on one side nor the other, they +may not take into their service such of their countrymen who have +already engaged in the service of the other party contracting, whether +in war or trade, and whether they meet them by land or sea; at least +if the captains or masters under the command of whom such persons may +be found, will not of his own consent discharge them from their +service, upon pain of being otherwise treated and punished as +deserters.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXVIII.</p> + +<p>The affair of the refraction shall be regulated in all equity and +justice, by the magistrates of cities respectively, where it shall be +judged that there is any room to complain in this respect.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> XXIX.</p> + +<p>The present treaty shall be ratified and approved by their High +Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands and by the +United States of America; and the acts of ratification shall be +delivered in good and due form, on one side and on the other, in the +space of six months, or sooner if possible, to be computed from the +day of the signature.</p> + +<p>In faith of which, we the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords +the States-General of the United Netherlands, and the Minister +Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, in virtue of our +respective authorities and full powers, have signed the present treaty +and apposed thereto the seals of our arms.</p> + +<p>Done <span class="pagenum"><a id="page084" name="page084"></a>(p. 084)</span> at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven +hundred and eighty-two.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote col40 smcap"> +<p class="p0">John Adams. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">George van Randwyck. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">B. V. D. Santheuvel. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">P. V. Bleiswijk. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">W. C. H. van Lijnden. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">D. J. van Heeckeren. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">Joan van Kuffeler. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">H: Tjassens. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Convention between the Lords the States-General of the United +Netherlands and the United States of America, concerning vessels +recaptured. Concluded October 8, 1782</i>.</p> + +<p>The Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands and the United +States of America, being inclined to establish some uniform principles +with relation to prizes made by vessels of war, and commissioned by +the two contracting Powers, upon their common enemies, and to vessels +of the subjects of either party, captured by the enemy, and recaptured +by vessels of war commissioned by either party, have agreed upon the +following articles:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> I.</p> + +<p>The vessels of either of the two nations recaptured by the privateers +of the other, shall be restored to the first proprietor, if such +vessels have not been four and twenty hours in the power of the enemy, +provided the owner of the vessel recaptured pay therefor one-third of +the value of the vessel, as also of that of the cargo, the cannons and +apparel, which third shall be valued by agreement, between the parties +interested; or, if they cannot agree thereon among themselves, they +shall address themselves to the officers of the admiralty of the place +where the privateer who has retaken the vessel shall have conducted +her.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> II.</p> + +<p>If the vessel recaptured has been more than twenty-four hours in the +power of the enemy, she shall belong entirely to the privateer who has +retaken her.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article</span> III.</p> + +<p>In case a vessel shall have been recaptured by a vessel of war +belonging to the States-General of the United Netherlands, or to the +United States of America, she shall be restored to the first owner, he +paying a thirtieth part of the value of the ship, her cargo, cannons +and apparel, if she has been recaptured in the interval of twenty-four +hours, and the tenth part if she has been recaptured after the +twenty-four hours, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page085" name="page085"></a>(p. 085)</span> which sums shall be distributed in form +of gratifications to the crews of the vessels which have retaken her. +The valuation of the said thirtieth parts and tenth parts shall be +regulated according to the tenor of the first article of the present +convention.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article IV.</span></p> + +<p>The restitution of prizes, whether they may have been retaken by +vessels of war or by privateers, in the mean time and until requisite +and sufficient proofs can be given of the property of vessels +recaptured, shall be admitted in a reasonable time, under sufficient +sureties for the observation of the aforesaid articles.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article V.</span></p> + +<p>The vessels of war and privateers of one and of the other of the two +nations, shall be reciprocally, both in Europe and in the other parts +of the world, admitted in the respective ports of each with their +prizes, which may be unloaded and sold according to the formalities +used in the State where the prize shall have been conducted, as far as +may be consistent with the 22d article of the treaty of commerce: +Provided, always, that the legality of prizes by the vessels of the +Low Countries shall be decided conformably to the laws and regulations +established in the United Netherlands; as, likewise, that of prizes +made by American vessels, shall be judged according to the laws and +regulations determined by the United States of America.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article VI.</span></p> + +<p>Moreover, it shall be free for the States-General of the United +Netherlands, as well as for the United States of America, to make such +regulations as they may judge necessary, relative to the conduct which +their respective vessels and privateers ought to hold in relation to +the vessels which they shall have taken and conducted into the ports +of the two powers.</p> + +<p>In faith of which, We, the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords +the States-General of the United Netherlands, and Minister +Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, have, in virtue of +our respective authorities and full powers, signed these presents, and +confirmed the same with the seals of our arms.</p> + +<p>Done at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven hundred +and eighty-two.</p> +</div> + +<div class="quote col40 smcap"> +<p class="p0">John Adams. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">George van Randwyck. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">B. V. D. Santheuvel. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">P. V. Bleiswijk. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">W. C. H. van Lijnden. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">D. J. van Heeckeren. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">Joan van Kuffeler. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +<p class="p0">H: Tjassens. <span class="right1">[L.S.]</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page086" name="page086"></a>(p. 086)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXIV" name="plateXIV"><strong>Plate XIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text14" name="text14"><strong>No. 14.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1782.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Libertas Americana. +<span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Non sine +diis animosus infans.</p> + +<h4>LIBERTAS AMERICANA.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and at Yorktown.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">LIBERTAS AMERICANA. (<i>American liberty.</i>) The head of a beautiful + maiden, facing the left, with dishevelled hair floating in the + wind, and with the rod of liberty surmounted by the Phrygian cap + on her right shoulder. Exergue: 4 JUIL. (<i>sic</i>) 1776. (<i>4 Julii, + 1776: July 4, 1776.</i>) On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">DUPRÉ</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">NON SINE DIIS ANIMOSUS INFANS.<a id="footnotetag52" name="footnotetag52"></a><a href="#footnote52">[52]</a> (<i>The courageous child was + aided by the gods.</i>) The infant Hercules (<i>America</i>), in his + cradle, is strangling two serpents, while Minerva (<i>France</i>) + stands by, helmeted, and with spear in her right hand, ready to + strike a leopard (<i>England</i>) whose attacks she wards off with her + shield decked with the lilies of France. Exergue: 17/19 OCT. + 1777/1781. (17/19 <i>Octobris</i> 1777/1781: 17/19 <i>October</i>, + 1777/1781.)<a id="footnotetag53" name="footnotetag53"></a><a href="#footnote53">[53]</a> <span class="smcap">DUPRÉ. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag54" name="footnotetag54"></a><a href="#footnote54">[54]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate014" name="plate014"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate014b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 014b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate014a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 014a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">This medal was not voted by Congress, but was ordered by Franklin, in +commemoration of the surrenders of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne and of +General Lord Cornwallis. As the official reports of the first of these +events have already been given under No. 2, page 9, I give here only +the documents relating to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at +Yorktown.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page087" name="page087"></a>(p. 087)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, near York,</span><br> +<span class="col60">October 19, 1781.</span><br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform Congress that a reduction of the + British army, under the command of Lord Cornwallis, is most + happily effected. The unremitted ardour which actuated every + officer and soldier in the combined army on this occasion, has + principally led to this important event, at an earlier period + than my most sanguine hopes had induced me to expect.</p> + +<p>The singular spirit of emulation, which animated the whole army + from the first commencement of our operations, has filled my mind + with the highest pleasure and satisfaction, and had given me the + highest presages of success.</p> + +<p>On the 17th instant, a letter was received from Lord Cornwallis, + proposing a meeting of commissioners to consult on terms for the + surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester. This letter (the + first that had passed between us) opened a correspondence, a copy + of which I do myself the honour to inclose; that correspondence + was followed by the definitive capitulation, which was agreed to + and signed on the 19th, copy of which is herewith transmitted; + and which I hope will meet with the approbation of Congress.</p> + +<p>I should be wanting in the feelings of gratitude did I not + mention on this occasion, with the warmest sense of + acknowledgment, the very cheerful and able assistance which I + have received in the course of our operations from His Excellency + the Count de Rochambeau. Nothing could equal this zeal of our + allies but the imitating spirit of the American officers, whose + ardour would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded.</p> + +<p>The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue, which the nature of + the service required from the officers of engineers and artillery + of both armies, obliges me particularly to mention the + obligations I am under to the commanding and other officers of + those corps.</p> + +<p>I wish it was in my power to express to Congress how much I feel + myself indebted to the Count de Grasse, and the officers of the + fleet under his command, for the distinguished aid and support + which has been afforded by them, between whom and the army the + most happy concurrence of sentiments and views have subsisted, + and from whom every possible co-operation has been experienced + which the most harmonious intercourse could afford.</p> + +<p>Returns of the prisoners, military stores, ordnance, shipping and + other matters, I shall do myself the honour to transmit to + Congress as soon as they can be collected by the heads of + departments to which they belong.</p> + +<p>Colonel Laurens and the Viscount de Noailles, on the part of the + combined army, were the gentlemen who acted as commissioners for + forming and settling the terms of capitulation and surrender, + herewith transmitted, to whom I am particularly obliged for their + readiness and attention exhibited on the occasion.</p> + +<p>Colonel <span class="pagenum"><a id="page088" name="page088"></a>(p. 088)</span> Tilghman, one of my aids-de-camp, will have the + honour to deliver these despatches to Your Excellency; he will be + able to inform you of every minute circumstance which is + particularly mentioned in my letter. His merits, which are too + well known to need any observations at this time, have gained my + particular attention, and I could wish that they may be honoured + by the notice of Your Excellency and Congress.</p> + +<p>Your Excellency and Congress will be pleased to accept my + congratulations on this happy event, and believe me to be, with + the highest respect and esteem,</p> + +<p><span class="col20">Sir, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> + +<p>P.S. Though I am not possessed of the particular returns, yet I + have reason to suppose that the number of prisoners will be + between five and six thousand, exclusive of seamen and others.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Washington to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, near York,</span><br> +<span class="col60">October 27, 1781.</span><br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of Congress.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I do myself the honour to enclose to Your Excellency copies + of returns of prisoners, artillery, arms, ordnance, and other + stores, surrendered by the enemy in their posts of York and + Gloucester, on the 19th instant, which were not completed at the + time of my despatches, and but this moment handed to me. A draft + of these posts, with the plan of attack and defence, is herewith + transmitted; and twenty-four standards, taken at the same time, + are ready to be laid before Congress.</p> + +<p>My present despatches being important, I have committed to the + care of Colonel Humphreys, one of my aids-de-camp, whom, for his + attention, fidelity and good services, I beg leave to recommend + to Congress and Your Excellency.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be,<br> +<span class="col20">Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Geo. Washington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, etc., for the Taking of +Yorktown.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">By the United States in Congress Assembled</span>:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the United States, in Congress +assembled, be presented to His Excellency General Washington, for the +eminent services which he has rendered to the United States, and +particularly for the well concerted plan against the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page089" name="page089"></a>(p. 089)</span> British +garrisons in York and Gloucester; for the vigour, attention, and +military skill with which that plan was executed, and for the wisdom +and prudence manifested in the capitulation.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be +presented to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, for the +cordiality, zeal, judgment, and fortitude, with which he seconded and +advanced the progress of the allied army against the British garrison +in York.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be +presented to His Excellency Count de Grasse, for his display of skill +and bravery in attacking and defeating the British fleet off the Bay +of Chesapeake, and for his zeal and alacrity in rendering, with the +fleet under his command, the most effectual and distinguished aid and +support to the operations of the allied army in Virginia.</p> + +<p>That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be +presented to the commanding and other officers of the corps of +artillery and engineers of the allied army, who sustained +extraordinary fatigue and danger in their animated and gallant +approaches to the lines of the enemy.</p> + +<p>That General Washington be directed to communicate to the other +officers and soldiers under his command the thanks of the United +States, in Congress assembled, for their conduct and valour on this +occasion:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the United States, in Congress assembled, will cause +to be erected, at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned with +emblems of the alliance between the United States and His Most +Christian Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the +surrender of Earl Cornwallis to His Excellency General Washington, +commander-in-chief of the combined forces of America and France, to +His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, commanding the auxiliary +troops of His Most Christian Majesty in America, and to His Excellency +the Count de Grasse, commanding-in-chief the naval army of France in +Chesapeake.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That two stands of colours taken from the British army +under the capitulation of York, be presented to His Excellency General +Washington, in the name of the United States in Congress assembled.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That two pieces of the field ordnance, taken from the +British army under the capitulation of York, be presented by the +commander-in-chief of the American army to Count de Rochambeau; and +that there be engraved thereon a short memorandum, that Congress were +induced to present them from considerations of the illustrious part +which he bore in effectuating the surrender.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to +request the Minister Plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty, to +inform his Majesty that it is the wish of Congress that Count de +Grasse may be permitted to accept a testimony of their approbation, +similar to that to be presented to Count de Rochambeau.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Board of War be directed to present to +Lieutenant-Colonel Tilghman, in the name of the United States in +Congress assembled, a horse properly caparisoned, and an elegant +sword, in testimony of their high opinion of his merit and ability.</p> + +<p>Monday, October 29, 1781.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Benjamin <span class="pagenum"><a id="page090" name="page090"></a>(p. 090)</span> Franklin to +Robert R. Livingston.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Passy</span>, March 4, 1782.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Robert R. Livingston</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>This puts me in mind of a medal I have had a mind to strike since the +late great event<a id="footnotetag55" name="footnotetag55"></a><a href="#footnote55">[55]</a> you gave me an account of, representing the +United States by the figure of an infant Hercules in his cradle, +strangling the two serpents; and France by that of Minerva, sitting by +as his nurse, with her spear and helmet, and her robe specked with a +few "<i>fleurs-de-lis</i>". The extinguishing of two entire armies in one +war is what has rarely happened, and it gives a presage of the future +force of our growing empire....</p> + +<p> +<span class="col40">With great esteem,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">B. Franklin</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Passy</span>, March 17, 1783.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Sir William Jones</span>.</p> + +<p class="smcap">Sir:</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>The engraving of my medal, which you know was projected before the +peace, is but just finished. None are yet struck in hard metal, but +will be in a few days. In the meantime, having this good opportunity +by Mr. Penn, I send you one of the "<i>épreuves</i>". You will see that I +have profited by some of your ideas, and adopted the mottoes you were +so kind as to furnish....</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">B. Franklin.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Passy</span>, April 15, 1783.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Robert R. Livingston</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have caused to be struck here the medal which I formerly + mentioned to you, the design of which you seemed to approve. I + enclose one in silver for the President of Congress and one in + copper for yourself. The impression on copper is thought to + appear best; and you will soon receive a number for the members. + I have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page091" name="page091"></a>(p. 091)</span> presented one to the King and another to the + Queen, both in gold; and one in silver to each of the ministers, + as a monumental acknowledgment, which may go down to future ages, + of the obligations we are under to this nation. It is mighty well + received, and gives general pleasure. If the Congress approve of + it, as I hope they will, I may add something on the die (for + those to be struck hereafter) to shew that it was done by their + order, which I could not venture to do till I had authority for + it.</p> + +<p>With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your + most obedient and most humble servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">B. Franklin.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Passy</span>, July 22, 1783.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Robert R. Livingston</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary for Foreign Affairs.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I made the Grand Master of Malta a present of one of our + medals in silver, writing to him a letter of which I enclose a + copy, and I believe our people will be kindly received in his + port.</p> + +<p>With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your + most obedient and most humble servant.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">B. Franklin</p>. +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of Malta.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Passy</span>, 6 April, 1783.<br> +To His Eminent Highness<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The Grand Master of Malta</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>: I have the honour to address to Your Eminent Highness + the medal which I have lately had struck. It is an Homage of + gratitude, my Lord, which is due to the interest you have taken + in our cause and we no less owe it to your virtues and to Your + Eminent Highnesses wise Administration of Government.</p> + +<p>Permit me, my Lord, to demand your protection for such of our + citizens as circumstances may lead to your ports. I hope that + Your Eminent Highness will be pleased to grant it to them and + kindly receive the assurances of the profound respect with which + I am, my Lord,</p> + +<p>Your Eminent Highnesses most humble and most obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">B. Franklin.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page092" name="page092"></a>(p. 092)</span> Grand +Master of Malta to Benjamin Franklin.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Malta</span>, 21 June, 1783.<br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">B. Franklin</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I received with the most lively sensibility the medal which + Your Excellency sent me, and the value I set upon this + acquisition leaves my gratitude unbounded. This monument of + American liberty has a distinguished place in my cabinet.</p> + +<p>Whenever chance or commerce shall lead any of your fellow + citizens or their vessels into the ports of our Island, I shall + receive them with the greatest Welcome, they shall experience + from me every assistance they may claim. I shall observe with + infinite pleasure any growing connection between that interesting + nation and my subjects, especially if it will tend to convince + Your Excellency of the distinguished sentiments with which I am,</p> + +<p><span class="col20">Sir, Your Excellency's most affectionate servant,</span><br> +<span class="col40">The Grand Master,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Rohan</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page093" name="page093"></a>(p. 093)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXV" name="plateXV"><strong>Plate XV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text15" name="text15"><strong>No. 15.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1784.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Eripuit cœlo +fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.</p> + +<h4>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.</h4> + +<p class="quote">BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI. (<i>Benjamin Franklin +natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, +January 17, 1706.</i>.) Bust of Franklin, facing the left. On edge of +bust, <span class="smcap">dupré f</span>. (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS. (<i>He drew fire from +heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants.</i>) A genius pointing with +his right hand to a lightning-rod attracting the electric spark, and +with his left to a broken crown and sceptre at his feet. Exergue: +SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRÉ ANNO MDCCLXXXIV. (<i>Sculpsit et dicavit +Augustinus Dupré, anno 1784: Engraved and dedicated by Augustin Dupré, +in the year 1784</i>).<a id="footnotetag56" name="footnotetag56"></a><a href="#footnote56">[56]</a>,<a id="footnotetag57" name="footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57">[57]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate015" name="plate015"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate015b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 015b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate015a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 015a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span> was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. He began life +as an apprentice to his brother, a printer; went to England to follow +his trade, but ultimately settled in Philadelphia in 1726, where he +edited the "Pennsylvania Gazette," and in 1732 began the publication +of "Poor Richard's Almanac." He founded the first fire company in +1737, and soon afterward the first fire insurance company. In 1752 he +discovered the identity of lightning and the electric fluid, and +invented the lightning-rod. In consideration of his brilliant services +to science, the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the +university of Oxford in 1762. Benjamin Franklin was a member of the +Continental Congress, 1775-1776; a signer of the Declaration of +Independence, and one of the commissioners to France, 1776-1785. He +signed the offensive and defensive treaty with France, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page094" name="page094"></a>(p. 094)</span> in +Paris, February 6, 1778; and the definitive treaty of peace with +England, September 3, 1783. He was governor of Pennsylvania, +1786-1788; and died in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. Congress ordered +a mourning of four months, and the National Assembly of France, on the +proposal of Mirabeau, seconded by Monsieur de la Rochefoucauld and +General de la Fayette, went into mourning for three days. Turgot +composed in his honor the celebrated latin verse: <i>Eripuit cœlo +fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis</i>.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page095" name="page095"></a>(p. 095)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXVI" name="plateXVI"><strong>Plate XVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text16" name="text16"><strong>No. 16.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1786.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Eripuit cœlo +fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.</p> + +<h4>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.</h4> + +<p class="quote">BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI. (<i>Benjamin Franklin, +natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, +January 17, 1706.</i>) Bust of Franklin, facing the left. On edge of +bust, <span class="smcap">dupré f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a crown of oak: ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS. +(<i>He drew fire from Heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants</i>). +Exergue: SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRÉ ANNO MDCCLXXXVI. (<i>Sculpsit et +dicavit Augustinus Dupré, anno 1786: Engraved and dedicated by +Augustin Dupré, in the year 1786</i>).<a id="footnotetag58" name="footnotetag58"></a><a href="#footnote58">[58]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate016" name="plate016"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate016b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 016b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate016a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 016a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>William Short to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, June the 14th, 1790.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the news of Dr. Franklin's death being received here, the + National Assembly decreed that they would go in mourning for + three days—and that the President should write to Congress to + notify to them the part they take in the melancholy event. A kind + of enthusiasm has spread also through the different parts of the + capital—different societies and bodies have shown their adhesion + to the sentiments of the National Assembly in different ways.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Wm. Short</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas <span class="pagenum"><a id="page096" name="page096"></a>(p. 096)</span> Jefferson to the President of the National Assembly +of France.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, March 8th, 1791.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The President of the National Assembly of France</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have it in charge from the President of the United States + of America to communicate to the National Assembly of France the + peculiar sensibility of Congress to the tribute paid to the + memory of Benjamin Franklin, by the enlightened and free + Representatives of a great nation, in their decree of the 11th of + June, 1790.</p> + +<p>That the loss of such a citizen should be lamented by us, among + whom he lived, whom he so long and eminently served, and who feel + their country advanced and honoured by his birth, life and + labours, was to be expected, but it remained for the National + Assembly of France to set the first example of the Representative + of one nation doing homage by a public act to the private citizen + of another, and by withdrawing arbitrary lines of separation, to + reduce into one fraternity the good and the great, wherever they + have lived or died.</p> + +<p>That these separations may disappear between us in all times and + circumstances, and that the union of sentiment, which mingles our + sorrows on this occasion, may continue long to cement the + friendship and the interests of our two nations is our constant + prayer. With no one is it more sincere than with him, who in + being charged with the honour of conveying a public sentiment, is + permitted that of expressing the homage of profound respect and + veneration with which he is,</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page097" name="page097"></a>(p. 097)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXVII" name="plateXVII"><strong>Plate XVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text17" name="text17"><strong>No. 17.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 23, 1779.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Joanni Pavlo Jones classis præfecto. Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Hostivm +navibvs captis avt fvgatis.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Serapis.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOANNI PAVLO JONES CLASSIS PRÆFECTO. COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American +Congress to naval commander John Paul Jones</i>). Bust of Captain Jones, +in uniform, facing the right. On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">dupré f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">HOSTIVM NAVIBVS CAPTIS AVT FVGATIS. (<i>The enemy's vessels taken or put +to flight.</i>) Naval action between the United States frigate Bonhomme +Richard, of forty guns, Captain John Paul Jones, and the British +frigate Serapis, of forty-four guns, Captain Pearson. Both vessels are +grappled, lying head and stern. The Bonhomme Richard is on fire, and +her crew are boarding the Serapis. To the left, a third vessel.<a id="footnotetag59" name="footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59">[59]</a> +Exergue: AD ORAM SCOTIÆ (<i>sic</i>) XXIII SEPT. (<i>Septembris</i>) +M.DCCLXXVIIII. (<i>Off the coast of Scotland, September 23, 1779.</i>) +<span class="smcap">dupré. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag60" name="footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60">[60]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate017" name="plate017"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate017b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 017b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate017a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 017a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The legend on the reverse of the medal is the second of the two +proposed by the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. The +first was, <span class="smcap">primus americanorum triumphus navalis</span>.</p> + +<p>The bust of John Paul Jones, on the obverse of this medal, is from a +plaster cast by Houdon, the celebrated sculptor.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page098" name="page098"></a>(p. 098)</span> Chevalier John Paul Jones</span> was born at Arbingland, in the +parish of Kirkbean, in Scotland, July 6, 1747. He went to sea when +young, and settled in Virginia in 1773. In 1775 he was appointed a +lieutenant in the navy, through the recommendation of General Jones, +of North Carolina, and in gratitude to him, he added the name of Jones +to his family name of Paul. He joined the Alfred, of thirty guns and +three hundred men, and on her deck, October 10, 1776, when off +Chestnut street wharf, Philadelphia, under a salute of thirteen guns, +hoisted with his own hands the first American naval flag. This had +thirteen stripes, but without the blue union, and bore across the +field a rattlesnake with the motto "Don't tread on me." Appointed +captain in October, 1776, he was soon afterward sent by Congress to +France, to arrange certain naval matters with the American +commissioners. Subsequently he carried terror along the coast of +England, and on September 23, 1779, fought his famous action off +Flamborough Head, near Scarborough, in which he took the Serapis, +Captain Richard Pearson. He was enthusiastically received in France, +and King Louis XVI. presented him with a sword of honor and with the +cross of Military Merit. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal, in 1787, and sent him to France, Denmark, and Sweden, as agent +for prize money. The same year he entered the Russian service with the +rank of rear-admiral, and received from the Empress Catherine II. the +cross of St. Anne. He had a command in the squadron stationed in the +Black Sea, where he greatly distinguished himself, but embittered by +slanderous calumnies, he left the Russian service and settled in +Paris, where he died in poverty, July 18, 1792. The National Assembly +of France, then in session, expressed their regret for him by wearing +mourning, and sent a deputation to attend his funeral.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to the Chevalier John Paul +Jones.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In Congress</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously</i>, That a medal of gold be struck and presented +to the Chevalier John Paul Jones, in commemoration of the valour and +brilliant services of that officer, in the command of a squadron of +French and American ships, under the flag and commission of the United +States, off the coast of Great Britain, in the late war; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page099" name="page099"></a>(p. 099)</span> and +that the Honourable Mr. Jefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary of the +United States at the Court of Versailles, have the same executed, with +the proper devices.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That a letter be written to His Most Christian Majesty, +informing him that the United States, in Congress assembled, have +bestowed upon the Chevalier John Paul Jones, this medal, as well in +consideration of the distinguished marks of approbation which His +Majesty has pleased to confer upon that officer, as from a sense of +his merit: And, that as it is his earnest desire to acquire greater +knowledge in his profession, it would be acceptable to Congress, that +His Majesty would be pleased to permit him to embark with his fleets +of evolution, convinced that he can no where else so well acquire that +knowledge which may hereafter render him more extensively useful.</p> + +<p><i>Ordered</i>, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs prepare a letter for +the above purpose, to be signed by the President, and that the +Chevalier Jones be the bearer of the said letter.</p> + +<p>Tuesday, October 16, 1787.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin Franklin.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">On board the ship Serapis,</span><br> +<span class="col60">At anchor without the Texel, in Holland,</span><br> +<span class="col60">October</span> 3, 1779.<br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Honoured and Dear Sir</span>: When I had the honour of writing to you on + the 11th of August, previous to my departure from the Road of + Groaix, I had before me the most flattering prospect of rendering + essential service to the common cause of France and America. I + had a full confidence in the voluntary inclination and ability of + every captain under my command to assist and support me in my + duty with cheerful emulation; and I was persuaded that every one + of them would pursue glory in preference to interest.</p> + +<p>Whether I was or was not deceived will best appear by a relation + of circumstances.</p> + +<p>The little squadron under my orders, consisting of the Bonhomme + Richard of 40 guns, the Alliance of 36 guns, the Pallas of 32 + guns, the Cerf of 18 guns, and the Vengeance of 12 guns, joined + by two privateers, the Monsieur and the Granville, sailed from + the Road of Groaix at daybreak on the 14th of August; the same + day we spoke with a large convoy bound from the southward to + Brest.</p> + +<p>On the 18th we retook a large ship belonging to Holland, laden + chiefly with brandy and wine that had been destined from + Barcelona for Dunkirk, and taken eight days before by an English + privateer. The captain of the Monsieur, however, took out of this + prize such articles as he pleased in the night, and the next day + being astern of the squadron and to windward, he actually wrote + orders <i>in his proper</i> name, and sent away the prize under one of + his own officers. This, however, I superseded <span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> by + sending her for L'Orient under my orders in the character of + commander-in-chief. The evening of the day following the Monsieur + separated from the squadron.</p> + +<p>On the 20th we saw and chased a large ship, but could not + overtake her, she being to windward.</p> + +<p>On the 21st we saw and chased another ship that was also to + windward, and thereby eluded our pursuit. The same afternoon we + took a brigantine called the Mayflower, laden with butter and + salt provisions, bound from Limerick, in Ireland, for London; + this vessel I immediately expedited for L'Orient.</p> + +<p>On the 23d we saw Cape Clear and S. W. part of Ireland. That + afternoon, it being calm, I sent some armed boats to take a + brigantine that appeared in the N. W. quarter. Soon after in the + evening it became necessary to have a boat ahead of the ship to + tow, as the helm could not prevent her from laying across the + tide of flood, which would have driven us into a deep and + dangerous bay, situated between the rocks on the south called the + Shallocks, and on the north called the Blaskets. The ship's boats + being absent, I sent my own barge ahead to tow the ship. The + boats took the brigantine, she was called the Fortune, and bound + with a cargo of oil, blubber, and staves, from Newfoundland for + Bristol; this vessel I ordered to proceed immediately for Nantes + or St. Malo. Soon after sunset the villains who towed the ship, + cut the tow rope and decamped with my barge. Sundry shots were + fired to bring them to without effect; in the mean time the + master of the Bonhomme Richard, without orders, manned one of the + ship's boats, and with four soldiers pursued the barge in order + to stop the deserters. The evening was clear and serene, but the + zeal of that officer, Mr. Cutting Lent, induced him to pursue too + far, and a fog which came on soon afterwards prevented the boats + from rejoining the ship, although I caused signal guns to be + frequently fired. The fog and calm continued the next day till + towards evening. In the afternoon Captain Landais came on board + the Bonhomme Richard and behaved towards me with great + disrespect, affirming in the most indelicate manner and language + that I had lost my boats and people through my imprudence in + sending boats to take a prize! He persisted in his reproaches, + though he was assured by Messrs. de Weibert and de Chamillard + that the barge was towing the ship at the time of elopement, and + that she had not been sent in pursuit of the prize. He was + affronted because I would not the day before suffer him to chase + without my orders, and to approach the dangerous shore I have + already mentioned, where he was an entire stranger, and when + there was not sufficient wind to govern a ship. He told me he was + the only American in the squadron, and was determined to follow + his own opinion in chasing when and where he thought proper, and + in every other matter that concerned the service, and that, if I + continued in that situation three days longer, the squadron would + be taken, etc. By the advice of Captain de Cottineau, and with + the free consent and approbation of M. de Varage, I sent the Cerf + in to reconnoitre the coast, and endeavour to take the boats and + people the next day, while the squadron stood off and on in S. W. + quarter, in the best possible situation to intercept the enemy's + merchant ships, whether outward or homeward bound. The Cerf had + on board a pilot well acquainted with the coast, and was ordered + to join me again before night. I approached the shore in the + afternoon, but the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> Cerf did not appear; this induced me + to stand off again in the night in order to return and be joined + by the Cerf the next day; but to my great concern and + disappointment, though I ranged the coast along, and hoisted our + private signals, neither the boats nor the Cerf joined me. The + evening of that day, the 26th, brought with it stormy weather, + with the appearance of a severe gale from the S. W., yet I must + declare I did not follow my own judgment, but was led by the + assertion which had fallen from Captain Landais, when I in the + evening made a signal to steer to the northward and leave that + station, which I wished to have occupied at least a week longer. + The gale increased in the night with thick weather; to prevent + separation, I carried a top light and fired a gun every quarter + of an hour. I carried also a very moderate sail, and the course + had been clearly pointed out by a signal before night; yet, with + all this precaution, I found myself accompanied only by the + brigantine Vengeance in the morning, the Granville having + remained astern with a prize, as I have since understood the + tiller of the Pallas broke after midnight, which disabled her + from keeping up, but no apology has yet been made in behalf of + the Alliance.</p> + +<p>On the 31st we saw the Flannen Islands, situated near the Lewis, + on the N. W. coast of Scotland; and the next morning, off Cape + Wrath, we gave chase to a ship to windward, at the same time two + ships appearing in the N. W. quarter, which proved to be the + Alliance and a prize ship which she had taken, bound, as I + understood, from Liverpool to Jamaica. The ship which I chased + brought to at noon; she proved to be the Union, letter of marque, + bound from London for Quebec, with a cargo of naval stores on + account of government, adapted for the service of British armed + vessels on the lakes. The public despatches were lost, as the + Alliance very imprudently hoisted American colours, though + English colours were then flying on board the Bonhomme Richard. + Captain Landais sent a small boat to ask whether I would man the + ship, or he should, as in the latter case he would suffer no boat + nor person from the Bonhomme Richard to go near the prize. + Ridiculous as this appeared to me, I yielded to it for the sake + of peace, and received the prisoners on board the Bonhomme + Richard, while the prize was manned from the Alliance. In the + afternoon another sail appeared, and I immediately made the + signal for the Alliance to chase; but, instead of obeying, he + wore and laid the ship's head the other way. The next morning I + made a signal to speak with the Alliance, to which no attention + was shown; I then made sail with the ships in company for the + second rendezvous which was not far distant, and where I fully + expected to be joined by the Pallas and Cerf.</p> + +<p>The 2d of September we saw a sail at daybreak, and gave chase; + that ship proved to be the Pallas, and had met with no success + while separated from the Bonhomme Richard.</p> + +<p>On the 3d the Vengeance brought to a small Irish brigantine, + bound homeward from Norway. The same evening I sent the Vengeance + in the N. E. quarter to bring up the two prize ships that appeared + to me to be too near the islands of Shetland, while with the + Alliance and Pallas I endeavoured to weather Fair Isle, and to + get into my second rendezvous, where I directed the Vengeance to + join me with the three prizes. The next morning, having weathered + Fair Isle, and not seeing the Vengeance nor the prizes, I spoke + the Alliance, and ordered her to steer to the northward and bring + them up to the rendezvous.</p> + +<p>On <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> the morning of the 4th the Alliance appeared again, + and had brought to two very small coasting sloops in ballast, but + without having attended properly to my orders of yesterday. The + Vengeance joined me soon after, and informed me that in + consequence of Captain Landais' orders to the commanders of the + two prize ships, they had refused to follow him to the + rendezvous. I am to this moment ignorant of what orders these men + received from Captain Landais, nor know I by virtue of what + authority he ventured to give his orders to prizes in my + presence, and without either my knowledge or approbation. Captain + Ricot further informed me that he had burnt the prize brigantine, + because that vessel proved leaky; and I was sorry to understand + afterward that though the vessel was Irish property, the cargo + was property of the subjects of Norway.</p> + +<p>In the evening I sent for all the captains to come on board the + Bonhomme Richard, to consult on future plans of operations. + Captains Cottineau and Ricot obeyed me, but Captain Landais + obstinately refused, and after sending me various uncivil + messages, wrote me a very extraordinary letter in answer to a + written order which I had sent him, on finding that he had + trifled with my verbal orders. The next day a pilot boat came on + board from Shetland, by which means I received such advices as + induced me to change a plan which I otherwise meant to have + pursued; and as the Cerf did not appear at my second rendezvous, + I determined to steer towards the third in hopes of meeting her + there.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon a gale of wind came on, which continued four + days without intermission. In the second night of that gale the + Alliance, with her two little prizes, again separated from the + Bonhomme Richard. I had now with me only the Pallas and the + Vengeance, yet I did not abandon the hopes of performing some + essential service. The winds continued contrary, so that we did + not see the land till the evening of the 13th, when the hills of + the Cheviot in the S. E. of Scotland appeared. The next day we + chased sundry vessels, and took a ship and a brigantine, both + from the Firth of Edinburgh, laden with coal. Knowing that there + lay at anchor in Leith Road an armed ship of 20 guns, with two or + three fine cutters, I formed an expedition against Leith, which I + purposed to lay under a large contribution, or otherwise to + reduce it to ashes. Had I been alone, the wind being favourable, + I would have proceeded directly up the Firth, and must have + succeeded, as they lay there in a state of perfect indolence and + security, which would have proved their ruin. Unfortunately for + me, the Pallas and Vengeance were both at a considerable distance + in the offing, they having chased to the southward; this obliged + us to steer out of the Firth again to meet them. The captains of + the Pallas and Vengeance being come on board the Bonhomme + Richard, I communicated to them my project, to which many + difficulties and objections were made by them; at last, however, + they appeared to think better of the design, after I had assured + them that I hoped to raise 200,000 pounds sterling on Leith, and + that there was no battery of cannon there to oppose our landing. + So much time, however, was unavoidably spent in pointed remarks + and sage deliberation that night, that the wind became contrary + in the morning.</p> + +<p>We continued working to windward up the Firth without being able + to reach the road of Leith, till, on the morning of the 17th, + when, being almost within cannon shot <span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> of the town, + having everything in readiness for a descent, a very severe gale + of wind came on, and being directly contrary, obliged us to bear + away, after having in vain endeavoured for some time to withstand + its violence. The gale was so severe that one of the prizes that + had been taken on the 14th sunk to the bottom, the crew being + with difficulty saved. As the alarm by this time had reached + Leith by means of a cutter that had watched our motions that + morning, and as the wind continued contrary (though more moderate + in the evening), I thought it impossible to pursue the enterprize + with a good prospect of success; especially as Edinburgh, where + there is always a number of troops, is only a mile distant from + Leith, therefore I gave up the project.</p> + +<p>On the 19th, having taken a sloop and a brigantine in ballast, + with a sloop laden with building timber, I proposed another + project to M. Cottineau, which would have been highly honourable + though not profitable; many difficulties were made, and our + situation was represented as being the most perilous. The enemy, + he said, would send against us a superior force, and that if I + obstinately continued on the coast of England two days longer, we + should all be taken. The Vengeance having chased along shore to + the southward, Captain Cottineau said he would follow her with + the prizes, as I was unable to make much sail, having that day + been obliged to strike the main-top-mast to repair damages; and + as I afterward understood, he told M. de Chamillard that unless I + joined them the next day, both the Pallas and the Vengeance would + leave that coast. I had thoughts of attempting the enterprize + alone after the Pallas had made sail to join the Vengeance. I am + persuaded, even now, that I would have succeeded, and to the + honour of my young officers, I found them as ardently disposed to + the business as I could desire; nothing prevented me from + pursuing my design but the reproach that would have been cast + upon my character, as a man of prudence, had the enterprize + miscarried. It would have been said, was he not forewarned by + Capt. Cottineau and others?</p> + +<p>I made sail along shore to the southward, and next morning took a + coasting sloop, in ballast, which, with another that I had taken + the night before, I ordered to be sunk. In the evening I again + met with the Pallas and Vengeance, off Whitby. Captain Cottineau + told me he had sunk the brigantine, and ransomed the sloop, laden + with building timber, that had been taken the day before. I had + told Captain Cottineau, the day before, that I had no authority + to ransom prizes.</p> + +<p>On the 21st we saw and chased two sail, off Flamborough Head, the + Pallas in the N. E. quarter, while the Bonhomme Richard followed + by the Vengeance in the S. W. The one I chased, a brigantine + collier in ballast, belonging to Scarborough, was soon taken, and + sunk immediately afterward, as a fleet then appeared to the + southward. It was so late in the day that I could not come up + with the fleet before night; at length, however, I got so near + one of them as to force her to run ashore, between Flamborough + Head and the Spurn. Soon after I took another, a brigantine from + Holland, belonging to Sunderland; and at daylight the next + morning, seeing a fleet steering towards me from the Spurn, I + imagined them to be a convoy, bound from London for Leith, which + had been for some time expected; one of them had a pendant + hoisted, and appeared to be a ship of force. They had not, + however, courage to come on, but kept back, all except the one + which seemed to be armed, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span> that one also kept to + windward very near the land, and on the edge of dangerous shoals, + where I could not with safety approach. This induced me to make a + signal for a pilot, and soon afterward two pilot boats came off; + they informed me that the ship that wore a pendant was an armed + merchant ship, and that a king's frigate lay there in sight, at + anchor within the Humber, waiting to take under convoy a number + of merchant ships bound to the northward. The pilots imagined the + Bonhomme Richard to be an English ship of war, and, consequently, + communicated to me the private signal which they had been + required to make. I endeavoured by this means to decoy the ships + out of the port, but the wind then changing, and with the tide + becoming unfavourable for them, the deception had not the desired + effect, and they wisely put back. The entrance of the Humber is + exceedingly difficult and dangerous, and, as the Pallas was not + in sight, I thought it not prudent to remain off the entrance; I, + therefore, steered out again to join the Pallas off Flamborough + Head. In the night we saw and chased two ships until three + o'clock in the morning, when, being at a very small distance from + them, I made the private signal of recognizance, which I had + given to each captain before I sailed from Groaix. One half of + the answer only was returned. In this position both sides lay to + till daylight, when the ships proved to be the Alliance and the + Pallas.</p> + +<p>On the morning of that day, the 23d of September, the brig from + Holland not being in sight, we chased a brigantine that appeared + laying to windward. About noon we saw and chased a large ship + that appeared coming round Flamborough Head, from the northward, + and at the same time I manned and armed one of the pilot boats to + sail in pursuit of the brigantine, which now appeared to be the + vessel that I had forced ashore. Soon after this a fleet of + forty-one sail appeared off Flamborough Head, bearing N. N. E.; + this induced me to abandon the single ship which had then + anchored in Burlington Bay; I also called back the pilot boat and + hoisted a signal for a general chase. When the fleet discovered + us bearing down all the merchant ships crowded sail towards the + shore. The two ships of war that protected the fleet at the same + time steered from the land, and made the disposition for the + battle. In approaching the enemy I crowded every possible sail, + and made the signal for the line of battle, to which the Alliance + showed no attention. Earnest as I was for the action, I could not + reach the commodore's ship until seven in the evening, being then + within pistol shot, when he hailed the Bonhomme Richard. We + answered him by firing a whole broadside.</p> + +<p>The battle being thus begun, was continued with unremitting fury. + Every method was practised on both sides to gain an advantage, + and rake each other; and I must confess that the enemy's ship + being much more manageable than the Bonhomme Richard, gained + thereby several times an advantageous situation, in spite of my + best endeavours to prevent it. As I had to deal with an enemy of + <i>greatly superior force</i>, I was under the necessity of closing + with him, to prevent the advantage which he had over me in point + of manœuvre. It was my intention to lay the Bonhomme Richard + athwart the enemy's bow, but as that operation required great + dexterity in the management of both sails and helm, and some of + our braces being shot away, it did not exactly succeed to my + wishes; the enemy's bowsprit, however, came over the Bonhomme + Richard's poop, by the mizzen mast, and I made both ships fast + together <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> in that situation, which, by the action of the + wind on the enemy's sails, forced her stern close to the Bonhomme + Richard's bow, so that the ships lay square alongside of each + other, the yards being all entangled, and the cannon of each ship + touching the opponent's side. When this position took place it + was eight o'clock, previous to which the Bonhomme Richard had + received sundry eighteen pound shot below the water and leaked + very much. My battery of 12-pounders, on which I had placed my + chief dependence, being commanded by Lieut. Dale and Col. + Weibert, and manned principally with American seamen and French + volunteers, were entirely silenced and abandoned. As to the six + old 18-pounders that formed the battery of the lower gun-deck, + they did no service whatever; two out of three of them burst at + the first fire, and killed almost all the men who were stationed + to manage them. Before this time, too, Col. de Chamillard, who + commanded a party of twenty soldiers on the poop, had abandoned + that station, after having lost some of his men. These men + deserted their quarters. I had now only two pieces of cannon, + 9-pounders, on the quarter-deck that were not silenced, and not + one of the heavier cannon was fired during the rest of the + action. The purser, Mr. Mease, who commanded the guns on the + quarter-deck, being dangerously wounded in the head, I was + obliged to fill his place, and with great difficulty rallied a + few men, and shifted over one of the lee quarter-deck guns, so + that we afterwards played three pieces of 9-pounders upon the + enemy. The tops alone seconded the fire of this little battery, + and held out bravely during the whole of the action; especially + the main top, where Lieut. Stack commanded. I directed the fire + of one of the three cannon against the main-mast with + double-headed shot, while the other two were exceedingly well + served with grape and canister-shot to silence the enemy's + musketry, and clear her decks, which was at last effected. The + enemy were, as I have since understood, on the instant of calling + for quarter, when the cowardice or treachery of three of my under + officers induced them to call to the enemy. The English commodore + asked me if I demanded quarter, and I having answered him in the + most determined negative, they renewed the battle with double + fury; they were unable to stand the deck, but the fire of their + cannon, especially the lower battery, which was entirely formed + of 18-pounders, was incessant. Both ships were set on fire in + various places, and the scene was dreadful beyond the reach of + language. To account for the timidity of my three under officers, + I mean the gunner, the carpenter, and the master-at-arms, I must + observe that the two first were slightly wounded, and as the ship + had received various shots under water, and one of the pumps + being shot away, the carpenter expressed his fear that she would + sink, and the other two concluded that she was sinking, which + occasioned the gunner to run aft on the poop, without my + knowledge, to strike the colours; fortunately for me, a cannon + ball had done that before, by carrying away the ensign staff; he + was, therefore, reduced to the necessity of sinking, as he + supposed, or of calling for quarter, and he preferred the latter.</p> + +<p>All this time the Bonhomme Richard had sustained the action + alone, and the enemy, though much superior in force, would have + been very glad to have got clear, as appeared by their own + acknowledgments, and their having let go an anchor the instant I + laid them on board, by which means they would have escaped, had I + not made them well fast to the Bonhomme Richard.</p> + +<p>At <span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> last, at half-past nine o'clock, the Alliance + appeared, and I now thought the battle at an end; but to my utter + astonishment, he discharged a broadside full into the stern of + the Bonhomme Richard. We called to him for God's sake to forbear + firing into the Bonhomme Richard; yet he passed along the off + side of the ship, and continued firing. There was no possibility + of his mistaking the enemy's ship for the Bonhomme Richard, there + being the most essential difference in their appearance and + construction; besides it was then full moonlight, and the sides + of the Bonhomme Richard were all black, while the sides of the + prizes were yellow; yet, for their greater security, I showed the + signal of our reconnoissance by putting out three lanterns, one + at the head (bow), another at the stern (quarter), and the third + in the middle, in a horizontal line. Every tongue cried that he + was firing into the wrong ship, but nothing availed, he passed + round, firing into the Bonhomme Richard's head, stern, and + broadside, and by one of his volleys killed several of my best + men and mortally wounded a good officer on the forecastle. My + situation was really deplorable. The Bonhomme Richard received + various shots under water from the Alliance; the leak gained on + the pumps; and the fire increased much on board both ships. Some + officers persuaded me to strike, of whose courage and good sense + I entertain a high opinion. My treacherous master-at-arms let + loose all my prisoners, without my knowledge, and my prospect + became gloomy indeed. I would not, however, give up the point. + The enemy's main-mast began to shake, their firing decreased, + ours rather increased, and the British colours were struck at + half an hour past ten o'clock.</p> + +<p>This prize proved to be the British ship-of-war the Serapis, a + new ship of 44 guns, built on their most approved construction, + with two complete batteries, one of them 18-pounders, and + commanded by the brave Commodore Richard Pearson. I had yet two + enemies to encounter far more formidable than the Britons—I mean + fire, and water. The Serapis was attacked only by the first, but + the Bonhomme Richard was assailed by both: there were five feet + water in the hold, and though it was moderate from the explosion + of so much gunpowder, yet the three pumps that remained could + with difficulty only keep the water from gaining. The fire broke + out in various parts of the ship, in spite of all the water that + could be thrown to quench it, and at length broke out as low as + the powder magazine, and within a few inches of the powder. In + that dilemma, I took out the powder upon deck, ready to be thrown + overboard at the last extremity, and it was 10 o'clock the next + day, the 24th, before the fire was entirely extinguished. With + respect to the situation of the Bonhomme Richard, the rudder was + cut entirely off the stern frame, and the transoms were almost + entirely cut away; the timbers, by the lower deck especially, + from the mainmast to the stern, being greatly decayed with age, + were mangled beyond my power of description; and a person must + have been an eye witness to form a just idea of the tremendous + scene of carnage, wreck, and ruin that everywhere appeared. + Humanity cannot but recoil from the prospect of such finished + horror, and lament that war should produce such fatal + consequences.</p> + +<p>After the carpenters, as well as Capt. de Cottineau, and other + men of sense had well examined and surveyed the ship (which was + not finished before five in the evening), I found every person to + be convinced that it was impossible to keep the Bonhomme + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> Richard afloat so as to reach a port if the wind should + increase, it being then only a very moderate breeze. I had but + little time to remove my wounded, which now became unavoidable, + and which was effected in the course of the night and next + morning. I was determined to keep the Bonhomme Richard afloat, + and, if possible, to bring her into port. For that purpose, the + first lieutenant of the Pallas continued on board with a party of + men to attend the pumps, with boats in waiting, ready to take + them on board, in case the water should gain on them too fast. + The wind augmented in the night and the next day, on the 25th, so + that it was impossible to prevent the good old ship from sinking. + They did not abandon her until after 9 o'clock; the water was + then up to the lower deck, and a little after ten, I saw with + inexpressible grief the last glimpse of the Bonhomme Richard. No + lives were lost with the ship, but it was impossible to save the + stores of any sort whatever. I lost even the best part of my + clothes, books, and papers; and several of my officers lost all + their clothes and effects.</p> + +<p>Having thus endeavoured to give a clear and simple relation of + the circumstances and events that have attended the little + armament under my command, I shall freely submit my conduct + therein to the censure of my superiors and the impartial public. + I beg leave, however, to observe, that the force that was put + under my command was far from being well composed; and as the + great majority of the actors in it have appeared bent on the + pursuit of interest only, I am exceedingly sorry that they and I + have been at all concerned. I am in the highest degree sensible + of the singular attentions which I have experienced from the + court of France, which I shall remember with perfect gratitude + until the end of my life, and will always endeavour to merit, + while I can, consistent with my honour, continue in the public + service. I must speak plainly. As I have always been honoured + with the full confidence of Congress, and as I always flattered + myself with enjoying in some measure the confidence of the court + of France, I could not but be astonished at the conduct of M. de + Chaumont, when, in the moment of my departure from Groaix, he + produced a paper, a concordat, for me to sign, in common with the + officers whom I had commissioned but a few days before. Had that + paper, or even a less dishonourable one, been proposed to me at + the beginning, I would have rejected it with just contempt, and + the word <i>déplacement</i>, among others, should have been necessary. + I cannot, however, even now suppose that he was authorized by the + court to make such a bargain with me; nor can I suppose that the + minister of marine meant that M. de Chaumont should consider me + merely as a colleague with the commanders of the other ships, and + communicate to them not only all he knew, but all he thought, + respecting our destination and operations. M. de Chaumont has + made me various reproaches on account of the expense of the + Bonhomme Richard, wherewith I cannot think I have been justly + chargeable. M. de Chamillard can attest that the Bonhomme Richard + was at last far from being well fitted or armed for war. If any + person or persons who have been charged with the expense of that + armament have acted wrong, the fault must not be laid to my + charge. I had no authority to superintend that armament, and the + persons who had authority were so far from giving me what I + thought necessary that M. de Chaumont even refused, among other + things, to allow me irons to secure the prisoners of war.</p> + +<p>In <span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> short, while my life remains, if I have any capacity + to render good and acceptable services to the common cause, no + man will step forward with greater cheerfulness and alacrity than + myself, but I am not made to be dishonoured, nor can I accept of + the <i>half confidence</i> of any man living; of course, I cannot, + consistent with my honour and a prospect of success, undertake + future expeditions, unless when the object and destination is + communicated to me alone, and to no other person in the marine + line. In cases where troops are embarked, a like confidence is + due alone to their commander-in-chief. On no other condition will + I ever undertake the chief command of a private expedition; and + when I do not command in chief, I have no desire to be in the + secret.</p> + +<p>Captain Cottineau engaged the Countess of Scarborough, and took + her after an hour's action, while the Bonhomme Richard engaged + the Serapis. The Countess of Scarborough is an armed ship of 20 + six-pounders, and was commanded by a king's officer. In the + action, the Countess of Scarborough and the Serapis were at a + considerable distance asunder; and the Alliance, as I am + informed, fired into the Pallas, and killed some men. If it + should be asked why the convoy was suffered to escape, I must + answer, that I was myself in no condition to pursue, and that + none of the rest showed any inclination, not even M. Ricot, who + had held off at a distance to windward during the whole action, + and withheld by force the pilot boat with my lieutenant and 15 + men. The Alliance, too, was in a state to pursue the fleet, not + having had a single man wounded, or a single shot fired at her + from the Serapis, and only three that did execution from the + Countess of Scarborough, at such a distance that one stuck in the + side, and the other two just touched and then dropped into the + water. The Alliance killed one man only on board the Serapis. As + Captain de Cottineau charged himself with manning and securing + the prisoners of the Countess of Scarborough, I think the escape + of the Baltic fleet cannot so well be charged to his account.</p> + +<p>I should have mentioned that the main-mast and mizzen topmast of + the Serapis fell overboard soon after the captain had come on + board the Bonhomme Richard.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole, the captain of the Alliance has behaved so very + ill in every respect that I must complain loudly of his conduct. + He pretends that he is authorized to act independent of my + command. I have been taught the contrary; but, supposing it to be + so, his conduct has been base and unpardonable. M. de Chamillard + will explain the particulars. Either Captain Landais or myself is + highly criminal, and one or the other must be punished. I forbear + to take any steps with him until I have the advice and + approbation of Your Excellency. I have been advised by all the + officers of the squadron to put M. Landais under arrest; but, as + I have postponed it so long, I will bear with him a little + longer, until the return of my express.</p> + +<p>We this day anchored here, having since the action been tossed to + and fro by contrary winds. I wished to have gained the road of + Dunkirk on account of our prisoners, but was overruled by the + majority of <i>my colleagues</i>. I shall hasten up to Amsterdam, and + there, if I meet with no orders from my government, I will take + the advice of the French ambassador. It is my present intention + to have the Countess of Scarborough ready to transport the + prisoners from hence to Dunkirk, unless it should be found more + expedient to deliver them to the English ambassador, taking his + obligation to send to Dunkirk, &c., immediately an equal number + of American prisoners. I am under strong apprehensions that our + object here will fail, and that through the imprudence <span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> + of M. de Chaumont, who has communicated everything he knew or + thought on the matter to persons who cannot help talking of it at + a full table. This is the way he keeps state secrets, though he + never mentioned the affair to me.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am ever, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John P. Jones</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>M. de Sartine to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Versailles</span>, May 30, 1780.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Mr. Huntington</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">President of the Congress of the United States.</span></p> + +<p>Commodore Paul Jones, after having shown to all Europe, and + particularly to the enemies of France and the United States, the + most unquestionable proofs of his valour and talents, is about + returning to America to give an account to Congress of the + success of his military operations. I am convinced, Sir, that the + reputation he has so justly acquired will precede him, and that + the recital of his actions alone will suffice to prove to his + fellow citizens that his abilities are equal to his courage. But + the King has thought proper to add His suffrage and attention to + the public opinion. He has expressly charged me to inform you how + perfectly He is satisfied with the services of the Commodore, + persuaded that Congress will render him the same justice. He has + offered, as a proof of His esteem, to present him with a sword, + which cannot be placed in better hands, and likewise proposes to + Congress to decorate this brave officer with the Cross of + Military Merit.<a id="footnotetag61" name="footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61">[61]</a> His Majesty conceives that this particular + distinction, by holding forth the same honours to the two + nations, united by the same interests, will be looked upon as one + tie more that connects them, and will support that emulation + which is so precious to the common cause. If, after having + approved the conduct of the Commodore, it should be thought + proper to give him the command of any new expedition to Europe, + His Majesty will receive him again with pleasure, and presumes + that Congress will oppose nothing that may be judged expedient to + secure the success of his enterprizes. My personal esteem for him + induces me to recommend him very particularly to you, Sir, and I + dare flatter myself that the reception he will receive from + Congress and you, will warrant the sentiments with which he has + inspired me.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour of being, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">de Sartine</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul Jones.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Versailles</span>, June 28, 1780.<br> +Mr. <span class="smcap">Paul Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">Commodore in the Navy of the United States of America.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The King has already testified His approbation of the zeal + and valour which you have displayed in Europe, in support of the + common cause between the United States <span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> and His Majesty, + and He has also informed you of the distinguished proofs He is + disposed to give you thereof. Persuaded that the United States + will give their consent that you should receive the cross of the + institution of Military Merit, I send you, in the packet + addressed to M. de la Luzerne, the one designed for you. You will + be pleased to deliver him this packet, and he will confer on you + this distinction by a chevalier of the institution, agreeably to + His Majesty's orders. But at any rate that you should have a + proof of the King's approbation and munificence, His Majesty has + ordered a gold headed sword to be made for you, which will be + immediately delivered to you, and He has the greatest confidence + in the use you will make of it for His glory and that of the + United States.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">de Sartine</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Authorizing Captain Jones to Accept from the +King of France the Cross of Military Merit.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In Congress</span>.</p> + +<p>The Committee to whom was referred the letter of May 30, 1780, from M. +de Sartine, delivered in a report, whereupon</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Congress entertain a high sense of the +distinguished bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq., +captain in the navy of the United States, and particularly in his +victory over the British frigate Serapis on the coast of England, +which was attended with circumstances so brilliant as to excite +general applause and admiration.</p> + +<p>That the Minister Plenipotentiary of these United States at the Court +of Versailles, communicate to His Most Christian Majesty the high +satisfaction Congress have received from the conduct and gallant +behaviour of Captain John Paul Jones, which have merited the attention +and approbation of His Most Christian Majesty, and that His Majesty's +offer of adorning Captain Jones with a Cross of Military Merit is +highly acceptable to Congress.</p> + +<p>February 27, 1781.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The United States to the King of France.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In Congress</span>, October 19, 1787.</p> + +<p>The Secretary for Foreign Affairs reports that agreeably to the order +of the 16th, he hath prepared the following letter to His Most +Christian Majesty, which having been duly signed and countersigned, +was delivered to the Chevalier John Paul Jones.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Great and Beloved Friend</span>:</p> + +<p>We, the United States in Congress assembled, in consideration of the +distinguished marks of approbation with which Your Majesty has been +pleased to honour <span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> the Chevalier John Paul Jones, as well as +from a sense of his merit, have unanimously directed a medal of gold +to be struck and presented to him, in commemoration of his valour and +brilliant services, while commanding a squadron of French and American +ships under our flag and commission, off the coast of Great Britain, +in the late war.</p> + +<p>As it is his earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his +profession, we cannot forbear requesting of Your Majesty to permit him +to embark in your fleets of evolution, where only it will be probably +in his power to acquire that degree of knowledge which may hereafter +render him more extensively useful.</p> + +<p>Permit us to repeat to Your Majesty our sincere assurances that the +various and important benefits for which we are indebted to your +friendship will never cease to interest us in whatever may concern the +happiness of Your Majesty, your family, and people.</p> + +<p>We pray God to keep you, our great and beloved friend, under his holy +protection.</p> + +<p>Done at the city of New York, the nineteenth day of October, in the +year of our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the +12th.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to General Washington.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, May 2, 1788.<br> +To <span class="smcap">General Washington</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: The war between the Russians and Turks has made an + opening for Commodore Paul Jones. The Empress has invited him + into her service. She insures to him the rank of a Rear Admiral + and will give him a separate command, and it is understood that + he is never to be commanded. I think she means to oppose him to + the Captain Pasha on the Black Sea. He is, by this time, probably + at St. Petersburg. The circumstances did not permit his awaiting + the permission of Congress, because the season was close at hand + for opening the campaign. But he has made it a condition that he + shall be free at all times to return to the orders of Congress, + whenever they shall please to call for him; and also that he + shall not, in any case, be expected to bear arms against France. + I believe Congress had it in contemplation to give him the grade + of Admiral from the date of his taking the Serapis. Such a + measure now would greatly gratify him, second the efforts of + fortune in his favour and better the opportunities of improving + him for our service, whenever the moment shall come in which we + may want him.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be Your Excellency's most obedient and most + humble servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Admiral <span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span> John +Paul Jones to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">On board the Wladimir,</span><br> +<span class="col40 smcap">Before Oczacoff</span>, August 20,/September 9, 1788.<br> +His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>, Esq.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Some of my friends in America did me the honour to ask for + my bust. I enclose the names of eight gentlemen, to each of whom + I promised to send one. You will oblige me by desiring Mr. Houdon + to have them prepared and packed up, two and two; and if Mr. + Short, to whom I present my respects, will take the trouble to + forward them by good opportunities, via Havre de Grace, writing, + at the same time, a few words to each of these gentlemen, I shall + esteem it a particular favour.</p> + +<p>Before I left Copenhagen, I wrote to Mr. Amoureux, merchant at + L'Orient, to dispose of some articles of mine in his hands, and + remit you the amount. I hope he has done it, and that his + remittance may be sufficient to pay Mr. Houdon, and the expense + of striking the medal with which I am honoured by the United + States. But lest this should not turn out as I expect, I have + directed Dr. Bancroft to pay any draft of yours on him for my + account, as far as four or five thousand livres. I shall want + four gold medals as soon as the dies are finished. I must present + one to the United States, another to the King of France, and I + cannot do less than offer one to the Empress. As you will keep + the dies for me, it is my intention to have some more gold medals + struck; therefore I beg you, in the meantime, not to permit the + striking of a single silver or copper medal.</p> + +<p>I send enclosed an extract from my journal on my expedition from + France to Holland, in the year 1779, for the information of the + Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. I trust, at the same + time, more to your judgment than to theirs. There is a medallist + who executed three medals for me in wax, one of them is the + battle between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis. The position + of the two ships is not much amiss; but the necessary figures are + much too near the principal objects; and he has placed them to + windward, instead of being as they really were, to leeward of the + Bonhomme Richard and Serapis. I do not at this moment recollect + the medallist's name, but he lives on the 3d or 4th stage, at a + marble cutter's almost opposite, but a little higher than your + former house, Cul-de-sac Rue Taitbout, and may be easily found. + It would be of use to see the medal he has made, although it is + by no means to be copied. I have not comprehended, in the extract + of my journal, the extreme difficulties I met with in Holland, + nor my departure from the Texel in the Alliance, when I was + forced out by the Vice Admiral Rhynst, in the face of the enemy's + fleet. The critical situation I was in, in Holland, needs no + explanation, and I shall not say how much the honour of the + American flag depended on my conduct, or how much it affected all + the belligerent powers. I shall only say it was a principal cause + of the resentment of England against Holland, and the war that + ensued. It is for you and the Academy to determine whether that + part of my services ought to be the subject of one side of the + medal.</p> + +<p>I am, with perfect esteem and attachment, Your Excellency's most + obedient humble servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">J. P. Jones.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXVIII" name="plateXVIII"><strong>Plate XVIII.</strong></a> and <a id="plateXIX" name="plateXIX"><strong>XIX</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text18" name="text18"><strong>No. 18.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 30, 1789—March 4, 1797.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">George Washington, President, 1792.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>First President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">General Washington in uniform and bareheaded, standing, facing the +left, has just given the calumet of peace to an Indian chief, who is +smoking it. The Indian, standing, facing the right, has a large medal +suspended from around his neck; on the left, a pine tree; at its foot, +a tomahawk; in the background, a farmer ploughing. Exergue: GEORGE +WASHINGTON PRESIDENT. 1792.</p> + +<p class="quote">The arms and crest of the United States of America. Arms: Paleways of +thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon on +the breast of the American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his +dexter talon an olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen +arrows,<a id="footnotetag62" name="footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62">[62]</a> all proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this +motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM (<i>One out of many</i>). Crest: Over the head of +the eagle, which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking +through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a +constellation, argent, on an azure field.<a id="footnotetag63" name="footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63">[63]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate018" name="plate018"></a> +<a id="plate019" name="plate019"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate019.jpg" width="300" height="435" alt="Plate 019" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate018.jpg" width="300" height="428" alt="Plate 018" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">It was then customary with the Indians, when they made a treaty of +peace, to simulate the burying of the tomahawk. In a speech of Red +Jacket's to the Honorable Samuel Dexter, secretary of War, delivered +at Philadelphia, February 11, 1802, is the following passage: +"Brother, you offered to join with us in tearing up the largest pine +tree in our forests, and under it to bury the tomahawk. We <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> +gladly join with you, brother, in this work, and let us heap rocks and +stones on the root of this tree, that the tomahawk may never again be +found."</p> + +<p>The engraving is a representation of the medal generally known as the +Red Jacket medal, from its having been given by President Washington +to the celebrated Seneca orator and chief Sa-go-ya-wat-ha (<i>He keeps +them awake</i>), better known as Red Jacket, on the occasion of his visit +to Philadelphia in March and April, 1792. On the death of this great +chief of the Six Nations of the State of New York (Mohawks, Oneidas, +Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras), in 1830, it passed into +the hands of his nephew the Seneca chief So-sa-wa (<i>Corpulent man</i>), +James Johnson. It now belongs to James Johnson's grand-nephew, +Do-ne-ho-gà-wa (<i>Open door</i>), General Ely S. Parker, who served during +the Civil War on the staff of General U.S. Grant. He was afterward for +some time commissioner of Indian Affairs, and is now living in the +city of New York. It is owing to the politeness of General Parker that +I am able to give an engraving of this, the only well-authenticated +Washington Indian peace medal, although similar ones were given during +his administration to different Indian chiefs, as will be seen from +the following extract from a message addressed by General Knox, then +secretary of War, to the Choctaw nation, and dated Philadelphia, +February, 17, 1792: "Brothers, your father, General Washington, sends +you two great silver medals—you will point out the two great chiefs +who are to receive these marks of distinction."</p> + +<p>General Parker says that this medal was made by Dr. Rittenhouse, who +was director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia from 1792 till +1795, that these medals were of three sizes from President Jefferson +to President Fillmore's administration, and that they were given to +Indian chiefs according to their rank. Since then they have been made +of two sizes only.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXX" name="plateXX"><strong>Plate XX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text19" name="text19"><strong>No. 19.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 30, 1790.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">To Peace and +Commerce. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +The United States of America.</p> + +<h4>THE DIPLOMATIC MEDAL.</h4> + +<p class="quote">TO PEACE AND COMMERCE. To the left, America, personified as an Indian +queen, seated, facing the right, and holding in her left hand the +cornucopia of abundance (<i>Peace</i>), welcomes Mercury (<i>Commerce</i>) to +her shores, and with her right calls his attention to her products, +packed ready for transportation. In the background, to the right, the +sea, and a ship under full sail. Exergue: IV JUL. MDCCLXXVI. (<i>4 +Julii, 1776: July 4, 1776</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The arms and crest of the United States +of America. Arms: Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a +chief, azure. The escutcheon on the breast of the American eagle, +displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and in +his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows,<a id="footnotetag64" name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64">[64]</a> all proper, and in his +beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM (<i>One out of +many</i>). Crest: Over the head of the eagle, which appears above the +escutcheon: a glory, or, breaking through a cloud, proper, and +surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation, argent, on an +azure field.<a id="footnotetag65" name="footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65">[65]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate020" name="plate020"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate020b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 20" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate020a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 20" title=""> +</p> +</div> + + +<p class="nofloat">Only two of these Diplomatic medals have thus far been awarded, one to +the Marquis de la Luzerne and the other to the Count de Moustier.</p> + + + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">César <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> Anne de la Luzerne</span> was born in Paris in 1741. He was +graduated at the Chevau-légers school, became aide-de-camp to the Duke +de Broglie; was appointed major-general of cavalry in 1762; and +colonel of the French grenadiers in 1776. Quitting the army, he +entered the diplomatic service, and was envoy to the court of +Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, in 1766, and minister to the +United States in 1779-1784. He contracted, under his own +responsibility, a loan to relieve the distress of the American army in +1780; received from Harvard College the degree of LL.D. in 1781, and +the same from Dartmouth College in 1782. He was appointed ambassador +to England in January, 1788. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of +State, wrote to him, April 30, 1790, by order of President Washington, +conveying to him an express acknowledgment of his services, and of the +high appreciation of them by the government and people of America, +informing him also that, by order of the President of the United +States, a medal and a chain of gold would be prepared and delivered to +him by the chargé d'affaires of the United States at the court of +France. The Marquis de la Luzerne died in London, September 14, 1791, +before the medal was finished.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Éléonore François Élie, Count, afterward Marquis, De Moustier</span>, was +born in Paris, March 15, 1751. He entered the army when but fourteen +years of age, and at sixteen was sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navarre +cavalry; captain in the Dauphin dragoons 1771; mestre-de-camp, 1777, +and soon after maréchal-de-camp; and lieutenant-general, 1816. +Entering the diplomatic service in 1771, he first served as +gentilhomme d'ambassade in Lisbon, then as conseiller d'ambassade in +London, 1772; was chargé d'affaires at Naples, and in 1777, minister +to the court of Treves, He was sent on a special mission to England in +1783, and as minister to the United States in 1787. In 1790 he +declined the mission to the court of St. James, and went as ambassador +to Berlin. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of State, informed him, +March 2, 1791, by order of President Washington, that a medal and a +chain of gold would be presented to him by Mr. Short, in the name of +the United States of America. In September, 1791, he declined the +ministry of Foreign Affairs, emigrated in 1792, and came back to +France with Louis XVIII. in 1814. The Marquis de Moustier died at +Bailli, near Versailles, February 1, 1816.</p> +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Adams to the President of Congress.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="col60 smcap">Braintree</span>, August 3, 1779.<br> +To His Excellency<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">John Jay</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">President of Congress.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Chevalier de la Luzerne is a Knight of the Order of St. + John of Jerusalem, of an ancient and noble family, connected by + blood with many characters of principal name in the kingdom; a + grandson of the celebrated Chancellor de la Moignon; a nephew of + Monsieur Malesherbes, perhaps still more famous as first + President of the Court of Aids, and as Minister of State, a + brother of the Comte de la Luzerne, and of the Bishop of Langres, + one of the three Dukes and Peers who had the honour to assist in + the consecration of the King; a near relative of the Marshal de + Broglie, and the Comte his brother, and of many other important + personages in that country; nor is his personal character less + respectable than his connections. As he is possessed of much + useful information of all kinds, and particularly of the + political system of Europe, obtained in his late Embassy in + Bavaria; and of the justest sentiments of the mutual interests of + his country and ours, and of the utility to both of that alliance + which so happily unites them, and at the same time divested of + all personal and party attachments and aversions, Congress and + their constituents, I flatter myself, will have much satisfaction + in his negotiations, as well as in those of the Secretary to the + Embassy, Monsieur Marbois, who was also Secretary to the Embassy + in Bavaria, and is a Counsellor of the Parliament of Metz, a + gentleman whose abilities, application and disposition cannot + fail to make him useful in this momentous office he sustains.</p> + +<p><span class="col20">I have the honour to be with great respect, Sir,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John Adams</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to William Short.</i></p> + + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, April 30th, 1790.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Short</span>, Esquire,<br> +<span class="add4em">Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, + Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: It has become necessary to determine on a present + proper to be given to diplomatic characters on their taking leave + of us; and it is concluded that a medal and chain of gold will be + the most convenient. I am therefore to ask the favour of you to + order the dies to be engraved with all the despatch practicable. + The medal must be of 30-lines diameter, with a loop on the edge + to receive the chain. On one side must be the arms of the United + States, of which I send you a written description, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> and + several impressions in wax, to render that more intelligible; + round them as a legend must be "The United States of America." + The device on the other side we do not decide on; one suggestion + has been a Columbia (a fine female figure) delivering the emblems + of Peace and Commerce to a Mercury, with the legend "Peace and + Commerce" circumscribed, and the date of our Republic, to-wit: IV + Jul. MDCCLXXVI, subscribed as an Exerguum; but having little + confidence in our own ideas in an art not familiar here, they are + only suggested to you, to be altered, or altogether postponed to + such better device as you may approve on consulting with those + who are in the habit and study of medals. Duvivier and Dupré seem + to be the best workmen, perhaps the last is the best of the two.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am with great and sincere esteem,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la Luzerne.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, April 30th, 1790.<br> +To His Excellency<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The Marquis de la Luzerne</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: When in the course of your Legation to the United States + your affairs rendered it necessary that you should absent + yourself a while from that station, we flattered ourselves with + the hopes that that absence was not final. It turned out in + events that the interests of your Sovereign called for your + talents, and the exercise of your functions in another quarter. + You were pleased to announce this to the former Congress through + their Secretary for Foreign Affairs, at a Time when that body was + closing its Administration, in order to hand it over to a + Government, then preparing on a different model. This Government + is now formed, organized and in action, and it considers among + its earliest duties and assuredly among its most cordial, to + testify to you the Regret which the People and Government of the + United States felt at your Removal from among them; a very + general and sincere regret, and tempered only by the consolation + of your personal advancement which accompanied it. You will + receive, Sir, by order of the President of the United States, as + soon as it can be prepared, a Medal and chain of gold, of which + he desires your acceptance, in token of their Esteem and of the + sensibility with which they will ever recall your Legation to + their memory.</p> + +<p>But as this compliment may hereafter be rendered to other + missions, from which yours was distinguished by eminent + circumstances, the President of the United States wishes to pay + you the distinguished tribute of an express acknowledgment of + your services, and our sense of them. You came to us, Sir, + through all the perils which encompassed us on all sides. You + found us struggling and suffering under difficulties as singular + and trying as our situation was new and unprecedented. Your + magnanimous nation had taken side with us in the conflict and + yourself become the center of our common councils, the link which + connected our common operations.</p> + +<p>In that position you laboured without ceasing, till all labours + were crowned with glory to your nation, Freedom to ours, and + Benefit to both. During the whole we had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> constant + evidence of your Zeal, your abilities, and your good Faith; and + we desire to convey this Testimony of it home to your own Breast + and to that of your Sovereign, our best and greatest Friend, and + this I do, Sir, in the name and by the express Instruction of the + President of the United States.</p> + +<p>I feel how flattering it is to me, Sir, to be the organ of the + public sense on this occasion, and to be justified by that office + in adding to theirs, the homage of those sentiments of respect + and esteem with which I have the honour to be,</p> + +<p><span class="col20">Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>William Short to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, June the 14th, 1790.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>I received three days ago the first letters which have come to my + hands from you since your arrival in New York. That of the latest + date was April 30th. I communicated to Mr. de Montmorin<a id="footnotetag66" name="footnotetag66"></a><a href="#footnote66">[66]</a> also + the copy of the letter to Mr. de la Luzerne, which he desired I + should allow him to retain.</p> + +<p>I shall employ Dupré to execute the medal you mention, after + having consulted with the Abbé Barthélémi, respecting those parts + which are left undecided, and no time shall be lost in forwarding + the business.</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">Wm. Short.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to William Short.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, July 26th, 1790.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Short</span>, Esquire,<br> +<span class="add4em">Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, + Paris.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p> + +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> +<p>As I presume the die will be finished by the time you receive + this, I am to desire you will have a medal of gold struck for the + Marquis de la Luzerne, and have put to it a chain of 365 links, + each link containing gold of the value of two dollars and a half, + or 13 livres 10 sous, the links to be of plain wire, so that + their workmanship may cost as it were nothing. The whole will + make a present of a little more than a thousand dollars, + including the medal and chain. As soon as done, be pleased + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> to forward them by a safe hand to the Marquis de la + Luzerne, in the name of the President of the United States, + informing him that it is the one spoken of in my letter to him of + April 30th, 1790. Say nothing to anybody of the value of the + present, because that will not always be the same in all cases. + Be so good as to have a second medal of gold struck in the same + die, and to send this second, together with the dies, to + Philadelphia by the first safe person who shall be passing. No + chain to be sent with it.</p> + +<p><span class="col20">I am with great and sincere esteem,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, March 2d, 1791.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">The Count de Moustier</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received your favour of November 6th, wherein you + inform me that the King has thought proper, by a new mission to + the Court of Berlin, to put an end to your functions as his + Minister Plenipotentiary with the United States.</p> + +<p>The President, in a letter to the King, has expressed his sense + of your merit, and his entire approbation of your conduct while + here, and has charged me to convey to yourself the same + sentiments on his part.</p> + +<p>Had you returned to your station with us, you would have received + new and continued marks of the esteem inspired by the general + worth of your character, as well as by the particular + dispositions you manifested towards this country.</p> + +<p>Amidst the regrets excited by so early a loss of you, it will be + a consolation, if your new situation shall contribute to advance + your own happiness.</p> + +<p>As a testimony of these sentiments, we ask the acceptance of a + medal and chain of gold, with which Mr. Short is instructed to + present you on the part of the United States.</p> + +<p>To this general tribute, permit me to add my own, with sincere + wishes for your constant happiness, and assurances of the respect + and esteem with which</p> + +<p><span class="col20">I have the honour to be, Sir,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your most obedient and most humble servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Thomas Jefferson to William Short.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, March 8th, 1791.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Short</span>, Esquire.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: You are directed to have a medal struck from the + diplomatic die, formerly ordered, and to present it with a chain + of gold to the Count de Moustier, who is notified that this will + be done by you. I formerly informed you that we proposed to + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> vary the worth of the present by varying the size of the + links of the chain, which are fixed at 365 in number. Let each in + the present instance contain six livres worth of gold, and let it + be made of plain wire, so that the value may be in the metal and + not at all in the workmanship. I shall hope to receive the dies + themselves when a safe conveyance presents itself.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, with great esteem,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>William Short to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, June 6th, 1791.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: The medal which you desire to be made for Mr. de + Moustier shall be executed as soon as I can have the "coins" + [dies] finished. You will no doubt be much astonished at this + delay, but the engraver has been so devoted to the affair of + their money, which is contending for by all the artists, that it + has been impossible to get him to finish the work he had + undertaken for the United States, and which was nearly completed + last fall. This delay cannot last much longer, and he assures me + he will shorten it as much as possible. He is to write a letter + that I may send it to Mr. de la Luzerne and show him that the + delay does not proceed from me. I don't know by what opportunity + to send you the dies; there is no other than by the public + carriages to Havre, and at present they would be stopped and + examined by several of the municipalities, who would take them, + from their weight, to be specie to be exported, which they do not + allow, notwithstanding the decrees of the assembly....</p> + +<p class="smcap">Wm. Short.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>William Short to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, September 25th, 1791.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State.</span><br> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: You will have heard of the death of Mr. de la Luzerne + in England. The dies for the medal destined for him have been + retarded in a most unexpected manner on account of the engraver + being employed here in the new coinage. Previous to the death of + Mr. de la Luzerne, I explained to him the cause of this delay and + sent him a letter from the engraver on the subject, which he + answered by a desire that the national work should be first + performed. The dies were since completed, but unfortunately one + of them failed, as often happens, in the hardening.</p> + +<p>The engraver is now employed in repairing this evil and says it + will be done in two or three weeks.</p> + +<p>I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> suppose it so certain that this medal should be given + to Mr. de la Luzerne's representative, that as soon as it is + ready I shall mention the subject to Mr. de Montmorin and follow + his advice respecting it.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Dear Sir, Yours affectionately,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Wm. Short.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>William Short to M. Dupré.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur</span>:<a id="footnotetag67" name="footnotetag67"></a><a href="#footnote67">[67]</a></p> + +<p>Comme je ne pense pas que vous ignoriez que la médaille pour + l'Amérique, dont le coin a péri à l'épreuve du balancier, est + promise depuis longtemps à des personnes d'un caractère distingué + sans doute vous ne serez pas surpris de l'intérêt que je prends à + ce que ni la délicatesse des donateurs ni l'empressement des + légataires soient compromis.</p> + +<p>Or je ne vois, Monsieur, qu'un seul moyen de l'éviter, c'est de + remettre aux donateurs, pour le moment, la seule épreuve que le + coin a permis et qui est entre vos mains; ce moyen, en écartant + tout soupçon de négligence de ma part, évite aussi aux États-Unis + le désagrément de paraître avoir oublié ses promesses.</p> + +<p>Veuillez donc bien, Monsieur, vous prêter à cet arrangement, dont + les personnes intéressées ne manqueront pas certainement de vous + tenir compte, vos droits sur la fabrication n'étant, d'ailleurs, + que retardés, puisque le coin doit être refait.</p> + +<p>Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de remettre la médaille au porteur, + afin que je puisse la présenter pour remédier, en quelque sorte, + à l'accident, et dans le cas ou vous penseriez devoir la retenir, + veuillez bien m'en informer par écrit afin que je puisse me + justifier de toute autre manière vis-à-vis les personnes + intéressées.</p> + +<p>Je suis très-parfaitement, Monsieur, etc.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p class="center"><i>William Short to M. Dupré.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: As I do not suppose that you are ignorant that the medal for + America, of which the die was broken in the coining press, has + been for a long time promised to distinguished persons, you will + no doubt not be surprised at the interest which I take that + neither the delicacy of the donors nor the desire of the legatees + should be compromised.</p> + +<p>Now, Sir, I see only one means of avoiding this, that is to give + to the donors, for the time being, the only proof which the die + has permitted and which is in your hands; this, while removing + all suspicion of negligence on my part, prevents also the United + States from occupying the disagreeable position of appearing to + have forgotten its promises.</p> + +<p>Be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span> good enough therefore, Sir, to lend yourself to this + arrangement, which the interested persons will most certainly not + fail to acknowledge; your rights upon the making being besides + only retarded, since a new die must be made.</p> + +<p>I beg you therefore, Sir, to hand the medal to the bearer, so + that I may present it to remedy, in some degree, the accident; + and in case you think you ought to retain it, be kind enough to + inform me thereof in writing, so that I may justify myself in + every way to the interested parties.</p> + +<p class="col40">I am, very truly, Sir, etc.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>M. de Moustier to M. Dupré.</i></p> + +<p> + À<br> +<span class="add2em">Monsieur</span> <span class="smcap">Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Graveur, place Dauphine, 10.</span></p> + +<p>J'ai eû d'autant plus de regret, Monsieur, du retard qu'a éprouvé + l'exécution de la médaille qui m'a été destinée par le + gouvernement des États-Unis, que j'ai appris qu'il était dû à des + causes qui ont dû vous contrarier. J'espère qu'une troisième + opération aura un succès complet. Je le désire plus vivement + depuis que j'ai vu par l'empreinte en métal qui est chez Mr. + Short, combien cette médaille est agréable à produire par un + François en pays étranger qui aime à y faire valoir ses + compatriotes. Lorsqu'elle sera achevée, je vous serai fort obligé + de vouloir bien me la remettre, puisque Mr. Short doit + s'absenter.</p> + +<p>J'ai l'honneur d'être très-parfaitement, Monsieur, votre + très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">F. de Moustier.</p> + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p>To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">M. Dupré</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Engraver, Place Dauphine, 10.</span></p> + +<p>I have had the more regret, Sir, at the delay which has happened + to the execution of the medal destined for me by the Government + of the United States, since I have learned that it was due to + causes which have been annoying to you. I hope that a third trial + will prove a complete success. I desire it the more ardently + since I have seen by the impression in metal at Mr. Short's how + gratifying its exhibition will be for a Frenchman abroad who + loves to do honor to his compatriots. When it shall be finished I + will be much obliged to you if you will please have it sent to + me, since Mr. Short is about to leave.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be very truly, Sir, your most humble and very + obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">F. de Moustier.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>William <span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span> Short +to Thomas Jefferson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, February 8th, 1792.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: The diplomatic medals ordered so long ago and delayed + so unexpectedly for the reasons already given to you have been at + length completed and delivered with their chains, that for Mr. de + la Luzerne to Mr. de Montmorin, and that for Mr. de Moustier to + himself.</p> + +<p>I inclose you copies of their prices—the originals with the + receipts remain in my hands for your directions—they were paid + for, together with 2,400 livres, to the engraver Dupré, by a + draft on the bankers at Amsterdam, the whole amounting, as you + will see, to 14,570 livres, the exchange, 32-1/2, made 3,946.1. + The nominal price of the chains was more than 6 livres and 13 + livres 10—gold having risen on account of the assignats, but the + exchange having lowered in a greater proportion, the price is + less in florins than it would otherwise have been. The gold + employed in the chains was of 20 karats, the usual alloy, and + weighed the first 4m. 5o. 4-1/2gr. 31d., and the second 1m. 6o. + 4gr. The gold of the medals was finer, according to usage. I had + only two golden medals struck. The six of bronze will await your + orders.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Your obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Wm. Short</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>M. Lagrange to William Short.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span> ce 31 Janvier 1792.<br> +À Monsieur <span class="smcap">Short</span>:</p> + +<p>J'ai l'honneur de vous prévenir que les deux médailles et les + étuis sont prêts. Je vous serais obligé de les faire retirer à la + monnoye des médailles ainsi que les six médailles de bronze.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>Les 2 médailles d'or pèsent 2m. 4on. 1gr. à 175<i>l.</i> l'once</td> +<td class="td-right">3434<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 bélières en or à 6<i>l.</i> chaque</td> +<td class="td-right">12<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6 médailles de bronze à 7<i>l.</i> chaque</td> +<td class="td-right">42<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 étuis de galuchet<a id="footnotetag68" name="footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68">[68]</a></td> +<td class="td-right">142<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total</td> +<td class="td-right">3630<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>J'ai l'honneur d'être Monsieur votre très humble et très + obéissant serviteur,</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Lagrange</span>,<br> +<span class="col40">Caissier de la Monnoye des Médailles.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p>Mémoire de deux grandes chaines d'or fournies à Monsieur Short par +Auguste, orfèvre du Roi.</p> + +<p><i>Petite <span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span> Chaine.</i> A l'époque où l'or était à 110<i>l.</i> + l'once, chaque maillon de cette chaine devait coûter 6<i>l.</i>, + maintenant que l'or vaut 133<i>l.</i> 6-8. Ce qui est plus du 6ème en + sus de son ancien prix, celui de chaque chainon revient à 7<i>l.</i>, + ce qui élève le total des</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>365 chainons à la somme de</td> +<td class="td-right">2555<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>L'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur</td> +<td class="td-right">65<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">2620<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Grande Chaine.</i> Chaque maillon de la grande chaine qui par la + même raison ne devait coûter que 13<i>l.</i> 10 revient au prix de + 16<i>l.</i>, ce qui fait pour le total des</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>365 chainons à la somme de</td> +<td class="td-right">5840<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pour l'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur</td> +<td class="td-right">80<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">5920<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total des deux chaines</td> +<td class="td-right">8540<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.] + +<p class="center"><i>M. Lagrange to William Short.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Paris</span>, January 31, 1792.<br> +To <span class="smcap">Mr. Short</span>.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to advise you that the two medals and the cases + are ready. I would be obliged to you to have them taken from the + Mint of Medals, as also the six medals in bronze.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>The two gold medals weigh 2m. 4oz. 1gr.<a id="footnotetag69" name="footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69">[69]</a> +At 175 livres<a id="footnotetag70" name="footnotetag70"></a><a href="#footnote70">[70]</a> the ounce</td> +<td class="td-right">3434<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 loop-rings in gold at 6 livres each</td> +<td class="td-right">12<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6 medals in bronze at 7 livres each</td> +<td class="td-right">42<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 galuchet cases</td> +<td class="td-right">142<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total</td> +<td class="td-right">3630<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, your very humble and very obedient + servant,</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Lagrange</span>,<br> +<span class="col40">Cashier of the Mint of Medals.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p>Account of the two large gold chains furnished to Mr. Short by +Auguste, goldsmith to the king.</p> + + +<p><i>Small Chain.</i> At the time when gold was worth 110 livres the + ounce, each link of this chain was to cost 6 livres; now that + gold is worth 133 livres, 6 sous, 8 deniers, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>(p. 126)</span> which is + more than one-sixth above its former price, that of each link + comes to 7 livres, which increases the total of the</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>365 links to the sum of </td> +<td class="td-right">2555<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>The ring and the S of this chain, cash</td> +<td class="td-right">65<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">2620<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Large Chain.</i> Each link of the large chain, which for the same + reason was to cost only 13 livres, 10 sous, comes to 16 livres, + which makes for the total of</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td>365 links the sum of</td> +<td class="td-right">5840<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For the ring and the S of this chain, cash</td> +<td class="td-right">80<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">5920<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total for both chains</td> +<td class="td-right">8540<i>l.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>(p. 127)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXI" name="plateXXI"><strong>Plate XXI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text20" name="text20"><strong>No. 20.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1797—March 4, 1801.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">John Adams President of the U.S. A.D. +1797. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Second President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOHN ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) A. D. (<i>Anno +Domini: The year of our Lord</i>) 1797. Bust of President John Adams, +facing the right.</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and a +tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate021" name="plate021"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate021b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 021b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate021a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 021a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Adams</span> was born at Braintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, October +19, 1735. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1755, studied law, and +settled in Boston in 1768; he was a delegate to Congress, 1774-1778; +serving on the Boards of Naval and of Foreign Affairs, and also on the +Board of War; commissioner to France, 1778; to Holland, 1780; minister +to Holland, 1782; to England, 1785-1788; vice-president of the United +States, 1789-1793; President of the United States, 1797-1801. He +retired to Quincy in 1801, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the +fiftieth anniversary of the Independence of the United States, and on +the same day with Thomas Jefferson.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>(p. 128)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXII" name="plateXXII"><strong>Plate XXII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text21" name="text21"><strong>No. 21.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 2, 1800.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. United State +frigate Constellation, of 38 guns, &c.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Action with the Vengeance.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">PATRIÆ. PATRES. FILIO. DIGNO. THOMAS TRUXTUN. (<i>The fathers of the +country to their worthy son, Thomas Truxtun.</i>) Bust of Captain +Truxtun, in uniform, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">UNITED STATES FRIGATE CONSTELLATION OF 38 GUNS PURSUES ATTACKS AND +VANQUISHES THE FRENCH SHIP LA VENGEANCE OF 54 GUNS 1 FEB<sup>y</sup>. +(<i>February</i>) 1800. Naval action between the United States frigate +Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, Captain Truxtun, and the French +frigate La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, Captain Pitot. The +Constellation has lost her main mast. Exergue: BY VOTE OF CONGRESS, TO +THOMAS TRUXTUN 29 MAR. (<i>March</i>) 1800.<a id="footnotetag71" name="footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71">[71]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate022" name="plate022"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate022b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 022b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate022a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 022a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">The engraving is an exact representation of the original gold medal, +at present the property of Thomas Truxtun Houston, jr., of Washington, +the great-grandson, in the female line, of Commodore Truxtun.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Thomas Truxton</span> was born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, February +15, 1755. He served as lieutenant and captain of privateers during the +War of Independence. In 1782, while engaged in carrying Mr. Thomas +Barclay, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> United States consul-general, to France, he beat +off a British frigate of thirty-two guns. After the war he commanded +East Indiamen, but in 1794, on the creation of the American Navy, he +received a commission as captain, and was appointed to the +Constellation, of thirty-eight guns. In 1799, he captured +l'Insurgente, a French frigate of thirty-six guns, Captain Barreault. +His celebrated engagement with La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, +Captain Pitot, took place February 2, 1800, and for this exploit +Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He afterward +commanded the President, of forty-four guns. In 1802, Mr. Smith, +secretary of the Navy under President Jefferson, having interpreted as +a resignation Truxtun's refusal to accept the command of the +Mediterranean squadron, unless a flag captain was given him, the +country was deprived of this gallant officer's services. He retired to +New Jersey, and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he was +high-sheriff of the city and county from 1816 to 1819, and where he +died, May 5, 1822.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Captain Truxtun, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the President of the +United States be requested to present to Captain Thomas Truxtun a +golden medal, emblematical of the late action between the United +States frigate Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, and the French +ship of war La Vengeance, of fifty-four, in testimony of the high +sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the +above engagement, wherein an example was exhibited by the Captain, +officers, sailors, and marines, honourable to the American name, and +instructive to its rising navy.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>: That the conduct of James Jarvis, a midshipman in said +frigate, who gloriously preferred certain death to an abandonment of +his post, is deserving of the highest praise, and that the loss of so +promising an officer is a subject of national regret.</p> + +<p>Approved March 29, 1800.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span> Thomas Truxtun to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship Constellation</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">At sea</span>, February 3, 1800.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Benjamin Stoddart</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the 30th ult. I left St. Christopher's, with the + Constellation, in excellent trim, and stood to windward in order + to gain the station for myself before the road of Guadaloupe; and + at half-past seven in the morning of the day following I + discovered a sail to the south-east, to which I gave chase, and + for the further particulars of that chase, and the action after + it, I must beg to refer to the extracts from my journal, + herewith, as being the best mode of exhibiting a just and candid + account of all our transactions in the late business, which has + ended in the almost entire dismantlement of the Constellation, + though, I trust, to the high reputation of the American flag.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Thos. Truxtun</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Occurrences on board the United States ship Constellation, of +thirty-eight guns, under my command, February 1, 1800</i>:</p> + +<p>Throughout these twenty-four hours very unsettled weather; kept + on our tacks, beating up under Guadaloupe, and at half-past seven + in the morning, the road of Basseterre bearing east, five leagues + distant, saw a sail in the south-east standing to the south-west, + which, from her situation, I at first took for a large ship from + Martinique, and hoisted English colours in giving chase, by way + of inducement for her to come down and speak me, which would have + saved us a long chase to leeward off my intended cruising ground; + but finding she did not attempt to alter her course, I examined + her more minutely, as we approached her, and discovered that she + was a heavy French frigate, mounting at least fifty-four guns. I + immediately gave orders for the yards to be slung with chains, + top-sail sheets, &c., stoppered, and the ship cleared, and + everything prepared for action, and hauled down the English + colours. At noon the wind became light, and I observed the chase + that we had before been gaining fast on held way with us, but I + was determined to continue the pursuit, though the running to + leeward, I was convinced, would be attended with many serious + disadvantages, especially if the object of my wishes were not + gratified.</p> + +<p>Passed two schooners standing to the northward, one of these + showed American colours, and was a merchant vessel, and the other + I supposed to be of the same description.</p> + +<p>February 2d, at one <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the wind being somewhat fresher than + at the noon preceding, and an appearance of its continuance, our + prospect of bringing the enemy to action began to brighten, as I + perceived we were coming up with the chase fast, and every inch + of canvas being set that could be of service, except the bog + reefs which I kept in the topsails, in case of the chase, finding + an escape from our thunder impracticable, should haul on a wind + and give us fair battle. But this did not prove to be her + commander's intention. I, however, got within hail of him at 8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, + hoisted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> our ensign, and had the candles in the + battle lanterns all lighted, and the large trumpet in the + lee-gangway ready to speak him, and to demand the surrender of + his ship to the United States of America; but he, at that + instant, commenced a fire from his stern and quarter guns, + directed at our rigging and spars. No parley being then + necessary, I sent my principal aid-de-camp, Mr. Vandyke, to the + different officers commanding divisions on the main battery, to + repeat strictly my orders, before given, not to throw away a + single charge of powder, but to take good aim and fire directly + into the hull of the enemy, and load principally with two round + shot, and now and then with a round shot and stand of grape, &c., + to encourage the men at their quarters; to cause or suffer no + noise or confusion whatever; but to load and fire as fast as + possible when it could be done with certain effect. These orders + being given, in a few moments I gained a position on his weather + quarter that enabled us to return, effectually, his salute; and + thus a close and as sharp an action as ever was fought between + two frigates, commenced and continued until within a few minutes + of 1 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, when the enemy's fire was completely silenced, and he + was again sheering off.</p> + +<p>It was at this moment that I considered him as my prize, and was + trimming, in the best manner I could, my much shattered sails, + when I found the mainmast was totally unsupported by rigging, + every shroud being shot away, and some of them in several places, + that even stoppers were useless, and could not be applied with + effect. I then gave orders for the officers to send the men up + the gun-deck to endeavour to secure it, in order that we might + get alongside of the enemy again as soon as possible; but every + effort was in vain, for the mainmast went over the side a few + minutes after, and carried with it the top-men, among whom was an + amiable young gentleman who commanded the maintop, Mr. James + Jarvis, son of James Jarvis, Esq., of New York. It seems that + this young gentleman was apprized of the mast going in a few + minutes by an old seaman, but he had already so much of the + principle of an officer ingrafted on his mind, not to leave his + quarters on any account, that he told the men if the mast went + they must go with it, which was the case, and only one of them + was saved.</p> + +<p>I regret much his loss, as a promising young officer and amiable + young man, as well as on account of a long intimacy that has + subsisted between his father and myself; but have great + satisfaction in finding that I have lost no other, and only two + or three slightly wounded, out of thirty-nine killed and + wounded—fourteen of the former, and twenty-five of the latter.</p> + +<p>As soon as the mainmast went every effort was made to clear the + wreck from the ship as soon as possible, which was effected in + about an hour. It being impossible to pursue the enemy, and as + her security was the great object, I immediately bore away for + Jamaica, for repairs, etc., finding it impossible to reach a + friendly port in any of the islands to windward.</p> + +<p>I should be wanting in common justice were I to omit here to + journalize the steady attention to order, and the great exertion + and bravery of all my officers, seamen and marines, in this + action, many of whom I had sufficiently tried before, on a + similar occasion, and all their names are recorded in the + muster-roll I sent to the Secretary of the Navy, dated the + nineteenth of December last, signed by myself.</p> + +<p>All <span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> hands employed at repairing the damages sustained in + the action, so far as to get the ship into Jamaica as soon as + possible.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">Thomas Truxtun.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>President John Adams to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, March 31, 1800.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">B. Stoddart</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy.</span></p> + +<p>The President of the United States requests the Secretary of the + Navy to take immediate measures for carrying into execution the + resolution of Congress of the 29th, for presenting to Captain + Thomas Truxtun a gold medal, emblematical of the late action + between the United States frigate Constellation, of thirty-eight + guns, and the French ship-of-war La Vengeance, of fifty-four, in + testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his + gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement, wherein an + example was exhibited by the captain, officers, sailors and + marines, honourable to the American name, and instructive to its + rising navy.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">John Adams.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Quincy</span>, November 30th, 1802.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Captain Thomas Truxtun</span>, U.S.N.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have many apologies to make for omitting so long to + acknowledge the receipt of your obliging favour of the 10th of + July. The copy you have done me the honour to present me, of the + medal voted by Congress, and executed according to my directions + to the Secretary of the Navy, I accept with great pleasure, not + only from my personal regard to the giver, but because I esteem + every laurel conferred upon you, for the glorious action of the + 1st of March, 1800, as an honour done to our beloved country. + From both of these motives I have been highly gratified with the + honour the gentlemen of Lloyd's Coffee House have done themselves + in the handsome acknowledgment they have made of their + obligations to you. I regret that the artist had not completed + the medal in season, that I might have had the satisfaction of + presenting it to an officer who has so greatly deserved it; and I + lament still more that I had not the power of promoting merit to + its just rank in the navy, that of an admiral.</p> + +<p>The counsel which Themistocles gave to Athens, Pompey to Rome, + Cromwell to England, De Witt to Holland, and Colbert to France, I + have always given and shall continue to give to my countrymen, + that, as the great questions of commerce and power between + nations and empires must be decided by a military marine, and war + and peace are determined at sea, all reasonable encouragement + should be given to the navy. The trident of Neptune is the + sceptre of the world.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">John Adams</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXIII" name="plateXXIII"><strong>Plate XXIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text22" name="text22"><strong>No. 22.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1801—March 4, 1809.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D. 1801. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Third President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +TH. (<i>Thomas</i>) JEFFERSON PRESIDENT OF THE U.S. (<i>United States</i>) A.D. +(<i>Anno Domini: The year of our Lord</i>) 1801. Bust of President +Jefferson, facing the left. + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity: on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons; on the other, the +American eagle; above the hands, a calumet and a tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.<a id="footnotetag72" name="footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72">[72]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate023" name="plate023"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate023b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 023b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate023a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 023a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="nofloat">This medal bears no signature, but as the smaller size of the same is +marked <span class="smcap">r</span>. (<i>Reich</i>), it is presumable that both are the work of that +engraver.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">John Reich</span>, a native of Germany, came to America by the advice of +Henry Voigt, chief coiner of the United States Mint, who on his +arrival took him into his employ to make scales and other fine work. +Mr. Scott took him afterward as an assistant to make dies, but tried +in vain to have him appointed by the government. Reich made the Preble +and Hull medals and the Indian medals of Presidents Jefferson and +Madison. He died in Albany, State of New York, in 1833.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span> was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia, +April 2, 1743. He studied at William and Mary College, Virginia, and +was admitted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> to the bar in 1767. He was a member of the +House of Burgesses, of Virginia, from 1769 till the Revolution; was +delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775; wrote the Declaration of +Independence, 1776; was governor of Virginia, 1779-1781; member of +Congress, 1782; minister to France, 1785-1789; secretary of State to +President Washington, 1790-1793; vice-president of the United States, +1797-1801; President (first term), 1801-1805; (second term), +1805-1809. He then retired to his estate of Monticello, in Albemarle +County, Virginia, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth +anniversary of the Independence of the United States, and on the same +day with John Adams.</p> + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>(p. 135)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXIV" name="plateXXIV"><strong>Plate XXIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text23" name="text23"><strong>No. 23.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1804.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vindici commercii +Americani.</p> + +<h4>COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Naval operations against Tripoli.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">EDWARDO PREBLE DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA. (<i>The American Congress +to Edward Preble, a valiant officer.</i>) Bust of Commodore Preble, in +uniform, facing the left. On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">R</span>. (<i>Reich</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">VINDICI COMMERCII AMERICANI. (<i>To the vindicator of American +commerce.</i>) The United States fleet, commanded by Commodore Preble, is +bombarding Tripoli. Exergue: <span class="smcap">ANTE TRIPOLI MDCCCIV</span>. (<i>Off Tripoli, +1804</i>).<a id="footnotetag73" name="footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73">[73]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate024" name="plate024"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate024b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 024b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate024a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 024a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Edward Preble</span> was born at Falmouth Neck, now Portland, Maine, August +15, 1761. He served as midshipman and lieutenant during the War of +Independence, was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1798, and +commanded the brig Pickering. In 1799 he became captain, and was +appointed to the Essex. Owing to ill health he was unemployed till +1803, when he was given the command of the squadron sent against +Tripoli. For his skill and bravery on this expedition Congress gave +him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1806, President Jefferson +offered him the Navy Department, which he declined on account of ill +health. He died in Portland, August 25, 1807.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>(p. 136)</span></h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commodore Preble.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives + of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the + thanks of Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to + Commodore Edward Preble, and through him to the officers, seamen, + and marines attached to the squadron under his command, for their + gallantry and good conduct displayed in the several attacks on + the town, batteries and naval force of Tripoli, in the year one + thousand eight hundred and four.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested + to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematical of the attacks + on the town, batteries, and naval force of Tripoli, by the + squadron under Commodore Preble's command, and to present it to + Commodore Preble in such a manner as, in his opinion, will be + most honourable to him; and that the President be further + requested to cause a sword to be presented to each of the + commissioned officers and midshipmen who have distinguished + themselves in the several attacks.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That one month's pay be allowed, exclusively of the + common allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, and marines, + of the squadron, who so gloriously supported the honour of the + American flag, under the orders of their gallant commander, in + the several attacks.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be also + requested to communicate to the parents, or other near relatives, + of Captain Richard Somers, Lieutenants Henry Wadsworth, James + Decatur, James R. Caldwell, Joseph Israel, and Midshipman John + Sword Dorsey, the deep regret which Congress feel for the loss of + those gallant men, whose names ought to live in the recollections + and affections of a grateful country, and whose conduct ought to + be regarded as an example to future generations.</p> + +<p>Approved March 3, 1805.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>President Thomas Jefferson to Congress.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., February 20th, 1805.<br> +<span class="smcap">To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.</span></p> + +<p>I communicate, for the information of Congress, a letter of + September 18, from Commodore Preble, giving a detailed account of + the transactions of the vessels under his command, from July the + 9th to the 10th of September, last past.</p> + +<p>The energy and judgment displayed by this excellent officer, + through the whole course of the service lately confided to him, + and the zeal and bravery of his officers and men in the several + enterprizes executed by them, cannot fail to give high + satisfaction to Congress and their country, of whom they have + deserved well.</p> + +<p class="col60 smcap">Th: Jefferson.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commodore <span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>(p. 137)</span> Preble +to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col40 smcap">United States ship Constitution</span>, <span class="smcap">Malta Harbour</span>, September + 18th, 1804.<br> +To the Honourable <span class="smcap">Secretary of the United States Navy</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I had the honour to write you from Messina, under date of + the 5th of July; I then expected to have sailed the day + following, but was detained, by bad weather, until the 9th, when + I left it, with two small bomb vessels under convoy, and arrived + at Syracuse, where we were necessarily detained four days. On the + 14th I sailed, the schooners Nautilus and Enterprize in company, + with six gun boats and two bomb vessels, generously loaned us by + His Sicilian Majesty. The bomb vessels are about thirty tons, + carry a thirteen-inch brass sea mortar, and forty men. Gun boats, + twenty-five tons, carry a long iron twenty-four pounder in the + bow, with a complement of thirty-five men. They are officered and + manned from the squadron, excepting twelve Neapolitan + bombardiers, gunners, and sailors, attached to each boat, who + were shipped by permission of their Government. This step I found + necessary, as every vessel in the squadron was considerably short + of complement. The gun boats are constructed for the defence of + harbours; they are flat bottomed and heavy, and do not sail or + row even tolerably well. They were never intended to go to sea, + and, I find, cannot be navigated with safety, unless assisted by + tow ropes from larger and better sailing vessels, nor even then, + in very bad weather; however, as they were the best I could + obtain, I have thought it for the good of our service to employ + them, particularly as the weather in July and August is generally + pleasant, and, without them, my force too small to make any + impression on Tripoli.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of July we arrived at Malta, where we were detained + by contrary gales until the 21st, when we left it, and arrived in + sight of Tripoli the 25th, and were joined by the Syren, Argus, + Vixen and Scourge. Our squadron now consisted of the + Constitution, three brigs, three schooners, two bombs, and six + gun-boats, our whole number of men one thousand and sixty. I + proceeded to make the necessary arrangements for an attack on + Tripoli, a city well walled, protected by batteries judiciously + constructed, mounting one hundred and fifteen pieces of heavy + cannon, and defended by twenty-five thousand Arabs and Turks; the + harbour protected by nineteen gun-boats, two galleys, two + schooners of eight guns each, and a brig mounting ten guns, + ranged in order of battle, forming a strong line of defence, at + secure moorings, inside a long range of rocks and shoals, + extending more than two miles to the eastward of the town, which + form the harbour, protects them from the northern gales, and + renders it impossible for a vessel of the Constitution's draught + of water to approach near enough to destroy them, as they are + sheltered by the rocks, and can retire under that shelter to the + shore, unless they choose to expose themselves in the different + channels and openings of the reefs, for the purpose of annoying + their enemies. Each of their gunboats mounts a heavy eighteen or + twenty-six pounder in the bow, and two brass howitzers on their + quarters, and carry from thirty-six to fifty men. The galleys + have each one hundred men, schooners and brigs about the same + number. The weather was not favourable for anchoring until the + 28th, when, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>(p. 138)</span> with the wind E. S. E., the squadron stood + in for the coast, and at 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> anchored, per signal, Tripoli + bearing S. two and a half miles distant. At this moment the wind + shifted suddenly from E. S. E. to N. N. W., and from thence to N. + N. E. At 5 o'clock it blew strong, with a heavy sea, setting + directly on shore. I made the signal to prepare to weigh. At 6, + the wind and sea having considerably increased the signal was + made for the squadron to weigh and gain an offing. The wind + continued veering to the eastward, which favoured our gaining + sea-room without being obliged to carry so great a press of sail + as to lose any of our gunboats, although they were in great + danger. The gale continued varying from N. E. to E. S. E. without + increasing much, until the 31st, when it blew away our reefed + foresail, and close-reefed main-topsail; fortunately, the sea did + not rise in proportion to the strength of the gale, or we must + have lost all our boats. August 1st the gale subsided, and we + stood towards the coast: every preparation was made for an attack + on the town and harbour. August 3d, pleasant weather, wind East; + stood in with the squadron towards Tripoli. At noon we were + between two or three miles from the batteries, which were all + manned, and observing several of their gunboats and galleys had + advanced, in two divisions, without the rocks, I determined to + take advantage of their temerity. At half-past 12 I wore off + shore, and made the signal to come within hail, when I + communicated to each of the commanders my intention of attacking + the enemy's shipping and batteries. The gun and mortar boats were + immediately manned and prepared to cast off, the gunboats in two + divisions of three each; the first division commanded by Captain + Somers, in No. 1; Lieutenant Decatur in No. 2, and Lieutenant + Blake in No. 3; the second division commanded by Captain Decatur, + in No. 4, Lieutenant Bainbridge in No. 5, and Lieutenant Trippe + in No. 6. The two bombards were commanded by + Lieutenant-Commandant Dent, and Mr. Robinson, First Lieutenant of + this ship. At half-past 1 o'clock, having made the necessary + arrangements for the attack, wore ship and stood towards the + batteries. At 2 signal made to cast off the boats; at a + quarter-past 2 signal for bombs and gunboats to advance and + attack the enemy. At half-past 2 general signal for battle. At + three-quarters-past 2 the bombs commenced the action, by throwing + shells into the town. In an instant the enemy's shipping and + batteries opened a tremendous fire, which was promptly returned + by the whole squadron within grape-shot distance; at the same + time the second division, of three gunboats, led by the gallant + Captain Decatur, was advancing, with sails and oars, to board the + eastern division of the enemy, consisting of nine boats. Our + boats gave the enemy showers of grape and musket balls as they + advanced; they, however, soon closed, when the pistol, sabre, + pike and tomahawk were made good use of by our brave tars. + Captain Somers, being in a dull sailer, made the best use of his + sweeps, but was not able to fetch far enough to windward to + engage the same division of the enemy's boats which Captain + Decatur fell in with; he, however, gallantly bore down with his + single boat on five of the enemy's western division, and engaged + within pistol shot, defeated and drove them within the rocks, in + a shattered condition, and with the loss of a great number of + men. Lieutenant Decatur, in No. 2, was closely engaged with one + of the enemy's largest boats of the eastern division, which + struck to him, after having lost a large proportion of men, and, + at the instant that brave officer was boarding her to take + possession, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>(p. 139)</span> he was treacherously shot through the head + by the captain of the boat that had surrendered, which base + conduct enabled the poltroon (with the assistance he received + from the other boats) to escape. The third boat of Captain + Somers' division kept to windward, firing at the boats and + shipping in the harbour; had she gone down to his assistance, it + is probable several of the enemy's boats would have been captured + in that quarter. Captain Decatur, in No. 4, after having, with + distinguished bravery, boarded and carried one of the enemy of + superior force, took his prize in tow, and gallantly bore down to + engage a second, which, after a severe and bloody conflict, he + also took possession of. These two prizes had thirty-three + officers and men killed, and twenty-seven made prisoners, + nineteen of which were badly wounded. Lieutenant Trippe, of the + Vixen, in No. 6, ran alongside of one of the enemy's large boats, + which he boarded with only Midshipman John Henley and nine men, + his boat falling off before any more could get on board; thus was + he left, compelled to conquer or perish, with the odds of + <i>thirty-six</i> to <i>eleven</i>. The Turks could not withstand the + ardour of this brave officer and his assistants; in a few minutes + the decks were cleared, and her colours hauled down. On board of + this boat fourteen of the enemy were killed, and twenty-two made + prisoners, seven of which were badly wounded. The rest of their + boats retreated within the rocks. Lieutenant Trippe received + eleven sabre wounds, some of which are very severe; he speaks in + the highest terms of Mr. Henley, and those who followed him. + Lieutenant Bainbridge, in No. 5, had his latteen yard shot away + early in the action, which prevented his getting alongside the + enemy's boats, but he galled them by a steady and well directed + fire, within musket shot; indeed he pursued the enemy until his + boat grounded under the batteries; she was, fortunately, soon got + off. The bomb vessels kept their stations, although covered with + the spray of the sea occasioned by the enemy's shot. They were + well conducted by Lieutenants Dent and Robinson, who kept up a + constant fire from the mortars, and threw a great number of + shells into the town. Five of the enemy's gunboats, and two + galleys, composing the centre division, and stationed within the + rocks, as a reserve, joined by the boats that had been driven in, + and supplied by fresh men from the shore to replace those they + had lost, twice attempted to row out, to endeavour to surround + our gunboats and their prizes: I as often made the signal to + cover them, which was promptly attended to by the brigs and + schooners, all of which were gallantly conducted, and annoyed the + enemy exceedingly, but the fire from this ship kept their + flotilla completely in check. Our grape shot made great havoc + among their men, not only on board their shipping, but on shore. + We were several times within two cables length of the rocks, and + within three of their batteries, every one of which, in + succession, were silenced, so long as we could bring our + broadside to bear upon them; but the moment we passed a battery, + it was re-animated, and a constant, heavy fire kept up from all + that we could not point our guns at. We suffered most when + wearing or tacking; it was then I most sensibly felt the want of + another frigate. At half-past four, the wind inclining to the + northward, I made the signal for the bombs and gunboats to retire + from action, and, immediately after, the signal to tow off the + gunboats and prizes, which was handsomely executed by the brigs, + schooners, and boats of the squadron, covered by a heavy fire + from the Constitution. At three-quarters past 4, <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the + light <span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>(p. 140)</span> vessels, gunboats, and prizes being out of reach + of the enemy's shot, I hauled off to take the bomb vessels in + tow. We were two hours under the fire of the enemy's batteries, + and the only damage received in the ship is a twenty-four pound + shot nearly through the centre of the mainmast, thirty feet from + the deck; main royal yard and sail shot away; one of our + quarter-deck guns damaged by a thirty-two pound shot, which, at + the same time, shattered a mariner's arm; two lower shrouds and + two backstays were shot away, and our sails and running rigging + considerably cut. We must impute our getting off thus well to our + keeping so near that they overshot us, and to the annoyance our + grape shot gave them; they are, however, but wretched gunners. + Gunboat No. 5 had her main yard shot away, and the rigging and + sails of the brigs and schooners were considerably cut. + Lieutenant Decatur was the only officer killed, but in him the + service has lost a valuable officer. He was a young man who gave + strong promise of being an ornament to his profession. His + conduct in the action was highly honourable, and he <i>died nobly</i>. + The enemy must have suffered very much in killed and wounded, + both among the shipping and on shore. Three of their gunboats + were sunk in the harbour, several of them had their decks nearly + cleared of men by our shot, and a number of shells burst in the + town and batteries, which must have done great execution. The + officers, seamen, and marines, of the squadron behaved in the + most gallant manner. The Neapolitans, in emulating the ardour of + our seamen, answered my highest expectations.