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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Woman, by William J. Robinson
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Woman
+       Her Sex and Love Life
+
+
+Author: William J. Robinson
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 15, 2007  [eBook #21840]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 21840-h.htm or 21840-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/8/4/21840/21840-h/21840-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/8/4/21840/21840-h.zip)
+
+
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+      | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original     |
+      | document have been preserved. There are many uncommon     |
+      | words in this text.                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.         |
+      | For a complete list, please see the end of this document. |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Bold face is indicated when text is enclosed by equal     |
+      | signs (example: =bold=)                                   |
+      |                                                           |
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+WOMAN
+
+Her Sex And Love Life
+
+by
+
+WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+Dermatology, Bronx Hospital Dispensary Editor of the
+American Journal of Urology and Sexology; Editor of The
+Critic and Guide; Author of Treatment of Sexual Impotence
+and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women; Treatment of
+Gonorrhea in Men and Women; Limitation of Offspring by the
+Prevention of Conception; Sex Knowledge for Girls and Women;
+Sexual Problems of Today; Never-Told Tales; Eugenics and
+Marriage, etc. Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine,
+of the American Medical Editors' Association, American
+Medical Association, New York State Medical Society,
+Internationale Gesellschaft für Sexualforschung, American
+Genetic Association, American Association for the
+Advancement of Science, American Urological Association,
+etc., etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+Twenty-First Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1929
+Eugenics Publishing Company
+New York
+
+Copyright, 1917,
+by Eugenics Publishing Company
+
+Press of
+J.J. Little & Ives Co.
+New York
+
+
+
+
+THE CREATION OF WOMAN
+
+
+This old Oriental legend is so exquisitely charming, so superior to
+the Biblical narrative of the creation of woman, that it deserves to
+be reproduced in WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE. There are several
+variants of this legend, but I reproduce it as it appeared in the
+first issue of THE CRITIC AND GUIDE, January, 1903.
+
+    At the beginning of time, Twashtri--the Vulcan of Hindu
+    mythology--created the world. But when he wished to create a
+    woman, he found that he had employed all his materials in the
+    creation of man. There did not remain one solid element. Then
+    Twashtri, perplexed, fell into a profound meditation from which
+    he aroused himself and proceeded as follows:
+
+    He took the roundness of the moon, the undulations of the
+    serpent, the entwinement of clinging plants, the trembling of
+    the grass, the slenderness of the rose-vine and the velvet of
+    the flower, the lightness of the leaf and the glance of the
+    fawn, the gaiety of the sun's rays and tears of the mist, the
+    inconstancy of the wind and the timidity of the hare, the vanity
+    of the peacock and the softness of the down on the throat of the
+    swallow, the hardness of the diamond, the sweet flavor of honey
+    and the cruelty of the tiger, the warmth of fire, the chill of
+    snow, the chatter of the jay and the cooing of the turtle dove.
+
+    He combined all these and formed a woman. Then he made a present
+    of her to man. Eight days later the man came to Twashtri, and
+    said: "My Lord, the creature you gave me poisons my existence.
+    She chatters without rest, she takes all my time, she laments
+    for nothing at all, and is always ill; take her back;" and
+    Twashtri took the woman back.
+
+    But eight days later the man came again to the god and said: "My
+    Lord, my life is very solitary since I returned this creature. I
+    remember she danced before me, singing. I recall how she glanced
+    at me from the corner of her eye, how she played with me, clung
+    to me. Give her back to me," and Twashtri returned the woman to
+    him. Three days only passed and Twashtri saw the man coming to
+    him again. "My Lord," said he, "I do not understand exactly how
+    it is, but I am sure that the woman causes me more annoyance
+    than pleasure. I beg you to relieve me of her."
+
+    But Twashtri cried: "Go your way and do the best you can." And
+    the man cried: "I cannot live with her!" "Neither can you live
+    without her!" replied Twashtri.
+
+    And the man went away sorrowful, murmuring: "Woe is me, I can
+    neither live with nor without her."
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+In the first chapter of this book I have shown, I believe
+convincingly, why sex knowledge is even more important for women than
+it is for men. I have examined carefully the books that have been
+written for girls and women, and I know that it is not bias, nor
+carping criticism, but strict honesty that forces me to say that I
+have not found one satisfactory girl's or woman's sex book. There are
+some excellent books for girls and women on general hygiene; but on
+sex hygiene, on the general manifestations of the sex instinct, on sex
+ethics--none. I have attempted to write such a book. Whether I have
+succeeded--fully, partially or not at all--is not for me to say,
+though I have my suspicions. But this I know: in writing this book I
+have been strictly honest with myself, from first page to last.