</p> + +<p>I cannot but notice the active exertions and officer-like conduct + of Lieutenant Gordon, and the other lieutenants of the + Constitution. Mr. Harriden, the master, gave me full + satisfaction, as did all the officers and ship's company. I was + much gratified with the conduct of Captain Hall and Lieutenant + Greenleaf, and the marines belonging to his company, in the + management of six long twenty-six pounders, on the spar-deck, + which I placed under his direction. Captain Decatur speaks in the + highest terms of the conduct of Lieutenant Thorn and Midshipman + McDonough, of No. 4, as does Captain Somers of Midshipmen Ridgely + and Miller, attached to No. 1.</p> + +<p>Annexed is a list of killed and wounded, and, enclosed, a copy of + my general orders on this occasion:</p> + +<p><i>Killed.</i> Gunboat No. 2: Lieutenant James Decatur.</p> + +<p><i>Wounded.</i> Constitution: one marine; gunboat No. 4: Captain + Decatur (slightly), one sergeant of marines and two seamen; + gunboat No. 6: Lieutenant Trippe (severely), one boatswain's mate + and two marines; gunboat No. 1: two seamen; gunboat No. 2: two + seamen. Total, one killed, thirteen wounded.</p> + +<p><i>August 5.</i> We were at anchor with the squadron about two leagues + north from the city of Tripoli; the Argus in chase of a small + vessel to the westward, which she soon came up with, and brought + within hail; she proved to be a French privateer, of four guns, + which put into Tripoli a few days since, for water, and left it + this morning. I prevailed on the captain, for a consideration, to + return to Tripoli, for the purpose of landing fourteen very badly + wounded Tripolitans, which I put on board his vessel, with a + letter to the Prime Minister, leaving it at the option of the + Bashaw to reciprocate this generous mode of conducting the war. + The sending these unfortunate men on shore, to be taken care of + by their friends, was an act of humanity on our part, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>(p. 141)</span> + which I hope will make a proper impression on the minds of the + barbarians, but I doubt it. All hands were busily employed in + altering the rig of the three prizes from latteen vessels to + sloops, and preparing for a second attack. Observed one of the + enemy's schooners and the brig (two corsairs in the harbour) to + be dismasted; was informed by the French captain that the damage + these vessels received in the action of the 3d had occasioned + their masts being taken out.</p> + +<p><i>August 7th.</i> The French privateer came out, and brought me a + letter from the French Consul, in which he observes, that our + attack of the 3d instant has disposed the Bashaw to accept of + reasonable terms, and invited me to send a boat to the rocks with + a flag of truce, which was declined, as the white flag was not + hoisted at the Bashaw's castle. At 9 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, with a very light + breeze from the eastward, and a strong current which obliged the + Constitution to remain at anchor, I made the signal for the light + vessels to weigh, and the gun and bomb boats to cast off, and + stand in shore toward the western batteries; the prize boats + having been completely fitted for service, and the command of + them given to Lieutenants Crane, of the Vixen, Thorn, of the + Enterprize, and Caldwell, of the Syren, the whole advanced with + sails and oars. The orders were for the bombs to take a position + in a small bay to the westward of the city, where but few of the + enemy's guns could be brought to bear on them, but from whence + they could annoy the town with shells; the gunboats to silence a + battery of seven heavy guns which guarded the approach to that + position, and the brigs and schooners to support them, in case + the enemy's flotilla should venture out. At half-past one <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, + a breeze from N. N. E., I weighed with the Constitution and stood + in for the town; but the wind being on shore, made it imprudent + to engage the batteries with the ship, as, in case of a mast + being shot away, the loss of the vessel would probably ensue, + unless a change of wind should favour our getting off. At + half-past two <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the bomb and gun boats having gained their + station, the signal was made for them to attack the town and + batteries. Our bombs immediately commenced throwing shells, and + the gunboats opened a sharp and well directed fire on the town + and batteries, within point blank shot, which was warmly returned + by the enemy. The seven gun battery, in less than two hours, was + silenced, except one gun; I presume the others were dismounted by + our shot, as the walls were almost totally destroyed. At a + quarter-past three <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, a ship hove in sight to the northward, + standing for the town; made the Argus signal to chase. At + half-past three, one of our prize gunboats was blown up by hot + shot from the enemy, which passed through her magazine: she had + on board twenty-eight officers, seamen, and marines, ten of whom + were killed, and six wounded; among the killed were James R. + Caldwell, First Lieutenant of the Syren, and Midshipman John S. + Dorsey, both excellent officers; Midshipman Spence and eleven men + were taken up unhurt. Captain Decatur, whose division this boat + belonged to, and who was near at the time she blew up, reports to + me that Mr. Spence was superintending the loading of the gun at + that moment, and, notwithstanding the boat was sinking, he and + the brave fellows surviving, finished charging, gave three cheers + as the boat went from under them, and swam to the nearest boats, + where they assisted during the remainder of the action. The + enemy's gunboats and galleys (fifteen in number) were all in + motion close under the batteries, and appeared to meditate an + attack on our boats; the Constitution, Nautilus, and Enterprize, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>(p. 142)</span> were to windward, ready, at every hazard, to cut them + off from the harbour, if they should venture down; while the + Syren and Vixen were near our boats, to support and cover any + that might be disabled. The enemy thought it most prudent, + however, to retire to their snug retreat behind the rocks, after + firing a few shot. Our boats, in two divisions, under Captains + Somers and Decatur, were well conducted, as were our bomb + vessels, by Lieutenants Dent and Robinson. The town must have + suffered much from this attack, and their batteries, particularly + the seven gun battery, must have lost many men. At half-past five + <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the wind began to freshen from the N. N. E., I made the + signal for the gun and bomb boats to retire from action, and for + the vessels to which they were attached to take them in tow. The + Argus made signal that the strange sail was a friend.</p> + +<p>In this day's action No. 4 had a twenty-four pound shot through + her hull; No. 6 her latteen yard shot away; No. 8 a twenty-four + pound shot through her hull, which killed two men; some of the + other boats had their rigging and sails considerably cut. We + threw forty-eight shells, and about five hundred twenty-four + pound shot into the town and batteries. All the officers and men + engaged in the action behaved with the utmost intrepidity. At + half-past six all the boats were in tow, and the squadron + standing to the northwest. At eight, the John Adams, Captain + Chauncey, from the United States, joined company. At nine the + squadron anchored, Tripoli bearing southeast, five miles distant. + Gunboat No. 3 was this day commanded by Mr. Brooks, master of the + Argus, and No. 6 by Lieutenant Wadsworth, of the Constitution.</p> + +<p>Annexed is a return of our loss in this attack.</p> + +<p><i>Killed.</i> Gunboat No. 9: One lieutenant, one midshipman, one + boatswain's mate, one quarter gunner, one sergeant of marines, + and five seamen; Gunboat No. 8: Two seamen.</p> + +<p><i>Wounded.</i> Gunboat No. 9: Six seamen, two of whom mortally. + Total, twelve killed, six wounded.</p> + +<p>Captain Chauncey brought me the first positive information that + any reinforcement was to be expected. By him I was honoured with + your letters of the 7th, 22d, and 31st of May, informing me that + four frigates were coming out, under Commodore Barren, who is to + supersede me in the command of our naval forces in these seas, at + the same time approbating my conduct, and conveying to me the + thanks of the President for my services. I beg you, Sir, to + accept my warmest thanks for the very obliging language in which + you have made these communications, and to assure the President + that to merit the applause of my country is my only aim, and to + receive it the highest gratification it can bestow.</p> + +<p>Captain Chauncey informed me that the frigates might be expected + every moment, as they were to sail from Hampton Roads four days + after him. In consequence of this information (and as I could not + bring the John Adams into action, she having left all her gun + carriages for her gun deck, except eight, on board the Congress + and Constellation, a day or two previous to her sailing), I + determined to wait a few days for the arrival of Commodore + Barron, before another attack, when, if he should arrive, the + fate of Tripoli must be decided in a few hours, and the Bashaw + completely humbled. Had the John Adams brought out her gun + carriages, I should not have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>(p. 143)</span> waited a moment, and can + have no doubt but the next attack would make the arrival of more + ships unnecessary for the termination of the Tripoline war. I + gave Captain Chauncey orders to remain on the station, that we + might be benefited by the assistance of his boats and men, as + nearly half the crews of the Constitution, brigs and schooners, + were taken out to man the bombs, gun and ship's boats when + prepared for an attack.</p> + +<p><i>August 9th.</i> We were engaged supplying the bombs and gunboats + with ammunition and stores, and getting everything in readiness + for an attack, the moment Commodore Barron should arrive and make + the signal. I cannot but regret that our naval establishment is + so limited as to deprive me of the means and glory of completely + subduing the haughty tyrant of Tripoli, while in the chief + command; it will, however, afford me satisfaction to give my + successor all the assistance in my power. At three <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> I went + on board the Argus, for the purpose of reconnoitering the harbour + of Tripoli; we stood in towards the town, and were near being + sunk by the enemy's fire; one of their heaviest shot, which + struck about three feet short of the water line, raked the copper + off her bottom under water, and cut the plank half through. In + the evening the wind blew strong from the N. N. E.; the squadron + weighed, and kept under sail all night. The day following we + anchored, Tripoli bearing S. S. W., six miles distant. At ten <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> + the French Consul hoisted a white flag at his flagstaff, under + the national colours, which was a signal that the Bashaw was + ready to treat. I sent a boat into the harbour, and took this + opportunity to forward Captain Bainbridge, and his officers, + letters from their friends. The boat was not allowed to land, but + returned in the afternoon, and brought me a letter, advising that + the Bashaw was ready to receive five hundred dollars for the + ransom of each of the prisoners, and terminate the war, without + any consideration for peace or tribute. This is three hundred and + fifty thousand dollars less than was demanded previous to the + action of the 3d instant. These terms I did not hesitate to + reject, as I was informed by Captain Chauncey that it was the + expectation of our Government, on the arrival of four frigates, + to obtain the release of the officers and crew of the + Philadelphia without ransom, and dictate the terms of peace. I + enclose you copies of our correspondence, which will convince you + that our attacks have not been made without effect.</p> + +<p><i>August 16th.</i> No news of the frigates, and but short allowance + of water in the squadron. I sent the Enterprize to Malta, with + orders to the agent there to hire transports, and send off + immediately a supply of fresh water, provision, and other stores + which have become necessary, as some of the squadron have now + been upwards of five months in sight of this dismal coast, + without once visiting a friendly port. Those vessels, as well as + the gunboats, received their supply of water and provisions from + the Constitution.</p> + +<p><i>August 18th.</i> As the season is fast approaching when we may + expect bad weather, and no news of the frigates, I have + determined to make an attack as soon as the wind proves + favourable. At eight <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>. I sent Captains Decatur and Chauncey, + in two small boats, to reconnoitre the harbour, and observe the + disposition of the enemy's flotilla at night. They returned at + midnight, and reported that they were anchored in a line abreast, + from the mole to the Bashaw's castle, with their heads to the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>(p. 144)</span> eastward, for the defence of the inner harbour. At + daylight the wind shifted suddenly from northeast to + north-northwest, and brought a heavy sea on shore, which obliged + us, for greater safety, to weigh and stand to sea.</p> + +<p><i>August 20th.</i> We had gained an offing of nine or ten leagues; + still blowing hard. We had met with the ketch Intrepid, from + Syracuse, with a cargo of fresh water, stock, and vegetables, for + the squadron.</p> + +<p><i>August 22d.</i> Fell in with a ship from Malta, with water and live + stock for the squadron. These cargoes arrived very opportunely, + as we have for some time past been on a short allowance of water. + The wind having moderated, we stood in and anchored with the + squadron, six miles northeast by north from Tripoli. All the + boats were engaged in discharging the transports. The Enterprize + arrived from Malta, but brought no intelligence of the long + expected frigates.</p> + +<p><i>August 24th.</i> With a light breeze from the northeast, we stood + in with the squadron, prepared for action, intending to attack + the town and shipping in the night. At eight in the evening, + anchored about two and a half miles from the batteries. At + midnight it fell calm. I sent the bomb vessels, under the + protection of the gunboats, to bombard the town; the boats of the + squadron were employed in towing them in. At two <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the + bombardment commenced, and continued until daylight, but with + what effect is uncertain. At six all the boats joined us, and + were taken in tow by the squadron, which was under weigh and + standing off. At seven, anchored four miles north of the town. + The weather for several days, proved unfavourable for approaching + the shore.</p> + +<p><i>August 28th.</i> We were favoured with a pleasant breeze from the + eastward; at three <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> we weighed, and stood in for Tripoli; at + five, anchored the Constitution, two miles north by east from + Fort English, and two miles and a half from the Bashaw's castle; + the light vessels ordered to keep under way; we were employed + until eight <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> in making arrangements for attacking the town; + a number of the officers, and many of the seamen, of the + Constitution being attached to the bomb, gun and ship's boats; + Captain Chauncey, with several of his officers, and about seventy + seamen and marines, volunteered their services on board the + Constitution. All the boats in the squadron were officered and + manned, and attached to the several gunboats. The two bomb + vessels could not be brought into action, as one was leaky and + the mortar-bed of the other had given way. The John Adams, + Scourge, transports and bombs, were anchored seven miles to the + northward of the town. Lieutenant Commander Dent, of the Scourge, + came on board the Constitution, and took charge on the gun-deck. + Lieutenant Izard, of the Scourge, also joined me. Lieutenant + Gordon commands gunboat No. 2, and Lieutenant Lawrence, of the + Enterprize, No. 5; these are the only changes. At half past one, + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the gunboats, in two divisions, led by Captains Decatur + and Somers, were ordered to advance and take their stations close + to the rocks at the entrance of the harbour, within grape-shot + distance of the Bashaw's castle. The Syren, Argus, Vixen, + Nautilus, Enterprize, and boats of the squadron accompanied them. + At three, <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the boats anchored with springs on, within + pistol shot of the rocks, and commenced a brisk fire on the + shipping, town, batteries, and Bashaw's castle, which was warmly + returned, but not as well directed. The ship's boats remained + with the gunboats, to assist in boarding the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>(p. 145)</span> enemy's + flotilla, if it should venture out, while the brigs and schooners + kept under way, ready for the same service, or for annoying the + enemy as occasion might present. At daylight, presuming that the + gunboats had nearly expended their ammunition, we weighed with + the Constitution, and stood in for the harbour. Fort English, the + Bashaw's castle, crown and mole batteries, kept up a heavy fire + upon us as we advanced. At half past five, I made the signal for + the gunboats to retire from action, and for the brigs and + schooners to take them in tow. We were then within two cables + length of the rocks, and commenced a heavy fire of round and + grape on thirteen of the enemy's gunboats and galleys, which were + in pretty close action with our boats. We sunk one of the enemy's + boats, at the same time, two more, disabled, ran on shore to + avoid sinking; the remainder immediately retreated. We continued + running in until we were within musket shot of the crown and mole + batteries, when we brought to and fired upwards of three hundred + round shot, besides grape and canister, into the town, Bashaw's + castle, and batteries. We silenced the castle and two of the + batteries for some time. At a quarter past six, the gunboats + being all out of shot and in tow, I hauled off, after having been + three-quarters of an hour in close action. The gunboats fired + upwards of four hundred round shot, besides grape and canister, + with good effect. A large Tunisian galliot was sunk in the mole. + A Spanish ship, which had entered with an ambassador from the + Grand Seignor, received considerable damage. The Tripoline + galleys and gunboats lost many men, and were much cut. The + Bashaw's castle and town have suffered very much; as have their + crown and mole batteries.</p> + +<p>Captains Decatur and Somers conducted their divisions of gunboats + with their usual firmness and address, and were well supported by + the officers and men attached to them. The brigs and schooners + were also well conducted during the action, and fired a number of + shot at the enemy, but their guns are too light to do much + execution. They suffered considerably in their sails and rigging. + The officers and crew of the Constitution behaved well. I cannot, + in justice to Captain Chauncey, omit noticing the very able + assistance I received from him on the quarter-deck of the + Constitution during the whole of the action. The damage which we + have received is principally above the hull. Three lower shrouds, + two spring stays, two top-mast back stays, trusses, chains, and + lifts of the main yard, shot away. Our sails had several cannon + shot through them, and were beside considerably cut by grape; + much of our running rigging cut to pieces. One of our anchor + stocks, and our larboard cable, shot away, and a number of grape + shot were sticking in different parts of the hull, but not a man + hurt! A boat belonging to the John Adams, with a master's mate + (Mr. Creighton) and eight men, was sunk by a double-headed shot + from the batteries, while in tow of the Nautilus, which killed + three men, and badly wounded one, who, with Mr. Creighton and the + other four, were picked up by one of our boats. The only damage + our gunboats sustained was in their rigging and sails, which were + considerably cut by the enemy's round and grape shot. At eleven, + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, we anchored with the squadron, five miles northeast by + north from Tripoli, and repaired the damage received in the + action.</p> + +<p><i>August 29th</i> and <i>30th</i>. Preparing the bomb vessels for service; + supplying the gunboats with ammunition, etc.</p> + +<p><i>August <span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>(p. 146)</span> 31st.</i> A vessel arrived from Malta with + provisions and stores; brought no news of Commodore Barron or the + frigates. We discharged this vessel's cargo and ordered her to + return.</p> + +<p><i>September 2d.</i> The bomb vessels having been repaired and ready + for service, Lieutenants Dent and Robinson resumed the command of + them. Lieutenant Morris of the Argus, took command of No. 3, and + Lieutenant Trippe, having nearly recovered from his wounds, + resumed the command of No. 6, which he so gallantly conducted the + 3d ultimo. Captain Chauncey, with several young gentlemen, and + sixty men from the John Adams, volunteered on board the + Constitution. At four <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, made the signal to weigh; kept under + sail all night. At eleven <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, a general signal to prepare for + battle. A Spanish polacre in ballast came out of Tripoli, with an + ambassador of the Grand Seignor on board, who had been sent from + Constantinople to Tripoli to confirm the Bashaw in his title; + this ceremony takes place in all the Barbary regencies every five + years. The captain of this vessel informed us that our shot and + shells had made great havoc and destruction in the city, and + among the shipping, and that a vast number of people had been + killed: also informs us that three of the boats which were sunk + by our shot in the actions of the 3d and 28th ultimo, had been + got up, repaired, and fitted for service.</p> + +<p><i>September 3d.</i> At two <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, Tripoli bore south southwest, two + miles and a half distant; wind east by north. At half-past two + the signals were made for the gunboats to cast off, advance, and + attack the enemy's galleys and gunboats, which were all under + weigh in the eastern part of the harbour, whither they had for + some time been working up against the wind. This was certainly a + judicious movement of theirs, as it precluded the possibility of + our boats going down to attack the town, without leaving the + enemy's flotilla in their rear, and directly to windward. I + accordingly ordered the bomb vessels to run down within proper + distance of the town and bombard it, while our gunboats were to + engage the enemy's galleys and boats to windward. At half-past + three <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, our bombs having gained the station to which they + were directed, anchored, and commenced throwing shells into the + city; at the same time our gunboats opened a brisk fire on the + galleys, &c., within point blank shot, which was warmly returned + by them and Fort English, and by a new battery a little to the + westward; but as soon as our boats arrived within good musket + shot of their galleys and boats, they gave way and retreated to + the shore within the rocks, and under cover of musketry from Fort + English. They were followed by our boats, and by the Syren, + Argus, Vixen, Nautilus and Enterprize, as far as the reefs would + permit them to go with prudence. The action was then divided. One + division of our boats, with the brigs and schooners, attacked + Fort English, whilst the other was engaged with the enemy's + galleys and boats. The Bashaw's castle, the mole, crown, and + several other batteries kept up a constant fire on our bomb + vessels, which were well conducted, and threw shells briskly into + the town; but, from their situation, they were very much exposed, + and in great danger of being sunk. I accordingly ran within them + with the Constitution, to draw off the enemy's attention and + amuse them whilst the bombardment was kept up. We brought to + within reach of grape, and fired eleven broadsides into the + Bashaw's castle, town and batteries, in a situation where more + than seventy guns could bear upon us. One of their batteries was + silenced. The town, castle and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>(p. 147)</span> other batteries + considerably damaged. By this time, it was half-past four + o'clock; the wind was increasing, and inclining rapidly to the + northward. I made the signal for the boats to retire from action, + and for the brigs and schooners to take them in tow, and soon + after hauled off with the Constitution to repair damages. Our + main-topsail was totally disabled by a shell from the batteries, + which cut away the leech rope, and several cloths of the sail; + another shell went through the fore-top-sail, and one through the + jib; all our sails considerably cut; two top-mast backstays shot + away, main sheets, fore tacks, lifts, braces, bowlines, and the + running rigging, generally, very much cut, but no shot in our + hull, excepting a few grape. Our gunboats were an hour and + fifteen minutes in action. They disabled several of the enemy's + galleys and boats, and considerably damaged Fort English. Most of + our boats received damage in their rigging and sails. The bomb + vessel No. 1, commanded by Lieutenant Robinson, was disabled, + every shroud being shot away; the bed of the mortar rendered + useless, and the vessel near sinking; she was, however, towed + off. About fifty shells were thrown into the town, and our boats + fired four hundred round shot, besides grape and canister. They + were led into action by Captains Decatur and Somers, with their + usual gallantry. The brigs and schooners were handsomely + conducted, and fired many shot with effect at Fort English, which + they were near enough to reach with their carronades; they + suffered considerably in their rigging, and the Argus received a + thirty-two pound shot in the hull forward, which cut off a bower + cable as it entered. We kept under weigh until eleven <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, when + we anchored, Tripoli bearing south southwest three leagues. I + again, with pleasure, acknowledge the services of an able and + active officer in Captain Chauncey, serving on the quarter-deck + of the Constitution. At sunrise I made the signal for the + squadron to prepare for action. The carpenters were sent on board + the bombs to repair damages, and our boats employed in supplying + the bombs and gunboats with ammunition, and to replace the + expenditures.</p> + +<p>Desirous of annoying the enemy by all the means in my power, I + directed to be put into execution a long contemplated plan of + sending a fire ship, or <i>infernal</i>, into the harbour of Tripoli, + in the night, for the purpose of endeavouring to destroy the + enemy's shipping, and shatter the Bashaw's castle and town. + Captain Somers, of the Nautilus, having volunteered his services, + had, for several days before this period, been directing the + preparation of the ketch Intrepid, assisted by Lieutenants + Wadsworth and Israel. About one hundred barrels of powder, and + one hundred and fifty fixed shells, were apparently judiciously + disposed of on board her. The fusees leading to the magazine, + where all the powder was deposited, were calculated to burn for a + quarter of an hour.</p> + +<p><i>September 4th.</i> The Intrepid being prepared for the intended + service, Captain Somers and Lieutenant Wadsworth made choice of + two of the fastest rowing boats in the squadron, for bringing + them out, after reaching their destination, and firing the + combustible materials which were to communicate with the fusees. + Captain Somers' boat was manned with four seamen from the + Nautilus, and Lieutenant Wadsworth's with six from the + Constitution. Lieutenant Israel accompanied them. At eight in the + evening, the Intrepid was under sail, and standing for the port, + with a leading breeze from the eastward. The Argus, Vixen, and + Nautilus, convoyed her as <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>(p. 148)</span> far as the rocks. On entering + the harbour, several shot were fired at her from the batteries. + In a few minutes after, when she had apparently nearly gained the + intended place of destination, she suddenly exploded, without + their having previously fired a room filled with splinters and + other combustibles, which were intended to create a blaze in + order to deter the enemy from boarding while the fire was + communicating to the fusees which led to the magazine. The effect + of the explosion awed their batteries into profound silence with + astonishment; not a gun was afterwards fired for the night. The + shrieks of the inhabitants informed us that the town was thrown + into the greatest terror and consternation by the explosion of + the magazine, and the bursting and falling of shells in all + directions. The whole squadron waited, with the utmost anxiety, + to learn the fate of the adventurers, from a signal previously + agreed on, in case of success; but waited in vain. No signs of + their safety were to be observed. The Argus, Vixen and Nautilus, + hovered round the entrance of the port until sunrise, when they + had a fair view of the whole harbour. Not a vestige of the ketch + or her boats was to be seen. One of the enemy's largest gunboats + was missing, and three others were seen very much shattered and + damaged, which the enemy were hauling on shore. From these + circumstances, I am led to believe that these boats were detached + from the enemy's flotilla to intercept the ketch, and, without + suspecting her to be a fire ship, the missing boat had suddenly + boarded her, when the gallant Somers and heroes of his party, + observing the other three boats surrounding them, and no prospect + of escape, determined, at once, to prefer <i>death</i> and the + <i>destruction of the enemy</i> to <i>captivity</i> and <i>torturing + slavery</i>, put a match to the tram leading directly to the + magazine, which at once blew the whole into the air, and + terminated their existence. My conjectures respecting this affair + are founded on a resolution which Captain Somers, Lieutenants + Wadsworth and Israel had formed—neither to be taken by the + enemy, nor suffer him to get possession of the powder on board + the Intrepid. They expected to enter the harbour without + discovery, but had declared that should they be disappointed, and + the enemy should board them, before they reached the point of + destination, in such force as to leave them no hopes of a safe + retreat, that they would put a match to the magazine, and blow + themselves and their enemies up together; determined, as there + was no exchange of prisoners, that their country should never pay + ransom for them, nor the enemy receive a supply of powder through + their means. The disappearance of one of the enemy's boats, and + the shattered condition of three others, confirm me in my opinion + that they were an advanced guard, detached from the main body of + the flotilla on discovering the approach of the Intrepid, and + that they attempted to board her before she had reached her point + of destination; otherwise the whole of their shipping must have + suffered, and perhaps would have been totally destroyed. That she + was blown up before she had gained her station is certain, by + which the service has lost three very gallant officers. Captain + Somers, and Lieutenants Wadsworth and Israel were officers of + conspicuous bravery, talents, and merit. They had uniformly + distinguished themselves in the several actions; were beloved and + lamented by the whole squadron.</p> + +<p><i>September 5th.</i> We were employed in supplying the gunboats with + ammunition, &c., and repairing the bomb vessels for another + attack, but, the wind shifting to the N. N. E., a heavy swell + setting on shore, and other indications of bad weather, + determined me, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>(p. 149)</span> for greater safety, to take the guns, + mortars, shot and shells out of the boats into the Constitution + and John Adams, which was accordingly done. The weather + continuing to wear a threatening aspect until the 7th, and our + ammunition being reduced to a quantity not more than sufficient + for three vessels to keep up the blockade, no intelligence of the + expected reinforcement, and the season so far advanced as to + render it imprudent to hazard the gunboats any longer on the + station, I gave orders for the John Adams, Syren, Nautilus, + Enterprize and Scourge, to take the bombs and gunboats in tow, + and proceed to Syracuse with them. The Argus and Vixen to remain + with the Constitution, to keep up the blockade.</p> + +<p><i>September 10th.</i> The United States ship President, Commodore + Barron, and Constellation, Captain Campbell, hove in sight, and + soon joined company, when the command of the squadron was + surrendered to Commodore Barron with the usual ceremony. I + continued in company with the squadron until the 12th, when three + strange ships came in sight, standing direct for Tripoli. Chase + was given, and two of them boarded and taken possession of by the + Constitution, the President in company, about four leagues from + Tripoli, but not more than five miles from the land, while the + Constellation and Argus were in chase of the third. The two + boarded by the Constitution were loaded with about sixteen + thousand bushels of wheat. Tripoli is in a state of starvation, + and there can be no doubt but these cargoes were meant as a + supply and relief to our enemies.</p> + +<p>Considering the season too far advanced, and weather too + uncertain, to hazard any further operations against Tripoli, at + present, Commodore Barron determined that the prizes should be + sent to Malta, under convoy of the Constitution, it being + necessary she should go into port to be recaulked and refitted. I + notified to Commodore Barron that it was my wish to return to the + United States, in the frigate John Adams, Captain Chauncey; this + readily, and in the handsomest manner, met his acquiescence. I + shall accordingly return in that ship.</p> + +<p>The service in this quarter cannot suffer from this arrangement, + as Captain Decatur is at present without a ship, and my return + will place him immediately in the exercise of the duties attached + to that commission which he has so gallantly earned, and his + country generously bestowed. I shall feel a pleasure in leaving + the Constitution under the command of that officer, whose + enterprising and manly conduct I have often witnessed, and whose + merits eminently entitle him to so handsome a command.</p> + +<p>The other commanders merit the highest commendations for their + prompt obedience to orders, on all occasions, and for the zeal, + spirit and judgment which they displayed in the several attacks + on the enemy's shipping and batteries, as well as for the general + good order and discipline at all times observed on board their + respective vessels. The officers of the squadron have conducted + themselves in the most gallant and handsome manner; and the + conduct of the different ship's companies have merited my warmest + approbation since I have had the honour to command them.</p> + +<p>It affords me much satisfaction to observe that we have neither + had a duel nor a court martial in the squadron since we left the + United States.</p> + +<p>I most sincerely regret the loss of our gallant countrymen, who + have sacrificed their lives to the honour of the service, and + that it has not been in my power, consistent <span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>(p. 150)</span> with the + interest and expectation of our country, to liberate Captain + Bainbridge and the unfortunate officers and crew of the + Philadelphia. Be assured, sir, I have incessantly endeavoured to + effect this desirable object. I have no doubt but my successor + will be able to effect their release, and establish peace, on + such terms as will reflect the highest honour on himself and his + country.</p> + +<p><i>September 17th.</i> Arrived at Malta with the two detained Greek + vessels. We experienced very bad weather, but had the + satisfaction to learn that the bombs and gunboats had arrived + safe at Syracuse, the 15th instant, without accident. Each of the + Tripoline gunboats which we have captured has two brass howitzers + abaft, and a handsome copper gun in the bow, which carries a + twenty-nine pound shot, is eleven and a half feet long, and + weighs six thousand six hundred pounds.</p> + +<p>I send you a plan of the town and harbour of Tripoli, with the + disposition of our squadron, and the enemy's flotilla, at the + time of the several attacks, with sundry other papers.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with the highest respect, sir,<br> +<span class="col40">Your most obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Edward Preble</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>R. Smith to George Harrison.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Navy Department</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">June 26, 1805.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">George Harrison</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Philadelphia.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received your letter, accompanied by drawings of the + medal for Commodore Preble. I now return you the Commodore's + likeness and one of the drawings sent to me by you. I approve the + drawings, excepting as to size, which appears to me to be too + large. I doubt whether any die can be made to impress so large a + surface. We should depart, too, from general custom, by making + this medal so large. The medal voted by the old Congress, for + General Washington, was three inches diameter, those for General + Greene, Gates, &c., were two and a half inches, and those for + Morgan, Wayne, &c., were two inches. The drawings of the medal + for Commodore Preble are four inches. I have no objections to the + medal for Commodore Preble being two and a half inches. Confer + with artists upon the subject and let me hear from you. It is my + determination to have it made by Mr. Reich, and you may so inform + him, that he may not engage in other business to interfere with + this.</p> + +<p>I am respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">R. Smith.</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>(p. 151)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXV" name="plateXXV"><strong>Plate XXV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text24" name="text24"><strong>No. 24.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1809—March 4, 1817.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">James Madison President of the U. S. A. D. 1809. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Fourth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAMES MADISON PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) A. D. (<i>Anno +Domini: The year of our Lord</i>) 1809. Bust of President Madison, facing +the left. On ring, <span class="smcap">R</span>. (<i>Reich</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped, in token of amity; on the +cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons with the +American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a +calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.<a id="footnotetag74" name="footnotetag74"></a><a href="#footnote74">[74]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate025" name="plate025"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate025b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 025b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate025a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 025a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + + +<p class="nofloat">The dies of the reverse of this medal served for all the Indian +Presidential medals struck previous to July, 1846, when new ones had +to be made, as will be seen from the following extracts from +despatches of R. M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to William +Merrill, commissioner of Indian affairs, bearing date, Philadelphia, +July 18, 1846:</p> + +<p class="quote">"As the dies for the Indian medals belong to the War Department, + it is proper that I should mention that the reverses are no + longer in a condition to be employed. They have been used for all + the medals struck since the time of President Jefferson, and it + was with difficulty that they could be made to answer for those + which we have just completed. A new set will be absolutely + necessary, and it seems not unreasonable that they should be paid + out of the appropriation made for these medals, in striking which + they have finally failed."</p> + +<p>And <span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>(p. 152)</span> Philadelphia, December 5, 1846:</p> + +<p class="quote">"In a letter which I addressed to you on the 18th of July last, I + stated that the reverses used for the Indian medals were no + longer in a condition to be again employed. I mentioned that the + cost of a new set would be $300, and I asked your authority to + have them made without further delay. This authority you gave me + in your letter of the 21st of July. I have now to report that + complete sets both of hubs and dies have been made, and that the + hubs will put it in our power to replace a die, at any time, if + it should be injured. All apprehension from this source is + therefore removed for the future."</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">James Madison</span> was born at King George, on the Rappahannock river, + Virginia, March 16, 1751. He was graduated at the College of New + Jersey, Princeton, 1771; studied law; was member of the General + Assembly of Virginia, 1776; of the Continental Congress, + 1780-1783; of the State Legislature of Virginia, 1784; of the + Philadelphia Convention, 1787; representative in Congress from + Virginia, 1789-1797; secretary of State to President Jefferson, + 1801-1809; President of the United States (first term), + 1809-1813; (second term), 1813-1817. He died at his estate of + Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, June 28, 1836.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>(p. 153)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXVI" name="plateXXVI"><strong>Plate XXVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text25" name="text25"><strong>No. 25.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>August 19, 1812.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul MDCCCXII Aug. certamine fortes. +<span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Horae memento +victoria.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Guerrière.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ISAACUS HULL PERITOS ARTE SUPERAT JUL. (<i>Julii</i>), MDCCCXII AUG. +(<i>Augusti</i>) CERTAMINE FORTES.<a id="footnotetag75" name="footnotetag75"></a><a href="#footnote75">[75]</a> (<i>Isaac Hull conquers in July, 1812, +the skilled by stratagem, and in August, the strong in battle.</i>) Bust +of Captain Hull, in uniform, facing the left. On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">R</span>. +(<i>Reich</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">HORAE MOMENTO VICTORIA. (<i>Victory in the space of an hour.</i>) Naval +action between the United States frigate Constitution, of forty-four +guns, Captain Hull, and the British frigate Guerrière, of forty-nine +guns, Captain Dacres. The Constitution, firing her starboard battery, +carries away the Guerrière's mizzenmast, which, in falling, takes with +it the mainmast; the Guerrière, having already lost her foremast, is +completely dismasted; the Constitution, on the contrary, is but +slightly injured in her rigging. Exergue: <span class="smcap">INTER CONST. NAV. AMER. ET +GUER. ANGL.</span> (<i>Inter Constitution navem Americanam et Guerrière +Anglicanam: Between the American vessel Constitution and the English +vessel Guerrière</i>).<a id="footnotetag76" name="footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76">[76]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate026" name="plate026"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate026b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 026b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate026a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 026a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Isaac Hull</span> was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775. He was first +in the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant in 1798, +and served <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>(p. 154)</span> under Commodores Preble and Barron before +Tripoli, 1802-1805. In May, 1804, he was appointed master-commandant, +and in April, 1806, captain. On July 17, 1812, and on the following +two days, while in command of the frigate Constitution, he found +himself becalmed, with a fleet of five British vessels in pursuit of +him, but by repeatedly sending out his kedge anchors and hauling his +ship up to them, he kept out of their reach until the breeze sprung up +again, when he soon left them far astern. A few weeks later, August +19, he fell in with and captured the British frigate Guerrière, +Captain J. A. Dacres, for which gallant action Congress gave him a +vote of thanks and a gold medal. After the war, he commanded in the +Pacific and the Mediterranean. He was a member of the Naval Board, and +was at the head of the navy yards at Boston and at Washington. He died +in Philadelphia, February 3, 1843.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Hull, Decatur, +Jones, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the President of the +United States be, and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain +Hull of the frigate Constitution, Captain Decatur of the frigate +United States, and Captain Jones of the sloop of war Wasp, each a gold +medal, with suitable emblems and devices; and a silver medal, with +like emblems and devices, to each commissioned officer of the +aforesaid vessels, in testimony of the high sense entertained by +Congress of the gallantry, good conduct, and services of the captains, +officers, and crews of the aforesaid vessels in their respective +conflicts with the British frigates the Guerrière and the Macedonian, +and sloop of war Frolic; and the President is also requested to +present a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag77" name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77">[77]</a> with like emblems and devices, to the +nearest male relative of Lieutenant Bush, and one to the nearest male +relative of Lieutenant Funk, in testimony of the gallantry and merit +of those deceased officers, in whom their country has sustained a loss +much to be regretted.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the President of the +United States be, and he hereby is, requested to present to Lieutenant +Elliott of the navy of the United States, an elegant sword, with +suitable emblems and devices, in testimony of the just sense +entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in boarding +and capturing the British brigs Detroit and Caledonia, while anchored +under the protection of Fort Erie.</p> + +<p>Approved January 29, 1813.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>(p. 155)</span> Hull +to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States frigate Constitution</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">at Sea</span>, July 21, 1812.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Paul Hamilton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left + Annapolis on the 5th instant, and the Capes on the 12th, of which + I advised you by the Pilot that brought the ship to sea.</p> + +<p>For several days after we got out the wind was light and ahead, + which with a strong southerly current prevented our making much + way to the northward. On the 17th at 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, being in 22 fathoms + water off Egg Harbour, four sail of ships were discovered from + the mast head to the northward and in shore of us; apparently + ships of war. The wind being very light, all sail was made in + chase of them, to ascertain whether they were enemy's ships or + our squadron having got out of New York waiting the arrival of + the Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was + the case.</p> + +<p>At 4 in the afternoon a ship was seen from the mast head bearing + about N. E., standing for us under all sail, which she continued + to do until sundown, at which time she was too far off to + distinguish signals, and the ships in shore were only to be seen + from the tops, they were standing off to the southward, and + eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in + the offing was, I determined to stand for her and get near enough + to make the night signal. At 10, in the evening, being within six + or eight miles of the strange sail, the Private Signal was made, + and kept up nearly one hour, but finding she could not answer it, + I concluded she and the ships in shore were enemies. I + immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made + all sail, having determined to lay off till day light, to see + what they were. The ship that we had been chasing, hauled off + after us, showing a light, and occasionally making signals, + supposed to be for the ships in shore.</p> + +<p><i>July 18th.</i> At daylight, or a little before it was quite light, + saw two sail under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the + enemy—one frigate astern, within about five or six miles, and a + line-of-battle ship, a frigate, a brig and schooner, about ten or + twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a fine + breeze, and coming up very fast, it being nearly calm where we + were. Soon after sunrise the wind entirely left us, and the ship + would not steer, but fell round off with her head towards the two + ships under our lee. The boats were instantly hoisted out and + sent ahead to tow the ship's head round, and to endeavour to get + her farther from the enemy, being then within five miles of three + heavy frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out, and sent + ahead to tow, which, with the light air that remained with them, + they came up very fast. Finding the enemy coming fast up, and but + little chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on + the gun deck, ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the + gun deck, and hoisted one of the 24-pounders off the gun deck, + and run that, with the forecastle gun, an 18-pounder, out at the + ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action, being + determined they should not get her without resistance on our + part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were + placed in.</p> + +<p>At <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>(p. 156)</span> about seven in the morning the ship nearest us + approaching within gunshot and directly astern, I ordered one of + the stern guns fired to see if we could reach her, to endeavour + to disable her masts, found the shot fell a little short, would + not fire any more. At 8 four of the enemy's ships nearly within + gunshot, some of them having six or eight boats ahead towing, + with all their oars and sweeps out to row them up with us, which + they were fast doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and + that our escape was impossible, four heavy ships nearly within + gunshot and coming up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to + give us a chance of getting off by outsailing them.</p> + +<p>In the situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms + water (by the suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant + Morris), I determined to try and warp the ship ahead by carrying + out anchors and warping her up to them. Three or four hundred + fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready + and sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the + enemy. They however soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors, + and adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, + as all the boats from the ship furthermost off were sent to tow + and warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came + up, so that at 9 the ship nearest us began firing her bow guns, + which we instantly returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on + the quarter deck. All the shots from the enemy fell short, but we + have reason to believe that some of ours went on board her, as we + could not see them strike the water. Soon after 9 a second + frigate passed under our lee and opened her broadside, but + finding her shot fell short, discontinued her fire, but + continued, as did all the rest of them, to make every possible + exertion to get up with us.</p> + +<p>From 9 to 12, all hands were employed in warping the ship ahead, + and in starting some of the water in the main hold, to lighten + her, by which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained of + the enemy, or at least held on our own. About 2, in the + afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship, and some + of the frigates, were sent to the frigate nearest to us, to + endeavour to tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which + enabled us to hold way with her, notwithstanding they had eight + or ten boats ahead, and all her sails furled to tow her to + windward. The wind continued light until 11 at night, and the + boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of the reach + of the enemy, three of the frigates being very near us. At 11, we + got a light breeze from the southward, the boats came alongside, + and were hoisted up, the ship having too much way to keep them + ahead, the enemy still in chase and very near.</p> + +<p><i>July 19th.</i> At daylight passed within gun shot of one of the + frigates, but she did not fire on us, perhaps for fear of + becalming her as the wind was light. Soon after passing us she + tacked and stood after us. At this time six sail were in sight + under all sail after us. At 9, in the morning, saw a strange sail + on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant ship. + The instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted American + colours, as did all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her down. I + immediately hoisted English colours, that she might not be + deceived. She soon hauled her wind, and it is to be hoped made + her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and we + gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight + miles, they however continued chasing us all night under a press + of sail.</p> + +<p><i>July <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>(p. 157)</span> 20th.</i> At daylight in the morning only three of + them could be seen from the mast head, the nearest of which was + about twelve miles off directly astern. All hands were set at + work wetting the sails, from the royals down, with the engine and + fire-buckets, and we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. + At quarter past 8, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping + astern, gave over the chase, and hauled their own wind to the + northward, probably for the station off New York. At half-past 8, + saw a sail ahead, gave chase after her under all sail. At 9, saw + another strange sail under our lee bow. We soon spoke the first + sail, discovered and found her to be an American brig from St. + Domingo, bound to Portland. I directed the captain how to steer + to avoid the enemy, and made sail for the vessel to leeward. On + coming up with her, she proved to be an American brig from St. + Bartholomews, bound to Philadelphia, but on being informed of + war, she bore up for Charleston, S. C.</p> + +<p>Finding the ship so far to the southward and eastward, and the + enemy's squadron stationed off New York, which would make it + impossible for the ship to get in there, I determined to make for + Boston to receive your further orders, and I hope that my having + done so will meet your approbation. My wish to explain to you as + clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed, and + the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various + other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication + much longer than I would have wished, yet I cannot (in justice to + the brave officers and crew under my command) close it without + expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you + that their conduct whilst under the guns of the enemy was such as + might have been expected from American officers and seamen.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your obedient + humble servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Isaac Hull.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Frigate Constitution</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Off Boston Light, August 30, 1812.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Paul Hamilton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you that on the 19th instant, at + 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, being in latitude 41° 42´, longitude 55° 48´, with the + Constitution under my command, a sail was discovered from the + masthead bearing E. by S. or E. S. E., but at such a distance we + could not tell what she was. All sail was instantly made in + chase, and we soon found we came up with her. At 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> could + plainly see that she was a ship on the starboard tack, under easy + sail, close on a wind; at half past 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> made her out to be a + frigate; continued the chase until we were within about three + miles, when I ordered the light sails taken in, the courses + hauled up, and the ship cleared for action. At this time the + chase had backed his main top-sail, waiting for us to come down. + As soon as the Constitution was ready for action, I bore down + with an intention to bring him to close action immediately; but + on our coming within gunshot she gave us a broadside and filled + away, and wore, giving us a broadside on the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>(p. 158)</span> other + tack, but without effect; her shot falling short. She continued + wearing and manœuvering for about three-quarters of an hour, + to get a raking position, but finding she could not, bore up, and + run under topsails and gib, with the wind on the quarter. + Immediately made sail to bring the ship up with her, and five + minutes before 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> being alongside within half pistol shot, + we commenced a heavy fire from all our guns, double-shotted with + round and grape, and so well directed were they, and so warmly + kept up, that in fifteen minutes her mizzen-mast went by the + board, and her mainyard in the slings, and the hull, rigging and + sails were very much torn to pieces. The fire was kept up with + equal warmth for fifteen minutes longer, when her main-mast and + fore-mast went, taking with them every spar, excepting the + bowsprit; on seeing this we ceased firing, so that in thirty + minutes after we got fairly alongside the enemy she surrendered, + and had not a spar standing, and her hull below and above water + so shattered that a few more broadsides must have carried her + down.</p> + +<p>After informing you that so fine a ship as the Guerrière, + commanded by an able and experienced officer, had been totally + dismasted, and otherwise cut to pieces, so as to make her not + worth towing into port, in the short space of 30 minutes, you can + have no doubt of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers + and ship's company I have the honour to command. It only remains, + therefore, for me to assure you, that they all fought with great + bravery; and it gives me great pleasure to say, that from the + smallest boy in the ship to the oldest seaman, not a look of fear + was seen. They all went into action giving three cheers, and + requesting to be laid close alongside the enemy.</p> + +<p>Enclosed I have the honour to send you a list of killed and + wounded on board the Constitution, and a report of the damages + she has sustained; also a list of the killed and wounded on board + the enemy, with his quarter-bill, &c.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your + obedient servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Isaac Hull.</span></p> + +<p>Killed and wounded on board the United States frigate + Constitution, Isaac Hull, Esquire, Captain, in the action with + His Britannic Majesty's frigate Guerrière, James A. Dacres, + Esquire, Captain, on the 20th of August, 1812:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Killed and wounded"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td><i>Killed</i>: W. S. Bush, Lieutenant of Marines, and 6 seamen</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Wounded</i>: Lieutenant C. Morris, Master J. C. Aylwin, 4 seamen, +1 marine</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total killed and wounded</td> +<td class="td-right">14</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>United States frigate Constitution, August 21st, 1812.</p> + +<p class="col60">T. S. <span class="smcap">Chew</span>, <i>Purser</i>.<br> +<span class="smcap">Isaac Hull</span>, <i>Captain</i>.</p> + +<p>Killed and wounded on board His Britannic Majesty's frigate +Guerrière:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Killed and wounded"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td><i>Killed</i>: 3 officers, 12 seamen and marines</td> +<td class="td-right">15</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Wounded</i>: J. A. Dacres, Captain, 4 officers, 57 seamen and +marines</td> +<td class="td-right">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Missing</i>: Lieutenants Pullman and Roberts, and 22 seamen +and marines, supposed to have gone overboard with the masts</td> +<td class="td-right">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Total killed, wounded and missing</td> +<td class="td-right">101</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>(p. 159)</span> Hull +to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col40 smcap">United States Frigate Constitution</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Boston</span>, August 30, 1812.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Paul Hamilton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p> + +<p>I cannot but make you acquainted with the very great assistance I + received from that valued officer, Lieutenant Morris, in bringing + the ship into action, and in working her whilst along side the + enemy, and I am extremely sorry to state that he is badly + wounded, being shot through the body; we have yet hopes of his + recovery, when I am sure he will receive the thanks and gratitude + of his country, for this and the many gallant acts he has done in + its service. Were I to name any particular officer as having been + more useful than the rest, I should do them great injustice; they + all fought bravely, and gave me every possible assistance that I + could wish. I am extremely sorry to state to you the loss of + Lieutenant Bush, of marines; he fell at the head of his men in + getting ready to board the enemy. In him our country has lost a + valuable and brave officer. After the fall of Lieutenant Bush, + Lieutenant Contee of the corps, took command of the marines, and + I have pleasure in saying that his conduct was that of a brave, + good officer, and the marines behaved with great coolness and + courage during the action, and annoyed the enemy very much whilst + she was under our stern.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your + obedient servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Isaac Hull.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>(p. 160)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXVII" name="plateXXVII"><strong>Plate XXVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text26" name="text26"><strong>No. 26.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 18, 1812.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Victoriam hosti majori +celerrime rapuit.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Frolic.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">IACOBUS JONES VIRTUS IN ARDUA TENDIT. (<i>Jacob Jones. Valor seeks +difficulties.</i>) Bust of Captain Jones, in uniform, facing the right. +On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">VICTORIAM HOSTI MAJORI CELERRIME RAPUIT. (<i>He quickly snatched victory +from a superior enemy.</i>) Naval action between the United States +sloop-of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns, Captain Jones, and the British +sloop-of-war Frolic, of twenty-two guns, Captain Whinyates. The Wasp +has lost her main-topmast, and is raking the Frolic as she lays her on +board. The Americans are in possession of the enemy's forecastle. +Exergue: INTER WASP NAV. AMERI. ET FROLIC NAV. ANG. DIE XVIII OCT. +MDCCCXII. (<i>Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Frolic navem Anglicanam, +die 18 Octobris, 1812: Between the American vessel Wasp and the +English vessel Frolic, October 18, 1812.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate027" name="plate027"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate027b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 027b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate027a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 027a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Moritz Fürst</span> was born in Presburg, Hungary, and studied with Würt, a +die sinker in the Imperial Mint of Vienna. He was for a time +superintendent of the Royal Mint of Lombardy. In 1807 he was engaged +by the American Consul at Leghorn as die sinker to the United States +Mint, arrived the same year in America, and entered on his duties in +the spring of 1808. He made nearly all the medals voted by Congress to +the army and navy for the War of 1812-1815, and the Indian medals of +Presidents Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van +Buren. He resided for many years in New York.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Jacob <span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>(p. 161)</span> Jones</span> was born near Smyrna, Kent County, Delaware, in +March, 1770. He first studied medicine, but entered the navy as +midshipman in 1799, was lieutenant in 1801, was taken prisoner in the +frigate Philadelphia, off Tripoli, 1803, and remained in captivity for +twenty months. Having been commissioned as master-commandant in 1810, +he was given, in 1811, the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he captured +the British sloop-of-war Frolic, Captain Whinyates, October 18, 1812. +For this gallant action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal. He became captain in 1813, and received the frigate Macedonian. +He afterward commanded squadrons in the Mediterranean and in the +Pacific; was a member of the Naval Board and governor of the Naval +Asylum in Philadelphia, where he died, August 3, 1850.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, November 24th, 1813.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Paul Hamilton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I here avail myself of the first opportunity of informing + you of the occurrences of our cruise, which terminated in the + capture of the Wasp, on the 18th of October, by the Poictiers, of + 74 guns, while a wreck from damages received in an engagement + with the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of 22 guns; 16 of them + 32-pound carronades, and four twelve-pounders on the main deck, + and two twelve-pounders, carronades, on the top-gallant + forecastle, making her superior in force to us by four + twelve-pounders. The Frolic had struck to us, and was taken + possession of, about two hours before our surrendering to the + Poictiers.</p> + +<p>We had left the Delaware on the 13th. The 16th had a heavy gale, + in which we lost our jib-boom and two men. Half-past 11, on the + night of the 17th, in the latitude of 37 degrees north, and + longitude 65 degrees west, we saw several sail; two of them + appeared very large. We stood from them for some time, then + shortened sail, and steered the remainder of the night the course + we had perceived them on. At daylight, on Sunday the 18th, we saw + them ahead, gave chase, and soon discovered them to be a convoy + of six sail, under the protection of a sloop-of-war, four of them + large ships, mounting from 16 to 18 guns. At 30 minutes past 11, + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, we engaged the sloop-of-war, having first received her + fire at the distance of fifty or sixty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>(p. 162)</span> yards, which + space we gradually lessened until we laid her on board, after a + well supported fire of 43 minutes; and although so near, while + loading the last broadside, that our rammers were shoved against + the side of the enemy, our men exhibited the same alacrity which + they had done during the whole of the action. They immediately + surrendered upon our gaining their forecastle, so that no loss + was sustained on either side after boarding.</p> + +<p>Our main-topmast was shot away between four and five minutes from + the commencement of the firing, and falling, together with the + main-topsail yard, across the larboard fore and fore-topsail + braces, rendered our head-yards unmanageable the remainder of the + action. At eight minutes the gaff and main-topgallant-mast came + down, and at twenty minutes from the beginning of the action, + every brace and most of the rigging was shot away. A few minutes + after separating from the Frolic, both her masts fell upon deck, + the main-mast going close by the deck, and the fore-mast twelve + or fifteen feet above it.</p> + +<p>The courage and exertions of the officers and crew fully answered + my expectations and wishes. Lieutenant Biddle's active conduct + contributed much to our success by the exact attention paid to + every department during the engagement, and the animating example + he afforded the crew by his intrepidity. Lieutenants Rodgers, + Booth, and Mr. Rapp shewed, by the incessant fire from their + divisions, that they were not to be surpassed in resolution or + skill. Mr. Knight and every other officer acted with a courage + and promptitude highly honourable, and, I trust, have given + assurance that they may be relied on whenever their services may + be required.</p> + +<p>I could not ascertain the exact loss of the enemy, as many of the + dead lay buried under the masts and spars that had fallen upon + deck, which two hours exertion had not sufficiently removed. Mr. + Biddle, who had charge of the Frolic, states that, from what he + saw and from information from the officers, the number killed + must have been about thirty, and that of the wounded about forty + or fifty: of the killed is her first lieutenant and sailing + master; of the wounded Captain Whinyates and the second + lieutenant.</p> + +<p>We had five killed and five wounded, as per list; the wounded are + recovering. Lieutenant Claxton, who was confined by sickness, + left his bed a little previous to the engagement, and though too + weak to be at his division, remained upon deck, and shewed, by + his composed manner of noting incidents, that we had lost, by his + illness, the services of a brave officer.</p> + +<p>I am, respectfully yours, etc.,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Jacob Jones</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>(p. 163)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXVIII" name="plateXXVIII"><strong>Plate XXVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text27" name="text27"><strong>No. 27.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 25, 1812.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis pluribus, victor. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Occidit +signum hostile sidera surgunt.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Macedonian.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">STEPHANUS DECATUR NAVARCHUS, PUGNIS PLURIBUS, VICTOR. (<i>Stephen +Decatur, a naval captain, conqueror in many battles.</i>) Bust of Captain +Decatur, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">OCCIDIT SIGNUM HOSTILE SIDERA SURGUNT. (<i>The enemy's standard falls, +the stars arise.</i>) Naval action between the United States frigate +United States, of forty-four guns, Captain Decatur, and the British +frigate Macedonian, of forty-nine guns, Captain Carden; the United +States, to leeward, is firing her port broadside; the Macedonian has +lost her mizzenmast, her fore and main-topmasts, and her mainyard. +Exergue: INTER STA. UNI. NAV. AMERI. ET MACEDO. NAV. ANG. DIE XXV +OCTOBRIS MDCCCXII. (<i>Inter United States navem Americanam et +Macedonian navem Anglicanam, die 25 Octobris, 1812: Between the +American vessel United States and the English vessel Macedonian, +October 25, 1812.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate028" name="plate028"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate028b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 028b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate028a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 028a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Stephen Decatur</span> was born in Sinnepuxent, Worcester County, Maryland, +January 5, 1779. He was appointed a midshipman, 1798; a lieutenant, +1799; served in the Mediterranean under Commodore Dale, 1801, and +under Commodore Preble, 1803; and, while in command of the Intrepid, +destroyed the Philadelphia, off Tripoli, February 15, 1804. For this +gallant deed he was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>(p. 164)</span> immediately promoted to the rank of +captain. He commanded a division of gunboats under Preble in the +subsequent attacks on Tripoli. On October 25, 1812, when in command of +the frigate United States, he captured the British frigate Macedonian, +Captain John Carden, for which action Congress gave him a vote of +thanks and a gold medal. In January, 1815, he left New London as +commodore, having his flag on the President, but was soon afterward +captured by an English fleet. The same year he sailed for the +Mediterranean in command of a squadron, and made treaties with +Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. On his return home he became a member of +the Naval Board. He was shot in a duel by Commodore Barron, at +Bladensburg, Maryland, March 22, 1820, and died the same evening.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.<a id="footnotetag79" name="footnotetag79"></a><a href="#footnote79">[79]</a></h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship United States</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">at Sea</span>, October 30, 1812.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Paul Hamilton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you, that on the 25th instant, + being in the latitude 29°, N., longitude 29°, 30', W., we fell in + with, and, after an action of an hour and a half, captured His + Britannic Majesty's ship Macedonian, commanded by Captain John + Carden, and mounting 49 carriage guns (the odd gun shifting). She + is a frigate of the largest class, two years old, four months out + of dock, and reputed one of the best sailors in the British + service. The enemy being to windward, had the advantage of + engaging us at his own distance, which was so great, that for the + first half hour we did not use our carronades, and at no moment + was he within the complete effect of our musketry or grape: to + this circumstance and a heavy swell, which was on at the time, I + ascribe the unusual length of the action.</p> + +<p>The enthusiasm of every officer, seaman, and marine on board this + ship, on discovering the enemy; their steady conduct in battle, + and precision of their fire, could not be surpassed. Where all + met my fullest expectations, it would be unjust for me to + discriminate. Permit me, however, to recommend to your particular + notice my first Lieutenant, William H. Allen. He has served with + me upwards of five years, and to his unremitted exertions in + disciplining the crew, is to be imputed the obvious superiority + of our gunnery exhibited in the result of this contest.</p> + +<p>Subjoined <span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>(p. 165)</span> is a list of the killed and wounded on both + sides. Our loss, compared with that of the enemy, will appear + small. Amongst our wounded, you will observe the name of + Lieutenant Funk, who died in a few hours after the action: he was + an officer of great gallantry and promise, and the service has + sustained a severe loss in his death.</p> + +<p>The Macedonian lost her mizzen-mast, fore and main-top-masts and + main yard, and was much cut up in her hull. The damage sustained + by this ship was not such as to render her return into port + necessary, and had I not deemed it important that we should see + our prize in, should have continued our cruize.</p> + +<p>With the highest consideration, I am, yours, etc.,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Stephen Decatur.</span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Killed and wounded"> +<colgroup> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="70%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>Killed</td> +<td class="td-right">5</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wounded</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +<td>—1 since dead.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">12</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">macedonian.</span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Killed and wounded"> +<colgroup> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="70%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>Killed</td> +<td class="td-right">36</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wounded</td> +<td class="td-right">68</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">104</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>(p. 166)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXIX" name="plateXXIX"><strong>Plate XXIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text28" name="text28"><strong>No. 28.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>December 29, 1812.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque +laudatus. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pugnando.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Java.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">GULIELMUS BAINBRIDGE PATRIA VICTISQUE LAUDATUS. (<i>William Bainbridge +praised by his country and by the vanquished foe.</i>) Bust of Captain +Bainbridge, in uniform, facing the right; underneath, a star. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. +F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PUGNANDO. (<i>In fighting.</i>) The naval action is over. The British +frigate Java, of forty-nine guns, Captain Lambert, is completely +dismasted; while the United States frigate Constitution, of forty-four +guns, Captain Bainbridge, is but slightly damaged in her rigging. +Exergue: <span class="smcap">INTER CONST. NAV. AMERI. ET JAV. NAV. ANGL. DIE XXIX DECEM. +MDCCCXII</span>. (<i>Inter Constitution navem Americanam et Java navem, +Anglicanam, die 29 Decembris, 1812: Between the American vessel +Constitution and the English vessel Java, December 29, 1812.</i>) <span class="smcap">FÜRST. +F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate029" name="plate029"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate029b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 029b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate029a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 029a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">William Bainbridge</span> was born in Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774. He +began life in the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant +in 1798, was master-commandant in 1799, and captain in 1800. With the +frigate George Washington he went to Algiers, whence he conveyed an +ambassador to Constantinople, the George Washington being the first +American vessel ever seen there. He commanded the Philadelphia when +she was lost off Tripoli, November 1, 1803. After his return to the +United States he did not serve again afloat till 1812, when he +obtained the command of the Constitution; and on December 29 of the +same year he captured the British frigate <span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>(p. 167)</span> Java, Captain +Lambert, for which action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a +gold medal. After the war he commanded twice in the Mediterranean, and +after 1821 served on shore, commanding different navy yards, and was +president of the Naval Board. He died in Philadelphia, July 28, 1833.</p> + +<hr class="third"> +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Bainbridge, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be, and he is hereby, requested to +present to Captain William Bainbridge, of the frigate Constitution, a +gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices; and a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag80" name="footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80">[80]</a> +with suitable emblems and devices, to each commissioned officer of the +said frigate, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress +of the gallantry, good conduct, and services of Captain Bainbridge, +his officers, and crew, in the capture of the British frigate Java, +after a brave and skillful combat.</p> + +<p>Approved March 3, 1813.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States frigate Constitution</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">St. Salvador</span>, January 3d, 1813.<br> +To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Secretary of the Navy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you that on the 29th ultimo, at + 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, in south latitude 13°, 06', and west longitude 39°, ten + leagues distance from the coast of Brazils, I fell in with and + captured His Britannic Majesty's frigate Java, of 49 guns, and + upwards of 400 men, commanded by Captain Lambert, a very + distinguished officer. The action lasted one hour and fifty-five + minutes, in which time the enemy was completely dismasted, not + having a spar of any kind standing. The loss on board the + Constitution was 9 killed and 25 wounded, as per enclosed list. + The enemy had 60 killed and 101 wounded, certainly (among the + latter, Captain Lambert, mortally), but by the enclosed letter, + written on board the ship (by one of the officers of the Java), + and accidentally found, it is evident that the enemy's wounded + must have been much greater than as above stated, and who must + have died of their wounds previously to their being removed. The + letter states 60 killed and 170 wounded.</p> + +<p>For <span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>(p. 168)</span> further details of the action, I beg leave to refer + you to the enclosed extracts from my journal. The Java had in + addition to her own crew upwards of one hundred supernumerary + officers and seamen, to join the British ships-of-war in the East + Indies: also Lieutenant-General Hyslop, appointed to the command + of Bombay, Major Walker and Captain Wood, of his staff, and + Captain Marshall, master and commander in the British navy, going + to the East Indies to take command of a sloop-of-war there.</p> + +<p>Should I attempt to do justice, by representation, to the brave + and good conduct of all my officers and crew, during the action, + I should fail in the attempt; therefore, suffice it to say, that + the whole of their conduct was such as to merit my highest + encomiums. I beg leave to recommend the officers particularly to + the notice of government, as also the unfortunate seamen who were + wounded, and the families of those men who fell in the action.</p> + +<p>The great distance from our own coast, and the perfect wreck we + made the enemy's frigate, forbid every idea of attempting to take + her to the United States; and not considering it prudent to trust + her in a port of Brazils, particularly St. Salvador, I had no + alternative but burning her, which I did on the 31st ultimo, + after receiving all the prisoners and their baggage, which was + very tedious work, only having one boat left (out of eight) and + not one left on board the Java.</p> + +<p>On blowing up the frigate Java, I proceeded to this place, where + I have landed all the prisoners on their parole, to return to + England and there remain until regularly exchanged, and not serve + in their professional capacities in any place or in any manner + whatever, against the United States of America, until the + exchange shall be effected.</p> + +<p>I have the honour to be, &c.,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">W. Bainbridge</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Extract from Captain Bainbridge's Journal, containing minutes of the +action with the British frigate Java.</i></p> + +<p>"<i>Wednesday, December 30th, 1812</i> (nautical time) in latitude 13 +degrees, 6 minutes South, and longitude 39 West, ten leagues from the +coast of Brazil, commences with clear weather and moderate breezes +from east north-east, hoisted our ensign and pendant. At 15 minutes +past meridian, the ship hoisted her colours, an English ensign having +a signal flying at her main, red, yellow and red. At 1.26 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> being +sufficiently from the land, and finding the ship to be an English +frigate, took in the main-sail and royals, tacked ship and stood for +the enemy. At 1.50 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the enemy bore down with the intention of +raking us, which we avoided by wearing. At 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the enemy being +within half a mile of us, and to windward, and having hauled down his +colours, except an Union Jack at the mizzen-mast head, induced me to +give orders to the officers of the 3d division to fire one gun ahead +of the enemy to make him show his colours, which being done, brought +on a fire from us of the whole broadside, on which the enemy hoisted +his colours and immediately returned our fire. A general action with +round and grape then commenced, the enemy keeping at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>(p. 169)</span> a much +greater distance than I wished, but could not bring him to closer +action without exposing ourselves to several rakes. Considerable +manœuvres were made by both vessels to rake and avoid being raked. +The following minutes were taken during the action:</p> + +<p>"At 2.10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> commenced the action within good grape and canister +distance, the enemy to windward, but much further than I wished. At +2.30 our wheel was shot entirely away; 2.40, determined to close with +the enemy, notwithstanding his raking, set the fore and main-sail and +luffed up close to him; 2.50, the enemy's jib-boom got foul of our +mizzen rigging; 3, the head of the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom shot +away by us; 3.5, shot away the enemy's foremast by the board; 3.15, +shot away his main-top-mast just above the cap; 3.40, shot away gaff +and spanker boom; 3.55, shot away his mizzenmast nearly by the board; +4.5, having silenced the fire of the enemy completely, and his colours +in main rigging being down, supposed he had struck, then hauled aboard +the courses to shoot ahead to repair our rigging, which was extremely +cut, leaving the enemy a complete wreck. Soon after discovered the +enemy's flag was still flying; hove to, to repair some of our damage; +4.20, the enemy's main-mast went nearly by the board; 4.50, wore ship +and stood for the enemy; 5.25, got very close to the enemy in a very +effectual <i>raking position</i>, athwart his bows, and was at the very +instant of raking him, when he most prudently struck his flag, for had +he suffered the broadside to have raked him, his additional loss must +have been extremely great, as he laid an unmanageable wreck upon the +water.</p> + +<p>"After the enemy had struck, wore ship and reefed the topsails, then +hoisted out one of the only two remaining boats we had left out of +eight, and sent Lieutenant Parker, 1st of the Constitution, to take +possession of the enemy, which proved to be His Britannic Majesty's +frigate Java, rated 38 but carried 49 guns, and manned with upwards of +400 men, commanded by Captain Lambert, a very distinguished officer, +who was mortally wounded. The action continued, from the commencement +to the end of the fire, one hour and fifty-five minutes. The +Constitution had 9 killed and 25 wounded. The enemy had 60 killed and +101 certainly wounded, but by a letter written on board the +Constitution, by one of the officers of the Java, and accidentally +found, it is evident the enemy's wounded must have been considerably +greater than as above stated, and who must have died of their wounds +previously to their being removed. The letter states 60 killed and 170 +wounded. The Java had her own complement of men complete, and upwards +of one hundred supernumeraries, going to join the British ships-of-war +in the East Indies; also several officers, passengers, going out on +promotion. The force of the enemy in number of men, at the +commencement of the action, was no doubt considerably greater than we +have been able to ascertain, which is upwards of 400 men. The officers +were extremely cautious in discovering the number. By her quarter bill +she had one man more stationed at each gun than we had.</p> + +<p>"The Constitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging, and many +of her spars injured. At 7 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the boat returned with Lieutenant +Chads, the first lieutenant of the enemy's frigate, and +Lieutenant-General Hyslop (appointed governor of Bombay), Major Walker +and Captain Wood, belonging to his staff. Captain Lambert, of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>(p. 170)</span> the Java, was too dangerously wounded to be removed +immediately. The cutter returned on board the prize for the prisoners, +and brought Captain Marshall, master and commander of the British +navy, who was passenger on board, as also several other naval +officers, destined for ships in the East Indies.</p> + +<p>"The Java was an important ship, fitted out in the completest manner, +to carry Lieutenant-General Hyslop and staff to Bombay, and several +naval officers for different ships in the East Indies; and had +despatches for St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, and every British +establishment in the India and China seas. She had on board copper for +a 74 and two brigs building at Bombay, and I expect a great many other +valuables; but everything was blown up in her except the officers' +baggage, when we set her on fire at 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, on the 1st of January, +1813 (nautical time)."</p> + + +<p class="tit-center">[Copy.]</p> + +<p class="center"><i>H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Prisoner on board the American frigate Constitution.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">St. Salvador, Brazils</span>, January 1st, 1813.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Lieutenant Peter V. Wood</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">22d Regiment of Foot,</span><br> +<span class="add6em">Isle of France or Bourbon, East Indies.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>: I am sorry to inform you of the unpleasant news of + Mr. Gascoigne's death. Mr. Gascoigne and myself were shipmates in + Marlboro', and first came to sea together. He was shot in the + early part of the action by a round shot in his right thigh, and + died a few minutes after; four others of his messmates shared the + same fate, together with 60 men killed and 170 wounded. The + official account you no doubt heard of before this reaches you. I + beg you will let all his friends and relations hear of his + untimely fate. We were on board the Java frigate for a passage to + India, when we fell in with this frigate. Two parcels I have sent + you under good care. Hope this will reach you safe.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Yours truly,</span><br> +<span class="col60">H. D.</span> <span class="smcap">Corneck</span>.</p> + +<p>[A true copy.]<br> + <span class="add4em smcap">William Bainbridge</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>(p. 171)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXX" name="plateXXX"><strong>Plate XXX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text29" name="text29"><strong>No. 29.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 4, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Edward <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. McCall navis Enterprise præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. + <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vivere sat vincere.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE McCALL.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">EDWARD R. <i>(Rutledge)</i> McCALL NAVIS ENTERPRISE <i>(sic)</i> PRÆFECTUS. SIC +ITUR AD ASTRA.<a id="footnotetag81" name="footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81">[81]</a> <i>(Edward Rutledge McCall, Commander of the vessel +Enterprize. Thus one attains glory.)</i> Bust of Lieutenant McCall, in +uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> <i>(fecit)</i>.</p> + +<p class="quote">VIVERE SAT VINCERE. <i>(To conquer is to live enough.)</i> Naval engagement +between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of fourteen guns, +Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British brig-of-war Boxer, of +fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize is raking the Boxer, +fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-topmast. Exergue: INTER +ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET BOXER NAV. BRIT.<a id="footnotetag82" name="footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82">[82]</a> DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. +<i>(Inter Enterprize navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4 +Septembris, 1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the +British vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.)</i> <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> <i>(fecit)</i>.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate030" name="plate030"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate030b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 030b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate030a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 030a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Edward Rutledge McCall</span> was born in Charleston, South Carolina, August +5, 1790. He entered the navy in January, 1808. In 1813 he was first +lieutenant of the Enterprize, under Lieutenant Burrows, in the action +with the Boxer, took the command after that officer fell, and captured +the British <span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>(p. 172)</span> vessel, for which gallant deed Congress gave him +a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He afterward served in the +Mediterranean under Commodore Perry, was promoted to the rank of +master-commandant in 1825, and to that of captain in 1835. He died in +Bordentown, New Jersey, July 31, 1853.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Lieutenants McCall, Burrows, +etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be requested to present to the nearest +male relative of Lieutenant William Burrows, and to Lieutenant Edward +R. McCall, of the brig Enterprize, a gold medal, with suitable emblems +and devices; and a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag83" name="footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83">[83]</a> with like emblems and devices, to +each of the commissioned officers of the aforesaid vessel, in +testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry +and good conduct of the officers and crew in the conflict with the +British sloop Boxer, on the fourth of September, in the year 1813. And +the President is also requested to communicate to the nearest male +relative of Lieutenant Burrows the deep regret which Congress feel for +the loss of that valuable officer, who died in the arms of victory, +nobly contending for his country's rights and fame.</p> + +<p>Approved January 6, 1814.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Navy Yard</span>, <span class="smcap">Portsmouth</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">September 14th, 1813.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to forward to you, by the mail, the flags + of the late British brig Boxer, which were nailed to her + mast-heads at the time she engaged, and was captured by, the + United States brig Enterprize.</p> + +<p>Great as the pleasure is that I derive from performing this part + of my duty, I need not tell you how different my feelings would + have been, could the gallant Burrows have had this honour.</p> + +<p>He went into action most gallantly, and the difference of injury + done the two vessels proves how nobly he fought.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Isaac Hull</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Lieutenant <span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>(p. 173)</span> McCall to Captain Hull.</i></p> + + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Brig Enterprize</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Portland</span>, September 7th, 1813.<br> +To <span class="smcap">Isaac Hull</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add2em">United States Navy Yard, Portsmouth.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In consequence of the unfortunate death of + Lieutenant-Commander William Burrows, late commander of this + vessel, it devolves on me to acquaint you with the result of our + cruize. After sailing from Portsmouth on the 1st instant, we + steered to the eastward, and on the morning of the 3d, off Wood + Island, discovered a schooner, which we chased into this harbour, + where we anchored. On the morning of the 4th weighed anchor and + swept out, and continued our cruize to the eastward. Having + received information of several privateers being off Manhagan, we + stood for that place; and on the following morning, in the bay + near Penguin Point, discovered a brig getting under weigh, which + appeared to be a vessel of war, and to which we immediately gave + chase. She fired several guns and stood for us, having four + ensigns hoisted. After reconnoitering and discovering her force, + and the nation to which she belonged, we hauled upon a wind to + stand out of the bay, and at 3 o'clock shortened sail, tacked and + ran down with an intention to bring her to close action. At 20 + minutes after 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, when within half pistol shot, the firing + commenced from both, and after being warmly kept up, and with + some manœuvering, the enemy hailed and said they had + surrendered, about 4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Their colours being nailed to the + masts, could not be hauled down. She proved to be His Britannic + Majesty's brig Boxer, of 14 guns, Samuel Blythe, Esquire, + commander, who fell in the early part of the engagement, having + received a cannon shot through the body. And I am sorry to add + that Lieutenant Burrows, who had gallantly led us to action, fell + also about the same time by a musket ball, which terminated his + existence in eight hours.</p> + +<p>The Enterprize suffered much in spars and rigging, and the Boxer + both in spars, rigging and hull, having many shots between wind + and water. It would be doing injustice to the merit of Mr. + Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, were I not to mention the able + assistance I received from him during the remainder of the + engagement, by his strict attention to his own division and other + departments. And the officers and crew, generally, I am happy to + add, from their cool and determined conduct, have my warmest + approbation and applause.</p> + +<p>As no muster roll that can be fully relied on came into my + possession, I cannot exactly state the number killed on board the + Boxer; but from information received from the officers of that + vessel, it appears that there are between twenty and twenty-five + killed, and fourteen wounded. Enclosed is a list of killed and + wounded on board the Enterprize.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Edward R. M'Call</span>, <i>Senior Officer</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Killed</i> 1. <i>Wounded</i> 13; of whom Lieutenant Burrows, Commander, + Midshipman Kervan Waters, and carpenter's mate Elisha Blossom, + have since died.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>(p. 174)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXI" name="plateXXXI"><strong>Plate XXXI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text30" name="text30"><strong>No. 30.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 4, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ +mæstam. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vivere +sat vincere.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Boxer.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">VICTORIAM TIBI CLARAM. PATRIÆ MÆSTAM (<i>sic</i>). (<i>A victory brilliant +for thee, sorrowful for thy country</i>). A funeral urn upon a tomb is +surrounded with naval emblems; a crown of laurel is hanging from a +trident, and in a cartoon of elliptical form: W. (<i>William</i>) BURROWS. +<span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">VIVERE SAT VINCERE. (<i>To conquer is to live enough.</i>) Naval engagement +between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of fourteen guns, +Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British brig-of-war Boxer, of +fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize is raking the Boxer, +fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-topmast. Exergue: INTER +ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET BOXER NAV. BRIT. DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. +(<i>Inter Enterprize navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4 +Septembris, 1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the +British vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.</i>) <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag84" name="footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84">[84]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate031" name="plate031"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate031b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 031b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate031a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 031a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">William Burrows</span> was born in Kenderton, near Philadelphia, October 6, +1785. He entered the navy as midshipman, January 4, 1800; served in +the Constitution under Commodore Preble in the campaign against +Tripoli; returned to America about 1807 as lieutenant, and served in +different vessels on various stations. In the summer of 1813, he +obtained the command of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>(p. 175)</span> sloop-of-war Enterprize, with +which, on September 5, he engaged the British sloop-of-war Boxer, +Captain Blythe, but was killed in the beginning of the action, as was +also the commander of the enemy's vessel, and they were both buried +with military honors at Portland, Maine. Congress, by joint +resolution, approved January 6, 1814, requested the President of the +United States to present to the nearest male relative of Lieutenant +Burrows a gold medal, and to communicate to him the deep regret they +felt at this officer's loss.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>(p. 176)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXII" name="plateXXXII"><strong>Plate XXXII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text31" name="text31"><strong>No. 31.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 10, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense. classim totam contudit. +<span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Viam invenit virtus +aut facit.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">OLIVERUS H. (<i>Hazard</i>) PERRY. PRINCEPS STAGNO ERIENSE. CLASSIM TOTAM +CONTUDIT. (<i>Oliver Hazard Perry, commander-in-chief, destroyed on Lake +Erie an entire fleet.</i>) Bust of Captain Perry, in uniform, facing the +right.</p> + +<p class="quote">VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (<i>Valor finds or makes a way.</i>) The +United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns, and +commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British fleet with +sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI. +ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (<i>Inter classim Americanam et +Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813: Between the American and British +fleets, September 10, 1813.</i>) <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate032" name="plate032"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate032b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 032b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate032a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 032a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Oliver Hazard Perry</span> was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, August +23, 1785. He entered the navy as a midshipman, April 7, 1799, on the +sloop-of-war General Greene, then commanded by his father, Captain +Christopher Raymond Perry. He served in the Mediterranean during the +Tripolitan war, was made lieutenant in 1807, and master-commandant in +1812, when he received a division of gunboats at Newport, Rhode +Island. In February, 1813, he was transferred to the command on Lake +Erie, where, on September 10, he defeated and captured the entire +British squadron under Captain Barclay. For this important victory he +received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and was promoted to +the rank of captain, and as <span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>(p. 177)</span> such commanded the Java in the +Mediterranean for several years. In March, 1819, he set out with a +squadron for the coast of South America, and died of yellow fever at +Port Spain, Trinidad, August 23, 1819. The remains of Commodore Perry +were transferred, in 1827, by order of the Government, in the United +States ship Lexington, to Newport, Rhode Island. His battle-flag on +Lake Erie, with the motto "Don't give up the ship!" is preserved in +the Naval Academy, at Annapolis.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Perry, Elliott, +etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks +of Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Captain Oliver +Hazard Perry, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen, +marines, and infantry serving as such, attached to the squadron under +his command, for the decisive and glorious victory gained on Lake +Erie, on the tenth of September, in the year 1813, over a British +squadron of superior force.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause gold medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the +two squadrons, and to present them to Captain Perry and Captain Jesse +D. Elliott, in such manner as will be most honourable to them; and +that the President be further requested to present a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag85" name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85">[85]</a> +with suitable emblems and devices, to each of the commissioned +officers, either of the navy or army, serving on board, and a sword to +each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters who so nobly distinguished +themselves on that memorable day.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +present a silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest +male relative of Lieutenant John Brooks, of the marines, and a sword +to the nearest male relatives of Midshipmen Henry Lamb, and Thomas +Claxton, jr., and to communicate to them the deep regret which +Congress feel for the loss of those gallant men, whose names ought to +live in the recollection and affection of a grateful country, and +whose conduct ought to be regarded as an example to future +generations.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the +common allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, marines, and +infantry serving as such, who so gloriously supported the honour of +the American flag, under the orders of their gallant commander, on +that signal occasion.</p> + +<p>Approved January 6, 1814.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><i>Resolved <span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>(p. 178)</span> by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled:</i> That the President of +the United States be requested to present a sword to the nearest male +relation of Midshipman John Clarke, who was slain gallantly combating +the enemy in the glorious battle gained on Lake Erie, under the +command of Captain Perry, and to communicate to him the deep regret +which Congress feels for the loss of that brave officer.</p> + +<p>Approved February 19, 1814.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">U.S. brig Niagara, off the Western Sisters</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Head of Lake Erie</span>, Sept. 10, 1813, 4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the + United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. + The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one + schooner, and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the + force under my command, after a sharp conflict.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60">O. H. <span class="smcap">Perry</span>.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States schooner Ariel</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Put-in-Bay</span>, Sept. 13, 1813.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In my last I informed you that we had captured the enemy's + fleet on this lake. I have now the honour to give you the most + important particulars of the action. On the morning of the 10th + instant, at sunrise, they were discovered from Put-in-Bay, where + I lay at anchor with the squadron under my command. We got under + weigh, the wind light at south-west, and stood for them. At 10 + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the wind hauled to south-east and brought us to windward; + formed the line and bore up. At 15 minutes before 12, the enemy + commenced firing; at five minutes before 12, the action commenced + on our part. Finding their fire very destructive, owing to their + long guns, and its being mostly directed at the Lawrence, I made + sail, and directed the other vessels to follow, for the purpose + of closing with the enemy. Every brace and bow line being soon + shot away, she became unmanageable, notwithstanding the great + exertions of the sailing master. In this situation, she sustained + the action upwards of two hours within canister distance, until + every gun was rendered useless, and the greater part of her crew + either killed or wounded. Finding she could no longer <span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>(p. 179)</span> + annoy the enemy, I left her in charge of Lieutenant Yarnall, who, + I was convinced, from the bravery already displayed by him, would + do what would comport with the honour of the flag. At half-past + two, the wind springing up Captain Elliot was enabled to bring + his vessel, the Niagara, gallantly into close action. I + immediately went on board of her, when he anticipated my wish by + volunteering to bring the schooner which had been kept astern by + the lightness of the wind into close action. It was with + unspeakable pain that I saw, soon after I got on board the + Niagara, the flag of the Lawrence come down, although I was + perfectly sensible that she had been defended to the last, and + that to have continued to make a show of resistance would have + been a wanton sacrifice of the remains of her brave crew. But the + enemy was not able to take possession of her, and circumstances + soon permitted her flag again to be hoisted. At 45 minutes past 2 + the signal was made for "close action." The Niagara being very + little injured, I determined to pass through the enemy's line, + bore up and passed ahead of their two ships and a brig, giving a + raking fire to them from the starboard guns, and to a large + schooner and sloop, from the larboard side, at half pistol shot + distance. The smaller vessels at this time having got within + grape and canister distance, under the direction of Captain + Elliot, and keeping up a well directed fire, the two ships, a + brig and a schooner surrendered, a schooner and sloop making a + vain attempt to escape.</p> + +<p>Those officers and men who were immediately under my observation, + evinced the greatest gallantry, and I have no doubt that all + others conducted themselves as became American officers and + seamen. Lieutenant Yarnall, first of the Lawrence, although + several times wounded, refused to quit the deck. Midshipman + Forrest (doing duty as lieutenant), and sailing-master Taylor, + were of great assistance to me. I have great pain in stating to + you the death of Lieutenant Brooks, of the marines, and + midshipman Lamb, both of the Lawrence, and midshipman John + Clarke, of the Scorpion; they were valuable and promising + officers. Mr. Hambleton, purser, who volunteered his services on + deck, was severely wounded late in the action. Midshipman Claxton + and Swartout, of the Lawrence, were severely wounded. On board + the Niagara, Lieutenants Smith and Edwards, and midshipman + Webster (doing duty as sailing-master) behaved in a very handsome + manner. Captain Brevoort, of the army, who acted as a volunteer + in the capacity of a marine officer, on board that vessel, is an + excellent and brave officer, and with his musketry did great + execution. Lieutenant Turner, commanding the Caledonia, brought + that vessel into action in the most able manner, and is an + officer that, in all situations, may be relied on. The Ariel, + Lieutenant Parker, and Scorpion, sailing-master Champlin, were + enabled to get early into action, and were of great service. + Captain Elliot speaks in the highest terms of Mr. Magrath, + purser, who had been despatched in a boat on service, previous to + my getting on board the Niagara, and, being a seaman, since the + action has rendered essential service in taking charge of one of + the prizes. Of Captain Elliot, already so well known to the + government, it would be almost superfluous to speak; in this + action, he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgment; and, + since the close of the action, has given me the most able and + essential assistance.</p> + +<p>I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>(p. 180)</span> have the honour to enclose you a return of the killed + and wounded, together with a statement of the relative force of + the squadrons. The captain and first lieutenant of the Queen + Charlotte, and first lieutenant of the Detroit, were killed. + Captain Barclay, senior officer, and the commander of the Lady + Prevost, severely wounded. Their loss in killed and wounded I + have not yet been able to ascertain; it must, however, have been + very great.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">O. H. Perry</span>.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Statement of the force of the British squadron.</i></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="British force"> +<colgroup> + <col width="40%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="1%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="24%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>Ship Detroit</td> +<td class="td-right">19</td> +<td class="td-right">guns:</td> +<td> </td> +<td>1 on pivot and</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td>howitzers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Queen Charlotte</td> +<td class="td-right">17</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Schooner Lady Prevost</td> +<td class="td-right">13</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brig Hunter</td> +<td class="td-right">10</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sloop Little Belt</td> +<td class="td-right">3</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Schooner Chippeway</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td>swivels.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +<td colspan="5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">63</td> +<td>guns.</td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>: The Detroit is a new ship, very strongly built, and mounts long +twenty-fours, eighteens and twelves.</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Statement of the force of the United States squadron.</i></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="U.S. force"> +<colgroup> + <col width="40%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="50%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>Brig Lawrence</td> +<td class="td-right">20</td> +<td>guns.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">Niagara</span></td> +<td class="td-right">20</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">Caledonia</span></td> +<td class="td-right">3</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Schooner Ariel</td> +<td class="td-right">4</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td>(1 burst early in action.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">Scorpion</span></td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">Somers</span></td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td>and 2 swivels.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sloop Trippe</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Schooner Tigress</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">Porcupine</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">54</td> +<td>guns.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The exact number of the enemy's force has not been ascertained, but I +have good reason to believe that it exceeded ours by nearly 100 men.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">S. Hambleton</span>, <i>Purser</i>.<br> + <span class="smcap">O. H. Perry</span>, <i>Captain and senior officer</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The Secretary of the Navy to George Harrison.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Navy Department</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 4th, 1814.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">George Harrison</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Navy Agent, Philadelphia.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In order to have made the swords and medals contemplated by + the inclosed resolutions of Congress, I have to request that you + will engage artists for that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>(p. 181)</span> purpose whose abilities + and taste will insure their being executed in the best manner. + You will perceive by the resolution that the device for the medal + for Captains Perry and Elliott must be emblematical of the action + on Lake Erie; and, it appears to me, that representations of the + several engagements are the most suitable devices for the others. + The best representations of those engagements yet engraved may be + seen, I understand, in the Academy of Arts at Philadelphia, where + the artists and amateurs might readily determine on the devices. + The number of dies for the medals will be as follows, viz.:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Dead"> +<colgroup> + <col width="40%"> + <col width="5%"> + <col width="50%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>Capture of the Guerrière by the Constitution</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="add1em">Macedonian by the United States</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="add1em">Frolic by the Wasp</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="add1em">Java by the Constitution</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="add1em">Peacock by the Hornet</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span><span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="add1em">Boxer by the Enterprize</span></td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Victory on Lake Erie</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-right">Dies</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The reverse of the medals will be properly appropriated to the + respective portraits of the several commanders, which, I believe, + have all been published. These, however, ought to be correct + likenesses. Of the number of medals of each kind to be struck, + you will be informed in due time.</p> + +<p>As it will scarcely be possible to represent distinctly the + deeply interesting scenes of the memorable victory of Erie on one + face of the medal, it may be well to omit the portrait of + Commodore Perry, and divide the representation of the action into + two prominent and distinct parts which mark the crisis of the + battle, in the first terminating with the abandonment of the + Lawrence, and the passage of the hero in his gig, with his flag, + from that ship to the Niagara. Second, the bringing up of the + gunboats and small vessels by Captain Elliott, and the subsequent + breaking through the enemy's line and capture of his whole fleet. + Thus the entire action may be distinctly and beautifully + represented.</p> + +<p>Herewith you will receive one of the medals struck for Commodore + Preble, which is tolerably well executed and of good size. The + emblematical figures ought to be bold and distinct, rather than + minutely delineated, which renders the effect less striking and + enhances the labour and cost. With respect to the cost it must be + regulated by a due attention to the views of the Legislature and + to economy without parsimony.</p> + +<p>The number is considerable, and will require all the artists who + are qualified for the execution.</p> + +<p>It is very desirable to have them completed as soon as possible, + and particularly before the next meeting of Congress. If the + number of artists in Philadelphia shall not be sufficient, you + will employ those of New York or elsewhere. I submit this + business to your care with confidence and pleasure, because I + know that your own discriminating tastes and judgment in these + matters will be combined with your admiration of the men, and the + scenes to be commemorated, in producing the best and most speedy + execution.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>(p. 182)</span> sword for Captain Elliott will be an elegant dress + sword; a cut and thrust, with belt, &c., such in form as is + prescribed for a dress sword of a captain in the navy, but + decorated with devices and inscriptions suitable to the occasion, + and finished in the best style the sum of $800 will procure. The + swords of the warrant officers, twelve in number, will be of the + same form and with proper belts, &c., will be finished in the + best style that $250 each will procure. These you will please + have finished as soon as possible.</p> + +<p>The medals should be finished in succession according to the + order of the dates of the events, unless the whole can be put in + hand at once, which is very desirable.</p> + +<p>I am respectfully, Sir, your most obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">W. Jones</span>, <i>Secretary of the Navy</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>(p. 183)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXIII" name="plateXXXIII"><strong>Plate XXXIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text32" name="text32"><strong>No. 32.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 10, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Viam invenit virtus aut facit.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Lake Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JESSE D. (<i>Duncan</i>) ELLIOTT. NIL ACTUM REPUTANS SI QUID SUPERESSET +AGENDUM.<a id="footnotetag86" name="footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86">[86]</a> (<i>Jesse Duncan Elliott. Considering nothing done, if +aught remained to be done.</i>) Bust of Captain Elliott, in uniform, +facing the right. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (<i>Valor finds or makes a way.</i>) The +United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns, and +commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British fleet with +sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI. +ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (<i>Inter classim Americanam et +Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813: Between the American and British +fleets, September 10, 1813.</i>) <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag87" name="footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87">[87]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate033" name="plate033"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate033b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 033b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate033a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 033a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Jesse Duncan Elliott</span> was born in Maryland, July 14, 1782. He was +appointed midshipman in 1804; was promoted to be lieutenant in 1810; +served under Commodore Chauncey on the lakes in 1812; and on October +8, commanding an expedition, he cut out two British ships from under +Fort Erie. For this daring act Congress voted him a sword of honor. He +was master-commandant <span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>(p. 184)</span> in July, 1813; and second in command +in Perry's victory on Lake Erie, for which he received from Congress a +vote of thanks and a gold medal. On Perry's departure in October, +1815, he succeeded him in command. He became captain in 1818; and +afterward commanded the Mediterranean squadron, and the navy yards of +Boston and of Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia, December 10, +1845.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>(p. 185)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXIV" name="plateXXXIV"><strong>Plate XXXIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text33" name="text33"><strong>No. 33.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 24, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Jac Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Mansuetud. +maj. quam victoria.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Peacock.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAC. (<i>Jacobus</i>) LAWRENCE DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO PATRIA MORI<a id="footnotetag88" name="footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88">[88]</a> +(<i>James Lawrence. It is sweet and becoming to die for one's country.</i>) +Bust of Captain Lawrence in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">MANSUETUD. MAJ. QUAM VICTORIA. (<i>Mansuetudo major quam victoria: +Clemency greater than victory.</i>) The action is over. The United States +sloop-of-war Hornet, of twenty guns, Captain Lawrence, is lying to and +sending her boats to the rescue of the crew of the British brig-of-war +Peacock, of twenty-two guns, Captain Peake, which has lost her +mainmast, and is going down head foremost. Exergue: INTER HORNET NAV +AMERI ET PEACOCK NAV ANG DIE XXIV FEB MDCCCXIII. (<i>Inter Hornet, navem +Americanam, et Peacock, navem Anglicanam, die 24 Februarii, 1813: +Between the American vessel Hornet and the English vessel Peacock, +February 24, 1813.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate034" name="plate034"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate034b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 034b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate034a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 034a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Lawrence</span> was born in Burlington, New Jersey, October 1, 1781. He +was appointed a midshipman in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 1802; +served against Tripoli, 1802-1804, and was second in command under +Decatur, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>(p. 186)</span> in the Intrepid, when the Philadelphia was +destroyed off Tripoli. In 1810 he became master-commandant, and on +February 24, 1813, with the Hornet, captured the British brig-of-war +Peacock, Captain William Peake. For this action, Congress awarded him +a vote of thanks and a gold medal. As captain he commanded the +Chesapeake in 1813 and fell, mortally wounded, in the engagement with +the British ship Shannon, Captain Broke. His last words, when carried +below, were, "Don't give up the ship!" He died four days after the +combat, on June 5, 1813, and was buried with military honors at +Halifax, Nova Scotia. His remains were afterward taken to the United +States, and now lie in Trinity church-yard, New York city.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Lawrence, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be requested to present to the nearest +male relative of Captain James Lawrence, a gold medal, and a silver +medal<a id="footnotetag89" name="footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89">[89]</a> to each of the commissioned officers who served under him in +the sloop-of-war Hornet, in her conflict with the British +vessel-of-war, the Peacock, in testimony of the high sense entertained +by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew +in the capture of that vessel; and the President is also requested to +communicate to the nearest male relative of Captain Lawrence the sense +which Congress entertains of the loss which the naval service of the +United States has since sustained in the death of that distinguished +officer.</p> + +<p>Approved January 11, 1814.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship Hornet</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Holmes' Hole</span>, March 19th, 1813.<br> + To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you of the arrival, at this + port, of the United States ship Hornet, under my command, from a + cruise of 145 days, and to state to you, that after Commodore + Bainbridge left the coast of Brazils, (on the 6th of January + last,) the Hornet continued off the harbour of St. Salvador, + blockading the Bonne Citoyenne until the 24th, when the Montagu + 74 hove in sight, and chased me into the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>(p. 187)</span> harbour; but + night coming on, I wore and stood to the southward. Knowing that + she had left Rio Janeiro for the express purpose of relieving the + Bonne Citoyenne and the packet, (which I had also blockaded for + fourteen days, and obliged her to send her mail to Rio in a + Portuguese smack,) I judged it most prudent to change my cruising + ground, and stood to the eastward, with the view of cruising off + Pernambuco; and on the 4th day of February, captured the English + brig Resolution, from Rio Janeiro, bound to Maranham, with + coffee, jerked beef, flour, fustic and butter, and about 25,000 + dollars in specie. As the brig sailed dull, and could ill spare + hands to man her, I took out the money and set her on fire. I + then ran down the coast for Maranham, and cruised there for a + short time; from thence ran off Surinam. After cruising off that + coast from the 5th to the 22d of February, without meeting a + vessel, I stood for Demarara, with an intention, should I not be + fortunate on that station, to run through the West Indies, on my + way to the United States. But on the morning of the 24th, I + discovered a brig to leeward, to which I gave chase; ran into + quarter less four, and not having a pilot, was obliged to haul + off; the fort at the entrance of Demarara river at this time + bearing south west, distance about 2-1/2 leagues. Previously to + giving up the chase, I discovered a vessel at anchor without the + bar, with English colours flying, apparently a brig of war. In + beating round Corobano bank, in order to get at her, at half past + 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> I discovered another sail on my weather quarter edging + down for us. At 4.20 minutes she hoisted English colours, at + which time we discovered her to be a large man-of-war brig; beat + to quarters, and cleared ship for action; kept close by the wind, + in order, if possible, to get to the weather gage. At 5.10 + minutes, finding I could weather the enemy, I hoisted American + colours, and tacked. At 5.20 minutes, in passing each other, + exchanged broadsides within half pistol shot. Observing the enemy + in the act of wearing, I bore up, received his starboard + broadside, ran him close on board on the starboard quarter, and + kept up such a heavy and well directed fire, that in less than + fifteen minutes he surrendered, being literally cut to pieces, + and hoisted an ensign, union down, from his fore-rigging, as a + signal of distress. Shortly after, his main-mast went by the + board; dispatched Lieutenant Shubrick on board, who soon returned + with her first lieutenant, who reported her to be His Britannic + Majesty's late brig Peacock, commanded by Captain William Peake, + who fell in the latter part of the action; that a number of her + crew were killed and wounded, and that she was sinking fast, + having then six feet of water in her hold; dispatched the boats + immediately for the wounded, and brought both vessels to anchor. + Such shot-holes as could be got at were then plugged, her guns + thrown overboard, and every possible exertion used to keep her + afloat, until the prisoners could be removed, by pumping and + bailing, but without effect, and she unfortunately sunk in five + and a half fathoms water, carrying down thirteen of her crew and + three of my brave fellows, viz.: John Hart, Joseph Williams, and + Hannibal Boyd. Lieutenant Conner, Midshipman Cooper, and the + remainder of the Hornet's crew, employed in removing the + prisoners, with difficulty saved themselves by jumping in a boat + that was lying on her bows as she went down. Four men, of the + thirteen mentioned, were so fortunate as to gain the fore-top, + and were afterwards taken off by the boats. Previous to her going + down, four of her men took to her stern boat, which had been much + damaged during the action, which <span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>(p. 188)</span> I hope reached the + shore in safety; but from the heavy sea running at the time, the + shattered state of the boat, and the difficulty of landing on the + coast, I much fear they were lost. I have not been able to + ascertain from her officers the exact number killed. Captain + Peake and four men were found dead on board. The master, one + midshipman, carpenter, and captain's clerk, and twenty-nine + seamen were wounded, most of them very severely; three of them + died of their wounds after being removed, and nine drowned. Our + loss was trifling in comparison. John Place, killed; Samuel + Coulson and Joseph Dalrymple, slightly wounded; George Coffin and + Lewis Todd, severely burnt by the explosion of a cartridge. Todd + survived only a few days. Our rigging and sails were much cut; + one shot through the foremast, and the bowsprit slightly injured. + Our hull received little or no damage. At the time the Peacock + was brought to action, the L'Espiègle (the brig mentioned above + as being at anchor), mounting sixteen two-and-thirty pound + carronades, and two long nines, lay at about six miles in shore, + and could plainly see the whole of the action. Apprehensive that + she would beat out to the assistance of her consort, such + exertions were made by my officers and crew in repairing damages, + &c., that by 9 o'clock the boats were stowed, a new set of sails + bent, and the ship completely ready for action. At 2 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> got + under weigh, and stood by the wind to the northward and westward, + under easy sail.</p> + +<p>On mustering next morning, found we had 277 souls on board, + including the crew of the American brig Hunter, of Portland, + taken a few days before by the Peacock. And, as we had been on + two-thirds allowance of provisions for some time, and had but + 3,400 gallons of water on board, I reduced the allowance to three + pints a man, and determined to make the best of my way to the + United States.</p> + +<p>The Peacock was deservedly styled one of the finest vessels of + her class in the British navy, probably about the tonnage of the + Hornet. Her beam was greater by five inches, but her extreme + length not so great by four feet. She mounted sixteen twenty-four + pound carronades, two long nines, one twelve-pound carronade on + her topgallant-forecastle, as a shifting gun, and one four or + six-pounder, and two swivels mounted aft. I find, by her + quarter-bill, that her crew consisted of 134 men, four of whom + were absent in a prize.</p> + +<p>The cool and determined conduct of my officers and crew during + the action, and their almost unexampled exertions afterwards, + entitled them to my warmest acknowledgments, and I beg leave most + earnestly to recommend them to the notice of government.</p> + +<p>By the indisposition of Lieutenant Stewart I was deprived of the + services of an excellent officer; had he been able to stand the + deck I am confident his exertions would not have been surpassed + by any one on board. I should be doing injustice to the merits of + Lieutenant Shubrick, and of acting-lieutenants Conner and Newton, + were I not to recommend them particularly to your notice. + Lieutenant Shubrick was in the actions with the Guerrière and + Java. Captain Hull and Commodore Bainbridge can bear testimony to + his coolness and good conduct on both occasions.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">With the greatest respect, I remain, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">James Lawrence</span>.</p> + +<p>P.S. At the commencement of the action my sailing master and + seven men were absent in a prize, and Lieutenant Stewart and six + men on the sick list.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>(p. 189)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXV" name="plateXXXV"><strong>Plate XXXV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text34" name="text34"><strong>No. 34.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 11, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas. Reg. Brit superavit. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno +latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">THO. MACDONOUGH. STAGNO CHAMPLAIN CLAS. REG. BRIT. SUPERAVIT. <i>(Thomas +Macdonough Stagno Champlain classim Regis Britannia superavit: Thomas +Macdonough defeated the Royal British fleet on Lake Champlain.)</i> Bust +of Captain Macdonough, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> +<i>(fecit)</i>.</p> + +<p class="quote">UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT. <i>(Beaten on one side, he +fearlessly turns the other.)</i> Naval action on Lake Champlain, between +the United States fleet, carrying eighty-six guns, under Captain +Macdonough, and the British fleet, with ninety-five guns, commanded by +Commodore Downie. To the right, the city of Plattsburgh in flames. +Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. <i>(Inter +classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between +the American and British fleets, September 11, 1814.)</i> On the +platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> <i>(fecit)</i>.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate035" name="plate035"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate035b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 035b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate035a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 035a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Thomas Macdonough</span> was born in Newcastle County, Delaware, December 23, +1783. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800; served in the +Tripolitan campaign, and was with Decatur in the Intrepid, when the +latter blew up the Philadelphia. He was made a lieutenant in February, +1807, and a master-commandant in July, 1813. He defeated the British +squadron, commanded by Commodore George Downie, on Lake Champlain, +September 11, 1814, for which victory he received the thanks of +Congress and a gold medal, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>(p. 190)</span> and was promoted to the rank of +captain. He commanded the Mediterranean squadron for several years, +and died at sea, November 18, 1825, of consumption, on his homeward +voyage to the United States.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Macdonough and +Henley, Lieutenant Cassin, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks +of Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Captain Thomas +Macdonough, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen, +marines, and infantry serving as marines, attached to the squadron +under his command, for the decisive and splendid victory gained on +Lake Champlain, on the eleventh of September, in the year one thousand +eight hundred and fourteen, over a British squadron of superior force.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause gold medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the +two squadrons, and to present them to Captain Macdonough and Captain +Robert Henley, and also to Lieutenant Stephen Cassin, in such a manner +as may be most honourable to them; and that the President be further +requested to present a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag90" name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90">[90]</a> with suitable emblems and +devices, to each of the commissioned officers of the navy and army +serving on board, and a sword to each of the midshipmen and +sailing-masters, who so nobly distinguished themselves in that +memorable conflict.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +present a silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest +male relative of Lieutenant Peter Gamble, and of Lieutenant John +Stansbury, and to communicate to them the deep regret which Congress +feel for the loss of those gallant men, whose names ought to live in +the recollection and affection of a grateful country.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the +common allowance, to all petty officers, seamen, marines, and infantry +serving as marines, who so gloriously supported the honour of the +American flag on that memorable day.</p> + +<p>Approved October 20, 1814.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Complimentary to Lieutenant Silas Duncan.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States in Congress assembled</i>: That the provisions of the joint +resolutions of Congress passed October twentieth, eighteen hundred and +fourteen, entitled "Resolution expressive of the sense of Congress of +the gallant conduct of Captain Thomas Macdonough, the officers, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>(p. 191)</span> seamen and marines, and infantry serving as marines on board +of the United States squadron on Lake Champlain," be so construed and +extended as to include the names of Silas Duncan, a lieutenant in the +Navy of the United States, in testimony of the sense which is +entertained by both houses of Congress of the distinguished gallantry +and good conduct of the said Lieutenant Duncan, in an action with the +enemy's forces on the sixth of September, eighteen hundred and +fourteen, on the same lake.</p> + +<p>Approved May 13th, 1826.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Ship Saratoga</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Off Plattsburgh</span>, September 11th, 1814.<br> +To the Honorable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory + on Lake Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and + two sloops-of-war of the enemy.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, &c.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">T. Macdonough</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Ship Saratoga</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Plattsburgh Bay</span>, September 13th, 1814.<br> +To the Honorable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to give you the particulars of the action + which took place on the 11th instant, on this lake.</p> + +<p>For several days the enemy were on their way to Plattsburgh by + land and water, and it being well understood that an attack would + be made at the same time by their land and naval forces, I + determined to await, at anchor, the approach of the latter.</p> + +<p>At 8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the look-out boat announced the approach of the enemy. + At 9, he anchored in a line ahead, at about 300 yards distance + from my line; his ship was opposed to the Saratoga, his brig to + the Eagle, Captain Robert Henley, his gallies, thirteen in + number, to the schooner, the sloop, and a division of our + gallies, one of his sloops assisting their ship and brig, the + other assisting their gallies. Our remaining gallies, with the + Saratoga and Eagle.</p> + +<p>In this situation, the whole force on both sides became engaged, + the Saratoga suffering much, from the heavy fire of the + Confiance. I could perceive at the same time, however, that our + fire was very destructive to her. The Ticonderoga, Lieutenant + Commandant Cassin, gallantly sustained her full share of the + action. At half-past 10 o'clock, the Eagle not being able to + bring her guns to bear, cut her cable, and anchored in a more + eligible position, between my ship and the Ticonderoga, where + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>(p. 192)</span> she very much annoyed the enemy, but unfortunately, + leaving me exposed to a galling fire from the enemy's brig. Our + guns on the starboard side being nearly all dismounted, or not + manageable, a stern anchor was let go, the bower cut, and the + ship winded with a fresh broadside on the enemy's ship, which + soon after surrendered. Our broadside was then sprung to bear on + the brig, which surrendered in about 15 minutes after.</p> + +<p>The sloop that was opposed to the Eagle had struck some time + before, and drifted down the line; the sloop which was with their + gallies having struck also. Three of their gallies are said to be + sunk, the others pulled off. Our gallies were about obeying with + alacrity the signal to follow them, when all the vessels were + reported to me to be in a sinking state. It then became necessary + to annul the signal to the gallies, and order their men to the + pumps. I could only look at the enemy's gallies going off in a + shattered condition, for there was not a mast in either squadron + that could stand to make sail on; the lower rigging being nearly + shot away, hung down as though it had been just placed over mast + heads.</p> + +<p>The Saratoga had 55 round shot in her hull, the Confiance 105. + The enemy's shot passed principally just over our heads, as there + were not 20 whole hammocks in the nettings after the close of the + action, which lasted, without intermission, two hours and twenty + minutes.</p> + +<p>The absence and sickness of Lieutenant Raymond Perry left me + without the services of that excellent officer; much ought fairly + to be attributed to him for his great care and attention in + disciplining the ship's crew, as her first lieutenant. His place + was filled by a gallant young officer, Lieutenant Peter Gamble, + who, I regret to inform you, was killed early in the action. + Acting-lieutenant Vallette worked the first and second division + of guns with able effect. Sailing-master Brum's attention to the + springs, and in the execution of the order to wind the ship, and + occasionally at the guns, met my entire approbation; also Captain + Youngs, commanding the acting marines, who took his men to the + guns. Mr. Beale, purser, was of great service at the guns, and in + carrying my orders throughout the ship, with Midshipman + Montgomery. Master's mate Joshua Justin had command of the third + division; his conduct during the action was that of a brave + officer. Midshipmen Monteath, Graham, Williamson, Platt, Thwing, + and Acting-Midshipman Baldwin all behaved well, and gave evidence + of their making valuable officers. The Saratoga was twice set on + fire by hot shot from the enemy's ship.</p> + +<p>I close, Sir, this communication with feelings of gratitude for + the able support I received from every officer and man attached + to the squadron which I have the honour to command.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">T. Macdonough</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>(p. 193)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXVI" name="plateXXXVI"><strong>Plate XXXVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text35" name="text35"><strong>No. 35.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 11, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu per æternit. florebit. +<span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno latere percusso. alterum impavide +vertit.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ROB. HENLEY EAGLE PRÆFECT. PALMA VIRTU. PER ÆTERNIT. FLOREBIT. +(<i>Robertus Henley, Eagle præfectus; palma virtutis per æternitatem +florebit: Robert Henley, commander of the Eagle. The palm of bravery +will flourish forever.</i>) Bust of Captain Henley, in uniform, facing +the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT. (<i>Beaten on one side, he +fearlessly turns the other.</i>) Naval action on Lake Champlain, between +the United States fleet, carrying eighty-six guns, under Captain +Macdonough, and the British fleet, with ninety-five guns, commanded by +Commodore Downie. To the right the city of Plattsburgh in flames. +Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. (<i>Inter +classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between +the American and British fleets, September 11, 1814.</i>) On the +platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag91" name="footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91">[91]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate036" name="plate036"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate036b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 036b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate036a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 036a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Robert <span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>(p. 194)</span> Henley</span> was born in James City County, Virginia, +January 5, 1783. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799, and was +on board of the Constellation, under Captain Truxtun, during her +combat with La Vengeance; he was a lieutenant in 1807; a commander +August 12, 1814; obtained the Eagle, and was second in command to +Macdonough in his victory on lake Champlain, September 11, 1814, +receiving for his conduct on that occasion the thanks of Congress and +a gold medal. He was appointed captain, March 3, 1825; served in the +home squadron and in the West Indies, and died on Sullivan's Island, +South Carolina, October 7, 1828.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>(p. 195)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXVII" name="plateXXXVII"><strong>Plate XXXVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text36" name="text36"><strong>No. 36.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 11, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ regio in terris nos. non plena +lab. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Uno latere +percusso. alterum impavide vertit.</p> + +<h4>LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Lake Champlain.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">STEP. CASSIN TICONDEROGA PRÆFECT. QUÆ REGIO IN TERRIS NOS. NON PLENA +LAB.<a id="footnotetag92" name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92">[92]</a> (<i>Stephanus Cassin, Ticonderoga præfectus. Quæ regio in +terris nostri non plena laboris: Stephen Cassin, commander of the +Ticonderoga. What region of the earth is not full of our works.</i>) Bust +of Lieutenant Cassin, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT. (<i>Beaten on one side, he +fearlessly turns the other.</i>) Naval action on Lake Champlain, between +the United States fleet, carrying eighty-six guns, under the command +of Captain Macdonough, and the British fleet, with ninety-five guns, +commanded by Commodore Downie. To the right the city of Plattsburgh in +flames. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. +(<i>Inter classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: +Between the American and British fleets, September 11, 1814.</i>) On the +platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag93" name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93">[93]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate037" name="plate037"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate037b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 037b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate037a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 037a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Stephen <span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>(p. 196)</span> Cassin</span> was born in Philadelphia, February 16, 1783. +He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, served in the Tripolitan +campaign, and became a lieutenant in 1807. He commanded the +Ticonderoga in Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain, September 11, +1814, and for his conduct on that occasion was promoted to the rank of +master, and received a vote of thanks and a gold medal from Congress. +He was made captain, March 3, 1825, commanded for some time the navy +yard at Washington, District of Columbia, and died there, April 29, +1857.</p> + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>(p. 197)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXVIII" name="plateXXXVIII"><strong>Plate XXXVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text37" name="text37"><strong>No. 37.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 29, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pro patria paratus aut +vincere aut mori.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Épervier.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">LUDOVICUS WARRINGTON DUX NAVALIS AMERI. (<i>Americanus</i>) (<i>Lewis +Warrington, American naval commander.</i>) Bust of Captain Warrington, in +uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PRO PATRIA PARATUS AUT VINCERE AUT MORI. (<i>Prepared to conquer or die +for his country.</i>) Naval action between the United States sloop-of-war +Peacock, of eighteen guns, Captain Warrington, and the British +brig-of-war Épervier, of eighteen guns, Captain Wales; the Peacock, to +leeward, is firing her port broadside. The Épervier has lost her +main-topmast Exergue: INTER PEACOCK NAV. AMERI ET EPERVIE (<i>sic</i>) NAV. +ANG. DIE XXIX MAR. MDCCCXIV. (<i>Inter Peacock navem Americanam et +Épervier navem Anglicanam, die 29 Martii, 1814: Between the American +vessel Peacock and the English vessel Épervier, March 29, 1814.</i>) +<span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate038" name="plate038"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate038b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 038b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate038a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 038a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Lewis Warrington</span> was born in Williamsburgh, Virginia, November 3, +1782. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and served under +Commodore Preble in the Tripolitan campaign; was lieutenant, 1807; and +master-commandant, 1813. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>(p. 198)</span> He sailed from New York in March, +1814, in command of the sloop-of-war Peacock, and on the 29th of the +same month took the British brig-of-war Épervier, Captain Wales, for +which gallant deed he received the thanks of Congress and a gold +medal. He was promoted to the rank of captain in November of the same +year, and subsequently served on the Naval Board. In 1842 he became +chief of the ordnance and hydrographic bureau of the Navy Department, +in which capacity he died in Washington, October 12, 1851.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Warrington, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be requested to present to Captain +Lewis Warrington, of the sloop-of-war Peacock, a gold medal, with +suitable emblems and devices, and a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag94" name="footnotetag94"></a><a href="#footnote94">[94]</a> with like +emblems and devices, to each of the commissioned officers, and a sword +to each of the midshipmen, and to the sailing-master of said vessel, +in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of the +gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew, in the action +with the British brig Épervier, on the 29th day of April, in the year +one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, in which action the decisive +effect and great superiority of the American gunnery were so signally +displayed.</p> + +<p>Approved October 21, 1814.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States sloop Peacock, at sea</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Latitude 27° 47´, longitude 89°.</span><br> +<span class="col60">April 29th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you that we have this morning + captured, after an action of 42 minutes, His Majesty's brig + Épervier, Captain Wales, rating and mounting 18 thirty-two pound + carronades, with 128 men, of whom 8 were killed and 15 wounded, + according to the best information we could obtain. Among the + latter is her first lieutenant, who has lost an arm, and received + a severe splinter wound in the hip. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>(p. 199)</span> Not a man in the + Peacock was killed, and only two wounded, neither dangerously so. + The fate of the Épervier would have been determined in much less + time, but for the circumstance of our fore-yard being totally + disabled by two round shots in the starboard quarter from her + first broadside, which entirely deprived us of the use of our + fore and fore-top sails, and compelled us to keep the ship large + throughout the remainder of the action. This, with a few top-mast + and top-gallant back-stays cut away, a few shots through our + sails, is the only injury the Peacock has sustained. Not a round + shot touched our hull; our masts and spars are as sound as ever. + When the enemy struck he had five feet water in his hold, his + main top-mast was over the side, his main-boom shot away, his + fore-mast cut nearly in two and tottering, his fore rigging and + stays shot away, his bowsprit badly wounded, and forty-five shot + holes in his hull, twenty of which were within a foot of his + water line. By great exertion we got her in sailing order just as + dark came on.</p> + + <p>In fifteen minutes after the enemy struck, the Peacock was ready + for another action, in every respect but her fore-yard, which was + sent down, finished and had the fore-sail set again in forty-five + minutes: such was the spirit and activity of our gallant crew. + The Épervier had under her convoy an English hermaphrodite brig, + a Russian and a Spanish ship, which all hauled their wind, and + stood to the east-northeast. I had determined upon pursuing the + former, but found that it would not answer to leave our prize in + her then crippled state, and the more particularly so, as we + found she had in her $120,000 in specie, which we soon + transferred to this sloop. Every officer, seaman, and marine did + his duty, which is the highest compliment I can pay them.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">L. Warrington</span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>(p. 200)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXXXIX" name="plateXXXIX"><strong>Plate XXXIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text38" name="text38"><strong>No. 38.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 28, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav. Wasp dux. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Eheu! bis victor +patria tua te luget plauditq.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Reindeer.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOHNSTON BLAKELEY REIP. FÆD. AM. NAV. WASP DUX. (<i>Johnston Blakeley, +Reipublicæ Fæderatæ Americanæ navis Wasp dux: Johnston Blakeley, +Captain of the American Federal Republic's vessel Wasp.</i>) Bust of +Captain Blakeley, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">EHEU! BIS VICTOR PATRIA TUA TE LUGET PLAUDITQ. (<i>Plauditque</i>) (<i>Alas! +twice conqueror, thy country laments and applauds thee.</i>) Naval action +between the United States sloop-of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns, Captain +Blakeley, and the British sloop-of-war Reindeer, of eighteen guns, +Captain Manners; the Wasp, to windward, is firing her port broadside. +The British vessel is striking her colors. Exergue: INTER WASP NAV. +AMERI. ET REINDEER NAV. ANG. DIE XXVIII JUNIUS (<i>sic</i>) MDCCCXIV. +(<i>Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Reindeer navem Anglicanam, die 28 +Junius, 1814: Between the American vessel Wasp and the English vessel +Reindeer, June 28, 1814.</i>) On the platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate039" name="plate039"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate039b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 039b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate039a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 039a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Johnston <span class="pagenum"><a id="page201" name="page201"></a>(p. 201)</span> Blakeley</span> was born at Seaford, County Down, Ireland, +October, 1781. He was brought, when very young, to North Carolina, +where his parents settled, and where they died while he was still a +child. He entered the navy as a midshipman, February 5, 1800, and +served under Commodore Preble in the Tripolitan campaign. In 1813, +when a lieutenant, he commanded the Enterprize, and in the same year +became master-commandant of the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which, on June +28, 1814, he took the British sloop-of-war Reindeer, Commander William +Manners. For this memorable action Congress gave him a vote of thanks +and a gold medal. He afterward cruised off the coast of France, and +was lost at sea in the Wasp, of which no news has ever been received.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Blakeley, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be requested to present to Captain +Johnston Blakeley, of the sloop Wasp, a gold medal, with suitable +devices, and a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag95" name="footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95">[95]</a> with like devices, to each of the +commissioned officers, and also a sword to each of the midshipmen, and +the sailing-master of the aforesaid vessel, in testimony of the high +sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the +officers and crew, in the action with the British sloop-of-war +Reindeer, on the twenty-eighth of June, in the year one thousand eight +hundred and fourteen; in which action determined bravery and cool +intrepidity, in nineteen minutes, obtained a decisive victory by +boarding.</p> + +<p>Approved November 3, 1814.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship Wasp</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">L'Orient</span>, July 8th, 1814.<br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">William Jones</span><br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On Tuesday, the 28th instant, being then in latitude 48° + 36´, north, and longitude 11° 15´ west, we fell in with, engaged, + and after an action of nineteen minutes, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>(p. 202)</span> captured His + Britannic Majesty's sloop-of-war the Reindeer, William Manners, + Esquire, commander.</p> + +<p>Where all did their duty and each appeared anxious to excel, it + is very difficult to discriminate. It is, however, only rendering + them their merited due, when it is declared of Lieutenants Reily + and Bury, 1st and 3d of this vessel, and whose names will be + found among those of the conquerors of the Guerrière and Java; + and of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, who was greatly + instrumental in the capture of the Boxer; that their conduct and + courage on this occasion fulfilled my highest expectations and + gratified every wish. Sailing-master Carr is also entitled to + great credit for the zeal and ability with which he discharged + his various duties.</p> + +<p>The cool and patient conduct of every officer and man, while + exposed to the fire of the shifting gun of the enemy, and without + an opportunity of returning it, could only be equalled by the + animation and ardour exhibited when actually engaged, or by the + promptitude and firmness with which every attempt of the enemy to + board was met and successfully repelled. Such conduct may be + seen, but cannot well be described.</p> + +<p>The Reindeer mounted sixteen 24 pound carronades, two long 6 or 9 + pounders, and a shifting 12 pound carronade, with a complement + (on board) of 118 men. Her crew were said to be the pride of + Plymouth.</p> + +<p>Our loss in men has been severe, owing in part to the proximity + of the two vessels and the extreme smoothness of the sea, but + chiefly in repelling boarders. That of the enemy, however, was + infinitely more so, as will be seen by the list of killed and + wounded on both sides.</p> + +<p>Six round shot struck our hull, and many grape which did not + penetrate far. The fore-mast received a 24 pound shot, which + passed through its centre, and our rigging and sails were a good + deal injured.</p> + +<p>The Reindeer was literally cut to pieces in a line with her + ports; her upper works, boats and spare spars, were one complete + wreck. A breeze springing up next afternoon, her fore-mast went + by the board.</p> + +<p>Having received all the prisoners on board, which from the number + of wounded occupied much time, together with their baggage, the + Reindeer was on the evening of the 29th, set on fire, and in a + few hours blew up.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">J. Blakeley</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Killed and Wounded.</i> The loss on board the Reindeer was 25 + killed and 42 wounded, total 67. On board the Wasp, 5 killed and + 21 wounded, principally in boarding; among the latter, midshipmen + Langdon and Toscan, both of whom expired some days after the + action.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>(p. 203)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXL" name="plateXL"><strong>Plate XL.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text39" name="text39"><strong>No. 39.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Jacob Brown. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November 3. +1814.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL JACOB BROWN. Bust of General Brown, in uniform, facing +the right. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. In the center of a trophy, +composed of the enemy's arms and flags, are the Roman fasces, emblem +of the strength and of the union of America. The fasces are surrounded +by a crown of laurel, from which hang three cartoons, each bearing the +name of one of the three victories: "NIAGARA" "ERIE" "CHIPPEWA". At +the foot of the trophy the American eagle, with outspread wings, holds +in its talons a British standard. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA. JULY +5. 1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE. SEP. (<i>September</i>) 17. 1814. +<span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate040" name="plate040"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate040b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 040b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate040a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 040a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Jacob Brown</span> was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1775. He +began life as a school teacher, and afterward became a land surveyor +in Ohio. He removed to Jefferson County, New York, in 1799; was made a +colonel of New York militia, 1809; a brigadier-general of the same, +1810; and distinguished himself by his defence of Sackett's Harbor, +May 29, 1813. He <span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>(p. 204)</span> was appointed a brigadier-general in the +United States army, July 19, 1813; major-general, January 24, 1814; +and, in the same year, commander-in-chief on the Canada frontier. In +this capacity he won the battles of Chippewa, July 5; Niagara, July +25; and Erie, September 17. For these victories Congress gave him a +vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became commander-in-chief of the +army in 1821, and died at head-quarters in Washington, February 24, +1828.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Generals Brown, Scott, +Porter, Gaines, Macomb, Ripley, and Miller.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks of Congress +be, and they are hereby, presented to Major General Brown, and through +him, to the officers and men of the regular army, and of the militia +under his command, for their gallantry and good conduct in the +successive battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, in Upper Canada, in +which British veteran troops were beaten and repulsed by equal or +inferior numbers; and that the President of the United States be +requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematical of these +triumphs, and presented to Major-General Brown.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, +and presented to Major-General Scott, in testimony of the high sense +entertained by Congress of his distinguished services in the +successive conflicts of Chippewa and Niagara, and of his uniform +gallantry and good conduct in sustaining the reputation of the arms of +the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause gold medals to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and +presented to Brigadier-General Ripley, Brigadier-General Miller, and +Major-General Porter, in testimony of the high sense entertained by +Congress of their gallantry and good conduct in the several conflicts +of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, +presented to Major-General Gaines, and through him to the officers and +men under his command, for their gallantry and good conduct in +defeating the enemy at Erie on the fifteenth of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>(p. 205)</span> August, +repelling with great slaughter the attack of a British veteran army, +superior in numbers; and that the President of the United States be +requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematical of this +triumph, and presented to Major-General Gaines.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, +presented to Major-General Macomb, and through him to the officers and +men of the regular army under his command, and to the militia and +volunteers of New York and Vermont, for their gallantry and good +conduct, in defeating the enemy at Plattsburgh on the eleventh of +September, repelling with one thousand five hundred men, aided by a +body of militia and volunteers from New York and Vermont, a British +veteran army, greatly superior in number; and that the President of +the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, +emblematical of this triumph, and presented to Major-General Macomb.</p> + +<p>Approved November 3, 1814.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Major-General Brown to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head Quarters, Chippewa Plains</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 7th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the 2d instant I issued my order for crossing the Niagara + river, and made the arrangements deemed necessary for securing + the garrison of Fort Erie. On the 3d that post surrendered at 5 + <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Our loss in this affair was four of the 25th regiment, + under Major Jessup, of Brigadier-General Scott's brigade, + wounded. I have enclosed a return of the prisoners, of the + ordnance and ordnance stores captured.</p> + +<p>To secure my rear, I have placed a garrison in this fort, and + requested Captain Kennedy to station his vessels near the post.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 4th, Brigadier-General Scott, with his + brigade and a corps of artillery, was ordered to advance toward + Chippewa, and be governed by circumstances; taking care to secure + a good military position for the night. After some skirmishing + with the enemy, he selected this plain with the eye of a soldier, + his right resting on the river, and a ravine being in front. At + 11 at night I joined him with the reserve, under General Ripley, + our field and battering train, and corps of artillery under Major + Hindman. General Porter arrived the next morning with a part of + the New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, and some of the + warriors of the Six Nations.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning of the 5th, the enemy commenced a petty war + upon our pickets, and, as he was indulged, his presumption + increased; by noon he showed himself on the left of our extensive + line, and attacked one of our pickets as it was returning to + camp. Captain Treat, who commanded it, retired disgracefully, + leaving a wounded man on the ground. Captain Biddle, of the + artillery, who was near the scene, impelled by feelings highly + honourable to him as a soldier and officer, promptly assumed the + command of this picket, led it back to the wounded man and + brought him off the field. I ordered Captain Treat, on the post, + to retire from the army, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>(p. 206)</span> as I am anxious that no + officer shall remain under my command who can be suspected of + cowardice. I advise that Captain Treat<a id="footnotetag96" name="footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96">[96]</a> be struck from the + rolls of the army.</p> + +<p>At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, agreeably to a plan I had given + General Porter, he advanced from the rear of our camp, with the + volunteers and Indians (taking the woods in order to keep out of + view of the enemy), with the hope of bringing his pickets and + scouting parties between his (Porter's) line of march, and our + camp. As Porter moved, I ordered the parties advanced in front of + our camp to fall back gradually, under the enemy's fire, in order + to draw him, if possible, up to our line. About half past 4, the + advance of General Porter's command met the light parties of the + enemy in the woods, upon our extreme left. The enemy were driven, + and Porter advancing near to Chippewa, met their whole column in + order of battle. From the cloud of dust rising, and the heavy + firing, I was led to conclude that the entire force of the enemy + was in march, and prepared for action. I immediately ordered + General Scott to advance with his brigade, and Towson's + artillery, and meet them upon the plain in front of our camp. The + general did not expect to be gratified with a field engagement. + He advanced in the most prompt and officer-like style, and in a + few minutes was in close action upon the plain, with a superior + force of British regular troops. By this time General Porter's + command had given way, and fled in every direction, + notwithstanding his personal gallantry, and great exertions to + stay their flight. The retreat of the volunteers and Indians + caused the left flank of General Scott's brigade to be greatly + exposed. Captain Harris, with his dragoons, was directed to stop + the fugitives, behind the ravine fronting our camp; and I sent + Colonel Gardner to order General Ripley to advance with the 21st + regiment which formed part of the reserve, pass to the left of + our camp, skirt the woods so as to keep out of view, and fall + upon the rear of the enemy's right flank. This order was promptly + obeyed, and the greatest exertions were made by the 21st regiment + to gain their position, and close with the enemy, but in vain; + for such was the zeal and gallantry of the line commanded by + General Scott, that its advance upon the enemy was not to be + checked. Major Jessup, commanding the left flank battalion, + finding himself pressed in front and in flank, and his men + falling fast around him, ordered his battalion to "support arms + and advance;" the order was promptly obeyed, amidst the most + deadly and destructive fire. He gained a more secure position, + and returned upon the enemy so galling a discharge, as caused + them to retire. By this time, their whole line was falling back, + and our gallant soldiers pressing upon them as fast as possible. + As soon as the enemy had gained the sloping ground, descending + towards Chippewa, and distant a quarter of a mile, he broke and + ran to gain his works. In this effort he was too successful, and + the guns from his batteries opening immediately upon our line, + checked in some degree the pursuit. At this moment I resolved to + bring up all my ordnance and force the place by a direct attack, + and gave the order accordingly. Major Wood, of the corps of + engineers, and my aid, Captain Austin, rode to the bank of the + creek towards the right of their line of works, and examined + them. I was induced by their report, the lateness of the hour, + and the advice of General Scott and Major Wood, to order the + forces to retire to camp.</p> + +<p>My <span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>(p. 207)</span> most difficult duty remains to be performed; I am + depressed with the fear of not being able to do justice to my + brave companions in arms, and apprehensive, that some who had an + opportunity of distinguishing themselves, and promptly embraced + it, will escape my notice.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Scott is entitled to the highest praise our + country can bestow: to him, more than any other man, I am + indebted for the victory of the 5th of July. His brigade has + covered itself with glory. Every officer and every man of the 9th + and 22d, 11th and 15th regiments <i>did his duty</i> with a zeal and + energy worthy of the American character. When every officer + stands so pre-eminently high in the path of his duty and honour, + it is impossible to discriminate, but I cannot deprive myself of + the pleasure of saying, that Major Leavenworth commanded the 9th + and 22d, Major Jessup the 25th, and Major McNeil the 11th. + Colonel Campbell was wounded early in the action, gallantly + leading on his regiment.</p> + +<p>The family of General Scott were conspicuous in the field; + Lieutenant Smith of the 6th infantry, major of brigade, and + Lieutenants Worth and Watts his aids.</p> + +<p>From General Ripley and his brigade, I received every assistance + that I gave them an opportunity of rendering. I did not order any + part of the reserve into action until General Porter's command + had given way, and then General Scott's movements were so rapid + and decisive, that General Ripley could not get up in time with + the 21st, to the position as directed. The corps of artillery + under Major Hindman were not generally in action; this was not + their fault. Captain Towson's company was the only one that had a + full opportunity of distinguishing itself, and it is believed + that no company ever embraced an opportunity with more zeal or + more success.</p> + +<p>A detachment from the 2d brigade under the command of + Lieutenant-Colonel McDonald, penetrated the woods with the + Indians and volunteers, and for their support. The conduct of + McDonald and his command reflects high honour on the brigade to + which they belong.</p> + +<p>The conduct of General Porter has been conspicuously gallant. + Every assistance in his power to afford, with the description of + force under his command, has been rendered. We could not expect + him to contend with the British column of regulars which appeared + upon the plains of Chippewa. It was no cause of surprise to me to + see his command retire before this column.</p> + +<p>Justice forbids that I should omit to name my own family. They + yield to none in honourable zeal, intelligence, and attention to + duty. Colonel Gardner, Major Jones, and my aids, Captains Austin + and Spencer, have been as active and as much devoted to the cause + as any officers of the army. Their conduct merits my warmest + acknowledgments; of Gardner and Jones I shall have occasion again + to speak to you.</p> + +<p>Major Camp, deputy-quarter-master-general, deserves my particular + notice and approbation. By his great exertions, I was enabled to + find the means of crossing. Captain Daliba, of the ordnance + department, has rendered every service in his power.</p> + +<p>The inclosed return will show you our loss, and furnish you with + the names of the dead and wounded officers. These gallant men + must not be forgotten. Our country will remember them, and do + them justice.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">With great respect, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Jacob Brown</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page208" name="page208"></a>(p. 208)</span> Orders.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Adjutant-General's Office, left Division</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">Chippewa Plains</span>, July 6th, 1814.</p> + +<p>Major-General Brown has the gratification to say, that the soldiers of +the 2d division, west of the Niagara, merit greater applause than he +is able to bestow in general orders; they merit the highest +approbation of the country. The conduct of Brigadier-General Scott's +brigade, which had the opportunity to engage the whole force of the +enemy, the greater part, it is believed, of all in the peninsula, +removes on the day of this battle the reflection on our country, that +its reputation in arms is yet to be established. His brigade consists +of battalions of the 9th, the 11th, the 25th and a detachment of the +22d. Towson's company of artillery, which was attached to it, +gallantly commenced, and with it sustained the action.</p> + +<p>The volunteers and Indians performed their part; they drove the +enemy's Indians and light troops until they met the British army: they +meet the general's approbation.</p> + +<p>Of the reports of killed and wounded, the names of the wounded +officers will be mentioned, in order that they may be rewarded with +that honourable mention which is due.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">By order of Major-General Brown.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">C. K. Gardner</span>, <i>Adj't Gen.</i></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Brown to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Buffalo</span>, August, 1814.<br> +To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Confined as I was, and have been, since the last engagement + with the enemy, I fear that the account I am about to give may be + less full and satisfactory than under other circumstances it + might have been made. I particularly fear that the conduct of the + gallant men it was my good fortune to lead, will not be noticed + in a way due to their fame and the honour of our country.</p> + +<p>You are already apprized that the army had, on the 25th ultimo, + taken a position at Chippewa. About noon of that day, Colonel + Swift, who was posted at Lewistown advised me by express that the + enemy appeared in considerable force in Queenstown, and on its + heights; that four of the enemy's fleet had arrived during the + preceding night, and were then lying near Fort Niagara, and that + a number of boats were in view moving up the strait. Within a few + minutes after this intelligence had been received, I was further + informed by Captain Denmons, of the quarter-master's department, + that the enemy was landing at Lewistown, and that our baggage and + stores at Schlosser, and on their way thither, were in danger of + immediate capture. It is proper here to mention, that having + received advices as late as the 20th from General James, that our + fleet was then in port, and the commodore sick, we ceased to look + for co-operation from that quarter, and determined to disencumber + ourselves of baggage, and march directly for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>(p. 209)</span> Burlington + Heights. To mask this intention, and to draw from Schlosser a + small supply of provisions, I fell back upon Chippewa.</p> + +<p>As this arrangement, under the increased force of the enemy, left + much at hazard on our side of the Niagara, and as it appeared by + the before stated information, that the enemy was about to avail + himself of it, I conceived that the most effectual method of + recalling him from this object was to put myself in motion + towards Queenstown. General Scott, with his first brigade, + Towson's artillery, and all the dragoons and mounted men were + accordingly put in march on the road leading thither, with orders + to report, if the enemy appeared, and to call for assistance, if + that was necessary. On the general's arrival at the falls, he + learned that the enemy was in force directly in his front, a + narrow piece of woods alone intercepting his view of them. + Waiting only to give this information, he advanced upon them. By + this time Assistant Adjutant General Jones had delivered his + message, the action began, and before the remaining part of the + division had crossed the Chippewa, it had become close and + general between the advanced corps. Though General Ripley with + his second brigade, Major Hindman with the corps of artillery, + and General Porter at the head of his command, had respectively + pressed forward with ardour, it was not less than an hour before + they were brought to sustain General Scott, during which time his + command most skilfully and gallantly maintained the conflict. + Upon my arrival, I found that the general had passed the wood, + and engaged the enemy on the Queenstown road, and on the ground + to the left of it, with the 9th, 11th and 22d regiments, and + Towson's artillery. The 25th had been thrown to the right, to be + governed by circumstances.</p> + +<p>Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing + that they had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new + line with the advancing troops; and thus disengage General Scott, + and hold his brigade in reserve. Orders were accordingly given to + General Ripley. The enemy's artillery at this moment occupied a + hill which gave great advantage, and was the key of the whole + position. It was supported by a line of infantry. To secure + victory, it was necessary to carry this artillery and seize the + height. This duty was assigned to Colonel Miller, while, to + favour its execution, the 1st regiment, under the command of + Colonel Nicholas, was directed to manœuvre and amuse the + infantry. To my great mortification, this regiment, after a + discharge or two, gave way and retreated some distance, before it + could be rallied, though it is believed the officers of the + regiment exerted themselves to shorten this distance. In the mean + time, Colonel Miller, without regard to this occurrence, advanced + steadily and gallantly to his object, and carried the height and + the cannon. General Ripley brought up the 23d regiment, (which + had also faltered,) to his support, and the enemy disappeared + from before them. The 1st regiment was now brought into line on + the left of the 21st, and the detachment of the 17th and 19th, + General Porter occupying with his command the extreme left. About + this time, Colonel Miller carried the enemy's cannon. The 25th + regiment, under Major Jessup was engaged in a more obstinate + conflict with all that remained to dispute with us the field of + battle. The major, as has been already stated, had been ordered + by General Scott, at the commencement of the action, to take + ground to his right. He had succeeded in turning the enemy's + flank; had captured (by a detachment under <span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>(p. 210)</span> Captain + Ketchum), General Riall and sundry other officers, and showed + himself again to his own army, in a blaze of fire, which defeated + or destroyed a very superior force of the enemy. He was ordered + to form on the right of the 2d regiment. The enemy rallying his + forces, and as is believed, having received reinforcements, now + attempted to drive us from our position and regain his artillery. + Our line was unshaken and the enemy repulsed. Two other attempts + having the same object, had the same issue. General Scott was + again engaged in repelling the former of these, and the last I + saw of him in the field of battle, he was near the head of his + column, and giving to its march a direction that would place him + on the enemy's right. It was with great pleasure I saw the good + order and intrepidity of General Porter's volunteers from the + moment of their arrival; but during the last charge of the enemy + those qualities were conspicuous. Stimulated by the examples set + them by their gallant leader, by Major Wood of the Pennsylvania + corps, by Colonel Dobbin of New York, and by their officers + generally, they precipitated themselves upon the enemy's line, + and made all the prisoners which were taken at this point of the + action.</p> + +<p>Having been for some time wounded, and being a good deal + exhausted by the loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the + command on General Scott, and retire from the field; but on + enquiry, I had the misfortune to learn, that he was disabled by + wounds; I therefore kept my post, and had the satisfaction to see + the enemy's last effort repulsed. I now consigned the command to + General Ripley.</p> + +<p>While retiring from the field, I saw and felt, that the victory + was complete on our part, if proper measures were promptly + adopted to secure it. The exhaustion of the men was, however, + such as made some refreshment necessary. They particularly + required water. I was myself extremely sensible of the want of + this necessary article. I therefore believed it proper, that + General Ripley and the troops should return to camp, after + bringing off the dead, the wounded, and artillery; and in this I + saw no difficulty, as the enemy had entirely ceased to act. + Within an hour after my arrival in camp, I was informed that + General Ripley had returned without annoyance, and in good order. + I now sent for him, and after giving him my reasons for the + measure I was about to adopt, ordered him to put the troops in + the best possible condition; to give to them the necessary + refreshment; to take the pickets and camp-guards, and every other + description of force; to put himself on the field of battle as + the day dawned, and there to meet and beat the enemy if he again + appeared. To this order he made no objection, and I relied upon + its execution. It was not executed. I feel most sensibly how + inadequate are my powers in speaking of the troops, to do justice + to their merits, or to my own sense of them. Under abler + direction, they might have done more and better.</p> + +<p>From the preceding details, you have new evidence of the + distinguished gallantry of Generals Scott and Porter, of Colonel + Miller and Major Jessup, of the 1st brigade. The chief, with his + aid-de-camp Worth, his major of brigade Smith, and every + commander of battalion, were wounded. The 2d brigade suffered + less; but as a brigade, their conduct entitled them to the + applause of their country. After the enemy's strong position had + been carried by the 21st and the detachments of the 17th and + 19th, the 1st and 23d assumed a new character. They could not + again be shaken or dismayed. Major McFarland, of the latter, fell + nobly at the head of his battalion.</p> + +<p>Under <span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>(p. 211)</span> the command of General Porter, the militia + volunteers of Pennsylvania and New York stood undismayed amidst + the hottest fire, and repulsed the veterans opposed to them. The + Canadian volunteers, commanded by Colonel Wilson, are reported by + General Porter as having merited and received his approbation.</p> + +<p>The corps of artillery commanded by Major Hindman, behaved with + its usual gallantry. Towson's company attached to the 1st + brigade, was the first and the last engaged, and during the whole + conflict maintained that high character which they had previously + won by their skill and their valour. Captains Biddle and Ritchie + were both wounded early in the action, but refused to quit the + field. The latter declared that he would never leave his piece; + and true to his engagement, fell by its side covered with wounds.</p> + +<p>The staff of the army had its peculiar merit and distinction. + Colonel Gardner, adjutant-general, though ill, was on horseback, + and did all in his power; his assistant, Major Jones, was very + active and useful. My gallant aids-de-camp, Austin and Spencer, + had many and critical duties to perform, in discharge of which + the latter fell; I shall ever think of this young man with pride + and regret; regret that his career has been so short; pride that + it has been so noble and distinguished. The engineers, Majors + McRee and Wood, were greatly distinguished on this day, and their + high military talents exerted with great effect; they were much + under my eye and near my person, and to their assistance a great + deal is fairly to be ascribed. I most earnestly recommend them as + worthy of the highest trust and confidence. The staff of Generals + Ripley and Porter, discovered great zeal and attention to duty. + Lieutenant E. B. Randolph, of the 20th regiment, is entitled to + notice; his courage was conspicuous.</p> + +<p>I enclose a return of our loss: those noted missing may generally + be numbered with the dead. The enemy had but little opportunity + of making prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Jacob Brown</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Brown to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, Camp Fort Erie</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">September 29th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In my letter of the 18th instant I briefly informed you of + the fortunate issue of the sortie which took place the day + preceding. But it is due to the gallant officers and men, to + whose bravery we are indebted for our success on this occasion, + that I should give you a more circumstantial and detailed account + of this affair.</p> + +<p>The enemy's camp I had ascertained to be situated in a field, + surrounded by woods, nearly two miles distant from their + batteries and entrenchments, the object of which was to keep the + parts of their force which was not upon duty, out of the range of + our fire from Fort Erie and Black Rock. Their infantry was formed + into three brigades, estimated at 1,200 or 1,500 men each. One of + these brigades, with a detail <span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>(p. 212)</span> from their artillery, was + stationed at their works, (these being but 500 yards distant from + old Fort Erie, and the right of our line). We had already + suffered much from the fire of two of their batteries, and were + aware that a third was about to open upon us. Under these + circumstances, I resolved to storm the batteries, destroy the + cannon, and roughly handle the brigade upon duty, before those in + reserve could be brought into action.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 17th, the infantry and riflemen, regulars + and militia, were ordered to be paraded, and put in readiness to + march precisely at 12 o'clock. General Porter with the + volunteers, Colonel Gibson with the riflemen, and Major Brooke + with the 23rd and 21st infantry, and a few dragoons acting as + infantry, were ordered to move from the extreme left of our + position, upon the enemy's right, by a passage opened through the + woods for the occasion. General Miller was directed to station + his command in the ravine, which lies between Fort Erie and the + enemy's batteries, by passing them by detachments through the + skirts of the wood, and the 21st infantry, under General Ripley, + was posted as a corps of reserve between the new bastions of Fort + Erie; all under cover and out of the view of the enemy.</p> + +<p>About 20 minutes before 3 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> I found the left columns, under + the command of General Porter, which were destined to turn the + enemy's right, within a few rods of the British entrenchments. + They were ordered to advance and commence the action. Passing + down the ravine, I judged from the report of musketry, that the + action had commenced on our left; I now hastened to General + Miller and directed him to seize the moment and pierce the + enemy's entrenchments between batteries No. 2 and 3. My orders + were promptly and ably executed. Within 30 minutes after the + first gun was fired, batteries No. 3 and 2, the enemy's line of + entrenchments, and his two block houses, were in our possession. + Soon after, battery No. 1 was abandoned by the British. The guns + in each were spiked by us, or otherwise destroyed, and the + magazine of No. 3 was blown up.</p> + +<p>A few minutes before the explosion, I had ordered up the reserve + under General Ripley. As he passed me at the head of his column, + I desired him, as he would be the senior in advance, to + ascertain, as near as possible, the situation of the troops in + general, and to have a care that not more was hazarded than the + occasion required; that, the object of the sortie effected, the + troops would retire in good order, &c. General Ripley passed + rapidly on; soon after, I became alarmed for General Miller, and + sent an order for the 21st to hasten to his support towards + battery No. 1. Colonel Upham received the order, and advanced to + the aid of General Miller. General Ripley had inclined to the + left, where Major Brooke's command was engaged, with a view of + making some necessary enquiries of that officer, and in the act + of doing so, was unfortunately wounded. By this time, the object + of the sortie was accomplished beyond my most sanguine + expectations. General Miller had consequently ordered the troops + on the right to fall back; observing this movement, I sent my + staff along the line to call in the other corps. Within a few + minutes they retired from the ravine, and from thence to camp.</p> + +<p>Thus, one thousand regulars, and an equal portion of militia, in + one hour of close action, blasted the hopes of the enemy, + destroyed the fruits of fifty days labour, and diminished his + effective force 1,000 men at least. I am at a loss how to express + my <span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>(p. 213)</span> satisfaction at the gallant conduct of the officers + and men of this division, whose valour has shown superior to + every trial. General Porter, in his official report herein + enclosed, has very properly noticed those patriotic citizens who + have done so much honour to themselves, by freely and voluntarily + tendering their services at a dangerous and critical period.</p> + +<p>As the scene of action was in a wood, in advance of the position + I had chosen for directing the movements of the whole, the + several reports of commandants of corps, must guide me in + noticing individuals.</p> + +<p>General Miller mentions Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, + Lieutenant-Colonel Beedle, Major Trimble, Captain Hull, Captain + Ingersoll, Lieutenant Crawford, Lieutenant Lee, and particularly + Ensign O'Fling, as entitled to distinction.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel McDonald, upon whom the command of the rifle + corps devolved, upon the fall of the brave and generous Gibson, + names Adjutant Shortridge, of the 1st, and Ballard of the 4th + regiments, as deserving the highest applause for their promptness + and gallantry in communicating orders. Of the other officers of + the corps, he reports generally, that the bravery and good + conduct of all was so conspicuous as to render it impossible to + discriminate.</p> + +<p>Major Brooke, to whom much credit is due for the distinguished + manner in which he executed the orders he received, speaks in + high terms of Lieutenants Goodell, Ingersoll, Livingston, and + ensigns Brant and O'Fling, of the 23d, particularly of the + latter. Also of Captain Simms, Lieutenants Bissel, Shore, and + Brinot, of the 1st infantry, and Lieutenant Watts, of the + dragoons.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Upham, who took the command of the reserve + after General Ripley was disabled, bestows great praise upon + Major Chambers, of the 4th regiment of riflemen, attached to the + 21st infantry, as also upon Captain Bradford and Lieutenant + Holding of that regiment.</p> + +<p>My staff, Colonel Snelling, Colonel Gardner, Major Jones, and my + aids-de-camp, Major Austin and Lieutenant Armstrong, were, as + usual, zealous, intelligent, and active; they performed every + duty required of them to my entire satisfaction.</p> + +<p>Major Hall, assistant inspector general, led a battalion of + militia, and conducted with skill and gallantry. Lieutenant + Kirby, aid-de-camp to General Ripley, was extremely active and + useful during the time he was in action.</p> + +<p>Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were in General Porter's staff; + their bravery was conspicuous, and no officers of their grade + were more useful.</p> + +<p>The corps of artillery, commanded by Major Hindman, which has + been so eminently distinguished throughout this campaign, had no + opportunity of taking a part in the sortie. The 25th infantry, + under Colonel Jessup, was stationed in Fort Erie to hold the key + of our position.</p> + +<p>Colonel Brady, on whose firmness and good conduct every reliance + could be placed, was in command at Buffalo with the remains of + the 22d infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel McRee and Lieutenant-Colonel + Wood, of the corps of engineers, having rendered to this army + services the most important, I must seize the opportunity of + again mentioning them particularly. On every trying occasion, I + have reaped much benefit from their sound and excellent advice. + No two officers of their grade could have contributed more to the + safety and honour of this army. Wood, brave, generous and + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>(p. 214)</span> enterprising, died as he had lived, without a feeling + but for the honour of his country and glory of her arms. His + <i>name</i> and <i>example</i> will live to guide the soldiers in the path + of duty so long as true heroism is held in estimation. McRee + lives to enjoy the approbation of every virtuous and generous + mind, and to receive the reward due to his services and high + military talents.</p> + +<p>It is proper here to notice, that although but one-third of the + enemy's force was on duty when his works were carried, the whole + were brought into action while we were employed in destroying his + cannon. We secured prisoners from seven of his regiments, and + know that the 6th and 87th suffered severely in killed and + wounded, yet these regiments were not upon duty.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-General Drummond broke up his camp during the night of + the 21st, and retired to his entrenchments behind the Chippewa. A + part of our men came up with the rear of his army at Frenchman's + creek; the enemy destroyed part of their stores by setting fire + to the building from which they were employed in conveying them. + We found in and about the camp a considerable quantity of cannon + ball, and upwards of one hundred stand of arms.</p> + +<p>I send you enclosed herein a return of our loss. The return of + prisoners enclosed does not include the stragglers that came in + after the action.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Jacob Brown</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Brown to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head Quarters, Fort Camp Erie</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">October 1st, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Looking over my official account of the action of the 17th + ultimo, I find that the names of the regiments which composed + General Miller's command have not been given. As I believe it + even more important to distinguish corps than individuals, I am + anxious to correct this mistake. General Miller on that day + commanded the remains of the 9th and 11th infantry, and a + detachment of the 19th. Of three field officers who were attached + to them, two were severely wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, + of the 9th, gallantly leading his men to the attack upon the + enemy's entrenchments; and Major Trimble, of the 19th, who was + shot within their works, conducting with great skill and bravery. + A detachment of the 17th regiment was attached to the 21st.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Jacob Brown</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>(p. 215)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLI" name="plateXLI"><strong>Plate XLI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text40" name="text40"><strong>No. 40.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Peter B. Porter. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November 3. +1814.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL PETER B. (<i>Buel</i>) PORTER. Bust of General Porter, in +uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged Victory, holding in +her right hand a palm branch and a wreath of laurel, and in her left +three standards, upon which are written: "ERIE" "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA." +She dictates to the muse of History, who is seated on the ground, +writing. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA. JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. +1814. ERIE. SEP. (<i>September</i>) 17. 1814. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate041" name="plate041"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate041b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 041b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate041a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 041a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Peter Buel Porter</span> was born in Salisbury, Connecticut, August 14, 1773. +He was graduated at Yale College, New Haven, in 1791; and studied law +and commenced practice in Canandaigua, New York, in 1795. He was a +member of Congress, 1809-1813; a major-general of New York volunteers, +1813; and distinguished himself at the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, +and Erie, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal.<a id="footnotetag97" name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97">[97]</a> He was again a member of Congress, 1815-1816; was appointed +a United States commissioner for determining the north-western +boundary, 1816; and was secretary of War in 1828-1829. He died at +Niagara Falls, March 20, 1844.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>(p. 216)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Brigadier-General P. B. Porter to Major-General Jacob Brown.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Fort Erie</span>, September 22d, 1814.<br> +To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Jacob Brown</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Major-General commanding.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In executing the duty you have imposed on me, of reporting + the conduct of the officers and men composing the left column, + which you were pleased to place under my command, in the sortie + of the 17th instant, the pleasure I derive in representing to you + the admirable conduct of the whole, is deeply chastened by sorrow + for the loss of many brave and distinguished men.</p> + +<p>Being obliged, from the nature of the ground, to act on foot, it + was impossible that my own personal observation should reach to + every officer. Some part of this report must therefore rest upon + the information of others.</p> + +<p>It is the business of this communication to speak of the conduct + of individuals; yet you will permit me to premise, although well + known to yourself already, that the object of the left column was + to penetrate by a circuitous route between the enemy's batteries, + where one-third of his force was always kept on duty, and his + main camp, and that it was sub-divided into three divisions: the + advance of 200 riflemen, and a few Indians, commanded by Colonel + Gibson, and two columns moving parallel to, and 30 yards distant + from, each other. The right column was commanded by + Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, headed by 400 infantry, under Major + Brooke, of the 23d, and followed by 500 volunteers and militia, + being parts of Lieutenant-Colonels Dobbin's, M'Burney's, and + Fleming's regiments, and was intended to attack the batteries.</p> + +<p>The left column of 500 militia was commanded by Brigadier-General + Davis, and comprised the commands of Lieutenant-Colonels Hopkins, + Churchhill and Crosby, and was intended to hold in check any + reinforcements from the enemy's camp; or both columns + (circumstances requiring it, which frequently happened) to + co-operate in the same object.</p> + +<p>After carrying by storm, in the handsomest style, a strong block + house, in rear of the third battery, making its garrison + prisoners, destroying the three 24-pounders and their carriages + in the third battery, and blowing up the enemy's magazine, and + after co-operating with General Miller in taking the second + battery, the gallant leaders of the three divisions all fell + nearly at the same time; Colonel Gibson, at the second battery, + and General Davis and Lieutenant-Colonel Wood in an assault upon + the first.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Davis, although a militia officer of little + experience, conducted on this occasion with all the coolness and + bravery of a veteran, and fell while advancing upon the enemy's + entrenchments. His loss as a citizen as well as a soldier, will + be severely felt in the patriotic county of Genesee. Colonel + Gibson fully sustained the high military reputation which he had + before so justly acquired. You know how exalted an opinion I have + always entertained of Lieutenant-Colonel Wood of the engineers. + His conduct on this day was what it uniformly has been, on every + similar occasion, an exhibition of military skill, acute + judgment, and heroic valour. Of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>(p. 217)</span> the other regular + officers, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Donald and Major Brooke, senior in + command, will report to you in relation to their respective + divisions. Permit me, however, to say of these two officers, + that, much as was left to them by the fall of their distinguished + leaders, they were able to sustain their parts in the most + admirable manner, and they richly deserve the notice of the + government.</p> + +<p>Of the militia, I regret that the limits of a report will not + permit me even to name all of those who on this occasion + established claims to the gratitude of their fellow citizens; + much less to particularize individual merit. Lieutenant-Colonels + Hopkins, M'Burney, Churchhill and Crosby, and Majors Lee, Marcle, + Wilson, Lawrence, Burr, Dunham, Kellogg and Ganson, are entitled + to the highest praise for their gallant conduct, their steady and + persevering exertions. Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin being prevented + by severe indisposition from taking the field, Major Hall, + assistant inspector general, volunteered his services to join + Major Lee in the command of the volunteer regiment; and Major Lee + and every other officer speak in the highest terms of the gallant + and good conduct of this young officer.</p> + +<p>Captain Fleming, who commanded the Indians, was, as he always is, + in the front of the battle. There is not a more intrepid soldier + in the army. I should be ungrateful were I to omit the names of + Captains Knapp and Hull of the volunteers, and Captain Parker and + Lieutenant Chatfield of the militia, by whose intrepidity I was, + during the action, extricated from the most unpleasant situation. + Captains Richardson, Buel and Kennedy, Lieutenants Parkhurst and + Brown, and Adjutants Dobbin, Bates and Robinson, particularly + distinguished themselves. The patriotic conduct of Captain + Elliot, with twenty young gentlemen, who volunteered from + Batavia, and of Major Hubbard, with fourteen men exempted by age + from military duty, should not be omitted. They were conspicuous + during the action.</p> + +<p>You will excuse me if I shall seem partial in speaking of my own + family, consisting of my brigade major, Frazer, my volunteer + aid-de-camp Riddle (both first lieutenants in the 15th infantry), + Captain Bigger, of the Canadian volunteers, Messrs. Williams and + Delapierre, volunteer aids for the day, all of whom, except Mr. + Williams, were wounded.</p> + +<p>Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were engaged for the most of the + preceding day with fatigue parties, cutting roads for the advance + of the column through the swamp, and falling timber to the rear, + and within 150 yards of the enemy's right; which service they + executed with so much address as to avoid discovery; and on the + succeeding day they conducted the two columns to the attack. + Frazer was severely wounded by a musket ball while spiking a gun + on the second battery. Riddle, after the first battery was + carried, descended into the enemy's magazine, and after securing + (with the assistance of quarter master Greene of the volunteers, + whose good conduct deserves much praise) a quantity of fixed + ammunition, blew up the magazine, and suffered severely by the + explosion. I must solicit, through you, Sir, the attention of the + general government to these meritorious young men. Captain Bigger + is an excellent officer, and rendered me much assistance, but was + dangerously wounded. The other young gentlemen are citizens, and + deserve much credit for their activity, and for having + voluntarily encountered danger. My aid-de-camp, Major Dox, was + confined at Buffalo by sickness.</p> + +<p>On <span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>(p. 218)</span> the whole, Sir, I can say of the regular troops + attached to the left column, of the veteran volunteers of + Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin's regiment, that every man did his + duty, and their conduct on this occasion reflects a new lustre on + their former brilliant achievements. To the militia, the + compliment is justly due, and I could pay them no greater one, + than to say, that they were not surpassed by the heroes of + Chippewa and Niagara in steadiness and bravery.</p> + +<p>The studied intricacy of the enemy's defences, consisting not + only of the breastwork connecting their batteries, but of + successive lines of entrenchments for a hundred yards in the + rear, covering the batteries and enfilading each other, and the + whole obstructed by abatis, brush and felled timber, was + calculated to produce confusion among the assailants, and led to + several contests at the point of the bayonet. But by our double + columns, any temporary irregularity in the one, was always + corrected by the other. Our success would probably have been more + complete but for the rain which unfortunately set in soon after + we commenced our march, which rendered the fire of many of our + muskets useless, and by obscuring the sun, led to several unlucky + mistakes. As an instance of this, a body of 50 prisoners who had + surrendered, were ordered to the fort in charge of a subaltern + and 14 volunteers; the officer mistaking the direction, conducted + them towards the British camp in the route by which we had + advanced, and they were re-taken with the whole of the guard, + excepting the officer and one man, who fought their way back. + Several of our stragglers were made prisoners by the same + mistake. But, Sir, notwithstanding these accidents, we have + reason to rejoice at our signal success, in inflicting a vastly + disproportionate injury on the enemy, and in wholly defeating all + his plans of operation against this army.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.</span><br> +<span class="col60">P. B.</span> <span class="smcap">Porter</span>,<br> +<span class="col40"><i>Brigadier General commanding Volunteers and Militia.</i></span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>(p. 219)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLII" name="plateXLII"><strong>Plate XLII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text41" name="text41"><strong>No. 41.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 5 and 25, August 15, and September 17, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress Novemb. +3. 1814.</p> + +<h4>BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER WHEELOCK RIPLEY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">BRIG. (<i>Brigadier</i>) GENERAL ELEAZER W. (<i>Wheelock</i>) RIPLEY. Bust of +General Ripley, in uniform, facing the right <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMB. (<i>November</i>) 3. 1814. A winged Victory, +standing, holds in her right hand a trumpet and a crown of laurel, and +with her left is hanging upon a palm tree a shield on which are the +words: "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA" "ERIE." Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY +5. 1814. NIAGARA JULY 25. 1814. ERIE. AUG. (<i>August</i>) 15. SEP. +(<i>September</i>) 17 1814. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag98" name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98">[98]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate042" name="plate042"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate042b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 042b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate042a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 042a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Eleazer Wheelock Ripley</span> was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, April 15, +1782. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, +in 1800, and studied law. He was speaker of the Legislature of +Massachusetts in 1812; a lieutenant-colonel the same year; colonel of +the 21st regiment of infantry, 1813; and a brigadier-general, 1814. He +distinguished himself at Chippewa, at Niagara, and at Erie, for which +services he received <span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>(p. 220)</span> the thanks of Congress and a gold +medal. He was wounded at Niagara, and again dangerously at Erie; was +breveted a major-general, July 25, 1814; resigned in 1820, and settled +in Louisiana, which he represented in Congress, 1835-1839. He died at +West Feliciana, Louisiana, March 2, 1839.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Brigadier-General E. W. Ripley to Brigadier-General Gaines.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Fort Erie</span>, August 17th, 1814.<br> +To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Brigadier-General Gaines</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I take the liberty of reporting you the cause of operations + on the left flank of the camp, during the action of the 15th + instant.</p> + +<p>From indications satisfactory to me, I was persuaded very early + of the enemy's design of attacking us in our position. Before any + alarm, I caused my brigade to occupy their alarm posts. On the + first fire of the picket, Captain Towson opened his artillery + upon them from Fort Williams, in a style which does him infinite + credit. It was continued with very great effect upon the enemy + during the whole action.</p> + +<p>The enemy advanced with fixed bayonets, and attempted to enter + our works between the fort and water. They brought ladders for + the purpose of scaling, and in order to prevent their troops from + resorting to any other course excepting the bayonet, had caused + all the flints to be taken from their muskets. The column that + approached in this direction consisted of Colonel Fischer's + command, and amounted in number to at least 1,500 men; and, + according to the representation of prisoners, they were 2,000 + strong. The companies posted at the point of the works, which + they attempted to escalade, were Captain Ross's, Captain + Marston's, Lieutenant Bowman's, and Lieutenant Larned's, of the + 21st regiment, not exceeding 250 men, under command of Major + Wood, of the engineer corps. On the enemy's approach they opened + their musketry upon them in a manner the most powerful. Fort + Williams and this little band, emitted one broad uninterrupted + sheet of light. The enemy were repulsed. They rallied, came on a + second time to the charge, and a party waded round our line by + the lake, and came in on the flank; but a reserve of two + companies, posted in the commencement of the action to support + this point, marched up and fired upon the party, who were all + killed or taken. Five times in this manner did the enemy advance + to the charge; five times were their columns beaten back in the + utmost confusion <span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>(p. 221)</span> by a force one-sixth of their numbers; + till at length finding the contest unavailing, they retired. At + this point we made 147 prisoners.</p> + +<p>During the contest in this quarter, the lines of the whole of the + left wing were perfectly lined, in addition to the reserves; and + I found myself able to detach three companies of the 23d regiment + from the left, to reinforce the troops at Fort Erie, viz.: + Captain Wattles', Lieutenant Cantine's, and Lieutenant Brown's + companies, and one of the 19th under Captain Chunn. They were in + the fort during the time of the explosion, and their conduct is + highly spoken of by Major Brooke, their commanding officer. + Indeed, from the high state to which that regiment has been + brought by Major Brooke, I am convinced that no troops will + behave better.</p> + +<p>In submitting to your view the conduct of the troops under my + command on this occasion, I find every thing to applaud, nothing + to reprehend. The utmost coolness and subordination was + manifested, both by the 21st and 23d regiments. To Major Wood I + feel particularly indebted. This officer's merits are so well + known, that approbation can scarcely add to his reputation. He + has the merit, with the Spartan band, in connection with Captain + Towson's artillery, of defeating a vaunting foe of six times his + force. Major Brooke did every thing in his power: and it affords + me pleasure at all times to call the attention of the general + commanding to this amiable and accomplished officer.</p> + +<p>The officers commanding companies immediately engaged, have my + highest commendation. Their conduct was most judicious and + gallant. I cannot refrain from adverting to the manner in which + Captain Towson's artillery was served. I have never seen it + equalled. This officer has so often distinguished himself, that + to say simply that he is in action, is a volume of eulogium; the + army, only to be informed he is there, by a spontaneous assent, + are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part. I have + no idea that there is an artillery officer in any service + superior to him in the knowledge and performance of his duty.</p> + +<p>The officers I have mentioned as commanding companies of the 21st + and 23d regiments, are particularly commended by their commanding + officers. Captain Marston, a most valuable officer, commanded a + first line of three companies opposed to the enemy's column. + Captain Ropes commanded the companies of reserve. Major Wood + reports in the highest terms of the good conduct of the + subalterns. Lieutenants Riddle, of the 15th, attached to the + 21st, and Hall, and ensigns Bean, Jones, Gumming, and Thomas, of + the 19th, as being extremely active, and performing their duties + with alacrity.</p> + +<p>The manner in which Lieutenant Belknap, of the 23d, retired with + his picket guard from before the enemy's column, excites my + particular commendation. He gave orders to fire three times as he + was retreating to camp, himself bringing up the rear. In this + gallant manner, he kept the light advance of the enemy in check, + for a distance of two or three hundred yards. I have to regret, + that when entering our lines after his troops, the enemy pushed + so close upon him that he received a severe wound from a bayonet.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Bushnel and Cissney, of the 19th, while gallantly + engaged with the enemy at Fort Erie, were both severely, if not + mortally, wounded. Their conduct merits the warmest approbation.</p> + +<p>Permit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>(p. 222)</span> me to recommend to your notice, the good conduct + of my staff, Lieutenant Kirby, of the corps of artillery, my + aid-de-camp, and Lieutenant Holding, acting brigade major; their + activity and zeal was entirely to my satisfaction.</p> + +<p>I close this long report, with stating to you, in the highest + terms of approbation, the skillfulness exhibited by Doctor + Fuller, surgeon of the 23d, and Doctor Trowbridge, surgeon of the + 21st infantry, with their mates Doctor Gale, of the 23d, and + Doctors Everett and Allen, of the 21st; their active, humane and + judicious treatment of the wounded, both of the enemy and of our + own, together with their steady and constant attention to the + duties of their station, must have attracted your personal + observation, and I am confident will receive your approbation.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">E. W. Ripley</span>,<br> +<span class="col40"><i>Brigadier-General commanding 2d Brigade.</i></span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>(p. 223)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLIII" name="plateXLIII"><strong>Plate XLIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text42" name="text42"><strong>No. 42.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Brigadier Genl. James Miller. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November 3. +1814.</p> + +<h4>BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">BRIGADIER GEN<sup>l</sup>. (<i>General</i>) JAMES MILLER. Bust of General Miller, +in uniform, facing the right. Exergue: I'LL TRY. His answer when he +received the order to attack the enemy's batteries on the hill at +Niagara. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. Colonel Miller, at the head +of his troops, is carrying the British batteries on the hill at +Niagara. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. +1814. ERIE SEP. (<i>September</i>) 17. 1814. <span class="smcap">furst. f.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate043" name="plate043"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate043b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 043b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate043a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 043a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Miller</span> was born in Peterborough, Hillsborough County, New +Hampshire, April 25, 1776. He practiced law from 1803 to 1808, when he +entered the army with the rank of major; was made a lieutenant-colonel +in 1810, and distinguished himself in the West, under Harrison; and +became colonel of the 21st infantry, March 9, 1814. He greatly +distinguished himself at Chippewa, Niagara, and at Erie, for which he +was breveted a brigadier-general and received the thanks of Congress +and a gold medal.<a id="footnotetag99" name="footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99">[99]</a> At Niagara, when ordered to carry the British +batteries on the heights, he made the celebrated reply, "I'll try, +Sir." He resigned in 1819; and was governor of Arkansas Territory in +1819-1825, and United States collector of customs at Salem, +Massachusetts, from 1825 to 1849. He died at Temple, New Hampshire, +June 7, 1851.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>(p. 224)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLIV" name="plateXLIV"><strong>Plate XLIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text43" name="text43"><strong>No. 43.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 5 and 25, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Winfield Scott. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November 3. +1814 etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Bust of General Scott, in uniform, +facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">A serpent, entwined in a wreath of laurel and palm, is biting its +tail—emblem of immortality through glory and victory. RESOLUTION OF +CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA +JULY 25. 1814. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag100" name="footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100">[100]</a>,<a id="footnotetag101" name="footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101">[101]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate044" name="plate044"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate044b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 044b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate044a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 044a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span> was born near Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786. He +was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, studied law, and +for some time engaged in practice. He was appointed captain of light +artillery, May 3, 1808, and served in Louisiana under General +Wilkinson, but resigned on account of differences with him. He was +made lieutenant-colonel of the 2d artillery, July 6, 1812, and was +taken prisoner at Queenstown Heights, Upper Canada, in the following +October. He became colonel of the 2d artillery and adjutant-general +under General Dearborn, March 18, 1813, and brigadier-general March 9, +1814. He distinguished himself at Chippewa, July 5, and on July 25, at +Niagara (Lundy's Lane) where he was severely wounded. Congress gave +him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for Chippewa and Niagara, and he +was breveted a major-general, September 14, 1814. He went on a mission +to Europe in 1815; was sent to Maine to settle the boundary question +in 1839, and was promoted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>(p. 225)</span> major-general and +commander-in-chief of the army, June 25, 1841. As commander-in-chief +in Mexico he took Vera Cruz, March 26, 1847, and gained the battles of +Cerro Gordo, April 18; Contreras, August 19; San Antonio and +Churubusco, August 20; Molinos del Rey, September 8; Chapultepec, +September 13; and occupied the City of Mexico, September 14. For this +brilliant campaign Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal.<a id="footnotetag102" name="footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102">[102]</a> He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Columbia +College, New York, in 1850, and also from Harvard College, Cambridge, +Massachusetts, in 1861. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the +Presidency in 1852; was made lieutenant-general, by brevet, February +28, 1855; was sent on a mission to Oregon to settle the boundary +question, 1859; remained true to the Union at the outbreak of the +Civil War, and resigned, November 1, 1861. He died at West Point, New +York, May 29, 1866.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>(p. 226)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLV" name="plateXLV"><strong>Plate XLV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text44" name="text44"><strong>No. 44.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>August 15, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Edmund P. Gaines. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November +3. 1814.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND PENDLETON GAINES.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Erie.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL EDMUND P. (<i>Pendleton</i>) GAINES. Bust of General Gaines, +in uniform, facing the right <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged Victory, standing on +a British shield, holds a palm branch in her left hand, and places +with her right a crown of laurel upon the cascabel of a cannon +standing upright in the ground, and forming the centre of a trophy of +the enemy's arms: on the cannon is the inscription ERIE. Exergue: +BATTLE OF ERIE AUG. (<i>August</i>) 15. 1814. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag103" name="footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103">[103]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate045" name="plate045"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate045b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 045b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate045a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 045a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Edmund Pendleton Gaines</span> was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, March +20, 1777. He entered the army as ensign of infantry, 1799; became +first-lieutenant, 1802; captain, 1807; major and lieutenant-colonel, +1812; colonel, 1813, and brigadier-general 1814. He greatly +distinguished himself at the battle of Erie, August 15, 1814, and was +badly wounded on the 28th of the same month. For his services on this +occasion he was breveted major-general, September 14, 1814, and +Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He served in +Florida (Seminole war) and in Georgia (Creek war); and was commander +of the southern and afterward of the western military districts. He +died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>(p. 227)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Gaines to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters, Fort Erie</span>, U. C.,<a id="footnotetag104" name="footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104">[104]</a><br> +<span class="col60">August 15th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: My heart is gladdened with gratitude to Heaven and joy to my + country, to have it in my power to inform you that the gallant + army under my command has this morning beaten the enemy commanded + by Lieutenant-General Drummond, after a severe conflict of nearly + three hours, commencing at 2 o'clock this morning. They attacked + us on each flank, got possession of the salient bastion of the + old Fort Erie, which was regained at the point of the bayonet, + with a dreadful slaughter. The enemy's loss in killed and + prisoners, is about 600; near 300 killed. Our loss is + considerable, but I think not one-tenth as great as that of the + enemy. I will not detain the express to give you the particulars. + I am preparing my force to follow up the blow.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">With great respect, etc.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Edmund P. Gaines</span>,<br> +<span class="col40"><i>Brigadier-General commanding</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Gaines to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters, left wing, 2d Division,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Fort Erie, U. C.</span>, August 23d, 1814.<br> +To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to communicate, for the information of the + department of war, the particulars of the battle fought at this + place, on the 15th instant, between the left wing of the 2d + division of the northern army, under my command, and the British + forces in the Peninsula of Upper Canada, commanded by + Lieutenant-General Drummond, which terminated in a signal victory + in favour of the united American arms.</p> + +<p>Our position on the margin of the lake, at the entrance of the + Niagara river, being nearly a horizontal plain, twelve or fifteen + feet above the surface of the water, possessing few natural + advantages, had been strengthened in front by temporary parapet + breast works, entrenchments and abatis, with two batteries and + six field pieces. The small unfinished fort, Erie, with a 24, 18 + and 12 pounder, forms the north-east, and the Douglass battery, + with an 18 and 6 pounder near the edge of the lake, the + south-east angle of our right. The left is defended by a redoubt + battery, with six field pieces just thrown up on a small ridge. + Our rear was left open to the lake, bordered by a rocky shore of + easy ascent. The battery on the left was defended by Captain + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>(p. 228)</span> Towson; Fort Erie, by Captain Williams, with Major + Trimble's command of the 19th infantry; the batteries on the + front, by Captains Biddle and Fanning; the whole of the artillery + commanded by Major Hindman. Parts of the 11th, 9th and 22d + infantry (of the late veteran brigade of Major-General Scott) + were posted on the right, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel + Aspinwall. General Ripley's brigade, consisting of the 21st and + 23d, defended on the left. General Porter's brigade of New York + and Pennsylvania volunteers, with our distinguished riflemen, + occupied the centre.</p> + +<p>I have heretofore omitted stating to you, that during the 13th + and 14th, the enemy had kept up a brisk cannonade, which was + sharply returned from our batteries, without any considerable + loss on our part. At 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> one of their shells lodged in a small + magazine in Fort Erie, which was fortunately almost empty. It + blew up with an explosion more awful in appearance than injurious + in its effects, as it did not disable a man or derange a gun. It + occasioned but a momentary cessation of the thunders of the + artillery on both sides; it was followed by a loud and joyous + shout by the British army, which was instantly returned on our + part, and Captain Williams, amidst the smoke of the explosion, + renewed the contest by an animated roar of his heavy cannon.</p> + +<p>From the supposed loss of our ammunition, and the consequent + depression such an event was likely to produce upon the minds of + our men, I felt persuaded that this explosion would lead the + enemy to assault, and made my arrangements accordingly.</p> + +<p>The night was dark, and the early part of it raining, but the + faithful sentinel slept not; one-third of the troops were up at + their posts. At half-past two o'clock, the right column of the + enemy approached, and though enveloped in darkness black as his + designs and principles, was distinctly heard on our left, and + promptly marked by our musketry under Major Wood, and cannon + under Captain Towson. Being mounted at the moment, I repaired to + the point of attack, where the sheet of fire rolling from + Towson's battery, and the musketry of the left wing of the 21st + infantry under Major Wood, enabled me to see the enemy's column + of about 1,500 men approaching on that point, his advance was not + checked, until it had approached within ten feet of our infantry. + A line of loose brush representing an abatis only intervened; a + column of the enemy attempted to pass round the abatis through + the water, where it was nearly breast deep. Apprehending that + this point would be carried, I ordered a detachment of riflemen + and infantry to its support, but having met with the gallant + commander, Major Wood, was assured by him that he could defend + his position without reinforcements. At this moment the enemy + were repulsed, but instantly renewed the charge and were again + repulsed. My attention was now called to the right, where our + batteries and lines were soon lighted by a most brilliant fire of + cannon and musketry; it announced the approach of the centre and + left columns of the enemy, under Colonels Drummond and Scott; the + latter was received by the veteran 9th, under the command of + Captain Foster, and Captains Broughton and Harding's companies of + New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, aided by a six-pounder + judiciously posted by Major M'Ree, chief engineer, who was most + active and useful at this point; they were repulsed. That of the + centre, led by Colonel Drummond, was not long kept in check; it + approached at once every assailable point <span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>(p. 229)</span> of the fort; + and with scaling ladders ascended the parapet, but was repulsed + with fearful carnage. The assault was twice repeated, and as + often checked, but the enemy having moved round the ditch covered + by darkness, added to the heavy cloud of smoke which had rolled + from our cannon and musketry, enveloping surrounding objects, + repeated the charge, re-ascended the ladders; the pikes, bayonets + and spears fell upon our gallant artillerists. The gallant + spirits of our favourite Captain Williams and Lieutenants + M'Donough and Watmough, with their brave men, were overcome. The + two former, and several of their men, received deadly wounds. Our + bastion was lost; Lieutenant M'Donough, being severely wounded, + demanded quarter; it was refused by Colonel Drummond. The + lieutenant then seized a handspike and nobly defended himself + until he was shot down with a pistol by the monster who had + refused him quarter, who often reiterated the order: "<i>Give the + damned Yankees no quarter.</i>" This officer, whose bravery, if it + had been seasoned with virtue, would have entitled him to the + admiration of every soldier, the hardened murderer soon met his + fate. He was shot through the breast while repeating the order + "<i>to give no quarter</i>."</p> + +<p>The battle now raged with increased fury on the right, but on the + left the enemy was repulsed and put to flight. Thence and from + the centre I ordered reinforcements. They were promptly sent by + Brigadier-General Ripley and Brigadier-General Porter. Captain + Fanning, of the corps of artillery, kept up a spirited and + destructive fire with his field pieces, on the enemy attempting + to approach the fort. Major Hindman's gallant efforts, aided by + Major Trimble, having failed to drive the enemy from the bastion, + with the remaining artillerists and infantry in the forts, + Captain Birdsall, of the 4th rifle regiment, with a detachment of + riflemen, gallantly rushed in through the gateway to their + assistance, and with some infantry, charged the enemy, but was + repulsed, and the captain severely wounded. A detachment from the + 11th, 19th, and 22d infantry, under Captain Foster, of the 11th, + were introduced over the interior bastion, for the purpose of + charging the enemy. Major Hall, assistant inspector general, very + handsomely tendered his services to lead the charge. The charge + was gallantly made by Captain Foster and Major Hall, but owing to + the narrowness of the passage up to the bastion, admitting only + two or three men abreast, it failed. It was often repeated, and + as often checked; the enemy's force on the bastion was, however, + much cut to pieces and diminished by our artillery and small + arms. At this moment every operation was arrested by the + explosion of some cartridges deposited in the end of the stone + building adjoining the contested bastion. The explosion was + tremendous: it was decisive; the bastion was restored. At this + moment Captain Biddle was ordered to cause a field piece to be + posted so as to enfilade the exterior plain and salient glacis. + The captain, though not recovered from a severe contusion in the + shoulder, received from one of the enemy's shells, promptly took + his position, and served his field piece with vivacity and + effect. Captain Farming's battery likewise played upon them at + this time with great effect. The enemy were in a few moments + entirely defeated, taken or put to flight, leaving on the field + 222 killed, 174 wounded, and 186 prisoners. A large portion are + so severely wounded that they cannot survive; the slightly + wounded, it is presumed, were carried off.</p> + +<p>To <span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>(p. 230)</span> Brigadier-General Ripley, much credit is due for the + judicious disposition of the left wing, previous to the action, + and for the steady disciplined courage manifested by him and his + immediate command, and for the promptness with which he complied + with my orders for reinforcement during the action. + Brigadier-General Porter, commanding the New York and + Pennsylvania volunteers, manifested a degree of vigilance and + judgment in his preparatory arrangements, as well as military + skill and courage in the action, which proves him to be worthy + the confidence of his country, and the brave volunteers who + fought under him. Of the volunteers, Captains Broughton and + Harding with their detachments posted on the right, and attached + to the line commanded by Captain E. Foster, of the veteran 9th + infantry, handsomely contributed to the repulse of the left + column of the enemy under Colonel Scott.</p> + +<p>The judicious preparations and steady conduct of + Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall commanding the first brigade, merit + approbation.</p> + +<p>To Major McRee, chief engineer, the greatest credit is due for + the excellent arrangement and skillful execution of his plans for + fortifying and defending the right, and for his correct and + seasonable suggestions to regain the bastion. Major Wood, of the + engineers, also greatly contributed to the previous measures of + defence. He has accepted the command of a regiment of infantry, + (the 21st,) for which he has often proved himself well qualified, + but never so conspicuously as on this occasion.</p> + +<p>Towson's battery emitted a constant sheet of fire. Wood's small + arms lighted up the space, and repulsed five terrible charges + made between the battery and the lake. Brigadier-General Ripley + speaks in high terms of the officers and men engaged, + particularly Captains Marston and Ropes, Lieutenants Riddle (of + the 15th, doing duty with the 21st) and Hall; Ensigns Benn, + Jones, Cummings and Thomas of the 21st, and Keally and Green of + the 19th.</p> + +<p>Major Hindman, and the whole of the artillery under the command + of that excellent officer, displayed a degree of gallantry and + good conduct not to be surpassed. The particular situation of + Captain Towson, and the much lamented Captain Williams and + Lieutenant M'Donough, and that of Lieutenant Watmough, as already + described, with their respective commands, rendered them most + conspicuous. The courage and good conduct of Lieutenant + Zantzinger and Lieutenant Childs, is spoken of in high terms by + Major Hindman and Captain Towson, as also that of Sergeant-Major + Denhon. Captains Biddle and Fanning, on the centre and right of + their entrenchments, threw their shot to the right, left and + front, and annoyed the Indians and light troops of the enemy + approaching from the woods. Lieutenant Fontaine in his zeal to + meet the enemy, was unfortunately wounded and made prisoner. + Lieutenant Bird was active and useful, and in fact every + individual belonging to the corps did their duty.</p> + +<p>The detachment of Scott's gallant brigade, consisting of parts of + the 9th, 11th and 22d infantry, did its duty in a manner worthy + the high reputation the brigade had acquired at Chippewa, and at + the Falls of Niagara. The 9th, under the command of Captain + Edmund Foster, was actively engaged against the left of the + enemy, and with the aid of Lieutenant Douglass's corps of + bombardiers, commanding the water battery, and that of the + volunteers, under Captains Broughton and Harding, effected their + repulse. The good conduct of Lieutenants Childs, Cushman and + Foot, and Ensign Blake, deserves commendation.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>(p. 231)</span> officers killed, are Captain Williams and Lieutenant + McDonough of the artillery. Wounded, Lieutenant Watmough of the + artillery; Ensign Cissney 19th; Lieutenant Bushnel 21st; + Lieutenants Brown and Belknap 23d; and Captain Birdsall, 4th + rifle regiment, all severely.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Fontaine of the artillery, who was taken prisoner, + writes from the British camp, that he fortunately fell into the + hands of the Indians, who, after taking his money, treated him + kindly. It would seem, then, that these savages had not joined in + the resolution to give no quarter.</p> + +<p>To Major Jones, assistant adjutant-general, and Major Hull, + assistant inspector-general; Captain Harris of the dragoons, + volunteer aid-de-camp; Lieutenant Belton, aid-de-camp, much + credit is due for their constant vigilance and strict attention + to every duty previous to the action, and the steady courage, + zeal, and activity, which they manifested during the action.</p> + +<p>The surgeons, doctors Fuller 23d, Trowbridge 21st, with their + mates, doctors Gale of the 23d, and Everett and Allen of the + 21st, deserve the warmest approbation, for their indefatigable + exertions and humane attention to the wounded of our army, as + well as to the prisoners who fell into their hands.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">E. P. Gaines</span>,<br> +<span class="col40"><i>Brigadier-General commanding</i>.</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Gaines to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, Fort Erie, Upper Canada</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">August 26th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="ad4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In my report of the battle of the 15th instant, I + inadvertently omitted the names of Captain Chunn of the 19th, + Lieutenants Bowman and Larned, of the 21st, and Jewett of the + 11th infantry, as also my brigade major, Lieutenant Gleason, each + of whom bore a conspicuous part in the action, and whom I beg + leave to recommend to your notice. Lieutenants Bowman and Larned + commanded companies in the 21st, which so gallantly beat the + enemy's right column. Captain Chunn, with his company was doing + duty with the same regiment. I also omitted mentioning that a + part of this regiment pursued the enemy's right upwards of a + mile, and took 100 prisoners; his left was also pursued, and more + than a hundred prisoners were taken beyond our works. These facts + prove that the affair was not merely a <i>defence</i> of our position, + or a mere <i>repulse</i> of the enemy, as I find it called by some. As + regards myself, I am satisfied with the <i>result</i>, and am not + disposed to make any difficulty about the <i>name</i> by which the + affair may be called; but it is due to the brave men I have the + honour to command, that I should say, that the affair was to the + enemy a <i>sore beating</i> and a <i>defeat</i>, and it was to us a + <i>handsome victory</i>.</p> + +<p>Our position is growing stronger every day by the exertions of + Majors M'Ree and Wood, and the officers and men generally. We + keep up a smart cannonade.</p> + +<p>One <span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>(p. 232)</span> of the enemy's pickets yesterday approached nearer + to ours than usual. Major Brooke, officer of the day, added 100 + men to our picket, attacked and drove them in with considerable + loss; the major brought in about 30 muskets. In this affair + however, we have to lament the loss of another gallant officer, + Captain Wattles, of the 23d; our loss was otherwise + inconsiderable.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">E. P. Gaines</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Brigadier-General commanding</i>.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>(p. 233)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLVI" name="plateXLVI"><strong>Plate XLVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text45" name="text45"><strong>No. 45.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 11, 1814.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Alexander Macomb. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress November +3. 1814.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Plattsburgh.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. Bust of General Macomb, in uniform, +facing the right <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. The American army repulsing +the British troops, who are striving to cross the Saranac river. To +the left, Plattsburgh in flames; to the right, naval battle on Lake +Champlain; in the distance, Cumberland Head. Exergue: BATTLE OF +PLATTSBURGH SEPT. (<i>September</i>) 11. 1814. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag105" name="footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105">[105]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate046" name="plate046"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate046b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 046b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate046a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 046a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Alexander Macomb</span> was born in Detroit, April 3, 1782. He entered the +army as cornet of cavalry, 1799; was 2d lieutenant, 1801; 1st +lieutenant of engineers, 1802; captain, 1805; major, 1808; +lieutenant-colonel 1810; colonel 3d Artillery, 1812; and +brigadier-general, January, 1814. He gained the victory of Plattsburgh +over the British troops, commanded by the governor-general of the +Canadas, General Sir George Prevost, September 11, 1814, for which +important achievement Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal, and he was breveted major-general. He was appointed chief of +the engineer corps, 1821, and became major-general and +commander-in-chief of the army, May 24, 1828. He died at the +head-quarters of the army in Washington, June 25, 1841.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>(p. 234)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Macomb to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters, Plattsburgh</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">September 15th, 1814.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to communicate for the information of the + war department, the particulars of the advance of the enemy into + the territory of the United States, the circumstances attending + the siege of Plattsburgh, and the defence of the posts entrusted + to my charge.</p> + +<p>The governor-general of the Canadas, Sir George Prevost, having + collected all the disposable force of Lower Canada, with a view + of conquering the country as far as Crown Point and Ticonderoga, + entered the territories of the United States on the first of the + month, and occupied the village of Champlain, there avowed his + intentions, and issued orders and proclamations tending to + dissuade the people from their allegiance, and inviting them to + furnish his army with provisions. He immediately began to press + the wagons and teams in the vicinity, and loaded them with his + heavy baggage and stores. From this I was persuaded he intended + to attack this place. I had but just returned from the lines, + where I had commanded a fine brigade, which was broken to form + the division under Major-General Izard, ordered to the westward. + Being senior officer he left me in command, and except the four + companies of the 6th regiment, I had not an organized battalion + among those remaining. The garrison was composed of convalescents + and recruits of the new regiments, all in the greatest confusion, + as well as the ordnance and stores, and the works in no state of + defence.</p> + +<p>To create an emulation and zeal among the officers and men in + completing the works, I divided them into detachments, and placed + them near the several forts; declaring in orders, that each + detachment was the garrison of its own work, and bound to defend + it to the last extremity. The enemy advanced cautiously and by + short marches, and our soldiers worked day and night; so that by + the time he made his appearance before this place we were + prepared to receive him.</p> + +<p>General Izard named the principal work <i>Fort Moreau</i>, and to + remind the troops of the actions of their brave countrymen, I + called the redoubt on the right <i>Fort Brown</i>, and that on the + left <i>Fort Scott</i>. Besides these three works, we have two + block-houses strongly fortified.</p> + +<p>Finding, on examining the returns of the garrison, that our force + did not exceed fifteen hundred effective men for duty, and well + informed that the enemy had as many thousands, I called on + General Mooers, of the New York militia, and arranged with him + plans for bringing forth the militia <i>en masse</i>. The inhabitants + of the village fled with their families and effects, except a few + worthy citizens and some boys, who formed themselves into a + party, received rifles, and were exceedingly useful. By the 4th + of the month, General Mooers collected about 700 militia, and + advanced seven miles on the Beekmantown road, to watch the + motions of the enemy, and to skirmish with him as he advanced; + also to obstruct the roads with fallen trees, and to break up the + bridges.</p> + +<p>On <span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>(p. 235)</span> the Lake road, at Deer Creek bridge, I posted 200 men + under Captain Sproul, of the 13th regiment, with orders to + <i>abatis</i> the woods, to place obstructions in the road, and to + fortify himself; to this party I added two field pieces. In + advance of that position, was Lieutenant-Colonel Appling, with + 110 riflemen, watching the movements of the enemy and procuring + intelligence. It was ascertained that before daylight on the 6th, + the enemy would advance in two columns, on the two roads before + mentioned, dividing at Sampson's, a little below Chazy village. + The column on the Beekmantown road proceeded most rapidly, the + militia skirmished with his advanced parties, and, except a few + brave men, fell back most precipitately in the greatest disorder, + notwithstanding the British troops did not deign to fire on them, + except by their flankers and advanced patrols. The night + previous, I ordered Major Wool to advance with a detachment of + 250 men, to support the militia, and set them an example of + firmness. Also Captain Leonard, of the light artillery, was + directed to proceed with two pieces, to be on the ground before + day; yet he did not make his appearance before 8 o'clock, when + the enemy had approached within two miles of the village. With + his conduct, therefore, I am not well pleased. Major Wool, with + his party, disputed the road with great obstinacy, but the + militia could not be prevailed on to stand, notwithstanding the + exertions of their general and staff officers; although the + fields were divided by strong stone walls, and they were told + that the enemy could not possibly cut them off. The State + dragoons of New York wear red coats, and they being on the + heights to watch the enemy, gave constant alarm to the militia, + who mistook them for the enemy, and feared his getting in their + rear. Finding the enemy's columns had penetrated within a mile of + Plattsburgh, I despatched my aid-de-camp, Lieutenant Root, to + bring off the detachment at Dead Creek, and to inform + Lieutenant-Colonel Appling that I wished him to fall on the + enemy's right flank. The colonel fortunately arrived just in time + to save his retreat, and to fall in with the head of a column + <i>debouching</i> from the woods. Here he poured in a destructive fire + from his riflemen at rest, and continued to annoy the column + until he formed a junction with Major Wool. The field pieces did + considerable execution among the enemy's columns. So undaunted, + however, was the enemy, that he never deployed in his whole + march, always pressing on our columns. Finding that every road + was full of troops crowding on us on all sides, I ordered the + field pieces to retire across the bridge and form a battery for + its protection, and to cover the retreat of the infantry, which + was accordingly done, and the parties of Appling and Wool, as + well as that of Sproul, retired alternately, keeping up a brisk + fire until they got under cover of the works. The enemy's light + troops occupied the houses near the bridge, and kept up a + constant firing from the windows and balconies, and annoyed us + much. I ordered them to be driven out with hot shot, which soon + put the houses in flames, and obliged the sharp-shooters to + retire. The whole day, until it was too late to see, the enemy's + light troops endeavoured to drive our guards from the bridge, but + they suffered dearly for their perseverance. An attempt was also + made to cross the upper bridge, where the militia handsomely + drove them back. The column which marched by the Lake road was + much impeded by the obstructions and the removal of the bridge at + Dead Creek, and, as it passed the creek and beach, the gallies + kept up a lively and galling fire. Our troops being now all on + the south side of the Saranac, I directed the planks to be taken + off the bridges and piled up in the form of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>(p. 236)</span> + breastworks, to cover our parties intended for disputing the + passage, which afterwards enabled us to hold the bridges against + very superior numbers.</p> + +<p>From the 7th to the 11th, the enemy was employed in getting on + his battering train, and erecting his batteries and approaches, + and constantly skirmishing at the bridges and fords. By this + time, the militia of New York, and the volunteers of Vermont, + were pouring in from all quarters: I advised General Mooers to + keep his force along the Saranac, to prevent the enemy's crossing + the river, and to send a strong body in his rear to harass him + day and night, and keep him in continual alarm. The militia + behaved with great spirit after the first day, and the volunteers + of Vermont were exceedingly serviceable. Our regular troops, + notwithstanding the constant skirmishing and repeated endeavours + of the enemy to cross the river, kept at their work day and night + strengthening the defences, and evinced a determination to hold + out to the last extremity.</p> + +<p>It was reported that the enemy had only waited the arrival of his + flotilla, to make a general attack. About eight in the morning of + the 11th, as was expected, the flotilla appeared in sight round + Cumberland Head, and at nine, bore down and engaged our flotilla + at anchor in the bay off the town. At the same instant, the + batteries were opened on us, and continued throwing bomb shells, + shrapnels, balls, and congreve rockets until sunset, when the + bombardment ceased, every battery of the enemy being silenced by + the superiority of our fire. The naval engagement lasted but two + hours, in full view of both armies. Three efforts were made by + the enemy to pass the river, at the commencement of the cannonade + and bombardment, with a view of assaulting the works, and he had + prepared for that purpose an immense number of scaling ladders. + One attempt to cross was made at the village bridge, another at + the upper bridge, and a third at a ford about three miles from + the works. At the two first he was repulsed by the regulars; at + the ford, by the brave volunteers and militia, where he suffered + severely in killed, wounded, and prisoners; a considerable body + having crossed the stream, but were either killed, taken, or + driven back. The woods at this place were very favourable to the + operations of the militia. A whole company of the 76th regiment + was here destroyed, the three lieutenants and 27 men prisoners, + the captain and the rest killed.</p> + +<p>I cannot forego the pleasure of here stating the gallant conduct + of Captain M'Glassin, of the 15th regiment, who was ordered to + ford the river, and attack a party constructing a battery on the + right of the enemy's line, within five hundred yards of Fort + Brown, which he handsomely executed at midnight with fifty men; + drove off the working party, consisting of one hundred and fifty, + and defeated a covering party of the same number, killing one + officer and six men in the charge, and wounding many. At dusk the + enemy withdrew his artillery from the batteries, and raised the + siege; at nine, under cover of the night, he sent off in a great + hurry all the baggage he could find transport for, and also his + artillery. At two next morning the whole army precipitately + retreated, leaving the sick and wounded to our generosity, and + the governor left a note with a surgeon requesting the humane + attention of the commanding general.</p> + +<p>Vast quantities of provisions were left behind and destroyed, + also an immense quantity of bombshells, cannon balls, grape shot, + ammunition, flints, &c., &c.; intrenching <span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>(p. 237)</span> tools of all + sorts, also tents and marquees. A great deal has been found + concealed in the ponds and creeks, and buried in the ground, and + a vast quantity carried off by the inhabitants. Such was the + precipitancy of his retreat, that he arrived at Chazy, a distance + of eight miles, before we had discovered he had gone. The light + troops, volunteers, and militia pursued immediately on learning + of his flight; and some of the mounted men made prisoners five + dragoons of the 19th regiment, and several others of the rear + guard. A continued fall of rain and a violent storm prevented + further pursuit. Upwards of 300 deserters have come in, and many + are hourly arriving. We have buried the British officers of the + army and navy with the honours of war, and shown every attention + and kindness to those who have fallen into our hands.</p> + +<p>The conduct of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and + soldiers of my command, during this trying occasion, cannot be + represented in too high terms, and I feel it my duty to recommend + to the particular notice of government, Lieutenant-Colonel + Appling of the 1st rifle corps, Major Wool of the 29th, Major + Totten of the corps of engineers, Captain Brooks of the + artillery, Captain M'Glassin of the 15th, Lieutenants De Russy + and Trescott of the corps of engineers, Lieutenants Smyth, + Mountford, and Cromwell of the artillery, also my aid-de-camp + Lieutenant Root, who have all distinguished themselves by their + uncommon zeal and activity, and have been greatly instrumental in + producing the happy and glorious result of the siege.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Alexander Macomb</span>.</p> + +<p>The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, prisoners, and + deserters, since his first appearance, cannot fall short of + 2,500, including many officers, among whom is Colonel Wellington, + of the Buffs.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to Martin F. Aitkin and others.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the President of the +United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause to be delivered +to Martin J. Aitkin, Azariah C. Flagg, Ira A. Wood, Gustavus A. Bird, +James Trowbridge, Hazen Mooers, Henry K. Averill, St. John B. L. +Skinner, Frederick P. Allen, Hiram Walworth, Ethan Everist, Amos +Soper, James Patten, Bartemus Brooks, Smith Bateman, Melancthon W. +Travis and Flavel Williams, each, one rifle, promised them by General +Macomb, while commanding the Champlain department, for their gallantry +and patriotic services as a volunteer corps, during the siege of +Plattsburgh in September, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, on +each of which said rifles there shall be a plate containing an +appropriate inscription.</p> + +<p>Approved May 20, 1826.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>(p. 238)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLVII" name="plateXLVII"><strong>Plate XLVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text46" name="text46"><strong>No. 46.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>January 8, 1815.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Andrew Jackson. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress February 27. +1815.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of New Orleans.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON. Bust of General Jackson, in +uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 27. 1815. A winged Victory, holding in +her left hand a crown of laurel, and a tablet upon which she has +written, at the dictation of Peace, the word ORLEANS. Exergue: BATTLE +OF NEW ORLEANS JANUARY 8. 1815. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate047" name="plate047"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate047b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 047b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate047a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 047a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span> was born in the Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina, +March 15, 1767. His parents had recently emigrated from Ireland, and +he lost them both early in life. In 1781 he joined the Continental +Army and served in North Carolina. Having studied law, he removed, in +1788, to Nashville. He was the first member of Congress from +Tennessee, in 1796; was United States senator, 1797-1798; judge of the +Supreme Court of Tennessee, 1799; resigned in 1804, and retired to his +farm, called "The Hermitage," near Nashville. As major-general of the +Tennessee Volunteers, he gained victories over the Creek Indians at +Talladega, November 9, 1813, at Emuckfaw and Enotochopco, January 22 +and 24, and at Tohopeka, March 27, 1814. He was appointed +brigadier-general in the United States Army on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>(p. 239)</span> April 19, +major-general on May 1, 1814, and commander-in-chief for the defence +of Louisiana against the British troops under General Packenham, whom +he completely defeated at the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. +For this great victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold +medal. He retired from the army, 1819, was governor of Florida +territory, 1821, United States senator from Tennessee, 1823-1824, +unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1824, and President of the +United States (first term), 1829-1833; (second term), 1833-1837. He +retired to the Hermitage in 1837, and died there June 8, 1845. He was +known by the sobriquet of "Old Hickory."</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Jackson.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives + of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the + thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, given to + Major-General Jackson, and, through him, to the officers and + soldiers of the regular army, of the militia and of the + volunteers, under his immediate command, and to the officers and + soldiers charged with the defence of Fort St. Philip, for their + uniform gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed + against the enemy, from the time of his landing before New + Orleans until his final expulsion from the State of Louisiana, + and particularly for the valour, skill, and good conduct on the + eighth of January last, in repulsing, with great slaughter, a + numerous British army of chosen veteran troops, when attempting + by a bold and daring attack to carry by storm the works hastily + thrown up for the protection of New Orleans, and thereby + obtaining a most signal victory over the enemy with a disparity + of loss, on his part, unexampled in military annals.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested + to cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of + this splendid achievement, and presented to Major-General + Jackson, as a testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress + of his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable + occasion.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested + to cause the foregoing resolution to be communicated to + Major-General Jackson in such terms as he may deem best + calculated to give effect to the objects thereof.</p> + +<p>Approved February 27, 1815.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>(p. 240)</span> Jackson to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head Quarters</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp 4 miles below New Orleans</span>,<br> + <span class="col60">January 13th, 1815.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Secretary of War</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: At such a crisis, I conceive it my duty to keep you + constantly advised of my situation.</p> + +<p>On the 10th instant I forwarded you an account of the bold + attempt made by the enemy on the morning of the 8th to take + possession of my works by storm, and of the severe repulse he met + with. That report having been sent by the mail which crosses the + lake, may possibly have miscarried; for which reason I think it + the more necessary briefly to repeat the substance of it.</p> + +<p>Early on the morning of the 8th, the enemy having been actively + employed the two preceding days in making preparations for a + storm, advanced in two strong columns on my right and left. They + were received, however, with a firmness which it seems they + little expected, and which defeated all their hopes. My men, + undisturbed by their approach, which indeed they long anxiously + wished for, opened upon them a fire so deliberate and certain as + rendered their scaling ladders and fascines, as well as their + more direct implements of war, perfectly useless. For upwards of + an hour it was continued with a briskness of which there have + been but few instances, perhaps in any country. In justice to the + enemy, it must be said, they withstood it as long as could be + expected from the most determined bravery. At length, however, + when all prospect of success became hopeless, they fled in + confusion from the field, leaving it covered with their dead and + wounded. Their loss was immense. I had at first computed it at + 1500, but it is since ascertained to have been much greater. Upon + information which is believed to be correct, Colonel Hayne, the + inspector-general, reports it to be in total 2600. His report I + enclose you. My loss was inconsiderable, being only seven killed + and six wounded. Such a disproportion in loss, when we consider + the number and kind of troops engaged, must, I know, excite + astonishment, and may not everywhere be fully credited; yet I am + perfectly satisfied that the account is not exaggerated on the + one part, nor underrated on the other.</p> + +<p>The enemy, having hastily quitted a post which they had gained + possession of on the other side of the river, and we having + immediately returned to it, both armies at present occupy their + former positions. Whether, after the severe losses he has + sustained, he is preparing to return to his shipping, or to make + still mightier efforts to attain his first object, I do not + pretend to determine. It becomes me to act as though the latter + were his intention. One thing, however, seems certain, that if he + still calculates on effecting what he has hitherto been unable to + accomplish, he must expect considerable reinforcements, as the + force with which he landed must undoubtedly be diminished by at + least 3000. Besides the loss which he sustained on the night of + the 23d ultimo, which is estimated at 400, he cannot have + suffered less between that period and the morning of the 18th + instant than 3000; having, within that time, been repulsed in two + general attempts to drive us from our position, and there having + been continual cannonading and skirmishing during the whole of + it. Yet he is still able to show a very formidable force.</p> + +<p>There <span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>(p. 241)</span> is little doubt that the commanding general, Sir + Edward Packenham, was killed in the action of the 8th, and that + Major-Generals Keane and Gibbs were badly wounded.</p> + +<p>Whenever a more leisure moment shall occur, I will take the + liberty to make and forward you a more circumstantial account of + the several actions, and particularly that of the 8th, in doing + which my chief motive will be to render justice to those brave + men I have the honour to command, and who have so remarkably + distinguished themselves.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Jackson to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Camp below New Orleans</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">January 19th, 1815.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Secretary of War</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Last night at 12 o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped, + and returned to their boats, leaving behind them, under medical + attendance, eighty of his wounded, including two officers, 14 + pieces of his heavy artillery, and a quantity of shot, having + destroyed much of his powder. Such was the situation of the + ground he abandoned, and of that through which he retired, + protected by canals, redoubts, entrenchments and swamps on his + right, and the river on his left, that I could not, without + encountering a risk which true policy did not seem to require, or + to authorize, attempt to annoy him much on his retreat. We took + only eight prisoners.</p> + +<p>Whether it is the purpose of the enemy to abandon the expedition + altogether, or renew his efforts at some other point, I do not + pretend to determine with positiveness. In my own mind, however, + there is but little doubt that his last exertions have been made + in this quarter, at any rate for the present season, and by the + next I hope we shall be fully prepared for him. In this belief I + am strengthened not only by the prodigious loss he has sustained + at the position he has just quitted, but by the failure of his + fleet to pass Fort St. Philip.</p> + +<p>His loss on this ground, since the debarkation of his troops, as + stated by the last prisoners and deserters, and as confirmed by + many additional circumstances, must have exceeded four thousand; + and was greater in the action of the 8th than was estimated, from + the most correct data then in his possession, by the + inspector-general, whose report has been forwarded to you. We + succeeded, on the 8th, in getting from the enemy about 1000 stand + of arms of various descriptions.</p> + +<p>Since the action of the 8th, the enemy has been allowed very + little respite; my artillery from both sides of the river being + constantly employed, till the night, and indeed until the hour of + their retreat, in annoying them. No doubt they thought it quite + time to quit a position in which so little rest could be found.</p> + +<p>I am advised by Major Overton, who commanded at Fort St. Philip, + in a letter of the 18th, that the enemy having bombarded his fort + for 8 or 9 days from 13-inch mortars without effect, had, on the + morning of that day, retired. I have little doubt that he would + have been able to have sunk their vessels had they attempted to + run by.</p> + +<p>Giving <span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>(p. 242)</span> the proper weight to all these considerations, I + believe you will not think me too sanguine in the belief that + Louisiana is now clear of its enemy. I hope, however, I need not + assure you, that wherever I command, such a belief shall never + occasion any relaxation in the measures for resistance. I am but + too sensible that the moment when the enemy is opposing us, is + not the most proper to provide for them.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Jackson's Farewell Address to his Army.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>, March, 1815.</p> + +<p>The major-general is at length enabled to perform the pleasing + task of restoring to Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and the + territory of the Mississippi, the brave troops who have acted + such a distinguished part in the war which has just terminated. + In restoring these brave men to their homes, much exertion is + expected of, and great responsibility imposed on, the commanding + officers of the different corps. It is required of Major-Generals + Carroll and Thomas, and Brigadier-General Coffee, to march their + commands, without unnecessary delay, to their respective states. + The troops from the Mississippi territory and state of Louisiana, + both militia and volunteers, will be immediately mustered out of + service, paid, and discharged.</p> + +<p>The major-general has the satisfaction of announcing the + approbation of the President of the United States to the conduct + of the troops under his command, expressed, in flattering terms, + through the honourable Secretary of War.</p> + +<p>In parting with those brave men, whose destinies have been so + long united with his own, and in whose labours and glories it is + his happiness and his boast to have participated, the commanding + general can neither suppress his feelings, nor give utterance to + them as he ought. In what terms can he bestow suitable praise on + merit so extraordinary, so unparalleled? Let him, in one burst of + joy, gratitude, and exultation, exclaim, "These are the saviours + of their country; these the patriot soldiers, who triumphed over + the invincibles of Wellington, and conquered the conquerors of + Europe!" With what patience did you submit to privations; with + what fortitude did you endure fatigue; what valour did you + display in the day of battle! You have secured to America a proud + name among the nations of the earth; a glory which will never + perish.</p> + +<p>Possessing those dispositions which equally adorn the citizen and + the soldier, the expectations of your country will be met in + peace, as her wishes have been gratified in war. Go, then, my + brave companions, to your homes; to those tender connections and + blissful scenes which render life so dear; full of honour, and + crowned with laurels that will never fade. When participating in + the bosoms of your families, the enjoyment of peaceful life, with + what happiness will you not look back to the toils you have + borne, to the dangers you have encountered? How will all your + past exposures be converted into sources of inexpressible + delight? Who, that never experienced <span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>(p. 243)</span> your sufferings, + will be able to appreciate your joys? The man who slumbered + ingloriously at home, during your painful marches, your nights of + watchfulness, and your days of toil, will envy you the happiness + which these recollections will afford; still more will he envy + the gratitude of that country which you have so eminently + contributed to save.</p> + +<p>Continue, fellow-soldiers, on your passage to your several + destinations, to preserve that subordination, that dignified and + manly deportment, which have so ennobled your character.</p> + +<p>While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his + feelings, towards those brave companions, who accompanied him + through difficulties and danger, he cannot permit the names of + Blount, and Shelby, and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. With what + generous ardour and patriotism have these distinguished governors + contributed all their exertions to provide the means of victory! + The recollection of their exertions, and of the success which has + resulted, will be to them a reward more grateful than any which + the pomp of title, or the splendour of wealth, can bestow.</p> + +<p>What happiness it is to the commanding general, that, while + danger was before him, he was, on no occasion, compelled to use, + towards his companions in arms, either severity or rebuke. If, + after the enemy had retired, improper passions began their empire + in a few unworthy bosoms, and rendered a resort to energetic + measures necessary for their suppression, he has not confounded + the innocent with the guilty, the seduced with the seducers. + Towards you, fellow-soldiers, the most cheering recollections + exist, blended, alas! with regret, that disease and war should + have ravished from us so many worthy companions. But the memory + of the cause in which they perished, and of the virtues which + animated them while living, must occupy the place where sorrow + would claim to dwell.</p> + +<p>Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your general's + thanks is feeble; but the gratitude of a country of freemen is + yours, yours the applause of an admiring world.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General commanding</i>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress complimentary to Commodore D. T. Patterson +and others.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives + of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the + Congress entertain a high sense of the valour and good conduct of + Commodore D. T. Patterson, of the officers, petty officers, and + seamen attached to his command for their prompt and efficient + co-operation with General Jackson in the late gallant and + successful defence of the city of New Orleans when assailed by a + powerful British force.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That Congress entertain a high sense of the valour + and good conduct of Major Daniel Carmick, of the officers, + non-commissioned officers, and marines under his command, in the + defence of the said city, on the late memorable occasion.</p> + +<p>Approved February 15, 1815.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions <span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>(p. 244)</span> of Congress complimentary to the People of the +State of Louisiana, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives + of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That + Congress entertain a high sense of the patriotism, fidelity, + zeal, and courage with which the people of the State of Louisiana + promptly and unanimously stepped forth, under circumstances of + imminent danger from a powerful invading army, in defence of all + the individual, social and political rights held dear to man. + Congress declare and proclaim, that the brave Louisianians + deserve well of the whole people of the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That Congress entertain a high sense of the + generosity, benevolence, and humanity displayed by the people of + New Orleans in voluntarily affording the best accommodations in + their power, and giving the kindest attention to the wounded, not + only of our own army, but also to the wounded prisoners of a + vanquished foe.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested + to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to His + Excellency the Governor of Louisiana, accompanied with the + request that he cause the greatest possible publicity to be given + to them for the information of the whole people of Louisiana.</p> + +<p>Approved February 15, 1815.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>(p. 245)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLVIII" name="plateXLVIII"><strong>Plate XLVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text47" name="text47"><strong>No. 47.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 20, 1815.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution dux. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Una victoriam +eripuit ratibus binis.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">CAROLUS STEWART NAVIS AMER. (<i>Americanæ</i>) CONSTITUTION DUX. (<i>Charles +Stewart, captain of the American vessel Constitution.</i>) Bust of +Captain Stewart, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">UNA VICTORIAM ERIPUIT RATIBUS BINIS. (<i>He snatched victory from two +vessels with one.</i>) Naval action between the United States frigate +Constitution, of fifty-two guns, Captain Stewart, and the British +frigate Cyane, of thirty-four guns, Captain Falcon, and the +sloop-of-war Levant, of twenty-one guns, Captain the Honorable George +Douglas. The Constitution, to windward, is opening with her port +battery on the Levant; both British vessels are returning the fire +from their starboard batteries. Exergue: INTER CONSTITU. NAV. AMERI. +ET LEVANT ET CYANE NAV. ANG. DIE XX. FEBR. MDCCCXV. (<i>Inter +Constitution navem Americanam et Levant et Cyane naves Anglicanas, die +20 Februarii, 1815: Between the American vessel Constitution and the +English vessels Levant and Cyane, on the 20th of February, 1815.</i>) On +the platform, <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate048" name="plate048"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate048b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 048b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate048a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 048a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Charles Stewart</span> was born in Philadelphia, July 18, 1778. He began life +in the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant, March 13, +1798. He served in the West Indies, and afterward in the Tripolitan +campaign, commanding <span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>(p. 246)</span> the Siren. He escorted the Intrepid to +Tripoli when Decatur blew up the Philadelphia, and was promoted to the +rank of master-commandant, May 19, 1804, and of captain, April 22, +1806. While in command of the frigate Constitution he fought and +captured, February 20, 1815, the two British ships-of-war, Cyane, +Captain Gordon Falcon, and Levant, Captain the Honorable George +Douglas, for which brilliant action he received the thanks of Congress +and a gold medal. He commanded in the Mediterranean from 1816 to 1820; +in the Pacific from 1821 to 1823; was member of the Naval Board from +1830 to 1833; commanded the navy yard at Philadelphia, 1837; and was +put on the retired list in 1857; but was replaced on the active list +as senior flag officer, 1859, and was appointed rear-admiral on the +retired list, 1862. He died at Bordentown, New Jersey, November 7, +1869.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Stewart, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be, and he is hereby requested, to +present to Captain Charles Stewart, of the frigate Constitution, a +gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices, and a silver +medal,<a id="footnotetag106" name="footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106">[106]</a> with suitable emblems and devices, to each commissioned +officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high sense +entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct and services of +Captain Stewart, his officers and crew, in the capture of the British +vessels of war, the Cyane and Levant, after a brave and skilful +combat.</p> + +<p>Approved February 22, 1816.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Frigate Constitution</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">May, 1815.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Secretary Of The Navy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On the 20th of February last, the island of Madeira bearing + about west southwest, distant 60 leagues, we fell in with His + Britannic Majesty's two ships-of-war, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>(p. 247)</span> Cyane and + Levant, and brought them to action about 6 o'clock in the + evening, both of which, after a spirited engagement of 40 + minutes, surrendered to the ship under my command.</p> + +<p>Considering the advantages derived by the enemy from a divided + and more active force, as also their superiority in the weight + and number of guns, I deem the speedy and decisive result of this + action the strongest assurance which can be given to the + government that all under my command did their duty, and + gallantly supported the reputation of American seamen.</p> + +<p>Enclosed you will receive the minutes of the action, and a list + of the killed and wounded on board this ship; also enclosed you + will receive for your information a statement of the actual force + of the enemy, and the number killed and wounded on board their + ships, as near as could be ascertained.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Charles Stewart</span>.</p> + +<p>American loss: 3 killed, 12 wounded. British loss: 35 killed, 42 + wounded. Prisoners taken, 313.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Minutes of the action between the United States frigate Constitution, +and His Britannic Majesty's skips Cyane and Levant, on the 20th +February, 1815.</i></p> + +<p>Commences with light breezes from the east, and cloudy weather. + At one, discovered a sail two points on the larboard bow, hauled + up and made sail in chase. At a quarter past one, made the sail + to be a ship; at three-quarters past one, discovered another sail + ahead; made them out at two <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> to be both ships, standing + close hauled, with their starboard tacks on board; at four <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> + the weathermost ship made signals, and bore up to her consort, + then about 10 miles to leeward; we bore up after her, and set + lower top-mast, top-gallant, and royal studding-sails in chase; + at half-past four, carried away our main royal mast; took in the + sails and got another prepared; at five <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> commenced firing on + the chase from our two larboard bow guns; our shot falling short, + ceased firing; at half-past five, finding it impossible to + prevent their junction, cleared ship for action, then about four + miles from the two ships; at forty minutes after five, they + passed within hail of each other, and hauled by the wind on the + starboard tack, hauled up their courses, and prepared to receive + us: at forty-five minutes past five, they made all sail close + hauled by the wind, in hopes of getting to the windward of us; at + fifty-five minutes past five, finding themselves disappointed in + their object, and we were closing with them fast, they shortened + sail, and formed on a line of wind, about half a cable's length + from each other. At six <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> having them under command of our + battery, hoisted our colours, which was answered by both ships + hoisting English ensigns. At five minutes past six, ranged up on + the starboard side of the sternmost ship, about 300 yards + distant, and commenced the action by broadsides, both ships + returning our fire with the greatest spirit for about fifteen + minutes, then the fire of the enemy beginning to slacken, and + the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>(p. 248)</span> great column of smoke collected under our lee, + induced us to cease our fire to ascertain their positions and + conditions. In about three minutes the smoke clearing away, we + found ourselves abreast of the headmost ship, the sternmost ship + luffing up for our larboard quarter; we poured a broadside into + the headmost ship, and then braced aback our main and mizzen + topsails, and backed astern under cover of the smoke, abreast the + sternmost ship, when the action was continued with spirit and + considerable effect until 35 minutes past 6, when the enemy's + fire again slackened, and we discovered the headmost bearing up; + filled our topsails, shot ahead, and gave her two stern rakes. We + then discovered the sternmost ship wearing also; wore ship + immediately after her, and gave her a stern rake, she luffing to + on our starboard bow and giving us her larboard broadside. We + ranged upon her larboard quarter, within hail, and were about to + give her our starboard broadside, when she struck her colours, + fired a lee gun and yielded. At fifty minutes past six took + possession of His Britannic Majesty's ship Cyane, Captain Gordon + Falcon, mounting 34 guns. At 8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> filled away after her + consort, which was still in sight to leeward. At half-past eight + found her standing towards us, with her starboard tacks close + hauled, with top-gallant sails set and colours flying. At 50 + minutes past 8 ranged close alongside to windward of her, on + opposite tacks, and exchanged broadsides; wore immediately under + her stern, and raked her with a broadside. She then crowded all + sail and endeavoured to escape by running, hauled on board our + tacks, set spanker and flying-jib in chase. At half-past 9 + commenced firing on her from our starboard bow chaser; gave her + several shot, which cut her spars and rigging considerably. At 10 + <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> finding they could not escape, fired a gun, struck her + colours, and yielded. We immediately took possession of His + Britannic Majesty's ship Levant, Hon. Captain George Douglas, + mounting 21 guns. At 1 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the damages of our rigging were + repaired, sails shifted, and the ship in fighting condition.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>(p. 249)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateXLIX" name="plateXLIX"><strong>Plate XLIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text48" name="text48"><strong>No. 48.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 23, 1815.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">The Congress of the U. S. to Capt. James Biddle, etc. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Capture of +the British ship Penguin by the U. S. ship Hornet.</p> + +<h4>CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Capture of the Penguin.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">THE CONGRESS OF THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) TO CAPT. (<i>Captain</i>) JAMES +BIDDLE. FOR HIS GALLANTRY GOOD CONDUCT AND SERVICES. Bust of Captain +Biddle, in uniform, facing the right <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">CAPTURE OF THE BRITISH SHIP PENGUIN BY THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) +SHIP HORNET. Naval action between the United States sloop-of-war +Hornet, of eighteen guns, Captain Biddle, and the British sloop-of-war +Penguin, of nineteen guns, Captain Dickenson. The Hornet, to windward, +is raking the Penguin. The British vessel has lost her +main-top-gallant-mast In the distance the peak of Tristan d'Acunha. +Exergue: OFF TRISTAN D'ACUNHA MARCH XXIII MDCCCXV. On the platform, +<span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate049" name="plate049"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate049b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 049b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate049a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 049a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Biddle</span> was born in Philadelphia, February 28, 1783. He entered +the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and went to the Mediterranean with +Captain Bainbridge. He was wrecked in the Philadelphia, and was a +prisoner in Tripoli for nearly two years; was a lieutenant in 1807, +and first lieutenant of the Wasp in 1812, when she captured the +Frolic. For his conduct on this occasion he was promoted to the rank +of master-commandant. While in command of the sloop-of-war Hornet he +captured the British sloop-of-war Penguin, Captain Dickenson, March +23, 1815, receiving for this gallant deed the thanks of Congress and a +gold medal. He became a captain in the same <span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>(p. 250)</span> year, and +commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1830-1832. He was governor of +the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, 1838-1842; commanded the East India +squadron, 1845, and was on the west coast of Mexico during the Mexican +war. He died in Philadelphia, October 1, 1848.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Biddle, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be, and he is hereby, requested to +present to Captain James Biddle, of the sloop of war Hornet, a gold +medal, with suitable emblems and devices, and a silver medal,<a id="footnotetag107" name="footnotetag107"></a><a href="#footnote107">[107]</a> +with suitable emblems and devices, to each commissioned officer of the +said sloop of war, in testimony of the high sense entertained by +Congress, of the gallantry, good conduct, and services of Captain +Biddle, his officers and crew, in capturing the British sloop of war +Penguin, after a brave and skilful combat.</p> + +<p>Approved February 22, 1816.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States sloop Hornet</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Off Tristan D'Acunha, March 25th, 1815.</span><br> +To the Honourable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Secretary of the Navy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you, that on the morning of the + 23d instant, at half past ten, when about to anchor off the north + end of the island of Tristan d'Acunha, a sail was seen to the + southward and eastward, steering to the westward, the wind fresh + from the S. S. W. In a few minutes she had passed on to the + westward, so that we could not see her for the land. I + immediately made sail for the westward, and shortly after getting + in sight of her again, perceived her to bear up before the wind. + I hove to for him to come down to us. When she had approached + near, I filled the main-topsail, and continued to yaw the ship, + while she continued to come down, wearing occasionally to prevent + her passing under our stern. At 1.40 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> being within nearly + musket shot distance, she hauled her wind on the starboard tack, + hoisted English colours and fired a gun. We immediately luffed + to, hoisted our ensign and gave the enemy a broadside. The action + being thus commenced, a quick and well directed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>(p. 251)</span> fire + was kept up from this ship, the enemy gradually driving near to + us, when at 1.05 minutes he bore up apparently to run us on + board. As soon as I perceived he would certainly fall on board, I + called the boarders, so as to be ready to repel any attempt to + board us. At the instant every officer and man repaired to the + quarterdeck, where the two vessels were coming in contact, and + eagerly pressed me to permit them to board the enemy; but this I + would not permit, as it was evident, from the commencement of the + action, that our fire was greatly superior both in quickness and + effect. The enemy's bowsprit came in between our main and mizzen + rigging, on our starboard side, affording him an opportunity to + board us, if such was his design, but no attempt was made. There + was a considerable swell on, and as the sea lifted us ahead, the + enemy's boom carried away our mizzen shrouds, stern davits, and + spanker boom, and he hung upon our larboard quarter. At this + moment an officer, who was afterwards recognized to be Mr. + M'Donald, the first lieutenant, and the then commanding officer, + called out that they had surrendered. I directed the marines and + musketry men to cease firing, and, while on the taffrail asking + if they had surrendered, I received a wound in the neck. The + enemy had just then got clear of us, and his fore-mast and + bowsprit being both gone, and perceiving us wearing to give a + fresh broadside, he again called out that he had surrendered. It + was with difficulty I could restrain my crew from firing into him + again, as he had certainly fired into us after having + surrendered. From the firing of the first gun, to the last time + the enemy cried out he had surrendered, was exactly 22 minutes by + the watch. She proved to be His Britannic Majesty's sloop of war + Penguin, mounting six 32 pound carronades, two long 12's, a 12 + pound carronade on the top-gallant fore-castle, with swivels on + the capstern in the tops. She had a spare port forward, so as to + fight both her long guns a side. She sailed from England in + September last. She was shorter upon deck than this ship, by two + feet, but she had a greater length of keel, greater breadth of + beam, thicker sides, and higher bulwarks than this ship, and was + in all respects a remarkably fine vessel of her class. The enemy + acknowledge a complement of 132, 12 of them supernumerary marines + from the Medway 74, received on board in consequence of their + being ordered to cruise for the American privateer Young Wasp. + They acknowledge, also, a loss of 14 killed and 28 wounded; but + Mr. Mayo, who was in charge of the prize, assures me that the + number of killed was certainly greater. Among the killed is + Captain Dickenson, who fell at the close of the action, and the + boatswain; among the wounded is the second lieutenant, purser, + and two midshipmen. Each of the midshipmen lost a leg. We + received on board, in all, 118 prisoners, four of whom have since + died of their wounds. Having removed the prisoners, and taken on + board such provisions and stores as would be useful to us, I + scuttled the Penguin this morning, before daylight, and she went + down. As she was completely riddled by our shot, her foremast and + bowsprit both gone, and her main-mast so crippled as to be + incapable of being secured, it seemed unadvisable, at this + distance from home, to attempt sending her to the United States.</p> + +<p>This ship did not receive a single round shot in her hull, nor + any material wound in her spars; the rigging and sails were very + much cut; but having bent a new suit of sails and knotted and + secured our rigging, we are now completely ready, in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>(p. 252)</span> + all respects, for any service. We were eight men short of + complement, and had nine upon the sick list the morning of the + action.</p> + +<p>Enclosed is a list of killed and wounded. I lament to state that + Lieutenant Conner is wounded dangerously. I feel great solicitude + on his account, as he is an officer of much promise, and his loss + would be a serious loss to the service.</p> + +<p>It is a most pleasing part of my duty to acquaint you that the + conduct of Lieutenants Conner and Newton, Mr. Mayo, + Acting-Lieutenant Brownlow, of the marines, sailing master + Romney, and other officers, seamen, and marines I have the honour + to command, was in the highest degree creditable to them, and + calls for my warmest recommendation. I cannot, indeed, do justice + to their merits. The satisfaction which was diffused throughout + the ship when it was ascertained that the stranger was an enemy's + sloop of war, and the alacrity with which every one repaired to + quarters, fully assured me that their conduct in the action would + be marked with coolness and intrepidity.</p> + +<p>The loss on board the Hornet, was 1 killed and 11 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">J. Biddle</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>(p. 253)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateL" name="plateL"><strong>Plate L.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text49" name="text49"><strong>No. 49.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1817—March 4, 1825.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">James Monroe President of the U. S. A. D. 1817. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Fifth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAMES MONROE PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) A. D. (<i>Anno +Domini: The year of our Lord</i>) 1817. Bust of President Monroe, facing +the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and a +tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate050" name="plate050"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate050b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 050b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate050a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 050a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Monroe</span> was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, +1758. He was educated at William and Mary College, Virginia, served +with distinction in the revolutionary war from 1776 to 1778; was +member of the Virginia Assembly, 1782; delegate to Congress, +1783-1786; senator of the United States, 1790-1794; minister to +France, 1794-1796; governor of Virginia, 1799-1802; was sent on a +special mission to France for the acquisition of Louisiana, 1802; was +minister to England, 1803-1808; and to Spain, 1805; governor of +Virginia, 1810; secretary of State under President Madison, 1811-1817; +acting secretary of War, 1814-1815; President of the United States +(first term), 1817-1821; (second term), 1821-1825. He died in the city +of New York, July 4, 1831, on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the +Independence of the United States.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>(p. 254)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLI" name="plateLI"><strong>Plate LI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text50" name="text50"><strong>No. 50.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 5, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General William H. Harrison. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress April +4. 1818.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM H. (<i>Henry</i>) HARRISON. Bust of General Harrison, +in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APRIL 4, 1818. America, personified as a +maiden, with a spear in her right hand and resting on the American +shield, places with her left a crown of laurel on a trophy formed of +the arms of the enemy, on which hangs a buckler, with the inscription +FORT MEIGS BATTLE OF THE THAMES. Exergue: BATTLE OF THE THAMES OCTOBER +5. 1813. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate051" name="plate051"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate051b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 051b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate051a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 051a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">William Henry Harrison</span> was born in Berkeley, Charles City County, +Virginia, February 9, 1773. He entered the army as ensign in 1791; +served in the north-west against the Indians, under General St. Clair, +and afterward under General Wayne, to whom he was aid-de-camp; became +captain in 1795; resigned in 1797; was appointed secretary of the +North-west territory, and was its delegate in Congress, 1799. He was +governor of the territory of Indiana, 1801-1813; defeated Tecumseh at +Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811; was made brigadier-general and commander +of the North-west territory in 1812, major-general in 1813; gallantly +defended Fort Meigs, and defeated the British army at the battle of +the Thames, October 5, 1813, for which victory Congress gave him a +vote of thanks and a gold medal. He resigned his commission shortly +afterwards. Was a member of Congress from Ohio, 1816-1819; Ohio State +senator, 1819-1824; United States senator, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>(p. 255)</span> 1825-1828, and +President of the United States, March 4, 1841. He died in the White +House, Washington, on April 4, one month after his inauguration. He +was known in the West by the sobriquet of "Old Tippecanoe." No +presidential medal of him was struck.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Harrison and +Governor Shelby, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives + of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the + thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to + Major-General William Henry Harrison, and Isaac Shelby, late + Governor of Kentucky, and, through them, to the officers and men + under their command, for their gallantry and good conduct in + defeating the combined British and Indian forces under + Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on the + fifth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, + capturing the British army, with their baggage, camp equipage and + artillery; and that the President of the United States be + requested to cause two gold medals to be struck, emblematical of + this triumph, and presented to General Harrison and Isaac Shelby, + late Governor of Kentucky.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested + to present to Colonel Richard M. Johnson a sword, as a testimony + of the high sense entertained by Congress of the daring and + distinguished valour displayed by himself and the regiment of + volunteers under his command, in charging and essentially + contributing to vanquish the combined British and Indian forces + under Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on + the fifth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and + thirteen.</p> + +<p>Approved April 4, 1818.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Harrison to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, near Moravian Town</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">On the river Thames, 80 miles from Detroit,</span><br> +<span class="col60">October 5, 1813.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you that, by the blessing of + Providence, the army under my command has obtained a complete + victory over the combined Indian and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>(p. 256)</span> British forces + under the command of General Proctor. I believe that nearly the + whole of the enemy's regulars are taken or killed. Amongst the + former are all the superior officers, excepting General Proctor. + My mounted men are now in pursuit of him. Our loss is very + trifling. The brave Colonel R. M. Johnson is the only officer + whom I have heard of that is wounded, he badly, but I hope not + dangerously.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">William H. Harrison</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Harrison to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head Quarters, Detroit</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">October 9th, 1813.</span><br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">General John Armstrong</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In my last letter from Sandwich, of the 30th ultimo, I did + myself the honour to inform you, that I was preparing to pursue + the enemy on the following day. From various causes, however, I + was unable to put the troops in motion until the morning of the + 2d instant, and then to take with me only about 140 of the + regular troops, Johnson's mounted regiment, and such of Governor + Shelby's volunteers as were fit for a rapid march, the whole + amounting to about 3500 men. To General M'Arthur, with about 700 + effectives, the protection of this place, and the sick, was + committed. General Cass's brigade, and the corps of + Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, were left at Sandwich, with orders to + follow me as soon as the men received their knapsacks and + blankets, which had been left on an island in Lake Erie.</p> + +<p>The unavoidable delay at Sandwich was attended with no + disadvantage to us. General Proctor had posted himself at + Dalson's, on the right bank of the river Thames (or French), + fifty-six miles from this place, where I was informed he intended + to fortify and to receive me. He must have believed, however, + that I had no disposition to follow him, or that he had secured + my continuance here, by the reports that were circulated that the + Indians would attack and destroy this place, upon the advance of + the army, as he neglected the breaking up of the bridges until + the night of the 2d instant. On the night our army reached the + river, which is 25 miles from Sandwich, and is one of four + streams crossing our route, over all of which are bridges, and + being deep and muddy, are unfordable for a considerable distance + into the country. The bridge here was found entire, and in the + morning I proceeded with Johnson's regiment, to save, if + possible, the others. At the second bridge, over a branch of the + river Thames, we were fortunate enough to capture a lieutenant of + dragoons and 11 privates, who had been sent by General Proctor to + destroy them. From the prisoners I learned that the third bridge + was broken up, and that the enemy had no certain information of + our advance. The bridge, having been imperfectly destroyed, was + soon repaired, and the army encamped at Drake's farm, four miles + below Dalson's.</p> + +<p>The river Thames, along the banks of which our route lay, is a + fine deep stream, navigable for vessels of considerable burthen, + after the passage of the bar at its mouth, over which there is + six and a half feet water.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>(p. 257)</span> baggage of the army was brought from Detroit in + boats, protected by three gun-boats, which Commodore Perry had + furnished for the purpose, as well as to cover the passage of the + army over the Thames itself, or the mouth of its tributary + streams; the banks being low, and the country generally open + (prairies), as high as Dalson's, these vessels were well + calculated for the purpose. Above Dalson's, however, the + character of the river and adjacent country, is considerably + changed. The former, though still deep, is very narrow, and its + banks high and woody. The commodore and myself, therefore, agreed + upon the propriety of leaving the boats under a guard of 150 + infantry, and I determined to trust to fortune, and the bravery + of my troops, to effect the passage of the river. Below a place + called Chatham, and four miles above Dalson's, is the third + fordable branch of the Thames. The bridge over its mouth had been + taken up by the Indians, as well as at M'Gregor's Mills, one mile + above. Several hundred of the Indians remained to dispute our + passage, and, upon the arrival of the advanced guard, commenced a + heavy fire from the opposite bank of the creek, as well as that + of the river. Believing that the whole force of the enemy was + there, I halted the army formed in order of battle, and brought + up our two six-pounders to cover the party that were ordered to + repair the bridge, and cross the troops. Colonel Johnson's + mounted regiment, being upon the right of the army, had seized + the remains of the bridge at the mills, under a heavy fire from + the Indians. Our loss, upon this occasion, was two killed and + three or four wounded; that of the enemy was ascertained to be + considerably greater. A house near the bridge, containing a very + considerable number of muskets, had been set on fire; but it was + extinguished by our troops, and the arms saved. At the first farm + above the bridge, we found one of the enemy's vessels on fire, + loaded with arms and ordnance stores, and learned that they were + a few miles ahead of us, still on the right bank of the river, + with the great body of Indians. At Bowles's farm, four miles from + the bridge, we halted for the night, found two other vessels, and + a large distillery, filled with ordnance and other valuable + stores, to an immense amount, in flames. It was impossible to put + out the fire; two twenty-four pounders, with their carriages, + were taken, and a large quantity of ball and shells of various + sizes. The army was put in motion early on the morning of the + 5th. I pushed on, in advance, with the mounted regiment, and + requested Governor Shelby to follow, as expeditiously as + possible, with the infantry. The governor's zeal, and that of his + men, enabled them to keep up with the cavalry, and by 9 o'clock, + we were at Arnold's mills, having taken, in the course of the + morning, two gun-boats and several bateaux, loaded with + provisions and ammunition.</p> + +<p>A rapid at the river at Arnold's mills affords the only fording + to be met with for a very considerable distance; but, upon + examination, it was found too deep for the infantry. Having, + however, fortunately taken two or three boats and some canoes, on + the spot, and obliging the horsemen to take a footman behind + each, the whole were safely crossed by 12 o'clock. Eight miles + from the crossing we passed a farm where a part of the British + troops had encamped the night before, under the command of + Colonel Warburton. The detachment with General Proctor had + arrived the day before at the Moravian towns, four miles higher + up. Being now certainly near the enemy, I directed the advance of + Johnson's regiment to accelerate their march, for the purpose of + procuring intelligence. The officer commanding it, in a short + time, sent to inform <span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>(p. 258)</span> me that his progress was stopped + by the enemy, who were formed across our line of march. One of + the enemy's wagoners being also taken prisoner, from the + information received from him, and my own observation, assisted + by some of my officers, I soon ascertained enough of their + position, and order of battle, to determine that which it was + proper for me to adopt.</p> + +<p>I have the honour herewith to enclose you my general order of the + 27th ultimo, prescribing the order of march and of battle when + the whole army should act together. But as the number and + description of the troops had been essentially changed since the + issuing of the order, it became necessary to make a corresponding + alteration in their disposition. From the place where our army + was last halted, to the Moravian towns, a distance of about three + and a half miles, the road passes through a beech forest without + any clearing, and for the first two miles near to the bank of the + river. At from two to three hundred yards from the river a swamp + extends parallel to it throughout the whole distance. The + intermediate ground is dry, and although the trees are tolerably + thick, it is in many places clear of underbrush. Across this + strip of land, its left <i>appuyed</i> upon the river, supported by + artillery placed in the wood, their right in the swamp covered by + the whole of their Indian force, the British troops were drawn + up.</p> + +<p>The troops at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and + twenty regulars of the 27th regiment, five brigades of Kentucky + volunteer militia infantry under his excellency Governor Shelby, + averaging less than five hundred men, and Colonel Johnson's + regiment of mounted infantry, making in the whole an aggregate + something above 3000. No disposition of an army opposed to an + Indian force can be safe, unless it is secured on the flanks and + in the rear. I had therefore no difficulty in arranging the + infantry conformably to my general order of battle. General + Trotter's brigade of 500 men formed the front line, his right + upon the road and his left upon the swamp. General King's brigade + as a second line, 150 yards in the rear of Trotter's, and + Childs's brigade, as a corps of reserve, in the rear of it. These + three brigades formed the command of Major-General Henry; the + whole of General Desha's division, consisting of two brigades, + were formed <i>en potence</i> upon the left of Trotter.</p> + +<p>While I was engaged in forming the infantry, I had directed + Colonel Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be + formed in two lines opposite to the enemy, and upon the advance + of the infantry, to take ground to the left, and forming upon + that flank, to endeavour to turn the right of the Indians. A + moment's reflection, however, convinced me, that from the + thickness of the woods and swampiness of the ground, they would + be unable to do anything on horseback, and there was no time to + dismount them and place their horses in security; I therefore + determined to refuse my left to the Indians, and to break the + British lines at once by a charge of the mounted infantry; the + measure was not sanctioned by any thing I had seen or heard of, + but I was fully convinced that it would succeed. The American + backwoodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people. A + musket or rifle is no impediment to them, being accustomed to + carry them on horseback from their earliest youth. I was + persuaded, too, that the enemy would be quite unprepared for the + shock, and that they could not resist it. Conformably to this + idea, I directed the regiment to be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>(p. 259)</span> drawn up in close + column, with its right at the distance of fifty yards from the + road (that it might be, in some measure, protected by the trees + from the artillery), its left upon the swamp, and to charge, at + full speed, as soon as the enemy delivered their fire. The few + regular troops of the 27th regiment, under the command of their + colonel (Paul), occupied, in column of sections of four, the + small space between the road and the river, for the purpose of + seizing the enemy's artillery, and some ten or twelve friendly + Indians were directed to move under the bank. The crotchet, + formed by the front line and General Desha's division was an + important point. At that place the venerable governor of Kentucky + was posted, who, at the age of sixty-six, preserves all the + vigour of youth, the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the + Revolutionary war, and the undaunted bravery which he manifested + at King's Mountain. With my aids-de-camp, the acting Assistant + Adjutant-General, Captain Buttler, my gallant friend Commodore + Perry, who did me the honour to serve as my volunteer + aid-de-camp, and Brigadier-General Cass, who, having no command, + tendered me his assistance, I placed myself at the head of the + front line of infantry, to direct the movements of the cavalry + and give them the necessary support. The army had moved on this + order but a short distance, when the mounted men received the + fire of the British line, and were ordered to charge; the horses + in the front of the column recoiled from the fire; another was + given by the enemy, and our column, at length getting into + motion, broke through the enemy with irresistible force. In one + minute the contest in front was over. The British officers seeing + no hopes of reducing their disordered ranks to order, and our + mounted men wheeling upon them and pouring in a destructive fire, + immediately surrendered. It is certain that three only of our + troops were wounded in this charge. Upon the left, however, the + contest was more severe with the Indians. Colonel Johnson, who + commanded on that flank of his regiment, received a most galling + fire from them, which was returned with great effect. The Indians + still further to the right advanced and fell in with our front + line of infantry, near its junction with Desha's division, and, + for a moment, made an impression on it. His Excellency, Governor + Shelby, however, brought up a regiment to its support, and the + enemy, receiving a severe fire in front, and a part of Johnson's + regiment having gained their rear, retreated with precipitation. + Their loss was very considerable in the action and many were + killed in their retreat.</p> + +<p>I can give no satisfactory information of the number of Indians + that were in the action, but they must have been considerably + upwards of one thousand. From the documents in my possession + (General Proctor's official letters, all of which were taken), + and from the information of respectable inhabitants of this + territory, the Indians, kept in pay by the British, were much + more numerous than has been generally supposed. In a letter to + General de Rottenburg, of the 27th instant, General Proctor + speaks of having prevailed upon most of the Indians to accompany + him. Of these it is certain that fifty or sixty Wyandot warriors + abandoned him.</p> + +<p>A British officer, of high rank, assured one of my aids-de-camp, + that on the day of our landing, General Proctor had at his + disposal upwards of three thousand Indian warriors, but asserted + that the greatest part had left him previous to the action.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>(p. 260)</span> number of our troops was certainly greater than that + of the enemy, but when it is recollected that they had chosen a + position that effectually secured their flank, which it was + impossible for us to turn, and that we could not present to them + a line more extended than their own, it will not be considered + arrogant to claim for my troops the palm of superior bravery.</p> + +<p>In communicating to the President, through you, Sir, my opinion + of the conduct of the officers who served under my command, I am + at a loss how to mention that of Governor Shelby, being convinced + that no eulogium of mine can reach his merits. The governor of an + independent State, greatly my superior in years, in experience + and in military character, he placed himself under my command, + and was not more remarkable for his zeal and activity, than for + the promptitude and cheerfulness with which he obeyed my orders. + The Major-Generals Henry and Desha, and the Brigadiers Allen, + Caldwell, King, Childs, and Trotter, all of the Kentucky + volunteers, manifested great zeal and activity. Of Governor + Shelby's staff, his adjutant-general, Colonel Walker, rendered + great service, as did his aids-de-camp, General Adair, and Majors + Barry and Crittenden. The military skill of the former was of + great service to us, and the activity of the two latter gentlemen + could not be surpassed. Illness deprived me of the talents of my + adjutant-general, Colonel Gaines, who was left at Sandwich. His + duties were, however, ably performed by the acting assistant + adjutant-general, Captain Buttler. My aids-de-camp, Lieutenant + O'Fallon and Captain Todd, of the line, and my volunteer aids, + John Speed Smith and John Chambers, Esquires, have rendered me + the most important services from the opening of the campaign. I + have already stated that General Cass and Commodore Perry + assisted me in forming the troops for the action. The former is + an officer of the highest merit, and the appearance of the brave + commodore cheered and animated every breast.</p> + +<p>It would be useless, Sir, after stating the circumstances of the + action, to pass encomiums upon Colonel Johnson and his regiment. + Veterans could not have manifested more firmness. The colonel's + numerous wounds prove that he was in the post of danger. + Lieutenant-Colonel James Johnson, and the Majors Payne and + Thompson were equally active though more fortunate. Major Wood of + the engineers, already distinguished by his conduct at Fort + Meigs, attended the army with two six-pounders. Having no use for + them in the action, he joined in the pursuit of the enemy, and + with Major Payne, of the mounted regiment, two of my + aids-de-camp, Todd and Chambers, and three privates, continued it + for several miles after the rest of the troops had halted, and + made many prisoners.</p> + +<p>I left the army before an official return of the prisoners, or + that of the killed and wounded, was made out. It was however + ascertained that the former amounts to 601 regulars, including 25 + officers. Our loss is 7 killed and 22 wounded, 5 of which have + since died. Of the British troops 12 were killed and 22 wounded. + The Indians suffered most, 33 of them having been found upon the + ground, besides those killed on the retreat.</p> + +<p>On the day of the action, six pieces of brass artillery were + taken, and two iron 24 pounders the day before. Several others + were discovered in the river, and can be easily procured. Of the + brass pieces, three are the trophies of our revolutionary war, + that were taken at Saratoga and York, and surrendered by General + Hull. The number <span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>(p. 261)</span> of small arms taken by us and + destroyed by the enemy, must amount to upwards of 5000; most of + them had been ours and taken by the enemy at the surrender of + Detroit, at the river Raisin, and at Colonel Dudley's defeat. I + believe that the enemy retain no other military trophy of their + victories than the standard of the 4th regiment; they were not + magnanimous enough to bring that of the 4th regiment into the + field, or it would have been taken.</p> + +<p>You have been informed, Sir, of the conduct of the troops under + my command in action; it gives me great pleasure to inform you, + that they merit also the approbation of their country for their + conduct, in submitting to the greatest privations with the utmost + cheerfulness.</p> + +<p>The infantry were entirely without tents, and for several days + the whole army subsisted upon fresh beef, without bread or salt.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honour to be, etc.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">William H. Harrison.</span></p> + +<p>P.S. General Proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horses, + escorted by 40 dragoons and a number of mounted Indians.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Orders of Debarkation, of March, and of Battle.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters, on Board</span><br> + <span class="smcap">the United States schooner Ariel</span>,<br> + September 27, 1813.</p> + +<p>As it is the intention of the general to land the army on the + enemy's coast, the following will be order of debarkation, of + march, and of battle:</p> + +<p>The right wing of the army will be composed of the Kentucky + volunteers, under the command of His Excellency, Governor Shelby, + acting as major-general. The left wing, of the light corps of + Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, and the brigades of Generals M'Arthur + and Cass. The arrangement is made with a view to the localities + of the ground upon which the troops are to act and the + composition of the enemy's force, and is calculated, in marching + up the lake or straight, to place our regular troops in the open + ground on the lake, where they will probably be opposed by the + British regulars, and the Kentucky volunteers in the woods, which + it is presumed will be occupied by the enemy's militia and the + Indians. When the signal is given for putting to the shore, the + corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball will precede the left wing: the + regiment of volunteer riflemen the right wing: these corps will + land with the utmost celerity, consistent with the preservation + of good order, and as soon as landed will seize the most + favourable position of annoying the enemy and covering the + disembarkation of the troops of the line. General Cass's brigade + will follow Colonel Ball's corps, and General Calmes the + volunteer riflemen. The regiments will land and form in + succession upon those which precede them. The right wing, with + its left in front, displaying to the right; and the left wing, + with its right in front, displaying to the left. The brigades of + Generals King, Allen, and Caldwell will form successively to the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>(p. 262)</span> right of General Calmes. General M'Arthur and Child's + brigades will form the reserve. The general will command in + person the right brigades of Generals Cass and Calmes, assisted + by Major-General Henry. His Excellency, Governor Shelby, will + have the immediate command of three brigades on the right, + assisted by Major-General Desha. As soon as the troops are + disembarked, the boats are to be immediately sent back to the + fleet. It will be observed that the order of landing here + prescribed is somewhat that of direct eschelons deployed into + line upon the advanced corps of the right and left wing. It is + the intention of the general, however, that all the troops which + are provided with boats should land in as quick succession as + possible; and the general officers in command towards the + extremities of the line, are authorized to deviate from the + arrangement to counteract any movement of the enemy, by landing + any part of their commands, previously to the formation of the + corps, which is herein directed to precede them. The corps of + Lieutenant-Colonel Ball and the volunteer rifle regiment will + maintain the position they occupy on landing, until the troops of + the line are formed to support them; they will then retire + through the intervals of the line, or to the flanks, and form in + the rear of the line.</p> + +<p>A detachment of artillery, with a six, four and three-pounder and + howitzer, will land with the advanced light corps; the rest of + the artillery will be held in reserve, and landed at such point + as Major Wood may direct.</p> + +<p>The point of landing for the reserve, under Brigadier-General + M'Arthur, cannot now be designated; it will be made to support + any point of the line which may require aid, or be formed on the + flanks, as circumstances may render necessary. The arrangement + for landing the troops will be made entirely under the direction + of an officer of the navy, whom Commodore Perry has been so + obliging as to offer for that purpose. The debarkation of the + troops will be covered by the cannon of the vessels. The troops + being landed, and the enemy driven off, or not opposing the + landing, the army will change its front to the left, and form in + order of battle in the following manner: The two brigades of + regular troops, and two of the volunteers, to be formed in two + lines at right angles to the shore of the lake. General + M'Arthur's brigade and Calmes' to form the front line, and Cass's + and Childs's the second line; the regular troops still on the + left; that flank of both lines, resting on the shore; the + distance between the two lines will be 300 yards. The remaining + three brigades of volunteers will be drawn up in a single line of + two ranks, at right angles to the line of march, its head upon + the right of the front line, forming a crotchet (<i>en potence</i>) + with that line, and extending beyond the second line. The corps + of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball will form the advance of the left + wing, at the distance of 300 yards, the regiment of rifle + volunteers the advance of the right wing, at the same distance.</p> + +<p>Some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road leading + up the lake, and at such other points as Major Wood may direct. + When the order is given for marching, the first and second lines + will advance by files from the heads of companies; in other + words, these two lines will form two columns, marching by their + flanks by companies at entire distances. The three brigades on + the right flank will be faced to the left and marched forward; + the head of this column still forming en potence with the front + line. It is probable that the two brigades of the front line + will <span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>(p. 263)</span> extend from the lake some distance into the woods, + on the right flank, and it is desirable it should be so; but + should it be otherwise, and the crotchet or angle be at any time + on the open ground, his excellency Governor Shelby will + immediately prolong the front line to the right, by adding to it + as many companies of the leading brigade of the flank column as + will bring the angle, and consequently the flank column itself, + completely within the woods. It is to be presumed that the enemy + will make their attack upon the army in its march, that their + regular troops will form their right upon the lake, their militia + occupy the ground between the regulars and the woods, and the + Indians the woods. The formation herein prescribed is intended to + resist an arrangement of this kind. Should the general's + conjecture on that subject prove correct, as it must be evident + that the right of the enemy cannot be turned, and on that wing + his best troops must be placed, it will be proper to refuse him + our left, and direct our principal effort to uncover the flank of + his regulars by driving off his militia. In the event supposed, + therefore, it will be proper to bring up a part or the whole of + General Cass's brigade, to assist the charge made by General + Calmes, or that the former should change positions with the + brigade of volunteers in the second line. Should the general + think it safe to order the whole of Cass's brigade to the right, + without replacing it with another, General Cass will march to the + right, formed in oblique eschelons of companies. It will be the + business of General M'Arthur, in the event of his wing being + refused to watch the motions of the enemy, with the assistance of + the artillery, to prevent his front line at least from + interrupting the progress of our right. Should the enemy's + militia be defeated, the brigade of ours in advance will + immediately wheel upon the flank of the British regulars, and + General M'Arthur will advance to attack them in front. In the + mean time, his excellency Governor Shelby can use the brigade in + reserve of the second line to prolong the flank line from its + front or left, or to reinforce any weak part of the line. In all + cases where troops in advance are obliged to retire through those + who are advancing to support them, it will be done by companies + in files, which will retire through the intervals of the + advancing line, and will immediately form in rear. The light + troops will be particularly governed by this direction.</p> + +<p>The disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the + commanding general thinks best calculated to resist an attack + from Indians, which is only to be expected from that quarter. His + excellency Governor Shelby will, however, use his discretion in + making any alteration which his experience and judgment may + dictate. Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, Lieutenant-Colonel Simral, and + the general officers commanding on the flank line, are to send + out small detachments in advance of the two former corps, and to + the flank of the latter. Should they discover the enemy in force, + immediately notice will be sent to the head of the lines. The + general commanding on the spot will immediately order the signals + for forming in order of battle, which will be the beat "<i>to + arms</i>."</p> + +<p>All signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of the + line; the signal for the whole to halt, is the retreat. Drums + will be distributed along the heads of companies, and the taps + occasionally given to regulate their march.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonels Ball and Simral are to keep the general + constantly advised of the discoveries made by the advanced + parties. Where it shall become necessary for the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>(p. 264)</span> corps + of Ball and Simral to retire, they will form on the flank or in + the rear of Generals M'Arthur and Calmes's brigades, and receive + the orders of the brigadiers respectively.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Cass will designate such officers as he may + deem proper, to assist Captain Elliott, of the navy, in the + arrangement of the troops. The general will be the signal for the + whole to move. By command,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Edmund P. Gaines</span>, <i>Col. Adj. Gen.</i></p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>(p. 265)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLII" name="plateLII"><strong>Plate LII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text51" name="text51"><strong>No. 51.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>October 5, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Governor Isaac Shelby. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Battle of the Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.</p> + +<h4>GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of the Thames.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. Bust of Governor Shelby in a general's uniform, +facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">BATTLE OF THE THAMES. OCTO. (<i>October</i>) 5. 1813. The battle of the +Thames; in the background, a forest; in the foreground, the mounted +riflemen are charging the enemy. Exergue: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APRIL +4. 1818. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag108" name="footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108">[108]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate052" name="plate052"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate052b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 052b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate052a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 052a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Isaac Shelby</span> was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, December 11, 1750. He +served in the South throughout the Revolutionary War, rose to the rank +of colonel, and displayed great gallantry in the battle of King's +Mountain, October 7, 1780, for which he received a sword of honor and +thanks from the Legislature of North Carolina. He was governor of +Kentucky, 1792-1796, and 1812-1816; he joined General Harrison with +four thousand Kentucky volunteers, and distinguished himself in the +battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813, for which victory Congress gave +him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He declined to be secretary of +War in 1817, and died in Lincoln County, Kentucky, July 18, 1826.</p> + + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>(p. 266)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLIII" name="plateLIII"><strong>Plate LIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text52" name="text52"><strong>No. 52.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 24, 1822.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Gallia. et. America. +foederata.</p> + +<h4>TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.</h4> + +<p class="quote">LVDOVICVS. XVIII FRANC. ET. NAV. REX. (<i>Ludovicus XVIII. Franciæ et +Navarræ rex: Louis XVIII, King of France and Navarre.</i>) Bust of Louis +the Eighteenth, facing the right <span class="smcap">de puymaurin direxit</span><a id="footnotetag109" name="footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109">[109]</a> +(<i>directed</i>). On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">ANDRIEU. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">GALLIA. ET. AMERICA. FOEDERATA. (<i>France and America allied.</i>) France +and America, personified as two female figures, standing, leaning on a +column, on which is a bust of Mercury. France, beside whom is a shield +bearing the three fleurs de lis, holds in her right hand a cornucopia, +and America rests her left hand on the prow of a galley; on the face +of the column is engraved: MDCCCXXII (1822). Exergue: NOVIS. +COMMERCIORVM. PACTIS IVNCTAE (<i>United by new treaties of +commerce</i>.) <span class="smcap">GAYRARD. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag110" name="footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110">[110]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate053" name="plate053"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate053b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 053b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate053a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 053a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Bertrand Andrieu</span> was born in Bordeaux, France, in 1762. He studied +first at the academy of Bordeaux, then with Lavaux. He came to Paris +early in life. Among his principal medals are: the taking of the +Bastille; the battle of Marengo; the passage of the St. Bernard; the +baptism of the King of Rome; the head of the Emperor Napoleon; the +head of the Empress Josephine; the head of the Empress Marie Louise; +and the cathedral of Vienna. He also executed the obverse of the medal +commemorating the treaty of commerce of 1822, between the United +States of America and France. He died in Paris, December 10, 1822.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Raymond <span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>(p. 267)</span> Gayrard</span> was born at Rodez, France, in 1777. He +volunteered and served in the army from 1796 to 1802; then studied +under Launay and Jeoffroy, and first attracted attention by his +medallions of the Emperor Napoleon and of the Archduchess Marie +Louise, on the occasion of their marriage. Among his principal medals +are: the visits to the mint of the Emperor of Austria, and of the King +of Prussia; the second entrance of Louis XVIII. into Paris; the +removal of the ashes of the Duke d'Enghien to the chapel at Vincennes; +the triumphal entrance of the Duke d'Angoulême into Paris; the death +of Louis XVIII.; and the accession to the throne of Charles X. He also +engraved the reverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce +between the United States of America and France. He was distinguished +also as a sculptor, and among his statues is one of the American +Republic. He was engraver to King Louis XVIII. and Charles X., was +decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1825, and received a medal of +the 2d class for sculpture at the Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1814, and +an honorable mention at the Universal Exhibition of 1855. He died in +Paris, May 4, 1858.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Treaty with France, 1822.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States of +America and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, concluded June +24, 1822; ratifications exchanged February 12, 1823; proclaimed +February 12, 1823.</i></p> + +<p>The United States of America and His Majesty the King of France and +Navarre, being desirous of settling the relations of navigation and +commerce between their respective nations, by a temporary convention +reciprocally beneficial and satisfactory, and thereby of leading to a +more permanent and comprehensive arrangement, have respectively +furnished their full powers in manner following, that is to say,</p> + +<p>The President of the United States to John Quincy Adams, their +Secretary of State, and His Most Christian Majesty to the Baron Hyde +de Neuville, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, +Commander of the Legion of Honour, Grand Cross of the Royal American +Order of Isabella the Catholic, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister +Plenipotentiary near the United States; Who, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page268" name="page268"></a>(p. 268)</span> after +exchanging their full powers, have agreed on the following articles:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article I.</span></p> + +<p>Articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, +imported into France in vessels of the United States, shall pay an +additional duty, not exceeding twenty francs per ton of merchandize, +over and above the duties paid on the like articles, also of the +growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, when imported in +French vessels.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article II.</span></p> + +<p>Articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, imported +into the United States in French vessels, shall pay an additional +duty, not exceeding three dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of +merchandize, over and above the duties collected upon the like +articles, also of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, when +imported in vessels of the United States.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article III.</span></p> + +<p>No discriminating duty shall be levied upon the productions of the +soil or industry of France, imported in French bottoms into the ports +of the United States for transit or re-exportation; nor shall any such +duties be levied upon the productions of the soil or industry of the +United States, imported in vessels of the United States into the ports +of France for transit or re-exportation.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article IV.</span></p> + +<p>The following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton of +merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified:</p> + +<p>Wines: Four 61-gallon hogsheads, or 244 gallons of 231 cubic inches, +American measure.</p> + +<p>Brandies, and all other liquids, 244 gallons.</p> + +<p>Silks and all other dry goods, and all other articles usually subject +to measurement, forty-two cubic feet French, in France, and fifty +cubic feet American measure in the United States.</p> + +<p>Cotton: 804lbs. avoirdupois, or 365 kilogrammes.</p> + +<p>Tobacco: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes.</p> + +<p>Ashes, pot and pearl: 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.</p> + +<p>Rice: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes, and for all weighable +articles, not specified, 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article V.</span></p> + +<p>The duties of tonnage, light money, pilotage, port charges, brokerage, +and all other duties upon foreign shipping, over and above those paid +by the national shipping in the two countries respectively, other than +those specified in articles 1 and 2 of the present convention, shall +not exceed in France, for vessels of the United States, five francs +per ton of the vessel's American register; nor for vessels of France +in the United States, ninety four cents per ton of the vessel's French +passport.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article VI.</span></p> + +<p>The contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual commerce, by +affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their +respective vessels, have agreed that the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>(p. 269)</span> consuls and +vice-consuls may cause to be arrested the sailors, being part of the +crews of the vessels of their respective nations, who shall have +deserted from the said vessels, in order to send them back and +transport them out of the country. For which purpose the said consuls +and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts, judges, and +officers competent, and shall demand the said deserters in writing, +proving by an exhibition of the registers of the vessel, or ship's +roll, or other official documents, that those men were part of the +said crews; and on this demand, so proved, (saving however where the +contrary is proved,) the delivery shall not be refused; and there +shall be given all aid and assistance to the said consuls and +vice-consuls for the search, seizure, and arrest of the said +deserters, who shall even be detained and kept in the prisons of the +country, at their request and expense, until they shall have found an +opportunity of sending them back. But if they be not sent back within +three months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall +be set at liberty, and shall be no more arrested for the same cause.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article VII.</span></p> + +<p>The present temporary convention shall be in force for two years from +the first day of October next, and even after the expiration of that +term, until the conclusion of a definitive treaty, or until one of the +parties shall have declared its intention to renounce it, which +declaration shall be made at least six months beforehand.</p> + +<p>And in case the present arrangement should remain without such +declaration of its discontinuance by either party, the extra duties +specified in the 1st and 2d articles shall, from the expiration of the +said two years, be, on both sides, diminished by one-fourth of their +whole amount, and, afterwards by one-fourth of the said amount from +year to year, so long as neither party shall have declared the +intention of renouncing it as above stated.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Article VIII.</span></p> + +<p>The present convention shall be ratified on both sides, and the +ratifications shall be exchanged within one year from the date hereof, +or sooner, if possible. But the execution of the said convention shall +commence in both countries on the first of October next, and shall be +effective, even in case of non-ratification, for all such vessels as +may have sailed bonâ fide for the ports of either nation, in the +confidence of its being in force.</p> + +<p>In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the +present convention, and have hereto affixed their seals, at the city +of Washington, this 24th day of June, A. D. 1822.</p> + +<p class="p0 quote col40 smcap">John Quincy Adams <span class="right1">[l.s.]</span></p> +<p class="p0 quote col40 smcap">G. Hyde de Neuville <span class="right1">[l.s.]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Separate Article.</span></p> + +<p>The extra duties levied on either side before the present day, by +virtue of the act of Congress of 15th May, 1820, and of the ordinance +of 26th July of the same year, and others confirmative thereof, and +which have not already been paid back, shall be refunded.</p> + +<p>Signed and sealed as above, this 24th day of June, 1822.</p> + +<p class="p0 quote col40 smcap">John Quincy Adams <span class="right1">[l.s.]</span></p> +<p class="p0 quote col40 smcap">G. Hyde de Neuville <span class="right1">[l.s.]</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>(p. 270)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLIV" name="plateLIV"><strong>Plate LIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text53" name="text53"><strong>No. 53.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1825—March 4, 1829.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">John Quincy Adams President of the United States 1825. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Sixth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOHN QUINCY ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1825. Bust of +President John Quincy Adams, facing the right.</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and a +tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<p class="quote">The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Fürst.</p> + + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate054" name="plate054"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate054b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 054b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate054a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 054a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Quincy Adams</span>, son of President John Adams, was born in Braintree, +now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He spent several years of +his early life in Europe with his father; was graduated at Harvard +College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787; was admitted to the bar in +1791, and settled in Boston; was minister to Holland, England, and +Prussia, 1794-1801; United States senator, 1803-1808; minister to +Russia, 1809-1814; one of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, +1814; secretary of State under President Monroe, 1817-1825; President +of the United States, 1825-1829; representative in Congress, +1831-1848. He died in the Capitol in Washington, February 23, 1848.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>(p. 271)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLV" name="plateLV"><strong>Plate LV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text54" name="text54"><strong>No. 54.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1829—March 4, 1837.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Andrew Jackson President of the United States A.D. 1829. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace +and friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Seventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ANDREW JACKSON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A. D. (<i>Anno Domini: The +year of our Lord</i>), 1829. Bust of President Jackson, facing the right. +<span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the American eagle on +them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate055" name="plate055"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate055b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 055b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate055a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 055a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half nofloat"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>(p. 272)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLVI" name="plateLVI"><strong>Plate LVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text55" name="text55"><strong>No. 55.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>August 2, 1813.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Presented by Congress to Colonel George Croghan 1835. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pars magna +fuit.</p> + +<h4>COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Defence of Fort Stephenson.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">PRESENTED BY CONGRESS TO COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN 1835. Bust of Colonel +Croghan, in uniform, facing the right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">In a pendant: PARS MAGNA FUIT<a id="footnotetag111" name="footnotetag111"></a><a href="#footnote111">[111]</a> (<i>His share was great.</i>) Major +Croghan is defending, with one hundred and sixty men, Fort Stephenson +against the attack of the British army, one thousand strong. In the +background, three gunboats on Lake Erie. Exergue: SANDUSKY 2; AUGUST +1813. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1835, it is placed here +according to the chronological order adopted.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate056" name="plate056"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate056b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 056b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate056a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 056a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">George Croghan</span> was born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 15, 1791. +He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and in 1811 +was aid-de-camp to Colonel Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe; captain +in 1812, major in 1813, and aid-de-camp to General Harrison at Fort +Meigs. On August 3, 1813, with a garrison of one hundred and sixty +men, he repulsed General Proctor at the head of an army of one +thousand British troops and Indians. For this gallant deed Congress, +in 1835, gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1814 he was +appointed lieutenant-colonel; resigned in 1817; was promoted to the +rank of inspector-general and colonel in 1825; served under General +Taylor in Mexico, and died in New Orleans, January 8, 1849.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>(p. 273)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Colonel Croghan, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to +be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to Colonel +Croghan, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his +gallantry and good conduct in the defence of Fort Stephenson; and that +he present a sword to each of the following officers engaged in that +affair: to Captain James Hunter, to the eldest male representative of +Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and to Lieutenant Cyrus A. Baylor, John +Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan, and the nearest male representative of +Ensign Edmund Shipp, deceased.</p> + +<p>Approved February 13, 1835.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Major Croghan to General Harrison.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Lower Sandusky</span>, August 5th, 1813.<br> +To<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">Major-General Harrison</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding Northwestern Army.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have the honour to inform you that the combined force + of the enemy, amounting to at least 500 regulars, and seven or + eight hundred Indians, under the immediate command of General + Proctor, made its appearance before this place early on Sunday + evening last, and so soon as the general had made such + disposition of his troops as would cut off my retreat, should I + be disposed to make one, he sent Colonel Elliott, accompanied by + Major Chambers, with a flag to demand the surrender of the fort, + as he was anxious to spare the effusion of blood, which he should + probably not have it in his power to do should he be reduced to + the necessity of taking the place by storm. My answer to the + summons was, that I was determined to defend the place to the + last extremity, and that no force, however large, should induce + me to surrender it. So soon as the flag had returned, a brisk + fire was opened upon us from the gunboats in the river, and from + a five and a half inch howitzer on shore, which was kept up with + little intermission through the night. At an early hour the next + morning, three sixes (which had been placed during the night + within 250 yards of the pickets) began to play upon us, but with + little effect. About 4 o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, discovering that the fire + from all his guns was concentrated against the northwestern angle + of the fort, I became confident that his object was to make a + breach, and attempt to storm the works at that point. I therefore + ordered out as many men as could be employed for the purpose of + strengthening that front, which was so effectually secured by + means of bags of flour, sand, &c., that the picketing suffered + little or no injury. Notwithstanding which, the enemy, about 5 + o'clock, having formed in close column, advancing to assail our + works at the expected point, at the same time making two feints + at the front of Captain Hunter's line, the column which advanced + against the north-western angle, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>(p. 274)</span> consisting of about + 350 men, was so completely enveloped in smoke as not to be + discovered until it had approached within fifteen or twenty paces + of the lines; but the men being all at their posts and ready to + receive it, commenced so heavy and galling a fire as to throw the + column a little into confusion. Being quickly rallied, it + advanced to the outer works and began to leap into the ditch. + Just at that moment a fire of grape was opened from our six + pounder (which had been previously arranged so as to rake in that + direction), which, together with the musketry, threw them into + such confusion, that they were compelled to retire precipitately + to the woods. During the assault, which lasted about half an + hour, an incessant fire was kept up by the enemy's artillery + (which consisted of five sixes and a howitzer), but without + effect. My whole loss during the siege, was one killed and seven + wounded slightly. The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and + prisoners, must exceed one hundred and fifty; one + lieutenant-colonel, a lieutenant and fifty rank and file, were + found in and about the ditch, those of the remainder, who were + not able to escape, were taken off during the night by the + Indians. Seventy stand of arms and several brace of pistols have + been collected near the work. About three in the morning the + enemy sailed down the river, leaving behind them a boat, + containing clothing and considerable military stores. Too much + praise cannot be bestowed on the officers, non-commissioned + officers, and privates under my command for their gallantry and + good conduct during the siege.</p> + +<p class="col40">Yours, with respect,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">G. Croghan</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Major 17th U. S. Infantry comdg. L. S.</i></span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>(p. 275)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLVII" name="plateLVII"><strong>Plate LVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text56" name="text56"><strong>No. 56.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1837—March 4, 1841.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Martin Van Buren President of the United States A. D. 1837. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace +and friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Eighth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MARTIN VAN BUREN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A. D. (<i>Anno Domini: +The year of our Lord</i>) 1837. Bust of President Van Buren, facing the +right. <span class="smcap">FÜRST. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate057" name="plate057"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate057b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 057b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate057a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 057a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Martin Van Buren</span> was born at Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, +December 5, 1782. He received his early education at a common school; +was admitted to the bar in the city of New York, 1803; State senator, +1812; attorney-general of New York, 1815; United States senator, +1821-1828; governor of New York, 1828; secretary of State to President +Jackson, 1829-1831; appointed minister to England, 1831, but was not +confirmed by the Senate; vice-president of the United States, +1833-1837; President of the United States, 1837-1841. He was an +unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1848. He died at +Kinderhook, July 24, 1862.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>(p. 276)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLVIII" name="plateLVIII"><strong>Plate LVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text57" name="text57"><strong>No. 57.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 4, 1841—March 4, 1845.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">John Tyler, President of the United States. 1841. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Tenth<a id="footnotetag112" name="footnotetag112"></a><a href="#footnote112">[112]</a> President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOHN TYLER, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1841. Bust of President +Tyler, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<p class="quote">This medal bears no signature. Below are given the only documents +relating to it which could be obtained.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate058" name="plate058"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate058b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 058b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate058a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 058a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Tyler</span> was born in Charles City County, Virginia, March 29, 1790. +He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, 1807; and was +admitted to the bar, 1809. He was a member of the State Legislature, +1811-1816; member of Congress, 1816-1821; member of the State +Legislature, 1823-1825; governor of Virginia, 1825-1827; United States +senator, 1827-1836; vice-president of the United States, March 4, +1841, and President, on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>(p. 277)</span> the death of General Harrison (April +4), 1841-1845. He took part with the South during the Civil War, and +was a member of the Confederate Congress. He died in Richmond, January +17, 1862.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Mint of the United States</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">November 2, 1841.</span><br> +To the Honorable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">J. C. Spencer</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter + of the 28th ult., and am gratified to see the interest which you + take in the subject of our American Medals.</p> + +<p>The Military Medals of which we have the dies, are now in the + course of execution, in compliance with your request. Among them + is included the Medal voted, in 1777, to General Gates, of which + the dies were given, by the family, through Colonel Burr, to our + former chief coiner, Mr. Eckfeldt.</p> + +<p>Electrotype copies of the other Medals, properly mounted, could + be furnished at two dollars each. We have already the means of + making the following: Washington—Boston, 1776; Colonel + Howard—Cowpens, 1781; General Greene, 1781: Alliance with + France, 1777-1781<a id="footnotetag113" name="footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113">[113]</a>; Colonel Washington—Cowpens, 1781.</p> + The dies for the Indian Medals, bearing the heads of the + successive Presidents, have heretofore been cut by artists in + this country; the earlier ones by Reich, the later by Fürst. One + of these is dead, and the other in Europe. + +<p>I now propose, with your approbation, to pursue a different + course, and to dispense entirely with the services of the die + sinker. For this purpose, a medallion likeness of the President + must be modeled in wax or clay, on a table of four inches in + diameter, and I understand that an artist at Washington, named + Chapman, is competent to this work. A plaster cast from this + model is used as a pattern for a casting in fine iron, which can + be executed by Babbit at Boston, as well as at the celebrated + foundries at Berlin. This casting is then placed in an instrument + called a <i>portrait lathe</i> (of which we have a very perfect one at + the Mint, which I caused to be made at Paris), and reduced + fac-similes of it are turned by the lathe, thus preparing for us + the dies which we need.</p> + +<p>The advantages offered by this mode of operating are manifest. A + model made on a large scale in relief, and in plastic material, + can hardly fail to be more perfect than a head sunk originally on + a die of steel. I accordingly anticipate from this process a more + perfect set of dies, than any we have yet made. But it is not an + untried experiment which I propose to make. I send you herewith, + a medal of Franklin executed by us here, entirely by this + process. The original was a medallion likeness <span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>(p. 278)</span> of + Franklin in burnt clay. All the rest was a purely mechanical + operation, (the work being, in fact, done by a steam engine), + except a little retouching, and the impression of the letters.</p> + +<p>The proposed method presents the advantage of greater economy. + The last Indian Medal dies, which were the cheapest we have had + made, cost $1,160; Mr. Peale, our chief coiner, is willing to + undertake the execution of those for President Tyler, for $800.</p> + +<p>The Medals for President Van Buren were begun, and in fact + completed, in anticipation of the necessary appropriation by + Congress, and I would suggest to you, whether the same course + would not be desirable now.</p> + +<p>I present the following estimate, for the appropriation to be + asked:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="75%"> + <col width="25%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>For furnishing three head dies</td> +<td class="td-right">$800.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For preparing, striking, ringing, etc., 60 of the largest Medals at $2.37 each</td> +<td class="td-right">142.20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For 200 of the two smaller sizes at $1.37 each</td> +<td class="td-right">274.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fine silver used for the Medals</td> +<td class="td-right">1,000.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Contingencies</td> +<td class="td-right">283.80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">————</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">$2,500.00</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It may perhaps be judged proper to introduce Indian Medals of + President Harrison into the series.</p> + +<p>In this case, the estimate need not be doubled, for it is not to + be supposed that many more <i>Medals</i> would be wanted. I should + suppose that an additional appropriation of $1000 would be + sufficient. I may remark, however, that Washington is not in the + series of Indian Medals, and that Harrison, like Washington, is + in the series of those voted by Congress to our successful + military commanders.</p> + +<p>I wait your instructions, which I shall execute with great + pleasure.</p> + +<p class="col40">Very respectfully, your faithful servant,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">R. M. Patterson</span>, <i>Director</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Department of War.</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington, Nov. 13, 1841.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Doctor R. M. Patterson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Director of the Mint, Philadelphia, Penn.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 2d + instant, respecting the means of procuring the dies for Medals + bearing the likeness of President Tyler. The advantages of the + mode you propose are sufficiently attested by the execution of + the Medal accompanying your letter, and, in accordance with your + suggestions, measures have been adopted to have a medallion + likeness of the President taken, the execution of which has been + entrusted to Mr. Pettrich, whose merit as an artist cannot be + unknown to you.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">J. C. Spencer</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>(p. 279)</span></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Mint</span>, U.S.<br> +<span class="col60">September 17, 1842.</span><br> +To the Honorable<br> +<span class="add2em smcap">John C. Spencer</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Permit me to ask whether an appropriation was made at the + late session of Congress for defraying the expense of making a + set of medals bearing the head of the President, to be given to + Indian chiefs, as has been the custom heretofore. In consequence + of our former correspondence on this subject, you are aware that + some steps have already been taken for accomplishing this object. + Let me inquire of you whether the work is to go forward.</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">R. M. Patterson</span>, <i>Director</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>D. Parker to R. M. Patterson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">War Department.</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington, D. C., Sep. 21, 1842.</span><br> + <span class="add2em smcap">R. M. Patterson</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">Director of the Mint, Philadelphia.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In answer to your letter of the 17th instant, in the absence + of the Secretary of War, I have to state that $2,500 was + appropriated during the last session of Congress for making + medals bearing the head of the President, to be given to Indian + chiefs. Of this $50 was paid to Mr. Pettrich, and a requisition + has this day been made in your favor for $1,500, which the + Treasury Department is requested to remit to you as early as + practicable.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">D. Parker</span>, <i>Chief Clerk</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>(p. 280)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLIX" name="plateLIX"><strong>Plate LIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text58" name="text58"><strong>No. 58.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1845—March 4, 1849.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">James K. Polk, President of the United States, 1845. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Eleventh President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAMES K (<i>Knox</i>) POLK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1845. Bust of +President Polk, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<p class="quote">The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was made by Franklin +Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. +M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Medill, commissioner of +Indian Affairs, and dated Philadelphia, June 15, 1846. "The Indian +medals, with the head of President Polk, being nearly finished by our +chief coiner, Mr. Peale, etc."</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate059" name="plate059"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate059b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 059b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate059a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 059a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Knox Polk</span> was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, +November 2, 1795. He was graduated at the University of North +Carolina, 1818; was admitted to the bar in Nashville, Tennessee, 1820; +member of the State Legislature, 1823-1825; member of Congress, +1825-1839; speaker of the House of Representatives of the United +States, 1835-1839; governor of Tennessee, 1839-1841; President of the +United States, 1845-1849. He died in Nashville, June 15, 1849.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>(p. 281)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLX" name="plateLX"><strong>Plate LX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text59" name="text59"><strong>No. 59.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>May 8 and 9, 1846.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Zachary Taylor. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress, July 16th, +1846, etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories on the Rio Grande.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor, in uniform, +facing the right.</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a wreath of laurel and palm inclosing a serpent biting its +tail—emblem of immortality through glory and victory: RESOLUTION OF +CONGRESS JULY 16<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup> 1846. PALO ALTO MAY 8<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup> 1846 RESACA DE LA +PALMA MAY 9<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup> 1846.<a id="footnotetag114" name="footnotetag114"></a><a href="#footnote114">[114]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate060" name="plate060"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate060b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 060b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate060a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 060a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Zachary Taylor</span> was born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, +1784. His father soon after removed to a plantation near Louisville, +Kentucky, where young Taylor passed the early years of his life. He +entered the army as first lieutenant of infantry, 1808; was captain, +1810; distinguished himself by his defence of Fort Harrison, on the +Wabash river, against the Indians led by Tecumseh, September 5, 1812, +for which he was breveted major; full major, 1814; lieutenant-colonel, +1819; colonel, 1832. He served during all this period against the +Indians on the north-west frontier; he was ordered to Florida in 1836, +and won the battle of Okechobee against the Seminoles, December 25, +1837, for which he was made brigadier-general by brevet and +commander-in-chief in Florida, 1838; commander of the first division +in the south-west in 1840, in which year he removed from Kentucky to +Louisiana, where he bought a plantation near Baton Rouge. Appointed +commander of the army of occupation in Texas, July, 1845, he defeated +the Mexican armies in battle at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May +8 and 9, 1846; at Monterey, September 24, same year; and at Buena +Vista, February 22 and 23, 1847. For these victories Congress gave him +a vote <span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>(p. 282)</span> of thanks and three gold medals.<a id="footnotetag115" name="footnotetag115"></a><a href="#footnote115">[115]</a> He was made +major-general, June 29, 1846; became President of the United States, +March 5, 1849, and died at the White House in Washington, July 9, +1850. His soldiers gave him the sobriquet of "Old Rough and Ready."</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and the House of Representatives +of the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +thanks of Congress are due, and are hereby tendered to Major-General +Zachary Taylor, commanding the army of occupation, his officers and +men, for the fortitude, skill, enterprise, and courage, which have +distinguished the recent brilliant operations on the Rio Grande.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That Congress sincerely +sympathize with the relatives and friends of the officers and soldiers +of the army of the United States who so bravely fell in the service of +their country on the Rio Grande.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 3.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the President of the +United States be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be +communicated to General Taylor, and through him to the army under his +command.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 4.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the President of the +United States be authorized and requested to have a medal of gold +procured, with appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon, and +presented to General Taylor, in the name of the Republic, as a tribute +to his good conduct, valor, and generosity to the vanquished.</p> + +<p>Approved July 16, 1846.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp at Palo Alto</span>, <span class="smcap">Texas</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">May 9, 1846.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Adjutant-General of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to report that I was met near this place + yesterday, on my march from Point Isabel, by the Mexican forces, + and, after an action of about five hours, dislodged them from + their position and encamped upon the field. Our artillery + consisting of two eighteen-pounders and two light batteries, was + the arm chiefly engaged, and to the excellent manner in which it + was manœuvred and served is our success mainly due.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>(p. 283)</span> strength of the enemy is believed to have been about + 6000 men, with seven pieces of artillery and 800 cavalry. His + loss is probably at least one hundred killed. Our strength did + not exceed, all told, twenty-three hundred, while our loss was + comparatively trifling: four men killed, three officers and + thirty-seven men wounded, several of the latter mortally. I + regret to say that Major Ringgold, 2d Artillery, and Captain + Page, 4th Infantry, are severely wounded. Lieutenant Luther, 2d + Artillery, slightly so.</p> + +<p>The enemy has fallen back, and it is believed has repassed the + river. I have advanced parties now thrown forward in his + direction, and shall move the main body immediately.</p> + +<p>In the haste of this report, I can only say that the officers and + men behaved in the most admirable manner throughout the action. I + shall have the pleasure of making a more detailed report when + those of the different commanders shall be received.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Z. TAYLOR</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em"><i>Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A.</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp at Resaca de la Palma</span>, <span class="smcap">3 miles from Matamoros</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">10 o'clock</span> <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, May 9, 1846.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Adjutant-General of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to report that I marched with the main body + of the army at two o'clock to-day, having previously thrown + forward a body of light infantry into the forest, which covers + the Matamoros road. When near the spot where I am now encamped, + my advance discovered that a ravine crossing the road had been + occupied by the enemy with artillery. I immediately ordered a + battery of field artillery to sweep the position, flanking and + sustaining it by the 3d, 4th, and 5th regiments, deployed as + skirmishers to the right and left. A heavy fire of artillery and + of musketry was kept up for some time, until finally the enemy's + batteries were carried in succession by a squadron of dragoons + and the regiments of infantry that were on the ground. He was + soon driven from his position, and pursued by a squadron of + dragoons, battalion of artillery, 3d Infantry, and a light + battery, to the river. Our victory has been complete. Eight + pieces of artillery, with a great quantity of ammunition, three + standards, and some one hundred prisoners have been taken; among + the latter, General La Vega, and several other officers. One + general is understood to have been killed. The enemy has + recrossed the river, and I am sure will not again molest us on + this bank.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>(p. 284)</span> loss of the enemy in killed has been most severe. + Our own has been very heavy, and I deeply regret to report that + Lieutenant Inge, 2d Dragoons, Lieutenant Cochrane, 4th Infantry, + and Lieutenant Chadbourne, 8th Infantry, were killed on the + field. Lieutenant-Colonel Payne, 4th Artillery, + Lieutenant-Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenant Dobbins, 3d Infantry; + Captain Hoe and Lieutenant Fowler, 5th Infantry; and Captain + Montgomery, Lieutenants Gates, Selden, McClay, Burbank, and + Jordan, 8th Infantry, were wounded. The extent of our loss in + killed and wounded is not yet ascertained, and is reserved for a + more detailed report.</p> + +<p>The affair of to-day may be regarded as a proper supplement to + the cannonade of yesterday; and the two taken together, exhibit + the coolness and gallantry of our officers and men in the most + favorable light. All have done their duty, and done it nobly. It + will be my pride, in a more circumstantial report of both + actions, to dwell upon particular instances of individual + distinction.</p> + +<p>It affords me peculiar pleasure to report that the field-work + opposite Matamoros has sustained itself handsomely during a + cannonade and bombardment of 160 hours. But the pleasure is + alloyed with profound regret at the loss of its heroic and + indomitable commander, Major Brown, who died to-day from the + effect of a shell. His loss would be a severe one to the service + at any time, but to the army under my orders it is indeed + irreparable. One officer and one non-commissioned officer killed, + and ten men wounded, comprise all the casualties incident to this + severe bombardment.</p> + +<p>I inadvertently omitted to mention the capture of a large number + of pack-mules left in the Mexican camp.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Z. Taylor</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em"><i>Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A.</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Order Congratulating the Army.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters<span class="smcap">, </span>Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap">Resaca de la Palma</span>, May 11, 1846.</p> + +<p>The commanding general congratulates the army under his command + upon the signal success which has crowned its recent operations + against the enemy. The coolness and steadiness of the troops + during the action of the 8th, and the brilliant impetuosity with + which the enemy's position and artillery were carried on the 9th, + have displayed the best qualities of the American soldier. To + every officer and soldier of his command, the general returns his + thanks for the noble manner in which they have sustained the + honor of the service and of the country. While the main body of + the army has been thus actively employed, the garrison left + opposite Matamoros has rendered no less distinguished service, by + sustaining a severe cannonade and bombardment for many successive + days. The army and the country, while justly rejoicing in this + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>(p. 285)</span> triumph of our arms, will deplore the loss of many brave + officers and men who fell gallantly in the hour of combat.</p> + +<p>It being necessary for the commanding general to visit Point + Isabel on public business, Colonel Twiggs will assume command of + the corps of the army near Matamoros, including the garrison of + the field-work. He will occupy the former lines of the army, + making such dispositions for defence and for the comfort of his + command as he may deem advisable. He will hold himself strictly + on the defensive until the return of the commanding general.</p> + +<p>By order of Brig. Gen. Taylor.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">W. W. Bliss</span>, <i>Act. Adj. Gen.</i></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp near Matamoros</span>, May 16, 1846.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Adjutant-General of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The main body of the Army of Occupation marched under my + immediate orders from Point Isabel on the evening of the 7th of + May, and bivouacked seven miles from that place.</p> + +<p>"Our march was resumed the following morning. About noon, when + our advance of cavalry had reached the water-hole of 'Palo Alto,' + the Mexican troops were reported in our front, and were soon + discovered occupying the road in force. I ordered a halt upon + reaching the water, with a view to rest and refresh the men, and + to form deliberately our line of battle. The Mexican line was now + plainly visible across the prairie, and about three-quarters of a + mile distant. Their left, which was composed of a heavy force of + cavalry, occupied the road, resting upon a thicket of chapparal, + while masses of infantry were discovered in succession on the + right, greatly outnumbering our own force.</p> + +<p>"Our line of battle was now formed in the following order, + commencing on the extreme right: 5th Infantry, commanded by + Lieutenant-Colonel M'Intosh; Major Ringgold's Artillery; 3d + Infantry, commanded by Captain L. N. Morris; two + eighteen-pounders, commanded by Lieutenant Churchill, 3d + Artillery; 4th Infantry, commanded by Major G. W. Allen; the 3d + and 4th regiments composed the Third Brigade, under command of + Lieutenant-Colonel Garland; and all the above corps, together + with two squadrons of dragoons, under Captains Ker and May, + composed the right wing, under the orders of Colonel Twiggs. The + left was formed by the battalion of artillery, commanded by + Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, Captain Duncan's Light Artillery, and + the Eighth Infantry, under Captain Montgomery; all forming the + First Brigade, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Belknap. The + train was parked near the water, under direction of Captains + Grossman and Myers, and protected by Captain Ker's squadron.</p> + +<p>"About 2 o'clock, we took up the march, by heads of columns, in + the direction of the enemy, the eighteen-pounder battery + following the road. While the columns were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>(p. 286)</span> advancing, + Lieutenant Blake, Topographical Engineer, volunteered a + reconnoissance of the enemy's line, which was handsomely + performed, and resulted in the discovery of at least tyro + batteries of artillery in the intervals of their cavalry and + infantry. These batteries were soon opened upon us, when I + ordered the columns halted and deployed into line, and the fire + to be returned by all our artillery. The Eighth Infantry, on our + extreme left, was thrown back to secure that flank. The first + fires of the enemy did little execution, while our + eighteen-pounders and Major Ringgold's artillery soon dispersed + the cavalry which formed his left. Captain Duncan's battery, + thrown forward in advance of the line, was doing good execution + at this time. Captain May's squadron was now detached to support + that battery and the left of our position. The Mexican cavalry + with two pieces of artillery were now reported to be moving + through the chapparal to our right to threaten that flank, or + make a demonstration against the train. The Fifth Infantry was + immediately detached to check this movement, and, supported by + Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of Major Ringgold's battery + and Captain Walker's company of volunteers, effectually repulsed + the enemy, the Fifth Infantry repelling a charge of lancers, and + the artillery doing great execution in their ranks. The Third + Infantry was now detached to the right as a still further + security to that flank, yet threatened by the enemy. Major + Ringgold, with the remaining section, kept up his fire from an + advanced position, and was supported by the Fourth Infantry.</p> + +<p>"The grass of the prairie had been accidentally fired by our + artillery, and the volumes of smoke now partially concealed the + armies from each other. As the enemy's left had evidently been + driven back, and left the road free, the cannonade having been + suspended, I ordered forward the eighteen-pounders on the road + nearly to the position first occupied by the Mexican cavalry, and + caused the First Brigade to take up a new position still on the + left of the eighteen-pounder battery. The Fifth was advanced from + its former position and occupied a point on the extreme right of + the new line. The enemy made a change of position corresponding + to our own, and after suspension of nearly an hour the action was + resumed.</p> + +<p>"The fire of artillery was now most destructive; openings were + constantly made through the enemy's ranks by our fire, and the + constancy with which the Mexican infantry sustained this severe + cannonade was a theme of universal remark and admiration. Captain + May's squadron was detached to make a demonstration on the left + of the enemy's position, and suffered severely from the fire of + artillery to which it was for some time exposed.</p> + +<p>"The Fourth Infantry, which had been ordered to support the + eighteen-pounder battery, was exposed to a most galling fire of + artillery, by which several men were killed, and Captain Page + dangerously wounded. The enemy's fire was directed against our + eighteen-pounder battery, and the guns under Major Ringgold in + its vicinity. The major himself, while coolly directing the fire + of his pieces, was struck by a cannon ball and mortally wounded.</p> + +<p>"In the mean time, the Battalion of Artillery, under + Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, had been brought up to support the + artillery on our right. A strong demonstration of cavalry was now + made by the enemy against this part of our line, and the column + continued to advance under a severe fire from the + eighteen-pounders. The battalion <span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>(p. 287)</span> was instantly formed + in square, and held ready to receive the charge of cavalry, but + when the advancing squadrons were within close range, a deadly + fire of canister from the eighteen-pounders dispersed them. A + brisk fire of small-arms was now opened upon the square, by which + one officer, Lieutenant Luther, 2d Artillery, was slightly + wounded, but a well directed volley from the front of the square + silenced all further firing from the enemy in this quarter. It + was now nearly dark, and the action was closed on the right of + our line, the enemy having been completely driven back from his + position, and foiled in every attempt against our line.</p> + +<p>"While the above was going forward on our right, and under my own + eye, the enemy had made a serious attempt against the left of our + line. Captain Duncan instantly perceived the movement, and by a + bold and brilliant manœuvring of his battery, completely + repulsed several successive efforts of the enemy to advance in + force upon our left flank. Supported in succession by the 8th + Infantry and Captain Ker's squadron of dragoons, he gallantly + held the enemy at bay, and finally drove him, with immense loss, + from the field. The action here and along the whole line + continued until dark, when the enemy retired into the chapparal + in rear of his position. Our army bivouacked on the ground it + occupied. During the afternoon the train had been moved forward + about half a mile, and was parked in rear of the new position.</p> + +<p>"Our loss this day was nine killed, forty-four wounded, and two + missing. Among the wounded were Major Ringgold, who has since + died, and Captain Page dangerously wounded. Lieutenant Luther + slightly so.</p> + +<p>"Our own force is shown by the field report to have been 177 + officers and 2111 men: aggregate 2288. The Mexican force, + according to the statements of their own officers, was not less + than 6000 regular troops, with ten pieces of artillery, and + probably exceeded that number; the irregular force not known. + Their loss was not less than 200 killed and 400 wounded; probably + greater. This estimate is very moderate, and formed upon the + number actually counted upon the field, and upon the report of + their own officers.</p> + +<p>"As already reported in my first brief despatch, the conduct of + our officers and men was everything that could be desired. + Exposed for hours to the severest trial, cannonade of artillery, + our troops displayed a coolness and constancy which gave me + throughout the assurance of victory.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">"I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="add2em smcap">"Z. Taylor</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em"><i>"Brevet Brigadier-General U.S.A.</i>, <i>commanding</i>."</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">War Department</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">December 9th, 1846.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Doctor R. M. Patterson</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Director of the United States Mint, Philadelphia.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By a resolution of Congress, approved the 16th of July last, + the President is authorized and requested to have a medal of gold + procured, with appropriate devices and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page288" name="page288"></a>(p. 288)</span> inscriptions + thereon, and presented to General Taylor. Preliminary + arrangements are being made to carry out the object of the + resolution, and as soon as a likeness of the general can be + procured, the Department will be prepared to place the design of + the medal in the hands of the die sinker. In the meantime it is + desired to know whether the work can be executed at the Mint, + under your direction, and what measures it may be necessary to + take to insure a speedy compliance with the resolution. May I + request to be furnished with your views on the subject, with such + suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Wm. L. Marcy</span>, <i>Secretary of War</i>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Mint of the United States</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">December 12, 1846.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter + of the 9th inst., regarding the execution of the Medal voted by + Congress to General Taylor, and asking me to present "my views on + the subject with such suggestions as may facilitate the object + contemplated."</p> + +<p>I comply cheerfully with this request, and recommend the + following measures:</p> + +<p><i>First.</i> That a likeness of General Taylor be procured in + profile. A good daguerreotype would answer very well.</p> + +<p><i>Secondly.</i> That a medallion of the head and bust be made in wax, + on a plate of about four inches in diameter. Mr. Chapman, of New + York, would be competent to make it.</p> + +<p><i>Thirdly.</i> This being done, the remainder of the work required + for making the obverse die can be committed to Mr. Franklin + Peale, the chief coiner of the Mint. A cast is made from the + medallion in iron. This is used as a pattern, and a reduced copy + of it is cut in steel, by the action of an apparatus called a + portrait lathe, which we have in our possession here.</p> + +<p>When the likeness is thus cut on the die, the legend is to be + struck in, and will consist, I presume, of the name and title, + <span class="smcap">Major-General Zachary Taylor</span>.</p> + +<p>For the reverse, I would recommend that no emblematic design + should be attempted, but that it be composed of a wreath, + enclosing the words:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Resolution of Congress</span><br> + <span class="smcap">July 16, 1846</span>.<br> + <span class="smcap">Palo Alto</span><br> + <span class="smcap">May 8, 1846</span>.<br> + <span class="smcap">Resaca de la Palma</span><br> + <span class="smcap">May 9, 1846</span>.</p> + +<p>The medal awarded General Scott presents an example of that which + is now suggested.</p> + +<p>For <span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>(p. 289)</span> the dies thus described (hardened and polished + complete), Mr. Peale estimates the whole cost at $600.</p> + +<p>For the gold medal the estimate is as follows:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="60%"> + <col width="40%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>8 oz. fine gold at $20.67</td> +<td class="td-right">$165.36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Striking and wastage</td> +<td class="td-right">20.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Case</td> +<td class="td-right">5.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">———</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">$190.36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Whole cost</td> +<td class="td-right">$790.36</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>May I venture to make another suggestion? It is, that besides the + medal of gold which is sent to General Taylor himself, there be a + large number of copies struck in bronze, to be distributed in + such manner as may be determined by the War Department.</p> + +<p>In this case, it would be necessary to make <i>hubs</i> for the + purpose of replacing the dies when injured.</p> + +<p>Including this work Mr. Peale presents the following estimates:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="cost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="60%"> + <col width="40%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>500 bronze medals, at $1.50</td> +<td class="td-right">$750</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>500 cases, at $1.00</td> +<td class="td-right">500</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">$1,250</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>Mr. Peale asks me to present the medals which are sent with this + letter. That in bronze is for yourself, and that in silver gilt + we request you to give to the President.</p> + +<p>They were made by the process recommended in this letter. The + medallion was modelled by Mr. Chapman. You will not fail to + observe that the head and shoulder are in too great relief, the + former to such an extent as partially to overshadow the features + of the face. This is a fault easily avoided in a new medallion.</p> + +<p>I beg you to be assured that any services which I can render to + you in this matter are fully at your command.</p> + +<p><span class="col20">Very respectfully,</span><br> +<span class="col40">Your faithful servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">R. M. Patterson</span>, <i>Director</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>(p. 290)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXI" name="plateLXI"><strong>Plate LXI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text60" name="text60"><strong>No. 60.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>September 24, 1846.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Zachary Taylor, <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Resolution of Congress March 2nd +1847, etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Taking of Monterey.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor, in uniform, +facing the right.</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a wreath of oak: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH 2nd 1847 MONTEREY +SEPTEMBER 1846.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate061" name="plate061"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate061b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 061b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate061a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 061a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks +of Congress are due, and are hereby tendered, to Major-General Zachary +Taylor, his officers and men, for the fortitude, skill, enterprise, +and courage which distinguished the late brilliant military operations +at Monterey.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President be requested to cause to be struck a +gold medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement, +and presented to General Taylor as a testimony of the high sense +entertained by Congress for his judicious and distinguished conduct on +that memorable occasion.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be further +requested to cause swords, with suitable devices, to be presented to +Major-General Butler, Major-General Henderson, and to +Brigadier-General Quitman, in testimony of the high sense entertained +by Congress of their gallantry and good conduct in storming Monterey.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be further +requested to present a sword, with suitable devices, to the nearest +male relative of Brigadier-General Hamer, and to communicate to him +the deep regret which Congress feels for the loss <span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>(p. 291)</span> of a +gallant man, whose name ought to live in the recollection and +affection of a grateful country.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to General Taylor, +and through him, to the army under his command.</p> + +<p>Approved March 2d, 1847.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp Near Monterey</span>, October 9, 1846.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Adjutant-General of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have now the honor to submit a detailed report of the + recent operations before Monterey, resulting in the capitulation + of that city.</p> + +<p>The information received on the route from Seralvo, and + particularly the continual appearance in our front of the Mexican + cavalry, which had a slight skirmish with our advance at the + village of Ramas, induced the belief, as we approached Monterey, + that the enemy would defend that place. Upon reaching the + neighborhood of the city, on the morning of the 19th of + September, this belief was fully confirmed. It was ascertained + that he occupied the town in force; that a large work had been + constructed commanding all the northern approaches; and that the + Bishop's Palace, and some heights in its vicinity near the + Saltillo road, had also been fortified and occupied with troops + and artillery. It was known, from information previously + received, that the eastern approaches were commanded by several + small works in the lower edge of the city.</p> + +<p>The configuration of the heights and gorges in the direction of + the Saltillo road, as visible from the point attained by our + advance on the morning of the 19th, led me to suspect that it was + practicable to turn all the works in that direction, and thus cut + the enemy's line of communication. After establishing my camp at + the "Walnut Springs," three miles from Monterey, the nearest + suitable position, it was, accordingly, my first care to order a + close reconnoissance of the ground in question, which was + executed on the evening of the 19th by the engineer officers, + under the direction of Major Mansfield. A reconnoissance of the + eastern approaches was at the same time made by Captain Williams, + Topographical Engineer. The examination made by Major Mansfield + proved the entire practicability of throwing forward a column to + the Saltillo road, and thus turning the position of the enemy. + Deeming this to be an operation of essential importance, orders + were given to Brevet Brigadier-General Worth, commanding the + second division, to march with his command on the 20th; to turn + the hill of the Bishop's Palace; to occupy a position on the + Saltillo road, and to carry the enemy's detached works in that + quarter, where practicable. The first regiment of Texas mounted + volunteers, under command of Colonel Hays, was associated with + the second division on this service. Captain Sanders, Engineers, + and Lieutenant Meade, Topographical <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>(p. 292)</span> Engineers, were + also ordered to report to General Worth for duty with his column.</p> + +<p>At 2 o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, on the 20th, the second division took up its + march. It was soon discovered by officers who were reconnoitering + the town, and communicated to General Worth, that its movement + had been perceived, and that the enemy was throwing + reinforcements towards the Bishop's Palace and the height which + commands it. To divert his attention as far as practicable, the + first division, under Brigadier-General Twiggs, and the field + division of volunteers, under Major-General Butler, were + displayed in front of the town until dark. Arrangements were made + at the same time to place in battery during the night, at a + suitable distance from the enemy's main work, the citadel, two + twenty-four pounder howitzers, and a ten-inch mortar, with a view + to open a fire on the following day, when I proposed to make a + diversion in favor of General Worth's movement. The 4th Infantry + covered this battery during the night. General Worth had, in the + mean time, reached and occupied for the night a defensive + position just without range of a battery above the Bishop's + Palace, having made a reconnoissance as far as the Saltillo road.</p> + +<p>Before proceeding to report the operations of the 21st and + following days, I beg leave to state that I shall mention in + detail only those which were conducted against the eastern + extremity of the city, or elsewhere, under my immediate + direction, referring you for the particulars of General Worth's + operations, which were entirely detached, to his own full report.</p> + +<p>Early on the morning of the 21st, I received a note from General + Worth, written at half-past nine o'clock the night before, + suggesting what I had already intended, a strong diversion + against the centre and left of the town, to favor his enterprise + against the heights in rear. The infantry and artillery of the + first division, and the field division of volunteers, were + ordered under arms and took the direction of the city, leaving + one company of each regiment as a camp guard. The 2d Dragoons, + under Lieutenant-Colonel May, and Colonel Wood's regiment of + Texas mounted volunteers, under the immediate direction of + General Henderson, were directed to the right to support General + Worth, if necessary, and to make an impression, if practicable, + upon the upper quarter of the city. Upon approaching the mortar + battery, the 1st and 3d regiments of infantry and battalion of + Baltimore and Washington volunteers, with Captain Bragg's field + battery, the whole under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel + Garland, were directed toward the lower part of the town, with + orders to make a strong demonstration, and carry one of the + enemy's advanced works, if it could be done without too heavy + loss. Major Mansfield, Engineers, and Captain Williams and + Lieutenant Pope, Topographical Engineers, accompanied this + column, Major Mansfield being charged with its direction and the + designation of points of attack. In the meantime the mortar, + served by Captain Ramsay, of the Ordnance, and the howitzer + battery under Captain Webster, 1st Artillery, had opened their + fire upon the citadel, which was deliberately sustained, and + answered from the work. General Butler's division had now taken + up a position in rear of this battery, when the discharges of + artillery, mingled finally with a rapid fire of small arms, + showed that Lieutenant-Colonel Garland's command had become + warmly engaged. I now deemed it necessary to support this attack, + and accordingly ordered the 4th Infantry and three regiments of + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>(p. 293)</span> General Butler's division, to march at once by the left + flank in the direction of the advanced work at the lower + extremity of the town, leaving one regiment (1st Kentucky) to + cover the mortar and howitzer battery. By some mistake two + companies of the 4th Infantry did not receive this order, and + consequently did not join the advance companies until some time + afterward.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Garland's command had approached the town in a + direction to the right of the advanced work (No. 1) at the + northeastern angle of the city, and the engineer officer, covered + by skirmishers, had succeeded in entering the suburbs and gaining + cover. The remainder of this command now advanced and entered the + town under a fire of artillery from the citadel and the works on + the left, and of musketry from the houses and small works in + front. A movement to the right was attempted with a view to gain + the rear of No. 1, and carry that work, but the troops were so + much exposed to a fire which they could not effectually return, + and had already sustained such severe loss, particularly in + officers, that it was deemed best to withdraw them to a more + secure position. Captain Backus, 1st Infantry, however, with a + portion of his own and other companies, had gained the roof of a + tannery, which looked directly into the gorge of No. 1, and from + which he poured a most destructive fire into that work and upon + the strong building in its rear. This fire happily coincided in + point of time with the advance of a portion of the volunteer + division upon No. 1, and contributed largely to the fall of that + strong and important work.</p> + +<p>The three regiments of the volunteer division, under the + immediate command of Major-General Butler, had in the mean time + advanced in the direction of No. 1. The leading brigade, under + Brigadier-General Quitman, continued its advance upon that work, + preceded by three companies of the 4th Infantry, while General + Butler, with the first Ohio regiment, entered the town to the + right. The companies of the 4th Infantry had advanced within + short range of the work, when they were received by a fire that + almost, in one moment, struck down one-third of the officers and + men, and rendered it necessary to retire and effect a conjunction + with the two other companies then advancing. General Quitman's + brigade, though suffering most severely, particularly in the + Tennessee regiment, continued its advance, and finally carried + the work in handsome style, as well as the strong building in its + rear. Five pieces of artillery, a considerable supply of + ammunition, and thirty prisoners, including three officers, fell + into their hands. Major-General Butler, with the 1st Ohio + regiment, after entering the edge of the town, discovered that + nothing was to be accomplished in his front, and at this point, + yielding to the suggestions of several officers, I ordered a + retrograde movement; but learning almost immediately from one of + my staff that the battery No. 1 was in our possession, the order + was countermanded; and I determined to hold the battery and + defences already gained. General Butler, with the 1st Ohio + regiment, then entered the town at a point farther to the left, + and marched in the direction of the battery No. 2. While making + an examination, with a view to ascertain the possibility of + carrying this second work by storm, the general was wounded and + soon after compelled to quit the field. As the strength of No. 2 + and the heavy musketry fire flanking the approach rendered it + impossible to carry it without great loss, the 1st Ohio regiment + was withdrawn from the town.</p> + +<p>Fragments <span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>(p. 294)</span> of the various regiments engaged were now + under cover of the captured battery, and some buildings in its + front, and on the right. The field batteries of Captains Bragg + and Ridgely were also partially covered by the battery. An + incessant fire was kept up on this position from battery No. 2, + and other works on its right, and from the citadel on all our + approaches. General Twiggs, though quite unwell, joined me at + this point, and was instrumental in causing the artillery + captured from the enemy to be placed in battery, and served by + Captain Ridgely against No. 2, until the arrival of Captain + Webster's howitzer battery, which took its place. In the mean + time, I directed such men as could be collected of the 1st, 3d, + and 4th regiments, and Baltimore battalion, to enter the town, + penetrating to the right, and carry the 2d battery if possible. + This command, under Lieutenant-Colonel Garland, advanced beyond + the bridge "Purisima," when, finding it impracticable to gain the + rear of the 2d battery, a portion of it sustained themselves for + some time in that advanced position; but as no permanent + impression could be made at that point, and the main object of + the general operation had been effected, the command, including a + section of Captain Ridgely's battery, which had joined it, was + withdrawn to battery No. 1. During the absence of this column, a + demonstration of cavalry was reported in the direction of the + citadel. Captain Bragg, who was at hand, immediately galloped + with his battery to a suitable position, from which a few + discharges effectually dispersed the enemy. Captain Miller, 1st + Infantry, was dispatched with a mixed company to support the + battery on this service. The enemy's lancers had previously + charged upon the Ohio and a part of the Mississippi regiment, + near some fields at a distance from the edge of the town, and had + been repulsed with a considerable loss. A demonstration of + cavalry on the opposite side of the river was also dispersed in + the course of the afternoon by Captain Ridgely's battery, and the + squadrons returned to the city. At the approach of evening, all + the troops that had been engaged were ordered back to camp, + except Captain Ridgely's battery, and the regular infantry of the + first division, who were detailed as a guard for the works during + the night, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Garland. One + battalion of the 1st Kentucky regiment was ordered to reinforce + this command. Intrenching tools were procured, and additional + strength was given to the works, and protection to the men, by + working parties during the night, under the direction of + Lieutenant Scarritt, Engineers.</p> + +<p>The main object proposed in the morning had been effected. A + powerful diversion had been made to favor the operations of the + 2d Division, one of the enemy's advanced works had been carried, + and we now had a strong foot-hold in the town. But this had not + been accomplished without a heavy loss, embracing some of our + gallant and promising officers. Captain Williams, Topographical + Engineers, Lieutenants Terrett and Dilworth, 1st Infantry, + Lieutenant Woods, 2d Infantry, Captains Morris and Field, + Brevet-Major Barbour, Lieutenants Irwin and Hazlitt, 3d Infantry, + Lieutenant Hoskins, 4th Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, + Baltimore battalion, Captain Allen and Lieutenant Putman, + Tennessee regiment, and Lieutenant Hett, Ohio regiment, were + killed, or have since died of wounds received in this engagement, + while the number and rank of the officers wounded gives + additional proof of the obstinacy of the contest, and the good + conduct of our troops. The number of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>(p. 295)</span> killed and wounded + incident to the operations in the lower part of the city on the + 21st is 394.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning of this day (21st), the advance of the 2d + Division had encountered the enemy in force, and after a brief + but sharp conflict, repulsed him with heavy loss. General Worth + then succeeded in gaining a position on the Saltillo road, thus + cutting the enemy's line of communication. From this position the + two heights south of the Saltillo road were carried in + succession, and the gun taken in one of them turned upon the + Bishop's Palace. These important successes were fortunately + obtained with comparatively small loss; Captain McKavett, 8th + Infantry, being the only officer killed.</p> + +<p>The 22d day of September passed without any active operations in + the lower part of the city. The citadel and other works continued + to fire at parties exposed to their range, and at the work now + occupied by our troops. The guard left in it the preceding night, + except Captain Ridgely's company, was relieved at midday by + General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's battery was thrown + under cover in front of the town to repel any demonstration of + cavalry in that quarter. At dawn of day the height above the + Bishop's Palace was carried, and soon after meridian the palace + itself was taken, and its guns turned upon the fugitive garrison. + The object for which the 2d Division was detached had thus been + completely accomplished, and I felt confident that with a strong + force occupying the road and heights in his rear, and a good + position below the city in our possession, the enemy could not + possibly maintain the town.</p> + +<p>During the night of the 22d the enemy evacuated nearly all his + defences in the lower part of the city. This was reported to me + early in the morning of the 23d by General Quitman, who had + already meditated an assault upon those works. I immediately sent + instructions to that officer, leaving it to his discretion, to + enter the city, covering his men by the houses and walls, and + advance carefully as far as he might deem prudent. After ordering + the remainder of the troops as a reserve, under the orders of + Brigadier-General Twiggs, I repaired to the abandoned works and + discovered that a portion of General Quitman's brigade had + entered the town, and were successfully forcing their way towards + the principal plaza. I then ordered up the 2d regiment of Texas + mounted volunteers, who entered the city dismounted, and, under + the immediate orders of General Henderson, co-operated with + General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's battery was also + ordered up, supported by the 3d Infantry; and after firing for + some time at the cathedral, a portion of it was likewise thrown + into the city. Our troops advanced from house to house, and from + square to square, until they reached a street but one square in + rear of the principal plaza, in and near which the enemy's force + was mainly concentrated. This advance was conducted vigorously, + but with due caution, and although destructive to the enemy, was + attended with but small loss on our part. Captain Ridgely, in the + mean time, had served a captured piece in battery No. 1 against + the city, until the advance of our men rendered it imprudent to + fire in the direction of the cathedral. I was now satisfied that + we could operate successfully in the city, and that the enemy had + retired from the lower portion of it to make a stand behind his + barricades. As General Quitman's brigade had been on duty the + previous night, I determined to withdraw <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>(p. 296)</span> the troops to + the evacuated works, and concert with General Worth a combined + attack upon the town. The troops accordingly fell back + deliberately, in good order, and resumed their original + positions, General Quitman's brigade being relieved after + nightfall by that of General Hamer. On my return to camp, I met + an officer with the intelligence that General Worth, induced by + the firing in the lower part of the city, was about making an + attack at the upper extremity, which had also been evacuated by + the enemy to a considerable distance. I regretted that this + information had not reached me before leaving the city, but still + deemed it inexpedient to change my orders, and accordingly + returned to the camp. A note from General Worth written at eleven + o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, informed me that he had advanced to within a short + distance of the principal plaza, and that the mortar (which had + been sent to his division in the morning) was doing good + execution within effective range of the enemy's position.</p> + +<p>Desiring to make no further attempt upon the city without + complete concert as to the lines and mode of approach, I + instructed that officer to suspend his advance until I could have + an interview with him on the following morning at his + head-quarters.</p> + +<p>Early on the morning of the 24th, I received, through Colonel + Moreno, a communication from General Ampudia, proposing to + evacuate the town; which, with the answer, were forwarded with my + first despatch. I arranged with Colonel Moreno a cessation of + fire until twelve o'clock, at which hour I would receive the + answer of the Mexican general at General Worth's head-quarters, + to which I soon repaired. In the mean time, General Ampudia had + signified to General Worth, his desire for a personal interview + with me, to which I acceded, and which finally resulted in a + capitulation, placing the town and the material of war, with + certain exceptions, in our possession. A copy of that + capitulation was transmitted with my first despatch.</p> + +<p>Upon occupying the city, it was discovered to be of great + strength in itself, and to have its approaches carefully and + strongly fortified. The town and works were armed with forty-two + pieces of cannon, well supplied with ammunition, and manned with + a force of at least 7000 troops of the line, and from 2000 to + 3000 irregulars. The force under my orders before Monterey, was + 425 officers and 6220 men. Our artillery consisted of one + ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four-pounder howitzers, and four + light field batteries of four guns each; the mortar being the + only piece suitable to the operations of a siege.</p> + +<p>Our loss is twelve officers and one hundred and eight men killed; + thirty-one officers and three hundred and thirty-seven men + wounded. That of the enemy is not known, but is believed + considerably to exceed our own.</p> + +<p>I take pleasure in bringing to the notice of the government the + good conduct of the troops, both regulars and volunteers, which + has been conspicuous throughout the operations. I am proud to + bear testimony to their coolness and constancy in battle, and the + cheerfulness with which they have submitted to exposure and + privation. To the general officers commanding divisions, + Major-Generals Butler and Henderson, and Brigadier-Generals + Twiggs and Worth, I must express my obligations for the efficient + aid which they have rendered in their respective commands. I was + unfortunately deprived, early on the 21st, of the valuable + services of Major-General Butler, who was disabled by a wound + received in the attack on the city. Major-General Henderson, + commanding <span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>(p. 297)</span> the Texan volunteers, has given me important + aid in the organization of the command, and its subsequent + operations. Brigadier-General Twiggs rendered important services + with his division, and as the second in command after + Major-General Butler was disabled. Brigadier-General Worth was + intrusted with an important detachment which rendered his + operations independent of my own. These operations were conducted + with ability, and crowned with complete success.</p> + +<p>I desire also to notice Brigadier-Generals Hamer and Quitman, + commanding brigades in General Butler's division; + Lieutenant-Colonels Garland and Wilson, commanding brigades in + General Twiggs' division; Colonels Mitchell, Campbell, Davis, and + Wood, commanding the Ohio, Tennessee, Mississippi, and 2d Texas + regiments, respectively; and Majors Lear, Allen, and Abercrombie, + commanding the 3d, 4th, and 1st regiments of infantry; all of + whom served under my eye, and conducted their commands with + coolness and gallantry against the enemy. Colonel Mitchell, + Lieutenant-Colonel McClung, Mississippi regiment, Major Lear, 3d + Infantry, and Major Alexander, Tennessee regiment, were all + severely wounded, as were Captain Lamotte, 1st Infantry, + Lieutenant Graham, 4th Infantry, Adjutant Armstrong, Ohio + regiment, Lieutenants Scudder and Allen, Tennessee regiment, and + Lieutenant Howard, Mississippi regiment, while leading their men + against the enemy's position, on the 21st and 23d. After the fall + of Colonel Mitchell, the command of 1st Ohio regiment devolved + upon Lieutenant-Colonel Weller; that of the 3d Infantry, after + the fall of Major Lear, devolved in succession upon Captain + Bainbridge and Captain Henry, the former being also wounded. The + following named officers have been favorably noticed by their + commanders: Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson, and Adjutant Heiman, + Tennessee regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel McClung, Captains Cooper + and Downing, Lieutenants Patterson, Calhoun, Moore, Russell, and + Cook, Mississippi regiment; also Sergeant-Major Hearlan, + Mississippi regiment, and Major Price, and Captain J. Smith, + unattached, but serving with it. I beg leave also to call + attention to the good conduct of Captain Johnston, Ohio regiment, + and Lieutenant Hooker, 1st Artillery, serving on the staff of + General Hamer, and of Lieutenant Nichols, 2d Artillery, on that + of General Quitman. Captains Bragg and Ridgely served with their + batteries during the operations under my own observation, and in + part under my immediate orders, and exhibited distinguished skill + and gallantry. Captain Webster, 1st Artillery, assisted by + Lieutenants Donaldson and Bowen, rendered good service with the + howitzer battery, which was much exposed to the enemy's fire on + the 21st.</p> + +<p>From the nature of the operations, the 2d Dragoons were not + brought into action, but were usefully employed under the + direction of Lieutenant-Colonel May, as escorts, and in keeping + open our communications. The 1st Kentucky regiment was also + prevented from participating in the action of the 21st, but + rendered highly important services under Colonel Ormsby, in + covering the mortar battery, and holding in check the enemy's + cavalry during the day.</p> + +<p>I have noticed above the officers whose conduct either fell under + my immediate eye, or is noticed only in minor reports which are + not forwarded. For further mention of individuals, I beg leave to + refer to the reports of division commanders. I fully concur in + their recommendations, and desire that they may be considered as + a part of my own report.</p> + +<p>From <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>(p. 298)</span> the officers of my personal staff, and of the + engineers, topographical engineers, and ordnance, associated with + me, I have derived valuable and efficient assistance during the + operations. Colonel Whiting, assistant quartermaster-general, + Colonels Croghan and Belknap, inspector generals, Major Bliss, + assistant adjutant general, Captain Sibley, assistant + quartermaster, Captain Waggaman, commissary of subsistence, + Captain Eaton and Lieutenant Garnett, aids-de-camp, and Major + Kirby and Van Buren, pay department, served near my person, and + were ever prompt, in all situations, in the communication of my + orders and instructions. I must express my particular obligations + to Brevet-Major Mansfield and Lieutenant Scarritt, corps of + Engineers. They both rendered most important services in + reconnoitring the enemy's positions, conducting troops in attack, + and strengthening the works captured from the enemy. Major + Mansfield, though wounded on the 21st, remained on duty during + that and the following day, until confined by his wound to camp. + Captain Williams, Topographical Engineer, to my great regret and + the loss of the service, was mortally wounded while fearlessly + exposing himself in the attack of the 21st. Lieutenant Pope, of + the same corps, was active and zealous throughout the operations. + Major Munroe, chief of the Artillery, Major Craig and Captain + Ramsay, of the Ordnance, were assiduous in the performance of + their proper duties. The former superintended their mortar + service on the 22d, as particularly mentioned in the report of + General Worth, to which I also refer for the services of the + engineer and topographical officers detached with the second + division.</p> + +<p>Surgeon Craig, medical director, was actively employed in the + important duties of his department, and the medical staff + generally were unremitting in their attentions to the numerous + wounded; their duties with the regular regiments being rendered + uncommonly arduous by the small number serving in the field.</p> + +<p>I respectfully enclose herewith, in addition to the report of + division commanders, a field return of the force before Monterey + on the 21st of September; a return of killed, wounded and missing + during the operations, and two topographical sketches, one + exhibiting all the movements around Monterey, the other on a + large scale illustrating more particularly the operations in the + lower quarters of the city, prepared respectively by Lieutenants + Meade and Pope, Topographical Engineers.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Z. Taylor</span>,<br> +<i>Major-General U. S. A.</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>(p. 299)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXII" name="plateLXII"><strong>Plate LXII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text61" name="text61"><strong>No. 61.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>December 10, 1846.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Somers navis +Americana. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Pro +vitis Americanorum conservatis.</p> + +<h4>LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-WAR SOMERS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>for Having Saved the Lives of Americans.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">SOMERS NAVIS AMERICANA. (<i>The American vessel Somers.</i>) The United +States brig-of-war Somers knocked down at sea. Exergue: ANTE VERA CRUZ +DEC. 10<span class="smcap"><sup>th</sup></span> 1846. (<i>Off Vera Cruz, December 10th, 1846.</i>) <span class="smcap">C. C. +WRIGHT. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">PRO VITIS AMERICANORUM CONSERVATIS. (<i>For having saved the lives of +Americans.</i>) Three men-of-war's boats, English, Spanish, and French, +pulling for the Somers. Exergue: A vacant space for the name of the +recipient. <span class="smcap">ENG.</span> (<i>engraved</i>) <span class="smcap">BY C. C. WRIGHT</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">I saw, in 1872, in the office of the chief clerk of the Navy +Department, Washington, two small paintings of both sides of this +medal. They were signed: Butterworth, pinxit.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate062" name="plate062"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate062b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 062b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate062a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 062a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Charles Cushing Wright</span> was born in Maine in 1796. He was a bank note +engraver and a die sinker, and made several medals, among others those +voted to General Taylor for Buena Vista, to General Scott for Mexico, +to Colonel Bliss by the State of New York, to General Taylor by the +State of Louisiana, to the Volunteers in Mexico by the City of New +York, and the Somers medal. He died in New York, June 7, 1854.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>(p. 300)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to British, French, and Spanish +Officers, etc.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the President of the +United States is hereby authorized and requested to cause suitable +gold and silver medals to be prepared and presented to the officers +and men belonging or attached to the French, British, and Spanish +ships of war in the harbor of Vera Cruz, who so gallantly and at the +imminent peril of their lives, aided in rescuing from a watery grave +many of the officers and crew of the United States brig Somers.</p> + +<p>Approved March 3d, 1847.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. Perry.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">U. S. frigate Raritan</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Anton Lizardo</span>, December 10, 1846.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Commodore M. C. Perry</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Second in command, Home Squadron.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It becomes my painful duty to inform you of the loss of the + U.S. brig Somers, late under my command, and of the drowning of + more than half of her crew. The details of this sad catastrophe + are briefly as follows:</p> + +<p>After having been forty-five days maintaining the blockade off + Vera Cruz, I anchored on the evening of the 7th instant under + Verde Island, where it had been my practice to take shelter from + the N. W. gales, which blow with such frequency and violence + along this coast at this season of the year. Soon after sunrise + the next morning, a sail having been descried from the masthead, + I immediately got under way, and commenced beating up between the + Verde Island and Pascoros reefs. In a short time I was enabled, + with my glass, to make out the strange sail to be a man of war, + whereupon I hoisted my number, and had the satisfaction in + fifteen or twenty minutes more to see the stranger show that of + the "John Adams." The wind, which had been blowing from the W. N. + W. when we got under way, gradually hauled to the northwest and + settled for a while at N. N. E. The barometer having fallen the + night previous to 29.80 in., and being still down, and the + weather looking still unsettled, I was apprehensive of a gale. As + soon, therefore, as the "John Adams" showed her number, I wore + round and ran down towards Verde Island, with a view of coming + to, and getting my vessel snug before the gale should come on. + When I had nearly approached the anchorage, the look-out at the + masthead cried "Sail ho!" a second time. On applying my glass to + the direction indicated from aloft, I perceived this second sail + to be a brig in the N. E., standing apparently for Vera Cruz (she + did afterwards run between the inner Anegada and the Blanquilla). + I immediately abandoned my intention of anchoring, as the gale + had not yet set in, and hauling on a wind, under top-sails and + courses, commenced to beat up the passage a second <span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>(p. 301)</span> + time, with the view of placing myself between the strange sail + and the Port, to prevent the possibility of her running the + blockade, if she should be so inclined. I made one tack towards + the Pascoros reefs, and at the time of the catastrophe, was + standing on the larboard tack, with the northern point of the + Verde Island reef a couple of points on my lee bow. We were still + under topsails, courses, jib and spanker, and the Brig did not + appear too much pressed. I was myself standing on the lee + arm-chest, having just passed over from the weather quarter, and, + with my spy-glass in hand, was observing the reef on our lee bow + to see whether it were possible to weather it, or in the event of + our not being able to do this, to give timely notice to the + officer of the deck to tack ship. I had not been long in this + position before the officer of the deck, 2d Lieut. Jas. L. + Parker, remarked to me that he thought it looked a little squally + to windward. I immediately passed over to the weather side, and + as it looked a little darker than it had done, I ordered him to + haul up the mainsail, and brail up the spanker, and directed the + helm to be put up. These orders were promptly obeyed. Lieut. + Parker took the mainsail off her, and had got the spanker about + half brailed up, when the squall struck us. It did not appear to + be very riotous, nor was its approach accompanied by any foaming + of the water, or other indications which usually mark the + approach of heavy squalls. But the Brig being flying light, + having scarcely any water or provisions, and but six tons of + ballast on board, she was thrown over almost instantly, so far as + to refuse to obey her helm, the pressure of the water on the lee + bow rather inclining her to luff; seeing which, I directed the + helm to be put down, hoping that I might luff and shake the wind + out of her sails, until the force of the squall should be spent. + The quartermaster at the helm had hardly time to obey this order, + before the brig was on her beam ends, and the water pouring into + every hatch and scuttle. Being now convinced that she must + speedily go down unless relieved, I ordered the masts to be cut + away. The officers and men, who, with few exceptions, had, by + this time, gained the weather bulwarks of the vessel, immediately + began to cut away the rigging. But as this was a forlorn hope, + the brig filling very fast, and her masts and yards lying flat + upon the surface of the sea, I placed no reliance whatever on + their efforts. A few moments more, and I was convinced that, in + spite of all our exertions, she must inevitably go down in a very + short time. I accordingly turned my attention to the saving of as + many lives as possible. The boats secured in the grips amidships, + and the starboard-quarter boat, were already several feet under + water, so that it was impossible to reach them, but we succeeded + in disengaging the larboard-quarter boat from her davits, a small + boat pulling five oars, and dropped her, fortunately, to leeward + of the brig to prevent her being thrown upon the vessel's side, + and crushed by the sea. I ordered Midshipman F. G. Clark to take + charge of this boat, and with the purser, surgeon, and seventeen + men, make for Verde Island, if possible, and after having landed + all but the boat's crew, to return and save others. It was now + blowing a strong gale, with a heavy sea running, and I deemed it + imprudent to trust more men in so small a boat. Besides, I was + anxious to shove her off, before the vessel should sink, lest + there might be a rush for her, and no life at all should be + saved. I cannot refrain from expressing, in this place, my + admiration of the noble conduct of several of the men embarked in + this boat, who implored the officers by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>(p. 302)</span> name to take + their places, saying they would willingly die by the wreck, if + the officers would but save themselves. Of course, none of the + generous fellows were permitted to come out, and they were all + subsequently safely landed, as they deserved to be. Midshipman + Clark fortunately succeeded in shoving off, and pulling some + twenty paces from the brig before she went down. When she was on + the point of sinking beneath us, and engulfing us in the waves, I + gave the order: "Every man save himself who can." Whereupon there + was a simultaneous plunge into the sea, of about sixty officers + and men, each one trying to secure some frail object that had + drifted from the wreck, for the purpose of sustaining himself in + the awful struggle with the sea, which awaited him. Some reached + a grating, some an oar, some a boat's mast, some a hen-coop, &c., + but many poor fellows sprang into the sea to perish in a few + minutes, not being able to find any object of support. Lieut. + Parker and myself, being both swimmers, were fortunate enough to + reach one of the arm-chest gratings, which afforded us partial + support, but on which we should inevitably have been drowned, if + we had not, when we had swam some twenty or thirty paces, secured + an upper half port which came drifting by us. We lashed this with + lanyards attached to it to our grating, and thenceforth got along + much better. Midshipman Clark, after he had landed the officers + and men under his charge at Verde Island, shoved off a second + time, in obedience to the orders I had given him, at the imminent + peril of his life, for the gale was now blowing with such + violence, and the sea running so heavy, that it seemed impossible + that so small a boat could live, and skirted the Verde Island to + see if it were possible to rescue any of us from the waves. His + efforts were rewarded with partial success, as he picked up + Lieutenant Parker and myself and one of the seamen. As soon as I + landed I sent Midshipman Clark out again, who ventured as far + from the island as he thought his boat would live, but this time + he returned unsuccessful, having been able to descry no floating + object whatever. Lieutenant Claiborne saved himself on a small + hatch about two feet square, used for covering the pump-well, and + which he found floating near the wreck. He was thrown with great + violence upon a reef near Sacrificios, but fortunately escaped + without serious injury. As strange as it may appear to you, there + could not have elapsed more than ten minutes between our being + struck with the squall and the total disappearance of the + "Somers." I feel that I would not be doing justice to the + officers and men who were under my command on this melancholy + occasion, if I were to close this report without bearing + testimony to their uniform coolness and self-possession under the + trying circumstance under which we were placed, the alacrity with + which they obeyed my orders, and when all was over the generosity + with which they behaved to each other in the water, where the + struggle was one of life and death. I have thus concluded what I + had to say in relation to the causes of the disaster, and our own + exertions; but with heartfelt acknowledgments, it remains for me + to inform you of the gallant and feeling manner in which all the + foreign men-of-war lying at Sacrificios came to our rescue. They + hoisted out and manned boats immediately, and at the hazard of + their lives, put out towards the wreck. They were at first driven + back by the violence of the wind and sea, but renewed their + efforts upon the first lull, and had the unhoped for satisfaction + of saving fourteen more of our unfortunate companions. To Captain + Lambert, of the English frigate <span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>(p. 303)</span> "Endymion;" Captain + Frankland, of the English corvette "Alarm;" Commander Matson, of + the English brig "Daring;" Captain Dubut, of the French brig + "Mercure;" Captain de Labédoyère, of the French brig "Pylade;" + and Captain Puente, of the Spanish corvette "Louisa Fernandez;" + who all sent boats, and supplied us with clothing, and hospitably + entertained us on board their ships, we owe a lasting debt of + gratitude.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, I respectfully request that at as early a date as + convenient you will order a Court of Inquiry to investigate my + conduct in this unfortunate affair.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">R. Semmes</span>, <i>Lieutenant commanding</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>(p. 304)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXIII" name="plateLXIII"><strong>Plate LXIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text62" name="text62"><strong>No. 62.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1847.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Winfield Scott. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo. Contreras, +etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Mexican Campaign.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">In a pendant: MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Undraped bust of General +Scott, facing the left. Fifteen stars on each side. Exergue: +RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH 9. 1848. <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS DEL</span>. (<i>delineavit.</i>) On +the edge of bust, <span class="smcap">C. C. WRIGHT, F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="quote">Six crowns of laurel and oak intertwined; in each the name of one of +the Mexican victories of General Scott: VERA CRUZ. CERRO GORDO. +CONTRERAS. SAN ANTONIO & CHURUBUSCO. MOLINO DEL REY. CHAPULTEPEC. In +the centre is the taking of the capital, CITY OF MEXICO, which General +Scott is observing on horseback. <span class="smcap">G. C. HUMPHRIES DEL</span>. (<i>delineavit.</i>) +<span class="smcap">C. C. WRIGHT FEC<sup>t</sup></span>. (<i>fecit</i>.)</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate063" name="plate063"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate063b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 063b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate063a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 063a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Salathiel Ellis</span> was born in Vermont in 1806, and followed his parents +to St. Lawrence County, New York. He became a portrait painter, cameo +cutter and die sinker. He settled in New York city about 1842, and +designed the obverses of the medals awarded to General Taylor for +Buena Vista, and to General Scott for Mexico; he engraved the obverses +of the medals of Presidents Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, and Lincoln, +and also of that given to Cornelius Vanderbilt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">G. C. Humphries</span>, who designed the reverse of this medal, died in +London, England.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>(p. 305)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Scott.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks +of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to Winfield Scott, +Major-General commanding-in-chief the army in Mexico, and through him +to the officers and men of the regular and volunteer corps under him, +for their uniform gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed +at the siege and capture of the city of Vera Cruz and castle of San +Juan d'Ulloa, March 29, 1847; and in the successive battles of Cerro +Gordo, April 18; Contreras, San Antonio, and Churubusco, August 19 and +20; and for the victories achieved in front of the city of Mexico, +September 8, 11, 12, and 13; and the capture of the metropolis, +September 14, 1847; in which the Mexican troops, greatly superior in +numbers, and with every advantage of position, were in every conflict +signally defeated by the American arms.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be, and he is +hereby, requested to cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices +emblematical of the series of brilliant victories achieved by the +army, and presented to Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of +the high sense entertained by Congress of his valor, skill, and +judicious conduct in the memorable campaign of 1847.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General +Scott in such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to +the objects thereof.</p> + +<p>Approved March 9, 1848.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp Washington</span>, <span class="smcap">before Vera Cruz</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">March 12, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The colors of the United States were triumphantly planted + ashore, in full view of the city and castle, and under the + distant fire of both, in the afternoon of the 9th inst. Brevet + Brigadier-General Worth's brigade of regulars led the descent, + quickly followed by the division of United States volunteers + under Major-General Patterson, and Brigadier-General Twiggs' + reserve brigade of regulars. The three lines successively landed + in sixty-seven surf-boats, each boat conducted by a naval + officer, and rowed by sailors from Commodore Conner's squadron, + whose lighter vessels flanked the boats so as to be ready to + protect the operation by their cross-fire. The whole army reached + the shore in fine style, and without direct opposition (on the + beach), accident or loss, driving the enemy from the ground to be + occupied.</p> + +<p>The line of investment, according to General Orders, No. 47, was + partially taken up the same night; but has only been completed + to-day, owing to most extraordinary difficulties: 1. The environs + of the city, outside of the fire of its guns and those of the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>(p. 306)</span> castle, are broken into innumerable hills of loose sand, + from 20 to 250 feet in height, with almost impassable forests of + chapparal between; and 2. Of all our means, of land + transportation: wagons, carts, pack-saddles, horses and mules, + expected to join us from Tampico and the Brazos, weeks ago, but + fifteen carts and about one hundred draught-horses have yet + arrived. Three hundred pack-mules are greatly needed to relieve + the troops in taking subsistence alone, along the line of + investment of more than five miles, as, at present, our only + depot is south of the city. On the cessation of the present + raging norther, which almost stifles the troops with sand, + sweeping away hills and creating new, I hope to establish a + second depot north of the city, which will partially relieve the + left wing of the army.</p> + +<p>In extending the line of investment around the city, the troops + for three days have performed the heaviest labors in getting over + the hills and cutting through the intervening forests, all under + the distant fire of the city and castle, and in the midst of many + sharp skirmishes with the enemy. In these operations we have lost + in killed and wounded several valuable officers and men. Among + the killed I have to report Brevet Captain Alburtis, of the + United States 2d Infantry, much distinguished in the Florida war, + and a most excellent officer. He fell on the 11th inst., and + Lieutenant-Colonel Dickenson, of the South Carolina Regiment, was + badly wounded in a skirmish the day before. Two privates have + been killed in these operations, and four or five wounded. As yet + I have not been able to obtain their names.</p> + +<p>As soon as the subsistence of the troops can be assured, and + their positions are well established, I shall, by an organized + movement, cause each brigade of regulars and volunteers to send + detachments, with supports, to clear its front, including + sub-bourgs, of the enemy's parties, so as to oblige them to + confine themselves within the walls of the city.</p> + +<p>I have heretofore reported that but two-sevenths of the + siege-train and ammunition had reached me. The remainder is yet + unheard of. We shall commence landing the heavy metal as soon as + the storm subsides, and hope that the five-sevenths may be up in + time.</p> + +<p>The city being invested, would, no doubt, early surrender, but + for fear that, if occupied by us, it would immediately be fired + upon by the castle. I am not altogether without hope of finding + the means of coming to some compromise with the city on this + subject.</p> + +<p>So far, the principal skirmishing has fallen to the lot of + Brigadier-General Pillow's and Quitman's brigades. Both old and + new volunteer regiments have conducted themselves admirably. + Indeed, the whole army is full of zeal and confidence, and cannot + fail to acquire distinction in the impending operations.</p> + +<p>To Commodore Conner, the officers and sailors of his squadron, + the army is indebted for great and unceasing assistance, promptly + and cheerfully rendered. Their co-operation is the constant theme + of our gratitude and admiration. A handsome detachment of + marines, under Captain Edson, of that corps, landed with the + first line, and is doing duty with the army.</p> + +<p><i>March 13th.</i> The enemy, at intervals, continues the fire of + heavy ordnance, from the city and castle, upon our line of + investment, both by day and night, but with little or no effect.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>(p. 307)</span> norther has ceased, which has renewed our + communication with the storeships at anchor under Sacrificios. We + shall immediately commence landing the few pieces of heavy + ordnance, with ordnance stores, at hand, and hope soon to have + the necessary draught mules to take them to their positions. Any + further delay in the arrival of those means of transportation + will be severely felt in our operations.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your obedient + servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Camp Washington, before Vera Cruz</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">March 23, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Yesterday, seven of our 10-inch mortars being in battery, + and the labors for planting the remainder of our heavy metal + being in progress, I addressed, at two o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, a summons + to the Governor of Vera Cruz, and within the two hours limited by + the bearer of the flag, received the governor's answer. Copies of + the two papers (marked respectively A and B) are herewith + enclosed.</p> + +<p>It will be perceived that the Governor, who, it turns out, is the + commander of both places, chose, against the plain terms of the + summons, to suppose me to have demanded the surrender of the + castle and of the city; when, in fact, from the non-arrival of + our heavy metal, principally mortars, I was in no condition to + threaten the former.</p> + +<p>On the return of the flag with the reply, I at once ordered the + seven mortars, in battery, to open upon the city. In a short time + the smaller vessels of Commodore Perry's squadron, two steamers + and five schooners, according to previous arrangement with him, + approached the city within about a mile and an eighth, whence, + being partially covered from the castle, an essential condition + to their safety, they also opened a brisk fire upon the city. + This has been continued uninterruptedly by the mortars, and only + with a few intermissions, by the vessels, up to 9 o'clock this + morning, when the commodore, very properly, called them off from + a position too daringly assumed.</p> + +<p>Our three remaining mortars are now (12 o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>) in + battery, and the whole ten in activity. To-morrow, early, if the + city should continue obstinate, batteries Nos. 4 and 5 will be + ready to add their fire; No. 4 consisting of four 24-pounders and + two 8-inch Paixhan guns, and No. 5 (naval battery) of three + 32-pounders and three 8-inch Paixhans: the guns, officers, and + sailors, landed from the squadron; our friends of the navy being + unremitting in their zealous co-operation, in every mode and + form.</p> + +<p>So far, we know that our fire upon the city has been highly + effective, particularly from the battery of 10-inch mortars, + planted at about 800 yards from the city. Including the + preparation and defence of the batteries, from the beginning, now + many days, and notwithstanding the heavy fire of the enemy, from + city and castle, we have only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>(p. 308)</span> had four or five men + wounded and one officer and one man killed, in or near the + trenches. That officer was Captain John R. Vinton, of the United + States third Artillery, one of the most talented, accomplished, + and effective members of the army, and who was highly + distinguished in the brilliant operations at Monterey. He fell + last evening in the trenches, where he was on duty as field and + commanding officer, universally regretted. I have just attended + his honored remains to a soldier's grave, in full view of the + enemy and within reach of his guns.</p> + +<p>Thirteen of the long needed mortars, leaving twenty-seven, + besides heavy guns, behind, have arrived, and two of them landed. + A heavy norther then set in (at meridian) that stopped that + operation, and also the landing of shells. Hence the fire of our + mortar batteries has been slackened since two o'clock to-day, and + cannot be reinvigorated until we shall again have a smooth sea. + In the mean time I shall leave this report open for journalizing + events that may occur up to the departure of the steam + ship-of-war, the Princeton, with Commodore Conner, who, I learn, + expects to leave the anchorage off Sacrificios, for the United + States, the 25th instant.