+Whether everything I have written is the truth, I do not know. But at
+least I believe that it is--or I would not have written it. And I can
+solemnly say that the book is free from any cant, hypocrisy,
+falsehood, exaggeration or compromise, nor has any attempt been made
+in any chapter to conciliate the stupid, the ignorant, the pervert, or
+the sexless.
+
+As in all my other books I have used plain, honest English. Not any
+plainer than necessary, but plain enough to avoid obscurity and
+misconception.
+
+Science and art are both necessary to human happiness. This is not the
+place to discuss the relative importance of the two. And, while I have
+no patience with art-for-art's-sake, I recognize that the scientist
+can not be put into a narrow channel and ordered to go into a certain
+definite direction. Scientific investigations which seemed aimless and
+useless have sometimes led to highly important results, and I would
+not disparage science for its own sake. It has its uses. Nevertheless
+I personally have no use for it. To me everything must have a direct
+human purpose, a definite human application. When the cup of human
+life is so overflowing with woe and pain and misery, it seems to me a
+narrow dilettanteism or downright charlatanism to devote one's self to
+petty or bizarre problems which can have no relation to human
+happiness, and to prate of self-satisfaction and self-expression. One
+can have all the self-expression one wants while doing useful work.
+
+And working for humanity does not exclude a healthy hedonism; not the
+narrow Cyrenaic, but an enlightened altruistic hedonism. And in
+writing this book I have kept the human problem constantly before my
+eyes. It was not my ambition merely to impart interesting facts: my
+concern was the practical application of these facts, their relation
+to human happiness.
+
+If this book should be instrumental, as I confidently trust it will,
+in destroying some medieval superstitions, in dissipating some
+hampering and cramping errors, in instilling some hope in the hearts
+of the hopeless, in bringing a little joy into the homes of the
+joyless, in increasing in however slight a degree the sum total of
+human happiness, its mission shall have been gloriously fulfilled.
+
+For this is the mission of the book: to increase the sum total of
+human happiness.
+
+                                               W.J.R.
+
+
+  12 Mount Morris Park W.,
+    New York City.
+      Jan. 1, 1917.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+
+I. THE PARAMOUNT NEED OF SEX KNOWLEDGE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN          23
+
+ Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+    Women--Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+    Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy--The Place Love
+    Occupies in Woman's Life--Woman's Physical Disabilities.
+
+II. THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS; THEIR ANATOMY                            31
+
+ The Internal Sex Organs--The Ovaries--The Fallopian Tubes--The
+    Uterus--The Divisions of the Uterus--Anteversion,
+    Anteflexion, Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the
+    Uterus--Endometritis--The Vagina--The Hymen--Imperforate
+    Hymen--The External Genitals--The Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia
+    Minora, the Mons Veneris, the Clitoris, the Urethra--The
+    Breasts--The Pelvis--The Difference Between the Male and
+    Female Pelvis.
+
+III. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS                        49
+
+ Function of the Ovaries--Internal Secretion of the Ovaries--
+    Function of the Internal Secretion--Number of Ova in the
+    Ovaries--The Graafian Follicles--Ovulation--Corpora
+    Lutea--Function of the Fallopian Tubes--Function of the
+    Vagina--Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons Veneris--
+    Function of the Breasts--Besides Secreting Milk Breast Has
+    Sexual Function--The Orgasm--Pollutions in Women--Secondary
+    Sex Characters--Differences Between Woman and Man.
+
+IV. THE SEX INSTINCT                                                62
+
+ Universality of the Sex Instinct--Not Responsible for Our
+    Thoughts and Feelings.
+
+V. PUBERTY                                                          65
+
+ Physical Changes in Puberty--Physical Changes in the Genital
+    Organs and in the Rest of the Body--Psychic Changes--Puberty
+    and Adolescence--Nubility.
+
+VI. MENSTRUATION                                                    71
+
+ Definition of Menstruation--Where Menstrual Blood Comes
+    From--Age of Menstruation--Age of Cessation of
+    Menstruation--Duration--Amount--Regularity and Irregularity.
+
+VII. ABNORMALITIES OF MENSTRUATION                                  75
+
+ Disorders of  Menstruation--Menorrhagia--Metrorrhagia--
+    Amenorrhea--Vicarious Menstruation--Dysmenorrhea of Organic
+    and of Nervous Origin.
+
+VIII. THE HYGIENE OF MENSTRUATION                                   78
+
+ Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period--Superstitious
+    Beliefs--Hygiene of Menstruation.