</p> + +<p><i>March 24th.</i> The storm having subsided in the night, we + commenced this forenoon, as soon as the sea became a little + smooth, to land shot, shells, and mortars.</p> + +<p>The naval battery, No. 5, was opened with great activity, under + Captain Aulick, the second in rank of the squadron, at about 10 + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> His fire was continued to 2 o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, a little before + he was relieved by Captain Mayo, who landed with a fresh supply + of ammunition, Captain Aulick having exhausted the supply he had + brought with him. He lost four sailors, killed, and had one + officer, Lieutenant Baldwin, slightly hurt.</p> + +<p>The mortar batteries Nos. 1, 2, and 3, have fired but languidly + during the day for want of shells, which are now going out from + the beach.</p> + +<p>The two reports of Colonel Bankhead, chief of artillery, both of + this date, copies of which I enclose, give the incidents of those + three batteries.</p> + +<p>Battery No. 4, which will mount four 24-pounders and two 8-inch + Paixhan guns, has been much delayed in the hands of the + indefatigable engineers by the norther that filled up the work + with sand nearly as fast as it could be opened by the + half-blinded laborers. It will, however, doubtless be in full + activity early to-morrow morning.</p> + +<p><i>March 25th.</i> The Princeton being about to start for + Philadelphia, I have but a moment to continue this report.</p> + +<p>All the batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are in awful activity + this morning. The effect is, no doubt, very great, and I think + the city cannot hold out beyond to-day. To-morrow morning many of + the new mortars will be in a position to add their fire, when, or + after the delay of some twelve hours, if no proposition to + surrender should be received, I shall organize parties for + carrying the city by assault. So far the defence has been + spirited and obstinate.</p> + +<p>I enclose a copy of a memorial received last night, signed by the + consuls of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia, within Vera + Cruz, asking me to grant a truce to enable the neutrals, together + with Mexican women and children, to withdraw from the scene of + havoc about them. I shall reply, the moment an opportunity may be + taken, to say: 1. That a truce can only be granted on application + of Governor Morales, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>(p. 309)</span> with a view to surrender. 2. That + in sending safeguards to the different consuls, beginning so far + back as the 13th inst., I distinctly admonished them, + particularly the French and Spanish consuls, and of course + through the two, the other consuls, of the dangers that have + followed. 3. That although at that date I had already refused to + allow any person whatever to pass the line of investment either + way, yet the blockade had been left open to the consuls and other + neutrals to pass out to their respective ships of war up to the + 22d instant; and 4. I shall enclose to the memorialists a copy of + my summons to the Governor, to show that I had fully considered + the impending hardships and distresses of the place, including + those of women and children, before one gun had been fired in + that direction. The intercourse between the neutral ships of war + and the city was stopped at the last mentioned date by Commodore + Perry, with my concurrence, which I placed on the ground that + that intercourse could not fail to give to the enemy <i>moral aid + and comfort</i>.</p> + +<p>It will be seen from the memorial that our batteries have already + had a terrible effect on the city (also known through other + sources), and hence the inference that a surrender must soon be + proposed. In haste,</p> + +<p>I have the honor to remain, Sir, with respect, your most obedient + servant,</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Head-Quarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Vera Cruz</span>, March 29, 1847.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The flag of the United States of America floats triumphantly + over the walls of the city and castle of San Juan d'Ulloa.</p> + +<p>Our troops have garrisoned both since 10 o'clock; it is now noon. + Brigadier-General Worth is in command of the two places.</p> + +<p>Articles of capitulation were signed and exchanged at a late hour + night before last. I enclose a copy of the document.</p> + +<p>I have heretofore reported the principal incidents of the siege + up to the 25th instant. Nothing of striking interest occurred + till early in the morning of the next day, when I received + overtures from General Landero, on whom General Morales had + devolved the principal command. A terrible storm of wind and sand + made it difficult to communicate with the city, and impossible to + refer to Commodore Perry. I was obliged to entertain the + proposition alone, or to continue the fire upon a place that had + shown a disposition to surrender; for the loss of a day, or + perhaps several, could not be permitted. The accompanying papers + will show the proceedings and results.</p> + +<p>Yesterday, after the norther had abated, and the commissioners + appointed by me early the morning before had again met those + appointed by General Landero, Commodore Perry sent ashore his + second in command, Captain Aulick, as a commissioner on the part + of the navy. Although not included in my specific arrangement + with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>(p. 310)</span> the Mexican commander, I did not hesitate, with + proper courtesy, to desire that Captain Aulick might be duly + introduced and allowed to participate in the discussions and acts + of the commissioners who had been reciprocally accredited. Hence + the preamble to his signature. The original American + commissioners were Brevet Brigadier-General Worth, + Brigadier-General Pillow, and Colonel Totten. Four more able or + judicious officers could not have been desired.</p> + +<p>I have to add but little more. The remaining details of the + siege; the able co-operation of the United States squadron, + successively under the command of Commodores Conner and Perry, + the admirable conduct of the whole army, regulars and volunteers, + I should be happy to dwell upon as they deserve; but the steamer + Princeton, with Commodore Conner on board, is under way, and I + have commenced organizing an advance into the interior. This may + be delayed a few days, waiting the arrival of additional means of + transportation. In the mean time, a joint operation, by land and + water will be made upon Alvarado. No lateral expedition, however, + shall interfere with the grand movement towards the capital.</p> + +<p>In consideration of the great services of Colonel Totten, in the + siege that has just terminated most successively, and the + importance of his presence at Washington, as the head of the + engineer bureau, I intrust this despatch to his personal care, + and beg to commend him to the very favorable consideration of the + department.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most + obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Terms of Capitulation agreed upon for the surrender to the arms of +the United States of America of Vera Cruz, the castle of San Juan +d'Ulloa and their dependencies, with their armaments, munitions of +war, garrisons, and arms.</i></p> + +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<p>The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrendered to the arms of the +United States of America, as prisoners of war, the 29th instant at 10 +o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the garrisons to be permitted to march out with all the +honors of war, and to lay down their arms to such officers as may be +appointed by the general-in-chief of the United States army, and at a +point to be agreed on by the commissioners.</p> + +<p class="center">II.</p> + +<p>Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and private effects, +including horse and horse furniture, and to be allowed, regular and +irregular officers and also the rank and file, five days to retire to +their respective homes, on parole, as hereinafter prescribed.</p> + +<p class="center">III.</p> + +<p>Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in Article I, the Mexican +flags of the various forts and stations shall be struck, saluted by +their own batteries; and, immediately thereafter, forts Santiago and +Conception and the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, occupied by the forces +of the United States.</p> + +<p class="center">IV.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>(p. 311)</span> rank and file of the regular portion of the prisoners to +be disposed of, after surrender and parole, as their general-in-chief +may desire, and the irregular to be permitted to return to their +homes. The officers, in respect to all arms and descriptions of force, +giving the usual parole, that the said rank and file, as well as +themselves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged.</p> + +<p class="center">V.</p> + +<p>All the <i>materiel</i> of war, and all public property of every +description found in the city, the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, and +their dependencies, to belong to the United States; but the armament +of the same (not injured or destroyed in the further prosecution of +the actual war) may be considered as liable to be restored to Mexico +by a definite treaty of peace.</p> + +<p class="center">VI.</p> + +<p>The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to remain in the city, +with such medical officers of the army as may be necessary to their +care and treatment.</p> + +<p class="center">VII.</p> + +<p>Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to persons in the city, and +property, and it is clearly understood that no private building or +property is to be taken or used by the forces of the United States, +without previous arrangement with the owners, and for a fair +equivalent.</p> + +<p class="center">VIII.</p> + +<p>Absolute freedom of religious worship and ceremonies is solemnly +guaranteed.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Plan del Rio, 50 miles from Vera Cruz</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">April 19, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The plan of attack, sketched in General Orders, No. 111, + forwarded herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army + before two o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with + the results of victory, prisoners of war, heavy ordnance, field + batteries, small arms and accoutrements.</p> + +<p>About three thousand men laid down their arms, with the usual + proportion of field and company officers, besides five generals, + several of them of great distinction: Pinson, Yarrero, La Vega, + Noriega, and Obardo. A sixth general, Vasquez, was killed in + defending the battery (tower) in the rear of the whole Mexican + army, the capture of which gave us these glorious results.</p> + +<p>Our loss, though comparatively small in numbers, has been + serious. Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal + and talent, is, I fear, if not dead, mortally <span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>(p. 312)</span> wounded. + He is some five miles from me at the moment. The field of + operations covered many miles, broken by mountains and deep + chasms, and I have not a report, as yet, from any division or + brigade.</p> + +<p>Twiggs' division, followed by Shields' (now Colonel Baker's) + brigade, are now at Xalapa, and Worth's division is en route + thither, all pursuing, with good results, as I learn, that part + of the Mexican army, perhaps six or seven thousand men, who had + fled before our right had carried the tower, and gained the + Xalapa road.</p> + +<p>Pillow's brigade alone is near me at this depot of wounded, sick, + and prisoners; and I have time only to give from him the names of + 1st Lieutenant F. B. Nelson, and 2d Lieutenant C. J. Hill, both + of the 2d Tennessee foot (Haskell's regiment), among the killed, + and in the brigade one hundred and six, of all ranks, killed or + wounded.</p> + +<p>Among the latter, the gallant Brigadier-General himself has a + smart wound in the arm, but not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, + 2d Tennessee, Captain H. F. Murray, 2d Lieutenant G. T. + Sutherland, 1st Lieutenant W. P. Hale, Adjutant, all of the same + regiment, severely, and 1st Lieutenant W. Yearwood, mortally + wounded. And I know, from personal observation on the ground, + that 1st Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not now dead, was + mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the intrenchments + around the captured tower.</p> + +<p>Second Lieutenant Derby, Topographical Engineers, I also saw, at + the same place, severely wounded, and Captain Patten, 2d United + States Infantry, lost his right hand. Major Sumner, 2d United + States Dragoons, was slightly wounded the day before, and Captain + Johnston, Topographical Engineers (now Lieutenant-Colonel of + Infantry), was very severely wounded some days earlier while + reconnoitering. I must not omit to add that Captain Mason, and 2d + Lieutenant Davis, both of the rifles, were among the very + severely wounded in storming the same tower.</p> + +<p>I estimate our total loss, in killed and wounded, may be about + two hundred and fifty, and that of the enemy at three hundred and + fifty. In the pursuit toward Xalapa (25 miles hence), I learn, we + have added much to the enemy's loss in prisoners, killed and + wounded. In fact, I suppose his retreating army to be nearly + disorganized, and hence my haste to follow, in an hour or two, to + profit by events.</p> + +<p>In this hurried and imperfect report I must not omit to say that + Brigadier-General Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond + Cerro Gordo, crowned with the tower, detached from his division, + as I suggested the day before, a strong force to carry that + height, which commanded the Xalapa road at the foot, and could + not fail, if carried, to cut off the whole, or any part of the + enemy's forces, from a retreat in any direction.</p> + +<p>A portion of the 1st Artillery, under the often distinguished + Brevet-Colonel Childs, the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, + the 7th Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton, and the + Rifles, under Major Loring, all under the temporary command of + Colonel Hamey, 2d Dragoons, during the confinement to his bed of + Brevet Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, composed that detachment. + The style of execution, which I had the pleasure to witness, was + most brilliant and decisive.</p> + +<p>The brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo, + without shelter, and under the tremendous fire of artillery and + musketry, with the utmost steadiness, reached the breastworks, + drove the enemy from them, planted the colors of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>(p. 313)</span> the + 1st Artillery, 3d and 7th Infantry, the enemy's flag still + flying, and, after some minutes' sharp firing, finished the + conquest with the bayonet.</p> + +<p>It is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest praise is due + to Harney, Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their gallant + officers and men, for this brilliant service, independent of the + great results which soon followed.</p> + +<p>Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached + Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith, with his light battalion, + to support the assault, but not in time. The general, reaching + the tower a few minutes before me, and observing a white flag + displayed from the nearest portion of the enemy towards the + batteries below, sent out Colonels Harney and Childs to hold a + parley. The surrender followed in an hour or two.</p> + +<p>Major-General Patterson left a sick bed to share in the dangers + and fatigues of the day; and after the surrender went forward to + command the advance forces towards Xalapa.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Pillow and his brigade twice assaulted with + great daring the enemy's line of batteries on our left; and + though without success, they contributed much to distract and + dismay their immediate opponents.</p> + +<p>President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Almonte, and + some six or eight thousand men, escaped toward Xalapa just before + Cerro Gordo was carried, and before Twiggs' division reached the + national road above.</p> + +<p>I have determined to parole the prisoners, officers and men, as I + have not the means of feeding them here, beyond to-day, and + cannot afford to detail a heavy body of horse and foot, with + wagons, to accompany them to Vera Cruz. Our baggage train, though + increasing, is not half large enough to give an assured progress + to this army.</p> + +<p>Besides, a greater number of prisoners would, probably, escape + from the escort in the long and deep sandy road without + subsistence, ten to one, than we shall find again, out of the + same body of men, in the ranks opposed to us. Not one of the Vera + Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines of Cerro + Gordo. Some six of the officers, highest in rank, refuse to give + their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and thence, perhaps, to + the United States.</p> + +<p>The small arms and accoutrements, being of no value to our army + here or at home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we have + not the means of transporting them. I am, also, somewhat + embarrassed with the pieces of artillery, all bronze, which we + have captured. It would take a brigade, and half the mules of our + army, to transport them fifty miles.</p> + +<p>A field battery I shall take for service with the army; but the + heavy metal must be collected and left here for the present. We + have our own siege-train and the proper carriages with us.</p> + +<p>Being much occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a + forward movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to + follow from Vera Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to + be at Xalapa early to-morrow. We shall not, probably, again meet + with serious opposition this side of Perote; certainly not, + unless delayed by the want of the means of transportation.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most + obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>(p. 314)</span> Orders No. 111.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">Plan del Rio</span>, April 17, 1847.</p> + +<p>The enemy's line of intrenchments and batteries will be attacked in +front, and at the same time turned, early in the day, to-morrow, +probably before ten o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></p> + +<p>The second (Twiggs') division of regulars is already advanced within +easy turning distance towards the enemy's left. That division has +instructions to move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up a +position across the national road in the enemy's rear, so as to cut +off a retreat towards Xalapa. It may be reinforced to-day if +unexpectedly attacked in force, by regiments, one or two taken from +Shields' brigade of volunteers. If not, the two volunteer regiments +will march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning, under +Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-General +Twiggs, on getting up with him, or the general-in-chief, if he be in +advance.</p> + +<p>The remaining regiment of that volunteer brigade will receive +instructions in the course of this day.</p> + +<p>The first division of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movement +against the enemy's left at sunrise to-morrow morning.</p> + +<p>As already arranged, Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at +six o'clock to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully +reconnoitered, and stand ready as soon as he hears the report of arms +on our right, or sooner if circumstances should favor him, to pierce +the enemy's line of batteries at such point, the nearer the river the +better, as he may select. Once in the rear of that line, he will turn +to the right or left, or both, and attack the batteries in reverse; +or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor until further +orders.</p> + +<p>Wall's field battery and the cavalry will be held in reserve on the +national road, a little out of view and range of the enemy's +batteries. They will take up that position at nine o'clock in the +morning.</p> + +<p>The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned, all our divisions +and corps will pursue with vigor.</p> + +<p>This pursuit may be continued many miles, until stopped by darkness or +fortified positions, towards Xalapa. Consequently the body of the army +will not return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow +afternoon, or early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the +several corps. For this purpose, the feebler officers and men of each +corps will be left to guard its camp and effects, and to load up the +latter in the wagons of the corps. A commander of the present +encampment will be designated in the course of this day.</p> + +<p>As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been carried, +or that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon for each +regiment and one for the cavalry will follow the movement, to receive, +under the direction of medical officers, the wounded and disabled, who +will be brought back to this place for treatment in general hospital.</p> + + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>(p. 315)</span> Surgeon-General will organize this important service and +designate that hospital, as well as the medical officers to be left at +it.</p> + +<p>Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take the +usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two days.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">By command of Major-General Scott.</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">H. L. Scott</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Acting Assistant Adjutant-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Tacubaya, at the Gates of Mexico</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">August 28th, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: My report, No. 31, commenced in the night of the 19th + instant, closed with the operations of the army on that day.</p> + +<p>The morning of the 20th opened with one of a series of + unsurpassed achievements, all in view of the capital, and to + which I shall give the general name: <i>Battles of Mexico</i>.</p> + +<p>In the night of the 19th, Brigadier-Generals Shields, P. F. + Smith, and Cadwallader, and Colonel Riley with their brigades, + and the 15th Regiment, under Colonel Morgan, detached from + Brigadier-General Pierce, found themselves in and about the + important position, the village, hamlet or <i>hacienda</i>, called + indifferently, Contreras, Ansalda, San Geronimo, half a mile + nearer to the city than the enemy's intrenched camp, on the same + road, towards the factory of Magdalena.</p> + +<p>That camp had been, unexpectedly, our formidable point of attack + in the afternoon before, and we had now to take it, without the + aid of cavalry or artillery, or to throw back our advanced corps + upon the direct road from San Augustin to the city, and thence + force a passage through San Antonio.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, to meet contingencies, Major-General Worth was + ordered to leave early in the morning of the 20th, one of his + brigades to mask San Antonio, and to march with the other six + miles, via San Augustin, upon Contreras. A like destination was + given to Major-General Quitman and his remaining brigade in San + Augustin, replacing, for the moment, the garrison of that + important depot with Harney's brigade of cavalry, as horse could + not pass over the intervening lava, etc., to reach the field of + battle.</p> + +<p>A diversion for an earlier hour (daylight) had been arranged the + night before, according to the suggestion of Brigadier-General P. + F. Smith, received through the engineer, Captain Lee, who + conveyed my orders to our troops remaining on the ground, + opposite to the enemy's centre, a point for the diversion or the + real attack, as circumstances might allow.</p> + +<p>Guided by Captain Lee, it proved the latter, under the command of + Colonel Ransom of the 9th, having with him that regiment and some + companies of three others, the 3d, 12th, and Rifles.</p> + +<p>Shields, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>(p. 316)</span> the senior officer of the hamlet, having + arrived in the night, after Smith had arranged with Cadwallader + and Riley the plan of attack for the morning, delicately waived + interference; but reserved to himself the double task of holding + the hamlet with his two regiments (South Carolina and New York + Volunteers) against ten times his numbers on the side of the + city, including the slopes to his left, and in case the enemy's + camp in his rear should be carried, to face about and cut off the + flying enemy.</p> + +<p>At three <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the great movement commenced on the rear of the + enemy's camp, Riley leading, followed successively by + Cadwallader's and Smith's brigades, the latter temporarily under + the orders of Major Dimick of the 1st Artillery, the whole force + being commanded by Smith, the senior in the general attack, and + whose arrangements, skill and gallantry always challenge the + highest admiration.</p> + +<p>The march was rendered tedious by the darkness, rain, and mud; + but about sunrise, Riley, conducted by Lieutenant Turner, + Engineer, had reached an elevation behind the enemy, whence he + precipitated his columns; stormed the intrenchments, planted his + several colors upon them, and carried the work, all in seventeen + minutes.</p> + +<p>Conducted by Lieutenant Beauregard, Engineer, and Lieutenant + Brooks of Twiggs' staff, both of whom, like Lieutenant Tower, + had, in the night, twice reconnoitred the ground; Cadwallader + brought up to the general assault two of the regiments: the + Voltigeurs and the 11th, and at the appointed time Colonel + Ransom, with his temporary brigade, conducted by Captain Lee, + Engineer, not only made the movement in front, to divert and to + distract the enemy, but, after crossing the deep ravine, + advanced, and poured into the works and upon the fugitives many + volleys from his destructive musketry.</p> + +<p>In the mean time Smith's own brigade, under the temporary command + of Major Dimick, following the movements of Riley and + Cadwallader, discovered, opposite to, and outside of the works, a + long line of Mexican cavalry, drawn up as a support. Dimick + having at the head of the brigade the company of Sappers and + Miners, under Lieutenant G. W. Smith, engineer, who had conducted + the march, was ordered by Brigadier-General Smith to form his + line, faced to the enemy, and in a charge against the flank, + routed the cavalry.</p> + +<p>Shields, too, by the wise disposition of his brigade and gallant + activity, contributed much to the general results. He held masses + of cavalry and infantry, supported by artillery, in check below + him, and captured hundreds, with one general (Mendoza), of those + who fled from above.</p> + +<p>I doubt whether a more brilliant or decisive victory, taking into + view ground, artificial defences, batteries, and the extreme + disparity of numbers, without cavalry or artillery on our side, + is to be found on record. Including all our corps directed + against the intrenched camp, with Shields' brigade at the hamlet, + we positively did not number over four thousand five hundred rank + and file; and we knew by sight, and since, more certainly, by + many captured documents and letters, that the enemy had actually + engaged on the spot seven thousand men, with at least twelve + thousand more hovering within sight and striking distance, both + on the 19th and 20th. All, not killed or captured, now fled with + precipitation.</p> + +<p>Thus was the great victory of Contreras achieved; one road to the + capital opened; seven hundred of the enemy killed; eight hundred + and thirteen prisoners, including, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>(p. 317)</span> among eighty-eight + officers, four generals; besides many colors and standards; + twenty-two pieces of brass ordnance, half of large calibre; + thousands of small arms and accoutrements; an immense quantity of + shot, shells, powder, and cartridges; seven hundred pack mules, + many horses, etc., etc., all in our hands.</p> + +<p>It is highly gratifying to find that, by skillful arrangement and + rapidity of execution, our loss, in killed and wounded, did not + exceed, on the spot, sixty; among the former the brave Captain + Charles Hanson, of the 4th Infantry, not more distinguished for + gallantry than for modesty, morals, and piety. Lieutenant J. P. + Johnstone, 1st Artillery, serving with Magruder's battery, a + young officer of the highest promise, was killed the evening + before.</p> + +<p>One of the most pleasing incidents of the victory is the + recapture, in their works, by Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, under + Major Gardner, of the two brass 6-pounders, taken from another + company of the same regiment, though without the loss of honor, + at the glorious battle of Buena Vista; about which guns the whole + regiment had mourned for so many long months! Coming up a little + later I had the happiness to join in the protracted cheers of the + gallant 4th on the joyous event; and, indeed, the whole army + sympathizes in its just pride and exultation.</p> + +<p>The battle being won before the advancing brigades of Worth's and + Quitman's divisions were in sight, both were ordered to their + late positions: Worth, to attack San Antonio, in front, with his + whole force, as soon as approached in the rear by Pillow's and + Twiggs' divisions; moving from Contreras, through San Angel and + Coyoacan. By carrying San Antonio, we knew that we should open + another, a shorter and better road to the capital for our siege + and other trains.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, the two advanced divisions and Shields' brigade + marched from Contreras, under the immediate orders of + Major-General Pillow, who was now joined by the gallant + Brigadier-General Pierce of his division, personally thrown out + of activity, late the evening before, by a severe hurt received + from the fall of his horse.</p> + +<p>After giving necessary orders on the field, in the midst of + prisoners and trophies, and sending instructions to Harney's + brigade of cavalry (left at San Augustin) to join me, I + personally followed Pillow's command.</p> + +<p>Arriving at Coyoacan, two miles by a cross road, from the rear of + San Antonio, I first detached Captain Lee, Engineer, with Captain + Kearny's troop, 1st Dragoons, supported by the Rifle regiment, + under Major Loring, to reconnoitre that strong point; and next + despatched Major-General Pillow, with one of his brigades + (Cadwallader's), to make the attack upon it, in concert with + Major-General Worth on the opposite side.</p> + +<p>At the same time, by another road to the left, Lieutenant Stevens + of the Engineers, supported by Lieutenant G. W. Smith's company + of sappers and miners, of the same corps, was sent to reconnoitre + the strongly fortified church or convent of San Pablo, in the + hamlet of Churubusco, one mile off, Twiggs with one of his + brigades (Smith's, less the Rifles) and Captain Taylor's field + battery, were ordered to follow and to attack the convent. Major + Smith, senior Engineer, was despatched to concert with Twiggs the + mode and means of attack, and Twiggs' other brigade (Riley's) I + soon ordered up to support him.</p> + +<p>Next <span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>(p. 318)</span> (but all in ten minutes) I sent Pierce (just able + to keep the saddle) with his brigade (Pillow's division), + conducted by Captain Lee, Engineer, by a third road a little + farther to our left, to attack the enemy's right and rear, in + order to favor the movement upon the convent, and to cut off a + retreat toward the capital. And finally, Shields, senior + brigadier to Pierce, with the New York and South Carolina + Volunteers (Quitman's division), was ordered to follow Pierce + closely, and to take the command of our left wing. All these + movements were made with the utmost alacrity by our gallant + troops and commanders.</p> + +<p>Finding myself at Coyoacan, from which so many roads conveniently + branched, without escort or reserve, I had to advance for safety + close upon Twiggs' rear. The battle now raged from the right to + the left of our whole line.</p> + +<p>Learning on the return of Captain Lee, that Shields in the rear + of Churubusco was hard pressed, and in danger of being + outflanked, if not overwhelmed, by greatly superior numbers, I + immediately sent under Major Sumner, 2d Dragoons, the Rifles + (Twiggs' reserve) and Captain Sibley's troop, 2d Dragoons, then + at hand, to support our left, guided by the same engineer.</p> + +<p>About an hour earlier, Worth had, by skillful and daring + movements upon the front and right, turned and forced San + Antonio: its garrison, no doubt, much shaken by our decisive + victory at Contreras.</p> + +<p>His second brigade (Colonel Clarke's) conducted by Captain Mason, + Engineer, assisted by Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical + Engineer, turned to the left, and by a wide sweep came out upon + the high road to the capital. At this point the heavy garrison + (three thousand men) in retreat was, by Clarke, cut in the + centre: one portion, the rear, driven upon Dolores, off to the + right, and the other upon Churubusco, in the direct line of our + operations. The first brigade (Colonel Garland's), same division, + consisting of the 2d Artillery, under Major Gait, the 3d + Artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Belton, and the 4th Infantry, + commanded by Major F. Lee, with Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan's field + battery (temporarily) followed in pursuit through the town, + taking one general prisoner, the abandoned guns (five pieces), + much ammunition and other public property.</p> + +<p>The forcing of San Antonio was the <i>second</i> brilliant event of + the day. Worth's division being soon reunited in hot pursuit, he + was joined by Major-General Pillow, who, marching from Coyoacan + and discovering that San Antonio had been carried, immediately + turned to the left according to my instructions, and, though much + impeded by ditches and swamps, hastened to the attack of + Churubusco.</p> + +<p>The hamlet or scattered houses bearing this name, presented + besides the fortified convent, a strong field-work + (<i>tête-de-pont</i>) with regular bastions and curtains, at the head + of a bridge over which the road passes from San Antonio to the + capital.</p> + +<p>The whole remaining forces of Mexico, some twenty-seven thousand + men, cavalry, artillery and infantry, collected from every + quarter, were now in, on the flanks, or within supporting + distance of those works, and seemed resolved to make a last and + desperate stand; for if beaten here, the feebler defences at the + gates of the city, four miles off, could not, as was well known + to both parties, delay the victors an hour. The capital of an + ancient empire, now of a great republic, or an early peace, the + assailants were resolved to win. Not an American, and we were + less than a third of the enemy's numbers, had a doubt as to the + result.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>(p. 319)</span> fortified church or convent, hotly pressed by + Twiggs, had already held out about an hour, when Worth and + Pillow, the latter having with him Cadwallader's brigade, began + to manœuvre closely upon the <i>tête-de-pont</i>, with the convent + at half gunshot to their left. Garland's brigade (Worth's + division), to which had been added the light battalion under + Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith, continued to advance in front and + under the fire of a long line of infantry off on the left of the + bridge; and Clarke, of the same division, directed his brigade + along the road or close by its side. Two of Pillow's and + Cadwallader's regiments, the 11th and 14th, supported and + participated in this direct movement; the other (the Voltigeurs) + was left in reserve. Most of these corps, particularly Clarke's + brigade, advancing perpendicularly, were made to suffer much by + the fire of the <i>tête-de-pont</i>, and they would have suffered + greatly more by flank attacks from the convent, but for the + pressure of Twiggs on the other side of that work.</p> + +<p>This well-combined and daring movement at length reached the + principal point of attack, and the formidable <i>tête-de-pont</i> was + at once assaulted and carried by the bayonet. Its deep wet ditch + was first gallantly crossed by the 8th and 5th Infantry, + commanded respectively by Major Waite and Lieutenant-Colonel + Martin Scott, followed closely by the 6th Infantry (same + brigade), which had been so much exposed on the road, the 11th + regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Graham, and the 14th, + commanded by Colonel Trousdale, both of Cadwallader's brigade, + Pillow's division. About the same time the enemy in front of + Garland, after a hot conflict of an hour and a half, gave way in + a retreat toward the capital.</p> + +<p>The immediate result of this <i>third</i> signal triumph of the day + were three field pieces, one hundred and ninety-two prisoners, + much ammunition, and two colors taken at the <i>tête-de-pont</i>.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant I. F. Irons, 1st Artillery, aid-de-camp to + Brigadier-General Cadwallader, a young officer of great merit and + conspicuous in battle on several previous occasions, received in + front of the work a mortal wound. (Since dead.)</p> + +<p>As the concurrent attack upon the convent favored physically and + morally the assault upon the <i>tête-de-pont</i>, so reciprocally, no + doubt, the fall of the latter contributed to the capture of the + former. The two works were only some four hundred and fifty yards + apart; and as soon as we were in possession of the + <i>tête-de-pont</i>, a captured four-pounder was turned and fired, + first by Captain Larkin Smith, and next by Lieutenant Snelling, + both of the 8th Infantry, several times upon the convent. In the + same brief interval, Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan (also of Worth's + division) gallantly brought two of his guns to bear at a short + range from the San Antonio road, upon the principal face of the + work and on the tower of the church, which in the obstinate + contest, had been often refilled with some of the best + sharpshooters of the enemy.</p> + +<p>Finally, twenty minutes after the <i>tête-de-pont</i> had been carried + by Worth and Pillow, and at the end of a desperate conflict of + two hours and a half, the church or convent, the citadel of the + strong line of defence along the rivulet of Churubusco, yielded + to Twiggs' division, and threw out on all sides signals of + surrender. The white flags, however, were not exhibited until the + moment when the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, had cleared + the way by fire and bayonet, and had entered the work. Captain I. + M. Smith and Lieutenant O. L. Shepherd, both of that regiment, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>(p. 320)</span> with their companies, had the glory of leading the + assault. The former received the surrender, and Captain Alexander + instantly hung out from the balcony the colors of the gallant 3d. + Major Dimick, with a part of the 1st Artillery, serving as + infantry, entered nearly abreast with the leading troops.</p> + +<p>Captain Taylor's field battery, attached to Twiggs' division, + opened its effective fire at an early moment upon the outworks of + the convent and the tower of its church. Exposed to the severest + fire of the enemy, the captain, his officers and men, won + universal admiration; but at length, much disabled in men and + horses, the battery was by superior orders withdrawn from the + action thirty minutes before the surrender of the convent.</p> + +<p>Those corps, excepting Taylor's battery, belonged to the brigade + of Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, who closely directed the whole + attack with his habitual coolness and ability: while Riley's + brigade, the 2d and 7th Infantry, under Captain T. Morris and + Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton respectively, vigorously engaged the + right of the work and part of its rear. At the moment the Rifles, + belonging to Smith's, were detached in support of + Brigadier-General Shields on our extreme left, and the 4th + Artillery, acting as infantry, under Major Gardner, belonging to + Riley's brigade, had been left in charge of the camp, trophies, + etc., at Contreras. Twiggs' division at Churubusco had thus been + deprived of the services of two of its most gallant and effective + regiments.</p> + +<p>The immediate results of this victory were: the capture of seven + field pieces, some ammunition, one color, three generals, and one + thousand two hundred and sixty-one prisoners, including other + officers.</p> + +<p>Captains E. A. Capron and M. J. Burke, and Lieutenant G. Hoffman, + all of the 1st Artillery, and Captain J. W. Anderson and + Lieutenant Thomas Easley, both of the 2d Infantry, five officers + of great merit, fell gallantly before this work.</p> + +<p>The capture of the enemy's citadel was the <i>fourth</i> great + achievement of our arms in the same day.</p> + +<p>It has been stated that some two hours and a half before, + Pierce's, followed closely by the volunteer brigade, both under + the command of Brigadier-General Shields, had been dispatched to + our left to turn the enemy's works; to prevent the escape of the + garrisons and to oppose the extention of the enemy's numerous + corps from the rear upon and around our left.</p> + +<p>Considering the inferior numbers of the two brigades, the objects + of the movement were difficult to accomplish. Hence the + re-enforcement (the Rifles, etc.,) sent forward a little later.</p> + +<p>In a winding march of a mile around to the right, this temporary + division found itself on the edge of an open wet meadow, near the + road from San Antonio to the capital, and in the presence of some + four thousand of the enemy's infantry, a little in rear of + Churubusco, on that road. Establishing the right at a strong + building, Shields extended his left parallel to the road, to + outflank the enemy toward the capital. But the enemy extending + his right, supported by three thousand cavalry, more rapidly + (being favored by better ground) in the same direction, Shields + concentrated the division about a hamlet and determined to attack + in front. The battle was long, hot and varied; but, ultimately, + success crowned the zeal and gallantry <span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>(p. 321)</span> of our troops, + ably directed by their distinguished commander, Brigadier-General + Shields. The 9th, 12th and 15th regiments, under Colonel Ransom, + Captain Wood, and Colonel Morgan respectively, of Pierce's + brigade (Pillow's division), and the New York and South Carolina + Volunteers, under Colonels Burnett and Butler respectively, of + Shields' own brigade (Quitman's division), together with the + mountain howitzer battery, now under Lieutenant Reno of the + Ordnance Corps, all shared in the glory of this action, our + <i>fifth</i> victory in the same day.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Pierce, from the hurt of the evening before, + under pain and exhaustion, fainted in the action. Several other + changes in command occurred on this field. Thus Colonel Morgan + being severely wounded, the command of the 15th Infantry devolved + on Lieutenant-Colonel Howard; Colonel Burnett receiving a like + wound, the command of the New York Volunteers fell to + Lieutenant-Colonel Baxter; and, on the fall of the lamented + Colonel P. M. Butler, earlier badly wounded, but continuing to + lead nobly in the hottest of the battle, the command of the South + Carolina Volunteers devolved, first, on Lieutenant-Colonel + Dickenson, who being severely wounded (as before in the siege of + Vera Cruz), the regiment ultimately fell under the orders of + Major Gladden.</p> + +<p>Lieutenants David Adams and W. R. Williams of the same corps; + Captain Augustus Quarks and Lieutenant J. B. Goodman of the 15th, + and Lieutenant E. Chandler, New York Volunteers, all gallant + officers, nobly fell in the same action.</p> + +<p>Shields took three hundred and eighty prisoners, including + officers; and it cannot be doubted that the rage of the conflict + between him and the enemy, just in the rear of the <i>tête-de-pont</i> + and the convent, had some influence on the surrender of those + formidable defences.</p> + +<p>As soon as the <i>tête-de-pont</i> was carried, the greater part of + Worth's and Pillow's forces passed that bridge in rapid pursuit + of the flying enemy. These distinguished generals, coming up with + Brigadier-General Shields, now also victorious, the three + continued to press upon the fugitives to within a mile and a half + of the capital. Here, Colonel Harney, with a small part of his + brigade of cavalry, rapidly passed to the front, and charged the + enemy up to the nearest gate.</p> + +<p>The cavalry charge was headed by Captain Kearny, of the 1st + Dragoons, having in squadron with his own troop, that of Captain + M'Reynolds of the 3d making the usual escort to general + headquarters; but, being early in the day detached for general + service, was now under Colonel Hamey's orders. The gallant + captain not hearing the <i>recall</i>, that had been sounded, dashed + up to the San Antonio gate, sabring in his way all who resisted. + Of the seven officers of the squadron, Kearny lost his left arm; + M'Reynolds and Lieutenant Lorimer Graham were both severely + wounded, and Lieutenant R. S. Ewell, who succeeded to the command + of the escort, had two horses killed under him. Major F. D. Mills + of the 15th Infantry, a volunteer in this charge, was killed at + the gate.</p> + +<p>So terminated the series of events which I have but feebly + presented. My thanks were freely poured out on the different + fields, to the abilities and science of generals and other + officers, to the zeal and prowess of all, the rank and file + included. But a reward infinitely higher, the applause of a + grateful country and government, will, I cannot doubt, be + accorded in due time to so much merit of every <span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>(p. 322)</span> sort + displayed by this glorious army, which has now overcome all + difficulties: distance, climate, ground, fortifications, numbers.</p> + +<p>It has in a single day, in many battles, as often defeated + thirty-two thousand men; made about three thousand prisoners, + including eight generals (two of them ex-presidents), and two + hundred and five other officers; killed or wounded four thousand + of all ranks, besides entire corps dispersed and dissolved; + captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance, more than trebling our + siege train and field batteries, with a large number of small + arms, a full supply of ammunition of every kind, etc. etc.</p> + +<p>These great results have overwhelmed the enemy. Our loss amounts + to one thousand and fifty-three: <i>killed</i>, one hundred and + thirty-nine, including sixteen officers; <i>wounded</i>, eight hundred + and seventy-six, with sixty officers. The greater number of the + dead and disabled were of the highest worth. Those under + treatment, thanks to our very able medical officers, are doing + well.</p> + +<p>I regret having been obliged, on the 20th, to leave Major-General + Quitman, an able commander, with a part of his division, the fine + 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, and the veteran detachment of United + States marines, at our important depot, San Augustin. It was + there that I had placed our sick and wounded, the siege, supply + and baggage trains. If these had been lost, the army would have + been driven almost to despair; and considering the enemy's very + great excess of numbers, and the many approaches to the depot, it + might well have become, emphatically, the post of honor.</p> + +<p>After so many victories, we might, with but little additional + loss, have occupied the capital the same evening. But Mr. Trist, + commissioner, etc., as well as myself, had been admonished by the + best friends of peace, intelligent neutrals, and some American + residents, against precipitation, lest, by wantonly driving away + the government and others, dishonored, we might scatter the + elements of peace, excite a spirit of national desperation and + thus indefinitely postpone the hope of accommodation.</p> + +<p>Deeply impressed with this danger, and remembering our mission, + <i>to conquer a peace</i>, the army very cheerfully sacrificed to + patriotism, to the great wish and want of our country, the + <i>éclat</i> that would have followed an entrance, sword in hand, into + a great capital. Willing to leave something to this republic, of + no immediate value to us, on which to rest her pride, and to + recover temper, I halted our victorious corps at the gates of the + city (at least for a time), and have them now cantoned in the + neighboring villages, where they are well sheltered and supplied + with all necessaries.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 21st, being about to take up battering or + assaulting position, to authorize me to summon the city to + surrender, or to sign an armistice with a pledge to enter at once + into negotiations for peace, a mission came out to propose a + truce. Rejecting its terms, I dispatched my contemplated note to + President Santa Anna, omitting the summons. The 22d, + commissioners were appointed by the commanders of the two armies; + the armistice was signed the 23d, and ratifications exchanged the + 24th.</p> + +<p>All matters in dispute between the two governments have been thus + happily turned over to their plenipotentiaries, who have now had + several conferences, and with, I think, some hope of signing a + treaty of peace.</p> + +<p>There will be transmitted to the adjutant-general reports from + divisions, brigades, etc., on the foregoing operations, to which + I must refer, with my hearty concurrence in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>(p. 323)</span> the just + applause bestowed on corps and individuals by their respective + commanders. I have been able, this report being necessarily a + summary, to bring out, comparatively, but little of individual + merit not lying directly in the way of the narrative. Thus I + doubt whether I have, in express terms, given my approbation and + applause to the commanders of divisions and independent brigades; + but left their fame upon higher grounds, the simple record of + their great deeds and the brilliant results.</p> + +<p>To the staff, both general and personal, attached to general + headquarters, I was again under high obligations for services in + the field, as always in the bureau, I add their names, etc.: + Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, Acting Inspector General; Major J. + L. Smith, Captain R. E. Lee (as distinguished for felicitous + execution as for science and daring), Captain Mason, Lieutenants + Stevens, Beauregard, Tower, G. W. Smith, George B. McClellan, and + Foster, all of the Engineers; Major Turnbull, Captain J. + McClellan, and Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical Engineers; + Captain Huger and Lieutenant Hagner, of the Ordnance; Captains + Irwin and Wayne, of the Quartermaster's Department; Captain + Grayson, of the Commissariat; Surgeon-General Lawson, in his + particular department; Captain H. L. Scott, Acting + Adjutant-General; Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-Camp, and + Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, another aid-de-camp, had a week + before been thrown out of activity by a severe wound received in + a successful charge of cavalry against cavalry, and four times + his numbers; but on the 20th, I had the valuable services, as + volunteer aids, of Majors Kirby and Van Buren, of the Pay + Department, always eager for activity and distinction, and of a + third, the gallant Major J. P. Gaines, of the Kentucky + Volunteers.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your most + obedient servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Winfield Scott.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Tacubaya, near Mexico</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">September 11, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have heretofore reported that I had, August 24, concluded + an armistice with President Santa Anna, which was promptly + followed by meetings between Mr. Trist and Mexican commissioners + appointed to treat of peace.</p> + +<p>Negotiations were actively continued with, as was understood, + some prospect of a successful result, up to the 2d instant, when + our commissioner handed in his ultimatum (on boundaries), and the + negotiators adjourned to meet again on the 6th.</p> + +<p>Some infractions of the truce in respect to our supplies from the + city, were earlier committed, followed by apologies on the part + of the enemy. These vexations I was willing to put down to the + imbecility of the government, and waived any pointed demands of + reparation while any hope remained of a satisfactory termination + of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>(p. 324)</span> the war. But on the 5th, and more fully on the + sixth, I learned that as soon as the <i>ultimatum</i> had been + considered in a grand council of ministers and others, President + Santa Anna on the 4th or 5th, without giving me the slightest + notice, actively recommenced strengthening the military defences + of the city, in gross violation of the 3d article of the + armistice.</p> + +<p>On that information, which has since received the fullest + verification, I addressed to him my note of the 6th. His reply, + dated the same day, received the next morning, was absolutely and + notoriously false, both in recrimination and explanation. I + enclose copies of both papers, and have had no subsequent + correspondence with the enemy.</p> + +<p>Being delayed by the terms of the armistice more than two weeks, + we had now, late on the 7th, to begin to reconnoitre the + different approaches to the city, within our reach, before I + could lay down any definitive plan of attack.</p> + +<p>The same afternoon a large body of the enemy was discovered + hovering about the <i>Molinos del Rey</i>, within a mile and a third + of this village, where I am quartered with the general staff and + Worth's division.</p> + +<p>It might have been supposed that an attack upon us was intended; + but knowing the great value to the enemy of those mills (<i>Molinos + del Rey</i>), containing a cannon foundry, with a large deposit of + powder in <i>Casa Mata</i> near them, and having heard two days before + that many church bells had been sent to be cast into guns, the + movement was easily understood, and I resolved at once to drive + him early the next morning, to seize the powder, and to destroy + the foundry.</p> + +<p>Another motive for this decision, leaving the general plan of + attack upon the city for full reconnoissance, was, that we knew + our recent captures had left the enemy not a fourth of the guns + necessary to arm, all at the same time, the strong works at each + of the eight city gates; and we could not cut the communication + between the foundry and the capital without first taking the + formidable castle on the heights of Chapultepec, which overlooked + both and stood between.</p> + +<p>For this difficult operation we were not entirely ready, and + moreover we might altogether neglect the castle, if, as we then + hoped, our reconnoissances should prove that the distant southern + approaches to the city were more eligible than this southwestern + one.</p> + +<p>Hence the decision promptly taken, the execution of which was + assigned to Brevet Major-General Worth, whose division was + re-enforced with Cadwallader's brigade of Pillow's division, + three squadrons of dragoons under Major Sumner, and some heavy + guns of the siege train under Captain Huger of the Ordnance, and + Captain Drum of the 4th Artillery, two officers of the highest + merit.</p> + +<p>For the decisive and brilliant results, I beg to refer to the + report of the immediate commander, Major-General Worth, in whose + commendations of the gallant officers and men, dead and living, I + heartily concur, having witnessed, but with little indifference, + their noble devotion to fame and to country.</p> + +<p>The enemy having several times re-enforced his line, and the + action soon becoming much more general than I had expected, I + called up, from the distance of three miles, first Major-General + Pillow, with his remaining brigade (Pierce's), and next Riley's + brigade of Twiggs' division, leaving his other brigade (Smith's) + in observation at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>(p. 325)</span> San Angel. Those corps approached + with zeal and rapidity, but the battle was won just as + Brigadier-General Pierce reached the ground, and had interposed + his corps between Garland's brigade (Worth's division) and the + retreating enemy.</p> + +<p>The accompanying report mentions, with just commendation, two of + my volunteer aids: Major Kirby, Paymaster, and Major Gaines, of + the Kentucky Volunteers. I also had the valuable services, on the + same field, of several officers of my staff, general and + personal: Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, Acting Inspector-General; + Captain R. E. Lee, Engineer; Captain Irwin, Chief Quartermaster; + Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary; Captain H. L. Scott, Acting + Adjutant-General; Lieutenant Williams, Aid-de-Camp; and + Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your obedient + servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Winfield Scott.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Scott to the Secretary of War.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">National Palace of Mexico</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">September 18th, 1847.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William L. Marcy</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: At the end of another series of arduous and brilliant + operations of more than forty-eight hours' continuance, this + glorious army hoisted, on the morning of the 14th, the colors of + the United States on the walls of this palace.</p> + +<p>The victory of the 8th, at the Molinos del Rey, was followed by + daring reconnaissances on the part of our distinguished + engineers, Captain Lee, Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens, and + Tower: Major Smith, senior, being sick, and Captain Mason, third + in rank, wounded. Their operations were directed principally to + the south, towards the gates of the Piedad, San Angel, (Nino + Perdido,) San Antonio, and the Paseo de la Viga.</p> + +<p>This city stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre of + an irregular basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its greater + extent, a navigable canal of great breadth and depth, very + difficult to bridge in the presence of an enemy, and serving at + once for drainage, custom-house purposes, and military defence; + leaving eight entrances or gates, over arches, each of which we + found defended by a system of strong works, that seemed to + require nothing but some men and guns to be impregnable.</p> + +<p>Outside and within the cross-fires of those gates, we found to + the south other obstacles but little less formidable. All the + approaches near the city are over elevated causeways, cut in many + places (to oppose us), and flanked on both sides by ditches, also + of unusual dimensions. The numerous cross-roads are flanked in + like manner, having bridges at the intersections, recently + broken. The meadows thus checkered are, moreover, in many spots, + under water or marshy; for, it will be remembered, we were in the + midst of the wet season, though with less rain than usual, and we + could not wait for the fall of the neighboring lakes and the + consequent drainage <span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>(p. 326)</span> of the wet grounds at the edge of + the city, the lowest in the whole basin.</p> + +<p>After a close personal survey of the southern gates, covered by + Pillow's division and Riley's brigade of Twiggs', with four times + our numbers concentrated in our immediate front, I determined on + the 11th to avoid that network of obstacles, and to seek, by a + sudden diversion to the southwest and west, less unfavorable + approaches.</p> + +<p>To economize the lives of our gallant officers and men, as well + as to ensure success, it became indispensable that this + resolution should be long masked from the enemy; and again, that + the new movement, when discovered, should be mistaken for a + feint, and the old as indicating our true and ultimate point of + attack.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, on the spot, the 11th, I ordered Quitman's division + from Coyoacan, to join Pillow, by daylight, before the southern + gates, and then that the two major-generals, with their + divisions, should, by night, proceed (two miles) to join me at + Tacubaya, where I was quartered with Worth's division. Twiggs, + with Riley's brigade and Captain Taylor's and Steptoe's field + batteries, the latter of twelve-pounders, was left in front of + those gates to manœuvre, to threaten, or to make false + attacks, in order to occupy and deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other + brigade (Smith's) was left at supporting distance, in the rear, + at San Angel, till the morning of the 13th, and also to support + our general depot at Miscoac. The stratagem against the south was + admirably executed throughout the 12th and down to the afternoon + of the 13th, when it was too late for the enemy to recover from + the effects of his delusion.</p> + +<p>The first step in the new movement was to carry Chapultepec, a + natural and isolated mound of great elevation, strongly fortified + at its base, on its acclivities and heights. Besides a numerous + garrison, here was the military college of the republic, with a + large number of sub-lieutenants and other students. Those works + were within direct gun-shot of the village of Tacubaya, and, + until carried, we could not approach the city on the west without + making a circuit too wide and too hazardous.</p> + +<p>In the course of the same night (that of the 11th) heavy + batteries, within easy ranges, were established. No. 1, on our + right, under the command of Captain Drum, 4th Artillery (relieved + late next day, for some hours, by Lieutenant Andrews, of the 3d), + and No. 2, commanded by Lieutenant Hagner, Ordnance, both + supported by Pillow's division, were commanded, the former, by + Captain Brooks and Lieutenant S. S. Anderson, 2d Artillery, + alternately, and the latter by Lieutenant Stone, Ordnance. The + batteries were traced by Captain Huger and Captain Lee, Engineer, + and constructed by them with the able assistance of the young + officers of those corps and the Artillery.</p> + +<p>To prepare for an assault, it was foreseen that the play of the + batteries might run into the second day; but recent captures had + not only trebled our siege-pieces, but also our ammunition; and + we knew that we should greatly augment both by carrying the + place. I was, therefore, in no haste in ordering an assault + before the works were well crippled by our missiles.</p> + +<p>The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction of Captain + Huger, were commenced early in the morning of the 12th. Before + nightfall, which necessarily stopped our batteries, we had + perceived that a good impression had been made on the castle and + its outworks, and that a large body of the enemy had remained + outside, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>(p. 327)</span> towards the city, from an early hour to avoid + our fire, and to be at hand on its cessation, in order to + re-enforce the garrison against an assault. The same outside + force was discovered the next morning, after our batteries had + re-opened upon the castle, by which we again reduced its garrison + to the minimum needed for the guns.</p> + +<p>Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in the night + of the 11th. Major-General Worth was now ordered to hold his + division in reserve, near the foundry, to support Pillow; and + Brigadier-General Smith, of Twiggs' division, had just arrived + with his brigade from Piedad (two miles), to support Quitman. + Twiggs' guns, before the southern gates, again reminded us, as + the day before, that he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's and + Steptoe's batteries, was in activity, threatening the southern + gates, and there holding a great part of the Mexican army on the + defensive.</p> + +<p>Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an assaulting + party of some two hundred and fifty volunteer officers and men, + under Captain McKenzie, of the 2d Artillery; and Twiggs' division + supplied a similar one, commanded by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, + to Quitman. Each of these little columns was furnished with + scaling ladders.</p> + +<p>The signal I had appointed for the attack was the momentary + cessation of fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 8 + o'clock in the morning of the 13th, judging that the time had + arrived by the effect of the missiles we had thrown, I sent an + aid-de-camp to Pillow, and another to Quitman, with notice that + the concerted signal was about to be given. Both columns now + advanced with an alacrity that gave assurance of prompt success. + The batteries, seizing opportunities, threw shots and shells upon + the enemy over the heads of our men, with good effect, + particularly at every attempt to re-enforce the works from + without to meet our assault.</p> + +<p>Major-General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay through an + open grove, filled with sharp-shooters, who were speedily + dislodged; when being up with the front of the attack, and + emerging into open space, at the foot of a rocky acclivity, that + gallant leader was struck down by an agonizing wound. The + immediate command devolved on Brigadier-General Cadwallader, in + the absence of the senior brigadier (Pierce) of the same + division, an invalid since the events of August 19. On a previous + call of Pillow, Worth had just sent him a re-enforcement, Colonel + Clarke's brigade.</p> + +<p>The broken acclivity was still to be ascended, and a strong + redoubt, midway, to be carried, before reaching the castle on the + heights. The advance of our brave men, led by brave officers, + though necessarily slow, was unwavering, over rocks, chasms, and + mines, and under the hottest fire of cannon and musketry. The + redoubt now yielded to resistless valor, and the shouts that + followed announced to the castle the fate that impended. The + enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. The retreat + allowed no time to fire a single mine, without the certainty of + blowing up friend and foe. Those who at a distance attempted to + apply matches to the long trains, were shot down by our men. + There was death below, as well as above ground. At length the + ditch and wall of the main work was reached; the scaling ladders + were brought up and planted by the storming parties; some of the + daring spirits first in the assault were cast down, killed or + wounded; but a lodgment was soon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>(p. 328)</span> made; streams of + heroes followed; all opposition was overcome, and several of our + regimental colors flung out from the upper walls, amidst + long-continued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay into the + capital. No scene could have been more animating or glorious.</p> + +<p>Major-General Quitman, nobly supported by Brigadier-Generals + Shields and Smith, (P. F.,) his other officers and men, was up + with the part assigned him. Simultaneously with the movement on + the west, he had gallantly approached the southeast of the same + works, over a causeway with cuts and batteries, and defended by + an army strongly posted outside, to the east of the works. Those + formidable obstacles Quitman had to face, with but little shelter + for his troops or space for manœuvring. Deep ditches flanked + the causeway, made it difficult to cross on either side into the + adjoining meadows, and these again were intersected by other + ditches. Smith and his brigade had been early thrown out to make + a sweep to the right, in order to present a front against the + enemy's lines, (outside,) and to turn two intervening batteries + near the foot of Chapultepec. This movement was also intended to + support Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The + first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was commanded in + succession by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, and Captain Paul, 7th + Infantry, after Casey had been severely wounded; and the second, + originally under the gallant Major Twiggs, Marine Corps, killed, + and then Captain Miller, 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers. The storming + party, now commanded by Captain Paul, seconded by Captain + Roberts, of the Rifles, Lieutenant Stewart, and others of the + same regiment, Smith's brigade, carried the two batteries in the + road, took some guns, with many prisoners, and drove the enemy + posted behind in support. The New York and South Carolina + Volunteers (Shields' brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, + all on the left of Quitman's line, together with portions of his + storming parties, crossed the meadows in front, under a heavy + fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec just in time + to join in the final assault from the west.</p> + +<p>Besides Major-Generals Pillow and Quitman, Brigadier-Generals + Shields, Smith, and Cadwallader, the following are the officers + and corps most distinguished in those brilliant operations: The + Voltigeur regiment in two detachments, commanded respectively by + Colonel Andrews and Lieutenant-Colonel Johnstone, the latter + mostly in the lead, accompanied by Major Caldwell; Captains + Barnard and Biddle, of the same regiment, the former the first to + plant a regimental color, and the latter among the first in the + assault; the storming party of Worth's division, under Captain + McKenzie, 2d Artillery, with Lieutenant Selden, 8th Infantry, + early on the ladder and badly wounded; Lieutenant Armistead, 6th + Infantry, the first to leap into the ditch to plant a ladder; + Lieutenants Rodgers of the 4th, and J. P. Smith of the 5th + Infantry, both mortally wounded; the 9th Infantry, under Colonel + Ransom, who was killed while gallantly leading that gallant + regiment, the 15th Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard and + Major Woods, with Captain Chase, whose company gallantly carried + the redoubt, midway up the acclivity; Colonel Clarke's brigade + (Worth's division) consisting of the 5th, 8th, and part of the + 6th regiments of Infantry, commanded respectively by Captain + Chapman, Major Montgomery, and Lieutenant Edward Johnson, the + latter specially noticed, with Lieutenants Longstreet (badly + wounded, advancing, colors in hand), Pickett, and Merchant, the + last three of the 8th <span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>(p. 329)</span> Infantry; portions of the United + States marines, New York, South Carolina, and 2d Pennsylvania + Volunteers, which, delayed with their division (Quitman's) by the + hot engagement below, arrived just in time to participate in the + assault of the heights, particularly a detachment under + Lieutenant Reid, New York Volunteers, consisting of a company of + the same, with one of marines; and another detachment, a portion + of the storming party, (Twiggs' division, serving with Quitman,) + under Lieutenant Steele, 2d Infantry, after the fall of + Lieutenant Gantt, 7th Infantry.</p> + +<p>In this connection, it is but just to recall the decisive effect + of the heavy batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, commanded by those + excellent officers, Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, assisted by + Lieutenants Benjamin and Porter of his own company; Captain + Brooks and Lieutenant Anderson, 2d Artillery, assisted by + Lieutenant Russell, 4th Infantry, a volunteer; Lieutenants Hagner + and Stone of the Ordnance, and Lieutenant Andrews, 3d Artillery; + the whole superintended by Captain Huger, chief of Ordnance with + this army, an officer distinguished by every kind of merit. The + mountain howitzer battery, under Lieutenant Reno, of the + Ordnance, deserves, also, to be particularly mentioned. Attached + to the Voltigeurs, it followed the movements of that regiment, + and again won applause.</p> + +<p>In adding to the list of individuals of conspicuous merit, I must + limit myself to a few of the many names which might be + enumerated. Captain Hooker, assistant adjutant-general, who won + special applause, successively, in the staff of Pillow and + Cadwallader; Lieutenant Lovell, 4th Artillery (wounded), chief of + Quitman's staff; Captain Page, assistant adjutant-general + (wounded), and Lieutenant Hammond, 3d Artillery, both of Shields' + staff, and Lieutenant Van Dorn (17th Infantry), aid-de-camp to + Brigadier-General Smith.</p> + +<p>Those operations all occurred on the west, southeast, and heights + of Chapultepec. To the north and at the base of the mound, + inaccessible on that side, the 11th Infantry, under + Lieutenant-Colonel Hebert, the 14th, under Colonel Trousdale, and + Captain Magruder's field battery, 1st Artillery: one section + advanced under Lieutenant Jackson, all of Pillow's division, had, + at the same time, some spirited affairs against superior numbers, + driving the enemy from a battery in the road, and capturing a + gun. In these, the officers and corps named gained merited + praise. Colonel Trousdale, the commander, though twice wounded, + continued on duty until the heights were carried.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning of the 13th, I repeated the orders of the + night before to Major-General Worth, to be, with his division, at + hand to support the movement of Major-General Pillow from our + left. The latter seems soon to have called for that entire + division, standing momentarily in reserve, and Worth sent him + Colonel Clarke's brigade. The call, if not unnecessary, was at + least, from the circumstances, unknown to me at the time; for, + soon observing that the very large body of the enemy, in the road + in front of Major-General Quitman's right, was receiving + re-enforcements from the city, less than a mile and a half to the + east, I sent instructions to Worth, on our opposite flank, to + turn Chapultepec with his division, and to proceed cautiously by + the road at its northern base, in order, if not met by very + superior numbers, to threaten or to attack, in rear, that body of + the enemy. The movement, it was also believed, could not fail to + distract and to intimidate the enemy generally.</p> + +<p>Worth <span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>(p. 330)</span> promptly advanced with his remaining brigade, + Colonel Garland's, Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith's light + battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan's field battery, all of his + division, and three squadrons of dragoons, under Major Sumner, + which I had just ordered up to join in the movement.</p> + +<p>Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving opposite to + the north centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up with the troops in + the road, under Colonel Trousdale, and aided, by a flank movement + of a part of Garland's brigade, in taking the one gun breastwork, + then under the fire of Lieutenant Jackson's section of Captain + Magruder's field battery. Continuing to advance, this division + passed Chapultepec, attacking the right of the enemy's line, + resting on that road, about the moment of the general retreat + consequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its + outworks.</p> + +<p>Arriving some minutes later, and mounting to the top of the + castle, the whole field to the east lay plainly under my view.</p> + +<p>There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital, the one on + the right entering the same gate, Belen, with the road from the + south, via Piedad; and the other obliquing to the left, to + intersect the great western or San Cosmo road, in a suburb + outside of the gate of San Cosmo.</p> + +<p>Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents a double + roadway on the sides of an aqueduct of strong masonry and great + height, resting on open arches and massive pillars, which + together afford fine points both for attack and defence. The + sideways of both aqueducts are, moreover, defended by many strong + breastworks at the gates, and before reaching them. As we had + expected, we found the four tracks unusually dry and solid for + the season.</p> + +<p>Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the retreating enemy, + the former by the San Cosmo aqueduct, and the latter along that + of Belen. Each had now advanced some hundred yards.</p> + +<p>Deeming it all important to profit by our successes, and the + consequent dismay of the enemy, which could not be otherwise than + general, I hastened to dispatch from Chapultepec, first Clarke's + brigade, and then Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, and + gave orders that the necessary heavy guns should follow. Pierce's + brigade was, at the same time, sent to Quitman, and, in the + course of the afternoon, I caused some additional siege pieces to + be added to his train. Then, after designating the 15th Infantry, + under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard (Morgan, the Colonel, had been + disabled by a wound at Churubusco), as the garrison of + Chapultepec, and giving directions for the care of the prisoners + of war, the captured ordnance and ordnance stores, I proceeded to + join the advance of Worth, within the suburb, and beyond the turn + at the junction of the aqueduct with the great highway from the + west to the gate of San Cosmo.</p> + +<p>At this junction of roads, we first passed one of these + formidable systems of city defences, spoken of above, and it had + not a gun! a strong proof, 1. That the enemy had expected us to + fail in the attack upon Chapultepec, even if we meant anything + more than a feint; 2. That, in either case, we designed, in his + belief, to return and double our forces against the southern + gates: a delusion kept up by the active demonstration of Twiggs + and the forces posted on that side; and, 3. That advancing + rapidly from the reduction of Chapultepec, the enemy had not time + to shift guns—our previous <span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>(p. 331)</span> captures had left him, + comparatively, but few—from the southern gates.</p> + +<p>Within those disgarnished works, I found our troops engaged in a + street fight against the enemy posted in gardens, at windows, and + on house-tops, all flat, with parapets. Worth ordered forward the + mountain howitzers of Cadwallader's brigade, preceded by + skirmishers and pioneers with pickaxes and crowbars, to force + windows and doors, or to burrow through walls. The assailants + were soon in an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By eight + o'clock in the evening, Worth had carried two batteries in this + suburb. According to my instructions, he here posted guards and + sentinels, and placed his troops under shelter for the night. + There was but one more obstacle, the San Cosmo gate, + (custom-house,) between him and the great square in front of the + cathedral and palace, the heart of the city; and that barrier it + was known could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty + minutes.</p> + +<p>I had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the point from which + the two aqueducts begin to diverge, some hours earlier, in order + to be near that new depot, and in easy communication with Quitman + and Twiggs, as well as with Worth.</p> + +<p>From this point I ordered all detachments and stragglers to their + respective corps, then in advance; sent to Quitman additional + siege guns, ammunition, intrenching tools; directed Twiggs' + remaining brigade, Riley's from Piedad, to support Worth, and + Captain Steptoe's field battery, also at Piedad, to rejoin + Quitman's division.</p> + +<p>I had been, from the first, well aware that the western or San + Cosmo, was the less difficult route to the centre, and conquest + of the capital, and therefore intended that Quitman should only + manœuvre and threaten the Belen or southwestern gate, in order + to favor the main attack by Worth, knowing that the strong + defences at the Belen were directly under the guns of the much + stronger fortress, called the citadel, just within. Both of these + defences of the enemy were also within easy supporting distance + from San Angel (or Nino Perdido) and San Antonio gates. Hence the + greater support, in numbers, given to Worth's movement as the + main attack.</p> + +<p>These views I repeatedly, in the course of the day, communicated + to Major-General Quitman; but being in hot pursuit, gallant + himself, and ably supported by Brigadier-Generals Shields and + Smith, Shields badly wounded before Chapultepec, and refusing to + retire, as well as by all the officers and men of the column, + Quitman continued to press forward, under flank and direct fires, + carried an intermediate battery of two guns, and then the gate, + before two o'clock in the afternoon, but not without + proportionate loss, increased by his steady maintenance of that + position.</p> + +<p>Here, of the heavy battery, (4th Artillery,) Captain Drum and + Lieutenant Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Porter, + its third in rank, slightly. The loss of those two most + distinguished officers the army will long mourn. Lieutenants J. + B. Morange and William Canty, of the South Carolina Volunteers, + also of high merit, fell on the same occasion, besides many of + our bravest non-commissioned officers and men, particularly in + Captain Drum's veteran company. I cannot, in this place, give + names or numbers; but full returns of the killed and wounded, of + all corps, in their recent operations, will accompany this + report.</p> + +<p>Quitman within the city, adding several new defences to the + position he had won, and sheltering his corps as well as + practicable, now awaited the return of daylight under the guns of + the formidable citadel, yet to be subdued.</p> + +<p>About <span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>(p. 332)</span> 4 o'clock next morning (September 14th) a + deputation of the <i>ayuntamiento</i> (city council) waited upon me to + report that the federal government and the army of Mexico had + fled from the capital some three hours before; and to demand + terms of capitulation in favor of the church, the citizens, and + the municipal authorities. I promptly replied that I would sign + no capitulation; that the city had been virtually in our + possession from the time of the lodgments effected by Worth and + Quitman the day before; that I regretted the silent escape of the + Mexican army; that I should levy upon the city a moderate + contribution, for special purposes; and that the American army + should come under no terms not self-imposed: such only as its own + honor, the dignity of the United States, and the spirit of the + age, should, in my opinion, imperiously demand and impose.</p> + +<p>For the terms, so imposed, I refer the department to subsequent + General Orders, Nos. 287 and 289 (paragraphs 7, 8, and 9 of the + latter), copies of which are herewith enclosed.</p> + +<p>At the termination of the interview with the city deputation, I + communicated, about daylight, orders to Worth and Quitman to + advance slowly and cautiously (to guard against treachery) + towards the heart of the city, and to occupy its stronger and + more commanding points. Quitman proceeded to the great plaza or + square, planted guards, and hoisted the colors of the United + States on the national palace, containing the halls of Congress + and executive departments of Federal Mexico. In this grateful + service Quitman might have been anticipated by Worth, but for my + express orders, halting the latter at the head of the Alameda (a + green park), within three squares of that goal of general + ambition. The capital, however, was not taken by any one or two + corps, but by the talent, the science, the gallantry, the prowess + of this entire army. In the glorious conquest all had + contributed, early and powerfully, the killed, the wounded, and + the fit for duty, at Vera Cruz, Cerro-Gordo, Contreras, San + Antonio, Churubusco, (three battles,) the Molinos del Rey, and + Chapultepec, as much as those who fought at the gates of Belen + and San Cosmo.</p> + +<p>Soon after we had entered, and were in the act of occupying the + city, a fire was opened upon us from the flat roofs of the + houses, from windows and corners of streets, by some two thousand + convicts, liberated the night before by the flying government, + joined by perhaps as many Mexican soldiers, who had disbanded + themselves and thrown off their uniforms. This unlawful war + lasted more than twenty-four hours, in spite of the exertions of + the municipal authorities, and was not put down till we had lost + many men, including several officers, killed or wounded, and had + punished the miscreants. Their objects were to gratify national + hatred, and in the general alarm and confusion, to plunder the + wealthy inhabitants, particularly the deserted houses. But + families are now generally returning; business of every kind has + been resumed, and the city is already tranquil and cheerful, + under the admirable conduct (with exceptions very few and + trifling) of our gallant troops.</p> + +<p>This army has been more disgusted than surprised that by some + sinister process on the part of certain individuals at home, its + numbers have been, generally, almost trebled in our public + papers, beginning at Washington.</p> + +<p>Leaving, as we all feared, inadequate garrisons at Vera Cruz, + Perote, and Puebla, with much larger hospitals; and being + obliged, most reluctantly, from the same cause (general <span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>(p. 333)</span> + paucity of numbers) to abandon Jalapa, we marched (August 7-10) + from Puebla with only 10,738 rank and file. This number includes + the garrison of Jalapa, and the 2,429 men brought up by + Brigadier-General Pierce, August 6.</p> + +<p>At Contreras, Churubusco, etc. (August 20), we had but 8,497 men + engaged, after deducting the garrison of San Augustin (our + general depot), the intermediate sick and the dead; at the + Molinos del Rey (September 8), but three brigades, with some + cavalry and artillery, making in all 3,251 men, were in battle; + in the two days, September 12th and 13th, our whole operating + force, after deducting again the recent killed, wounded, and + sick, together with the garrison of Miscoac (the then general + depot) and that of Tacubaya, was but 7,180; and, finally, after + deducting the new garrison of Chapultepec, with the killed and + wounded of the two days, we took possession (September 14th) of + this great capital with less than 6,000 men. And I re-assert, + upon accumulated and unquestionable evidence, that, in not one of + those conflicts was this army opposed by fewer than three and a + half times its numbers, in several of them, by a yet greater + excess. I recapitulate our losses since we arrived in the basin + of Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>August 19-20.</i> Killed, 137, including 14 officers. Wounded, 877, + including 62 officers. Missing (probably killed), 38 rank and + file. Total 1,052.</p> + +<p><i>September 8.</i> Killed, 116, including 9 officers. Wounded, 665, + including 49 officers. Missing, 18 rank and file. Total 789.</p> + +<p><i>September 12, 13, 14.</i> Killed, 130, including 10 officers. + Wounded, 703, including 68 officers. Missing, 29 rank and file. + Total 862.</p> + +<p>Grand total of losses, 2,703, including 383 officers.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, this small force has beaten on the same + occasions in view of their capital, the whole Mexican army, of + (at the beginning) thirty odd thousand men; posted always in + chosen positions, behind intrenchments, or more formidable + defences of nature and art; killed or wounded, of that number, + more than 7,000 officers and men; taken 3,730 prisoners, + one-seventh officers, including 13 generals, of whom 3 have been + presidents of this republic; captured more than 20 colors and + standards, 75 pieces of ordnance, besides 57 wall pieces, 20,000 + small arms, an immense quantity of shots, shells, powder, &c., + &c.</p> + +<p>Of that enemy, once so formidable in numbers, appointments, + artillery, &c., twenty odd thousand have disbanded themselves in + despair, leaving, as is known, not more than three fragments, the + largest about 2,500, now wandering in different directions, + without magazines or a military chest, and living at free + quarters upon their own people.</p> + +<p>General Santa Anna, himself a fugitive, is believed to be on the + point of resigning the chief magistracy, and escaping to neutral + Guatemala. A new president, no doubt, will soon be declared, and + the federal Congress is expected to reassemble at Queretaro, 125 + miles north of this, on the Zacatecas road, some time in October. + I have seen and given safe conduct through this city to several + of its members. The government will find itself without + resources; no army, no arsenals, no magazines, and but little + revenue, internal or external. Still, such is the obstinacy, or + rather infatuation, of this people, that it is very doubtful + whether the new authorities will dare to sue for peace on terms + which in the recent negotiations were made known by our minister.</p> + +<p>In <span class="pagenum"><a id="page334" name="page334"></a>(p. 334)</span> conclusion, I beg to enumerate, once more, with due + commendation and thanks, the distinguished staff officers, + general and personal, who, in our last operations in front of the + enemy, accompanied me, and communicated orders to every point and + through every danger. Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, Acting + Inspector-General, Major Turnbull and Lieutenant Hardcastle, + Topographical Engineers; Major Kirby, Chief Paymaster; Captain + Irwin, Chief Quartermaster; Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary; + Captain H. L. Scott, Chief in the Adjutant-General's Department; + Lieutenant Williams, Aid-de-Camp; Lieutenant Lay, Military + Secretary; and Major J. P. Gaines, Kentucky Cavalry, volunteer + Aid-de-Camp; Captain Lee, Engineer, so constantly distinguished, + also bore important orders from me (September 13), until he + fainted from a wound and the loss of two nights' sleep at the + batteries. Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens and Tower, all + wounded, were employed with the divisions, and Lieutenants G. W. + Smith and G. B. McClellan, with the company of sappers and + miners. Those fine Lieutenants of Engineers, like their Captain, + won the admiration of all about them. The ordnance officers, + Captain Huger, Lieutenants Hagner, Stone, and Reno, were highly + effective, and distinguished at the several batteries; and I must + add that Captain McKinstry, Assistant Quartermaster, at the close + of the operations, executed several important commissions for me + as a special volunteer.</p> + +<p>Surgeon-General Lawson, and the medical staff generally, were + skillful and untiring, in and out of fire, in ministering to the + numerous wounded.</p> + +<p>To illustrate the operations in this basin, I enclose two + beautiful drawings, prepared under the directions of Major + Turnbull, mostly from actual surveys.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your most + obedient servant,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Orders No. 286.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Head-quarters of the Army</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap">National Palace of Mexico</span>, September, 1847.</p> + +<p>The general-in-chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return, + both in public and in private worship, thanks and gratitude to + God for the signal triumphs which they have recently achieved for + their country.</p> + +<p>Beginning with the 19th of August, and ending the 14th instant, + this army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and + forts of Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molinos del Rey, + Chapultepec, and the gates of San Cosmo and Tacubaya or Belen, + into the capital of Mexico.</p> + +<p>When the very limited numbers who have performed those brilliant + deeds shall have become known, the whole world will be + astonished, and our own countrymen filled with joy and + admiration.</p> + +<p>But <span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>(p. 335)</span> all is not yet done. The enemy, though scattered and + dismayed, has still many fragments of his late army hovering + about us, and aided by an exasperated population, he may again + reunite in treble our numbers, and fall upon us to advantage if + we rest inactive on the security of past victories.</p> + +<p>Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are, therefore, our only + securities. Let every good officer and man look to those cautions + and enjoin them upon all others.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">By command of Major-General Scott,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">H. L. Scott</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Acting Adjutant-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>(p. 336)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXIV" name="plateLXIV"><strong>Plate LXIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text63" name="text63"><strong>No. 63.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 22 and 23, 1847.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Buena Vista Feb 22. &. 23. +1847.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victory of Buena Vista.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS: MAY 9. 1848. +Undraped bust of General Taylor, facing the right; underneath, +branches of oak and laurel, <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS. DEL.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">C. C. +WRIGHT. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">BUENA VISTA FEB. 22. & 23. 1847. Within a circle formed by two +serpents, one of which is a rattlesnake, the American army, commanded +by General Taylor, is repulsing the attack of the Mexicans. Beneath +are branches of cactus and oak. <span class="smcap">F. A. SMITH DEL.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>.) <span class="smcap">C. +C. WRIGHT SCULP.</span> (<i>sculpsit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate064" name="plate064"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate064b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 064b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate064a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 064a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Frederic Augustus Smith</span> was graduated at West Point as second +lieutenant of engineers, July 1, 1833. He was appointed captain, July, +1838, and died in Washington, District of Columbia, October 16, 1852. +He designed the reverse of the medal to Major-General Taylor for Buena +Vista.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks +of Congress are due, and they are hereby tendered to Major-General +Zachary Taylor, and, through him, to the officers <span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>(p. 337)</span> and +soldiers of the regular army and of the volunteers under his command, +for their valor, skill, and good conduct, conspicuously displayed, on +the twenty-second and twenty-third days of February last, in the +battle of Buena Vista, in defeating a Mexican army of more than four +times their number, consisting of chosen troops, under their favorite +commander, General Santa Anna.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of this +splendid achievement, and presented to Major-General Zachary Taylor, +as a testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his +judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be requested to +cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General +Taylor in such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to +the object thereof.</p> + +<p>Approved May 9, 1848.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">To Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Agua Nueva</span>, March 6, 1847.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Adjutant-General of the Army</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to submit a detailed report of the + operations of the forces under my command, which resulted in the + engagement of Buena Vista, the repulse of the Mexican army, and + the re-occupation of this position.</p> + +<p>The information which reached me of the advance and concentration + of a heavy Mexican force in my front, had assumed such a probable + form, as to induce a special examination far beyond the reach of + our pickets to ascertain its correctness. A small party of Texan + spies, under Major McCulloch, dispatched to the hacienda of + Encarnacion, thirty miles from this, on the route to San Louis + Potosi, had reported a cavalry force of unknown strength at that + place. On the 20th of February, a strong reconnoissance under + Lieutenant-Colonel May was dispatched to the hacienda of + Heclionda, while Major McCulloch made another examination of + Encarnacion. The result of these expeditions left no doubt that + the enemy was in large force at Encarnacion, under the orders of + General Santa Anna, and that he meditated a forward movement, and + attack upon our position.</p> + +<p>As the camp of Agua Nueva could be turned on either flank, and as + the enemy's force was greatly superior to our own, particularly + in the arm of cavalry, I determined, after much consideration, to + take up a position about eleven miles in rear, and there await + the attack. The army broke up its camp and marched at noon on the + 21st, encamping at the new position a little in front of the + hacienda of Buena <span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>(p. 338)</span> Vista. With a small force I proceeded + to Saltillo, to make some necessary arrangements for the defence + of the town, leaving Brigadier-General Wool in the immediate + command of the troops.</p> + +<p>Before those arrangements were completed, on the morning of the + 22d, I was advised that the enemy was in sight, advancing. Upon + reaching the ground, it was found that his cavalry advance was in + our front, having marched from Encarnacion, as we have since + learned, at eleven o'clock on the day previous, and driving in a + mounted force, left Agua Nueva to cover the removal of public + stores. Our troops were in position, occupying a line of + remarkable strength. The road at this point becomes a narrow + defile, the valley on its right being rendered quite + impracticable for artillery by a system of deep and impassable + gullies, while on the left a succession of rugged ridges and + precipitous ravines extends far back toward the mountain which + bounds the valley. The features of the ground were such as nearly + to paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy, while his + infantry could not derive all the advantages of its numerical + superiority. In this position we prepared to receive him. Captain + Washington's battery (4th Artillery) was posted to command the + road, while the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, under Colonels + Hardin and Bissell, each eight companies (to the latter of which + was attached Captain Conner's company of Texas Volunteers), and + the 2d Kentucky, under Colonel McKee, occupied the crests of the + ridges on the left and in rear. The Arkansas and Kentucky + regiments of cavalry, commanded by Colonels Yell and H. Marshall, + occupied the extreme left near the base of the mountain, while + the Indiana brigade, under Brigadier-General Lane (composed of + the 2d and 3d regiments, under Colonels Bowles and Lane), the + Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, the squadrons of the + 1st and 2d Dragoons, under Captain Steen and Lieutenant-Colonel + May, and the light batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg, 3d + Artillery, were held in reserve.</p> + +<p>At eleven o'clock I received from General Santa Anna the + following summons to surrender at discretion:</p> + +<p>"<span class="col60 smcap">Camp at Encantada</span>, February 22d, 1847.<br> + "To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"General Z. Taylor</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">"Commanding the Forces of the United States.</span></p> + +<p>"God and Liberty!</p> + +<p>"You are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot, in any human + probability, avoid suffering a route, and being cut to pieces + with your troops; but as you deserve consideration and particular + esteem, I wish to save you from a catastrophe, and for that + purpose give you this notice, in order that you may surrender at + discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated with the + consideration belonging to the Mexican character, to which end + you will be granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to + commence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in your + camp.</p> + +<p>"With this view, I assure you of my particular consideration,</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</span>."</p> + +<p class="p2">To <span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>(p. 339)</span> this summons I immediately replied in these terms:</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">"Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army Of Occupation</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">"Near Buena Vista</span>, February 22, 1847.<br> +<span class="smcap">"Señor General Don Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</span>,<br> +<span class="add2em">"Commander-in-Chief, La Encantada.</span></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to + surrender my forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I + decline acceding to your request.</p> + +<p>"With high respect, I am, Sir, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">Z. Taylor</span>,<br> + "<i>Major-General United States Army</i>, <i>commanding</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">The enemy still forbore his attack, evidently waiting for the + arrival of his rear columns, which could be distinctly seen by + our look-outs as they approached the field. A demonstration made + on his left caused me to detach the 2d Kentucky regiment and a + section of artillery to our right, in which position they + bivouacked for the night. In the mean time the Mexican light + troops had engaged ours on the extreme left (composed of parts of + the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry dismounted, and a rifle + battalion from the Indiana brigade, under Major Gorman, the whole + commanded by Colonel Marshall), and kept up a sharp fire, + climbing the mountain side, and apparently endeavoring to gain + our flank. Three pieces of Captain Washington's battery had been + detached to the left, and were supported by the 2d Indiana + regiment. An occasional shell was thrown by the enemy into this + part of our line, but without effect. The skirmishing of the + light troops was kept up with trifling loss on our part until + dark, when I became convinced that no serious attack would be + made before the morning, and returned, with the Mississippi + regiment and squadron of 2d Dragoons, to Saltillo. The troops + bivouacked without fires, and laid upon their arms. A body of + cavalry, some 1500 strong, had been visible all day in rear of + the town, having entered the valley through a narrow pass east of + the city. This cavalry, commanded by General Minon, had evidently + been thrown in our rear to break up and harass our retreat, and + perhaps make some attempt against the town if practicable. The + city was occupied by four excellent companies of Illinois + volunteers, under Major Warren of the 1st regiment. A field-work, + which commanded most of the approaches, was garrisoned by Captain + Webster's company, 1st Artillery, and armed with two + twenty-four-pound howitzers, while the train and headquarter camp + was guarded by two companies of Mississippi riflemen, under + Captain Rogers, and a field-piece commanded by Captain Shover, 3d + Artillery. Having made these dispositions for the protection of + the rear, I proceeded on the morning of the 23d to Buena Vista, + ordering forward all the other available troops. The action had + commenced before my arrival on the field.</p> + +<p>During the evening and night of the 22d, the enemy had thrown a + body of light troops on the mountain side, with the purpose of + outflanking our left; and it was here that the action of the 23d + commenced at an early hour. Our riflemen, under Colonel Marshall, + who had been re-enforced by three companies, under Major Trail, + 2d Illinois Volunteers, maintained their ground handsomely + against a greatly superior force, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>(p. 340)</span> holding themselves + under cover, and using their weapons with deadly effect. About + eight o'clock a strong demonstration was made against the centre + of our position, a heavy column moving along the road. This force + was soon dispersed by a few rapid and well-directed shots from + Captain Washington's battery. In the mean time the enemy was + concentrating a large force of infantry and cavalry under cover + of the ridges, with the obvious intention of forcing our left, + which was posted on an extensive plateau. The 2d Indiana and 2d + Illinois regiments formed this part of our line, the former + covering three pieces of light artillery, under the orders of + Captain O'Brien, Brigadier-General Lane being in the immediate + command. In order to bring his men within effective range, + General Lane ordered the artillery and 2d Indiana regiment + forward. The artillery advanced within musket range of a heavy + body of Mexican infantry, and was served against it with great + effect, but without being able to check its advance. The infantry + ordered to its support had fallen back in disorder, being + exposed, as well as the battery, not only to a severe fire of + small arms from the front, but also to a murderous cross-fire of + grape and canister from a Mexican battery on the left. Captain + O'Brien found it impossible to retain his position without + support, but was only able to withdraw two of his pieces, all the + horses and cannoneers of the third piece being killed or + disabled. The 2d Indiana regiment, which had fallen back as + stated, could not be rallied, and took no further part in the + action, except a handful of men, who, under its gallant colonel, + Bowles, joined the Mississippi regiment; and did good service, + and those fugitives who, at a later period in the day, assisted + in defending the train and depot at Buena Vista. This portion of + our line having given way, and the enemy appearing in + overwhelming force against our left flank, the light troops which + had rendered such good service on the mountain were compelled to + withdraw, which they did, for the most part, in good order. Many, + however, were not rallied until they reached the depot at Buena + Vista, to the defence of which they afterward contributed.</p> + +<p>Colonel Bissell's regiment (2d Illinois) which had been joined by + a section of Captain Sherman's battery, had become completely + outflanked, and was compelled to fall back, being entirely + unsupported. The enemy was now pouring masses of infantry and + cavalry along the base of the mountain on our left, and was + gaining our rear in great force. At this moment I arrived upon + the field. The Mississippi regiment had been directed to the left + before reaching the position, and immediately came into action + against the Mexican infantry which had turned our flank. The 2d + Kentucky regiment, and a section of artillery under Captain + Bragg, had previously been ordered from the right to re-enforce + our left, and arrived at a most opportune moment. That regiment, + and a portion of the 1st Illinois, under Colonel Hardin, + gallantly drove the enemy, and recovered a portion of the ground + we had lost. The batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg were in + position on the plateau, and did much execution, not only in + front, but particularly upon the masses which had gained our + rear. Discovering that the enemy was heavily pressing upon the + Mississippi regiment, the 3d Indiana regiment, under Colonel + Lane, was despatched to strengthen that part of the line, which + formed a crotchet perpendicular to the first line of battle. At + the same time Lieutenant Kilburn, with a piece of Captain Bragg's + battery, was directed to support the infantry there engaged. The + action was, for a long time, warmly sustained at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>(p. 341)</span> that + point, the enemy making several efforts, both with infantry and + cavalry, against our line, and being always repulsed with heavy + loss. I had placed all the regular cavalry, and Captain Pike's + squadron of Arkansas horse, under the orders of Brevet + Lieutenant-Colonel May, with directions to hold in check the + enemy's column, still advancing to the rear along the base of the + mountain, which was done in conjunction with the Kentucky and + Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell.</p> + +<p>In the mean time our left, which was still strongly threatened by + a superior force, was farther strengthened by the detachment of + Captain Bragg's, and a portion of Captain Sherman's batteries to + that quarter. The concentration of artillery fire upon the masses + of the enemy along the base of the mountain, and the determined + resistance offered by the two regiments opposed to them, had + created confusion in their ranks, and some of the corps attempted + to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle. The squadron + of the 1st Dragoons, under Lieutenant Rucker, was now ordered up + the deep ravine which these retreating corps were endeavoring to + cross, in order to charge and disperse them. The squadron + proceeded to the point indicated, but could not accomplish the + object, being exposed to a heavy fire from a battery established + to cover the retreat of those corps. While the squadron was + detached on this service, a large body of the enemy was observed + to concentrate on our extreme left, apparently with the view of + making a descent upon the hacienda of Buena Vista, where our + train and baggage were deposited. Lieutenant-Colonel May was + ordered to the support of that point, with two pieces of Captain + Sherman's battery under Lieutenant Reynolds. In the mean time, + the scattered forces near the hacienda, composed in part of + Majors Trail and Gorman's commands, had been, to some extent, + organized under the advice of Major Munroe, chief of artillery, + with the assistance of Major Morrison, volunteer staff, and were + posted to defend the position. Before our cavalry had reached the + hacienda, that of the enemy had made its attack; having been + handsomely met by the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under + Colonels Marshall and Yell. The Mexican column immediately + divided, one portion sweeping by the depot, where it received a + destructive fire from the force which had collected there, and + then gaining the mountain opposite, under a fire from Lieutenant + Reynolds' section, the remaining portion regaining the base of + the mountain on our left. In the charge at Buena Vista, Colonel + Yell fell gallantly at the head of his regiment; we also lost + Adjutant Vaughan, of the Kentucky cavalry, a young officer of + much promise. Lieutenant-Colonel May, who had been rejoined by + the squadron of the 1st Dragoons, and by portions of the Arkansas + and Indiana troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel Roane and Major + Gorman, now approached the base of the mountain, holding in check + the right flank of the enemy, upon whose masses, crowded in the + narrow gorges and ravines, our artillery was doing fearful + execution.</p> + +<p>The position of that portion of the Mexican army which had gained + our rear was now very critical, and it seemed doubtful whether it + could regain the main body. At this moment I received from + General Santa Anna a message by a staff officer, desiring to know + what I wanted. I immediately dispatched Brigadier-General Wool to + the Mexican general-in-chief and sent orders to cease firing. + Upon reaching the Mexican lines, General Wool could not cause the + enemy to cease their fire, and accordingly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>(p. 342)</span> returned + without having an interview. The extreme right of the enemy + continued its retreat along the base of the mountain, and + finally, in spite of all our efforts, effected a junction with + the remainder of the army.</p> + +<p>During the day, the cavalry of General Minon had ascended the + elevated plain above Saltillo, and occupied the road from the + city to the field of battle, where they intercepted several of + our men. Approaching the town, they were fired upon by Captain + Webster from the redoubt occupied by his company, and then moved + off towards the eastern side of the valley, and obliquely toward + Buena Vista. At this time Captain Shover moved rapidly forward + with his piece, supported by a miscellaneous command of mounted + volunteers, and fired several shots at the cavalry with great + effect. They were driven into the ravines which lead to the lower + valley, closely pursued by Captain Shover, who was farther + supported by a piece of Captain Webster's battery, under + Lieutenant Donaldson, which had advanced from the redoubt, + supported by Captain Wheeler's company of Illinois volunteers. + The enemy made one or two efforts to charge the artillery, but + was finally driven back in a confused mass, and did not again + appear upon the plain.</p> + +<p>In the mean time, the firing had partially ceased upon the + principal field. The enemy seemed to confine his efforts to the + protection of his artillery, and I had left the plateau for a + moment, when I was recalled thither by a very heavy musketry + fire. On regaining that position, I discovered that our infantry + (Illinois and 2d Kentucky) had engaged a greatly superior force + of the enemy, evidently his reserve, and that they had been + overwhelmed by numbers. The moment was most critical. Captain + O'Brien, with two pieces, had sustained this heavy charge to the + last, and was finally obliged to leave his guns on the field, his + infantry support being entirely routed. Captain Bragg, who had + just arrived from the left, was ordered at once into battery. + Without any infantry to support him, and at the imminent risk of + losing his guns, this officer came rapidly into action, the + Mexican line being but a few yards from the muzzles of his + pieces. The first discharge of canister caused the enemy to + hesitate, the second and third drove him back in disorder, and + saved the day. The 2d Kentucky regiment, which had advanced + beyond supporting distance in this affair, was driven back and + closely pressed by the enemy's cavalry. Taking a ravine which led + in the direction of Captain Washington's battery, their pursuers + became exposed to his fire, which soon checked and drove them + back with loss. In the mean time, the rest of our artillery had + taken position on the plateau, covered by the Mississippi and 3d + Indiana regiments, the former of which had reached the ground in + time to pour a fire into the right flank of the enemy, and thus + contribute to his repulse. In this last conflict we had the + misfortune to sustain a very heavy loss. Colonel Hardin, 1st + Illinois, and Colonel McKee and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, 2d + Kentucky regiment, fell at this time while gallantly leading + their commands.</p> + +<p>No further attempt was made by the enemy to force our position, + and the approach of night gave an opportunity to pay proper + attention to the wounded, and also to refresh the soldiers, who + had been exhausted by incessant watchfulness and combat. Though + the night was severely cold, the troops were compelled for the + most to bivouack without fires, expecting that morning would + renew the conflict. During the night the wounded were removed to + Saltillo, and every preparation made to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>(p. 343)</span> receive the + enemy, should he again attack our position. Seven fresh companies + were drawn from the town, and Brigadier-General Marshall, with a + re-enforcement of Kentucky cavalry and four heavy guns, under + Captain Prentiss, 1st Artillery, was near at hand, when it was + discovered that the enemy had abandoned his position during the + night. Our scouts soon ascertained that he had fallen back upon + Agua Nueva. The great disparity of numbers, and the exhaustion of + our troops, rendered it inexpedient and hazardous to attempt + pursuit. A staff officer was dispatched to General Santa Anna to + negotiate an exchange of prisoners, which was satisfactorily + completed on the following day. Our own dead were collected and + buried, and the Mexican wounded, of which a large number had been + left upon the field, were removed to Saltillo, and rendered as + comfortable as circumstances would permit.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the 26th, a close reconnoissance was made of + the enemy's position, which was found to be occupied only by a + small body of cavalry, the infantry and artillery having + retreated in the direction of San Luis Potosi. On the 27th, our + troops resumed their former camp at Agua Nueva, the enemy's rear + guard evacuating the place as we approached, leaving a + considerable number of wounded. It was my purpose to beat up his + quarters at Encarnacion early the next morning, but upon + examination, the weak condition of the cavalry horses rendered it + unadvisable to attempt so long a march without water. A command + was finally dispatched to Encarnacion, on the 1st of March, under + Colonel Belknap. Some two hundred wounded, and about sixty + Mexican soldiers were found there, the army having passed on in + the direction of Matehuala, with greatly reduced numbers, and + suffering much from hunger. The dead and dying were strewed upon + the road and crowded the buildings of the hacienda.</p> + +<p>The American force engaged in the action of Buena Vista was 344 + officers and 4,425 men, exclusive of the small command left in + and near Saltillo. Of this number, two squadrons of cavalry and + three batteries of light artillery, making not more than 453 men, + composed the only force of regular troops. The strength of the + Mexican army is stated by General Santa Anna, in his summons, to + be 20,000; and that estimate is confirmed by all the information + since obtained. Our loss is 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23 + missing. Of the numerous wounded, many did not require removal to + the hospital, and it is hoped that a comparatively small number + will be permanently disabled. The Mexican loss in killed and + wounded may be fairly estimated at 1,500, and will probably reach + 2,000. At least 500 of their killed were left upon the field of + battle. We have no means of ascertaining the number of deserters + and dispersed men from their ranks, but it is known to be very + great.</p> + +<p>Our loss has been especially severe in officers, twenty-eight + having been killed upon the field. We have to lament the death of + Captain George Lincoln, Assistant Adjutant-General, serving in + the staff of General Wool, a young officer of high bearing and + approved gallantry, who fell early in the action. No loss falls + more heavily upon the army in the field than that of Colonels + Hardin and McKee, and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay. Possessing, in a + remarkable degree, the confidence of their commanders, and the + last two having enjoyed the advantage of a military education, I + had looked particularly to them for support in case we met the + enemy. I need not say that their zeal in engaging the enemy, and + the cool and steadfast courage with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>(p. 344)</span> which they + maintained their positions during the day, fully realized my + hopes, and caused me to feel yet more sensibly their untimely + loss.</p> + +<p>I perform a grateful duty in bringing to the notice of the + government the general good conduct of the troops. Exposed for + successive nights, without fires, to the severity of the weather, + they were ever prompt and cheerful in the discharge of every + duty; and finally displayed conspicuous steadiness and gallantry + in repulsing, at great odds, a disciplined foe. While the + brilliant success achieved by their arms releases me from the + painful necessity of specifying many cases of bad conduct before + the enemy, I feel an increased obligation to mention particular + corps and officers, whose skill, coolness and gallantry in trying + situations, and under a continued and heavy fire, seem to merit + particular notice.</p> + +<p>To Brigadier-General Wool my obligations are especially due. The + high state of discipline and instruction of several of the + volunteer regiments was attained under his command, and to his + vigilance and arduous service before the action, and his + gallantry and activity on the field, a large share of our success + may justly be attributed. During most of the engagement he was in + immediate command of the troops thrown back on our left flank. I + beg leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of the + government. Brigadier-General Lane (slightly wounded) was active + and zealous throughout the day, and displayed great coolness and + gallantry before the enemy.</p> + +<p>The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, were + more than usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over the roughest + ground, it was always in action at the right place and the right + time, and its well-directed fire dealt destruction in the masses + of the enemy. While I recommend to particular favor the gallant + conduct and valuable services of Major Munroe, chief of + artillery, and Captains Washington, 4th Artillery, and Sherman + and Bragg, 3d Artillery, commanding batteries, I deem it no more + than just to mention all the subaltern officers. They were nearly + all detached at different times, and in every situation exhibited + conspicuous skill and gallantry. Captain O'Brien, Lieutenants + Brent, Whiting, and Couch, 4th Artillery, and Bryan, + Topographical Engineer (slightly wounded), were attached to + Captain Washington's battery. Lieutenants Thomas, Reynolds, and + French, 3d Artillery, (severely wounded), to that of Captain + Sherman; and Captain Shover and Lieutenant Kilburn, 3d Artillery, + to that of Captain Bragg. Captain Shover, in connection with + Lieutenant Donaldson, 1st Artillery, rendered gallant and + important service in repulsing the cavalry of General Minon. The + regular cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel May, with which was + associated Captain Pike's squadron of Arkansas horse, rendered + useful service in holding the enemy in check, and in covering the + batteries at several points. Captain Steen, 1st Dragoons, was + severely wounded early in the day, while gallantly endeavoring, + with my authority, to rally the troops which were falling to the + rear.</p> + +<p>The Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, were highly + conspicuous for their gallantry and steadiness, and sustained + throughout the engagement the reputation of veteran troops. + Brought into action against an immensely superior force, they + maintained themselves for a long time unsupported and with heavy + loss, and held an important part of the field until re-enforced. + Colonel Davis, though severely wounded, remained in the saddle + until the close of the action. His distinguished coolness and + gallantry <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>(p. 345)</span> at the head of his regiment on this day + entitle him to the particular notice of the government. The 3d + Indiana regiment, under Colonel Lane, and a fragment of the 2d, + under Colonel Bowles, were associated with the Mississippi + regiment during the greater portion of the day, and acquitted + themselves creditably in repulsing the attempts of the enemy to + break that portion of our line. The Kentucky cavalry, under + Colonel Marshall, rendered good service dismounted, acting as + light troops on our left, and afterward, with a portion of the + Arkansas regiment, in meeting and dispersing the column of + cavalry at Buena Vista. The 1st and 2d Illinois, and the 2d + Kentucky regiments, served immediately under my eye, and I bear a + willing testimony to their excellent conduct throughout the day. + The spirit and gallantry with which the 1st Illinois and 2d + Kentucky engaged the enemy in the morning, restored confidence to + that part of the field, while the list of casualties will show + how much these three regiments suffered in sustaining the heavy + charge of the enemy in the afternoon. Captain Conner's company of + Texas volunteers, attached to the 2d Illinois regiment, fought + bravely, its captain being wounded and two subalterns killed. + Colonel Bissell, the only surviving colonel of these regiments, + merits notice for his coolness and bravery on this occasion. + After the fall of the field officers of the 1st Illinois and 2d + Kentucky regiments, the command of the former devolved upon + Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, that of the latter upon Major + Fry.</p> + +<p>Regimental commanders and others who have rendered reports, speak + in general terms of the good conduct of their officers and men, + and have specified many names, but the limits of this report + forbid a recapitulation of them here. I may, however, mention + Lieutenants Rucker and Campbell, of the dragoons, and Captain + Pike, Arkansas cavalry, commanding squadrons; Lieutenant-Colonel + Field, Kentucky cavalry; Lieutenant-Colonel Roane, Arkansas + cavalry, upon whom the command devolved after the fall of Colonel + Yell; Major Bradford, Captain Sharpe (severely wounded), and + Adjutant Griffith, Mississippi regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel + Hadden, 2d Indiana regiment, and Lieutenant Robinson, aid-de-camp + to General Lane; Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, 1st Illinois + regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, Major Trail, and Adjutant + Whiteside (severely wounded), 2d Illinois regiment; and Major + Fry, 2d Kentucky regiment, as being favorably noticed for + gallantry and good conduct. Major McCulloch, quarter-master in + the volunteer service, rendered important services before the + engagement, in the command of a spy company, and during the + affair was associated with the regular cavalry. To Major Warren, + 1st Illinois Volunteers, I feel much indebted for his firm and + judicious course, while exercising command in Saltillo.</p> + +<p>The medical staff, under the able direction of Assistant Surgeon + Hitchcock, were assiduous in attention to the wounded, upon the + field, and in their careful removal to the rear. Both in these + respects, and in the subsequent organization and service of the + hospitals, the administration of this department was every thing + that could be wished.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General Wool speaks in high terms of the officers of + his staff, and I take pleasure in mentioning them here, having + witnessed their activity and zeal upon the field. Lieutenant and + Aid-de-camp McDowell, Colonel Churchill, inspector-general, + Captain Chapman, assistant quarter-master, Lieutenant Sitgreaves, + Topographical Engineers, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>(p. 346)</span> and Captains Howard and Davis, + volunteer service, are conspicuously noticed by the general for + their gallantry and good conduct. Messrs. March, Addicks Potts, + Harrison, Burgess, and Dusenbury, attached in various capacities + to General Wool's head-quarters, are likewise mentioned for their + intelligent alacrity in conveying orders to all parts of the + field.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, I beg leave to speak of my own staff, to whose + exertions in rallying troops and communicating orders I feel + greatly indebted. Major Bliss, assistant adjutant-general, + Captain J. H. Eaton, and Lieutenant R. S. Garnett, aids-de-camp, + served near my person, and were prompt and zealous in the + discharge of every duty. Major Munroe, besides rendering valuable + service as chief of artillery, was active and instrumental, as + were also Colonels Churchill and Belknap, inspectors general, in + rallying troops and disposing them for the defence of the train + and baggage. Colonel Whiting, quartermaster general, and Captain + Eaton, chief of the subsistence department, were engaged with the + duties of their departments, and also served in my immediate + staff on the field. Captain Sibley, assistant quartermaster, was + necessarily left with the head-quarter camp near town, where his + services were highly useful. Major Mansfield and Lieutenant + Benham, engineers, and Captain Linnard and Lieutenants Pope and + Franklin, Topographical Engineers, were employed before and + during the engagement in making reconnoissances, and on the field + were very active in bringing information and in conveying my + orders to distant points. Lieutenant Kingsbury, in addition to + his proper duties as ordnance officer, Captain Chilton, assistant + quartermaster, and Majors Dix and Coffee, served also as extra + aids-de-camp, and were actively employed in the transmission of + orders. Mr. Thomas L. Crittenden, of Kentucky, though not in + service, volunteered as my aid-de-camp on this occasion, and + served with credit in that capacity. Major Craig, chief of + ordnance, and Surgeon Craig, medical director, had been detached + on duty from head-quarters, and did not reach the ground until + the morning of the 24th, too late to participate in the action, + but in time to render useful services in their respective + departments of the staff.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Z. Taylor</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Major-General U. S. A.</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</span><br> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Order Congratulating the Army.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Headquarters, Army of Occupation</span>,<br> + February 26, 1847.</p> + +<p>1. The commanding general has the grateful task of congratulating the +troops upon the brilliant success which attended their arms in the +conflicts of the 22d and the 23d. Confident in the immense superiority +of numbers, and stimulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, +the Mexican troops were yet repulsed in efforts to force our lines, +and finally withdrew with immense loss from the field.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>(p. 347)</span> The general would express his obligations to the officers +and men engaged, for the cordial support which they rendered +throughout the action. It will be his highest pride to bring to the +notice of the government the conspicuous gallantry of different +officers and corps, whose unwavering steadiness more than once saved +the fortunes of the day. He would also express his high satisfaction +with the conduct of the small command left to hold Saltillo. Though +not so seriously engaged as their comrades, their services were very +important and efficiently rendered. While bestowing this just tribute +to the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to say +that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that those who fled +ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Saltillo, will seek an +opportunity to retrieve their reputation, and to emulate the bravery +of their comrades who bore the brunt of the battle, and sustained, +against fearful odds, the honor of our flag.</p> + +<p>The exultation of success is checked by the heavy sacrifice of life +which it has cost, embracing many officers of high rank and rare +merit. While the sympathies of a grateful country will be given to the +bereaved families and friends of those who nobly fell, their +illustrious example will remain for the benefit and admiration of the +army.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">By order of Major-General Taylor,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">W. W. S. Bliss</span>, <i>Act. Adj. General</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>(p. 348)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXV" name="plateLXV"><strong>Plate LXV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text64" name="text64"><strong>No. 64.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 5, 1849—July 9, 1850.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Zachary Taylor President of the United States 1849. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace and +friendship.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Twelfth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ZACHARY TAYLOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1849. Bust of President +Taylor, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff +of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle +on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk +crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate065" name="plate065"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate065b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 065b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate065a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 065a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Franklin +Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. +M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to Orlando Brown, office of Indian +Affairs, Department of the Interior, and dated Philadelphia, November +26th, 1849:</p> + +<p>"Three Indian medal dies, bearing the head of President Taylor, were +asked of the chief coiner of the Mint, Mr. Franklin Peale, by Mr. +Medill, while Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he agreed to the +estimate of the cost which was $700. I have now the satisfaction of +reporting that the dies are finished, and that Mr. Peale is ready to +furnish, on sufficient notice, the medals which you may +desire.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>(p. 349)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXVI" name="plateLXVI"><strong>Plate LXVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text65" name="text65"><strong>No. 65.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 10, 1850—March 4, 1853.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Millard Fillmore President of the United States 1850. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Labor +virtue honor.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Thirteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MILLARD FILLMORE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1850. Undraped bust of +President Fillmore, facing the right. <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS.</span></p> + +<p class="quote">LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left hand on a +ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of civilization, +of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag envelops both in +its folds. In the background is a farm-house. <span class="smcap">J. WILLSON.</span></p> + + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate066" name="plate066"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate066b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 066b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate066a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 066a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Joseph Willson</span> was born at Canton, St Lawrence County, New York, in +1825. He studied portrait painting with Salathiel Ellis, followed him +to New York in 1842, and began cutting cameos and die sinking. In 1848 +he removed to Washington, under the patronage of the Honorable R. H. +Gillet, member of Congress from St Lawrence County, New York, +associated himself in business with Salathiel Ellis, and made the +reverses of the Indian medals of Presidents Fillmore and Pierce. In +1851 he went to Italy to study sculpture, and remained abroad three +years. He died, September 8, 1857.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore</span> was born at Summerhill, Cayuga County, New York, +January 7, 1800. He began the study of law in 1819, and was admitted +to the bar to practise as an attorney in 1827; was counsellor in the +Supreme <span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>(p. 350)</span> Court of the State of New York, 1829; and settled in +Buffalo, 1830. He was a member of the State Legislature, 1829-1831; +member of Congress, 1832-1834, and again, 1837-1841; comptroller of +the State of New York, 1847; vice-president of the United States, +1849, and President on the death of General Taylor (June 10), +1850-1853. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in +1856, and died in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>(p. 351)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXVII" name="plateLXVII"><strong>Plate LXVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text66" name="text66"><strong>No. 66.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1853—March 4, 1857.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. 1853. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Labor +virtue honor.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Fourteenth President of the United States of America.</i>.]</p> + +<p class="quote">FRANKLIN PIERCE, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1853. Undraped bust +of President Pierce, facing the left. <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS.</span></p> + +<p class="quote">LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left hand on a +ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of civilization, +of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag envelops both in +its folds. In the background is a farm-house. <span class="smcap">J. WILLSON.</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate067" name="plate067"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate067b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 067b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate067a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 067a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Franklin Pierce</span> was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, November 23, +1804. He was graduated at Bowdoin College, Maine, 1824, and was +admitted to the bar at Hillsborough, 1827; was member of the State +Legislature, 1829; member of Congress, 1833-1837; United States +senator, 1837-1842; brigadier-general of volunteers, March, 1847; +served under General Scott throughout the Mexican campaign; President +of the United States, 1853-1857. He retired to Concord, New Hampshire, +and died there, October 8, 1869.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>(p. 352)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXVIII" name="plateLXVIII"><strong>Plate LXVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text67" name="text67"><strong>No. 67.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 2, 1853.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis. Austrian brig of war + Hussar. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Presented by the President of the United States to + Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.</p> + +<h4>COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Release of Martin Coszta.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">The United States sloop-of-war St Louis, and the Austrian brig-of-war +Hussar, are at anchor in the roads of Smyrna; while a second Austrian +war vessel and three mail steamers are at a little distance. The city +of Smyrna and the ruins of the Acropolis, on Mount Pagus, are in the +background. Exergue: SMYRNA. AMERICAN SLOOP OF WAR ST. LOUIS. AUSTRIAN +BRIG OF WAR HUSSAR, <span class="smcap">S. EASTMAN D.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">P. F. CROSS SC.</span>. +(<i>sculpsit.</i>) <span class="smcap">LONGACRE</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a wreath of laurel and oak: PRESENTED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE +UNITED STATES TO COMMANDER DUNCAN N. (<i>Nathaniel</i>) INGRAHAM AS A +TESTIMONIAL OF THE HIGH SENSE ENTERTAINED BY CONGRESS OF HIS GALLANT +AND JUDICIOUS CONDUCT ON THE 2<sup><span class="smcap">d</span></sup> OF JULY 1853. JOINT RESOLUTION OF +CONGRESS AUGUST 4<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup> 1854. Exergue: The American eagle, with +outspread wings, holds an anchor in its talons; above are thirty-one +stars, the whole lighted by the rays of the sun. <span class="smcap">S. EASTMAN D.</span> +(<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">J. B. LONGACRE SC.</span> (<i>sculpsit</i>).</p> + + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate068" name="plate068"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate068b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 068b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate068a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 068a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Seth <span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>(p. 353)</span> Eastman</span> was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant +of infantry, July 1, 1829; was assistant teacher of drawing at West +Point, 1833-1840; first lieutenant, 1836; and captain, 1839. He +engraved the armorial bearings of several of the new States, and +designed the Ingraham medal. He was living in Washington in 1872.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">P. F. Cross</span>, who engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal, was born +in Sheffield, England, and died in Philadelphia in 1856.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">James Barton Longacre</span> was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, +August 11, 1794, and became a steel-plate engraver. In 1844 he was +appointed engraver to the United States Mint, in Philadelphia, and +retained the situation till his death, January 14, 1869. He was also +one of the publishers and proprietors of the "National Portrait +Gallery," to which he contributed many engravings. His largest plate, +however, the equestrian portrait of General Jackson, is not in that +work.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham</span> was born in Charleston, South Carolina, +December 6, 1802. He was appointed a midshipman, June 18, 1812; became +a lieutenant, January 13, 1825; and commander, September 8, 1841. +While in command of the sloop-of-war St. Louis, off Smyrna, in July, +1853, he rescued Martin Coszta from the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar; +for this act Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He +became a captain, 1855; and in 1856 was appointed chief of the Bureau +of Ordnance and Hydrography in the Navy Department, Washington. He +resigned, February 4, 1861, and acted with the Southern Confederacy +during the Civil War. He died in Charleston, South Carolina, June 10, +1863.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commander Ingraham.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the +President of the United States be, and he is hereby, requested to +cause to be made a medal, with suitable devices, and presented to +Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, of the navy of the United States, as a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>(p. 354)</span> testimonial of the high sense entertained by Congress of his +gallant and judicious conduct on the second of July, eighteen hundred +and fifty-three, in extending protection to Martin Coszta, by rescuing +him from illegal seizure and imprisonment on board the Austrian war +brig Hussar.</p> + +<p>Approved August 4, 1854.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commander Ingraham to Commodore Stringham.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship St. Louis</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Smyrna</span>, July 6th, 1853.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Commodore Silas H. Stringham</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the Mediterranean.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It becomes my duty to report to you an affair at this place + in which I have taken upon myself to compromise the American + flag.</p> + +<p>I arrived here upon the 23d of June, and soon after anchoring was + informed that an American had been kidnapped by the Austrian + Consul upon the Turkish soil and sent on board an Austrian + brig-of-war.</p> + +<p>I sent for the American Consul and informed him of what I had + heard. He told me the man was a Hungarian refugee (named Martin + Coszta), who had a certificate of intention to become a citizen + of the United States, and came here in an American vessel, but + that he did not consider him under his protection, having to his + knowledge no passport.</p> + +<p>The Consul and myself then went on board the brig, and requested + to see the commander, but were told he was not on board. We then + went to the Austrian Consul, and demanded to see Coszta, which + after some demur was granted.</p> + +<p>After a conversation with Coszta, I was afraid I had no right to + demand him as a citizen of the United States, but determined + neither to make a claim nor acquiesce in his seizure until I + could hear from the Legation at Constantinople. I was guided in + this opinion by the Consul, who seemed to think we could not use + force without more evidence than the paper in his possession + gave.</p> + +<p>I then requested the Consul to write immediately to the Legation, + which he did. Before an answer could arrive, I received + information that Coszta was to be sent to Trieste. I immediately + wrote to the commander of the brig, protesting against this step, + and received a verbal reply that he was ignorant of any such + intention. Next morning, at daylight, I got under way, and + anchored within half cable's length of the brig, and loaded my + guns, the steamer in which it was said Coszta was to be sent + being very near. At 11 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> an answer came from Mr. Brown, + stating that Coszta was an American citizen, and advising the + Consul to give him all aid and sympathy, but in an unofficial + way. I then told the Consul he must insist upon Coszta remaining + until I again heard from the Chargé. He did so, when the Austrian + Consul told him he had intended to send the man off that day, but + would wait until the next mail. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>(p. 355)</span> On Saturday, the 2d of + July, the Capen Oglan of the Legation arrived with letters from + the Chargé to the Consul and myself to use stringent measures.</p> + +<p>I immediately held an interview with Coszta, in which he claimed + the protection of the American flag. I then addressed note "B" to + the commander of the brig, demanding Coszta's release. I also + directed the American Consul to furnish the Austrian Consul with + a copy of the demand, which was done. At this time the Austrian + brig and a ten-gun schooner that arrived the day before prepared + for action, having three mail-steamers to assist. I did the same, + and awaited the hour of 4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> At 12, our Consul came off with a + proposition that Coszta should be delivered into the hands of the + Consul-General of France, to be held at the joint order of the + American and Austrian Consuls, until his nationality should be + determined. After some consideration, and the advice of the + English and French Consuls to ours, I agreed to the terms. The + prisoner was then landed amid the cheers of the inhabitants and + every demonstration of joy. I know, Sir, I have taken a fearful + responsibility upon myself by this act, but after Mr. Brown + informed me Coszta had taken the oath of allegiance to the United + States, and foresworn all allegiance to Austria, that he was an + American citizen and had been under the protection of the + Legation at Constantinople, I could not hesitate to believe he + was fully entitled to protection. It was a case of life and + death; for, if Coszta had been taken to Trieste his fate was + sealed, and could I have looked the American people in the face + again, if I had allowed a citizen to be executed and not used the + power in my hands to protect him for fear of doing too much? The + easy manner, also, in which he was given up, and the Convention + that he should be held by a third party until his nationality + could be established, is evidence that they were not sure of + their ground.</p> + +<p>Should my conduct be approved by you, Sir, it will be one of the + proudest moments of my life that I have saved this gallant man + from a cruel and ignominious death. On the other hand, should the + course I have pursued be disavowed, I must bow to the decision; + but whatever may be the consequence to myself, I shall feel I + have done my best to support the honor of the flag, and not allow + a citizen to be oppressed who claimed at my hands the protection + of the flag.</p> + +<p>I enclose copies of all the papers (A to E) relating to this + affair.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">D. N. Ingraham</span>, <i>Commander</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">A</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship St. Louis</span>, <span class="smcap">Smyrna Roads</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Evening June 28, 1853.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Commander of the Austrian Brig Hussar</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have this moment received a letter stating Martin Coszta + was to be sent on board the steamer to-morrow at daylight, to be + sent to Trieste. I have been only waiting <span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>(p. 356)</span> to hear from + the Minister at Constantinople before I took some action in the + case of Coszta, as he has a paper stating his intention to become + a citizen of the United States. He came here in an American + vessel, and has been some time in the United States. I earnestly + protest against his leaving this port until something has been + heard from Constantinople.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">D. N. Ingraham</span>, <i>Commander</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">B</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">His Imperial Majesty's brig Hussar</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Smyrna</span>, June 29th, 1853.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 28th inst.</p> + +<p>Concerning the matter respecting Martin Coszta, I request you, + Sir, to communicate with the Consul General, as I can personally + do nothing in the matter, as I receive all my orders from him.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your + obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Schwartz.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">C</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States ship St. Louis</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Smyrna</span>, July 2d, 1853.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Commander of the Austrian brig Hussar</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have been directed by the American Chargé at + Constantinople to demand the person of Martin Coszta, a citizen + of the United States, taken by force from the Turkish soil and + now confined on board the brig Hussar. And if a refusal is given + to take him by force.</p> + +<p>An answer to the demand must be returned by 4 o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">D. N. Ingraham</span>, <i>Commander</i>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">D <span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>(p. 357)</span></p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">His Imperial Majesty's brig Hussar</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Smyrna</span>, July 2d, 1853.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Present.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to refer you to my letter of the 28th + ultimo, in which I stated that I depend altogether upon the + Consul General in the matter respecting the prisoner Martin + Coszta. I shall send him your letter of this day, and request him + to come to an understanding with you himself.</p> + +<p>I protest against all violence toward His Imperial Majesty's brig + "Hussar," or schooner "Artimesia," and shall consider it as a + hostile step for which I would hold you altogether responsible.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your + obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Schwartz</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center">E</p> + +<p class="tit-center"><i>S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Legation of the United States</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Pera</span>, June 28th, 1853.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Commander Ingraham</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">United States Corvette St. Louis.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I send you a copy of my letter to the Austrian + Internuncio (Minister) on the subject of the detention of Martin + Coszta on board the Austrian brig Hussar; which will serve to + show my views of the transaction better than I could do in a + note.</p> + +<p>The public here are quite as indignant at the brutal conduct of + the Austrian Consul as they were in Smyrna. Mussulman, Christian + and Jew execrate the conduct of the Consul, and accuse him as the + cause of the bloodshed which resulted from the brutal arrest and + treatment of Coszta. The Porte would have been much pleased had + you taken him from the Austrian brig, and I regret that it was + not done on the ground that he had renounced all allegiance to + the Austrian Emperor, and taken an oath of allegiance to the + government of the United States.</p> + +<p>He <span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>(p. 358)</span> certainly is not an Austrian subject, and he as + certainly can claim no other allegiance to any other power, than + to that of the United States. It is not uncommon for persons + having received official copies of their declaration of + allegiance to procure an American passport stating this fact, in + which all protection and satisfaction is assured them from + American authorities. I believe that, under the circumstances, + you have a right to persist in demanding him from the Austrian + commander. The Porte would wish to leave the matter open between + us and the Austrians, and if we could see the poor fellow carried + off and hung to let us take the ignominy of the transaction on + our own shoulders. If I thought you would be governed by my + instructions, they would be to demand him, in the most formal and + positive language, of the Austrian commander, in my name as + Representative of the United States, and after having him in your + possession, to leave the matter to be adjusted between the two + governments. In case of a refusal to deliver him, founded on the + pleas that he had renounced all allegiance to Austria, and that + having taken the oath of allegiance to the United States, he has + a claim upon our protection, I would take him out of the vessel. + Such a course will meet with the most profound applause from this + government and from every foreign legation here (except that of + Austria), and cannot but call forth strong gratification on the + part of our government and people at home.</p> + +<p>So abominable an act has excited here extreme abhorrence and + execration, and all you have already done has elevated the + character of our country and of our navy.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I remain, dear Sir, most truly yours,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">S. N. Brown</span>.</p> + +<p>Be so good as to allow Mr. Offley to peruse the present. I do not + doubt but that he will support you in all you do.</p> +<p class="col60">S. N. B.</p> + + +<p class="p2">[<i>Enclosure from Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale.</i>]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: I cordially approve of the measures of Mr. Brown in + taking the exile Coszta per force, and do hope you will do so. So + far as my humble power goes, I will defend it. He is not an + Austrian subject, he has sworn allegiance to the United States. + Sure this is enough to demand our protection, no matter what he + says. Do not let this chance slip to acquit yourself nobly, and + to do honor to our country.</p> + +<p>The Turkish Governor as well as the Austrian Consul have been + both dismissed and disgraced.</p> + +<p>The eyes of nations are upon the little St. Louis and her + commander. For God's sake, and sake of humanity, stand for the + right.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Regards and friendship of yours ever,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale</span>.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lyon is a member of Congress from the State of New York, and + now travelling in Europe.</p> + + +<p class="tit-center"><i>Martin <span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>(p. 359)</span> Coszta's Declaration of Intention</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">1852.<br> +State of New York.</p> + +<p><i>In the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York</i>:</p> + +<p>I, Martin Coszta, do declare on oath, that it is bona fide my + intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to + renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign + Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever, and + particularly to the Emperor of Austria, of whom I am a subject.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Martin Coszta.</span></p> + +<p>Sworn this 31st day of July, 1852.</p> + +<p class="col40"><span class="smcap">George W. Riblet</span>, <i>Clerk</i>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 col60"><span class="smcap">Clerk's Office</span>, <span class="smcap">Court of Common Pleas</span>,<br> +For the City and County of New York.</p> + +<p>I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original + Declaration of Intention, remaining of record in my office.</p> + +<p>In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name, and + affixed the seal of said Court, this 31st day of July, 1852.</p> + +<p class="col60">[<span class="smcap">L. S.</span>] <span class="smcap">George W. Riblet</span>, <i>Clerk</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Agreement between the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of the +United States of America.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Smyrne</span> le 2 Juillet, 1853.</p> + +<p>Les Soussignés Consul Général d'Autriche et Consul des États-Unis + d'Amérique, prient Monsieur le Consul Général de Sa Majesté + l'Empereur des Français de prendre en dépôt dans ses prisons le + nommé Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) détenu sur le brick de guerre + Autrichien "Hussard" et dont la nationalité et par conséquent les + relations de protection sont en litige, entre les Ambassades + respectives à Constantinople, ainsi qu'entre les Consulats à + Smyrne.</p> + +<p>Ils prient Monsieur le Consul Général de se charger de ce dépôt + aux conditions suivantes.</p> + +<p>L'individu sus mentionné sera consigné dans la journée + d'aujourd'hui et au plus tôt possible par un détachement des + soldats du brick Autrichien qui le conduira au débarcadère de + l'hôpital Français, où il sera remis entre les mains de Monsieur + le Consul Général de France ou de la personne qu'il en aura + chargé.</p> + +<p>Le détenu ne pourra communiquer avec aucune personne du dehors à + l'exception des Consuls soussignés et dans l'hôpital il sera + confié spécialement à une personne que Monsieur le Consul Général + de France désignera.</p> + +<p>Les <span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>(p. 360)</span> frais de nourriture et de maintien que les + soussignés laissent entièrement à la discrétion de Monsieur le + Consul Général de France de fixer au détenu, seront à la charge + du soussigné Consul Général d'Autriche.</p> + +<p>Il est expressément convenu que Monsieur le Consul Général de + France ne délivrera le détenu Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) que + sur une demande collective des soussignés.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="signatures"> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="50%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><span class="smcap">E. S. Offley</span>,<br> + <i>Consul des États Unis d'Amérique</i>.</td> +<td class="td-center"><span class="smcap">Weekbecker</span>,<br> + <i>Consul Général d'Autriche</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="tit-center">[Translation.]</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Smyrna,</span> July 2, 1853.</p> + +<p>The undersigned, the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of + the United States of America, request the Consul-General of His + Majesty, the Emperor of the French, to take in charge the named + Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta), detained on the Austrian + brig-of-war "Hussar," whose nationality and consequently whose + rights to protection are in litigation, between the respective + embassies at Constantinople, and also between the Consulates at + Smyrna.</p> + +<p>They request the Consul-General to take charge of the detained + person on the following conditions:</p> + +<p>The above-named individual shall be delivered to-day, and as soon + as possible, by a detachment of soldiers from the Austrian + brig-of-war, which shall conduct him to the landing of the French + hospital, where he shall be handed over to the Consul-General of + France, or to the persons designated by him.</p> + +<p>The detained shall not be allowed to communicate with any outside + person except with the undersigned Consuls; and in the hospital + he shall be under the care of some one specially designated by + the Consul-General of France.</p> + +<p>The expenses of boarding and keeping, the particulars of which + the undersigned leave entirely to the discretion of the + Consul-General of France, shall be borne by the Consul-General of + Austria.</p> + +<p>It is expressly agreed that the Consul-General of France shall + deliver the detained Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) only on a + collective demand of the undersigned.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="signatures"> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="50%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"><span class="smcap">E. S. Offley</span>,<br> + <i>Consul of the United States of America</i>.</td> +<td class="td-center"><span class="smcap">Weekbecker</span>,<br> + <i>Consul-General of Austria</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page361" name="page361"></a>(p. 361)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXIX" name="plateLXIX"><strong>Plate LXIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text68" name="text68"><strong>No. 68.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1857—March 4, 1861.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">James Buchanan. President of the United States, 1857. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +Labor virtue honor.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Fifteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1857. Bust of President +Buchanan, facing the right <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS SC.</span> (<i>sculpsit.</i>)</p> + +<p class="quote">LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left hand on a +ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of civilization, +of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag envelops both in +its folds. In the background is a farm-house. <span class="smcap">J. WILLSON.</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate069" name="plate069"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate069b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 069b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate069a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 069a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">James Buchanan</span> was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23, +1791. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, +1809; and was admitted to the bar in Lancaster, 1812. He was a member +of the State Legislature, 1814-1816; member of Congress, 1821-1831; +minister to Russia, 1832-1834; United States senator, 1834-1845; +secretary of State to President Polk, 1845-1849; minister to England, +1853-1856; President of the United States, 1857-1861. He died at his +estate of Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1868.</p> + + + +<hr class="half nofloat"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>(p. 362)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXX" name="plateLXX"><strong>Plate LXX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text69" name="text69"><strong>No. 69.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April, 1858.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">James Buchanan, President of the United States. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. To Dr. Frederick +Rose, Assistant Surgeon, Royal Navy, G. B.</p> + +<h4>DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Bust of President +Buchanan, facing-the right. <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>). + +<p class="quote">TO D<sup><span class="smcap">r</span></sup>. (<i>Doctor</i>) FREDERICK ROSE, ASSISTANT SURGEON, ROYAL NAVY, G. +B. (<i>Great Britain</i>). Esculapius with his left hand is repelling Time, +armed with his scythe, and with his right is offering a draught to the +sick, one of whom is thanking him. Exergue: FOR KINDNESS AND HUMANITY +TO OFFICERS AND CREW OF THE U. S. (<i>United States</i>) STEAMER +SUSQUEHANNA. On the platform, <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).<a id="footnotetag116" name="footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116">[116]</a> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate070" name="plate070"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate070b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 070b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate070a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 070a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">A. C. Paquet</span> was born in Hamburg, Germany, December 5, 1814. He +emigrated to America in October, 1848, settled in Philadelphia, and +was assistant engraver to the United States Mint from 1857 to 1864. He +has designed and engraved a number of medals, of which the principal +are: General Grant; the wreck of the steamer San Francisco; the +Philadelphia cathedral; President Johnson; Doctor Rose; President +Buchanan; the Cincinnati exposition; Melgareja, President of Bolivia; +the secretary of State of Bolivia; the Sanitary Commission fair; +Humboldt; Everett; Life-saving medal of the first class; Life-saving +medal of the second-class; Robinson; four gold, and five silver dies +for the Chili Mint, and four silver dies for Bolivia. He is still +living.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Frederick <span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name="page363"></a>(p. 363)</span> Henry Rose</span> was born January 5, 1833, and entered +the British Royal Navy as assistant-surgeon, November 10, 1855. He was +employed on the home station, on particular service on the North +American, West Indian, and West Coast of Africa stations, until June, +1863. While in Jamaica in April, 1858, with the permission of his +commanding officer, Admiral Sir Hewston Stewart, Royal Navy, he +volunteered, at imminent personal risk, his services on board the +United States vessel-of-war Susquehanna, on which the yellow fever had +broken out, and sailed in her to New York, devoting himself to the +care of the sick. For this noble deed Congress gave him a vote of +thanks and a gold medal. In 1866 Doctor Rose was placed on the retired +list in consequence of ill health. He died at San Remo, Italy, March +31, 1873.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Doctor Rose.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the President be, and +he is hereby, authorized and requested to cause suitable +acknowledgments to be made on the part of this government to Admiral +Sir Hewston Stewart, of Her Britannic Majesty's Navy, and officers +under his command, for their prompt and efficient aid, and generous +hospitality, extended to the disabled officers and crew of the United +States ship Susquehanna on her late arrival at Port Royal, Island of +Jamaica, with the yellow fever on board; on which occasion, besides +placing the naval hospital, with an adequate corps of medical +officers, nurses and attendants, at their service, eighty-five of the +officers and crew of the Susquehanna were safely and promptly conveyed +on shore with the aid of the boats of the British squadron, and the +lives of the greater portion of them thereby probably saved. And that +the President be further requested to cause a gold medal, with +appropriate devices, to be presented, on behalf of this government, to +Assistant-Surgeon Frederick H. Rose, of the British Navy, who +volunteered, with the permission of his commanding officer, to join +the Susquehanna, and, at imminent personal risk, devoted himself, on +the voyage from Jamaica to New York, to the care of the sick remaining +on board. And that the President cause suitable testimonials to be in +like manner presented to the medical officers in the British service, +in attendance at the hospital, with appropriate rewards to the nurses +and other attendants there, whilst occupied by the officers and crew +of the Susquehanna.</p> + +<p>Approved May 11, 1858.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>(p. 364)</span> Sands to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">U. S. Ship Susquehanna</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">New York Harbor</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">April 15th, 1858.</span><br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Isaac Toucey</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship + at New York, having had 155 cases of yellow fever on board, 85 of + which were left at the hospital at Port Royal, Jamaica.</p> + +<p>For the information of the Honorable Department, I have to state + that after lying over one hundred days in San Juan De Nicaragua, + with an average sick list of about 15, the first case of fever + made its appearance on the 17th ultimo, then a second, then a + third, when I thought it advisable to put to sea, hoping that a + change of air would dispel the disease. After a few days the ship + returned off San Juan and anchored outside. She remained there + three days, with some slight modification of the fever, but it + again broke out with greater violence. I then got under way and + stood toward Aspinwall, expecting to meet the Jamestown, + Commander Kennedy, whom I had instructed to relieve us on the 1st + April, this ship to take her place, thinking that a change of + position might be favorable to the health of both ships; on our + way down to Aspinwall fresh cases continued to occur, + particularly among the lieutenants and engineers, the first and + second of the former being down, and others complaining. I now + determined, at the suggestion of the surgeon, to steer for + Pensacola; after standing for that port for some hours, and the + fever continuing to extend its ravages, there being nearly one + hundred down, at the request of the surgeon I changed our course + for the Island of Jamaica, where I arrived about 8 o'clock on the + evening of the 5th April.</p> + +<p>The Admiral of the Port, Sir Hewston Stewart, on hearing of our + condition, kindly placed the Naval Hospital at our disposal, and + at six o'clock the next morning we landed 63 of our sick. I then + had to take coal and water on board, at Kingston, which detained + us a part of three days. The ship being now disabled, three + lieutenants and six engineers being sick, besides half the + firemen and coal-heavers, and many of the most valuable of the + men off duty, I shipped about 30 negroes, and agreeably to the + recommendation of the surgeon, I deemed it advisable to proceed + at once to a northern port.</p> + +<p>The whole number of cases from the 17th March to 15th April was + 155—85 of which were left at the Hospital at Port Royal, + Jamaica. There remain on the list to-day 34 cases. We have had in + all 16 deaths, among these was 1st Lieutenant Queen of the Marine + Corps.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Howell and four engineers were left at the Hospital, + doing, I hope, well.</p> + +<p>Since leaving Port Royal we have had two deaths, and some + addition to the number of cases, but generally on approaching a + cold climate, all seem to improve and we have had no new cases + for the last 48 hours.</p> + +<p>I beg leave to forward three letters from Surgeon Pinckney, who + was taken down in the commencement of the epidemic, also one from + Passed Assistant Surgeon Maccoun, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>(p. 365)</span> from whom I have + received the most valuable aid, during this severe visitation. As + I had but one surgeon left, and fearing he might also fall sick + during the passage home, I applied to Admiral Stewart for a + medical officer, and previous to our departure from Port Royal, + he sent us Assistant Surgeon Rose, who kindly volunteered his + services.</p> + +<p>I cannot find words to express my sense of obligation to Admiral + Stewart for the kind and prompt manner in which he placed the + Royal Naval Hospital at our disposal, and furnished us with every + convenience for landing the sick, nor to Dr. Kinnear, Deputy + Medical Inspector, and the medical officers under him for their + attention to the comforts of those placed under their charge.</p> + +<p>I also take great pleasure in mentioning that Commodore Kellett + and Captain Hay of the "Indus" came to offer their assistance + with boats and cots to land the sick.</p> + +<p>I have left instructions with Mr. Harrison, our Consul at + Kingston, relating to the sick at the Hospital, and have drawn a + bill on the Navy Department in his favor for $1500, to cover any + necessary expenses that might occur until further instructions + should be received from the Department.</p> + +<p>I have only to add my great regret at being obliged to leave my + station without instructions from the Department, but the + circumstances of the case rendered it absolutely necessary.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, &c., &c.,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Joshua R. Sands</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Captain United States Navy</i>.</span><br> +</div> + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>(p. 366)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXI" name="plateLXXI"><strong>Plate LXXI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text70" name="text70"><strong>No. 70.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1861—April 14, 1865.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, 1862.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Sixteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ABRAHAM LINCOLN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1862. Bust of +President Lincoln, facing the right. <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS DEL.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">SC.</span> +(<i>sculpsit.</i>) On edge of bust, <span class="smcap">PATENTED</span>.</p> + +<p class="quote">A civilized Indian is ploughing his field; his children are playing at +ball; on a hill to the left is a log cabin; to the right, a church; +beyond them, some ships and a steamboat on a river; in the background, +mountains; above is an Indian scalping his enemy; below, the head of +an Indian squaw weeping; on one side, a quiver of arrows; on the +other, a calumet and a bow—opposition of civilization to savage +life.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate071" name="plate071"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate071b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 071b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate071a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 071a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span> was born in Hardin (now Larue) County, Kentucky, +February 12, 1809. He settled in Illinois, 1830; was captain of +volunteers in the Black Hawk war, 1832; member of the State +Legislature, 1834-1841; was admitted to the bar, 1836; settled in +Springfield, Illinois, 1837; was a member of Congress, 1847-1849; +President of the United States (first term), 1861-1865; (second term), +March 4 to April 14, 1865. He was shot by an assassin in Washington, +April 14, 1865, and died the next day, universally lamented. He was +known by the sobriquet of "Honest Abe" (<i>Abraham</i>).</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>(p. 367)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXIIa" name="plateLXXIIa"><strong>Plate LXXII a.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text71" name="text71"><strong>No. 71.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>December 21, 1861, and July 16, 1862.</i></p> + +<h4>NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.</h4> + +A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a +crown of laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four +stars, America, personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand +resting on the fasces, while with her right, in which she holds a +shield blazoned with the American arms, she repulses Discord, +represented with two snakes in each hand; the whole suspended by an +anchor to two clasps united by a ribbon of thirteen stripes, paleways, +gules and argent, and a chief, azure. On the platform: <span class="smcap">PAQUET F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>). + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate072a" name="plate072a"></a> +<p class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/plate072a.jpg" width="250" height="468" alt="Plate 072a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + + +ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. + +<i>Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals of Honor.</i> + +/# + <span class="smcap">Section</span> 7. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Secretary of the + Navy be, and is hereby, authorized to cause 200 "medals of honor" + to be prepared with suitable emblematic devices, which shall be + bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen and marines + as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action + and other seamanlike qualities during the present war, and that + the sum of $1,000 be, and the same is hereby, appropriated out of + any money in the Treasury for the purpose of carrying this + section into effect. + + Approved December 21, 1861. + + <span class="smcap">Section</span> 10. Seamen distinguishing themselves in battle or by + extraordinary heroism in the line of their profession, may be + promoted to forward warrant officers, or acting master's mates, + as they may be best qualified, upon the recommendation of their + commanding officer, approved by the flag officer and the + department. Upon such promotion they shall receive a gratuity of + $100 and a medal of honor to be prepared by the Navy Department. + + Approved July 16, 1862. +#/ + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name="page368"></a>(p. 368)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXIIb" name="plateLXXIIb"><strong>Plate LXXII b.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text72" name="text72"><strong>No. 72.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>July 12, 1862, and March 3, 1863.</i></p> + +<h4>ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.</h4> + +A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a +crown of laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four +stars, America, personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand +resting on the fasces, while with her right, in which she holds a +shield blazoned with the American arms, she repulses Discord, +represented with two snakes in each hand; the whole suspended by a +trophy of two crossed cannons, balls, and a sword, surmounted by the +American eagle, which is united by a ribbon of thirteen stripes, +paleways, gules and argent, and a chief, azure, to a clasp composed of +two cornucopias and the American arms. On the platform: <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>). + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate072b" name="plate072b"></a> +<p class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/plate072b.jpg" width="250" height="473" alt="Plate 072b" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting Army Medals of Honor.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the + United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the + President of the United States be, and he is hereby, authorized + to cause 2,000 "medals of honor" to be prepared with suitable + emblematic devices, and to direct that the same be presented, in + the name of Congress, to such non-commissioned officers and + privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry + in action, and other soldier-like qualities during the present + insurrection, and that the sum of $10,000 be, and the same is + hereby, appropriated for the purpose of carrying this resolution + into effect.</p> + +<p>Approved July 12th, 1862.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> <span class="pagenum"><a id="page369" name="page369"></a>(p. 369)</span> 9. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the + President cause to be struck from the dies recently prepared at + the United States Mint for that purpose, "medals of honor" + additional to those authorized by the act (Resolution of July + twelfth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two), and present the same to + such officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates as have + most distinguished or who may hereafter most distinguish + themselves in action, and the sum of $20,000 is hereby + appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise + appropriated, to defray the expenses of the same.</p> + +<p>Approved March 3d, 1863.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page370" name="page370"></a>(p. 370)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXIII" name="plateLXXIII"><strong>Plate LXXIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text73" name="text73"><strong>No. 73.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 16, 1862, July 4 and November 25, 1863.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Major General Ulysses S Grant. Joint resolution of Congress + December 17, 1863. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Donelson. Vicksburg, etc.</p> + +<h4>MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">MAJOR GENERAL ULYSSES S. (<i>Simpson</i>) GRANT. JOINT RESOLUTION OF +CONGRESS DECEMBER 17. 1863. Bust of General Grant, in uniform, facing +the left. In the upper part of a circle, branches of laurel and oak; +in the lower part, sugarcane, the cotton plant, tobacco leaves and +wheat, united by the national flag; in a second circle, thirteen +stars, emblematical of the thirteen original States of the Union. +<span class="smcap">ANTROBUS. D.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F</span>. (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">America, personified as a maiden, is seated on a rainbow, with the +eagle at her side. She holds in her left hand a cornucopia of flowers, +and in her right a crown of laurel and the American shield, on which, +in bend, is the word DONELSON. Below, dividing the medal into two +parts, is a trophy of arms, surmounted by the cap of liberty, and +protected by two sentinels kneeling; to the left is the city of +Vicksburg, at the foot of which flows the Mississippi river, bearing +two steamboats; VICKSBURG; to the right are Lookout Mountain and +Missionary Ridge; the Federal army encamped on the banks of the +Tennessee river; CHATTANOOGA. In a first circle the Mississippi river, +on which are four steamers, two of which are gunboats; MISSISSIPPI +RIVER; in a second, thirteen stars—emblematical of the thirteen +original States of the Union.<a id="footnotetag117" name="footnotetag117"></a><a href="#footnote117">[117]</a></p> + +<p class="quote"><span class="smcap">Antrobus</span>, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page371" name="page371"></a>(p. 371)</span> who designed the medal to General Grant, was living +in Iowa in 1870.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate073" name="plate073"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate073b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 073b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate073a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 073a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Ulysses Simpson Grant</span> was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, +Ohio, April 27, 1822. He was graduated at West Point as second +lieutenant in the 4th infantry, July 1, 1843, and served under General +Taylor at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, and in all +General Scott's battles, from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. He was +breveted first lieutenant at Molinos del Rey, and captain at +Chapultepec, for gallantry in the field. He resigned in 1854, and in +the early part of 1860 removed to Galena, Illinois. In the Civil War +he entered the service as colonel of the 21st Illinois Volunteers, +May, 1861. As brigadier-general of volunteers he fought the battle of +Belmont, November 7, of the same year; captured Fort Donelson, +February 16, 1862, for which he was appointed, on the same day, +major-general of volunteers; and won the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and +7, 1862. He took Vicksburg, and was made major-general in the United +States Army, July 4, 1863; won the battle of Chattanooga, November 25, +same year, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He +became commander-in-chief of the army, March 17, 1864; fought the +battles of the Wilderness, in May, and besieged Richmond, 1864-1865. +He received Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. +Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for Fort Donelson, +Vicksburg, and Chattanooga, December 17, 1863. In July, 1866, he was +made general; acted as secretary of War <i>ad interim</i> (12 August, 1867, +February, 1868); President of the United States (first term), +1869-1873; (second term), 1873-1877.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the + United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks + of Congress be, and they hereby are, presented to Major-General + Ulysses S. Grant, and through him to the officers and soldiers + who have fought under his command during the rebellion, for their + gallantry and good conduct in the battles in which they have been + engaged; and that the President <span class="pagenum"><a id="page372" name="page372"></a>(p. 372)</span> of the United States be + requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable + emblems, devices and inscriptions, to be presented to + Major-General Grant.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 2. <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That, when the said + medal shall have been struck, the President shall cause a copy of + this joint resolution to be engrossed on parchment, and shall + transmit the same, together with the said medal, to Major-General + Grant, to be presented to him in the name of the people of the + United States of America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 3. <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That a sufficient sum of + money to carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated + out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved December 17, 1863.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to General Cullum.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters, District of West Tennessee</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Fort Donelson, February 16th, 1862.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Brigadier-General George W. Cullum</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Chief of Staff, Department of the Missouri.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I am pleased to announce to you the unconditional + surrender, this morning, of Fort Donelson, with twelve to fifteen + thousand prisoners, at least forty pieces of artillery, and a + large amount of stores, horses, mules, and other public property.</p> + +<p>I left Fort Henry on the 12th instant, with a force of about + fifteen thousand men, divided into two divisions, under the + command of Generals McClernand and Smith. Six regiments were sent + around by water the day before, convoyed by a gunboat (or boats), + and with instructions not to pass it.</p> + +<p>The troops made the march in good order, the head of the column + arriving within two miles of the fort at twelve o'clock, <span class="smcap">m</span>. At + this point the enemy's pickets were met and driven in. The + fortifications of the enemy were from this point gradually + approached and surrounded, with occasional skirmishing on the + line. The following day, owing to the non-arrival of the gunboats + and re-enforcements sent by water, no attack was made, but the + investment was extended on the flanks of the enemy, and drawn + closer to his works, with skirmishing all day. On the evening of + the 13th, the gunboats and re-enforcements arrived. On the 14th a + gallant attack was made by flag-officer Foote upon the enemy's + river batteries with his fleet.</p> + +<p>The engagement lasted probably one hour and a half, and bid fair + to result favorably, when two unlucky shots disabled two of the + armed boats, so that they were carried back by the current. The + remaining two were very much disabled also, having received a + number of heavy shots about the pilot-houses and other parts of + the vessels. After these mishaps, I concluded to make the + investment of Fort Donelson as perfect as possible, and partially + fortify, and await repairs to the gunboats. This plan was + frustrated, however, by the enemy making a most vigorous attack + upon our right <span class="pagenum"><a id="page373" name="page373"></a>(p. 373)</span> wing, commanded by Brigadier-General J. + A. McClernand, and which consisted of his division and a portion + of the force under General L. Wallace.</p> + +<p>The enemy were repelled, after a closely contested battle of + several hours, in which our loss was heavy. The officers suffered + out of proportion. I have not the means of determining our loss, + even approximately, but it cannot fall far short of twelve + hundred killed, wounded and missing. I shall retain here enough + of the enemy to exchange for them, as they were immediately + shipped off, and not left for recapture.</p> + +<p>About the close of this action the ammunition and cartridge boxes + gave out, which, with the loss of many of the field officers, + produced great confusion in the ranks. Seeing that the enemy did + not take advantage of it, convinced me that equal confusion, and, + consequently, great demoralization existed with him. Taking + advantage of this fact, I ordered a charge upon our left (enemy's + right) with the division under General C. F. Smith, which was + most brilliantly executed, and gave to our arms full assurance of + victory. The battle lasted until dark, and gave us possession of + part of the intrenchment. An attack was ordered from the flank + after the charge by General Smith was commenced, by the divisions + under McClernand and Wallace, which, notwithstanding hours of + exposure to a heavy fire in the fore part of the day, was + gallantly made, and the enemy further repulsed. At the points + thus gained, night having come on, all the troops encamped for + the night, feeling that a complete victory would crown their + efforts at an early hour in the morning. This morning, at a very + early hour, a note was received from General Buckner, under a + flag of truce, proposing an armistice. A copy of the + correspondence which ensued is herewith enclosed.</p> + +<p>I could mention individuals who especially distinguished + themselves, but will leave this to division and brigade + commanders, whose reports will be forwarded as soon as received.</p> + +<p>Of the division commanders, however, Generals Smith, McClernand + and Wallace, I must do the justice to say that all of them were + with their commands in the midst of danger, and were always ready + to execute all orders, no matter what the exposure to themselves.</p> + +<p>At the hour the attack was made on General McClernand's command, + I was absent, having received a note from flag officer Foote, + requesting me to go and see him, he being unable to call on me, + in consequence of a wound received the day before.</p> + +<p>My staff: Colonel J. D. Webster, first Illinois artillery, chief + of staff; Captain J. A. Rawlins, assistant adjutant-general; + first lieutenants C. B. Lagone and William S. Hillyer, aids; and + Lieutenant Colonel J. B. McPherson, chief engineer and Colonel + John Riggin, junior, volunteer aid, are all deserving of personal + mention for their gallantry and services.</p> + +<p>For details, see reports of engineers, medical director and + commanders of divisions and brigades to follow.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, General, very respectfully your obedient + servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + <i>Brigadier-General U.S.A., commanding</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="p2 center">[Copy.] <span class="pagenum"><a id="page374" name="page374"></a>(p. 374)</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Buckner to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Fort Donelson</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">February 16th, 1862.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Brigadier-General U.S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding United States Forces near Fort Donelson.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In consideration of all the circumstances governing the + present situation of affairs at this station, I propose to the + commanding officer of the Federal forces the appointment of + commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation of the forces + and post under my command, and in that view suggest an armistice + until twelve o'clock to-day.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> +<span class="col60 smcap">S. B. Buckner</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Brigadier-General C. S. A.</i></span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="center p2">[Copy.]</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to General Buckner.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army in the Field</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Fort Donelson</span>, February 16th, 1862.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">General S. B. Buckner</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Confederate Army.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Yours of this date proposing armistice and appointment of + commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. + No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be + accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, very respectfully your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Brigadier-General commanding</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<p class="center p2">[Copy.]</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Buckner to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Dover</span>, <span class="smcap">Tennessee,</span><br> +<span class="col60">February 16th, 1862.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Brigadier-General Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">United States Army.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The distribution of the forces under my command, incident to + an unexpected change of commanders, and the overwhelming force + under your command, compel me, notwithstanding the brilliant + success of the Confederate arms yesterday, to accept the + ungenerous and unchivalrous terms which you propose.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">S. B. Buckner</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>General commanding C. S. A.</i></span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page375" name="page375"></a>(p. 375)</span> Orders No. 2.</i></p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">District of West Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap">Fort Donelson</span>, February 17th, 1862.</p> + +<p>The general commanding takes great pleasure in congratulating the + troops of this command for the triumph over rebellion gained by + their valor on the 13th, 14th, and 15th instant.</p> + +<p>For four successive nights, without shelter during the most + inclement weather known in this latitude, they faced an enemy in + large force in a position chosen by himself. Though strongly + fortified by nature, all the safeguards suggested by science were + added. Without a murmur this was borne, prepared at all times to + receive an attack, and with continuous skirmishing by day, + resulting ultimately in forcing the enemy to surrender without + conditions.</p> + +<p>The victory achieved is not only great in breaking down + rebellion, but has secured the greatest number of prisoners of + war ever taken in one battle on this continent.</p> + +<p>Fort Donelson will hereafter be marked in capitals on the maps of + our united country, and the men who fought the battle will live + in the memory of a grateful people.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General commanding</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Department of the Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="smcap">col60 Vicksburg</span>, <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>, July 6, 1863<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel J. C. Kelton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I have the honor to submit the following report of the + operations of the Army of the Tennessee, and co-operating forces, + from the date of my assuming the immediate command of the + expedition against Vicksburg, Mississippi, to the reduction of + that place.</p> + +<p>From the moment of taking command in person I became satisfied + that Vicksburg could only be turned from the south side, and, in + accordance with this conviction, I prosecuted the work on the + canal, which had been located by Brigadier-General Williams, + across the peninsula, on the Louisiana side of the river, with + all vigor, hoping to make a channel which would pass transports + for moving the army and carrying supplies to the new base of + operations thus provided. The task was much more herculean than + it at first appeared, and was made much more so by the almost + continuous rains that fell during the whole of the time this work + was prosecuted. The river, too, continued to rise and make a + large expenditure of labor necessary to keep the water out of our + camps and the canal.</p> + +<p>Finally, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page376" name="page376"></a>(p. 376)</span> on the 8th of March, the rapid rise of the + river and the consequent great pressure upon the dam across the + canal, near the upper end, at the main Mississippi levee, caused + it to give way and let through the low lands at the back of our + camps a torrent of water that separated the north and south + shores of the peninsula as effectually as if the Mississippi + flowed between them. This occurred when the enterprise promised + success within a short time. There was some delay in trying to + repair damages. It was found, however, that with the then stage + of water, some other plan would have to be adopted for getting + below Vicksburg with transports.</p> + +<p>Captain F. E. Prime, Chief Engineer, and Colonel G. G. Pride, who + was acting on my staff, prospected a route through the bayous + which run from near Milliken's Bend on the north and New Carthage + on the south, through Roundaway Bayou into the Tensas river. + Their report of the practicability of this route determined me to + commence work upon it. Having three dredge boats at the time, the + work of opening this work was executed with great rapidity. One + small steamer and a number of barges were taken through the + channel thus opened, but the river commencing about the middle of + April to fall rapidly, and the roads becoming passable between + Milliken's Bend and New Carthage, made it impracticable and + unnecessary to open water communication between these points.</p> + +<p>Soon after commencing the first canal spoken of, I caused a + channel to be cut from the Mississippi river into Lake + Providence; also one from the Mississippi river into Coldwater, + by way of Yazoo Pass.</p> + +<p>I had no great expectations of important results from the former + of these, but having more troops than could be employed to + advantage at Young's Point, and knowing that Lake Providence was + connected by Bayou Baxter with Bayou Macon, a navigable stream + through which transports might pass into the Mississippi below, + through Tensas, Wachita, and Red rivers, I thought it possible + that a route might be opened in that direction which would enable + me to co-operate with General Banks at Port Hudson.</p> + +<p>By the Yazoo Pass route I only expected at first to get into the + Yazoo by way of Coldwater and Tallahatchie with some lighter + gunboats and a few troops and destroy the enemy's transports in + that stream and some gunboats which I knew he was building. The + navigation, however, proved so much better than had been expected + that I thought for a time of the possibility of making this the + route for obtaining a foothold on high land above Haines Bluff, + Mississippi, and small class steamers were accordingly ordered + for transporting an army that way. Major-General J. B. McPherson, + commanding seventeenth army corps, was directed to have his corps + in readiness to move by this route; and one division from each + the thirteenth and fifteenth corps were collected near the + entrance of the Pass to be added to his command. It soon became + evident that a sufficient number of boats of the right class + could not be obtained for the movement of more than one division.</p> + +<p>Whilst my forces were opening one end of the Pass the enemy was + diligently closing the other end, and in this way succeeded in + gaining time to strongly fortify Greenwood, below the junction of + the Tallahatchie and Yallobusha. The advance of the expedition, + consisting of one division of McClernand's corps from Helena, + commanded by Brigadier-General L. F. Ross, and the 12th and 17th + regiments of Missouri infantry, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page377" name="page377"></a>(p. 377)</span> from Sherman's corps, + as sharpshooters on the gunboats, succeeded in reaching Coldwater + on the 2d day of March, after much difficulty, and the partial + disabling of most of the boats. From the entrance into Coldwater + to Fort Pemberton, at Greenwood, Mississippi, no great difficulty + of navigation was experienced nor any interruption of magnitude + from the enemy. Fort Pemberton extends from the Tallahatchie to + the Yazoo at Greenwood. Here the two rivers come within a few + hundred yards of each other. The land around the fort is low, and + at the time of the attack was entirely overflowed. Owing to this + fact, no movement could be made by the army to reduce it, but all + depended upon the ability of the gunboats to silence the guns of + the enemy and enable the transports to run down and land troops + immediately on the fort itself. After an engagement of several + hours the gunboats drew off, being unable to silence the + batteries. Brigadier-General I. F. Quinby, commanding a division + of McPherson's corps, met the expedition under Ross with his + division on its return from Fort Pemberton, on the 21st of March, + and being the senior, assumed command of the entire expedition, + and returned to the position Ross had occupied.</p> + +<p>On the 23d of March I sent orders for the withdrawal of all the + forces operating in that direction, for the purpose of + concentrating my army on Milliken's Bend.</p> + +<p>On the 14th day of March, Admiral D. D. Porter, commanding + Mississippi squadron, informed me that he had made a + reconnoissance up Steele's Bayou, and partially through Black + Bayou toward Deer Creek, and so far as explored these water + courses were reported navigable for the smaller iron-clads. + Information given mostly, I believe, by the negroes of the + country, was to the effect that Deer Creek could be navigated to + Rolling Fork, and that from there through the Sunflower to the + Yazoo river there was no question about the navigation. On the + following morning I accompanied Admiral Porter in the ram Price, + several iron-clads preceding us, up through Steele's Bayou to + near Black Bayou.</p> + +<p>At this time our forces were at a dead-lock at Greenwood, and I + looked upon the success of this enterprise as of vast importance. + It would, if successful, leave Greenwood between two forces of + ours, and would necessarily cause the immediate abandonment of + that stronghold.</p> + +<p>About thirty steamers of the enemy would have been destroyed or + fallen into our hands. Seeing that the great obstacle to + navigation, so far as I had gone, was from overhanging trees, I + left Admiral Porter near Black Bayou and pushed back to Young's + Point for the purpose of sending forward a Pioneer corps to + remove these difficulties. Soon after my return to Young's Point + Admiral Porter sent back to me for a co-operating force. Sherman + was promptly sent with one division of his corps. The number of + steamers suitable for the navigation of these bayous being + limited, most of the force was sent up the Mississippi river to + Eagle's Bend, a point where the river runs within one mile of + Steele's Bayou, thus saving an important part of this difficult + navigation. The expedition failed, probably more from want of + knowledge as to what would be required to open this route than + from any impracticability in the navigation of the streams and + bayous through which it was proposed to pass. Want of this + knowledge led the expedition on until difficulties were + encountered, and then it would become necessary to send back to + Young's Point for the means of removing them. This gave the enemy + time to move forces to effectually checkmate further <span class="pagenum"><a id="page378" name="page378"></a>(p. 378)</span> + progress, and the expedition was withdrawn when within a few + hundred yards of free and open navigation to the Yazoo.</p> + +<p>All this may have been providential in driving us ultimately to a + line of operations which has proven eminently successful.</p> + +<p>For further particulars of Steele's Bayou expedition see report + of Major-General W. T. Sherman, forwarded on the 12th of April.</p> + +<p>As soon as I decided to open water communication from a point on + the Mississippi near Milliken's Bend to New Carthage I determined + to occupy the latter place, it being the first point below + Vicksburg that could be reached by land at the stage of water + then existing, and the occupancy of which, while it secured to us + a point on the Mississippi river, would also protect the main + line of communication by water. Accordingly the thirteenth army + corps, Major-General J. A. McClernand commanding, was directed to + take up its line of march on the 29th day of March for New + Carthage, the fifteenth and seventeenth corps to follow, moving + no faster than supplies and ammunition could be transported to + them.</p> + +<p>The roads though level were intolerably bad, and the movement was + therefore necessarily slow. Arriving at Smith's Plantation, two + miles from New Carthage, it was found that the levee of Bayou + Vidal was broken in several places, thus leaving New Carthage an + island.</p> + +<p>All the boats that could be were collected from the different + bayous in the vicinity, and others were built, but the + transportation of an army in this way was found exceedingly + tedious. Another route had to be found. This was done by making a + further march around Vidal to Perkins' Plantation, a distance of + twelve miles more, making the whole distance to be marched from + Milliken's Bend to reach water communication on the opposite side + of the point thirty-five miles. Over this distance, with bad + roads to contend against, supplies of ordnance stores and + provisions had to be hauled by wagons with which to commence the + campaign on the opposite side of the river.</p> + +<p>At the same time that I ordered the occupation of New Carthage, + preparations were made for running transports by the Vicksburg + batteries with Admiral Porter's gunboat fleet.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 16th of April Admiral Porter's fleet and the + transports Silver Wave, Forest Queen, and Henry Clay ran the + Vicksburg batteries. The boilers of the transports were protected + as well as possible with hay and cotton. More or less commissary + stores were put on each. All three of these boats were struck + more or less frequently while passing the enemy's batteries, and + the Henry Clay, by the explosion of a shell or by other means, + was set on fire and entirely consumed. The other two boats were + somewhat injured, but not seriously disabled. No one on board of + either was hurt.</p> + +<p>As these boats succeeded in getting by so well, I ordered six + more to be prepared in like manner for running the batteries. + These latter, viz.: Tigress, Anglo-Saxon, Cheeseman, Empire City, + Horizonia, and Moderator, left Milliken's Bend on the night of + the 22d April, and five of them got by, but in a somewhat damaged + condition. The Tigress received a shot in her hull below the + water line, and sunk on the Louisiana shore soon after passing + the last of the batteries. The crews of these steamers, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page379" name="page379"></a>(p. 379)</span> + with the exception of that of the Forest Queen, Captain D. + Conway, and the Silver Wave, Captain McMillan, were composed of + volunteers from the army. Upon the call for volunteers for this + dangerous enterprise, officers and men presented themselves by + hundreds, anxious to undertake the trip. The names of those whose + services were accepted will be given in a separate report.</p> + +<p>It is a striking feature, so far as my observation goes, of the + present volunteer army of the United States, that there is + nothing which men are called upon to do, mechanical or + professional, that accomplished adepts cannot be found for the + duty required in almost every regiment.</p> + +<p>The transports injured in running the blockade were repaired by + order of Admiral Porter, who was supplied with the material for + such repairs as they required, and who was and is ever ready to + afford all the assistance in his power for the furtherance of the + success of our arms. In a very short time five of the transports + were in running order, and the remainder were in a condition to + be used as barges in the moving of troops. Twelve barges loaded + with forage and rations were sent in tow of the last six boats + that run the blockade; one half of them got through in a + condition to be used.</p> + +<p>Owing to the limited number of transports below Vicksburg it was + found necessary to extend our line of travel to Hard Times, + Louisiana, which, by the circuitous route it was necessary to + take, increased the distance to about seventy miles from + Milliken's Bend, our starting point.</p> + +<p>The thirteenth army corps being all through to the Mississippi + and the seventeenth army corps well on the way, so much of the + thirteenth as could be got on board the transports and barges + were put aboard and moved to the front of Grand Gulf on the 29th + of April. The plan here was that the navy should silence the guns + of the enemy, and the troops land under cover of the gunboats and + carry the place by storm.</p> + +<p>At 8 o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the navy made the attack, and kept it up for + more than five hours in the most gallant manner. From a tug out + in the stream I witnessed the whole engagement. Many times it + seemed to me the gunboats were within pistol-shot of the enemy's + batteries. It soon became evident that the guns of the enemy were + too elevated and their fortifications too strong to be taken from + the water side. The whole range of hills on that side were known + to be lined with rifle-pits, besides the field artillery could be + moved to any position where it could be made useful in case of an + attempt at landing. This determined me to again run the enemy's + batteries, turn his position by affecting a landing at Rodney, or + at Bruinsburg, between Grand Gulf and Rodney. Accordingly orders + were immediately given for the troops to debark at Hard Times, + Louisiana, and march across to the point immediately below Grand + Gulf. At dark the gunboats again engaged the batteries, and all + the transports run by, receiving but two or three shots in the + passage, and these without injury. I had some time previously + ordered a reconnoissance to a point opposite Bruinsburg, to + ascertain if possible from persons in the neighborhood the + character of the road leading to the highlands back of + Bruinsburg. During the night I learned from a negro man that + there was a good road from Bruinsburg to Port Gibson, which + determined me to land there.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page380" name="page380"></a>(p. 380)</span> work of ferrying the troops to Bruinsburg was + commenced at daylight in the morning, the gunboats as well as + transports being used for the purpose.</p> + +<p>As soon as the thirteenth army corps was landed, and could draw + three days' rations to put in haversacks (no wagons were allowed + to cross until the troops were all over) they were started on the + road to Port Gibson. I deemed it a matter of vast importance that + the highlands should be reached without resistance.</p> + +<p>The seventeenth corps followed as rapidly as it could be put + across the river.</p> + +<p>About 2 o'clock on the 1st of May, the advance of the enemy was + met eight miles from Bruinsburg, on the road to Port Gibson. He + was forced to fall back, but as it was dark, he was not pursued + far until daylight. Early on the morning of the 1st I went out, + accompanied by members of my staff, and found McClernand with his + corps engaging the enemy about four miles from Port Gibson. At + this point the roads branched in exactly opposite directions, + both, however, leading to Port Gibson. The enemy had taken + position on both branches, thus dividing as he fell back the + pursuing forces. The nature of the ground in that part of the + country is such that a very small force could retard the progress + of a much larger one for many hours. The roads usually run on + narrow, elevated ridges, with deep and impenetrable ravines on + either side. On the right were the divisions of Hovey, Carr, and + Smith, and on the left the division of Osterhaus, of McClernand's + corps. The three former succeeded in driving the enemy from + position to position back toward Port Gibson steadily all day.</p> + +<p>Osterhaus did not, however, move the enemy from the position + occupied by him on our left until Logan's division of McPherson's + corps arrived.</p> + +<p>McClernand, who was with the right in person, sent repeated + messages to me before the arrival of Logan to send Logan's and + Quinby's divisions of McPherson's corps to him.</p> + +<p>I had been on that as well as all other parts of the field, and + could see how they could be used there to advantage. However, as + soon as the advance of McPherson's corps (Logan's division) + arrived, I sent one brigade to McClernand on the right, and sent + one brigade, Brigadier-General J. E. Smith commanding, to the + left to the assistance of Osterhaus.</p> + +<p>By the judicious disposition made of this brigade, under the + immediate supervision of McPherson and Logan, a position was soon + obtained giving us an advantage which soon drove the enemy from + that part of the field, to make no further stand south of Bayou + Pierre.</p> + +<p>The enemy was here repulsed with a heavy loss in killed, wounded, + and prisoners. The repulse of the enemy on our left took place + late in the afternoon. He was pursued toward Port Gibson, but + night closing in, and the enemy making the appearance of another + stand, the troops slept upon their arms until daylight.</p> + +<p>In the morning it was found that the enemy had retreated across + Bayou Pierre, on the Grand Gulf road, and a brigade of Logan's + division was sent to divert his attention whilst a floating + bridge was being built across Bayou Pierre immediately at Port + Gibson. This bridge was completed, eight miles marched by + McPherson's corps to the north fork of Bayou Pierre, that stream + bridged, and the advance of this corps commenced passing over it + at 5 o'clock the following morning.</p> + +<p>On <span class="pagenum"><a id="page381" name="page381"></a>(p. 381)</span> the 3d the enemy was pursued to Hawkinson's Ferry, + with slight skirmishing all day, during which we took quite a + number of prisoners, mostly stragglers from the enemy.</p> + +<p>Finding that Grand Gulf had been evacuated, and that the advance + of my forces was already fifteen miles out from there, and on the + road, too, they would have to take to reach either Vicksburg, + Jackson, or any intermediate point on the railroad between the + two places, I determined not to march them back, but taking a + small escort of cavalry, some fifteen or twenty men, I went to + the gulf myself, and made the necessary arrangements for changing + my base of supplies from Bruinsburg to Grand Gulf.</p> + +<p>In moving from Milliken's Bend, the fifteenth army corps, + Major-General W. T. Sherman commanding, was left to be the last + to start. To prevent heavy re-enforcements going from Vicksburg + to the assistance of the Grand Gulf forces, I directed Sherman to + make a demonstration on Haines's Bluff, and to make all the + <i>show</i> possible. From the information since received from + prisoners captured this ruse succeeded admirably.</p> + +<p>It had been my intention, up to the time of crossing the + Mississippi river, to collect all my forces at Grand Gulf, and + get on hand a good supply of provisions and ordnance stores + before moving, and in the meantime to detach an army corps to + co-operate with General Banks on Port Hudson and effect a + junction of our forces.</p> + +<p>About this time I received a letter from General Banks giving his + position west of the Mississippi river, and stating that he could + return to Baton Rouge by the 10th of May; that by the reduction + of Port Hudson he could join me with 12,000 men.</p> + +<p>I learned about the same time that troops were expected at + Jackson from the southern cities with General Beauregard in + command. To delay until the 10th of May, and for the reduction of + Port Hudson after that, the accession of 12,000 men would not + leave me relatively so strong as to move promptly with what I + had. Information received from day to day of the movements of the + enemy also impelled me to the course pursued. Whilst lying at + Hawkinson's Ferry waiting for wagons, supplies, and Sherman's + corps, which had come forward in the mean time, demonstrations + were made, successfully, I believe, to induce the enemy to think + that route and the one by Hall's Ferry above were objects of much + solicitude to me. Reconnoissances were made to the west side of + the Big Black to within six miles of Warrenton. On the 7th of May + an advance was ordered, McPherson's corps keeping the road + nearest Black river to Rocky Springs, McClernand's corps keeping + the Ridge road, with his corps divided on the two roads. All the + ferries were closely guarded until our troops were well advanced. + It was my intention here to hug the Black river as closely as + possible, with McClernand's and Sherman's corps, and get them to + the railroad, at some place between Edward's Station and Bolton. + McPherson was to move by way of Utica to Raymond, and from there + into Jackson, destroying the railroad, telegraph, and public + stores, etc., and push west to rejoin the main force. Orders were + given to McPherson accordingly. Sherman was moved forward on the + Edward's Station road, crossing Fourteen Mile creek at Dillon's + Plantation; McClernand was moved across the same creek, further + west, sending one division of his corps by the Baldwin's Ferry + road as far as the river. At the crossing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page382" name="page382"></a>(p. 382)</span> of Fourteen + Mile creek both McClernand and Sherman had considerable + skirmishing with the enemy to get possession of the crossing.</p> + +<p>McPherson met the enemy near Raymond, two brigades strong under + Gregg and Walker, on the same day engaged him, and after several + hours hard fighting, drove him with heavy loss in killed, + wounded, and prisoners. Many threw down their arms and deserted.</p> + +<p>My position at this time was with Sherman's corps, some seven + miles west of Raymond, and about the centre of the army.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 12th of May, after orders had been given for + the corps of McClernand and Sherman to march toward the railroads + by parallel roads, the former in the direction of Edward's + Station and the latter to a point on the railroad between + Edward's Station and Bolton, the order was changed and both were + directed to move toward Raymond.</p> + +<p>This was in consequence of the enemy having retreated toward + Jackson after his defeat at Raymond, and of information that + re-enforcements were daily arriving at Jackson, and that General + Joe Johnston was hourly expected there to take command in person. + I therefore determined to make sure of that place and leave no + enemy in my rear.</p> + +<p>McPherson moved on the 13th to Clinton, destroyed the railroad + and telegraph, and captured some important despatches from + General Pemberton to General Gregg, who had commanded the day + before in the battle of Raymond. Sherman moved to a parallel + position on the Mississippi Springs and Jackson road; McClernand + moved to a point near Raymond.</p> + +<p>The next day Sherman and McPherson moved their entire forces + toward Jackson. The rain fell in torrents all the night before, + and continued until about noon of that day making the roads at + first slippery and then miry, notwithstanding, the troops marched + in excellent order without straggling and in the best of spirits + about fourteen miles, and engaged the enemy about 12 o'clock, <span class="smcap">m.</span>, + near Jackson. McClernand occupied Clinton with one division, + Mississippi Springs with another, Raymond with a third, and had + his fourth division and Blair's division of Sherman's corps with + a wagon train still in the rear near New Auburn, while McArthur + with one brigade of his division of McPherson's corps was moving + toward Raymond on the Utica road. It was not the intention to + move these forces any nearer Jackson, but to have them in a + position where they would be in supporting distance if the + resistance at Jackson should prove more obstinate than there + seemed reason to expect.</p> + +<p>The enemy marched out the bulk of his force on the Clinton road + and engaged McPherson's corps about two and a half miles from the + city. A small force of artillery and infantry took a strong + position in front of Sherman, about the same distance out. By a + determined advance of our skirmishers these latter were soon + driven within their rifle-pits just outside the city. It was + impossible to ascertain the strength of the enemy at this part of + the line in time to justify an immediate assault; consequently + McPherson's two divisions engaged the main bulk of the rebel + garrison at Jackson, without further aid than the moral support + given them by the knowledge the enemy had a force to the south + side of the city and the few infantry and artillery of the enemy + posted there to impede Sherman's progress. Sherman soon + discovered the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page383" name="page383"></a>(p. 383)</span> weakness of the enemy by sending a + reconnoitering party to his right, which also had the effect of + causing the enemy to retreat from this part of his line. A few of + the artillerists, however, remained in their places, firing upon + Sherman's troops, until the last moment, evidently instructed to + do so, with the expectation of being captured in the end. On + entering the city it was found that the main body of the enemy + had retreated north, after a heavy engagement of more than two + hours with McPherson's corps, in which he was badly beaten. He + was pursued until near night, but without further damage to him.</p> + +<p>During that evening I learned that General Johnston, as soon as + he satisfied himself that Jackson was to be attacked, had ordered + Pemberton peremptorily to march out from the direction of + Vicksburg and attack our rear. Availing myself of this + information, I immediately issued orders to McClernand and Blair, + of Sherman's corps, to face their troops towards Bolton, with a + view of reaching Edward's Station, marching on different roads + converging near Bolton. These troops were admirably located for + such a move. McPherson was ordered to retrace his steps early in + the morning of the 15th on the Clinton road. Sherman was left in + Jackson to destroy the railroads, bridges, factories, workshops, + arsenals, and everything valuable for the support of the enemy. + This was accomplished in the most effectual manner.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of the 15th I proceeded as far west as Clinton, + through which place McPherson's corps passed to within supporting + distance of Hovey's division of McClernand's corps, which had + moved that day on the same road to within one and a half mile of + Bolton. On reaching Clinton, at 4.45 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, I ordered McClernand + to move his command early the next morning toward Edward's + Station, marching so as to feel the enemy, if he encountered him, + but not to bring on a general engagement unless he was confident + he was able to defeat him; and also to order Blair to move with + him.</p> + +<p>About five o'clock on the morning of the 16th, two men, employees + on the Jackson and Vicksburg railroad, who had passed through + Pemberton's army the night before, were brought to my + headquarters. They stated Pemberton's force to consist of about + eighty regiments, with ten batteries of artillery, and that the + whole force was estimated by the enemy at about twenty-five + thousand men. From them I also learned the positions being taken + up by the enemy, and his intention of attacking our rear. I had + determined to leave one division of Sherman's corps one day + longer in Jackson, but this information determined me to bring + his entire command up at once, and I accordingly dispatched him + at 5.30 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> to move with all possible speed until he came up + with the main force near Bolton. My despatch reached him at 7.10 + <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, and his advance division was in motion in one hour from + that time. A despatch was sent to Blair at the same time, to push + forward his division in the direction of Edward's Station with + all possible dispatch. McClernand was directed to establish + communication between Blair and Osterhaus, of his corps, and keep + it up, moving the former to the support of the latter. McPherson + was ordered forward at 5.45 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> to join McClernand, and + Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, of my staff, was sent forward to + communicate the information received, and with verbal + instructions to McClernand as to the disposition of his forces. + At an early hour I left for the advance, and on arriving at the + crossing of the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad with the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page384" name="page384"></a>(p. 384)</span> + road from Raymond to Bolton, I found McPherson's advance and his + pioneer corps engaged in rebuilding a bridge on the former road + that had been destroyed by the cavalry of Osterhaus's division + that had gone into Bolton the night before. The train of Hovey's + division was at a halt, and blocked up the road from further + advance on the Vicksburg road. I ordered all quartermasters and + wagonmasters to draw their teams to one side and make room for + the passage of troops. McPherson was brought up by this road. + Passing to the front, I found Hovey's division of the thirteenth + army corps at a halt, with our skirmishers and the enemy's + pickets near each other. Hovey was bringing his troops into line, + ready for battle, and could have brought on an engagement at any + moment. The enemy had taken up a very strong position on a narrow + ridge, his left resting on a height where the road makes a sharp + turn to the left approaching Vicksburg. The top of the ridge and + the precipitous hill-side to the left of the road are covered by + a dense forest and undergrowth. To the right of the road the + timber extends a short distance down the hill, and then opens + into cultivated fields on a gentle slope and into a valley + extending for a considerable distance. On the road and into the + wooded ravine and hill-side Hovey's division was disposed for the + attack. McPherson's two divisions, all of his corps with him on + the march from Milliken's Bend (until Ransom's brigade arrived + that day after the battle), were thrown to the right of the road + properly speaking, the enemy's rear. But I would not permit an + attack to be commenced by our troops until I could hear from + McClernand, who was advancing with four divisions, two of them on + a road intersecting the Jackson road about one mile from where + the troops above described were placed, and about the centre of + the enemy's line; the other two divisions on a road still north + and nearly the same distance off.</p> + +<p>I soon heard from McClernand, through members of his staff and my + own, whom I had sent to him early in the morning, and found that + by the nearest practicable route of communication he was two and + a half miles distant. I sent several successive messages to him + to push forward with all rapidity. There had been continuous + firing between Hovey's skirmishers and the rebel advance, which + by 11 o'clock grew into a battle. For some time this division + bore the brunt of the conflict, but finding the enemy too strong + for them, at the instance of Hovey I directed first one and then + a second brigade from Crocker's division to re-enforce him. All + this time Logan's division was working upon the enemy's left and + rear and weakened his front attack most wonderfully. The troops + here opposing us evidently far outnumbered ours. Expecting + McClernand momentarily with four divisions, including Blair's, I + never felt a doubt at the result. He did not arrive, however, + until the enemy had been driven from the field, after a terrible + contest of hours, with a heavy loss of killed, wounded and + prisoners, and a number of pieces of artillery. It was found + afterward that the Vicksburg road, after following the ridge in a + southerly direction for about one mile and to where it + intersected one of the Raymond roads, turns almost to the west, + down the hill and across the valley in which Logan was operating + on the rear of the enemy. One brigade of Logan's division had, + unconscious of this important fact, penetrated nearly to this + road and compelled the enemy to retreat to prevent capture. As it + was, much of his artillery and Loring's division of his army was + cut off, besides the prisoners captured. On the call of Hovey for + more re-enforcements, just before the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page385" name="page385"></a>(p. 385)</span> rout of the enemy + commenced, I ordered McPherson to move what troops he could by a + left flank around to the enemy's front. Logan rode up at this + time and told me that if Hovey could make another dash at the + enemy he could come up from where he then was and capture the + greater part of their force. I immediately rode forward and found + the troops that had been so gallantly engaged for so many hours + withdrawn from their advanced position and were filling their + cartridge boxes. I directed them to use all dispatch and push + forward as soon as possible, explaining to them the position of + Logan's division. Proceeding still further forward, expecting + every moment to see the enemy, and reaching what had been his + line, I found he was retreating. Arriving at the Raymond road, I + saw to my left and on the next ridge a column of troops which + proved to be Can's division and McClernand with it in person; and + to the left of Carr, Osterhaus's division soon afterward appeared + with his skirmishers well in advance. I sent word to Osterhaus + that the enemy was in full retreat, and to push up with all + haste. The situation was soon explained, after which I ordered + Carr to pursue with all speed to Black river, and across it if he + could, and to Osterhaus to follow. Some of McPherson's troops had + already got into the road in advance, but having marched and + engaged the enemy all day they were fatigued, and gave the road + to Carr who continued the pursuit until after dark, capturing a + train of cars loaded with commissary and ordnance stores and + other property.</p> + +<p>The delay in the advance of the troops immediately with + McClernand was caused, no doubt, by the enemy presenting a front + of artillery and infantry where it was impossible, from the + nature of the ground and the density of the forest, to discover + his numbers. As it was, the battle of Champion's Hill or Baker's + Creek was fought mainly by Hovey's division of McClernand's corps + and Logan's and Quinby's divisions (the latter commanded by + Brigadier-General M. M. Crocker) of McPherson's corps.</p> + +<p>Ransom's brigade, of McPherson's corps, came on to the field + where the main battle had been fought immediately after the enemy + had begun his retreat.</p> + +<p>Word was sent to Sherman, at Bolton, of the result of the day's + engagement, with directions to turn his corps toward Bridgeport, + and to Blair to join him at this latter place.</p> + +<p>At daylight, on the 17th, the pursuit was renewed with + McClernand's corps in the advance. The enemy was found strongly + posted on both sides of the Black river. At this point, on Black + river, the bluffs extended to the water's edge on the west bank. + On the east side is an open, cultivated bottom of near one mile + in width, surrounded by a bayou of stagnant water, from two to + three feet in depth, and from ten to twenty feet in width, from + the river above the railroad to the river below. Following the + inside line of this bayou the enemy had constructed rifle-pits, + with the bayou to serve as a ditch on the outside and immediately + in front of them. Carr's division occupied the right in investing + this place, and Lawless brigade the right of his division. After + a few hours skirmishing Lawler discovered that by moving a + portion of his brigade under cover of the river bank he could get + a position from which that place could be successfully assaulted, + and ordered a charge accordingly. Notwithstanding the level + ground over which a portion of his troops had to pass without + cover, and the great obstacle of the ditch in front of the + enemy's works, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page386" name="page386"></a>(p. 386)</span> the charge was gallantly and + successfully made, and in a few minutes the entire garrison with + seventeen pieces of artillery were the trophies of this brilliant + and daring movement. The enemy on the west bank of the river + immediately set fire to the railroad bridge and retreated, thus + cutting off all chance of escape for any portion of his forces + remaining on the east bank.</p> + +<p>Sherman, by this time, had reached Bridgeport, on the Black river + above. The only pontoon train with the expedition was with him. + By the morning of the 18th he had crossed the river, and was + ready to march on Walnut Hills. McClernand and McPherson built + floating bridges during the night, and had them ready for + crossing their commands by 8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> of the 18th.</p> + +<p>The march was commenced by Sherman at an early hour by the + Bridgeport and Vicksburg road, turning to the right when within + three and a half miles of Vicksburg to get possession of Walnut + Hills and the Yazoo river. This was successfully accomplished + before the night of the 18th. McPherson crossed Black river above + the Jackson road, and came into the same road with Sherman, but + to his rear. He arrived after nightfall with his advance to where + Sherman turned to the right. McClernand moved by the Jackson and + Vicksburg road to Mount Albans, and there turned to the left to + get into Baldwin's Ferry road. By this disposition the three army + corps covered all the ground their strength would admit of, and + by the morning of the 19th the investment of Vicksburg was made + as complete as could be by the forces at my command.</p> + +<p>During the day there was continuous skirmishing, and I was not + without hope of carrying the enemy's works. Relying upon the + demoralization of the enemy in consequence of repeated defeats + outside of Vicksburg, I ordered a general assault at 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> on + this day.</p> + +<p>The fifteenth army corps, from having arrived in front of the + enemy's works in time on the 18th to get a good position, were + enabled to make a vigorous assault. The thirteenth and + seventeenth corps succeeded no further than to gain advanced + positions, covered from the fire of the enemy. The 20th and 21st + were spent in perfecting communications with our supplies. Most + of the troops had been marching and fighting battles for twenty + days, on an average of about five days' rations, drawn from the + commissary department. Though they had not suffered from short + rations up to this time, the want of bread to accompany the other + rations was beginning to be much felt. On the 21st my + arrangements for drawing supplies of every description being + complete, I determined to make another effort to carry Vicksburg + by assault. There were many reasons to determine me to adopt this + course. I believed an assault from the position gained by this + time could be made successfully. It was known that Johnston was + at Canton with the force taken by him from Jackson, re-enforced + by other troops from the east, and that more were daily reaching + him. With the force I had, a short time must have enabled him to + attack me in the rear, and possibly succeeded in raising the + siege. Possession of Vicksburg at that time would have enabled me + to have turned upon Johnston and driven him from the State, and + possess myself of all the railroads and practical military + highways, thus effectually securing to ourselves all territory + west of the Tombigbee, and this before the season was too far + advanced for campaigning in this latitude. I would have saved + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page387" name="page387"></a>(p. 387)</span> government sending large re-enforcements much needed + elsewhere; and finally, the troops themselves were impatient to + possess Vicksburg, and would not have worked in the trenches with + the same zeal, believing it unnecessary, that they did after the + failure to carry the enemy's works. Accordingly on the 21st + orders were issued for a general assault on the whole line, to + commence at 11 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> on the 22d. All the corps commanders set + their time by mine, that there should be no difference between + them in movement of assault. Promptly at the hour designated, the + three army corps then in front of the enemy's works commenced the + assault. I had taken a commanding position near McPherson's + front, and from which I could see all the advancing columns from + his corps, and a part of each of Sherman's and McClernand's. A + portion of the commands of each succeeded in planting their flags + on the outer slopes of the enemy's bastions and maintained them + there until night. Each corps had many more men than could + possibly be used in the assault, over such ground as intervened + between them and the enemy. More men could only avail in case of + breaking through the enemy's line or in repelling a sortie. The + assault was gallant in the extreme on the part of all the troops, + but the enemy's position was too strong, both naturally and + artificially, to be taken in that way. At every point assaulted, + and at all of them at the same time, the enemy was able to show + all the force his works could cover. The assault failed, I regret + to say, with much loss on our side in killed and wounded, but + without weakening the confidence of the troops in their ability + to ultimately succeed.</p> + +<p>No troops succeeded in entering any of the enemy's works with the + exception of Sergeant Griffith, of the 21st regiment Iowa + volunteers, and some eleven privates of the same regiment. Of + these none returned except the sergeant and possibly one man. The + work entered by him, from its position, could give us no + practical advantage, unless others to the right and left of it + were carried and held at the same time.</p> + +<p>About 12 <span class="smcap">m.</span>, I received a despatch from McClernand that he was + hard pressed at several points, in reply to which I directed him + to re-enforce the points hard pressed from such troops as he had + that were not engaged. I then rode round to Sherman, and had just + reached there, when I received a second despatch from McClernand + stating positively and unequivocally that he was in possession of + and still held two of the enemy's forts; that the American flag + was then waved over them, and asking me to have Sherman and + McPherson make a diversion in his favor. This despatch I showed + to Sherman, who immediately ordered a renewal of the assault on + his front. I also sent a messenger to McClernand, directing him + to order up McArthur to his assistance, and started immediately + to the position I had just left on McPherson's line to convey to + him the information from McClernand by this last despatch, that + he might make the diversion requested. Before reaching McPherson + I met a messenger with a third despatch from McClernand, of which + the following is a copy:</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters 13th Army Corps</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">In the Field near Vicksburg</span>, <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">May 22d, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Major-General U. S. Grant</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: We have gained the enemy's intrenchments at several + points, but are brought to a stand. I have sent word to McArthur + to re-enforce me if he can. Would <span class="pagenum"><a id="page388" name="page388"></a>(p. 388)</span> it not be best to + concentrate the whole or part of his command on this point?</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">John A. McClernand</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General commanding</i>.</p> + +<p>P.S. I have received your despatch, my troops are all engaged, + and I cannot withdraw any to re-enforce others.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">McClernand.</span></p> + +<p class="p2">The position occupied by me during most of the time of the + assault gave me a better opportunity of seeing what was going on + in front of the thirteenth army corps than I believed it possible + for the commander of it to have. I could not see his possession + of forts, nor necessity for re-enforcements, as represented in + his despatches, up to the time I left it, which was between 12 <span class="smcap">m.</span> + and 1 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, and I expressed doubts of their correctness, which + doubts the facts subsequently, but too late, confirmed. At the + time I could not disregard his reiterated statements, for they + might possibly be true; and that no possible opportunity of + carrying the enemy's stronghold should be allowed to escape + through fault of mine, I ordered Quinby's division, which was all + of McPherson's corps then present, but four brigades, to report + to McClernand, and notified him of the order. I showed his + despatches to McPherson, as I had to Sherman, to satisfy him of + the necessity of an active diversion on their part to hold as + much force in their fronts as possible. The diversion was + promptly and vigorously made and resulted in the increase of our + mortality list full fifty per cent., without advancing our + position or giving us other advantages.</p> + +<p>About 3.50 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, I received McClernand's fourth despatch, as + follows:</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters 13th Army Corps</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">May 22, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Major-General U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Department of the Tennessee.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I have received your despatch in regard to General + Quinby's division and General McArthur's division. As soon as + they arrive I will press the enemy with all possible speed, and + doubt not I will force my way through. I have lost no ground. My + men are in two of the enemy's forts, but they are commanded by + rifle pits in the rear. Several prisoners have been taken who + intimate that the rear is strong. At this moment I am hard + pressed.</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">John A. McClernand</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General commanding</i>.</p> + +<p class="p2">The assault of this day proved the quality of the soldiers of + this army. Without entire success, and with a heavy loss, there + was no murmuring or complaining, no falling back, nor other + evidence of demoralization.</p> + +<p>After the failure of the 22d, I determined upon a regular siege. + The troops now being fully awake to the necessity of this worked + diligently and cheerfully. The work progressed rapidly and + satisfactorily until the 3d of July, when all was about ready for + a final assault.</p> + +<p>There was a great scarcity of Engineer officers in the beginning, + but under the skillful superintendence of Captain F. E. Prime, of + the Engineer corps, Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page389" name="page389"></a>(p. 389)</span> of my + staff, and Captain C. B. Comstock, of the Engineer corps, who + joined this command during the siege, such practical experience + was gained as would enable any division of this army hereafter to + conduct a siege with considerable skill in the absence of regular + Engineer officers.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of the 3d of July a letter was received from + Lieutenant-General Pemberton, commanding the Confederate forces + at Vicksburg, proposing an armistice and the appointment of + commissioners to arrange terms for the capitulation of the place. + The correspondence, copies of which are herewith transmitted, + resulted in the surrender of the city and garrison of Vicksburg + at 10 o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, July 4, 1863, on the following terms: The + entire garrison, officers and men, were to be paroled, not to + take up arms against the United States until exchanged by the + proper authorities; officers and men each to be furnished with a + parole, signed by himself; officers to be allowed then side arms + and private baggage, and the field, staff and cavalry officers + one horse each; the rank and file to be allowed all their + clothing, but no other property; rations from their own stores + sufficient to last them beyond our lines; the necessary cooking + utensils for preparing their food; and thirty wagons to transport + such articles as could not well be carried. These terms I + regarded more favorable to the government than an unconditional + surrender. It saved us the transportation of them north, which at + that time would have been very difficult, owing to the limited + amount of river transportation on hand, and the expenses of + subsisting them. It left our army free to operate against + Johnston, who was threatening us from the direction of Jackson, + and our river transportation to be used for the movement of + troops to any point the exigency of the service might require.</p> + +<p>I deem it proper to state here, in order that the correspondence + may be fully understood, that after my answer to General + Pemberton's letter of the morning of the 3d, we had a personal + interview on the subject of the capitulation.</p> + +<p>The particulars and incidents of the siege will be contained in + the reports of division and corps commanders, which will be + forwarded as soon as received.</p> + +<p>I brought forward during the siege, in addition to Lauman's + division and four regiments previously ordered from Memphis, + Smith's and Kimball's divisions of the sixteenth army corps, and + assigned Major-General C. C. Washburne to command of same. On the + 11th of June, Major-General F. J. Herron's division from the + Department of the Missouri arrived; and on the 14th two divisions + of the ninth army corps, Major-General J. G. Parke commanding, + arrived. This increase in my force enabled me to make the + investment most complete, and at the same time left me a large + reserve to watch the movements of Johnston. Herron's division was + put into position on the extreme south of the city, and Lauman's + division was placed between Herron and McClernand. Smith's and + Kimball's divisions and Parke's corps were sent to Haines's + Bluff. This place I had fortified to the land side and every + preparation made to resist a heavy force. Johnston crossed Big + Black river with a portion of his force, and everything indicated + that he would make an attack about the 25th of June. Our position + in front of Vicksburg having been made as strong against a sortie + from the enemy as his works were against an assault, I placed + Major-General Sherman in command of all the troops designated to + look after Johnston. The force intended to operate against + Johnston, in addition to that at Haines's Bluff, was one + division <span class="pagenum"><a id="page390" name="page390"></a>(p. 390)</span> from each of the thirteenth, fifteenth, and + seventeenth army corps and Lauman's division. Johnston, however, + not attacking, I determined to attack him the moment Vicksburg + was in our possession, and accordingly notified Sherman that I + should again make an assault on Vicksburg at daylight on the 6th, + and for him to have up supplies of all descriptions ready to move + upon receipt of orders if the assault should prove a success. His + preparations were immediately made, and when the place + surrendered on the 4th two days earlier than I fixed for the + attack, Sherman was found ready, and moved at once with a force + increased by the remainder of both the thirteenth and fifteenth + army corps, and is at present investing Jackson where Johnston + has made a stand.</p> + +<p>In the march from Bruinsburg to Vicksburg, covering a period of + twenty days, before supplies could be obtained from government + stores, only five days' rations were issued, and three days' of + these were taken in haversacks at the start, and were soon + exhausted. All other subsistence was obtained from the country + through which we passed. The march was commenced without wagons, + except such as could be picked up through the country. The + country was abundantly supplied with corn, bacon, beef and + mutton. The troops enjoyed excellent health, and no army ever + appeared in better spirits or felt more confident of success.</p> + +<p>In accordance with previous instructions, Major-General S. A. + Hurlbut started Colonel (now Brigadier-General) B. H. Grierson + with a cavalry force from La Grange, Tennessee, to make a raid + through the central portion of the State of Mississippi to + destroy railroads and other public property, for the purpose of + creating a diversion in favor of the army moving to the attack on + Vicksburg. On the 17th of April this expedition started, and + arrived at Baton Rouge on the 2d of May, having successfully + traversed the whole State of Mississippi. This expedition was + skillfully conducted and reflects great credit on Colonel + Grierson and all of his command. The notice given the raid by the + Southern press confirms our estimate of its importance. It has + been one of the most brilliant cavalry exploits of the war, and + will be handed down in history as an example to be imitated. + Colonel Grierson's report is herewith transmitted.</p> + +<p>I cannot close this report without an expression of thankfulness + for my good fortune in being placed in co-operation with an + officer of the navy who accords to every move that seems for the + interest and success of our arms his hearty and energetic + support. Admiral Porter and the very efficient officers under him + have ever shown the greatest readiness in their co-operation, no + matter what was to be done or what risk to be taken, either by + their men or their vessels. Without this prompt and cordial + support my movements would have been much embarrassed, if not + wholly defeated.</p> + +<p>Captain J. U. Shirk, commanding the Tuscumbia, was especially + active and deserving of the highest commendation for his personal + attention to the repairing of the damage done our transports by + the Vicksburg batteries.</p> + +<p>The result of this campaign has been the defeat of the enemy in + five battles outside of Vicksburg; the occupation of Jackson, the + capital of the State of Mississippi, and the capture of Vicksburg + and its garrison and munitions of war; a loss to the enemy of + thirty-seven thousand (37,000) prisoners, among whom were fifteen + general officers; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page391" name="page391"></a>(p. 391)</span> at least ten thousand men killed and + wounded, and among the killed Generals Tracy, Tilghman and Green, + and hundreds and perhaps thousands of stragglers, who can never + be collected and reorganized. Arms and munitions of war for an + army of sixty thousand men have fallen into our hands, besides a + large amount of other public property, consisting of railroads, + locomotives, cars, steamboats, cotton, &c., and much was + destroyed to prevent our capturing it.</p> + +<p>Our loss in the series of battles may be summed up as follows:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="lost"> +<colgroup> + <col width="40%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-right">Killed.</td> +<td class="td-right">Wounded.</td> +<td class="td-right">Missing.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Port Gibson</td> +<td class="td-right">130</td> +<td class="td-right">718</td> +<td class="td-right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fourteen Mile creek (skirmish)</td> +<td class="td-right">4</td> +<td class="td-right">24</td> +<td class="td-right">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Raymond</td> +<td class="td-right">69</td> +<td class="td-right">341</td> +<td class="td-right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jackson</td> +<td class="td-right">40</td> +<td class="td-right">240</td> +<td class="td-right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Champion's Hill</td> +<td class="td-right">426</td> +<td class="td-right">1842</td> +<td class="td-right">189</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Big Black railroad bridge</td> +<td class="td-right">29</td> +<td class="td-right">242</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Vicksburg</td> +<td class="td-right">545</td> +<td class="td-right">3688</td> +<td class="td-right">303</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Of the wounded many were but slightly wounded, and continued on + duty; many more required but a few days or weeks for their + recovery. Not more than one-half of the wounded were permanently + disabled.</p> + +<p>My personal staff and chiefs of departments have in all cases + rendered prompt and efficient service.</p> + +<p>In all former reports I have failed to make mention of company A, + 4th regiment Illinois cavalry volunteers, Captain S. D. Osband + commanding. This company has been on duty with me as an escort + company since November, 1861, and in every engagement I have been + in since that time rendered valuable service, attracting general + attention for their exemplary conduct, soldierly bearings and + promptness. It would not be overstating the merits of this + company to say that many of them would fill with credit any + position in a cavalry regiment.</p> + +<p>For the brilliant achievements recounted in this report, the Army + of the Tennessee, their comrades of the Ninth Army corps, + Herron's division of the Army of the Frontier, and the navy + co-operating with them, deserve the highest honors their country + can award.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully your obedient + servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General United States Army</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Pemberton to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Vicksburg</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 3, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap"> Major-General U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I have the honor to propose to you an armistice + for—hours, with a view of arranging terms for the capitulation + of Vicksburg. To this end, if agreeable to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page392" name="page392"></a>(p. 392)</span> you, I will + appoint three commissioners to meet a like number to be named by + yourself at such place and hour to-day as you may find + convenient.</p> + +<p>I make this proposition to save the further effusion of blood, + which must otherwise be shed to a frightful extent, feeling + myself fully able to maintain my position for a yet indefinite + period.</p> + +<p>This communication will be handed you under flag of truce by + Major-General J. S. Bowen.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Lieutenant-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to General Pemberton.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Department of the Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">In the Field</span>, <span class="smcap">near Vicksburg</span>, <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>, July 3, 1863.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: Your note of this date is just received, proposing an + armistice for several hours for the purpose of arranging terms of + capitulation through commissioners to be appointed, etc.</p> + +<p>The useless effusion of blood you propose stopping by this course + can be ended at any time you may choose by an unconditional + surrender of the city and garrison. Men who have shown so much + endurance and courage as those now in Vicksburg will always + challenge the respect of all adversaries, and I can assure you + will be treated with all respect due to prisoners of war.</p> + +<p>I do not favor the proposition of appointing commissioners to + arrange terms of capitulation, because I have no terms other than + those indicated above.</p> + +<p>I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to General Pemberton.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Department of the Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Near Vicksburg</span>, <span class="smcap">Mississippi</span>, July 3, 1863.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: In conformity with agreement of this afternoon, I will + submit the following proposition for the surrender of the city of + Vicksburg, public stores, etc. On your accepting the terms + proposed, I will march one division as a guard and take + possession at 8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> to-morrow. As soon as rolls can be made out + and paroles signed by officers and men, you will be allowed to + march out of our lines, the officers taking with them their + side-arms and clothing, and the field, staff, and cavalry + officers <span class="pagenum"><a id="page393" name="page393"></a>(p. 393)</span> one horse each. The rank and file will be + allowed all their clothing, but no other property. If these + conditions are accepted, any amount of rations you may deem + necessary can be taken from the stores you now have, and also the + necessary cooking utensils for preparing them. Thirty wagons, + also, counting two horse or mule teams as one, will be allowed to + transport such articles as cannot be carried along.</p> + +<p>The same conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded + officers and soldiers as fast as they become able to travel.</p> + +<p>The paroles for these latter must be signed, however, whilst + officers are present authorized to sign the roll of prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Major-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Pemberton to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Vicksburg</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 3, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Major-General U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your + communication of this date, proposing terms of capitulation for + this garrison and post.</p> + +<p>In the main your terms are accepted; but in justice both to the + honor and spirit of my troops manifested in the defence of + Vicksburg, I have to submit the following amendments, which, if + acceded to by you, will perfect the agreement between us.</p> + +<p>At 10 o'clock, <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, to-morrow, I propose to evacuate the works + in and around Vicksburg, and to surrender the city and garrison + under my command, by marching out with my colors and arms, + stacking them in front of my present lines, after which you will + take possession.</p> + +<p>Officers to retain their side-arms and personal property, and the + rights and property of citizens to be respected.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Lieutenant-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to General Pemberton.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Department of the Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Before Vicksburg</span>, July 4, 1863.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your + communication of 3d July. The amendment proposed by you cannot be + acceded to in full. It will be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page394" name="page394"></a>(p. 394)</span> necessary to furnish + every officer and man with a parole signed by himself, which with + the completion of the roll of prisoners, will necessarily take + some time. Again I can make no stipulations with regard to the + treatment of citizens and their private property. While I do not + propose to cause them any undue annoyance or loss, I cannot + consent to leave myself under any restraint by stipulations. The + property which officers will be allowed to take with them will be + as stated in my proposition of last evening; that is, officers + will be allowed their private baggage and side arms, and mounted + officers one horse each.</p> + +<p>If you mean by your proposition for each brigade to march to the + front of the lines now occupied by it, and stack arms at 10 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, + and then return to the inside and there remain as prisoners + until properly paroled, I will make no objection to it.</p> + +<p>Should no notification be received of your acceptance of my terms + by 9 o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, I shall regard them as having been rejected, + and shall act accordingly.</p> + +<p>Should these terms be accepted, white flags should be displayed + along your lines to prevent such of my troops as may not have + been notified from firing upon your men.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Major-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Pemberton to General Grant.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarter</span>, <span class="smcap">Vicksburg</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">July 4, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Major-General U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your + communication of this day, and in reply to say that the terms + proposed by you are accepted.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">J. C. Pemberton</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Lieutenant-General</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Military Division of the Mississippi</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">In the Field</span>, <span class="smcap">Chattanooga</span>, <span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">December 23d, 1863.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel J. C. Kelton</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: In pursuance of General Orders, No. 337, War Department, + of date Washington, October 16th, 1863, delivered to me by the + Secretary of War, at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 18th of the + same month, I assumed command of the "Military Division of the + Mississippi," comprising the Departments of the Ohio, the + Cumberland, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page395" name="page395"></a>(p. 395)</span> and the Tennessee, and telegraphed the + order assuming command, together with the order of the War + Department, referred to, to Major-General A. E. Burnside, at + Knoxville, and to Major-General W. S. Rosecrans, at Chattanooga. + My action in telegraphing these orders to Chattanooga in advance + of my arrival there, was induced by information furnished me by + the Secretary of War, of the difficulties with which the Army of + the Cumberland had to contend in supplying itself over a long, + mountainous, and almost impassable road from Stevenson, Alabama, + to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and his fears that General Rosecrans + would fall back to the north side of the Tennessee river. To + guard further against the possibility of the Secretary's fears, I + also telegraphed to Major-General Thomas on the 19th of October, + from Louisville, to hold Chattanooga at all hazards; that I would + be there as soon as possible. To which he replied, on same date, + "I will hold the town till we starve."</p> + +<p>Proceeding directly to Chattanooga, I arrived there on the 23d of + October, and found that General Thomas had immediately, on being + placed in command of the Department of the Cumberland, ordered + the concentration of Major-General Hooker's command at Bridgeport + preparatory to securing the river and main wagon road between + that place and Brown's Ferry, immediately below Lookout Mountain. + The next morning after my arrival at Chattanooga, in company with + Thomas and Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, I made + a reconnoissance of Brown's Ferry and the hills on the south side + of the river, and at the mouth of Lookout Valley. After the + reconnoissance, the plan agreed upon was for Hooker to cross at + Bridgeport to the south side of the river with all the force that + could be spared from the railroad, and move on the main wagon + road by way of Whitesides to Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley. + Major-General J. M. Palmer was to proceed by the only practicable + route north of the river from his position opposite Chattanooga, + to a point on the north bank of the Tennessee river, and opposite + Whitesides, there to cross to the south side to hold the road + passed over by Hooker. In the meantime and before the enemy could + be apprised of our intentions, a force under the direction of + Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, was to be thrown + across the river at or near Brown's Ferry to seize the range of + hills at the mouth of Lookout Valley, covering the Brown's Ferry + road, and orders were given accordingly.</p> + +<p>It was known that the enemy held the north end of Lookout Valley + with a brigade of troops, and the road leading around the foot of + the mountain from their main camps in Chattanooga Valley to + Lookout Valley. Holding these advantages, he would have had + little difficulty in concentrating a sufficient force to have + defeated or driven Hooker back. To remedy this the seizure of the + range of hills at the mouth of Lookout Valley and covering the + Brown's Ferry road was deemed of the highest importance. This, by + the use of pontoon bridges at Chattanooga and Brown's Ferry, + would secure to us by the north bank of the river, across + Moccasin Point, a shorter line by which to re-enforce our troops + in Lookout Valley, than the narrow and tortuous road around the + foot of Lookout Mountain afforded the enemy for re-enforcing his.</p> + +<p>The force detailed for this expedition consisted of four thousand + men, under command of General Smith, Chief Engineer, eighteen + hundred of which under Brigadier-General W. B. Hagen, in sixty + pontoon boats, containing thirty armed men each, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page396" name="page396"></a>(p. 396)</span> + floated quietly from Chattanooga past the enemy's pickets to the + foot of Lookout Mountain on the night of the 27th of October, + landed on the south side of the river at Brown's Ferry, surprised + the enemy's pickets stationed there, and seized the hills + covering the ferry, without the loss of a man killed and but four + or five wounded. The remainder of the force, together with the + material for a bridge, was moved by the north bank of the river + across Moccasin Point to Brown's Ferry, without attracting the + attention of the enemy, and before day dawned the whole force was + ferried to the south bank of the river; 2nd the almost + inaccessible heights rising from Lookout Valley, at its outlet to + the river and below the mouth of Lookout creek were secured. By + ten o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> an excellent pontoon bridge was laid across the + river at Brown's Ferry, thus securing to us the end of the + desired road nearer the enemy's forces, and the shorter line over + which to pass troops if a battle became inevitable. Positions + were taken up by our troops from which they could not have been + driven except by vastly superior forces, and then only with great + loss of the enemy. Our artillery was placed in such position as + to completely command the roads leading from the enemy's main + camps in Chattanooga Valley to Lookout Valley.</p> + +<p>On the 28th Hooker emerged into Lookout Valley at Wauhatchie by + the direct road from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides to + Chattanooga, with the 11th Army Corps, under Major-General + Howard, and Geary's Division of the 12th Army Corps, and + proceeded to take up positions for the defence of the road from + Whitesides, over which he had marched, and also the road leading + from Brown's Ferry to Kelly's Ferry, throwing the left of + Howard's Corps forward to Brown's Ferry. The Division that + started under command of Palmer for Whitesides, reached its + destination, and took up the position intended in the original + plan of this movement. Three movements so successfully executed, + secured to us two comparatively good lines by which to obtain + supplies from the terminus of the railroad at Bridgeport, namely, + the main wagon road by way of Whitesides, Wauhatchie, and Brown's + Ferry, distant but twenty-eight miles, and the Kelly's Ferry and + Brown's Ferry road, which, by the use of the river from + Bridgeport to Kelly's Ferry, reduced the distance for wagoning to + but eight miles.</p> + +<p>Up to this period our forces at Chattanooga were practically + invested, the enemy's lines extending from the Tennessee river + above Chattanooga to the river at and below the point of Lookout + Mountain below Chattanooga, with the south bank of the river + picketed to near Bridgeport, his main force being fortified in + Chattanooga Valley, at the foot of and on Missionary Ridge and + Lookout Mountain, and a brigade in Lookout Valley. True, we held + possession of the country north of the river, but it was from + sixty to seventy miles over the most impracticable of roads to + any supplies. The artillery horses and mules had become so + reduced by starvation that they could not have been relied on for + moving anything. An attempt at retreat must have been with men + alone, and with only such supplies as they could carry. A retreat + would have been almost certain annihilation, for the enemy, + occupying positions within gunshot of, and overlooking our very + fortifications, would unquestionably have pursued our retreating + forces. Already more than ten thousand animals had perished in + supplying half rations to the troops by the long and tedious + route <span class="pagenum"><a id="page397" name="page397"></a>(p. 397)</span> from Stevenson and Bridgeport to Chattanooga, + over Waldron's Ridge. They could not have been supplied another + week.</p> + +<p>The enemy was evidently fully apprised of our condition in + Chattanooga, and of the necessity of our establishing a new and + shorter line by which to obtain supplies, if we would maintain + our position, and so fully was he impressed of the importance of + keeping from us these lines, lost to him by surprise, and in a + manner he little dreamed of, that in order to regain possession + of them, a night attack was made by a portion of Longstreet's + forces on a portion of Hooker's troops (Geary's Division of the + 12th Corps) the first night after Hooker's arrival in the valley. + This attack failed, however, and Howard's Corps, which was moving + to the assistance of Geary, finding that it was not required by + him, carried the remaining heights held by the enemy west of + Lookout Creek. This gave us quiet possession of the line of + communication heretofore described south of the Tennessee river.</p> + +<p>Of these operations I cannot speak more particularly, the + sub-reports having been sent to Washington without passing + through my hands.</p> + +<p>By the use of two steamboats, one of which had been left at + Chattanooga by the enemy and fell into our hands, and one that + had been built by us at Bridgeport, plying between Bridgeport and + Kelly's Ferry, we were enabled to obtain supplies with but eight + miles of wagoning. The capacity of the railroad and steamboats + was not sufficient, however, to supply all the wants of the army, + but actual suffering was prevented.</p> + +<p>Ascertaining from scouts and deserters that Bragg was detaching + Longstreet from the front and moving him in the direction of + Knoxville, Tennessee, evidently to attack Burnside, and feeling + strongly the necessity of some move that would compel him to + retain all his forces and recall those he had detached, + directions were given for a movement against Missionary Ridge + with a view of carrying it, and threatening the enemy's + communication with Longstreet, of which I informed Burnside by + telegraph on the 7th of November. After a thorough reconnoissance + of the ground, however, it was deemed utterly impracticable to + make the move until Sherman could get up, because of the + inadequacy of our force and the condition of the animals then at + Chattanooga, and I was forced to leave Burnside, for the present, + to contend against superior forces of the enemy until the arrival + of Sherman with his men and means of transportation. In the + meantime reconnoissances were made and plans matured for + operations. Despatches were sent to Sherman, informing him of the + movement of Longstreet and the necessity of his immediate + presence at Chattanooga. On the 14th of November, I telegraphed + to Burnside as follows:</p> + +<p>"To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General A. E. Burnside</span>.</p> + +<p>"Your despatch and Dana's just received. Being there, you can + tell better how to resist Longstreet's attack than I can direct. + With your showing you had better give up Kingston at the last + moment, and save the most productive part of your possessions. + Every arrangement is now made to throw Sherman's forces across + the river just at and below the mouth of Chicamauga creek, as + soon as it arrives. Thomas will attack on his left at the same + time, and together it is expected to carry Missionary <span class="pagenum"><a id="page398" name="page398"></a>(p. 398)</span> + Ridge and from there push a force on to the railroad between + Cleveland and Dalton. Hooker will at the same time attack and, if + he can, carry Lookout Mountain, The enemy now seem to be looking + for an attack on his left flank. This favors us. To further + confirm this, Sherman's advance division will march direct from + Whitesides to Trenton. The remainder of his force will pass over + a new road just made from Whitesides to Kelly's Ferry, thus being + concealed from the enemy, and leave him to suppose the whole + force is going up Lookout Valley.</p> + +<p>"Sherman's advance has only just reached Bridgeport. The rear + will only reach there on the 16th. This will bring it to the + 19th, as the earliest day for making the combined movement as + desired.</p> + +<p>"Inform me if you think you can sustain yourself until that time. + I can hardly conceive of the enemy breaking through at Kingston + and pushing for Kentucky. If they should, however, a new problem + would be left for solution.</p> + +<p>"Thomas has ordered a division of cavalry to the vicinity of + Sparta. I will ascertain, if they have started and inform you. It + will be entirely out of the question to send you ten thousand + men, not because they cannot be spared, but how could they be fed + after they got even one day east of here.</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + "<i>Major-General</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">On the 15th, having received from the General-in-Chief a despatch + of date the 14th, in reference to Burnside's position, the danger + of his abandonment of East Tennessee, unless immediate relief was + afforded, and the terrible misfortune such a result would be to + our arms; and also despatches from Mr. C. A. Dana, Assistant + Secretary of War, and Colonel Wilson, of my Staff, sent at the + instance of General Burnside, informing me more fully of the + condition of affairs as detailed to them by him, I telegraphed + him as follows:</p> + +<p>"To<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Chattanooga</span>, November 15th, 1863.<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General A. E. Burnside</span>.</p> + +<p>"I do not know how to impress on you the necessity of holding on + to East Tennessee in strong enough terms. According to the + despatches of Mr. Dana and Colonel Wilson, it would seem that you + should, if pressed to do it, hold on to Knoxville and that + portion of the valley which you will necessarily possess, holding + to that point. Should Longstreet move his whole force across the + Little Tennessee, an effort should be made to cut his pontoons on + that stream, even if it sacrificed half the cavalry of the Ohio + army. By holding on and placing Longstreet between the Little + Tennessee and Knoxville, he should not be allowed to escape with + an army capable of doing anything this winter. I can hardly + conceive of the necessity of retreating from East Tennessee. If I + did so at all, it would be after losing most of the army, and + then necessity would suggest the route. I will not attempt to lay + out a line of retreat. Kingston, looking at the map, I thought of + more importance than any one point in East Tennessee. But my + attention being called more closely to it, I can see that it + might be passed by, and Knoxville and the rich valley about it + possessed, ignoring that place entirely. I should not think it + advisable to concentrate a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page399" name="page399"></a>(p. 399)</span> force near the Little + Tennessee; to resist the crossing of it would be in danger of + capture, but I would harass and embarrass progress in every way + possible, reflecting on the fact that the Army of the Ohio is not + the only army to resist the onward progress of the enemy.</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + "<i>Major-General</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">Previous reconnoissances, made first by Brigadier-General W. F. + Smith, Chief Engineer, and afterward by Thomas Sherman, and + myself in company with him, of the country opposite Chattanooga + and north of the Tennessee river, extending as far east as the + mouth of the North Chicamauga, and also of the mouth of the South + Chicamauga, and the north end of Missionary Ridge, so far as the + same could be made from the north bank of the river, without + exciting suspicions on the part of the enemy, showed good roads + from Brown's Ferry up the river and back of the first range of + hills opposite Chattanooga, and out of view of the enemy's + positions. Troops crossing the bridge at Brown's Ferry could be + seen and their numbers estimated by the enemy, but not seeing + anything further of them as they passed up in rear of these + hills, he would necessarily be at a loss to know whether they + were moving to Knoxville or held on the north side of the river + for further operations at Chattanooga. It also showed that the + north end of Missionary Ridge was imperfectly guarded, and that + the banks of the river from the mouth of South Chicamauga Creek, + westward to his main line in front of Chattanooga, were watched + only by a small cavalry picket. This determined the plan of + operations indicated in my despatch of the 14th to Burnside.</p> + +<p>Upon further consideration, the great object being to mass all + the force possible against one given point, namely Missionary + Ridge, converging toward the north end of it, it was deemed best + to change the original plan, so far as it contemplated Hooker's + attack on Lookout Mountain, which would give us Howard's Corps of + his command to aid in this purpose, and on the 18th the following + instructions were given Thomas:</p> + +<p>"To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General Geo. H. Thomas</span>.</p> + +<p>"All preparations should be made for attacking the enemy's + position on Missionary Ridge by Saturday at daylight. Not being + provided with a map giving names of roads, spurs of the mountain + and other places, such definite instructions cannot be given as + might be desirable. However, the general plan, you understand, is + for Sherman, with the force brought with him, strengthened by a + division from your command, to effect a crossing of the Tennessee + river just below the mouth of the Chicamauga, his crossing to be + protected by artillery from the heights on the north bank of the + river (to be located by your chief of artillery), and to secure + the heights from the northern extremity to about the railroad + tunnel, before the enemy can concentrate against him. You will + co-operate with Sherman. The troops in Chattanooga Valley should + be well concentrated on your left flank, leaving only the + necessary force to defend fortifications on the right and centre, + and a movable column of one division in readiness to move whereon + ordered. This division should show itself as threateningly as + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page400" name="page400"></a>(p. 400)</span> possible on the most practical line for making an attack + up the valley Your effort will then be to form a junction with + Sherman, making your advance well toward the northern end of + Missionary Ridge, and moving as near simultaneously with him as + possible. The junction once formed and the ridge carried, + communication will at once be established between the two armies + by roads on the south bank of the river. Further movements will + then depend on those of the enemy. Lookout Valley, I think, will + be easily held by Geary's Division and what troops you may still + have there belonging to the old army of the Cumberland. Howard's + corps can then be held in readiness to act either with you at + Chattanooga, or with Sherman. It should be marched on Friday + night to a position on the north side of the river, not lower + down than the first pontoon bridge, and there held in readiness + for such orders as may become necessary. All the troops will be + provided with two days cooked rations in haversacks and one + hundred rounds of ammunition on the person of each infantry + soldier. Special care should be taken by all officers to see that + no ammunition is wasted or unnecessarily fired away. You will + call on the Engineer Department for such preparations as you may + deem necessary for carrying your infantry and artillery over the + creek.</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + "<i>Major-General</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">A copy of these instructions was furnished Sherman with the + following communication:</p> + +<p>"To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General W. T. Sherman</span>.</p> + +<p>"Enclosed herewith I send you copy of instructions to + Major-General Thomas. You having been over the ground in person, + and having heard the whole matter discussed, further instructions + will not be necessary for you. It is particularly desirable that + a force should be got through to the railroad between Cleveland + and Dalton, and Longstreet thus cut off from communication with + the South; but being confronted by a large force here, strongly + located, it is not easy to tell how this is to be effected, until + the result of our first effort is known. I will add, however, + what is not now shown in my instructions to Thomas, that a + brigade of cavalry has been ordered here which, if it arrives in + time, will be thrown across the Tennessee above Chicamauga, and + may be able to make the trip to Cleveland or thereabouts.</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + "<i>Major-General</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">Sherman's forces were moved from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides, + our division threatening the enemy's left flank in the direction + of Trenton, crossing at Brown's Ferry, up the north bank of the + Tennessee to near the mouth of South Chicamauga, where they were + kept concealed from the enemy until they were ready to force a + crossing. Pontoons for throwing a bridge across the river were + built and placed in the North Chicamauga, near its mouth, a few + miles further up, without attracting the attention of the enemy. + It was expected we would be able to effect the crossing on the + 21st of November, but owing to heavy rains, Sherman was unable + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>(p. 401)</span> to get up until the afternoon of the 23d, and then only + with Generals Morgan L. Smith's, John E. Smith's, and Hugh + Ewing's divisions of the 15th Corps, under command of + Major-General Frank P. Blair, of his army. The pontoon bridge at + Brown's Ferry having been broken by the drift consequent upon the + rise in the river and rafts sent down by the enemy, the other + division (Osterhaus') was detained on the south side, and was on + the night of the 23d ordered, unless it could get across by eight + o'clock the next morning, to report to Hooker, who was + instructed, in this event, to attack Lookout Mountain, as + contemplated in the original plan.</p> + +<p>A deserter from the rebel army, who came into our lines on the + night of the 22d November, reported Bragg falling back. The + following letter from Bragg, received by flag of truce on the + 20th, tended to confirm this report:</p> + +<p> + <span class="col60 smcap">"Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">Army of the Tennessee</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">"In the Field</span>, 20th November, 1863.<br> +"To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General U. S. Grant</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">"Commanding United States Forces, Chattanooga.</span></p> + + +<p>"<span class="smcap">General</span>: As there may still be some non-combatants in + Chattanooga, I deem it proper to notify you that prudence would + dictate their early withdrawal.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">"I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">"Braxton Bragg</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">"<i>General commanding</i>."</span></p> + +<p class="p2">Not being willing that he should get his army off in good order, + Thomas was directed early on the morning of the 23d to ascertain + the truth or falsity of this report by driving in his pickets and + making him develop his line. This he did with the troops + stationed at Chattanooga, and Howard's corps (which had been + brought into Chattanooga because of the apprehended danger to our + pontoon bridges from the rise in the river and the enemy's rafts) + in the most gallant style, driving the enemy from his first line + and securing to us what is known as "Indian Hill" or "Orchard + Knoll," and the low range of hills south of it. These points were + fortified during the night and artillery put in position on them. + The report of this deserter was evidently not intended to + deceive, but he had mistaken Bragg's movements. It was afterward + ascertained that one division of Buckner's corps had gone to join + Longstreet, and a second division of the same corps had started, + but was brought back in consequence of our attack.</p> + +<p>On the night of the 23d of November Sherman, with three divisions + of his army, strengthened by Davis' division of Thomas', which + had been stationed along on the north bank of the river, + convenient to where the crossing was to be effected, was ready + for operations.</p> + +<p>At an hour sufficiently early to secure the south bank of the + river, just below the mouth of the South Chicamauga, by dawn of + day, the pontoons in the North Chicamauga were loaded with thirty + armed men each, and floated quietly past the enemy's pickets, + landed and captured all but one of the guard, twenty in number, + before the enemy was aware of the presence of a foe. The + steamboat "Dunbar" with a barge in tow, after having finished + ferrying across the river the horses procured from Sherman, with + which to move Thomas' artillery, was sent up from Chattanooga to + aid <span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>(p. 402)</span> in crossing artillery and troops, and by daylight + of the morning of the 24th of November, eight thousand men were + on the south side of the Tennessee and fortified in rifle + trenches. By twelve o'clock <span class="smcap">m.</span> the pontoon bridges across the + Tennessee and the Chicamauga were laid, and the remainder of + Sherman's forces crossed over, and at half-past three <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the + whole of the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge to near the + railroad tunnel was in Sherman's possession. During the night he + fortified the position thus secured, making it equal if not + superior in strength to that held by the enemy.</p> + +<p>By three o'clock of the same day, Colonel Long with his brigade + of cavalry of Thomas' army, crossed to the south side of the + Tennessee, and to the north of South Chicamauga Creek and made a + raid on the enemy's lines of communications. He burned Tyner's + station, with many stores, cut the railroad at Cleveland, + captured near a hundred wagons, and over two hundred prisoners. + His own loss was small.</p> + +<p>Hooker carried out the part assigned him for this day, equal to + the most sanguine expectations. With Geary's division (12th + Corps) and two brigades of Stanley's division (4th Corps) of + Thomas' army, and Osterhaus' division (15th Corps) of Sherman's + army, he scaled the western slope of Lookout Mountain, drove the + enemy from his rifle pits on the northern extremity and slope of + the mountain, capturing many prisoners, without serious loss.</p> + +<p>Thomas having done on the 23d, with his troops in Chattanooga, + what was intended for the 24th, bettered and strengthened his + advanced position during the day and pushed the 11th Corps + forward along the south bank of the Tennessee river across Citico + creek, one brigade of which with Howard in person, reached + Sherman just as he had completed the crossing of the river.</p> + +<p>When Hooker emerged in sight of the northern extremity of Lookout + Mountain, Carlin's brigade of the 14th Corps was ordered to cross + Chattanooga creek and form a junction with him. This was effected + late in the evening and after considerable fighting.</p> + +<p>Thus on the night of the 24th, our forces maintained an unbroken + line with unbroken communications, from the north end of Lookout + Mountain through Chattanooga Valley to the north end of + Missionary Ridge.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 25th, Hooker took possession of the + mountain top with a small force, and with the remainder of his + command in pursuance of orders, swept across Chattanooga Valley, + now abandoned by the enemy, to Rossville. In this march he was + detained four hours in building a bridge across Chattanooga + creek. From Rossville he ascended Missionary Ridge and moved + northward toward the centre of the now shortened line.</p> + +<p>Sherman's attack upon the enemy's most northern and most vital + points was vigorously kept up all day. The assaulting column + advanced to the very rifle pits of the enemy, and held their + position firmly and without wavering. The right of the assaulting + column being exposed to the danger of being turned, two brigades + were sent to its support. These advanced in the most gallant + manner over an open field on the mountain side to near the works + of the enemy, and laid there, partially covered from fire for + some time. The right of these two brigades rested near the head + of a ravine or gorge in the mountain side, which the enemy took + advantage of, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>(p. 403)</span> sent troops, covered from view below + them and to their right rear. Being unexpectedly fired into from + this direction, they fell back across the open field below them, + and reformed in good order in the edge of the timber. The column + which attacked them was speedily driven to its entrenchments by + the assaulting column proper.</p> + +<p>Sherman's position not only threatened the right flank of the + enemy, but, from his occupying a line across the mountain and to + the railroad bridge across Chicamauga Creek, his rear and stores + at Chicamauga Station. This caused the enemy to mass heavily + against him. This movement of his being plainly seen from the + position I occupied on Orchard Knoll, Baird's division of the + 14th Corps was ordered to Sherman's support; but receiving a note + from Sherman informing me that he had all the force necessary, + Baird was put in position on Thomas' left.</p> + +<p>The appearance of Hooker's column was at this time anxiously + looked for and momentarily expected, moving north on the ridge, + with his left in Chattanooga Valley and his right east of the + ridge. His approach was intended as the signal for storming the + ridge in the centre, with strong columns; but the time + necessarily consumed in the construction of the bridge near + Chattanooga creek, detained him to a later hour than was + expected. Being satisfied, from the latest information from him, + that he must by this time be on his road from Rossville, though + not yet in sight, and discovering that the enemy in his + desperation to defeat or resist the progress of Sherman, was + weakening his centre on Missionary Ridge, determined me to order + the advance at once. Thomas was accordingly directed to move + forward his troops, constituting our centre,—Baird's division + (14th Corps), Wood's and Sheridan's divisions (4th Corps), and + Johnson's division (14th Corps),—with a double line of + skirmishers thrown out, followed in easy supporting distance by + the whole force, and carry the rifle pits at the foot of + Missionary Ridge, and when carried to reform his lines in the + rifle pits with a view to carrying the top of the ridge.</p> + +<p>These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle pits + at the base of the ridge like bees from a hive, stopped but a + moment until the whole were in line, and commenced the ascent of + the mountain from right to left almost simultaneously, following + closely the retreating enemy, without further orders. They + encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from near + thirty pieces of artillery, and musketry from still well filled + rifle pits on the summit of the ridge. Not a waver, however, was + seen in all that long line of brave men. Their progress was + steadily onward until the summit was in their possession.</p> + +<p>In this charge the casualties were remarkably few for the fire + encountered. I can account for this only on the theory that the + enemy's surprise at the audacity of such a charge caused + confusion and purposeless aiming of their pieces.</p> + +<p>The nearness of night and the enemy still resisting the advance + of Thomas' left, prevented a general pursuit that night, but + Sheridan pushed forward to Mission Mills.</p> + +<p>The resistance on Thomas' left being overcome, the enemy + abandoned his position near the railroad tunnel in front of + Sherman, and by twelve o'clock at night was in full retreat, and + the whole of his strong positions on Lookout Mountain, + Chattanooga Valley and Missionary Ridge were in our possession, + together with a large number of prisoners, artillery, and small + arms.</p> + +<p>Thomas <span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>(p. 404)</span> was directed to get Granger with his corps, and + detachments enough from other commands, including the force + available at Kingston, to make twenty thousand men, in readiness + to go to the relief of Knoxville, upon the termination of the + battle at Chattanooga, these troops to take with them four days' + rations and a steamboat loaded with rations to follow up the + river.</p> + +<p>On the evening of the 25th November orders were given to both + Thomas and Sherman to pursue the enemy early the next morning, + with all their available force except that under Granger, + intended for the relief of Knoxville.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 26th Sherman advanced by way of Chicamauga + Station, and Thomas' forces, under Hooker and Palmer, moved on + the Rossville road toward Grayville and Ringgold.</p> + +<p>The advance of Thomas' forces reached Ringgold on the morning of + the 27th, where they found the enemy in strong position in the + gorge and on the crest of Taylor's Ridge, from which they + dislodged him after a severe fight, in which we lost heavily in + valuable officers and men, and continued the pursuit that day + until near Tunnel Hill, a distance of twenty miles from + Chattanooga.</p> + +<p>Davies' division (14th Corps) of Sherman's column reached + Ringgold about noon of the same day. Howard's Corps was sent by + Sherman to Red Clay to destroy the railroad between Dalton and + Cleveland, and thus cut off Bragg's communication with + Longstreet, which was successfully accomplished.</p> + +<p>Had it not been for the imperative necessity of relieving + Burnside, I would have pursued the broken and demoralized + retreating enemy as long as supplies could have been found in the + country. But my advices were that Burnside's supplies would only + last until about the 3d of December. It was already getting late + to afford the necessary relief. I determined, therefore, to + pursue no further. Hooker was directed to hold the position he + then occupied until the night of the 31st, but to go no further + south at the expense of a fight. Sherman was directed to march to + the railroad crossing of the Hiwassee, to protect Granger's flank + until he was across that stream, and to prevent further + re-enforcements being sent by that route into East Tennessee.</p> + +<p>Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had + not yet got off, nor would he have the number of men I had + directed. Besides he moved with reluctance and complaints. I + therefore determined, notwithstanding the fact that two divisions + of Sherman's forces had marched from Memphis and had gone into + battle immediately on their arrival at Chattanooga, to send him + with his command, and orders in accordance therewith were sent + him at Calhoun, to assume command of the troops with Granger in + addition to those with him, and proceed with all possible + dispatch to the relief of Burnside.</p> + +<p>General Elliott had been ordered by Thomas on the 26th of + November, to proceed from Alexandria, Tennessee, to Knoxville, + with his cavalry division to aid in the relief of that place.</p> + +<p>The approach of Sherman caused Longstreet to raise the siege of + Knoxville and retreat eastward on the night of the 4th of + December. Sherman succeeded in throwing his cavalry into + Knoxville on the night of the 3d.</p> + +<p>Sherman arrived in person at Knoxville on the 6th, and after a + conference with Burnside in reference to "<i>organizing a pursuing + force large enough to either overtake the</i> <i>enemy <span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>(p. 405)</span> and + beat him or drive him out of the State</i>," Burnside was of the + opinion that the corps of Granger, in conjunction with his own + command, was sufficient for that purpose, and on the 7th + addressed to Sherman the following communication:</p> + +<p> + <span class="col60 smcap">"Knoxville</span>, December 7th, 1863.<br> +"To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">"Major-General Sherman</span>.</p> + +<p>"I desire to express to you and to your command my most hearty + thanks and gratitude for your promptness in coming to our relief + during the siege of Knoxville, and I am satisfied that your + approach served to raise the siege. The emergency having passed, + I do not deem for the present any other portion of your command, + but the corps of General Granger, necessary for operations in + this section, and inasmuch as General Grant has weakened the + forces immediately with him in order to relieve us, thereby + rendering portions of General Thomas' less secure, I deem it + advisable that all the troops now here, except those commanded by + General Granger, should return at once to within supporting + distance of the forces operating against Bragg's army. In behalf + of my command I again desire to thank you and your command, for + the kindness you have done us.</p> + +<p class="col60">"<span class="smcap">A. E. Burnside</span>, <i>Major-General</i>."</p> + +<p class="p2">Leaving Granger's command at Knoxville, Sherman with the + remainder of his forces returned by slow marches to Chattanooga.</p> + +<p>I have not spoken more particularly of the result of the pursuit + of the enemy, because the more detailed reports accompanying this + do the subject justice. For the same reason I have not + particularized the part taken by Corps and Division Commanders.</p> + +<p>To Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, I feel under + more than ordinary obligations for the masterly manner in which + he discharged the duties of his position, and desire that his + services be fully appreciated by higher authority.</p> + +<p>The members of my staff discharged faithfully their respective + duties, for which they have my warmest thanks.</p> + +<p>Our losses in these battles were 757 killed, 4529 wounded, and + 330 missing; total 5616. The loss of the enemy in killed and + wounded was probably less than ours, owing to the fact that he + was protected by his entrenchments, while our men were without + cover.</p> + +<p>At Knoxville, however, his loss was many times greater than ours, + making his entire loss at the two places equal to, if not + exceeding ours. We captured 6142 prisoners, of whom 239 were + commissioned officers; 40 pieces of artillery, 69 artillery + carriages and caissons, and 7000 stand of small arms.</p> + +<p>The armies of the Cumberland and of the Tennessee, for their + energy and unsurpassed bravery in the three days battle of + Chattanooga and the pursuit of the enemy, heir patient endurance + in marching to the relief of Knoxville, and the Army of the Ohio + for its masterly defence of Knoxville and repeated repulses of + Longstreet's assaults upon that place, are deserving of the + gratitude of their country.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient + servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">U. S. Grant</span>,<br> + <i>Major-General U. S. A.</i></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>(p. 406)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXIV" name="plateLXXIV"><strong>Plate LXXIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text74" name="text74"><strong>No. 74.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 17, 1862.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">A grateful country to her generous son Cornelius Vanderbilt. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Bis +dat qui tempori dat 1865.</p> + +<h4>CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">A GRATEFUL COUNTRY TO HER GENEROUS SON * * * CORNELIUS VANDERBILT * * *. +Undraped bust of Cornelius Vanderbilt, facing the right. On edge of +bust, <span class="smcap">S. ELLIS. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">America, personified as Minerva, stands, leaning with her left hand on +the American shield, and holding in her right a sword which rests on +her shoulder; to the right the American eagle; to the left, the genius +of the maritime cities imploring her aid and protection. In the +background, in the open sea, is the steamer Vanderbilt under steam; +above, a cloud with thunderbolts. Exergue: BIS DAT QUI TEMPORI +DAT.<a id="footnotetag118" name="footnotetag118"></a><a href="#footnote118">[118]</a> (<i>He gives twice who gives in time.</i>) 1865. <span class="smcap">ELLIS SC.</span> +(<i>sculpsit.</i>) <span class="smcap">LEUTZE DEL.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>)<a id="footnotetag119" name="footnotetag119"></a><a href="#footnote119">[119]</a></p> + +<span class="smcap">Emanuel Leutze</span>, who designed the reverse of the medal to Cornelius +Vanderbilt, was born in Gmünden, Württemberg, May 24, 1816. His +parents emigrated to America while he was still a child, and settled +in Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1841 he went to Europe, and studied +art at Düsseldorf under Professor Lessing. He returned to America in +1859, and took up his residence in Washington. Among his principal +paintings, which are mostly historical, and relate to America, are: +Columbus before the Council of Salamanca, Columbus in chains, Columbus +before Queen Isabella, Washington crossing the Delaware, Washington at +Monmouth, and Washington at Princeton. One of his last works is the +fresco in the Capitol at Washington, "Westward the star of empire +takes its way." He died in Washington, July 18, 1868. + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate074" name="plate074"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate074b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 074b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate074a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 074a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Cornelius <span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>(p. 407)</span> Vanderbilt</span> was born on Staten Island, New York, May +27, 1794. He went to New York city early in life, and engaged in the +shipping business, in which, by his energy and perseverance, he in +time acquired wealth, and became owner of several lines of steamers, +running from New York to places along the coast. In 1851 he +established a line of steamers to California, and in 1855 another to +Europe. In March, 1862, he presented to the United States Government +the magnificent ship which bore his name, for which generous gift +Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He was made +president of the New York and Harlem Railroad Company in May, 1863; of +the Hudson River Railroad Company in June, 1865; and of the New York +Central Railroad Company in December, 1867. In November, 1869, the two +last were consolidated, with a joint capital of ninety millions of +dollars. He died in the city of New York, January 4, 1877. Cornelius +Vanderbilt was, at the time of his death, one of the richest men in +the world. Among his charities was a gift of one million dollars to +the "Central University of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South," in +Nashville, Tennessee, which, in consequence of this munificence, was +named, in honor of him, Vanderbilt University. He was known by the +sobriquet of "Commodore."</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cornelius Vanderbilt.</i></p> + +<p><i>Whereas</i>, Cornelius Vanderbilt of New York, did, during the spring of +1862, make a free gift to his imperilled country of his new and +staunch steamship "Vanderbilt," of five thousand tons burthen, built +by him with the greatest care, of the best materials, at a cost of +eight hundred thousand dollars, which steamship has ever since been +actively employed in the service of the republic against the rebel +devastations of her commerce; and</p> + +<p><i>Whereas</i>, The said Cornelius Vanderbilt has in no manner sought any +requital of this magnificent gift, nor any official recognition +thereof; therefore,</p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks of Congress +be presented to Cornelius Vanderbilt for this unique manifestation of +a fervid and large-souled patriotism.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section <span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>(p. 408)</span> 2.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the President +of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, +which shall fitly embody an attestation of the nation's gratitude for +this gift; which medal shall be forwarded to Cornelius Vanderbilt, a +copy of it being made and deposited for preservation in the library of +Congress.</p> + +<p>Approved January 28, 1864.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The Secretary of State to Cornelius Vanderbilt.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Department of State</span>,<br> +<span class="col60">Washington, April 17, 1866.</span><br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Cornelius Vanderbilt</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">New York.