+
+IX. FECUNDATION OR FERTILIZATION                                    82
+
+ Fecundation or Fertilization--Process of Fecundation--When the
+    Ovum Matures--Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+    Place--Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse--The
+    Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum--Rapidity of Movements of
+    Spermatozoa--Absorption of Spermatozoön by Ovum--Activity of
+    Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop--Pregnancy in
+    the Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers--Twin Pregnancy--Passivity
+    of Ovum and Activity of Spermatozoön Foretell the Contrasting
+    Rôles of the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.
+
+X. PREGNANCY                                                        88
+
+ Period of Pregnancy in Human Female--Physiologic Process of
+    Pregnancy--Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception--
+    Pregnant Woman Provides Nourishment for Two--Her Excreting
+    Organs Must Work for Two.
+
+XI. THE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY                                      93
+
+ Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women--Pregnancy and
+    Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education
+    in True Hygiene--Morning Sickness and Its Treatment--Necessity
+    for Medical Advice in Pernicious Vomiting--Anorexia--Bulimia--
+    Aversion Towards Certain Foods--Peculiar Cravings--Tendency
+    to Constipation Aggravated by Pregnancy--Dietary Measures in
+    Constipation--Rectal Injections in Constipation--Laxatives--
+    Cause of Frequent Desire to Urinate During First Two or Three
+    and Last Months of Pregnancy--Treatment of Frequent Urination--
+    Cause of Piles During Pregnancy and Their Treatment--Cause of
+    Itching of External Genitals During Pregnancy and Treatment--
+    Cause of Varicose Veins and Treatment--Liver Spots.
+
+XII. WHEN TO ENGAGE A PHYSICIAN                                    102
+
+ Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself
+    Under Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During
+    Entire Period.
+
+XIII. THE SIZE OF THE FETUS                                        105
+
+ Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End
+    of Each Month of Pregnancy.
+
+XIV. THE AFTERBIRTH (PLACENTA) AND CORD                            108
+
+ How the Afterbirth Develops--Bag of Waters--Umbilical Cord--The
+    Navel--Fetus Nourished by Absorption--Fetus Breathes by Aid
+    of Placenta--No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.
+
+XV. LACTATION OR NURSING                                           110
+
+ No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk--When Nursing is
+    Injurious to Mother and Child--Modified Milk--Artificial
+    Foods--Care Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse--Suckling Child
+    Benefits Mother--Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by
+    Nursing--Sexual Feelings While Nursing--Alcoholics are
+    Injurious--Attention to Condition of Nipples During
+    Pregnancy Essential--Treatment of Sunken Nipples--Treatment
+    of Tender Nipples--Treatment of Cracked Nipples--How to Stop
+    the Secretion of Milk When Necessary--Menstruation While
+    Nursing--Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.
+
+XVI. ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE                                      117
+
+ Definition of Word Abortion--Definition of Word Miscarriage--
+    Spontaneous Abortion--Induced Abortion--Therapeutic Abortion--
+    Criminal Abortion--Missed Abortion--Habitual Abortion--
+    Syphilis as Cause of Abortion and Miscarriage--Dangers of
+    Abortion--Abortion an Evil.
+
+XVII. PRENATAL CARE                                                121
+
+ Meaning of the Term--Misleading Information by
+    Quasi-Scientists--Exaggerated Ideas Regarding Prenatal
+    Care--Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child--Cases
+    Under Author's Observation--Effects on Offspring--Advice to
+    Pregnant Women--Germ-plasm of Chronic Alcoholic--A Glass of
+    Wine and the Spermatozoa--False Statements--Cases of
+    Violence and Accidents During Pregnancy.
+
+XVIII. THE MENOPAUSE, OR CHANGE OF LIFE                            128
+
+ Time of Menopause--Cause of Suffering During Menopause--
+    Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous--
+    Increased Libido During Menopause--Change of Life in Men.
+
+XIX. THE HABIT OF MASTURBATION                                     135
+
+ Definition of Masturbation--Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+    Compared with Boys--Married Life of the Girl Masturbator--
+    Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of Parents who
+    Discover the Habit--Common-sense Treatment of the Habit--
+    How to Prevent Formation of Habit--Parents' Advice to
+    Children--Hot Baths as Factor in Masturbation--Other Physical
+    Factors--Mental Masturbation and Its Effects.
+
+XX. LEUCORRHEA--THE WHITES                                         143
+
+ Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"--A
+    Common Complaint--Severe Cases--Reasons for Resistance to
+    Treatment--Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder--Sterility
+    Due to Leucorrhea--Causes of Leucorrhea--Tonic
+    Medicines--Local Treatment--Formulæ for Douching.
+
+XXI. THE VENEREAL DISEASES                                         149
+
+ Derivation of Word "Venereal"--Three Venereal Diseases--
+    Innocent Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects--
+    The Hygienic Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal
+    Infection--Measures for Prevention After Sexual Relations.