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have to inform you that the Congress of the United States, + by a resolution of the 28th of January, 1864, an attested copy of + which is herewith sent, offered you their thanks for your + generous gift to the nation during the last war, of the steamer + "Vanderbilt," and requested the President to cause a gold medal + to be struck and forwarded to you, commemorative of that gift. It + is now my pleasing duty to forward the medal to you accordingly. + I avail myself of the occasion to express a hope that it may + prove acceptable, and also to congratulate you upon the proud + consciousness, which you cannot fail to cherish, of having, by + the act referred to, rendered your country a signal service at a + critical period in its history.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">William H. Seward</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of State.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">New York</span>, May 3rd, 1866.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William H. Seward</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Your communication of the 17th of April ult., informing me + that the Congress of the United States had, by their resolution + of the 28th of January, 1864, tendered to me their thanks for the + gift of the steamer "Vanderbilt," and requested the President to + cause a gold medal to be struck and forwarded to me in + commemoration of the gift, has been placed in my hands.</p> + +<p>I have also received the medal, together with an attested copy of + the resolution in compliance with which you have caused it to be + transmitted.</p> + +<p>You have been pleased to express the hope that the medal would be + acceptable to me, with your congratulations for the consciousness + which you consider I cannot fail to cherish of having, by the act + which its presentation commemorates, rendered a service to my + country at a critical period in its history.</p> + +<p>Permit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page409" name="page409"></a>(p. 409)</span> me, Sir, to return my acknowledgment for this + national recognition of the act referred to, and to express the + satisfaction with which I have received this generous token of + remembrance. It may not be inappropriate for me to refer to the + transaction which gave rise to the resolve of Congress which your + Department has now so gracefully executed.</p> + +<p>About the year 1856, I formed the design and commenced the work + of a steamship for the purpose of demonstrating that individual + enterprise could, without the aid of governmental encouragement, + place upon the ocean steamships equal at least in magnitude, + power and speed, to any which had been constructed under + governmental patronage and protection in any part of the world. + An expenditure of about one million of dollars produced the + steamship "Vanderbilt," which carried the flag of our country + across the sea in a lesser space of time than any national banner + had been hitherto borne.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of March, 1862, I received at my residence in this + city a letter from the War Department enquiring if I would + undertake to prevent the Confederate steamer "Merrimac" from + coming out of the harbor of Norfolk, and urging my immediate + attention, as the danger was most imminent and "there was no time + to be lost." I answered by telegraph that I would go to + Washington the next day. On the morning of the 17th of March I + called at the War Department, where I saw for the first time Mr. + Stanton, the Secretary of War. He requested me to accompany him + to the executive mansion, where I was introduced to Mr. Lincoln, + to whom I was then personally a stranger. The President asked me + if I thought I could, with the aid of my steamships, do anything + to prevent the "Merrimac" from getting out of Hampton Roads. I + replied to him that it was my opinion that if the steamship + "Vanderbilt" was there properly manned, the "Merrimac" would not + venture to come out, or if she did, the chances were ten to one + that the "Vanderbilt" would sink and destroy her. Mr. Lincoln + asked me to name the sum of money for which I would undertake the + service; I replied to him that nothing would induce me to become + a speculator upon the necessities of the government, and that I + would not mention a sum as the value of her charter, but that I + would make a gift of her to the government for the service + proposed. The President replied, "I accept her." I left him + promising that the "Vanderbilt" should be at Fortress Monroe + properly equipped and officered under my direction within three + or four days at the farthest, and she was there within the time. + The requisite instrument of transfer was subsequently executed by + me and transmitted to the War Department.</p> + +<p>The resolution of Congress of which you have informed me truly + states that I have in no manner sought requital for the gift, and + the recognition of it, which in the discharge of your official + duty you have given me, was altogether unsolicited. I shall + proudly preserve the splendid token of appreciation which you + have transmitted to me, and it is my hope that those who come + after me, as they read the inscriptions of the medal and are + reminded of the event in their father's life which caused it to + be struck, will inflexibly resolve that should our Government be + again imperilled, no pecuniary sacrifice is too large to make in + its behalf, and no inducement sufficiently great to attempt to + profit by its necessities.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">C. Vanderbilt</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>(p. 410)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXV" name="plateLXXV"><strong>Plate LXXV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text75" name="text75"><strong>No. 75.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 16, 1865—March 4, 1869.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Andrew Johnson, President of the United States 1865. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Peace.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Seventeenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">ANDREW JOHNSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1865. Undraped bust of +President Johnson, facing the right <span class="smcap">PAQUET, F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">America is giving her hand to an Indian chief, before a mausoleum, +upon which, in a crown of laurel, is the word PEACE. The mausoleum is +surmounted by a small undraped bust of Washington, facing the right; +to the left, at the feet of the Indian, are the attributes of savage +life, and behind him a buffalo hunt; to the right, at the feet of +America, are the emblems of civilization, and behind her a railway +train. <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate075" name="plate075"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate075b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 075b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate075a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 075a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span> was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808. +He settled in Greenville, Tennessee, 1826; was a member of the State +Legislature, 1835 and 1839; State senator, 1841; member of Congress, +1843-1853; governor of Tennessee, 1853-1857; and United States +senator, 1857-1863. He remained true to the Union when his State +seceded, and was appointed military-governor of Tennessee, 1864; +became vice-president of the United States, March 4, 1865; President, +after the assassination of President Lincoln, April 16, 1865-1869. He +was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate of the United States in +1870, and for Congress in 1871; but was elected to the Senate in 1875. +He died July 31, 1875, near Elizabethtown, Carter County, Tennessee.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>(p. 411)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXVI" name="plateLXXVI"><strong>Plate LXXVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text76" name="text76"><strong>No. 76.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>December, 1853.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">By Joint resolution of Congress to the rescuers of the passengers +officers and men of steamship San Francisco, etc. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. July 26 1866.</p> + +<h4>WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Testimonial of National Gratitude.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">BY JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS TO THE RESCUERS OF THE PASSENGERS +OFFICERS AND MEN OF STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO WRECKED DEC. (<i>December</i>) +1853. TESTIMONIAL OF NATIONAL GRATITUDE FOR HIS GALLANT CONDUCT. +America, personified as a female, seated, and with the eagle, fasces, +and shield at her left, crowns with a wreath of laurel a sailor, who +is kneeling before her; to the right, the United States capitol; to +the left, a ship at anchor. <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">Thirty-nine stars; a man and a woman on a raft at sea; a ship coming +to their rescue. On the raft, <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>). Exergue: JULY 26 +1866—An anchor and a branch of laurel.<a id="footnotetag120" name="footnotetag120"></a><a href="#footnote120">[120]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate076" name="plate076"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate076b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 076b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate076a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 076a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1866, it is placed here +according to the chronological order adopted.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>(p. 412)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Creighton, Low, and +Stouffer.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: <span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> That the +President of the United States be requested to procure three valuable +gold medals with suitable devices, one to be presented to Captain +Creighton, of the ship Three Bells, of Glasgow; one to Captain Low, of +the bark Kilby, of Boston; and one to Captain Stouffer, of the ship +Antar(c)tic, as testimonials of national gratitude for their gallant +conduct in rescuing about five hundred Americans from the wreck of the +steamship San Francisco; and that the cost of the same be paid for out +of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the sum of seven +thousand five hundred dollars each is hereby appropriated, out of any +money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the above named +captains respectively, as a reward of their humanity and heroism in +the rescue of the survivors of the said wreck, and in case either of +the said captains may have died, then the amount hereby appropriated +shall be paid to the widow of said deceased captain respectively; if +no widow surviving, then to the respective child or children of such +deceased captain; and in the event of there being no child or children +of said deceased captain surviving, then the amount hereby +appropriated shall be paid first, to the father, or if the father be +not living, then to the mother of such deceased captain respectively.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 3.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That there shall be paid to +each mate of the three above-named vessels the sum of five hundred +dollars, and to each man and boy the sum of one hundred dollars, and +in case of the death of the respective mate or mates, or men or boys, +that the said respective sums shall be paid in the same way and under +the same conditions as the payment is to be made in case of the death +of the respective captains.</p> + +<p>Approved July 26th, 1866.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Major Wyse to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Fort Wood</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">New York Harbor</span>, January 14th, 1854.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel S. Cooper</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I have the honor to enclose the above<a id="footnotetag121" name="footnotetag121"></a><a href="#footnote121">[121]</a> informal + report, for the information of the proper authorities, with the + following remark: We were wrecked about 7 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> of the 24th of + December, 1853 (Saturday), the sea sweeping overboard Brevet + Colonel Washington, Brevet Major Taylor, Brevet Captain Field, + Lieutenant Smith, and about 120 men. We were much disabled and + leaking a great deal, mostly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>(p. 413)</span> under our guards, which + were all broken up. On the 28th of December, 1853, we put on + board the bark Kilby, bound for Boston, Colonel Gates, Major + Merchant, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Burke, Doctors Saterlee and + Wirtz, Captain Judd, Captain Gardner, Lieutenant Fremont, + Lieutenant Loeser and Lieutenant Van Voast, with all the ladies + and their children, and about fifty men. Lieutenants William A. + Winder, Charles Winder, J. G. Chandler and myself, with the rest + of the men remained on board the wreck.</p> + +<p>I continued the disembarkation until about 8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the same day, + when the weather forced us to stop, and that night we parted with + the bark in a gale. On Friday night, the 30th of December, 1853, + we fell in with the English ship "Three Bells," Captain + Creighton, who after finding our condition stuck by us <i>most + nobly</i>, until the sea calmed sufficiently to take our men off, + which was on Tuesday morning the 3d of January, 1854. At this + time the ship "Antarctic" of Liverpool came to our relief and + also commenced taking off our men. We continued this + disembarkation throughout Tuesday and Wednesday, and on Wednesday + evening, about 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, having removed every man, woman and child + of my command, I embarked myself on board the "Three Bells." The + commander of the San Francisco, Captain Watkins, with his + officers and crew, remained on the wreck that night, and left the + next morning about 10 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, after which we parted with the + wreck, the ship "Antarctic" steaming for Liverpool, and our ship + the "Three Bells" for New York, where I have the happiness to + inform you we arrived last evening. Words cannot express the + gratitude we owe to Captain Creighton for laying by us so + faithfully during so many stormy days, his ship disabled in the + storm which wrecked us, and leaking at the rate of four inches + per hour, and to whom I trust our government may make some + suitable testimonial. Our own captain also behaved throughout the + whole trouble with the most untiring courage, energy and + perseverance. Both of our surgeons being on the bark Kilby, I + don't know what we should have done had it not been for the + accidental presence of Doctor Buell, a citizen physician, who + labored incessantly night and day to alleviate the sufferings of + our numerous sick, who were dying hourly with the cholera, and to + make things still worse the small pox made its appearance on + board. All our hospital stores were swept overboard the morning + of the wreck, with the exception of two or three boxes of brandy + and wine, and a little opium.</p> + +<p>I feel that I would be doing injustice to Lieutenants Charles S. + Winder, James Van Voast, and J. G. Chandler, did I not recommend + them to the favorable notice of the President, for their untiring + and noble exertions, night and day for ten successive days, in + keeping the ship clear of water, and mingling among the sick and + desponding men, to minister to their wants and cheer them up with + hope. The other officer with me, Lieutenant Wm. A. Winder, was + sick nearly all the time and that prevented him from rendering + the services which otherwise he would have done. I am also happy + to say that under the most trying circumstances, my + non-commissioned officers and men behaved well.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">F. O. Wyse</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Captain and Brevet Major 3d Artillery</i>, <i>commanding</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="center p2">[<i>Enclosure.</i>] <span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>(p. 414)</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Consolidated Morning Report of Companies A, B, D, G, H, I, K and L, of +the 3d Artillery.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Stationed at Fort Wood, New York Harbor, January 14, 1854.</span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" summary="Stationed"> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="7%"> + <col width="1%"> + <col width="19%"> +</colgroup> + +<tr> +<td class="td-center">Number of Companies.</td> +<td class="td-center">Letters of Companies.</td> +<td class="td-center">Present for Duty.</td> +<td class="td-center">Present Sick.</td> +<td class="td-center">Absent.</td> +<td class="td-center">Absent Sick.</td> +<td class="td-center">Dead.</td> +<td class="td-center">Total Present.</td> +<td class="td-center">Total Present, Absent and Dead.</td> +<td class="td-center">Commissioned Officers Present.</td> +<td class="td-center">Aggregate.</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="td-center">REMARKS.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">Field and Staff</td> +<td class="td-center"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td> </td> +<td>Lieutenant C. Winder and Sergeant Major Gorham embarked for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">Regimental Band</td> +<td class="td-center"> </td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +<td class="td-right">8</td> +<td class="td-right">22</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">22</td> +<td> </td> +<td>7 embarked for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">1</td> +<td class="td-center">A</td> +<td class="td-right">17</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">24</td> +<td class="td-right">4</td> +<td class="td-right">8</td> +<td class="td-right">18</td> +<td class="td-right">54</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">54</td> +<td> </td> +<td>2 embarked on board the bark Kilby for Boston, and 26 for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">2</td> +<td class="td-center">B</td> +<td class="td-right">12</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td class="td-right">20</td> +<td class="td-right">3</td> +<td class="td-right">31</td> +<td class="td-right">14</td> +<td class="td-right">68</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">68</td> +<td> </td> +<td>23 embarked for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">3</td> +<td class="td-center">D</td> +<td class="td-right">21</td> +<td class="td-right">4</td> +<td class="td-right">21</td> +<td class="td-right">3</td> +<td class="td-right">7</td> +<td class="td-right">25</td> +<td class="td-right">56</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">57</td> +<td> </td> +<td>9 embarked for Boston, and 15 for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">4</td> +<td class="td-center">G</td> +<td class="td-right">14</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">23</td> +<td class="td-right">3</td> +<td class="td-right">15</td> +<td class="td-right">14</td> +<td class="td-right">55</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">56</td> +<td> </td> +<td>2 privates embarked on board the bark Kilby for Boston, and 21 for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">5</td> +<td class="td-center">H</td> +<td class="td-right">11</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">25</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">13</td> +<td class="td-right">12</td> +<td class="td-right">51</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">51</td> +<td> </td> +<td>24 embarked for Liverpool, and 2 for Boston.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">6</td> +<td class="td-center">I</td> +<td class="td-right">10</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">31</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td class="td-right">11</td> +<td class="td-right">46</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">46</td> +<td> </td> +<td>29 embarked for Boston, and 4 for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">7</td> +<td class="td-center">K</td> +<td class="td-right">12</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">6</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td class="td-right">36</td> +<td class="td-right">13</td> +<td class="td-right">57</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">57</td> +<td> </td> +<td>1 private embarked on board the bark Kilby for Boston, and 7 for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">8</td> +<td class="td-center">L</td> +<td class="td-right">16</td> +<td class="td-right">1</td> +<td class="td-right">16</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">41</td> +<td class="td-right">17</td> +<td class="td-right">74</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">74</td> +<td> </td> +<td>16 embarked for Liverpool.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center"> </td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td class="td-right">——</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="td-center">Total</td> +<td class="td-right"> </td> +<td class="td-right">120</td> +<td class="td-right">12</td> +<td class="td-right">174</td> +<td class="td-right">18</td> +<td class="td-right">160</td> +<td class="td-right">132</td> +<td class="td-right">483</td> +<td class="td-right">2</td> +<td class="td-right">485</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Colonel <span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>(p. 415)</span> Gates to the Adjutant-General of the Army.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Headquarters</span>, <span class="smcap">30 Artillery</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">New York City</span>, Jan. 16, 1854.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel S. Cooper</span>, +<span class="add4em">Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I have the honor to report my arrival in this city, with + a remnant of my regiment.</p> + +<p>As you are already aware I embarked on the 22d of December last, + with eight companies of my regiment, on the steamship San + Francisco for California. On the 24th December, when about three + hundred miles from New York, the engine of the ship gave way, and + in a few hours a heavy sea boarded her, carrying away the entire + upper cabin, and with it four officers and about two hundred + enlisted men, the wife of Major Taylor, my eldest son, and a + number of citizen passengers.</p> + +<p>Every exertion was now made by both officers and men to assist + the crew in keeping the ship afloat; by clearing her of water and + throwing overboard freight.</p> + +<p>A constant succession of gales continued for four days, rendering + it almost certain (to human foresight) that she must go down. But + by the merciful goodness of God we were preserved, and I am happy + to inform you that all the survivors have been taken from the + wreck and are now in this harbor, and on the ship "Antarctic" for + Liverpool, except eighteen men that volunteered to remain, and + help work the old bark Kilby into port.</p> + +<p>On the 27th of December the bark Kilby of Boston hove in sight, + and her noble commander, Captain Low, said he would lay by us + until the sea would permit him to remove us on board his vessel. + On the 28th, the sea having in a measure become quiet, he came + alongside, sent his boats and removed all the ladies, children, + passengers (citizens), a number of officers, and about fifty + soldiers, when suddenly a squall of wind separated the two + vessels, parting the hawser by which they were attached, and + continued to blow all night a violent gale. This squall came on + so suddenly that my quarter-master and acting adjutant, 1st + Lieutenant Fremont, who came on board the bark for a few hours to + urge the sailors on to renewed exertions, and offer them large + inducements to work the boats all night, was left on the bark + unable to get back.</p> + +<p>Brevet Major Wyse, the senior officer, undisabled, was, by my + orders, detailed to superintend the transfer of troops, and was + thus left in command of those remaining on the wreck. For two + days and nights the gale continued, and though we tried + constantly to regain the wreck, it was found impossible to do so, + with the old bark in her crippled condition, and as we were put + on an allowance of bread and water, it was finally resolved to + make if possible an American port.</p> + +<p>We drifted before the wind for fifteen days, and were at last, + after living on parched corn five days, taken off by the packet + ship Lucy Thompson, of this port, Captain Pendleton, a noble + hearted sailor.</p> + +<p>I cannot close this brief report without expressing my high + admiration of the noble conduct of every undisabled officer, and + most of the men. Brevet Major Wyse, Captain Judd, my only staff + officer (quartermaster and acting adjutant), 1st Lieutenant + Fremont, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>(p. 416)</span> who, in addition to his own duties, served at + the pumps, 1st Lieutenant Loeser, acting Commissary, 1st + Lieutenant W. A. Winder, 2d Lieutenants C. S. Winder, Van Voast, + and Chandler.</p> + +<p>These officers, some of them though slightly disabled, never + faltered in their duty, working day and night at the pumps and + elsewhere, and I would specially notice the three 2d lieutenants + who, being unencumbered with the cares of family, labored + unremittingly, and deserve the highest praise.</p> + +<p>My regiment is broken up and disorganized, and it will be many + months before it can take the field successfully. We were all + anxious to reach California; our "all" was embarked in the + expedition, and by the providence of God it has been swept away, + and we are now penniless and destitute. We claim that our tour of + duty in California has been performed, by every military + principle, we have suffered more in the last three weeks than we + could, ordinarily, during a five-year tour in California. "We + have marched off parade," sought our destination, and been + crushed, cruelly crushed, and we now ask that due consideration + be shown us.</p> + +<p>I further request that the officers of companies "B" and "L" now + under orders for California be directed to report to me in this + city for duty, with the remnants of those companies.</p> + +<p>The officers lost are Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, + Brevet Major George Taylor, Brevet Captain H. B. Field, and 1st + Lieutenant R. H. Smith.</p> + +<p>As soon as possible a detailed report with a return of the + survivors will be made to you.</p> + +<p>The troops taken off by the "Kilby" and "Three Bells" are at + Bedloe's Island.</p> + +<p>I am, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">William Gates</span>,<br> + <i>Colonel commanding</i>.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay to Lieutenant Francis + Key Murray and others.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the + United States in Congress assembled</i>: That there shall be paid, + under the direction of the President, to each of the officers, + non-commissioned officers, musicians and privates, who, on the + twenty-first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, + embarked at New York, under orders to California, on the steamship + San Francisco, and who was on board the vessel on the occasion of + her recent disaster at sea, and to Lieutenant Francis Key Murray, + and any other officer or seaman of the United States Navy, who was + on board the said steamship, under orders, a sum equal in amount + to his pay and allowance for eight months.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section <span class="pagenum"><a id="page417" name="page417"></a>(p. 417)</span> 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That if any such + officer, non-commissioned officer, musician or private, shall have + died before receiving such payment, from any cause consequent upon + said disaster, his widow, if one survive him, and if not, then his + minor children, if any there be, shall be paid a sum equal in + amount to six months' pay, and allowances of the deceased; and + that the widows and minor children of those officers, + non-commissioned officers and privates, who perished by this + disaster, or who died from disease in consequence thereof, shall + be allowed pensions in the same manner in all respects as if the + said officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates had been + killed in battle.</p> + +<p>Approved March 27th, 1854.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, + That the amount which it may be found necessary to pay under the + act of twenty-seventh March, eighteen hundred and fifty-four, to + the widows and orphans of United States troops, who perished by + the recent disaster to the steamship San Francisco, be paid out of + any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved August 5th, 1854.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page418" name="page418"></a>(p. 418)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXVII" name="plateLXXVII"><strong>Plate LXXVII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text77" name="text77"><strong>No. 77.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1866.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Honor and fame are the reward. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. By resolution of the Congress of +the United States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, of New York, etc.</p> + +<h4>CYRUS WEST FIELD.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a circle formed by a telegraphic cable: HONOR AND FAME ARE THE +REWARD. On clouds in the midst of sunbeams the undraped bust of Cyrus +West Field, facing the left. A hand from above places a crown on his +head; below is the Atlantic Ocean; two ships going in opposite +directions are paying out the cable; to the left, the western +hemisphere, AMERICA; to the right, the eastern hemisphere, EUROPE; +beneath, in a band formed by the Atlantic cable and a chain uniting +the two worlds, INDOMITABLE PERSEVERANCE AND ENDURING FAITH ACHIEVED +THE SUCCESS, <span class="smcap">J. G. BRUFF D.</span> (<i>delineavit.</i>) <span class="smcap">BARBER F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">Within an endless chain: BY RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED +STATES. MARCH 2, 1867. TO CYRUS W. (<i>West</i>) FIELD, OF NEW YORK FOR HIS +FORESIGHT, FAITH, AND PERSISTENCY, IN ESTABLISHING TELEGRAPHIC +COMMUNICATION, BY MEANS OF THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH, CONNECTING THE OLD +WITH THE NEW WORLD. To the left, the American shield; to the right, a +star formed of thirty-one smaller stars; below, the terrestrial globe, +showing AMERICA and EUROPE, surrounded with electric sparks, +surmounted by a torch and a caduceus crossed, and resting on branches +of laurel and of oak.</p> + + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate077" name="plate077"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate077b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 077b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate077a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 077a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">J. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page419" name="page419"></a>(p. 419)</span> Goldsborough Bruff</span> was in 1872 one of the designing +artists attached to the Treasury Department in Washington. He designed +the face of this medal.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">William Barber</span>, at present engraver to the United States Mint in +Philadelphia, was born in London, England. The principal medals +engraved by him are those of Cyrus W. Field, Elliot, Rittenhouse, +James Pollock, Joseph Pancoast, and Dr. Linderman.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Cyrus West Field</span> was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, November 30, +1819. He went to New York city at the age of fifteen, and entered a +commercial house. He was one of the first promoters of an Atlantic +telegraph, and founded the New York, Newfoundland, and London +Telegraph Company in 1854; organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company in +1856; and took a leading part in the various attempts to lay a +transatlantic cable. He received a vote of thanks and a gold medal +from Congress for the final success of this great undertaking. He is +still living.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cyrus W. Field.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks of Congress +be, and they hereby are, presented to Cyrus W. Field of New York, for +his foresight, courage and determination in establishing telegraphic +communication by means of the Atlantic cable, traversing mid-ocean and +connecting the Old World with the New; and that the President of the +United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with +suitable emblems, devices, and inscription, to be presented to Mr. +Field.</p> + +<p><i>And be it further resolved</i>, That when the medal shall have been +struck, the President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to +be engrossed on parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with +the medal, to Mr. Field to be presented to him in the name of the +people of the United States of America.</p> + +<p><i>And further</i>, That a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution +into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury +not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved March 2, 1867.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page420" name="page420"></a>(p. 420)</span> Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Department of State</span>,<br> +<span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, January 7, 1869.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Cyrus W. Field</span>, Esq.,<br> +<span class="add4em">New York.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Pursuant to the resolution of Congress of March 2, 1867, the + President has caused to be prepared, for presentation to you, in + the name of the people of the United States, a gold medal, with + suitable devices and inscriptions, in acknowledgment of your + eminent services in the establishment of telegraphic + communication, by means of the Atlantic cable, between the Old + World and the New.</p> + +<p>This testimonial, together with an engrossed copy of the + resolution referred to, is herewith transmitted to you by + direction of the President.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">William H. Seward</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page421" name="page421"></a>(p. 421)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXVIII" name="plateLXXVIII"><strong>Plate LXXVIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text78" name="text78"><strong>No. 78.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>February 7, 1867.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center"><span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. The people of the United States to George Peabody, etc.</p> + +<h4>GEORGE PEABODY.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Promotion of Universal Education.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">Bust of George Peabody, facing the left.</p> + +<p class="quote">THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO GEORGE PEABODY IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF +HIS BENEFICENT PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL EDUCATION.<a id="footnotetag122" name="footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122">[122]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate078" name="plate078"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate078b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 078b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate078a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 078a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">This is not, properly speaking, a medal, but rather a medallion +forming the center of a piece of gold plate, the work of Messrs. Starr +and Marcus, goldsmiths, of New York. A female figure, representing +Benevolence, leans over the medallion on the right, holding in her +right hand a branch of laurel, while with her left she points to the +bust of George Peabody. On the opposite side, under a palmetto tree, +are two children, the one white, the other a negro, typical of +education in the Southern States. The group is placed upon a pedestal +of solid gold, in the center of which are the arms of the United +States of America in enamel, resting upon two branches, one of oak, +the other of laurel. To the right, BENEVOLENCE; to the left, +EDUCATION. On the reverse of the pedestal, beneath the medallion, are +a globe, books, a map of the United States, a square, a compass, etc., +emblems of Art, Science, and Education. This piece of plate is eight +inches high, six inches wide, and its depth is an inch and a half. The +allegorical figures are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page422" name="page422"></a>(p. 422)</span> modeled and finely chased, and the +portrait in the medallion is in alto relievo.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">George Peabody</span> was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, February 18, 1795. +In 1806 he began life as an apprentice to a grocer. He afterward +entered into partnership with Mr. Elisha Riggs, in Baltimore, and when +the latter retired from business, in 1830, he became the head of the +house; in 1843 he settled in London as a banker. In 1852 he gave +$200,000 for the foundation of a free library and educational +institute in Danvers; and in 1857 he founded in Baltimore the Peabody +Institute, to which he gave $1,000,000. He also contributed, at +various times, $2,500,000, for the amelioration of the condition of +the London poor. The freedom of the city of London was presented to +him, and Queen Victoria offered him a baronetcy or the grand cross of +the Order of the Bath, both of which honors he respectfully declined. +Her Majesty then wrote him a private letter of thanks, and sent him, +in March, 1866, a beautiful miniature portrait of herself. During a +visit to America, in 1867, he made a gift of $2,000,000 to promote +education in the Southern States, for which Congress gave him a vote +of thanks and a gold medal; and on April 13, 1868, Massachusetts +passed an act changing the name of his native town, Danvers, to +Peabody. He returned to England, and died in London, November 4, 1869. +A funeral service was performed over his body in Westminster Abbey, +November 12; and in December it was, by order of Her Majesty, the +Queen of Great Britain, taken on board the iron-clad turret +ship-of-war Monarch, Captain Comerell, C. B., V. C. (<i>Knight Companion +of the Bath</i>,<a id="footnotetag123" name="footnotetag123"></a><a href="#footnote123">[123]</a> <i>Victoria Cross</i>), and conveyed to America under +escort, by order of President Grant, of the United States screw +sloop-of-war Plymouth, Commander Macomb. It was landed in Portland, +Maine, January 26, 1870, and was deposited, February 8, 1870, in the +memorial church erected to his mother at Peabody, amid an immense +concourse of people, among whom were Prince Arthur of England, the +governors of Maine and Massachusetts, and numerous deputations. The +bronze statue of Mr. Peabody, by Story, erected by the citizens of +London behind the Royal Exchange, was unveiled in presence of the +Prince of Wales, July 23, 1869.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page423" name="page423"></a>(p. 423)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George Peabody.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks of Congress +be, and they hereby are, presented to George Peabody of Massachusetts, +for his great and peculiar beneficence in giving a large sum of money, +amounting to two million dollars, for the promotion of education in +the more destitute portions of the Southern and Southwestern States, +the benefits of which, according to his direction, are to be +distributed among the entire population without any distinction, +except what may be found in needs or opportunities of usefulness.</p> + +<p><i>And be it further resolved</i>, That it shall be the duty of the +President to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable devices +and inscriptions, which, together with a copy of these resolutions, +shall be presented to Mr. Peabody in the name of the people of the +United States.</p> + +<p><i>And further</i>, That a sufficient amount of money to carry this +resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the +Treasury not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved March 16, 1867.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>George Peabody's Gift for Southern Education.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1867.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Hon.</span> <span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>, of Massachusetts; + Hon. <span class="smcap">Hamilton Fish</span>, of New York; + Right Rev. <span class="smcap">Charles P. McIlvaine</span>, of Ohio; + <span class="smcap">General U. S. Grant</span>, of the United States Army; + Hon. <span class="smcap">William C. Rives</span>, of Virginia; + Hon. <span class="smcap">John H. Clifford</span>, of Massachusetts; + Hon. <span class="smcap">William Aiken</span>, of South Carolina; + <span class="smcap">William M. Evarts</span>, Esq., of New York; + Hon. <span class="smcap">William A. Graham</span>, of North Carolina; + <span class="smcap">Charles Macalester</span>, of Pennsylvania; + <span class="smcap">George W. Riggs</span>, Esq., of Washington; + <span class="smcap">Samuel Wetmore</span>, Esq., of New York; + <span class="smcap">Edward A. Bradford</span>, Esq., of Louisiana; + <span class="smcap">George N. Eaton</span>, Esq., of Maryland; + and <span class="smcap">George Peabody Russell</span>, Esq., of Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: I beg to address you on a subject which occupied my + mind long before I left England, and in regard to which one, at + least, of you (the Hon. Mr. Winthrop, the distinguished and + valued friend to whom I am so much indebted for cordial sympathy, + careful consideration, and wise counsel in this matter,) will + remember that I consulted him immediately upon my arrival in May + last.</p> + +<p>I refer to the educational needs of those portions of our beloved + and common country which have suffered from the destructive + ravages, and the not less disastrous consequences of civil war.</p> + +<p>With my advancing years my attachment to my native land has but + become more devoted. My hope and faith in its successful and + glorious future have grown brighter <span class="pagenum"><a id="page424" name="page424"></a>(p. 424)</span> and stronger, and + now, looking forward beyond my stay on earth, as may be permitted + to one who has passed the limit of three score and ten years, I + see our country united and prosperous, emerging from the clouds + which still surround her, taking a higher rank among the nations, + and becoming richer and more powerful than ever before.</p> + +<p>But to make her prosperity more than superficial, her moral and + intellectual development should keep pace with her material + growth, and in those portions of our nation to which I have + referred, the urgent and pressing physical needs of an almost + impoverished people must for some years preclude them from + making, by unaided effort, such advances in education, and such + progress in the diffusion of knowledge among all classes, as + every lover of his country must earnestly desire.</p> + +<p>I feel most deeply, therefore, that it is the duty and privilege + of the more favored and wealthy portions of our nation to assist + those who are less fortunate, and, with the wish to discharge so + far as I may be able my own responsibility in this matter, as + well as to gratify my desire to aid those to whom I am bound by + so many ties of attachment and regard, I give to you, gentlemen, + most of whom have been my personal and especial friends, the sum + of one million of dollars, to be by you and your successors held + in trust, and the income thereof used and applied in your + discretion for the promotion and encouragement of intellectual, + moral, or industrial education among the young of the more + destitute portions of the Southern and Southwestern States of our + Union; my purpose being that the benefits intended shall be + distributed among the entire population, without other + distinction than their needs and the opportunities of usefulness + to them.</p> + +<p>Besides the income thus derived, I give to you permission to use + from the principal sum, within the next two years, an amount not + exceeding forty per cent.</p> + +<p>In addition to this gift I place in your hands bonds of the State + of Mississippi, issued to the Planter's Bank, and commonly known + as Planter's Bank bonds, amounting, with interest, to about + eleven hundred thousand dollars, the amount realized by you from + which is to be added to and used for the purposes of this trust.</p> + +<p>These bonds were originally issued in payment for stock in that + bank held by the State, and amounted in all to only two millions + of dollars. For many years the State received large dividends + from that bank over and above the interest on these bonds. The + State paid the interest without interruption till 1840, since + which no interest has been paid, except a payment of about one + hundred thousand dollars, which was found in the treasury + applicable to the payment of the coupons, and paid by a mandamus + of the Supreme Court. The validity of these bonds has never been + questioned, and they must not be confounded with another issue of + bonds made by the State to the Union Bank, the recognition of + which has been a subject of controversy with a portion of the + population of Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Various acts of the Legislature, viz.: of February 28, 1842; + February 23, 1844; February 16, 1846; February 28, 1846; March 4, + 1848, and the highest judicial tribunal of the State have + confirmed their validity, and I have no doubt that at an early + date such legislation will be had as to make these bonds + available in increasing the usefulness of the present trust.</p> + +<p>Mississippi, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page425" name="page425"></a>(p. 425)</span> though now depressed, is rich in + agricultural resources, and cannot long disregard the moral + obligation resting upon her to make provision for their payment. + In confirmation of what I have said in regard to the legislative + and judicial action concerning the State bonds issued to the + Planter's Bank, I herewith place in your hands the documents + marked A.</p> + +<p>The details and organization of the trust I leave with you, only + requesting that Mr. Winthrop may be Chairman, and Governor Fish + and Bishop McIlvaine Vice-Chairmen of your body; and I give to + you power to make all necessary by-laws and regulations, to + obtain an act of incorporation, if any shall be found expedient, + to provide for the expenses of the trustees and of any agents + appointed by them; and generally, to do all such acts as may be + necessary for carrying out the provisions of this trust.</p> + +<p>All vacancies occurring in your number by death, resignation, or + otherwise, shall be filled by your election, as soon as + conveniently may be, and having in view an equality of + representation so far as regards the Northern and Southern + States.</p> + +<p>I furthermore give to you the power, in case two-thirds of the + trustees shall at any time, after the lapse of 30 years, deem it + expedient, to close this trust, and of the funds which at that + time shall be in the hands of yourselves and your successors, to + distribute not less than two-thirds among such educational or + literary institutions, or for such educational purposes as they + may determine, in the States for whose benefit the income is now + appointed to be used. The remainder may be distributed by the + trustees for educational or literary purposes wherever they may + deem it expedient.</p> + +<p>In making this gift I am aware that the fund derived from it can + but aid the States which I wish to benefit in their own exertions + to diffuse the blessings of education and morality. But if this + endowment shall encourage those now anxious for the light of + knowledge, and stimulate to new efforts the many good and noble + men who cherish the high purpose of placing our great country + foremost, not only in power, but in the intelligence and virtue + of her citizens, it will have accomplished all that I can hope.</p> + +<p>With reverent recognition of the need of the blessing of Almighty + God upon this gift, and with the fervent prayer that, under His + guidance, your counsels may be directed for the highest good of + present and future generations in our beloved country,</p> + +<p>I am, gentlemen, with great respect, your humble servant,</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">George Peabody</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Action of the Trustees of the Peabody Gift.</i></p> + +<p>On receipt of the foregoing letter by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, the +Trustees present in Washington were called upon by him to meet on +February 8th, and the letter having been laid before them, the +following resolutions, moved by Bishop McIlvaine and seconded by Gov. +Aiken, were unanimously adopted:</p> + +<p><i>Whereas</i>: Our countryman and friend George Peabody has, in a letter +just communicated to the undersigned, made known his determination, +out of a grateful sense <span class="pagenum"><a id="page426" name="page426"></a>(p. 426)</span> of the manifold goodness with which +God has prospered his life, and of an earnest desire to promote the +best interests of his fellow-citizens, to devote a munificent donation +of property for certain most wise and beneficent uses indicated in +said letter, and has requested us to take in trust the charge and +management of the same, therefore,</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the undersigned, being the Trustees assembled in +Washington, deeply sensible of the honor conferred on them by a trust +of such eminent importance and responsibility, and realizing their +dependence upon the guidance and blessing of God to be enabled to +discharge its duties with such wisdom and faithfulness as may best +secure the benevolent designs of the giver, do hereby accept the +office of Trustees of the same, and promise our best exertions in its +behalf.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we hereby express to Mr. Peabody our grateful +appreciation of the enlarged and unprecedented generosity which, after +having bestowed upon the poor of the city of London a bounty that drew +forth the admiration of Europe, and after having exceeded the same in +his recent return to his native land, in benefactions to institutions +of learning and education in the Middle and Eastern States of the +Union, has now crowned the whole with this last deed of patriotism and +loving kindness, so eminently calculated to bind together the several +parts of our beloved country in the bonds of mutual well-doing and +regard.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we express to Mr. Peabody our respectful and +affectionate prayer that, in the gracious providence of our Heavenly +Father, his valuable life may be long spared to witness the success of +his benevolent contributions to the happiness of his fellow-citizens +in all parts of his native and beloved land, and that many of those +whom God has blessed with large possessions may be induced to follow +his example of wise and noble employment of wealth for the good of man +and the glory of God.</p> + +<p class="p0 smcap"><span class="col20">Robert C. Winthrop</span> +<span class="left60">C. Macalester,</span></p> +<p class="p0 smcap"><span class="col20">Charles P. McIlvaine</span> +<span class="left60">George W. Riggs,</span></p> +<p class="p0 smcap"><span class="col20">U. S. Grant, Gen. U. S. A.</span> +<span class="left60">Samuel Wetmore,</span></p> +<p class="p0 smcap"><span class="col20">William Aiken</span> +<span class="left60">George N. Eaton,</span></p> +<p class="p0 smcap"><span class="col20">William M. Evarts</span> +<span class="left60">Geo. Peabody Russell.</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The Secretary of State to George Peabody.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Department of State</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, June 23, 1868.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Mr. George Peabody</span>, London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the pleasure to inform you that, pursuant to the + resolution of Congress of March 16, 1867, the President has + caused to be prepared for presentation to you, in the name of the + people of the United States, a gold medal, with suitable devices + and inscriptions, in acknowledgment of your munificent donation + for the promotion of education in the more destitute portions of + the Southern and Southwestern States. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page427" name="page427"></a>(p. 427)</span> This testimonial, + together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to, + will remain in the hands of this department until you shall have + communicated to it your wishes with regard to their further + disposition.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>George Peabody to the Secretary of State.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">London</span>, Sept 18, 1868.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William H. Seward</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your + communication, dated the 23d of June, informing me of the + completion of the gold medal prepared pursuant to an act of + Congress of March 16, 1867, to be presented to me in the name of + the people of the United States, and asking what may be my wishes + in regard to its further disposition.</p> + +<p>I have heretofore delayed responding to your polite letter from + indecision on my part respecting the place to which I should wish + to have the esteemed token transmitted, whether to me here, in + London, or to the institution bearing my name in South Danvers, + which I intend shall be its final resting place; but knowing the + uncertainty of life, particularly at my advanced age, and feeling + a great desire of seeing this most valued token my countrymen + have been pleased to bestow upon me, I beg leave to submit, if + compatible with the rules of your department, that the medal with + the accompanying documents may be sent to me here, through our + legation, when I will endeavor to express myself more fully how + highly I esteem the distinguished honor.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, with great respect, your humble servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">George Peabody</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>The Secretary of State to George Peabody.</i> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Department of State</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, October 7, 1868.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">George Peabody</span>, London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Your letter of the 18th of September has been received. In + compliance with the suggestion therein contained the + congressional medal is herewith transmitted to Mr. B. F. Stevens, + the United States despatch agent at London, with instructions to + place the honorable testimonial directly into your own hands. It + is hoped that it may receive no injury by the way, and that you + may deem it, in design and execution, a not unworthy token of + your countrymen's appreciation of your beneficence in the cause + of universal education.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I am, Sir, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">William H. Seward</span>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>George <span class="pagenum"><a id="page428" name="page428"></a>(p. 428)</span> Peabody to the Secretary of State.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">64 Queen Street</span>, <span class="smcap">Cheapside</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">London</span>, E. C., January 6, 1869.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">William H. Seward</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt, through the + United States despatch agent at London, of the case alluded to in + your letter of the 7th of October, containing the gold medal, + which, pursuant to the resolution of Congress, the President has + caused to be prepared for me, together with an engrossed copy of + the resolution referred to.</p> + +<p>The package arrived in England in November, but owing to my + absence from London it was not till the evening of Christmas day + that I was enabled to examine its contents in the presence of a + circle of my intimate friends.</p> + +<p>Of the unsurpassed beauty of the medal, and the excellence of its + delicate workmanship, there is but one opinion, and I heartily + concur with all who have seen it in appreciating the elegance of + its design and the masterly skill of its execution.</p> + +<p>Cherishing as I do the warmest affection for my country, it is + not possible for me to feel more grateful than I do for this + precious memorial of its regard, coming as it does from thirty + millions of American citizens, through their representatives in + Congress, with the full accord and co-operation of the President.</p> + +<p>This medal, together with the rich illuminated transcript of the + Congressional resolution, I shall shortly deposit in the Peabody + Institution, at the place of my birth, in apartments specially + constructed for their safe-keeping, along with other public + testimonials with which I have been honored. There I trust it + will remain for generations, to attest the generous munificence + of the American people in recognizing the efforts, however + inadequate, of one of the humblest of their fellow-countrymen to + promote the enlightenment and prosperity of his native land.</p> + +<p>To you, Sir, individually, I beg to convey the assurance of my + profound gratitude for the interest which you have personally + manifested on the occasion, and for the cordial manner in which + you have consulted my wishes in relation to the transmission of + this gracious record of my country's favor.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, with great respect, your humble servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">George Peabody</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page429" name="page429"></a>(p. 429)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXIX" name="plateLXXIX"><strong>Plate LXXIX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text79" name="text79"><strong>No. 79.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>March 4, 1869—March 4, 1877.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">United States of America. Liberty justice and equality "Let us have +peace." <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. On earth peace good will toward men.</p> + +<h4>PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Eighteenth President of the United States of America.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a wreath of laurel, at the four points of which are shields of +the United States of America: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. LIBERTY +JUSTICE AND EQUALITY "LET US HAVE PEACE." Bust of President Grant, +facing the right; under it, a calumet of peace and a branch of laurel.</p> + +<p class="quote">Within a circle composed of thirty-six stars: ON EARTH PEACE GOOD WILL +TOWARD MEN 1871. The western hemisphere of the globe resting on +implements of husbandry, with the Holy Bible above it and rays behind +it.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate079" name="plate079"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate079b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 079b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate079a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 079a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.</p> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page430" name="page430"></a>(p. 430)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXX" name="plateLXXX"><strong>Plate LXXX.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text80" name="text80"><strong>No. 80.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>April 14, 1865.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the Congress of the United +States, March 1, 1871.</p> + +<h4>GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Heroic Conduct.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">TO GEORGE F. ROBINSON. AWARDED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, +MARCH 1. 1871. Bust of Robinson, facing the left; on the coat, four +clubs, the badge<a id="footnotetag124" name="footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124">[124]</a> of the eighteenth army corps, in which he served +during the Civil War; above, two crowns, one of laurel and one of oak; +on each side, the following: FOR HIS HEROIC CONDUCT ON THE 14. DAY OF +APRIL 1865, IN SAVING THE LIFE OF THE HONORABLE WM. H. (<i>William +Henry</i>) SEWARD THEN SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES.</p> + +<p class="quote">Secretary <span class="pagenum"><a id="page431" name="page431"></a>(p. 431)</span> Seward lying in his bed, with curtains half drawn; +standing at its side, Robinson struggling with Payne, who holds an +uplifted dagger in his right hand. <span class="smcap">G. Y. COFFIN. DES.</span> (<i>designavit.</i>) +<span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> (<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate080" name="plate080"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate080b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 080b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate080a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 080a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">George Foster Robinson</span> was born at Hartford, Oxford County, Maine, +August 13, 1832. In 1863, he enlisted in the 8th regiment of Maine +Volunteers, and was severely wounded at Bermuda Hundred, May 20, 1864. +On the night of April 14, 1865, while acting as sick nurse to the +Honorable William H. Seward, then secretary of State, at the imminent +peril of his life, and at the cost of serious wounds, he saved Mr. +Seward from the knife of the assassin Payne. For his heroic conduct on +this occasion, Congress voted him five thousand dollars and a gold +medal. He was clerk in the Treasury Department, from June, 1865, to +August, 1866, when he resigned. He was appointed in December, 1868, to +a similar position in the quartermaster-general's office, Washington.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George F. Robinson.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the Secretary of +the Treasury be, and he is hereby, directed to pay to George F. +Robinson, late a private in the Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers, +the sum of five thousand dollars, out of any money in the Treasury of +the United States not otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> <i>And be it further resolved</i>, That the Secretary of the +Treasury be, and he is hereby, directed to cause to be prepared and +presented to the said George F. Robinson a gold medal with appropriate +devices and inscriptions, commemorative of the heroic conduct of the +said Robinson on the fourteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and +sixty-five, in saving the life of the Honorable William H. Seward, +then secretary of State of the United States, the expense of said +medal to be paid out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise +appropriated.</p> + +<p>Approved March 1st, 1871.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="add2em"><i>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page432" name="page432"></a>(p. 432)</span> Committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom were referred the +resolutions of the legislature of the State of Maine, declaring that +the heroic conduct of George F. Robinson, late a private in the Eighth +Regiment of Maine Volunteers, in saving the life of Secretary Seward +from the knife of an assassin, at the imminent peril of his own life, +and at the expense of permanent wounds, should receive public +recognition by the Congress of the United States, to the end that his +noble deeds may be known and remembered by the American People, and +that provision may be made for his future welfare such as right and +justice demand, and the generous impulse of a grateful people require, +respectfully submit the following report:</i><a id="footnotetag125" name="footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125">[125]</a></p> + +<p>That on the 15th day of August, 1863, George F. Robinson enlisted in +the Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers. On the 20th day of May, 1864, +at an attack at Bermuda Hundred, made on General Butler's lines by the +rebels, Robinson was wounded very severely in the leg by a canister +shot. He was sent to Douglas Hospital in this city, where he lay +nearly a year undergoing great suffering from his wound. On the +memorable 14th day of April, 1865, although his wound was not then +entirely healed, he was detailed from the hospital to act as nurse to +Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, who, it will be remembered, was +confined to his bed by serious injuries—a broken arm and jaw. At 10 +o'clock that night Robinson was on duty in Mr. Seward's room, when the +assassin, Payne, sought that room to murder the feeble, wounded, +helpless Secretary, in pursuance of the great conspiracy which ended +with filling the whole civilized world with horror. The Secretary was +sleeping; the room was darkened. Robinson hearing a disturbance in the +hall opened the door; a flood of light streamed on him from the hall. +On the threshold stood the athletic assassin, a revolver in one hand +and a huge bowie knife in the other. He saw against the wall the +wounded, crazed Assistant Secretary, with blood pouring from his +wound. He caught the gleam of that terrible knife aimed at his throat; +instinctively he struck up at the assassin's arm to ward off the +knife, partially succeeded, but received the blow upon his head, and +was prostrated to the floor. Bounding over him, Payne rushed on to the +bed, and commenced wildly striking with the knife at the throat of the +Secretary. Already he had cut the flesh off from one cheek to the +bone, and the blood gushed in torrents over the pillow. This soldier, +just from the hospital, with his wounded leg not yet healed, enfeebled +from his year of suffering and pain, just prostrated to the floor by a +blow from that terrible knife, springs to his feet, and without one +moment's hesitation, without one moment's thought for himself, save, +as he swears, the thought that he must die to save the Secretary; +without a weapon of any description, with a bravery never surpassed in +the annals of any country, he opposed his naked hands, his wounded and +enfeebled body, to the terrible knife of the gigantic and desperate +murderer. He seized the assassin just as the deadly knife was about to +bury itself in the throat of the Secretary, and then commenced an +unequal struggle which seemingly can only end in the death of the +brave soldier. Having succeeded in dragging Payne from off the bed, he +receives over his shoulder two deep wounds down his back, inflicting +injuries <span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>(p. 433)</span> from which one side of his face and two fingers of +one hand are still partially paralyzed. He received two more wounds +under his left shoulder blade, which proved nearly fatal, and received +blows about the head and face from the revolver. At last Payne, +probably becoming alarmed for his own safety should he spend more time +in the house, wrenched himself loose and fled, stabbing a messenger +from the State Department on his way down stairs. Disregarding his own +desperate wounds, the blood from which was filling his shoes, with the +help of Mr. Seward's daughter Robinson placed the insensible and +mangled form of the Secretary on the bed from which he had fallen, and +re-covering the gashed cheek with its flesh, he placed his fingers on +the wounded artery from which Mr. Seward's life was fast passing, and +with the same coolness, the same utter self-abandonment, he kept his +position, though scarcely able to stand, and believing himself fatally +wounded, until relieved by the arrival of the Surgeon-General. After +the Secretary's wounds were dressed his own were attended to, and he +was the same night carried back to the hospital.</p> + +<p>On the 17th day of May following Robinson was honorably discharged +from the service. Finding himself unable to labor on a farm, by reason +of his wounds, he was obliged to sell his little place for some +$1,200, and sought employment as a Government clerk. He is now a clerk +in the Quartermaster General's Department, at a salary of $1,200 per +year, and has no other means of supporting himself, his wife, and boy, +except a pension of $8 per month for wounds received on the field of +battle. Robinson is a modest man, of excellent character, and a +faithful and efficient clerk.</p> + +<p>The committee unanimously recommend the passage of the accompanying +joint resolution.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>(p. 434)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXI" name="plateLXXXI"><strong>Plate LXXXI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text81" name="text81"><strong>No. 81.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>August 31, 1872.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">By Resolution of Congress February 24, 1873.</p> + +<h4>LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>For Courage and Humanity.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">A man standing in a boat, a coil of rope under his left arm, directs +oarsmen with his right hand to pull for the wreck of the Metis. One of +the men is lifting a woman from the sea into the boat. To the right, +in the background, a light-house.</p> + +<p class="quote">BY RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 24, 1873. Within a wreath of Oak: +TO<a id="footnotetag126" name="footnotetag126"></a><a href="#footnote126">[126]</a> FOR COURAGE AND HUMANITY IN THE SAVING OF LIFE FROM THE WRECK +OF THE STEAMER METIS ON LONG ISLAND SOUND AUGUST 31, 1872. <span class="smcap">W. & C. +BARBER.</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate081" name="plate081"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate081b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 081b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate081a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 081a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">Charles E. Barber</span>, son of William Barber, chief engraver to the United +States Mint, Philadelphia, was born in London, England, in 1840. He +came to America with his parents when very young and studied the fine +arts in the city of New York. He engraved for the Government of the +United States the Metis and John Horn medals.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.</h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Crandall and others.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States in Congress assembled</i>: That the President of the United States +is hereby authorized and requested to cause to be made and presented +to each of the following persons such <span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>(p. 435)</span> suitable and +appropriate medals, as in his judgment shall express the high +estimation in which Congress hold the respective merits and services +of Captain Jared S. Crandall, Albert Crandall, Daniel F. Larkin, Frank +Larkin, Byron Green, John D. Harvey, Courtland Gavitt, Eugene Nash, +Edwin Nash and William Nash of the town of Westerly, State of Rhode +Island, who so gallantly volunteered to man the life-boat and a +fishing boat, and saved the lives of thirty-two persons from the wreck +of the steamer "Metis," on the waters of Long Island Sound, on the +thirty-first day of August, one thousand eight hundred and +seventy-two.</p> + +<p>Approved February 24, 1873.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary of the Navy.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">United States Revenue Steamer Mocassin</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Newport</span>, <span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>, September 1st, 1872.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">George S. Boutwell</span>, Secretary of the Treasury,<br> +<span class="add4em">Washington, District of Columbia.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to submit the following report of the + services rendered by this vessel, her officers and crew to the + passengers and crew of the wrecked steamer Metis on the morning + of August 30th, 1872.</p> + +<p>On the evening of August 29th, while cruising to the westward, + weather threatening, ran in for a harbor behind the Stonington + breakwater, where we anchored. My glass falling and there being + every indication of a storm, I prepared my vessel for it.</p> + +<p>At 8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the gale began, and continued to increase throughout + the night from southeast with heavy sea and blinding rain.</p> + +<p>At daylight the gale moderated and it stopped raining, the wind + hauling by south to westward.</p> + +<p>At 9.20 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> the first officer of the steamer "Stonington" of + the New York and Stonington Line, came alongside, and reported + that the steamer "Metis" of the New York and Providence Line, was + wrecked off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, the fate of which, together + with her one hundred and fifty passengers and crew, was unknown.</p> + +<p>I ordered steam as quickly as possible, and at 10.15 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> got + under way and proceeded to the scene of the disaster, stationing + lookouts aloft and upon the house.</p> + +<p>I soon descried two boats loaded with helpless men, women and + children, near the edge of the surf at Watch Hill Light House, + and with great difficulty and danger, on account of the heavy + sea, succeeded in getting them on board of the "Mocassin."</p> + +<p>I then stood down for the wreck, lowered boats and picked up the + living and dead, continuing this sad duty until 3.45 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, when + night coming on and medical aid being required for those of the + rescued who were exhausted, I put the vessel back for Stonington, + the nearest port, having no hope of finding any more living + persons and seeing no dead bodies remaining afloat. I reached + Stonington at 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>(p. 436)</span> forty-two rescued persons + and seventeen dead bodies which we had recovered from the deep.</p> + +<p>Being a stranger in Stonington, I was at a loss to know what I + should do with my precious cargo, but at the wharf I met with + unexpected aid in the person of Mr. J. P. Bigelow, chief of the + Loan Division of the Treasury Department, who, upon my wants + being made known to him, procured proper relief, obtaining + through Mrs. Bigelow and ladies in the town, clothing and proper + care for five women who were rescued in a state of entire nudity. + The men rescued were taken charge of by the citizens, who did all + in their power to relieve their distress. All the rescued were + greatly exhausted, having been in the water several hours.</p> + +<p>I take great pleasure in informing the Department of the noble + and untiring exertions of 1st Lieutenant Joseph Irish, 2d + Lieutenant A. D. Littlefield, Chief Engineer Whittaker, Pilot + Joseph Case, Boatswain E. F. R. Denison, and each of the crew in + saving life, recovering bodies of the drowned and caring for the + sick and wounded.</p> + +<p>In the cases of several of the shipwrecked life was apparently + extinct, but by the efforts of those on board they were + resuscitated. The women were rolled in blankets, and all in our + power was done to make them comfortable. Many of the rescued were + very weak, and I doubted my ability to get them into port alive.</p> + +<p>I was ably seconded in my work of boating by Captain Crandall, + light house keeper at Watch Hill, and his noble crew, they having + picked up fourteen living and dead.</p> + +<p>After the last body had been taken on board a sea caught their + boat under this vessel's quarter and split her open.</p> + +<p>The boat was the private property of Captain Crandall, who, on + beholding her destruction, simply remarked, "She has well paid + for herself."</p> + +<p>Five of the dead bodies were identified by those saved on board, + and when the living women were clothed and brought to identify + their friends, a sad scene presented itself, one recognizing a + lost husband, another a sister, two men their wives, and one man + his two children.</p> + +<p>The corpses were all numbered, and together with a description + list, were delivered to the authorities of Stonington, a copy of + said list being retained on board.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 31st ultimo at daylight, kindly accompanied + by J. P. Bigelow, Captain George B. Hull, Superintendent of New + York and Providence Steamship Company (one of the rescued), and + John McGuire to assist my worn-out officers and men, I again + stood for the scene of the wreck and cruised in that vicinity, + with lookouts stationed aloft, extending my cruise as far as + Block Island. The wind was blowing strong from the northwest and + constantly increasing, with a heavy cross sea from the southeast, + breaking over and completely covering this vessel.</p> + +<p>There being no signs of any bodies floating about, with decks + full of water, I stood for Point Judith. Still finding no signs + of the wreck, and the sea getting too heavy to lower a boat, I + stood for Newport and anchored.</p> + +<p>Having found a jewel and pocket-book on board (the property of + one of the dead), I turned the same over to Mr. Bigelow, to take + them to Stonington for the purpose of identifying corpse marked + No. 4.</p> + +<p>Trusting <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" name="page437"></a>(p. 437)</span> that the conduct of the Mocassin, under my + command, and the acts of her officers and crew may meet the + approval of the Department,</p> + +<p>I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">David Ritchie</span>,<br> + <i>Captain United States Revenue Marine</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks to Captain Ritchie.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States in Congress assembled</i>: That the thanks of Congress are due, +and are hereby tendered to Captain David Ritchie, commanding the +revenue steamer Mocassin, and to the officers and men under his +command, for their heroic and humane action in saving the lives of +forty-two persons from the wreck of the steamer "Metis" on the waters +of Long Island Sound, on the morning of the thirty-first of August, +eighteen hundred and seventy-two.</p> + +<p>Approved January 24, 1873.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>(p. 438)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXII" name="plateLXXXII"><strong>Plate LXXXII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text82" name="text82"><strong>No. 82.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1876.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and +independent States. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. In commemoration of the hundredth +anniversary, etc.</p> + +<h4>CENTENNIAL MEDAL.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO BE, FREE AND +INDEPENDENT STATES.<a id="footnotetag127" name="footnotetag127"></a><a href="#footnote127">[127]</a> A female figure, personifying the United +Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her right hand, while she +points with her left to a constellation of thirteen stars, +emblematical of the thirteen original United States. Exergue: 1776.</p> + +<p class="quote">IN COMMEMORATION OF THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN +INDEPENDENCE. ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 1874. America personified as a +maiden, coiffed with the Phrygian cap of liberty, girt with a sword, +and with the shield of the United States of America by her side, is +crowning with laurels two female figures representing Manufactures and +Arts. On the platform, 1876.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate082" name="plate082"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate082b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 082b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate082a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 082a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">This medal, though not signed, is by William Barber.</p> + + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>(p. 439)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial Medals.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States in Congress assembled</i>: That medals with appropriate +devices, emblems and inscriptions, commemorative of the Centennial +Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, be prepared at the +mint at Philadelphia for the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to +the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of +eighteen hundred and seventy-three, upon the payment of a sum not less +than the cost thereof, and all the provisions whether penal or +otherwise of said coinage act against the counterfeiting or imitating +of coins of the United States shall apply to the medals struck and +issued under the provisions of this act.</p> + +<p>Approved June 16, 1874.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Official Notice Promulgated by the Centennial Board of Finance.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col40 smcap">United States Centennial Board of Finance</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Philadelphia</span>, March 24, 1875.</p> + +<p>It being deemed essential "that medals, with appropriate devices, +emblems, and inscriptions, commemorative of the centennial anniversary +of the Declaration of Independence," should be officially issued, the +Congress of the United States, by special act, approved June 16, 1874, +directed the same to be prepared at the Mint for the Centennial Board +of Finance, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of +the coinage act of 1873, upon the payment of a sum not less than the +cost thereof, and all the provisions, whether penal or otherwise, of +said coinage act against the counterfeiting or imitation of coins of +the United States shall apply to the medals struck and issued under +the provisions of this act. These medals having been prepared and +issued are now being sold by the Centennial Board of Finance and its +agents, and the profits arising therefrom strictly applied in aid of +the preparation for the celebration of the anniversary which the +medals commemorate. They are the only medals relating to the great +events of 1876, officially issued, and may be readily distinguished +from any of the tokens styled Centennial medals and issued by private +parties for their individual profit, from the fact that in addition to +the designs and other wording, the larger medals have stamped upon +them "Act of Congress, June, 1874," and the others, "By authority of +the Congress of the U. S."</p> + +<p>These official medals are of four kinds: small gilt at $1; large +bronze at $2; coin silver at $3; large gilt at $5, or all inclosed in +one case at $11. Cautionary notice is hereby given that the Centennial +Board of Finance intends to avail itself of the protection and +privilege granted by the acts of Congress above mentioned, and that +the highly penal provisions for publishing, counterfeiting, or +imitating the authorized official medals will be strictly enforced +against all infringement and violation.</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">John Welsh</span>,<br> +<span class="smcap">Frederick Fraley</span>, <i>Secretary</i>. +<span class="left60"><i>President Centennial Board of Finance</i>.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>(p. 440)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXIII" name="plateLXXXIII"><strong>Plate LXXXIII.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text83" name="text83"><strong>No. 83.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>1876.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and +independent States. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +By authority of the Congress, etc.</p> + +<h4>CENTENNIAL MEDAL.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO BE, FREE AND +INDEPENDENT STATES.<a id="footnotetag128" name="footnotetag128"></a><a href="#footnote128">[128]</a> A female figure, personifying the United +Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her right hand, while she +points with her left to a constellation of thirteen stars, +emblematical of the thirteen original United States. Exergue: 1776.</p> + +<p class="quote">BY AUTHORITY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 1876. Within a +wreath of laurel, IN COMMEMORATION OF THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF +AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.<a id="footnotetag129" name="footnotetag129"></a><a href="#footnote129">[129]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate083" name="plate083"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate083b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 083b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate083a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 083a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">This medal, though not signed, is by William Barber.</p> + + + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>(p. 441)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXIV" name="plateLXXXIV"><strong>Plate LXXXIV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text84" name="text84"><strong>No. 84.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 20, 1874.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Life Saving medal of the first class. United States of America. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +In testimony of heroic deeds, etc.</p> + +<h4>LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS · UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. · +Three men in a boat in a heavy sea. One is rescuing a person who has +hold of a spar, at the end of which is a block with its sheet. Another +is standing, casting a rope, and a third is seated and rowing. In the +distance, to the left, is the wreck of a large vessel. <span class="smcap">PAQUET. F.</span> +(<i>fecit</i>).</p> + +<p class="quote">IN TESTIMONY OF HEROIC DEEDS IN SAVING LIFE FROM THE PERILS OF THE +SEA. A female figure, standing, holds in her left hand a wreath of +oak, and with her right is preparing to inscribe the name of the +recipient on a monument which is surmounted by the American eagle, and +to the right of which are a mast, a yard with its sail bent, an +anchor, a sextant, and a branch of laurel. Exergue: ACT OF CONGRESS +JUNE 20<sup>th</sup> 1874. <span class="smcap">PAQUET.</span></p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate084" name="plate084"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate084b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 084b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate084a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 084a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="nofloat third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>(p. 442)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Act of Congress Instituting Life Saving Medals.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the Secretary of +the Treasury is hereby directed to cause to be prepared medals of +honor, with suitable devices, to be distinguished as Life-Saving +Medals of the first and second class, which shall be bestowed upon any +persons who shall hereafter endanger their own lives in saving, or +endeavoring to save lives from perils of the sea, within the United +States, or upon any American vessel: <i>Provided</i>, That the medal of the +first class shall be confined to cases of extreme and heroic daring, +and that the medal of the second class shall be given in cases not +sufficiently distinguished to deserve the medal of the first class: +<i>Provided also,</i> That no award of either medal shall be made to any +person until sufficient evidence of his deserving shall have been +filed with the Secretary of the Treasury and entered upon the records +of the Department.</p> + +<p>Approved June 20, 1874.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Lucien M. Clemons, A. J. Clemons, and Hubbard M. Clemons, of +Marblehead, Ohio, for rescuing two men from wreck of Schooner +"Consuello," in Lake Erie, May 1, 1875. Awarded June 19th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., June 30th, 1876.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Lucien M. Clemons</span>, Esq.,<a id="footnotetag130" name="footnotetag130"></a><a href="#footnote130">[130]</a><br> +<span class="add4em">Marblehead, Ohio.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first-class, which has been awarded to you under authority of + the provisions of the seventh section of the Act of Congress, + approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring + manifested by you in the rescue, under circumstances of peculiar + peril and difficulty, of two men from the wreck of the schooner + "Consuello," near Marblehead, Ohio, on the 1st of May, 1875.</p> + +<p>In sending you this medal it is remarked that it and the two + others respectively awarded to your associates in the hazardous + undertaking referred to, are the first that have been issued + under the provisions of the act above named, and the Department + is gratified that the law should commence its operations by + honoring and commemorating an action of such distinguished + gallantry.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,</p> +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Charles F. Conant</span>,<br> + <i>Acting Secretary</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Hugh <span class="pagenum"><a id="page443" name="page443"></a>(p. 443)</span> Beard, James Conley, William Gregory, Charles Danslow, +John Dolman, George Lee, Philip Murphy, James Munday, James Martin, +William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William Stewart, members of the +crew of the Mersey Docks and Harbor Board; and E. Crabtree, Charles +Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. Jones, John Dean, James +Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, Charles McKenzie, +John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry Williams, members +of the crew of the "Royal National Life-Boat Institution," at New +Brighton, England, for rescuing persons at the wreck of the American +Ship "Ellen Southard" September 27, 1875, at the mouth of River +Mersey, Liverpool, England. Awarded February 27, 1877.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of The Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C. March 3d, 1877.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">James Martin</span>,<a id="footnotetag131" name="footnotetag131"></a><a href="#footnote131">[131]</a><br> +<span class="add4em">Master of the Mersey Docks</span><br> +<span class="add6em">and Harbor Board Life Boat, Liverpool, England.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first class, which has been awarded to you, under the + authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the Act of + the Congress of the United States, approved June 20, 1874, for + the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue, + under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of + seventeen persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen + Southard," on the 27th of September, 1875, at the mouth of the + river Mersey, near Liverpool.</p> + +<p>It is the first time this nation has had an opportunity to offer + to other than its own citizens the medal of the life-saving + service, and it is a matter of congratulation that the occasion + is more than worthy of the token. No words, it is felt, can do + justice to the conduct of the men of the Liverpool life-boat upon + the scene of the wreck of the "Ellen Southard," and the fatal + disaster which followed the rescue, whereby nine persons + belonging to the ship and three of your gallant comrades + perished, while it saddens the glory of the deliverance, yet + throws into bolder relief the noble courage of the life-boat crew + by disclosing the dreadful hazards they dared to encounter. Upon + you, as upon each of the survivors, it is my privilege to bestow, + in behalf of the United States, this medal, provided by law in + grateful recognition of such deeds, and I beg you will accept it + with this expression of the appreciation of the gallant conduct + it commemorates.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Charles F. Conant</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Acting Secretary of the Treasury</i>.</span></p> + +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury <span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>(p. 444)</span> Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., March 3, 1877<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Mr. John Dean</span>,<a id="footnotetag132" name="footnotetag132"></a><a href="#footnote132">[132]</a><br> +<span class="add4em">Member of the crew of the Life-Boat</span><br> +<span class="add6em">of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution at New Brighton, England.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first class which has been awarded to you, under the + authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the Act of + the Congress of the United States, approved June 20, 1874, for + the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue, + under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of eight + persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen Southard," at + the mouth of the river Mersey, near Liverpool.</p> + +<p>In transmitting this offering to you, as to each member of the + crew of the Life-Boat of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution + stationed at New Brighton, it is proper to remark that it is the + first time an opportunity has arisen for bestowing the medal of + the life-saving service of this country upon subjects of a + foreign nation. It was the fortune of your crew to arrive upon + the scene of disaster after the Liverpool life-boat men had + effected a deliverance, and been in turn subjected to a dreadful + casualty, whereby nine of the persons they had rescued and three + of their own number were drowned: and the remaining eight persons + from the vessel and the twelve men of the Liverpool crew, + clinging to the capsized boat in a fearful sea, owe their lives + to you and your comrades. The extreme jeopardy and hardships you + encountered upon the occasion of their rescue are deeply + appreciated, and, in behalf of the United States, I beg you to + accept this testimonial, provided by law in recognition of such + deeds of bravery and compassion. In sending it, allow me to add + the expression of the sense of the gallantry and the devotion to + high human duty which marked the conduct of yourself and of your + comrades upon the occasion under notice, and of the assurance + that each member of your crew, in his own person, by this deed of + valor and mercy, confers fresh and just honor upon the great name + of England.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">Charles F. Conant</span>,<br> + <i>Acting Secretary of the Treasury</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Report of the United States Life-Saving Service.</i> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">United States Life-Saving Service</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., November 30, 1876.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Lot M. Morrill</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir:</span></p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Awards of Medals.</span></p> + +<p>During the year three life-saving medals of the first class and + two of the second class have been awarded under the provisions of + the act of June 20, 1874. The medals <span class="pagenum"><a id="page445" name="page445"></a>(p. 445)</span> of the first class + were bestowed upon Messrs. Lucien M. Clemons, Hubbard M. Clemons, + and A. J. Clemons, of Marblehead, Ohio, three brothers, who + displayed the most signal gallantry in saving two men from the + wreck of the schooner Consuelo, about two miles north of that + place, on May 1, 1875. It appears from the evidence of the + transaction that the schooner, which was heavily laden with + blocks of stone, was seen by a number of spectators on the shore + laboring in apparent distress in the passage between Kelley's + Island and Marblehead, the sea at the time being tremendous and + the wind blowing a gale from the northeast, when her cargo of + stone blocks, which had been left upon rollers, thereby causing + the disaster, suddenly shifted, and the vessel at once capsized + and went down. Five of her crew immediately perished; but the + remaining two succeeded in getting a hold in the cross-trees of + the mainmast, which were above water, where they clung for nearly + an hour. It was then that the three heroic brothers took a small + flat-bottomed skiff, twelve feet long, three feet wide, and + fifteen inches deep, the only boat available on the coast, and + leaving their weeping wives and children, who formed a part of + the watching group of forty or fifty persons on the shore, went + out in this frail shell to the rescue. The venture was, in the + judgment of the lookers-on, several of them old sailors, + hazardous in the extreme, but after nearly an hour's hard + struggle with the waves, the Clemons brothers gained the wreck + and delivered the two exhausted men from their perilous position + in the rigging. With the added burden in their skiff they were + then unable to make the shore, but remained for a long time + tossing about upon the high sea in momentary danger of + destruction, when fortunately they were descried by a steam-tug + at Kelley's Island, which came to their assistance. Under these + circumstances the medals of honor awarded them must be considered + justly due to their self-forgetful heroism.</p> + +<p>The medals of the second class were given to Messrs. Otis N. + Wheeler and John O. Philbrick, in recognition of their services + in saving the lives of two men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, on the + coast of Maine, on Tuesday, the 30th of November, 1875. It + appears that Mr. Wheeler happened to see at 9 o'clock in the + morning, from the window of a house on Richmond Island, a man + standing on the ledge, which is about a quarter of a mile + distant, waving his hat as a signal of distress, and called on + Mr. Philbrick, the only other man on the island, to assist in + rescuing him. The wind was blowing a gale from the northwest, the + ocean was rough and covered with vapor, and the weather was very + cold, being at sunrise 16° below zero. The two life-savers went + out in a dory, one rowing and the other making thole-pins for the + pull back, there being but one pair. Arrived at the ledge, they + found there two men, one lying at length on his side, where he + had resigned himself to death, and got them with considerable + difficulty into the dory, great care being necessary to prevent + the boat being stove on the sharp rocks on account of the dashing + of the sea upon the ledge. The return was effected with two pairs + of oars, the second set of thole-pins being finished, and + involved a hard pull dead to windward.</p> + +<p>The men saved were badly frozen. They had been on the ledge since + 9 o'clock of the night preceding, and at high tide, which was + during the night, had stood in a foot and a half of water, which + is the height to which the sea rises at that time over the + highest point of the rock. When they were taken off they were + almost helpless, and probably could not have survived an hour + longer. Their boots had to be cut off; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page446" name="page446"></a>(p. 446)</span> their feet and + hands kept for hours in cold water; great blisters which puffed + up two and three inches high on their extremities were opened + with a knife, and they were put to bed in a forlorn condition. + Mr. Wheeler then took the dory and rowed two miles dead to + windward with extreme difficulty, the wind blowing very hard, and + the sea feather-white with foam, till he reached Cape Elizabeth, + where he purchased rum, liniment, corn-meal and coffee. He got + back to the island about dark, bringing with him Mr. Andrew J. + Wheeler. The rescued men were then in great suffering; and rum, + gruel and coffee were administered to them, and their feet, + hands, and heads bathed in liniment and rum. They were constantly + and tenderly cared for by Messrs. Wheeler and Philbrick, assisted + by Mr. Andrew J. Wheeler, until Thursday noon following, when + they were taken off the island by the revenue-cutter Dallas.</p> + +<p>The active and steadfast humanity of Messrs. Wheeler and + Philbrick, involving such marked labors, hardships and sacrifices + in the interest of two poor castaways, can only be recognized, + not recompensed, by the medals of honor bestowed upon them. It + appears that they also, together with Mr. John N. Wheeler, of + Cape Elizabeth, were subjected to considerable pecuniary loss on + account of supplies and medicaments furnished these unfortunate + men, clothing and bedding spoiled by the ichor from their sores, + and journeys by team to Portland, to notify the Collector of + their situation and necessities; and it is matter for deep regret + that there is no appropriation available under the law to satisfy + claims so intrinsically just, and arising under such + circumstances.</p> + +<p>Correspondence has been received from the Honorable the Secretary + of State in relation to aid rendered by English life-boat crews + to the crew of the American ship Ellen Southard, including a + dispatch from the American consul at Liverpool, dated October 16, + 1875, recommending recognition of the gallantry of these crews + upon that occasion, and suggesting that this might take the form + of a medal for each one of the members thereof. It appears that + the Ellen Southard was wrecked by stranding on Sunday, the 26th + of September, 1875, in a furious gale and frightful sea, at the + mouth of the river Mersey. The ship soon began to break up, and + unavailing efforts to construct a raft were made by her officers + and men, who remained in extreme peril during the whole night. + The next morning, news of the disaster having reached Liverpool, + the life-boat belonging to the Mersey Docks and Harbor Board, and + the life-boat stationed at New Brighton, of the Royal National + Life-boat Institution, came to the rescue. The Liverpool boat + arrived in advance of the other, and, after much difficulty and + danger, succeeded in taking off all the persons on the wreck, + seventeen in number, including the pilot. A few moments after, + while all on board were congratulating themselves upon the + fortunate escape, a terrific wave, which appeared, as averred by + the deposition of some of the survivors, to be as high as a + house, threw the life-boat entirely over, and eight of those + belonging to the ship, including the captain and his wife, the + pilot, and three of the fifteen life-boat men, making twelve + persons in all, were drowned. The life-boat, which appears not to + have been of the self-righting variety, remained bottom upward, + and after struggling in the water for a considerable time, the + survivors, being twelve of the life-boat crew and eight of the + crew of the ship, managed to get on to her, where they clung for + about an hour in great peril, when the New Brighton life-boat + arrived and took them on board.</p> + +<p>This <span class="pagenum"><a id="page447" name="page447"></a>(p. 447)</span> melancholy disaster sets in the strongest relief + the gallant devotion of the crews of the two English life-boats, + all the members of which risked their lives, while three of them + died in the brave effort to save our countrymen. The sorrow that + must be felt for those who perished in this manly endeavor is + tempered with satisfaction that the terms of the law permit us to + bestow upon their living comrades in the enterprise the fitting + tokens of our appreciation; and gold medals of the first class + have been awarded to the twenty-seven survivors, and will be + struck as soon as possible.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">S. I. Kimball</span>,<br> + <i>In charge of life-Saving Service</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Colonel J. S. Crosby, U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy, for rescuing +the life of Miss Edith May, and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss +Adele Hunter, and Mr. W. T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the +Yacht "Mohawk," in New York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, +1877.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., June 30, 1877.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">United States Consul, Florence, Italy.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first class, and which has been awarded to you, under + authority of the provisions of the seventh section of the Act of + Congress approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic + daring manifested by you in saving the life of Miss Edith May, + and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr. + William T. Garner and his wife, under the circumstances of + peculiar peril and difficulty which attended the sinking of the + yacht "Mohawk," on the 20th of July, 1876.</p> + +<p>The sorrowful catastrophe of that day will not soon be forgotten, + and will be all the more remembered for the noble manhood it + called into action. The vessel sank within four minutes. In that + brief time you saved one life from the sinking cabin. There you + re-entered, and remained until submerged, engaged in the + desperate and heroic efforts to save the others, escaping + yourself finally only by swimming upward through the broken + sky-light, guided by the faint light shed from the above through + the water. In sending you this medal, the highest recognition of + your conduct which the Government can give, it is felt that no + words can add distinction to the splendid gallantry which the + token seeks to commemorate and honor.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Carl <span class="pagenum"><a id="page448" name="page448"></a>(p. 448)</span> Fosberg, for endeavoring to save the late Miss Adele +Hunter and Mr. William T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the +Yacht "Mohawk," in New York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, +1877.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., September 22, 1877.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">Carl Fosberg</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Quartermaster, Yacht "Madeleine,"</span><br> +<span class="add6em">Care of Commodore John S. Dickerson, No. 29 Cliff Street, New York.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first class, which has been awarded to you, under authority + of the provisions of the seventh section of the Act of Congress + approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring + manifested by you in endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele + Hunter and Mr. William T. Garner and his wife, under + circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty, which attended + the sudden sinking of the yacht "Mohawk," on the 20th of July, + 1876.</p> + +<p>It is regretted that, owing to the inability of the Department to + discover your address, the medal could not sooner be forwarded. + In now sending it to you I recur to the circumstances of the + conduct it is intended to recognize and commemorate. The record + shows that the "Mohawk" sank within four minutes. During that + time and when the vessel was on her beam ends, you rushed down + into her cabin, where Colonel Crosby was already, and remained + there with him until the cabin was almost filled with water, + engaged in devoted though unavailing efforts to extricate the + unfortunate ladies from the furniture which had fallen upon them, + and escaping finally only by swimming upward through the broken + skylight, guided by the faint light which penetrated the water. + It must be noted that you were not bound by any tie of friendship + or kindred to those you tried to rescue, and that you were not + impelled by any consideration of reward, but solely by the + gallant instincts of manhood. Language has no power to add + distinction to heroism like yours, but in sending you this medal, + which is the highest tribute to your conduct that the Government + can bestow, it is a satisfaction to be able to express the + feeling that in men like you the traditional nobility of the + sailor is preserved.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Report of the United States Life-Saving Service.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">United States Life-Saving Service</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., November 29, 1877.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p> +<p class="hrdashed"> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Awards of Medals.</span></p> + +<p>Two life-saving medals of the first class, and six life-saving + medals of the second class, have been awarded during the year + under the provisions of the act of June 20, 1874.</p> + +<p>The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page449" name="page449"></a>(p. 449)</span> medals of the first class were awarded to Colonel J. + Schuyler Crosby, of New York, at this date the American consul at + Florence, and Carl Fosberg, a seaman belonging to the yacht + Mohawk, in recognition of their extraordinary gallantry upon the + occasion of the sudden sinking of that vessel in New York Harbor + on the afternoon of the 20th of July, 1876. The horror which this + dreadful catastrophe diffused for days through New York and its + environs was only relieved by their action, which revealed some + of the noblest traits of the human soul. The Mohawk was the + largest and costliest of the fleet of pleasure vessels belonging + to the New York Yacht Club. She was the property of Mr. William + T. Garner, a wealthy merchant of New York, residing near New + Brighton, Staten Island, and was sumptuously furnished and + appointed. On Thursday afternoon (July 20, 1876) she lay at her + anchorage in New York Bay, off Stapleton, Staten Island. At about + half past three o'clock Mr. Garner arrived on board with a party + of friends, consisting of Mr. Gardiner G. Howland, Mr. Louis B. + Montant, Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby, Mr. Frost Thorne, together + with Mrs. Garner, Miss Adele Hunter, and Miss Edith May, + arrangements having been made for a sail down the bay. The day + had been somewhat dark and cloudy, with occasional squalls and + showers, and at the time of the company coming on board a + thunder-storm was rising in the southwest, of which no other + notice was taken by the guests than to retreat into the cabin + from the already dropping rain. The order had been given by Mr. + Garner to get under way, and under the direction of the + sailing-master, Rowland, the anchor had been lifted from the + bottom, but was still in the water, and all the working sails + were set except the flying-jib. The neighboring craft, of which + there was a number, had all taken in sail, and the men upon the + decks waited to see how the Mohawk would behave in the coming + squall. At that moment although there was hardly a breath on + deck, a wind smote the upper sails, and the sailing-master gave + orders to let go the fore-sheet, the jib-sheets, and the + fore-topsail. The order had only been obeyed in respect to the + fore-topsail, when the squall struck the yacht with such fury + that she careened, and lurched violently to port.</p> + +<p>There was an instant tumult of cries, and the gentlemen rushed up + on deck from the cabin. In a moment the vessel was on her side + with the water pouring over the rail. While she was going over, + Mr. Garner and Colonel Crosby hurried back into the cabin to save + the ladies. Miss May was far over on the port side as they + entered, and Colonel Crosby, calling to her to get out as quickly + as possible, met her half way as she came across, got her to the + companion-way, where he pushed her up to Mr. Howland and Mr. + Montant, and sprang back into the cabin. The bravery of this + action will be realized when it is stated that the water was then + pouring down the companion-way in a steady stream. To enter the + filling cabin down this narrow way, in a vessel keeled over on + her side and rapidly sinking, seemed certain death. This Colonel + Crosby did, and with equal courage, the seaman Fosberg rushed in + with him. The scene in the cabin was frightful. The rich and + heavy furniture had shifted, and Mrs. Garner and Miss Hunter were + caught and pinioned by it against the sideboard. Mrs. Garner was + screaming and her husband was making frantic efforts to release + her and her companion, by throwing off the heavy articles which + held them down. In these endeavors Colonel Crosby and Carl + Fosberg desperately joined, pulling away the furniture and + handing it up to Mr. Montant and Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page450" name="page450"></a>(p. 450)</span> Howland, who threw + it out on deck. The water, meanwhile, continued to pour in and + the cabin rapidly filled. Although nearly submerged, the three + men never stopped their perilous work while it could be + continued. Their labors were, however, ineffectual, and were + ended by the sinking of the vessel. It was only four minutes from + the moment she capsized till she went down. Mr. Garner was + drowned, clinging to his wife, whom he would not leave. Colonel + Crosby and Carl Fosberg, toiling to the last second, were + engulfed, and nearly lost their lives. Swallowed by the flood in + the cabin, they only escaped by swimming upward, guided by the + faint light shed through the water from the broken skylight. The + aperture was fortunately large enough to enable them to pass + through, and they reached the surface, and were picked up by one + of the many boats which at once began to gather around the sunken + vessel.</p> + +<p>The yacht sank so rapidly that Miss May, after being saved by + Colonel Crosby from the cabin, was again placed in the greatest + danger. She had not instantly quitted the vessel, being advised + to remain by Mr. Montant, who, with Mr. Howland, was engaged in + throwing the cabin furniture out on deck from the companion-way. + Consequently, when the vessel went down, they were all three + caught between the companion-way and the furniture, which was now + washed back into the cabin, and were completely covered by the + rushing flood. Fortunately, Miss May had her arm outside the + companion-way, which prevented her from being swept back into the + cabin, and Mr. Montant, in his struggles, losing hold of her, she + was enabled to swim, and with a few strokes gained the surface of + the water, coming up near Mr. Howland, who supported her till + they were picked up by a boat from a neighboring yacht. Mr. + Montant also escaped, though unhappily he did not long survive + the shock of the disaster.</p> + +<p>The gold medals of the life-saving service have never been + awarded more deservedly than in this instance. It was no common + courage and humanity that impelled these two brave men to plunge + within the sinking vessel, where in the half darkness, amidst the + confusion of huddled furniture and rushing water, they strove for + the lives of the unfortunate victims. The perfect behavior of the + one in his manful efforts for his friends is matched by the + action of the other in imperilling his life for strangers. + Writing of him to the department, Colonel Crosby expresses a true + feeling, the utterance of which adds new honor to his own + conduct, in these words: "Too much cannot be said in favor of + this man, who was governed simply by his own brave instincts + rather than the hope of any reward. Nor did he have friendly or + loyal considerations to prompt him to risk his own life, which he + did by remaining to the last moment on board."</p> + +<p>It deserves to be stated in this connection that Mr. Carl Fosberg + completed his gallantry by his modesty. After the affair in which + he behaved so well, he kept out of the way. When reporters sought + him he hid. It was with difficulty, and after some time, that he + could be found to give him the medal to which his conduct had + entitled him.</p> + +<p>The life-saving medals of the second class were bestowed upon six + men who, at the risk of their own lives, saved a crew of nine + persons from the wreck of the bark Tanner. This vessel, bound for + Buffalo with a cargo of wheat, stranded about ten o'clock + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page451" name="page451"></a>(p. 451)</span> on the night of September 9, 1875, on the beach south of + the harbor of Milwaukee. A severe northeast gale was prevailing, + and the vessel being submerged in about 20 feet of water, her + captain and crew were forced to take to the rigging, where they + remained all night, with the heavy sea breaking over them. At + daylight the captain jumped into the sea, and in the effort to + gain the shore was drowned. The unfortunate crew remained in the + utmost peril, one of the masts of the sunken vessel having + fallen, and the vessel herself fast going to pieces. Their rescue + was ineffectually attempted by the revenue-steamer Johnson, aided + by the tug F. C. Maxon. It was finally accomplished toward noon + of that day (September 10, 1875) by the following contrivance: A + scow held by a long line from a steam-tug was allowed to drift + down near the wreck, and a yawl-boat, similarly held to the scow, + was let down still nearer. The men in the rigging then dropped + one by one into the water and were picked up by those in the + yawl, which was then drawn up with its burden to the scow, which + in turn was drawn to shore. The six men referred to manned the + yawl and scow, volunteering for this difficult and hazardous + duty. Their names were Henry M. Lee, N. A. Petersen, Barnt + Oleson, Anton Oleson, Henry Spark, and John McKenna. The skill + and daring they displayed in the task of deliverance won hearty + applause from many spectators, and fully entitled them to the + recognition expressed by the medals awarded them.</p> + +<p>The twenty-seven gold medals, mentioned in the last report as + having been awarded to the crew of the life-boat of the Royal + National Institution, and the twelve survivors of the crew of the + Mersey Docks and Harbor Board life-boat, in recognition of their + efforts to rescue the persons on board of the American ship Ellen + Southard, wrecked at the mouth of the river Mersey, near + Liverpool, on September 26, 1875, efforts which cost three of the + life-boatmen their lives, have since been struck, and delivered + to the members of the respective crews. The presentation took + place on the 16th of April, 1877, at the Town Hall, in Liverpool, + the proceedings being attended by a large number of corporation + officials, officers of mercantile associations, the principal + American merchants in Liverpool, and most of the masters of + American ships in port. The deputy mayor of Liverpool presided, + and the affair assumed the gratifying character of an ovation to + the brave recipients of the medals, and was also the occasion for + cordial and enthusiastic references, on the part of the + distinguished gentlemen at the meeting, to the action of our + government in the matter, which met with a suitable response from + General Fairchild, the American consul at Liverpool, who was also + present. The same cordial spirit appeared in the comments which + the occasion elicited from the English press.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="col60"><span class="smcap">S. I. Kimball</span>,<br> + <i>General Superintendent</i>.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Philip <span class="pagenum"><a id="page452" name="page452"></a>(p. 452)</span> C. Bleil, of the Metropolitan Police force of New +York City, for rescuing, at different times, several persons from +drowning, from November, 1876, to June, 1877. Awarded January 4. +1878.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., January 15, 1878.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">Philip C. Bleil</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Patrolman, New York Metropolitan Police,</span><br> +<span class="add6em">New York City.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the first class, which has been awarded to you under authority of + the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of + your services in rescuing from drowning, at the peril of your own + life, six persons, on as many occasions, since 1875.</p> + +<p>The papers in your case, transmitted to the Department, show that + in twelve other instances you rescued persons from drowning. It + is regretted that as these rescues were effected prior to the + date of the Act of June 20, 1874, they cannot be recognized and + honored by the inscription upon the medal awarded you. It is, + however, proper that they should be remembered here, in + connection with the six deliverances which the medal aims to + commemorate, and that thus due acknowledgment should be made of + your gallant record as the preserver of eighteen human lives. No + record could be prouder, nor could any give you a better title to + the respect and gratitude of your fellow beings. In sending you + this token of the public appreciation of your noble courage and + humanity, it gives me the truest pleasure to add an expression of + my sense of your heroism, together with the hope that you may + long adorn the force with which you are connected and the + community which must rank you among its worthiest citizens.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60">smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page453" name="page453"></a>(p. 453)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXV" name="plateLXXXV"><strong>Plate LXXXV.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text85" name="text85"><strong>No. 85.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 20, 1874.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">Life Saving medal of the second class. United States of America. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. +In testimony of heroic deeds, etc.</p> + +<h4>LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS * UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. * A +female figure hovering in the air, and saving a man from the deep.</p> + +<p class="quote">IN TESTIMONY OF HEROIC DEEDS IN SAVING LIFE FROM THE PERILS OF THE +SEA. Within a wreath of laurel: ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup>, 1874, and +a vacant space for the name of the recipient.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate085" name="plate085"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate085b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 085b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate085a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 085a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat">This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.<a id="footnotetag133" name="footnotetag133"></a><a href="#footnote133">[133]</a></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John O. Philbrick and Otis N. Wheeler of Cape Elizabeth, Maine, for +rescuing two men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, Maine, November 30, 1875. +Awarded June 23, 1876.</i><a id="footnotetag134" name="footnotetag134"></a><a href="#footnote134">[134]</a></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., July 22, 1876.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em">smcap">John O. Philbrick</span>, Esq.,<a id="footnotetag135" name="footnotetag135"></a><a href="#footnote135">[135]</a><br> +<span class="add4em">Cape Elizabeth, Maine.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the second class, which has been awarded to you under authority + of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, + 1874, in recognition of your services in saving the lives of two + men who were wrecked on Watts' Ledge, on the coast of Maine, on + the 30th of November, 1875.</p> + +<p>In <span class="pagenum"><a id="page454" name="page454"></a>(p. 454)</span> sending you this medal, the Department desires to + express its sense of the disinterestedness and zeal which marked + your gallant conduct in saving the lives referred to.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Lot M. Morrill</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Henry M. Lee and N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson and Anton Oleson, Henry +Shark and John McKenna, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for saving Crew of +the Barque "Tanner" on Lake Michigan, September 9, 1875. Awarded June +11, 1877.</i><a id="footnotetag136" name="footnotetag136"></a><a href="#footnote136">[136]</a></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., July 31st, 1877.<br> + To<br> +<span class="add2em">Mr.</span> <span class="smcap">Henry M. Lee</span>,<a id="footnotetag137" name="footnotetag137"></a><a href="#footnote137">[137]</a><br> +<span class="add4em">Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the second class, which has been awarded to you, under authority + of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, + 1874, in recognition of your services in saving the lives of the + crew of the barque "Tanner," consisting of nine men, who were + wrecked near the entrance to the harbor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, + on the 9th of September, 1875.</p> + +<p>The ingenuity, skill and heroic daring displayed by you and your + companions in effecting the difficult and dangerous rescue of + these men upon the occasion referred to, is felt to merit the + highest commendation and to amply justify the award of this + medal.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Captain Charles H. Smith, of the Light-House Tender "Rose," for +rescuing a boy from drowning in the Christiana River, Wilmington, +Delaware, September 17, 1877. Awarded November 23, 1877</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., March 12, 1878.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Captain Charles H. Smith</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Master Light-House Tender "Rose,"</span><br> +<span class="add6em">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the second class, which has been awarded to you, under authority + of the seventh section of the Act <span class="pagenum"><a id="page455" name="page455"></a>(p. 455)</span> of Congress approved + June 20, 1874, in recognition of your services in rescuing from + drowning, on the 11th of September, 1877, a boy named Thomas + Walsh, who had fallen from a wharf at Wilmington, Delaware, into + the Christiana river.</p> + +<p>The witnesses of the affair testify that you plunged from the + deck of your vessel in your clothes and, under circumstances of + peculiar danger, seized the drowning lad as he was sinking for + probably the last time, handed him up to the people on the wharf, + and then swam back to your vessel. In this perilous action your + modesty was no less conspicuous than your bravery, and in + addition to the pleasure I have in sending you the medal which + commemorates your gallant behavior, there is the equal pleasure + of knowing that the Department is also honored by such conduct on + the part of one of its officers.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Edward Nordall, seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe" for +rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the Delaware River, June 3, +1877. Awarded November 23, 1877.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span>,<br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., March 12, 1878.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Edward Nordall</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe,"</span><br> +<span class="add6em">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the second class, which has been awarded to you, under authority + of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, + 1874, in recognition of your services in rescuing an unknown man + from drowning in the Delaware river, on the 3d of June, 1877.</p> + +<p>The hardy courage and humanity of your action in springing + overboard in a squall of violent wind and rain, at the peril of + your life, and saving this stranger, cannot fail to be + appreciated, and fully deserves the public recognition and esteem + which the award of a medal to you, involves. In sending you this + testimonial to your brave and humane conduct, I am deeply + gratified that it was so well won, and by a seaman of the revenue + marine.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Malachi <span class="pagenum"><a id="page456" name="page456"></a>(p. 456)</span> Corbell, Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5, +District No. 6, for rescuing two men from a capsized boat, near +Caffrey's Inlet, North Carolina, November 14, 1875. Awarded November +23, 1877.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Treasury Department</span>, <span class="smcap">Office of the Secretary</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">Washington</span>, D. C., March 12, 1878.<br> + To<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Captain Malachi Corbell</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5,</span><br> +<span class="add6em">District No. 6, Caffrey's Inlet, N. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of + the second class, which has been awarded to you, under authority + of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, + 1874, in recognition of your services in saving the lives of + Willis Westcott and James Gray, near Caffrey's Inlet, North + Carolina, on the 25th of November, 1875.</p> + +<p>It appears that these two men were clinging to a capsized boat in + a heavy sea, two of their companions having already been drowned, + and that you went out to their relief, and succeeded in bringing + them to shore in an exhausted condition, at the peril of your own + life, your boat being also capsized in the effort. Such an + action, as marked by manly energy, courage and humanity, denotes + no less the worthy keeper of a Life-Saving Station than a good + and gallant man, and I have peculiar pleasure in transmitting to + you this medal as the memorial of noble conduct and character.</p> + +<p><span class="col40">Very respectfully,</span><br> + <span class="col60 smcap">John Sherman</span>,<br> +<span class="col60"><i>Secretary</i>.</span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="half"> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page457" name="page457"></a>(p. 457)</span> +<span class="right smcap"><a id="plateLXXXVI" name="plateLXXXVI"><strong>Plate LXXXVI.</strong></a></span> +<span class="td-left"><a id="text86" name="text86"><strong>No. 86.</strong></a></span> +</p> + +<p class="center"><i>June 20, 1874.</i></p> + +<p class="quote center">John Horn, Jr. <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. By act of Congress June 20th 1874. In recognition +of his heroic exploits, etc.</p> + +<h4>JOHN HORN, JR.</h4> + +<p class="center">[<i>Heroic Exploits.</i>]</p> + +<p class="quote">JOHN HORN, JR. Undraped bust of John Horn, Jr., facing the left. <span class="smcap">C. +BARBER.</span></p> + +<p class="quote">BY ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20<sup><span class="smcap">th</span></sup>, 1874. Within a wreath of laurel: IN +RECOGNITION OF HIS HEROIC EXPLOITS IN RESCUING MEN WOMEN & CHILDREN +FROM DROWNING IN DETROIT RIVER.</p> + +<div class="quote"> +<a id="plate086" name="plate086"></a> +<p class="floatright"> +<img src="images/plate086b.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 086b" title=""> +</p> +<p class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/plate086a.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Plate 086a" title=""> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 nofloat"><span class="smcap">John Horn</span>, Jr., was born at Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, September +7, 1843. He was brought when quite young to Detroit, Michigan, where +his parents settled, and he is at present engaged with his father in +the boat business, they owning one ferry and two tug-boats. He has +been living, since 1863, on the dock at the foot of Woodward Avenue, +Detroit, opposite Windsor, in Canada West, and the most dangerous +place on the river. Since May, 1863, he has saved more than one +hundred persons from drowning, distinguishing himself especially +during the great fire at the Detroit and Milwaukee railroad depot, on +the night of April 11, 1866, when he rescued nine persons from the +water. The citizens of Detroit presented him with a gold medal in +1869, and the Congress of the United States of America voted him +another in 1874. He is still living.</p> + +<hr class="third"> + +<h4>ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page458" name="page458"></a>(p. 458)</span></h4> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John Horn, Jr.</i></p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>: That the President of +the United States be authorized and directed to cause to be prepared +and presented to John Horn, junior, of Detroit, Michigan, a gold +medal, with appropriate devices and inscriptions, in recognition and +in commemoration of his heroic and humane exploits in rescuing men, +women and children from drowning in the Detroit river.</p> + +<p>Approved June 20, 1874.</p> +</div> +<hr class="small"> + +<div class="quote"> +<p class="tit-center"><i>John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field.</i></p> + +<p><span class="col60 smcap">Detroit</span>, February 22, 1874.<br> + To the Honorable<br> + <span class="add2em smcap">Moses W. Field</span>,<br> +<span class="add4em">House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have never desired a public statement of the service + which, under God, I have been able to render in saving human + life, but as you have asked me to send you a list of the men, + women and children whom I have rescued from drowning, I will do + so, so far as I can from memory. I have never kept a record of + the names, and the number is so great that you will excuse me if + I leave some unmentioned.</p> + +<p>I think I have altogether saved more than one hundred human + beings, but I take no credit about this matter, and I have never + regretted doing what I have done in any case, although I have had + at times to keep my bed for many weeks on account of the exposure + in the cold weather. It is well for me that I had a good mother + to take care of me at such times of sickness. On the 21st of May, + 1863, I saved Mr. Manning, of Windsor; on the 7th of July, 1865, + I saved Mr. George Taylor, of New York State; he was very near + dead when I got him on the wharf; October 10, 1865, I saved a + child of Mr. T. Gorman of Adrian; she was about five years old, + and was near drowned when I got her out; December 12, 1865, I + saved a son of Mr. Yates, who kept a clothing store on Jefferson + avenue. The night was very cold, a high wind was blowing at the + time, and he was very near dead when we reached the wharf.</p> + +<p>April 11, 1866, was the worst night I ever had. It will be ever + memorable as the night of the great conflagration at the Detroit + and Milwaukee Railroad depot, when sixteen poor fellows were + drowned. I rescued nine, and then became so exhausted that I + could not swim, and had to abandon them to their fate. I got a + very bad cold and lay in bed two weeks, but that was nothing in + comparison to the good accomplished. July 25, 1866, I saved Mr. + Joseph Noble, of Windsor, and I believe you were there at the + time. He was once engineer on the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page459" name="page459"></a>(p. 459)</span> Great Western + Railroad. You know he came near drowning me in his struggles in + the water, at which time I received several internal injuries. + April 7, 1867, I saved the son of Mr. C. Meyers, who lived in + Mullet street. He was a boy about twelve years old. June 14, + 1867, I saved the daughter of Mr. Andrew Nourse, of Cleveland. + She was going on board the ferry-boat with her mother and some + other ladies, when she fell off the plank. When I got to the + wharf she was going out of sight for the last time, and I plunged + in and brought her to the surface. September 15, 1867, I saved a + colored man who was a deck hand on the propeller Meteor. He + kicked me about in the water terribly, for drowning men are + always crazy. November 2, 1867, I saved Mr. David Miller, the man + who drove a wagon for Hull Brothers, storekeepers on Munroe + avenue. May 10, 1868, I saved Mr. Robert Sinton, known as "Free + Press Bob." You know he used to be a reporter for the "Free + Press." And in his haste to get news, he fell in, and I got him + out.</p> + +<p>A few nights after that I saved Mr. Steele, who used to keep a + store on Michigan avenue. He was on the ferry-boat with his wife; + he had a very spirited horse, and was holding him by the head + when the boat struck the wharf. The horse jumped and threw him + into the river, when the current swept him under the wharf. I + jumped in and got him out all right. October 4, 1868, I saved a + daughter of Mr. McDonald, of Windsor. May 11, 1869, I saved Mr. + Flattery, one of the Flattery Brothers who kept a furniture store + on Woodward avenue. He was a heavy man; when I got hold of him he + was near gone, and I came near losing my own life in getting him + out. June 21, 1870, I saved a man called Mr. George Brodier. I + was eating dinner at the time, when some persons came running in + after me, saying, "there is a man in the river." I ran out and + jumped into the river, and as soon as I got near him he clutched + me like a vice and took me under water twice. When I came to the + top the last time my father handed me a large pole, which I + caught and that saved me. He was a powerful man, and kicked and + struggled so hard that he made my legs black and blue for many + months.</p> + +<p>My mother goes to the edge of the wharf with me very often, when + I jump in; but when she sees persons struggling in the water and + drowning she never holds me back. August 24, 1871, I saved the + daughter of Mr. A. Wilson of Milwaukee. March 4, 1872, I saved a + colored man by the name of George Wilkes; he fell off the wharf + while under the influence of liquor; but I think he has been a + sober man ever since. July 4, 1873, I saved the daughter of Mr. + F. Barlow, a butcher, who keeps a stall in the market. She was + going on board the ferry-boat Detroit with her mother and some + other ladies; the crowd was very great, being the Fourth of July, + and although her mother held her by the hand, the crowd surged, + and she was crowded off the plank, and fell into the river. There + were about five hundred people on the wharf at the time, and they + were all staring at the poor girl struggling in the water, not + one of them daring to go to her rescue. I was in the house when + some one came to give the alarm, and when I got out there I could + just see her dress as she was going out of sight, four or five + feet below the surface. I jumped in and caught her, and when I + got out on the top of the wharf with her the people gave me three + cheers. March 6, 1873, I saved a young lady called Miss Louise +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page460" name="page460"></a>(p. 460)</span> + McKenzie. This was the closest call I ever had for my life. I was + in the water about seventeen minutes, and the river being full of + floating ice at the time, I was nearer dead than alive when I got + out. Four men carried me into the house, and they rubbed me with + hot whisky for over four hours before circulation was restored to + its normal condition. This severe exposure made me sick, and it + was over three months before the right feeling was in my hands.</p> + +<p>You will remember this incident, for you came to me when I was + unwell. I regret very much at this time I lost the beautiful + medal presented me by the citizens, and I think you were one of + the gentlemen connected with its presentation. I have been + informed that I would receive a medal from the British + Parliament, but it has not come. I don't ask any.</p> + +<p>I saved a poor unfortunate individual last month, when I took a + severe cold, and as I was lying in bed reading the proceedings of + Congress, I saw something about an appropriation for medals to + persons for saving life on the seashore, and I thought then that + some gentleman would be very likely to remember also those who + saved life on the northern lakes and rivers. There are many other + cases which I don't mention, as I have not got their names. You + must know yourself of a great many, as your place of business and + warehouse are near by, and I recollect seeing you several times + when rescuing people from a watery grave. Wishing you and your + family good health, I remain, very truly yours,</p> +<p class="col40"><span class="smcap">John Horn, Jr.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="p2 center">THE END.</p> + + + + +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + + +<p class="add2em">A</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Abercrombie, John Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres</span>, Paris, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Academy of Painting and Sculpture</span>, Paris, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Academy of Sciences</span>, Paris, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Academy, Royal</span>, Paris, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Adair, John</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Adams, David</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Adams, John</span>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page005">5</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Adams, John Quincy</span>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page269">269</a>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Addicks, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Aiken, William</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page425">425</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Aitkin, Martin J.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alarm</span>, Corvette, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alburtis, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alexander, Edmund B.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alexander, Major</span>, Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alfred</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, Captain</span>, Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, Frederick P.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, General</span>, Kentucky Volunteers, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, G. W.</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, Lieutenant</span>, Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Allen, William Henry</span>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Alliance</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno</span>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">American Republic</span>, Statue of, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Amoureux, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ampudia, Pedro de</span>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Anderson, James W.</span>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Anderson, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Anderson, Samuel S.</span>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">André, John, Major</span>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Andrews, Colonel</span>, Voltigeurs, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Andrews, George P.</span>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Andrieu, Bertrand</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Angoulême, Duke D'</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Antrobus, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Appling, Daniel</span>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Appomattox Court House</span>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Archer, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Argus</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ariel</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armistead, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Arms of the United States</span>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armstrong, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armstrong, Lieutenant</span>, Revolution, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armstrong, Lieutenant</span>, War of 1812, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armstrong, John</span>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Armstrong, Major</span>, of North Carolina, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Army Medal of Honor</span>, +<a href="#page368">368</a>, +<a href="#page369">369</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Arnold, Benedict</span>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Arthur, Prince of Great Britain</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Artimesia</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page357">357</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ash, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, of North Carolina, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Aspinwall, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Augusta</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Auguste, M.</span>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Aulick, John H.</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Austin, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Austin, Major</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Austria, Emperor of</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Averill, Henry K.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Aylwin, J. C.</span>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">B</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Babbitt, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Backus, Electus</span>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Badge, Campaign</span>, +<a href="#page430">430</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bainbridge, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bainbridge, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bainbridge, William</span>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baird, Absalom</span>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baker, Edward Dickenson</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baker's Creek, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baldwin, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baldwin, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ball, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ball, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ballard, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bancroft, Dr.</span>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bankhead, James</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss</span>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Banneville, Marquis de</span>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barber, C.</span>, +<a href="#page457">457</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barber, Charles E.</span>, +<a href="#page434">434</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barber, William</span>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page418">418</a>, +<a href="#page419">419</a>, +<a href="#page434">434</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barbour, Philip N.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barclay, R. H.</span>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barclay, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barlow, F.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barnard, Captain</span>, Voltigeurs, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barreault, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barron, James</span>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barron, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barry, William Taylor</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Barthélémy, Abbé</span>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bashaw of Tripoli</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bastille, Taking of the</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bateman, Smith</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bates, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bath, Order of the</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baxter, Lieutenant Commander</span>, New York Volunteers, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Baylor, Cyrus A.</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Beale, Purser</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bean, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bean, Hugh</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Beedle, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Belknap, William Goldsmith</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Belmont, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Belton, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Belton, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Benham, Henry W.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Benjamin, Calvin</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Benn, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bennington, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bermuda Hundred, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page431">431</a>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Betouw, J. In de</span>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Biddle, Charles John</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Biddle, James</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Biddle, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Big Black Bridge, Battle at</span>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bigelow, J. P.</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bigger, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Billarderie d'Angeviller, Count de la</span>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bird, Gustavus A.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bird, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Birdsall, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bishop's Palace</span>, Monterey, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bissel, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bissell, William H.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blair, Francis Preston, Jr.</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blake, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blake, Jacob E.</span>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blake, Lieutenant</span>, Navy, +<a href="#page138">138</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blakeley, Johnston</span>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blanc, Charles</span>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bleil, Philip C.</span>, +<a href="#page452">452</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bleiswijk, P. V.</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bliss, William Wallace Smith</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blossom, Elisha</span>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blythe, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blount, Governor</span>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Blount, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bonaparte, Napoléon</span>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bonhomme Richard</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bonne Citoyenne</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Booth, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boreel, W.</span>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boston, Taking of</span>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bouillé, Général de</span>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boulton, Matthew</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boutwell, George S.</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bowdoin College</span>, +<a href="#page351">351</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bowen, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bowen, John S.</span>, +<a href="#page392">392</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bowles, Colonel</span>, Indiana Volunteers, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bowman, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boyd, Hannibal</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boyd, John Parker</span>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Boxer</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Braddock, Edward</span>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bradford, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bradford, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bradford, Edward A.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bradford, Major</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bragg, Braxton</span>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brandywine, Battle of the</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brannon, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brant, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brent, Thomas L.</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brevoort, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brinot, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brit, Abbreviation of, on British Coins</span>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brodier, George</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brogue, Count de</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Broglie, Duke of</span>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Broglie, Marshall de</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Broke, Philip Bowes Vere</span>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooke, George Mercer</span>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brookes, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, Bartemus</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, Horace</span>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, John</span>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, Master</span>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brooks, William T. H.