+
+XXII. THE EXTENT OF VENEREAL DISEASE                               151
+
+ Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+    Results--Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+    Venereal Disease--Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+    "Reformers"--Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to
+    Lurid Exaggerations--Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals
+    Harmful Results of Exaggerated Statements--Truth in Regard
+    to Percentage of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.
+
+XXIII. GONORRHEA                                                   158
+
+ Source of Gonorrhea--Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of
+    Eye Principal Seats of Disease--Symptoms in Men and in
+    Women--Vagina Seldom Attacked in Adults--Nobody Inherits
+    Gonorrhea--Ophthalmia Neonatorum--Differences of Course of
+    Disease in Men and Women--Gonorrhea Less Painful in
+    Women--Symptoms not Suspected by Woman--Necessity for the
+    Woman Consulting a Physician--Self-treatment When Woman
+    Cannot Consult Physician--Formulæ for Injections.
+
+XXIV. VULVOVAGINITIS IN LITTLE GIRLS                               164
+
+ Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls--Discharge
+    Chief Symptom--Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis--Psychic
+    Results of Treatment--Effects in Hastening Sexual
+    Maturity--Vulvovaginitis a Cause of Permanent
+    Sterility--Measures to Prevent the Disease--Toilet Seats and
+    Vulvovaginitis.
+
+XXV. SYPHILIS                                                      168
+
+ Syphilis Due to Germ--Syphilis a Constitutional Disease--
+    Primary Lesion--Incubation Period--Roseola--Primary
+    Stage--Secondary Stage--Mucous Patches--Tertiary
+    Stage--Gumma--Hereditary Nature of Syphilis--Milder Course
+    in Women Than in Men--Obscure Symptoms in Syphilis--
+    Necessity for Examination by Physician--Locomotor Ataxia--
+    Softening of the Brain--Chancroids.
+
+XXVI. THE CURABILITY OF VENEREAL DISEASE                           174
+
+ Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in
+    Man--Extensive Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to
+    Cure--Positive Cure in Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.
+
+XXVII. VENEREAL PROPHYLAXIS                                        177
+
+ Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious
+    Intercourse--Formulæ for Douches--Precautions Against
+    Non-venereal Sources of Infection--Syphilis Transmitted by
+    Dentist's Instruments--Manicurists and Syphilis--Promiscuous
+    Kissing a Source of Syphilitic Infection.
+
+XXIII. ALCOHOL, SEX AND VENEREAL DISEASE                           181
+
+ Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease--A Champagne Dinner
+    and Syphilis--Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due
+    to Alcohol--Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man
+    and in Woman--Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to
+    Alcohol--Alcohol as an Aid to Seduction.
+
+XXIX. MARRIAGE AND GONORRHEA                                       187
+
+ Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected
+    with Gonorrhea or Syphilis--Advisability of Certificate of
+    Freedom from Transmissible Disease--Premarital Examination
+    as a Universal Custom--When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be
+    Allowed to Marry--When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be
+    Allowed to Marry--Antisepsis Before Coitus--Question of
+    Sterility in the Man Who Has Had Gonorrhea Easily
+    Answered--Impossibility of Determining Whether the Woman is
+    Fertile or Not.
+
+XXX. MARRIAGE AND SYPHILIS                                         195
+
+ Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry--Rules More
+    Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired--Where Both
+    Partners Are Syphilitic--Danger of Paresis in Some
+    Syphilitic Patients--A Case in the Author's Practice.
+
+XXXI. WHO MAY AND WHO MAY NOT MARRY                                200
+
+ The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of Marriage--
+    _Venereal Disease_ the Most Common Question--_Tuberculosis_--
+    Sexual Appetite of Tubercular Patients--Effect of Pregnancy
+    Contraceptive Knowledge for Tubercular Wife--_Heart Disease_--
+    Serious Bar to Marriage--Influence of Sexual Intercourse--
+    _Cancer_--Fear of Hereditary Transmission--_Exophthalmic
+    Goiter_--Most Frequent in Women--Simple Goiter--Exceptions
+    to Rule--_Obesity_--Family History--Obesity and Stoutness Not
+    Synonymous--_Arteriosclerosis_--Danger in Sexual Act--_Gout_--
+    Real Causes of Gout--_Mumps_--Parotid Glands and Sex Organs--
+    Mumps and Sterility--Oöphoritis Due to Mumps--_Hemophilia_--
+    Hemophilic Sons May Marry--Hemophilic Daughters May Not
+    Marry--_Anemia_--_Chlorosis_--_Epilepsy_--Hysteria--Symptoms
+    of Hysteria--Marriage of Hysterical Women--_Alcoholism_--
+    Effect on Offspring--Alcoholics and Impotence--
+    _Feeblemindedness_--Evil Effects on Offspring--Sterilization
+    of Feebleminded Only Preventive--_Insanity_--Functional
+    Insanity--Organic Insanity--Hereditary Transmissibility of
+    Insanity--Fear Resulting in Insanity--Environment versus
+    Heredity in Insanity--_Neurosis_--_Neurasthenia_--
+    _Psychasthenia_--_Neuropathy_--_Psychopathy_--Nervous
+    Conditions and Genius--Sexual Impotence and Genius--_Drug
+    Addiction_--External Causes--_Consanguineous Marriages_--When
+    Consanguineous Marriages are Advisable--Offspring of
+    Consanguineous Marriages--Homosexuality--Homosexuals Often
+    Ignorant of Their Condition--Sexual Repression and
+    Homosexuality--Sadism and Divorce--Masochism--Sexual Impotence
+    and Marriage--Effect Upon the Wife--Frigidity--Marital Relations
+    and Frigid Woman--Excessive Libido and Marriage--Excessive
+    Demands Upon Wife--Satyriasis--The Excessively Libidinous
+    Wife--Nymphomania--Treatment--Harelip--Myopia--Astigmatism--
+    Premature Baldness--Criminality--Crime as Result of
+    Environment--Legal and Moral Crime--Ancestral Criminality and
+    Marriage--Rules of Heredity--Pauperism--Difference Between
+    Pauperism and Poverty.
+
+XXXII. BIRTH CONTROL OR THE LIMITATION OF OFFSPRING                244
+
+ Knowledge of Prevention of Conception Essential--Misapprehensions
+    Concerning Birth-control Propaganda--Modern Contraceptives Not
+    Injurious to Health--Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures
+    Due to Secrecy--Prevention of Conception and Abortion
+    Radically Different--More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+    Information were Legally Obtainable--Demand for Prostitution
+    Would be Curtailed--Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+    Knowledge--Another Phase of the Birth-control Problem--Knowledge
+    of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was a Taint of Insanity,
+    and the Happy Results.
+
+XXXIII. ADVICE TO GIRLS APPROACHING THE THRESHOLD OF WOMANHOOD     261
+
+ The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male--The
+    Unprotected Girl's Temptations--Some Men Who Will Pester the
+    Young Girl--Risk of Venereal Infection--Danger of
+    Impregnation--Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman
+    May Not Always Be Relied Upon--Nature of Men who Seduce
+    Girls--Exceptions--Illegitimate Motherhood--Difficulties in
+    the Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living--The
+    Child of the Foundling Asylum--Social Attitude Towards
+    Illegitimacy Responsible for Abortion Evil--Dangers of
+    Abortion--The Girl Who Has Lost Her Virginity.
+
+XXXIV. ADVICE TO PARENTS OF UNFORTUNATE GIRLS                      273
+
+ Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl--The Case of Edith
+    and What Her Father Did--The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and
+    Bridget C.
+
+XXXV. SEXUAL RELATIONS DURING MENSTRUATION                         279
+
+ Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During Menstruation--
+    Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual Period--When Intercourse
+    May be Permitted--Injection Before Coitus During
+    Menstruation--Fallacy of Ancient Idea of Injuriousness.
+
+XXXVI. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING PREGNANCY                         282
+
+ Complete Abstinence During Pregnancy--Bad Results of Complete
+    Abstinence--Intensity of Relations During First Four Months--
+    Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Months--
+    Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth Months--Abstinence
+    After Birth of Child.
+
+XXXVII. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR PROPAGATION ONLY                    284
+
+ Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only--What Such
+    Practice Would Lead to--Nature and the Sex-fanatics--Sexual
+    Desire in Woman After Menopause--Sex Instinct of Sterile Men
+    and Women--Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.
+
+XXXVIII. VAGINISMUS                                                288
+
+ Vaginismus--Dyspareunia--Difference Between Vaginismus and
+    Dyspareunia--Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+    Convulsions.
+
+XXXIX. STERILITY                                                   291
+
+ Definition of Sterility--Husband Should First be Examined--
+    One-child Sterility--The Fertile Woman--Salpingitis as a
+    Cause of Sterility--Leucorrhea and Sterility--Displacement
+    of Uterus and Sterility--Closure of Neck of Womb and
+    Sterility--Sterility and Constitutional Disease--Treatment
+    of Sterility.
+
+XL. THE HYMEN                                                      294
+
+ Difference Between Chastity and Virginity--Worship of Intact
+    Hymen--Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of
+    the Girl--Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.