</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brotier, Abbé</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Jacob</span>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Lieutenant</span>, 23d Regiment, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Major</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, Orlando</span>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brown, S. N.</span>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Browne, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brownlow, Acting-lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Broughton, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bruff, J. Goldsborough</span>, +<a href="#page418">418</a>, +<a href="#page419">419</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Brum, Sailing-master</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bryan, Francis T.</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buchanan, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buchanan, James</span>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page361">361</a>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buckner, Simon Bolivar</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>, +<a href="#page374">374</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buel, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buell, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buena Vista</span>, Battle Of, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page336">336</a>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bunker Hill</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burbank, John G.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burgess, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burgoyne, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page011">11</a>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burke, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burke, Martin J.</span>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burnet, Major</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burnett, Colonel</span>, New York Volunteers, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burnside, Ambrose Everett</span>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burr, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Burrows, William</span>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bury, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Butler, Benjamin F.</span>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Butler, Pierce M.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Butler, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Butler, William Orlando</span>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Butterworth, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buttler, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bush, W. S.</span>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bushnell, Charles I.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bushnel, Lieutenant</span>, 19th Regiment, +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Bushnell, Lieutenant</span>, 21st Regiment, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Buskirk, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">C</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cadwalader, George</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Caldwell, James R.</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Caldwell, Major</span>, Voltigeurs, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Caldwell, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Caledonia</span>, Brig of War, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Calhoun, Lieutenant</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Calmes, Marquis</span>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Camden, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Camp, Major</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Campbell, Hugh F.</span>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Campbell, John B.</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Campbell, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Campbell Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Campbell, William B.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Canalizo, General</span>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cantine Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Canty, William</span>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Capitol at Washington</span>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Capron, E. A.</span>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carden, John</span>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carey, Matthew</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxiv</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carleton, Sir Guy</span>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carlin, William P.</span>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carmick, Daniel</span>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carr, Eugene A.</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carr, Sailing-Master</span>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Carroll, William</span>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Case, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Casey, Silas</span>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cass, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cassin, Stephen</span>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Catlett, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Catherine II, Empress of Russia</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cazeneau, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Centennial Medals</span>, +<a href="#page438">438</a>, +<a href="#page439">439</a>, +<a href="#page440">440</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cerf</span>, Ship of War, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cerro Gordo, Battle Of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chadbourne, Theodore L.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chads, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chalmers, J. M.</span>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chambers, John</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chambers, Major</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chambers, Major</span>, 4th Regiment of Rifles, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chamillard, Colonel De</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Champion's Hill, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Champlain, Lake, Victory Of</span>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Champlin, Stephen</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chandler, E.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chandler, J. G.</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chapman, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chapman, William</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chapman, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chapultepec, Battle Of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Charles X, King of France</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Charleston, Occupation of</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chartres, Duke de</span>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chase, Captain</span>, 15th Infantry, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chatfield, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chattanooga</span>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>, +<a href="#page394">394</a>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chaumont, M. de</span>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chauncey, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chesapeake</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chew, T. S.</span>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chicamauga</span>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Childs, General</span>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Childs, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chilton, Robert H.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">China, Emperor of</span>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chippewa, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page215">215</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chippeway</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Choctaw Nation</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Chunn, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Churchill, Sylvester</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Churchill, William H.</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Churubusco, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cincinnati, Order of the</span>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Citters, W. van</span>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cissney, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cissney, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Claiborne, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clark, F. G., Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clarke, John</span>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clarke, Major</span>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clarke, Newman S.</span>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Claxton, Alexander</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Claxton, Thomas Jr.</span>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clay, Henry, Jr.</span>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clemons, Ai J.</span>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clemons, Hubbard M.</span>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clemons, Lucian M.</span>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clifford, John H.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Clinton, Sir Henry</span>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cochrane, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coffee, John</span>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coffee, Major</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coffin, George</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Columbia College</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Columbus, Painting of</span>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Comstock, C. B.</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Confiance</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Conant, Charles F.</span>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Congress, Library of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Congress</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Conley, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Conner, David</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Conner, Patrick E.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Constellation</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page128">128</a>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Constitution</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page155">155</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page167">167</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page247">247</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Consuelo</span>, Schooner, <span class="smcap">Wreck of</span>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Contee, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Contreras, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Conway, D.</span>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cooke, Lieutenant</span>, Mississippi Regiment, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cooper, Captain</span>, Mississippi Regiment, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cooper, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cooper, S.</span>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Corbell, Malachi</span>, +<a href="#page456">456</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Corneck, H. D.</span>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cornwallis, Charles, Lord</span>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coszta, Martin</span>, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cottineau, Captain de</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Couch, Darius N.</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coudray, M. du</span>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Coulson, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Countess of Scarborough</span>, Ship, <span class="smcap">Capture of</span>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cowpens, Victory of the</span>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crabtree, E.</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Craig, Henry Knox</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Craig, Surgeon</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crandall, Albert</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crandall, Jared S.</span>, +<a href="#page434">434</a>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crane, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crawford, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Creighton, Captain</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Creighton, Master's Mate</span>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crittenden, John Jordon</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crittenden, Thomas L.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crocker, Marcellus M.</span>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cromwell, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crosby, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crosby, J. Schuyler</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Croghan, George</span>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>, +<a href="#page274">274</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cross, P. F.</span>, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crossman, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Crump, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cullum, George Washington</span>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cumming, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cunningham, Major</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cushman, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Cyane</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page247">247</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">D</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dacier, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dacres, James A.</span>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dale, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dale, Richard</span>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Daliba, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dalrymple, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dana, Charles A.</span>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Danslow, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Daring</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dartmouth College</span>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davies, Thomas Alfred</span>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davis, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davis, Daniel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davis, Lieutenant</span>, Rifles, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davis, Jefferson</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Davis, Jefferson C.</span>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dayton, William Lewis</span>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dean, John</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dearborn, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Decatur, James</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Decatur, Stephen</span>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page165">165</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dedem, F. G. van</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Delapierre, Aid de-camp</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Denhon, Sergeant-Major</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Denison, E. F. R.</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Denmons, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dent, John Herbert</span>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Depuis, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Depuy, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Derby, George H.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">De Russy, René E.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Des Brequigny, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Desha, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Detroit</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Detroit</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Detroit, Surrender of</span>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dexter, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dickenson, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dickenson, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, South Carolina Volunteers, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dickerson, John S.</span>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dickinson College</span>, +<a href="#page361">361</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dilworth, Rankin</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dimick, Justin</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Diplomatic Medal</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>, +<a href="#page126">126</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dix, Roger S.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dobbin, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dobbin, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dobbin, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dobbins, Lieutenant</span>, 3d Infantry, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dolman, John</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Donaldson, James Lowry</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Do-ne-ho-gà-wa (General E. S. Parker)</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Donelson, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>, +<a href="#page374">374</a>, +<a href="#page375">375</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dorsey, John Sword</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Douglas, George</span>, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Douglass, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Downie, George</span>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Downing, Captain</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dox, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Drum, Simon H.</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Drummond, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Drummond, Gordon</span>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Drummond, Lord</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dubut, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dudley, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dumbar, Derk</span>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dumont, Augustin</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dunham, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duncan, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duncan, James</span>, Army, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duncan, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duncan, Silas</span>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dupré, Augustin</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dupré, Narcisse</span>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duquesne, Expedition against Fort</span>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Dusenbury, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duvivier, Jean</span>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duvivier, Pierre Simon</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">E</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eagle</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Easley, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eastman, Seth</span>, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eaton, Amos B.</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eaton, George N.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eaton, J. H.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eckfeldt, George</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">École des Beaux Arts</span>, Paris, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eddington, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Edmonds, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Edson, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Edwards, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Elder, William</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ellen Southard</span>, Ship, <span class="smcap">Wreck of</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page446">446</a>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Elliot, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Elliot, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Elliot, Jesse Duncan</span>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ellis, Salathiel</span>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>, +<a href="#page361">361</a>, +<a href="#page366">366</a>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Emuckfaw, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Endymion</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Engelhard I. A.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Enghein, Duke d'</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">England, Treaty of Peace with</span>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Enotochopco, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Enterprize</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Enterprize</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Épervier</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page198">198</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Erie, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Erie, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Erie, Lake, Victory of</span>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Espiègle, L'</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Essex</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Estaing, Count D'</span>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Eutaw Springs, Victory of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Evarts, William M.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Everett, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Everett</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page362">362</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Everist, Ethan</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ewell, Richard S.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ewell, Lieutenant</span>, Rifles, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ewing, Hugh</span>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Exhibition, Universal</span>, of 1855, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">F</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fagel, H.</span>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fairchild, General</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Falcon, Gordon</span>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fanning, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Farqueson, R.</span>, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Febiger, Christian</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fiddens, F.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Field, Cyrus West</span>, +<a href="#page418">418</a>, +<a href="#page419">419</a>, +<a href="#page420">420</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Field, George P.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Field, H. B., Captain</span>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Field, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, Kentucky Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Field, Moses W.</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fillmore, Millard</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fischer, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fish, Hamilton</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page425">425</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fishbourn, William</span>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fisher, Joshua Francis</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Flag, First American Naval</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Flag of the United States</span>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Flagg, Azariah C.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Flattery, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fleming, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fleming, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fleury, François Teisseidre de</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fontaine, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Foot, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Foote, Andrew Hull</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Forrest, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Forsyth, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fosberg, Carl</span>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Foster, Edmund</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Foster, William S.</span>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Foster, John G.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fourteen Mile Creek, Skirmish</span>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fowler, Lieutenant</span>, 5th Infantry, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fraley, Frederick</span>, +<a href="#page439">439</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, Former Moneys of</span>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, Former Weights of</span>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, National Assembly of</span>, Tribute to Franklin, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, National Assembly of</span>, Tribute to John Paul Jones, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, Offensive and Defensive Treaty with</span>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">France, Treaty of Commerce with United States</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page268">268</a>, +<a href="#page269">269</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Frankland, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Franklin, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Franklin, William B.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Frazer, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fremont, Sewall L.</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">French, Samuel G.</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Friesland, Resolutions of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Frolic</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fry, Major</span>, 2d Kentucky Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fuller, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Funk, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page165">165</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Fürst, Moritz</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page215">215</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>, +<a href="#page271">271</a>, +<a href="#page275">275</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">G</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gaines, Captain Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gaines, Edmund Pendleton</span>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gaines, J. P.</span>, Kentucky Volunteers, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gale, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Galt, Major</span>, 2d Artillery, +<a href="#page318">318</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gamble, Peter</span>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ganson, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gantt, Levi</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gardner, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gardner, Charles K</span>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gardner, Major</span>, 4th Artillery, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Garland, John</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Garner, William T.</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Garner, Mrs William T.</span>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Garnett, Robert Selden</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Garnier, Abbé</span>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gascoigne, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gates, Collinson R.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gates, Horatio</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page011">11</a>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gates, William</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gatteaux, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gatteaux, Nicolas Marie</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gavitt, Courtland</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gayrard, Raymond</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Geary, John W.</span>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">General Greene</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page176">176</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">George, Lake</span>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Germanton, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gibbons, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gibbs, Sir Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gibson, James</span>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Giles, Edward</span>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gillet, R. H.</span>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Girard, M.</span>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gladden, Major</span>, South Carolina Volunteers, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Glasbuch, Baron de</span>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gleason, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Godfrey, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Goodell, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Goodman, J. B.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gordon, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gorham, Sergeant Major</span>, 3d Artillery, +<a href="#page414">414</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gorman, Major</span>, Indiana Volunteers, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gorman, T.</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Graham, Lorimer</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Graham, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Graham, Richard H.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Graham, William A.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Graham, William M.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Grand Gulf, Attack on</span>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Granger, Gordon</span>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Grant, Ulysses Simpson</span>, +<a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>, +<a href="#page374">374</a>, +<a href="#page375">375</a>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page378">378</a>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>, +<a href="#page392">392</a>, +<a href="#page393">393</a>, +<a href="#page394">394</a>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>, +<a href="#page429">429</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Granville</span>, Privateer, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Grasse, Count de</span>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gray, James</span>, +<a href="#page456">456</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Grayson, John B.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Green, Byron</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Green, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Green, Martin E.</span>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Greene, Nathaniel</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Greene, Quartermaster</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Greenleaf, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gregory, William</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Gregg, John</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Griffith, Adjutant</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Griffith, Sergeant</span>, 21st Iowa Volunteers, +<a href="#page387">387</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Griffith, William</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Grierson, Benjamin H.</span>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Groningen, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Guelderland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Guerrière</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">H</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hadden, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, 2d Indiana Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hagen, W. B.</span>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hagner, Peter V.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hale, W. P., Lieutenant</span>, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hall, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hall, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hall, Major</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harriden, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hambleton, S.</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hamer, Thomas L.</span>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hamilton, Paul</span>, +<a href="#page155">155</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hamilton, Schuyler</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hammond, Richard P.</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hampton, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hancock, John</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page005">5</a>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Handy, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hanson, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hardcastle, Edmund L. F.</span>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harden, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hardin, John J.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harding, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hardman, Major</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harney, William Selby</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harris, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harrison, Consul</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harrison, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harrison, George</span>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harrison, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harrison, William Henry</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a> +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>, +<a href="#page276">276</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hart, John</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harvard College</span>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harvey, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Harvey, John D.</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hasilwood, Commodore</span>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hay, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hay, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hayes, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page240">240</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hays, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hays, Colonel</span>, Texas Volunteers, +<a href="#page291">291</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hazlitt, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hearlan, Sergeant-Major</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hebert, Paul O.</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Heeckeren, D. J. van</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Heiman, Adjutant</span>, Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henderson, James Pinckney</span>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henderson, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henley, John</span>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henley, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henry, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henry, William</span>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Henry, William Seaton</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hérissant, La Veuve</span>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Herron, Francis J.</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hett, Lieutenant</span>, Ohio Volunteers, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hill, C. J., Lieutenant</span>, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hillyer, William S.</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hindman, Major</span>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hitchcock, Assistant-Surgeon</span>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hitchcock, Ethan A.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hoe, Captain</span>, 5th Infantry, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hoffman, G.</span>, 1st Artillery, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Holding, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hooker, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Holland and West Friesland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Holmes, Governor</span>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Holtzhey, John George</span>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Holtzhey, Martin</span>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hoorn, T. van</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hopkins, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hopkins, Stephen</span>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Horace</span>, quoted, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Horn, John</span>, +<a href="#page434">434</a>, +<a href="#page457">457</a>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>, +<a href="#page460">460</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hornet</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hoskins, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Houdon, Jean Antoine</span>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Houston, Thomas Truxton, Jr.</span>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hovey, Alvin P.</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howard, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howard, John Eager</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howard, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howard, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howard, Oliver Otis</span>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howe, Major-General</span>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howe, Sir William</span>, +<a href="#page011">11</a>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howell, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Howland, Gardiner G.</span>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hubbard, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Huger, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hull, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hull, George B.</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hull, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page155">155</a>, +<a href="#page156">156</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hull, Major</span>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hull, William</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Humboldt</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page362">362</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Humphreys, David</span>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Humphries, G. C.</span>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hunter, Adele</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hunter</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hunter, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hunter, James</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Huntington, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus</span>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hussar</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hyrne, Major</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Hyslop, Lieutenant-General</span>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">I</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Independence, Declaration of</span>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Indian Peace Medals</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Indus</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Inge, Zebulon M. P.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ingersoll, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ingersoll, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel</span>, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Insurgente, L'</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Intrepid,</span> Ketch, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Irish, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Irons, I. F.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Irvine, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Irwin, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Irwin, Douglas S.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Isabella the Catholic, Royal American Order of</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Israel, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Izard, George</span>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Izard, Ralph</span>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">J</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jackson, Andrew</span>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>, +<a href="#page240">240</a>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>, +<a href="#page242">242</a>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>, +<a href="#page244">244</a>, +<a href="#page271">271</a>, +<a href="#page275">275</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jackson, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jackson, Mississippi, Capture of</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jacquemart, Alfred</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jacquemart, Jules</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">James, General</span>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jameson, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jamestown</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jarges, T.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jarvis, James</span>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Java</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page167">167</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jay, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>, +<a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, +<a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jefferson, R.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jefferson, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jeoffroy, M.</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jessup, Thomas Sidney</span>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jewett, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">John Adams</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, Andrew</span>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page410">410</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, Edward</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, James, Seneca Chief</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, James</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, Richard M.</span>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnson, Richard W.</span>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnston, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnston, Captain</span>, Ohio Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnston, Joseph Eccleston</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnstone, John P.</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Johnstone, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, Voltigeurs, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, Assistant Adjutant-General</span>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, General</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, Jacob</span>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, John Paul</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, Major</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, Sir William</span>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, W.</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jones, William</span>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page198">198</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jordan, Charles D</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Joséphine, Empress</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Jouy, Barbet de</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Judd, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Justin, Joshua</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">K</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kane, Elisha Kent</span>, +<a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Keally, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kean, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Keane, Lord John</span>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kearny, Philip</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kellett, Commodore</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kellogg, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kelton, J. C.</span>, +<a href="#page375">375</a>, +<a href="#page394">394</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kennedy, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kennedy, Commander</span>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Keiser, J. H.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ker, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ketchum, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kilburn, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kimball, General</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kimball, S. I.</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">King, William</span>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kingsbury, Charles P.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">King's Mountain, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kinnear, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kirby, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kirby, Major</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kirkwood, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Knapp, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Knight, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Knox, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Knox, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Knoxville, Siege of</span>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Kuffeler, Joan van</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">L</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Labédoyère, De, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lady Prevost</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">La Fayette, Marquis de</span>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lagone, C. B.</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lagrange, M.</span>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Laman, P.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lamb, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lambert, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page167">167</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lamotte, Joseph H.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Landais, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Landero, General</span>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lane, Colonel</span>, Indiana Volunteers, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lane, James Henry</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Langdon, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Langres, Bishop of</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Larkin, David F.</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Larkin, Frank</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Larned, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lauman, General</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Launay, M.</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Laurens, John</span>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lawler, General</span>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lawrence, James</span>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lawrence, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lawson, Surgeon-General</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lavaux, M.</span>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">La Vega, General</span>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lay, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lear, Major</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Leavenworth, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Le Blond, Abbé</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Francis</span>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, George</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Henry</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>, +<a href="#page036">36</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Henry M.</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lee, Robert Edmund</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Legion of Honor</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lent, Cutting</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Leonard, Luther</span>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lessing, Professor</span>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Leutze, Emanuel</span>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Levant</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page247">247</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lewe, E.</span>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lewe, G.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lexington</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Libera Soror Medal</span>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Libertas Americana Medal</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Life-Saving Medal, First Class</span>, +<a href="#page441">441</a>, +<a href="#page442">442</a>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>, +<a href="#page446">446</a>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page452">452</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Life-Saving Medal, Second Class</span>, +<a href="#page453">453</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>, +<a href="#page455">455</a>, +<a href="#page456">456</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lijnden, W. C. H.</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lincoln, Abraham</span>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page366">366</a>, +<a href="#page409">409</a>, +<a href="#page410">410</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lincoln, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lincoln, George</span>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Linnard, Thomas B.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Little Belt</span>, Sloop, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Littlefield, A. D.</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Livingston, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Livingston, Robert R.</span>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lloyd's Coffee House</span>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Loeser, Lucien</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Logan, John Alexander</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Longacre, James Barton</span>, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Long, Eli</span>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Long Island, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Longstreet, James</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lookout Mountain</span>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>..<br> + +<span class="smcap">Loring, William W.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Louis XVI., King of France</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Louis XVIII., King of France</span>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lovell, Mansfield</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Louisa Fernandez</span>, Corvette, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Low, Captain</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lucan</span>, quoted, +<a href="#page183">183</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lucas, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Luckner, Marshal de</span>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lundy's Lane, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Luther, Roland A.</span>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Luzerne, Chevalier</span>, +afterward <span class="smcap">Marquis de la</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Luzerne, Comte de la</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Lyon, Caleb</span>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">M</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Macalester, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Maccoun, Assistant-Surgeon</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Macdonough, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Macedonian</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Macomb, Alexander</span>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Macomb, William H.</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Madison, James</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Magrath, Purser</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Magruder, John Bankhead</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Malesherbes, M.</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Malmady, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Maloney, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Malta, Grand Master of</span>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Manners, William</span>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Manning, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno</span>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marbois, M.</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">March, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marcle, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marcy, William Learned</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marengo, Battle of</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marie Louise, Empress,</span> Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marion, Francis</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marshall, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marshall, Humphrey</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Marston, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">M'Arthur, Duncan</span>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Martin, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mason, Captain</span>, Rifles, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mason, James L.</span>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Massachusetts Historical Society</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Matson, Commander</span>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">May, Charles A.</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">May, Edith</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mayo, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mayo, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Maximilian Joseph</span>, Elector of Bavaria, +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McAllister, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McArthur, John</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McArthur, Major</span>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McBurney, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McCall, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McCall, Edward Rutledge</span>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McClay, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McClelland, George B.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McClelland, John</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McClernand, John Alexander</span>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page378">378</a>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McClung, Alexander K.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McCulloch, Ben</span>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McDonald, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McDonald, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McDougall, General</span>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McDowell, Irvin</span>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McDowell, Major</span>, North Carolina Volunteers, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McFarland, Major</span>, 23d Infantry, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McGuire, John</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McIlvaine, Charles P.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page425">425</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McIntosh, James S.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKavett, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKee, William R.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKenna, John</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKenzie, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKenzie, Louise</span>, +<a href="#page460">460</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKenzie, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McKinstry, Justus</span>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McLane, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McMillan, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McNeill, John</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McPherson, James Birdseye</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">McRee, William</span>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">M'Donald, Lieutenant</span>, Penguin, +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">M'Donough, Lieutenant</span>, Artillery, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Meade, George Gordon</span>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mease, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Medill, William</span>, +<a href="#page280">280</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Medway</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Meek, John</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Meigs, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Meigs, Return Jonathan</span>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Melgareja, President of Bolivia</span>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Merchant, Charles G.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Merchant, Charles S.</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mercure</span>, Brig, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Merlin</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Merrimac</span>, Steamer, +<a href="#page409">409</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Merrill, William</span>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Metis</span>, Steamer, Loss of, +<a href="#page434">434</a>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>, +<a href="#page437">437</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Metropolitan Museum of Art</span>, New York, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Meyers, C.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mexico, Battles of</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page335">335</a>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mexico, Capture of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">M'Glassin, Captain</span>, 15th Regiment, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miami Indians</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Middleton, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mifflin, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Military Merit, Order of</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miller, Albert S.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miller, Captain</span>, 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miller, David</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miller, James</span>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Miller, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mills, F. D.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Minon, General</span>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mint, Paris</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mint, United States</span>, +<a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page419">419</a>, +<a href="#page434">434</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mirabeau</span>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Missionary Ridge</span>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mitchell, Colonel</span>, Ohio Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mohawk, Yacht, Sinking of</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moignon, Chancellor de La</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Molinos del Rey, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Monroe, James</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Monsieur</span>, Privateer, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Montant, Louis B.</span>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Monmouth, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Montagu</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Monteath, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Monterey, Taking of</span>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Montgomery, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Montgomery, William R.</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Montmorin, M. de</span>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mooers, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mooers, Hazen</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moore, Lieutenant</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morales, Governor</span>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morange, J. B.</span>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moreau, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moreno, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morgan, Daniel</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morgan, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morocco, Emperor of</span>, +<a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morrill, Lot M.</span>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morris, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page156">156</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morris, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morris, Lewis N.</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morris, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morris, Thompson</span>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morrison, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, 2d Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Morrison, Major</span>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Mountford, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moustier, Éléonore François Élie, Count</span>, afterward <span class="smcap">Marquis de</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Moustier, Marquis de</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">M'Reynolds, Captain</span>, 3d Dragoons, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel</span>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Munday, James</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Munroe, John</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Murfey, Major</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Murphy, Philip</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Murray, Francis Key</span>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Murray, H. F.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Myers, Abraham C.</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>.</p> + +<p class="p2 add2em">N</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon I</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Napoleon III</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nash, Edwin</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nash, Eugene</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nash, William</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">National Palace</span>, Mexico, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nautilus</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Naval Academy</span>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Navy Medal of Honor</span>, +<a href="#page367">367</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Neill, Cornet</span>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nelson, F. B.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Netherlands, Resolution of the States-General of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Netherlands, United, Acknowledgment of United States by</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Netherlands, United, Treaty of Amity with United States</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>, +<a href="#page079">79</a>, +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page082">82</a>, +<a href="#page083">83</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Neuville, Baron Hyde de</span>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page269">269</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Neville, Morgan</span>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">New Orleans, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>, +<a href="#page240">240</a>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>, +<a href="#page242">242</a>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>, +<a href="#page244">244</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Newport, Siege of</span>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Newton, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Niagara, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page215">215</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Niagara</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nicholas, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nichols, William A.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Niehoff, S. I.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nieuwerkerke, Count de</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Noailles, Louis Marie, Viscount de</span>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Noble, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nordall, Edward</span>, +<a href="#page455">455</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Noriega, General</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">North Carolina, University of</span>, +<a href="#page280">280</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Nourse, Andrew</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">O</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Obardo, General</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">O'Brien, John P. J.</span>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">O'Fallon, John</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">O'Fling, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Offley, E. S.</span>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Okechobee</span>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Oleson, Anton</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Oleson, Barnt</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Orange, Prince of</span>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ormsby, Stephen</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Osband, S. D.</span>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Osterhaus, Peter Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Overton, Major</span>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Overyssel, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Oxford, University of</span>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">P</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Packenham, Sir Edward Michael</span>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Page, Captain</span>, 4th Infantry, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Page, Francis N.</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pallas</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Palmer, John McCauley</span>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page396">396</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Palo Alto, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page282">282</a>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paquet, A. C.</span>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page367">367</a>, +<a href="#page368">368</a>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page410">410</a>, +<a href="#page411">411</a>, +<a href="#page441">441</a>, +<a href="#page453">453</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parke, John G.</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, D.</span>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, Ely S.</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, James L.</span>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, Lieutenant</span>, Ariel, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parker, Lieutenant</span>, Constitution, +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Parkhurst, Jabez</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patten, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patten, James</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patterson, D. T.</span>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patterson, Lieutenant</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patterson, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Patterson, R. M.</span>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>, +<a href="#page280">280</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paul, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paul, Gabriel R.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paulding, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paulusen, Michael</span>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Paulus Hook, Surprise of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Payne, Duval</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Payne, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page431">431</a>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>, +<a href="#page433">433</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Payne, Matthew Mountjoy</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peabody, George</span>, +<a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, +<a href="#page421">421</a>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page424">424</a>, +<a href="#page425">425</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>, +<a href="#page427">427</a>, +<a href="#page428">428</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peabody Institute</span>, Baltimore, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peabody Institution</span>, Peabody, Massachusetts, +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peace Medals, Indian</span>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peacock</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peacock</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page198">198</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peake, William</span>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peale, Franklin</span>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page280">280</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pearson, Richard</span>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pemberton, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pemberton, John C.</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page392">392</a>, +<a href="#page393">393</a>, +<a href="#page394">394</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pendleton, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pendleton, Nathaniel</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Penguin</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Penn, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pennsylvania Gazette</span>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Perry, Christopher Raymond</span>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Perry, Matthew Calbraith</span>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Perry, Oliver Hazard</span>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Perry, Raymond</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Petersen, N. A.</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pettrich, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Peyton, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Philbrick, John O.</span>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>, +<a href="#page446">446</a>, +<a href="#page453">453</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pickens, Andrew</span>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pickering</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pickett, George E.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pierce, Franklin</span>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>, +<a href="#page351">351</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pierce, William</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pike, Albert</span>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pillow, Gideon Johnson</span>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pinckney, Surgeon</span>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pinson, General</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Piscataqua, Fight at</span>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pitot, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Place, John</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Platt, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Plattsburgh, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Plymouth</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Plympton, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Poictiers</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page161">161</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Poirier, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Polk, James Knox</span>, +<a href="#page280">280</a>, +<a href="#page361">361</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Polk, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pollock, James</span>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ponscarme M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Poor Richard's Almanac</span>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pope, John</span>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Porcupine</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Porter, David D.</span>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page378">378</a>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Porter, Fitz-John</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Porter, Peter Buel</span>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page215">215</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Port Gibson</span>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Port Hudson</span>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Portrait Lathe</span>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Potts</span>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Powell, John</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Powles Hook</span>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Preble, Edward</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Preble, George H.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Prentiss, James H.</span>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">President</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Prevost, Sir George</span>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Price, Major</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Price</span>, Ram, +<a href="#page377">377</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pride, G. G.</span>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Prime, F. E.</span>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Princeton, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Princeton College</span>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Princeton</span>, Steamship of war, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Proctor, Henry A.</span>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Prussia, King of, Visit to Paris Mint</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Puente, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pulaski, Casimir, Count</span>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pullman, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Putnam, Israel</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Putman, Lieutenant</span>, Tennessee Volunteers +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Puymaurin, M. de</span>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Pylade</span>, Brig, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">Q</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Quarles, Augustus</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Queen Charlotte</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Queen, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Queenstown Heights, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Quinby, Isaac F.</span>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Quitman, John Anthony</span>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">R</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ramsay, George D.</span>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Randolph, E. B.</span>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Randwyck, George van</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ransom, Thomas Edward Greenfield</span>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ransom, Truman B.</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rapp, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rawlins, John A.</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Raymond, Battle at</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Raymond, General</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Récamier, Madame</span>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Red Jacket</span>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reed, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reed, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reich, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reid, Lieutenant</span>, New York Volunteers, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reily, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page202">202</a> + +<span class="smcap">Reindeer</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reno, Jesse L.</span>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Resaca de la Palma, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Reynolds, John F.</span>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rhynst, Vice-Admiral</span>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riall, General</span>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riblet, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Richards, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Richardson, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ricot, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riddle, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ridgely, Charles G.</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ridgely, Randolph</span>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riggin, John, Jr.</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riggs, Elisha</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riggs, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Riley, Bennet</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ringgold, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rio Grande, Victories on the</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page282">282</a>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock</span>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ritchie, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ritchie, David</span>, +<a href="#page435">435</a>, +<a href="#page437">437</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rittenhouse, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rives, William C.</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Roane, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, Arkansas Volunteers, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Roberts, Benjamin S.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Roberts, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Robinson, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Robinson, George Foster</span> +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page430">430</a>, +<a href="#page431">431</a>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>, +<a href="#page433">433</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Robinson, John</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Robinson, Lieutenant</span>, Navy, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Robinson, Lieutenant</span>, Army, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rochambeau, Count de</span>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rochefoucauld, M. de la</span>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rodgers, Alexander P.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rodgers, George W.</span>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rogers, Captain</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page339">339</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rohan, Prince de</span>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rome, King of</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Romney, Sailing-Master</span>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Root, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ropes, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rose, Frederick Henry</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page363">363</a>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rosecrans, William Starke</span>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ross, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ross, L. F.</span>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rottenburg, Baron de</span>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Roussel, Camille</span>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rucker, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rudolph, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>, +<a href="#page036">36</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Rudolph, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ruffler, William</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Russell, David A.</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Russell, George Peabody</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Russell, Lieutenant</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Russia, Empress of</span>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">S</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sackett's Harbor, Defence of</span>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sacrificios, Roads of</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sa-go-ya-wat-ha, Seneca Chief</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sallande, Grand Bailiff de</span>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Saltillo</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Antonio, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Cosmo, Gate of</span>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sanders, John</span>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sands, Joshua R.</span>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Francisco</span>, Steamship, <span class="smcap">Wreck of</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page362">362</a>, +<a href="#page411">411</a>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page414">414</a>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>, +<a href="#page417">417</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Geronimo, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Juan d'Ulloa, Castle of</span>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Pablo, Church of</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">San Remo</span>, +<a href="#page363">363</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de</span>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Santheuvel, B. V. D.</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Saratoga, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Saratoga</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sartine, M. de</span>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Saterlee, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Savannah, Occupation of</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scarritt, Jeremiah M.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Schwartz, Commander</span>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Schuyler, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scorpion</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Henry Lee</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page335">335</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Martin</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scott, Winfield</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page333">333</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page335">335</a>, +<a href="#page351">351</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scourge</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Scudder, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Selden, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Seminole Indians</span>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Semmes, Raphael</span>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Serapis, Capture of the</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>, +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Seward, William Henry</span>, +<a href="#page408">408</a>, +<a href="#page420">420</a>, +<a href="#page427">427</a>, +<a href="#page428">428</a>, +<a href="#page430">430</a>, +<a href="#page431">431</a>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>, +<a href="#page433">433</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shannon</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sharpe, Captain</span>, Mississippi Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shelby, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#page243">243</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sheldon, Porter</span>, +<a href="#page432">432</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shepherd, Oliver L.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sheridan, Philip Henry</span>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sherman, John</span>, +<a href="#page447">447</a>, +<a href="#page448">448</a>, +<a href="#page452">452</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>, +<a href="#page455">455</a>, +<a href="#page456">456</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sherman, Thomas W.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sherman, William Tecumseh</span>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page378">378</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shields, James</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shiloh, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shipp, Edmund</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shirk, J. U.</span>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shore, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Short, William</span>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shortridge, Adjutant</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shover, William H.</span>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shubrick, John Taylor</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Shubrick, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sibley, Henry H.</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Simms, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Simral, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sinton, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sitgreaves, Lorenzo</span>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Six Nations, The</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Skinner, St. John B. L.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sminia, A. J. V.</span>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Charles Ferguson</span>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page372">372</a>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Charles H.</span>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Frederick Augustus</span>, +<a href="#page336">336</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Gustavus Woodson</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, J.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, John E.</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, J. L.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, J. M.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, J. P.</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, John Speed</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Larkin</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Lieutenant</span>, 6th Infantry, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Lieutenant</span>, Navy, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Major</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Persifor Frazer</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Morgan L.</span>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, R. H.</span>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, Robert</span>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smith, William Farrar</span>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smithsonian Institution</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smyrna</span>, Asia Minor, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Smyth, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Snead, Major</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Snelling, James G. S.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Snelling, Josiah</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Somers, Richard</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Somers</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a>, +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Somers</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Soper, Amos</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">So-sa-wa, Seneca Chief</span>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Spark, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page451">451</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Spence, Robert Trail</span>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Spencer, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Spencer, John C.</span>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Spofford, Ainsworth R.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Springfield, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Springsteel, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sproul, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stack, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stanley, David S.</span>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Anne, Order of</span>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stansbury, John</span>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Starr & Marcus</span>, +<a href="#page421">421</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stars and Stripes</span>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Bernard, Passage of the,</span> Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Clair, Arthur</span>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Steele, Frederick</span>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Steele, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Steen, Captain</span>, 1st Dragoons, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stephenson, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Steptoe, Edward J.</span>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stevens, B. F.</span>, +<a href="#page427">427</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stevens, Isaac I.</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, Charles</span>, +<a href="#page245">245</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page247">247</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, Sir Hewston</span>, +<a href="#page363">363</a>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>, +<a href="#page365">365</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, John</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, Lieutenant</span>, Navy, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, Lieutenant</span>, Rifles, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stewart, William</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stillwater, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stirling, William Alexander, Lord</span>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>, +<a href="#page036">36</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. John of Jerusalem, Order of</span>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Lazare, Order of</span>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Louis, Order of</span>, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Louis</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page352">352</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>, +<a href="#page355">355</a>, +<a href="#page356">356</a>, +<a href="#page357">357</a>, +<a href="#page358">358</a>, +<a href="#page359">359</a>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stoddart, Benjamin</span>, +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stone, Charles P.</span>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stony Point, Taking of</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Story, William Wetmore</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stouffer, Captain</span>, +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">St. Philip, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Stringham, Silas H.</span>, +<a href="#page354">354</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sullivan, John</span>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sumner, Edwin Vose</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sumner, Jethro</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Susquehanna</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page363">363</a>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sutherland, Major</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Sutherland, G. T.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Swift, Joseph Gardner</span>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Syren</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>.</p> + +<p class="p2 add2em">T</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tacubaya</span>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Talladega, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tanner</span>, Bark, <span class="smcap">Wreck of</span>, +<a href="#page450">450</a>, +<a href="#page454">454</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tarleton, Sir Banastre</span>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tate, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Taylor, Francis</span>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Taylor, George</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Taylor, George, Major</span>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Taylor, Sailing-Master</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Taylor, Zachary</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page282">282</a>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page336">336</a>, +<a href="#page337">337</a>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>, +<a href="#page350">350</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tecumseh</span>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Telegraph, Atlantic, Laying of the</span>, +<a href="#page418">418</a>, +<a href="#page419">419</a>, +<a href="#page420">420</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Terrett, Lieutenant</span>, 1st Infantry, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thames, Battle of the</span>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, Colonel</span>, South Carolina Volunteers, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, Ensign</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, George Henry</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page395">395</a>, +<a href="#page397">397</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>, +<a href="#page399">399</a>, +<a href="#page400">400</a>, +<a href="#page401">401</a>, +<a href="#page402">402</a>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>, +<a href="#page404">404</a>, +<a href="#page405">405</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, John</span>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, Philemon</span>, +<a href="#page242">242</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thomas, R. J.</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thompson, Major</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thorne, Frost</span>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thorn, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thouvenel, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Three Rivers, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Thwing, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ticonderoga, Battle at</span>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Ticonderoga</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tigress</span>, Schooner, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tigress</span>, Steamboat, +<a href="#page378">378</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tippecanoe, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tilghman, Lloyd</span>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tilghman, Tench</span>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tillinghast, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tjassens, H.</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Todd, Charles Scott</span>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Todd, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page188">188</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tohopeka, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Toscan, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Totten, Joseph Gilbert</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Toucey, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#page364">364</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tower, Zealous B.</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Towson, Nathan,</span>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a> +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tracy, R. D.</span>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trail, Major</span>, 2d Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Travis, Melancthon W.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Treat, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>, +<a href="#page079">79</a>, +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page082">82</a>, +<a href="#page083">83</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Treaty of Commerce with France</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page268">268</a>, +<a href="#page269">269</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trenton, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trescott, George</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trimble, William A.</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trip, L. A.</span>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Triplett, Major</span>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tripoli</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page246">246</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trippe, John</span>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trippe</span>, Sloop, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trist, Nicholas P.</span>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tristan d'Acunha</span>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trotter, George</span>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trousdale, William</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trowbridge, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trowbridge, James</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Truxtun, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Turgot, M.</span>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Turnbull, William</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Turner, Daniel</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Turner, Lieutenant, Engineer</span>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Twiggs, David Emanuel</span>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, +<a href="#page316">316</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, +<a href="#page331">331</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Twiggs, Levi</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Tyler, John</span>, +<a href="#page276">276</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page279">279</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">U</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">United Netherlands and United States, Convention between the</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States, Acknowledgment of, by United Netherlands</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States, Arms of</span>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States</span>, Frigate, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States, Letter from, to King of France</span>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States, Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>, +<a href="#page079">79</a>, +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page082">82</a>, +<a href="#page083">83</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States, Treaty of Commerce with France</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">United States and United Netherlands, Convention between the</span>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Upham, Timothy</span>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Utrecht, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>.</p> + +<p class="p2 add2em">V</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vallette, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Van Buren, Abraham</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Van Buren, Martin</span>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page275">275</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vanderbilt, Cornelius</span>, +<a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>, +<a href="#page407">407</a>, +<a href="#page408">408</a>, +<a href="#page409">409</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vanderbilt</span>, Steamship, <span class="smcap">Gift of</span>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>, +<a href="#page407">407</a>, +<a href="#page408">408</a>, +<a href="#page409">409</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vanderbilt University</span>, +<a href="#page407">407</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vanderville, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Van Dorn, Earl</span>, 17th Infantry, +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vandyke, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Van Voast, James</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Van Wart, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Varage, M. de</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vasquez, General</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vaughan, Adjutant</span>, Kentucky Volunteers, +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vauguyon, Duc de la</span>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vauvillier, M. de</span>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vendôme, Column in the Place</span>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vengeance, La</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page128">128</a>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vengeance</span>, Ship of war, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vera Cruz, Capture of</span>, +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, +<a href="#page332">332</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vernon, Mount</span>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Verplanck's Point</span>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vibray, Count de</span>, +<a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vicksburg, Capture of</span>, +<a href="#page370">370</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>, +<a href="#page375">375</a>, +<a href="#page376">376</a>, +<a href="#page377">377</a>, +<a href="#page378">378</a>, +<a href="#page379">379</a>, +<a href="#page380">380</a>, +<a href="#page381">381</a>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page384">384</a>, +<a href="#page385">385</a>, +<a href="#page386">386</a>, +<a href="#page387">387</a>, +<a href="#page388">388</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page390">390</a>, +<a href="#page391">391</a>, +<a href="#page392">392</a>, +<a href="#page393">393</a>, +<a href="#page394">394</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Victoria, Queen of Great Britain</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vienna, Cathedral of</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vinton, John R.</span>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Virgil</span>, quoted, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Vixen</span>, Brig of war, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Voigt, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Volunteers in Mexico</span>, Medal, +<a href="#page299">299</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">W</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wadsworth, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Waggaman, George G.</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Waite, Carlos A.</span>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wales, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page198">198</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wales, Prince of</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wall, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Walker, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Walker, Major</span>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Walker, William H. T.</span>, +<a href="#page382">382</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wallace, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Walsh, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page455">455</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Walworth, Hiram</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Warburton, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Warren, Major</span>, 1st Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Warrington, Lewis</span>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page198">198</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Washburne, Cadwallader Colden</span>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Washington, George</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page005">5</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>, +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page406">406</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Washington, John M.</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Washington, William Augustine</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page044">44</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wasp</span>, Sloop of war, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Waters, Kervan</span>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Watkins, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Watmough, John G.</span>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Watson, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, Maryland Volunteers, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wattles, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Watts, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wayne, Anthony</span>, +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, +<a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a>, +<a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, +<a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a>, +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wayne, Henry C.</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wayne, Isaac</span>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Weatherford, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, 1st Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Webster, Lucien B.</span>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Webster, Joseph Dana</span>, +<a href="#page373">373</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Webster, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Weekbecker, Consul-General</span>, +<a href="#page360">360</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Weibert, Colonel de</span>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Weir, Robert Walter</span>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Weller, John B.</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wellington, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Welsh, John</span>, +<a href="#page439">439</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Westcott, Willis</span>, +<a href="#page456">456</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">West Point</span>, +<a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page024">24</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page336">336</a>, +<a href="#page353">353</a>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Westerveld, Mr. de</span>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Westminster Abbey</span>, +<a href="#page422">422</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wetmore, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wheeler, Andrew J.</span>, +<a href="#page446">446</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wheeler, Captain</span>, Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wheeler, Otis M.</span>, +<a href="#page445">445</a>, +<a href="#page446">446</a>, +<a href="#page453">453</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Whinyates, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">White House</span>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page282">282</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">White Plains, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Whiteside, Adjutant</span>, 2d Illinois Volunteers, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Whiting, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Whiting, Henry M.</span>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Whittaker, Chief-Engineer</span>, +<a href="#page436">436</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilderness, Battles of the</span>, +<a href="#page371">371</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">William and Mary College</span>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page276">276</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Aid-de-camp</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Alexander J.</span>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, David</span>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Flavel</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Fort</span>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Henry</span>, +<a href="#page443">443</a>, +<a href="#page444">444</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Otho Holland</span>, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, Thomas</span>, +<a href="#page323">323</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page375">375</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, William G.</span>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williams, W. R., Lieutenant</span>, South Carolina Volunteers, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilkes, George</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilkinson, James</span>, +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Williamson, Midshipman</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Willson, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>, +<a href="#page351">351</a>, +<a href="#page361">361</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilmot, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilson, A.</span>, +<a href="#page459">459</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilson, Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilson, James H.</span>, +<a href="#page383">383</a>, +<a href="#page389">389</a>, +<a href="#page398">398</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilson, Lieutenant Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wilson, Major</span>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Winder, Charles S.</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page414">414</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Winder, William A.</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page416">416</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Winthrop, Robert Charles</span>, +<a href="#page423">423</a>, +<a href="#page425">425</a>, +<a href="#page426">426</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wirtz, Doctor</span>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wladimir</span>, Ship of War, +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Captain</span>, 12th Regiment, +<a href="#page321">321</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Colonel</span>, 2d Texas Volunteers, +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Eleazer D.</span>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, George T.</span>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Ira A.</span>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Lieutenant-Colonel</span>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Peter V.</span>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wood, Thomas Jefferson</span>, +<a href="#page403">403</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Woods, James S.</span>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Woods, Samuel</span>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wool, John Ellis</span>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page343">343</a>, +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Worth, William Jenkins</span>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page324">324</a>, +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>, +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wright, Charles Cushing</span>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>, +<a href="#page336">336</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wright, John</span>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wright, Joseph</span>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Würt, Die-sinker</span>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wyandot Indians</span>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Wyse, F. O.</span>, +<a href="#page412">412</a>, +<a href="#page413">413</a>, +<a href="#page415">415</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">Y</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Yacht Club, New York</span>, +<a href="#page449">449</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yale College</span>, +<a href="#page215">215</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yarnall, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yarrero, General</span>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yates, Mr.</span>, +<a href="#page458">458</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yearwood, W.</span>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yell, Archibald</span>, +<a href="#page338">338</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Yorktown, Battle of</span>, +<a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Young Wasp</span>, Privateer, +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Youngs, Captain</span>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2 add2em">Z</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Zalland, van, Grand Bailiff</span>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Zantzinger, Lieutenant</span>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Zealand, Resolution of, concerning John Adams</span>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="smcap">Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Baron de</span>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>.</p> + + + +<p><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> +<strong>Footnote 1:</strong> I have not been able to find this +letter.<a href="#footnotetag1">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> +<strong>Footnote 2:</strong> I have not been able to find any trace of this memoir in +the archives of the French Academy.<a href="#footnotetag2">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> +<strong>Footnote 3:</strong> See A, page <a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag3">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> +<strong>Footnote 4:</strong> See B, page <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag4">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> +<strong>Footnote 5:</strong> For the French original see C, page +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>.<a href="#footnotetag5">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> +<strong>Footnote 6:</strong> See B, page <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag6">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> +<strong>Footnote 7:</strong> See D, page <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>.<a href="#footnotetag7">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> +<strong>Footnote 8:</strong> For the French originals of this and the following +letter, see E, page <a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag8">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> +<strong>Footnote 9:</strong> For the French original see F, page +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag9">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> +<strong>Footnote 10:</strong> <span class="smcap">Institut de France—Académie des Beaux-Arts</span> <i>Notice sur +la vie et les ouvrages d'Augustin Dupré, Graveur-Général des Monnoies +de la République. Lue dans la séance trimestrielle des cinq classes de +l'Institut, le 26 Octobre, 1870, par M. Charles +Blanc.</i><a href="#footnotetag10">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a> +<strong>Footnote 11:</strong> See G, page +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag11">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a> +<strong>Footnote 12:</strong> This is an error. See page +<a href="#pagexi">xi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag12">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a> +<strong>Footnote 13:</strong> See H, page <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag13">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a> +<strong>Footnote 14:</strong> The Count de Vibray is the representative in the female +line of the de la Luzerne family, which is extinct in the male +line.<a href="#footnotetag14">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a> +<strong>Footnote 15:</strong> The Marquis de Moustier is the great-grandson of the +Count de Moustier.<a href="#footnotetag15">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a> +<strong>Footnote 16:</strong> Among his most noted works is the bronze statue of the +Emperor Napoleon I., placed by Napoleon III. on the column in the +Place Vendôme, Paris, which was overthrown by the Communists. The +statue has since been replaced on the reconstructed column. M. Dumont, +who is a professor in the École des Beaux-Arts, is a member of the +Institute, Commander of the Legion of Honor, +etc.<a href="#footnotetag16">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a> +<strong>Footnote 17:</strong> The original of this letter, which is in French, and +which was communicated to me in Paris by M. Narcisse Dupré, is +undoubtedly in the handwriting of Mr. Jefferson. I have sought in vain +for the document mentioned in it. See I, page +<a href="#page001">1</a>.<a href="#footnotetag17">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a> +<strong>Footnote 18:</strong> I have found none of this correspondence in the archives +of the French Academy, Paris, nor in those of the State Department, +Washington, excepting the letter of Colonel Humphreys to M. Dacier, +dated Paris, March 14, 1785, for which see page +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag18">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a> +<strong>Footnote 19:</strong> See Franklin's despatch to the Honorable John Jay, dated +Passy, May 10, 1785, page <a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag19">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a> +<strong>Footnote 20:</strong> This is an error. The medals for General Wayne and Major +Stewart were composed, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, by the French +Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, in 1789. See D, page +<a href="#pagexli">">xli</a>.<a href="#footnotetag20">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a> +<strong>Footnote 21:</strong> This is incorrect, as Congress voted medals to Major +Lee, September 24, 1779, and to John Paulding, David Williams, and +Isaac Van Wart, November 3, 1780.<a href="#footnotetag21">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a> +<strong>Footnote 22:</strong> Abbreviation of <span class="smcap">NOMEN</span>, +name, or of <span class="smcap">NESCIO</span>, I know +not.<a href="#footnotetag22">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a> +<strong>Footnote 23:</strong> The reader will detect many errors in this and the +following French letters. The originals are copied exactly in each +case.<a href="#footnotetag23">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a> +<strong>Footnote 24:</strong> These were Messrs. l'abbé Barthélémy, l'abbé Garnier, +l'abbé Le Blond, l'abbé Brotier, de Vauvillier, Dupuis, and D. +Poirier.<a href="#footnotetag24">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a> +<strong>Footnote 25:</strong> The accepted +legend.<a href="#footnotetag25">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a> +<strong>Footnote 26:</strong> <span class="rx" title="Rx">℞</span>. Abbreviation of +<span class="smcap">REVERSE</span>.<a href="#footnotetag26">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote27" name="footnote27"></a> +<strong>Footnote 27:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>; B, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>; +G, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag27">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote28" name="footnote28"></a> +<strong>Footnote 28:</strong> The members chosen were Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Jay, and Mr. +Hopkins.<a href="#footnotetag28">(Back)</a></p> + +<div> +<p><a id="footnote29" name="footnote29"></a> +<strong>Footnote 29:</strong> The "stars and stripes." Congress passed, June 14, 1777, +the following resolution:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen +stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, +white on a blue field, representing a new constellation.</p> + +<p>And it was to this new American flag that General Burgoyne +surrendered.</p> + +<p>Congress changed the flag by the following act, which was approved +January 13, 1794:</p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the +United States in Congress assembled</i>, That from and after the first +day of May, anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, +the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and +white; that the union be fifteen stars, white on a blue field.</p> + +<p>Congress made a second change by an act approved April 14, 1818:</p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the +United States in Congress assembled</i>, That from and after the fourth +day of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal +stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be twenty stars, +white on a blue field.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 2. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That on the admission of every +new State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; +and that such addition shall take place on the fourth day of July then +next succeeding such admission.<a href="#footnotetag29">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote30" name="footnote30"></a> +<strong>Footnote 30:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; and B, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag30">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote31" name="footnote31"></a> +<strong>Footnote 31:</strong> The victory at Saratoga is also commemorated in the +Libertas Americana medal, No. 14, page 86, which was struck in Paris +in 1783, under the direction of Dr. +Franklin.<a href="#footnotetag31">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote32" name="footnote32"></a> +<strong>Footnote 32:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; D, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>; and H, <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag32">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote33" name="footnote33"></a> +<strong>Footnote 33:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pageix">ix</a>, <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, +<a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; G, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag33">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote34" name="footnote34"></a> +<strong>Footnote 34:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, +page 14.<a href="#footnotetag34">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote35" name="footnote35"></a> +<strong>Footnote 35:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; D, +<a href="#pagexli">xli</a>; and H, <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag35">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote36" name="footnote36"></a> +<strong>Footnote 36:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, +page 14.<a href="#footnotetag36">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote37" name="footnote37"></a> +<strong>Footnote 37:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; and H, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag37">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote38" name="footnote38"></a> +<strong>Footnote 38:</strong> Properly Paulus Hook (Hoeck), now Jersey City. It +derived its name from Michael Paulusen, who was commissary there in +1633.<a href="#footnotetag38">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote39" name="footnote39"></a> +<strong>Footnote 39:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag39">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote40" name="footnote40"></a> +<strong>Footnote 40:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; B, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>; D, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>; E, <a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>; and F, +<a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag40">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote41" name="footnote41"></a> +<strong>Footnote 41:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; B, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>; G, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag41">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote42" name="footnote42"></a> +<strong>Footnote 42:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, +page 40.<a href="#footnotetag42">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote43" name="footnote43"></a> +<strong>Footnote 43:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; B, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>; G, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag43">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote44" name="footnote44"></a> +<strong>Footnote 44:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, +page 40.<a href="#footnotetag44">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote45" name="footnote45"></a> +<strong>Footnote 45:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, +<a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexviii">xviii</a>, +<a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a>; B, +<a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>; C, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>; F, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag45">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote46" name="footnote46"></a> +<strong>Footnote 46:</strong> Colonel Morris's name does not appear in the resolution +of Congress. See No. 11, page <a href="#page050">50</a>.<a href="#footnotetag46">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote47" name="footnote47"></a> +<strong>Footnote 47:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagex">x</a>.<a href="#footnotetag47">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote48" name="footnote48"></a> +<strong>Footnote 48:</strong> These copies were obtained through the politeness of +Baron de Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister +Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to France. The original record of +the action of the State of Utrecht could not be found in the Royal +Archives.<a href="#footnotetag48">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote49" name="footnote49"></a> +<strong>Footnote 49:</strong> The date should be October 8, not 7, as will be seen by +the official documents below.<a href="#footnotetag49">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote50" name="footnote50"></a> +<strong>Footnote 50:</strong> Virgil, <i>Æneid</i>, Book VI, 620. This mutilated quotation +is scarcely intelligible. The entire verse is: "<span class="smcap">Discite justitiam, +moniti, et non temnere divos</span>." (<i>Admonished [by me], learn justice and +not to despise the gods</i>).<a href="#footnotetag50">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote51" name="footnote51"></a> +<strong>Footnote 51:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagex">x</a>.<a href="#footnotetag51">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote52" name="footnote52"></a> +<strong>Footnote 52:</strong> Horace, Book III, Ode iv, +20.<a href="#footnotetag52">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote53" name="footnote53"></a> +<strong>Footnote 53:</strong> Dates of the surrender of the British armies at Saratoga +and at Yorktown.<a href="#footnotetag53">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote54" name="footnote54"></a> +<strong>Footnote 54:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, and <a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag54">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote55" name="footnote55"></a> +<strong>Footnote 55:</strong> The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, which +took place October 19, 1781.<a href="#footnotetag55">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote56" name="footnote56"></a> +<strong>Footnote 56:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a> and <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag56">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote57" name="footnote57"></a> +<strong>Footnote 57:</strong> For original documents, see No. 16, +page <a href="#page095">95</a>.<a href="#footnotetag57">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote58" name="footnote58"></a> +<strong>Footnote 58:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a> and <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag58">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote59" name="footnote59"></a> +<strong>Footnote 59:</strong> See Admiral Jones's curious observations on the position +of the accessories on the reverse, in his letter to Jefferson, dated +August 29,/September 9, 1788, page <a href="#page112">112</a>.<a href="#footnotetag59">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote60" name="footnote60"></a> +<strong>Footnote 60:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexix">xix</a>, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, +<a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>; D, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>; +E, <a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a>; F, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>; and H, +<a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag60">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote61" name="footnote61"></a> +<strong>Footnote 61:</strong> Captain John Paul Jones was the only American officer +decorated by the King of France during the Revolutionary +War.<a href="#footnotetag61">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote62" name="footnote62"></a> +<strong>Footnote 62:</strong> The thirteen original +States.<a href="#footnotetag62">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote63" name="footnote63"></a> +<strong>Footnote 63:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag63">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote64" name="footnote64"></a> +<strong>Footnote 64:</strong> The thirteen original +States.<a href="#footnotetag64">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote65" name="footnote65"></a> +<strong>Footnote 65:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a> and +<a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<a href="#footnotetag65">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote66" name="footnote66"></a> +<strong>Footnote 66:</strong> Minister of Foreign Affairs of Louis +XVI.<a href="#footnotetag66">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote67" name="footnote67"></a> +<strong>Footnote 67:</strong> The original of this letter, without date or signature, +which is in French, and which was communicated to me in Paris by M. +Narcisse Dupré, is undoubtedly in the handwriting of Mr. William +Short.<a href="#footnotetag67">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote68" name="footnote68"></a> +<strong>Footnote 68:</strong> Galuchet, prepared +shark-skins.<a href="#footnotetag68">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote69" name="footnote69"></a> +<strong>Footnote 69:</strong> Former weights of France: 1 livre = 2 marcs = 16 ounces += 128 gros = 384 deniers = 9,216 grains.<a href="#footnotetag69">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote70" name="footnote70"></a> +<strong>Footnote 70:</strong> Former moneys of France: 1 livre = 20 sous = 240 deniers +or 48 liards. 1 livre = 0.9876 francs.<a href="#footnotetag70">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote71" name="footnote71"></a> +<strong>Footnote 71:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a> and <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag71">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote72" name="footnote72"></a> +<strong>Footnote 72:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a> and <a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>.<a href="#footnotetag72">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote73" name="footnote73"></a> +<strong>Footnote 73:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a> and <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>.<a href="#footnotetag73">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote74" name="footnote74"></a> +<strong>Footnote 74:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag74">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote75" name="footnote75"></a> +<strong>Footnote 75:</strong> As this legend refers to two events, Hull's celebrated +escape from a British fleet in July, and his capture of the Guerrière +in August, 1812, the official reports of both those important affairs +are given.<a href="#footnotetag75">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote76" name="footnote76"></a> +<strong>Footnote 76:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag76">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote77" name="footnote77"></a> +<strong>Footnote 77:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the gold ones given to +the captains of the respective ships.<a href="#footnotetag77">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote78" name="footnote78"></a> +<strong>Footnote 78:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given +under No. 25, page 154.</p> + +<p><a id="footnote79" name="footnote79"></a> +<strong>Footnote 79:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given +under No. 25, page 154.<a href="#footnotetag79">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote80" name="footnote80"></a> +<strong>Footnote 80:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to +Captain Bainbridge.<a href="#footnotetag80">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote81" name="footnote81"></a> +<strong>Footnote 81:</strong> Virgil, Æneid, Book IX, +641.<a href="#footnotetag81">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote82" name="footnote82"></a> +<strong>Footnote 82:</strong> It is singular that on some of the silver coins of Great +Britain the abbreviation <span class="smcap">Brit.</span> (Britanniarum) is spelled with one <i>t</i>, +and on some of the copper coins, with two <i>t's</i>, thus, +<span class="smcap">Britt</span>.<a href="#footnotetag82">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote83" name="footnote83"></a> +<strong>Footnote 83:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to +Lieutenant McCall.<a href="#footnotetag83">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote84" name="footnote84"></a> +<strong>Footnote 84:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the capture of the Boxer, are given under No. 29, +page 171.<a href="#footnotetag84">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote85" name="footnote85"></a> +<strong>Footnote 85:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the ones in gold given +to the captains of the respective ships.<a href="#footnotetag85">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote86" name="footnote86"></a> +<strong>Footnote 86:</strong> Nil actum credens quum quid superesset agendum. Lucan, +Pharsalia, Book II, 657.<a href="#footnotetag86">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote87" name="footnote87"></a> +<strong>Footnote 87:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the action on Lake Erie, are given under No. 31, +page 176.<a href="#footnotetag87">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote88" name="footnote88"></a> +<strong>Footnote 88:</strong> Horace, Book II, Ode II, +13.<a href="#footnotetag88">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote89" name="footnote89"></a> +<strong>Footnote 89:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to +Captain Lawrence.<a href="#footnotetag89">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote90" name="footnote90"></a> +<strong>Footnote 90:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to +Captain Macdonough.<a href="#footnotetag90">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote91" name="footnote91"></a> +<strong>Footnote 91:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the victory on Lake Champlain, are given under No. +34, page 189.<a href="#footnotetag91">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote92" name="footnote92"></a> +<strong>Footnote 92:</strong> Virgil, Æneid, Book I, +464.<a href="#footnotetag92">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote93" name="footnote93"></a> +<strong>Footnote 93:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the action on Lake Champlain, are given under No. +34, page 189.<a href="#footnotetag93">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote94" name="footnote94"></a> +<strong>Footnote 94:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to +Captain Warrington.<a href="#footnotetag94">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote95" name="footnote95"></a> +<strong>Footnote 95:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the medal in gold to +Captain Blakeley.<a href="#footnotetag95">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote96" name="footnote96"></a> +<strong>Footnote 96:</strong> Captain Treat was tried by a court-martial and honorably +acquitted.<a href="#footnotetag96">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote97" name="footnote97"></a> +<strong>Footnote 97:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are +given under No. 39, page 203.<a href="#footnotetag97">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote98" name="footnote98"></a> +<strong>Footnote 98:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara and Erie, are +given under No. 39, page 203, and No. 44, page +226.<a href="#footnotetag98">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote99" name="footnote99"></a> +<strong>Footnote 99:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are +given under No. 39, page 203.<a href="#footnotetag99">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote100" name="footnote100"></a> +<strong>Footnote 100:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageix">ix</a>.<a href="#footnotetag100">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote101" name="footnote101"></a> +<strong>Footnote 101:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the +official reports of the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, are given +under No. 39, page 203.<a href="#footnotetag101">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote102" name="footnote102"></a> +<strong>Footnote 102:</strong> See No. 62, page <a href="#page304">304</a>.<a href="#footnotetag102">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote103" name="footnote103"></a> +<strong>Footnote 103:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given +under No. 39, page <a href="#page203">203</a>.<a href="#footnotetag103">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote104" name="footnote104"></a> +<strong>Footnote 104:</strong> U. C., Abbreviation of Upper +Canada.<a href="#footnotetag104">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote105" name="footnote105"></a> +<strong>Footnote 105:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given +under No. 39, page 203.<a href="#footnotetag105">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote106" name="footnote106"></a> +<strong>Footnote 106:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the gold medal given to +Captain Stewart.<a href="#footnotetag106">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote107" name="footnote107"></a> +<strong>Footnote 107:</strong> The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to +Captain Biddle.<a href="#footnotetag107">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote108" name="footnote108"></a> +<strong>Footnote 108:</strong> The resolution of Congress voting this medal and the +official reports of the Battle of the Thames are given under No. 50, +page 254.<a href="#footnotetag108">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote109" name="footnote109"></a> +<strong>Footnote 109:</strong> De Puymaurin was director of the Paris Mint at the time +this medal was struck.<a href="#footnotetag109">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote110" name="footnote110"></a> +<strong>Footnote 110:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +pages <a href="#pagex">x</a> and <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag110">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote111" name="footnote111"></a> +<strong>Footnote 111:</strong> Virgil, Æneid, Book II, +6.<a href="#footnotetag111">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote112" name="footnote112"></a> +<strong>Footnote 112:</strong> General Harrison, the ninth President, died one month +after his inauguration, and no Indian peace medal of him was +struck.<a href="#footnotetag112">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote113" name="footnote113"></a> +<strong>Footnote 113:</strong> The Libertas Americana +medal.<a href="#footnotetag113">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote114" name="footnote114"></a> +<strong>Footnote 114:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, pages +<a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a> and <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>.<a href="#footnotetag114">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote115" name="footnote115"></a> +<strong>Footnote 115:</strong> See Nos. 60, page <a href="#page290">290</a>, and 63, page +<a href="#page336">336</a>.<a href="#footnotetag115">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote116" name="footnote116"></a> +<strong>Footnote 116:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageix">ix</a>.<a href="#footnotetag116">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote117" name="footnote117"></a> +<strong>Footnote 117:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag117">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote118" name="footnote118"></a> +<strong>Footnote 118:</strong> The Latin proverb is <span class="smcap">BIS +DAT QUI CITO DAT</span>.<a href="#footnotetag118">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote119" name="footnote119"></a> +<strong>Footnote 119:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag119">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote120" name="footnote120"></a> +<strong>Footnote 120:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageix">ix</a>.<a href="#footnotetag120">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote121" name="footnote121"></a> +<strong>Footnote 121:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Enclosure</span>, +page <a href="#page414">414</a>.<a href="#footnotetag121">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote122" name="footnote122"></a> +<strong>Footnote 122:</strong> See <span class="smcap">Introduction</span>, +page <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>.<a href="#footnotetag122">(Back)</a></p> + +<div> +<p><a id="footnote123" name="footnote123"></a> +<strong>Footnote 123:</strong> The Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath is +composed of three classes:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The First Class</span>: (G. C. B.), to consist of not more than seventy-two +<span class="smcap">Knights Grand Crosses</span>, exclusive of the Sovereign and Princes of the +Blood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Second Class</span>: (K. C. B) <span class="smcap">Knights Commanders</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Third Class</span>: (C. B.) <span class="smcap">Companions of the +Bath</span>.<a href="#footnotetag123">(Back)</a></p></div> + +<p><a id="footnote124" name="footnote124"></a> +<strong>Footnote 124:</strong> During the war the campaign badge was of felt, red for +the first division, white for the second, and blue for the third. For +dress occasions it was of silver, with the color of the division +inserted in the badge. The felt badge was worn on the right side of +the hat, the silver one as in the plate. By means of the letters, +figures, and badge, any one could tell, at a glance, the army corps, +division, brigade, regiment, and company, to which a soldier belonged, +and the State from which he came.</p> + +<p>After the war Congress passed the following resolution:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States in Congress assembled</i>: That all who served as officers, +non-commissioned officers, privates, or other enlisted men, in the +regular army, volunteer, or militia forces of the United States, +during the war of the Rebellion, and have been honorably discharged +from the service or remain still in the same, shall be entitled to +wear, on occasions of ceremony, the distinctive army badge ordered for +or adopted by the army corps or division, respectively, in which they +served.</p> + +<p>Approved July 25, 1868.<a href="#footnotetag124">(Back)</a></p></div> + +<p><a id="footnote125" name="footnote125"></a> +<strong>Footnote 125:</strong> Reported by Mr. Porter Sheldon, of the Committee on +Foreign Affairs.<a href="#footnotetag125">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote126" name="footnote126"></a> +<strong>Footnote 126:</strong> Blank space for +name.<a href="#footnotetag126">(Back)</a></p> + +<div> +<p><a id="footnote127" name="footnote127"></a> +<strong>Footnote 127:</strong> These words occur in the following resolution of the +Continental Congress:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">In Congress.</span></p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>: That the consideration of the first resolution be +postponed to Monday, the first day of July next, and in the meanwhile, +that no time be lost in case the Congress agree thereto, that a +committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the +said first resolution, which is in these words: "That these United +Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States, +that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown; and +that all political connection between them and the State of Great +Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."</p> + +<p>Monday, June 10th, 1776.<a href="#footnotetag128">(Back)</a></p></div> + +<p><a id="footnote128" name="footnote128"></a> +<strong>Footnote 128:</strong> See note 1 under No. 82, page +<a href="#page438">438</a>.<a href="#footnotetag128">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote129" name="footnote129"></a> +<strong>Footnote 129:</strong> The act of Congress in relation to the Centennial +Medals, and an official notice promulgated by the Centennial Board of +Finance, are given under No. 82, page +438.<a href="#footnotetag129">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote130" name="footnote130"></a> +<strong>Footnote 130:</strong> Similar letters were written to A. J. Clemons and +Hubbard M. Clemons.<a href="#footnotetag130">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote131" name="footnote131"></a> +<strong>Footnote 131:</strong> Similar letters were sent to Hugh Beard, James Conley, +William Gregory, Charles Danslow, John Dolman, George Lee, Philip +Murphy, James Munday, William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William +Stewart.<a href="#footnotetag131">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote132" name="footnote132"></a> +<strong>Footnote 132:</strong> Similar letters of the same date were sent to E. +Crabtree, Charles Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. +Jones, James Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, +Charles McKenzie, John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry +Williams.<a href="#footnotetag132">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote133" name="footnote133"></a> +<strong>Footnote 133:</strong> The act of Congress instituting this medal is given +under No. 84, page 441.<a href="#footnotetag133">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote134" name="footnote134"></a> +<strong>Footnote 134:</strong> See report of the Life-Saving Service, November 30, +1876, No. 84, page <a href="#page441">441</a>.<a href="#footnotetag134">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote135" name="footnote135"></a> +<strong>Footnote 135:</strong> A similar letter was sent to Otis N. +Wheeler.<a href="#footnotetag135">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote136" name="footnote136"></a> +<strong>Footnote 136:</strong> See Report of the Life-Saving Service, November 29, +1877, No. 84, page <a href="#page441">441</a>.<a href="#footnotetag136">(Back)</a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote137" name="footnote137"></a> +<strong>Footnote 137:</strong> Similar letters were sent to N. A. Petersen, Barnt +Oleson, Anton Oleson, Henry Shark and John +McKenna.<a href="#footnotetag137">(Back)</a></p> + +<div class="tn"><p><strong>Transcriber's note</strong>: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, +all other inconsistencies are as in the original. Author's spelling has been +maintained.</p> +<p>—The anchor for the footnote 78 was not to be found on the original page.</p> +<p>—Dashed lines correspond to cut parts.</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medallic History of the United +States of America 1776-1876, by J. F. Loubat + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDALLIC HISTORY *** + +***** This file should be named 21880-h.htm or 21880-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/8/8/21880/ + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Christine P. 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