+
+XLI. IS THE ORGASM NECESSARY FOR IMPREGNATION?                     297
+
+ Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation--Bad
+    Results of Suppression by the Woman--Orgasm: Relation of to
+    Impregnation--A Hypothesis--A Fanciful Hypothesis--Why
+    Passionate Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers--Advice
+    to Passionate Women who Desire to Conceive.
+
+XLII. FRIGIDITY IN WOMEN                                           301
+
+ Meaning of Term Frigidity--Types of Frigidity--Large Percentage
+    of Frigid Women--Repression of Sexual Manifestations and
+    Frigidity--Frigidity and Masturbation--Frigidity and Sexual
+    Weakness of Husband--Frigidity and Dislike of Husband--Organic
+    Causes of Frigidity--A Frigid Woman May Become Passionate--
+   Treatment of Frigidity.
+
+XLIII. ADVICE TO FRIGID WOMEN, PARTICULARLY WIVES                  304
+
+ Advice to Frigid Women--Attitude of Different Men Towards
+    Frigid Wives--Orgasm a Subjective Feeling--A Justifiable
+    Innocent Deception--The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.
+
+XLIV. RAPE                                                         308
+
+ Definition of Rape--Age of Consent--Unanimous Opinion of
+    Experts--Exceptional Cases--False Accusation of Rape Due to
+    Perversion--Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing
+    Accusations Against Doctors and Dentists.
+
+XLV. THE SINGLE STANDARD OF SEXUAL MORALITY                        311
+
+ Chastity--Double Standard of Morality--Attempt to Abolish
+    Double Standard--Late Marriages and Chastity in Men--Harmful
+    Advice Given to Young Women--Chastity in Men Not Always Due
+    to Moral Principles--Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands--A
+    Statement by Professor Freud--A Statement by Professor
+    Michels--What a Girl has a Right to Demand of Her Future
+    Husband--Three Cases Showing Disastrous Effects of Wrong
+    Teachings.
+
+XLVI. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN'S AND WOMAN'S SEX AND LOVE LIFE       318
+
+ Seemingly Contradictory Statements--Faulty Interpretations of
+    Words Sexual Instinct and Love--Difference in Manifestations
+    of Male and Female Sexual Instincts--Man's Sex Instinct
+    Grosser Than Woman's--Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy
+    and in the Girl--Woman's Desire for Caresses--Man's Main
+    Desire for Sexual Relations--Normal Sex Relations as Means
+    of Holding a Man--A Physiological Reason Why Man is Held--Man
+    and Physical Love--Woman and Spiritual Love--Preliminaries of
+    Sexual Intercourse in Men and Women--Physical Attributes--
+    Mental and Spiritual Qualities--Difference Between Love and
+    "Being in Love"--Love as a Stimulus to Man--When the Man
+    Loves--When the Woman Loves--Man's More Engrossing
+    Interests--Lovemaking Irksome to Man--Man's Polygamous
+    Tendencies--Woman Single-affectioned in Her Sex and Love
+    Life--Man and Woman Biologically Different.
+
+XLVII. MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS                                        327
+
+ Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions--No Single
+    Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression--Birth of
+    Monstrosities--Ridiculous Examples Given by Physicians--
+    So-called Shock Often a Product of Mother's Imagination--
+    Four Cases of Alleged Maternal Impressions--Mother's
+    Health During Pregnancy May Have Effect Upon Child's
+    General Health.
+
+XLVIII. ADVICE TO THE MARRIED AND THOSE ABOUT TO BE                336
+
+ Marriage as an Ideal Institution--Monogamic Marriage--Some
+    Reasons for Husbands' Deviations--Importance of First Few
+    Weeks of Married Life--Necessity for Understanding at
+    Beginning--Preventing and Breaking Habits--The Wife's
+    Individuality--Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious--
+    Wife's Interest in Husband's Affairs--The "Slob" Husband--
+    The Well-groomed Husband--Bad Odor from the Mouth--Odors
+    from Other Parts of the Body--Treatment for Bad Odor from
+    Perspiration--A Beneficial Powder--Advice Regarding
+    Flirting--Dainty Underwear--Fine External Clothes and Cheap
+    and Soiled Underwear--Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act
+    Required with Some Men--Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's
+    Foibles--A Professional Secret--A Case of Temporary
+    Impotence--The Wife's Indiscretion--The Disastrous Result--A
+    Big Stomach--The Wife's Attitude Towards the Marital
+    Relation--Behavior Preliminary to and During the Act--
+    Congenital Frigidity--Prudish and Vicious Ideas About the
+    Sex Act--Sexual Intercourse for Procreative Purposes
+    Only--Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife--The
+    Remedy--Other Causes--Wife who Makes too Frequent Demands--
+    Sacrificing the Future to the Present--Esthetic Considerations.
+
+XLXIX. A RATIONAL DIVORCE SYSTEM                                   356
+
+ A Rational Divorce System--Storms and Squalls--Two Sides of the
+    Divorce Question--Outside Help and Marital Tangles--A
+    Husband who was a Paragon of Virtue--The Case of the Sweet
+    Wife--The Proper Untangling of Domestic Tangles.
+
+L. WHAT IS LOVE?                                                   361
+
+ Is Love Definable?--Raising a Corner of the Veil--Two Opinions
+    of Love--The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love--The
+    Second Opinion--The Grain of Truth in Each--The Truth
+    Concerning Love--Foundation of Love--Sexual Attraction and
+    Love--The Frigid Woman and Her Husband--Puzzling Cases of
+    Love--The Paradox--Blindness of Love and the Penetrating
+    Vision of Love--Limits of Homeliness--Physical Aversion and
+    Genesis of Love--Mating in the Animal Kingdom--Mating in Low
+    Races--Love in People of High Culture--Difference in Love of
+    Savage and Man of Culture--Distinctions Between
+    Loves--Varieties of Love and Varieties of Men--"Love"
+    Without Sexual Desire--Refraining and Wanting--Cause of
+    Love at First Sight--"Magnetic Forces" and Love at First
+    Sight--The Pathological Side--Differentiation of Phases of
+    Love--Infatuation--Difference Between "Infatuation" and
+    "Being in Love"--Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation--Sexual
+    Satisfaction and Love--Infatuation Mistaken for Love--Love
+    the Most Mysterious of Human Emotions--Great Love and
+    Supreme Happiness.
+
+LI. JEALOUSY AND HOW TO COMBAT IT                                  375
+
+ Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions--Impairment of
+    Health--Mental Havoc--Jealousy as a Primitive Emotion--
+    Jealousy in the Advanced Thinker and in the Savage--Jealousy
+    in the Child--Feelings and Environmental Factors--Essential
+    Factors--Vanity--Anger--Pain--Envy--The Impotent Husband's
+    Jealousy--Anti-social Qualities--The Jealous and the
+    Unfaithful Husband--Means of Eradicating the Evil--Iwan
+    Bloch on the Question--Prof. Robert Michels' Statement--
+    Remark of Prof. Von Ehrenfels--Havelock Ellis on Variation
+    in Sexual Relationships--Advanced Ideas--Woman as Man's
+    Chattel--The Change and the Changer--Teaching the Children--
+    Casting Epithets at Jealousy--Free Unions and Jealousy--
+    Feelings, Actions and Public Opinion--The Adulterous Wife of
+    the Present Day--Jealousy Defeating Its Own Object--Jealousy
+    of Inanimate Objects.
+
+LII. REMEDIES FOR JEALOUSY                                         395
+
+ Prevention and Cure--Prophylaxis of Jealousy--Fitting Remedy to
+    Circumstances--The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband--No
+    Question of Love--Advice to the Wife of the Flirtatious
+    Man--An Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy--Jealousy Must Be
+    Experienced to Be Understood--Necessity for Freedom of
+    Association--Lines of Conduct for the Wife--Contempt for a
+    Certain Type of Wife and Husband--The Abandoned Lover--The
+    Effects of Unrequited Love--Sublimated Sexual Desire--
+    Replacing Unrequited Love--The Attitude of Goethe--
+    Simultaneous Loves Possible--Successive Loves Possible--
+    Eternal Loves--When Sex Relationships May Be Beneficial--
+    Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value--The Broken
+    Engagement--The Terrible Effects on the Young Man--The
+    Young Streetwalker--Sex Relations with Fiancé--Inundating
+    Sense of Shame--Collapse--Attempts at Suicide--An Active Sex
+    Life--The Results--The Prevention of Jealousy.
+
+LIII. CONCLUDING WORDS                                             409
+
+
+
+
+
+WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE
+
+
+CHAPTER ONE
+
+THE PARAMOUNT NEED OF SEX KNOWLEDGE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN
+
+ Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+  Women--Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+  Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy--The Place Love Occupies in
+  Woman's Life--Woman's Physical Disabilities.
+
+
+All are agreed--I mean all who are capable of thinking and have given
+the subject some thought--that for the welfare of the race and for his
+own physical and mental welfare it is important that the boy be given
+some sex instruction. All are not agreed as to the character of the
+instruction, its extent, the age at which it should be begun and as to
+who the teacher should be--the father, the family physician, the
+school teacher or a specially prepared book--but as to the necessity
+of sex knowledge for the boy there is now substantial agreement--among
+the conservatives as well as among the radicals.
+
+No such agreement exists concerning sex knowledge for the girl. Many
+still are the men and women--and not among the conservatives only--who
+are strongly opposed to girls receiving any instruction in sex
+matters. Some say that such instruction--except a few hygienic rules
+about menstruation--is unnecessary, because the sex instinct awakens
+in girls comparatively late, and it is time enough for them to learn
+about such matters after they are married. Others fear that sex
+knowledge would destroy the mystery and romance of sex, and would rob
+our maidens of their greatest charms--modesty and innocence. Still
+others fear that sex instruction would tend to awaken the sex instinct
+in our girls prematurely; would direct their thoughts to matters about
+which they would not think otherwise; and they argue that the warnings
+about venereal disease, prostitution, etc., which are an integral part
+of sex instruction, tend to create a cynical, inimical attitude
+towards the male sex, which may even result in hypochondriac ideas and
+antagonism to marriage.
+
+I do not deny that there is a grain of truth in all the above
+objections. Sex instruction does cause _some_ girls to think of sex
+matters earlier than they otherwise would, and some girls have been
+made bitter and hypochondriac, and disgusted with the male sex. But it
+would not be difficult to demonstrate that it was not sex instruction
+_per se_ that was responsible for these deplorable results; it was the
+_wrong_ kind of instruction that was to blame--it was the wrong
+emphasis, the lurid exaggerations that caused the mischief, and not
+the truth. In other words, it is not sex information, it is sex
+misinformation, that is pernicious. And, of course, to this everybody
+will agree: rather than false information, better no information at
+all.
+
+But if the information to be imparted be sane, honest and truthful,
+without exaggerating the evils and without laying undue emphasis on
+the dark shadows of our sex life, then the results can be only
+beneficent. And the task I have put before myself in this book is to
+give our girls and women sane, square and honest information about
+their sex organs and sex nature, information absolutely free from
+luridness, on the one hand, and maudlin sentimentality, on the other.
+The female sex is in need of such information, much more so than is
+the male sex. Yes, if boys, as is now universally agreed, are in need
+of sex instruction, then girls are much more in need of it. Why? For
+several important reasons.
+
+The first reason why sex instruction is even more important for girls
+than it is for boys is because a misstep in a girl has much more
+disastrous consequences than it has in a boy. The disastrous results
+of a misstep in a boy are only physical in character; the results of
+the _same_ misstep in a girl may be physical, moral, social and
+economic. To speak more plainly. If a boy, through ignorance, rashly
+indulges in illicit sexual relations, the worst consequence to him may
+be infection with a venereal disease. But he is not considered
+immoral, he is not despised, he is not ostracized, he does not lose
+his social standing in the slightest degree, and when he is cured of
+his venereal disease he has no difficulty in getting married. He does
+not even have to conceal his past sexual history from his wife. But if
+a girl makes a misstep the consequences to her are terrible indeed; it
+may not only cost her her health and social standing, she may have to
+pay with her very life. She runs the risk of venereal infection the
+same as the boy does, but in addition she runs the risk of becoming
+pregnant, which in our present social system is a catastrophe indeed.
+To save herself from the disgrace of an illegitimate child she may
+have an abortion produced; the abortion may have no bad results, but
+it may, if performed bunglingly, leave her an invalid for life, or it
+may kill her outright. If she is so unfortunate as to be unable to get
+anybody to produce an abortion, she gives birth to an illegitimate
+child, which she is forced in most cases to put away in an institution
+of some sort where she hopes and prays it may die soon--and, in
+general, it does. If it does not die, she has for the rest of her life
+a Damocles' sword hanging over her head, and she is in constant terror
+lest her sin be found out. She does not permit herself to look for a
+mate, but if she does get married, the specter of her antematrimonial
+experience is constantly before her eyes. After years and years of
+married life, the husband may divorce her if he finds out that she had
+"sinned" before she knew him. And unless the husband is a broad-minded
+man and loves her truly and unless she made a clean breast of
+everything to him before marriage, her life is continuous torture. But
+even if the girl escaped pregnancy, the mere finding out that she had
+an illicit experience deprives her of social standing, or makes her a
+social outcast and entirely destroys or greatly minimizes her chances
+of ever marrying and establishing a home of her own. She must remain a
+lonely wanderer to the end of her days.
+
+The enormous difference in the results of a misstep in a boy and a
+girl is clearly seen, and for this reason alone, if for no other, sex
+instruction is of more importance to the girl than it is to the boy.
+
+But there are other important reasons, and one of them is beautifully
+and truthfully expressed by Byron in his two well-known lines.
+
+    Man's love is of man's life a thing apart,
+    'Tis woman's whole existence.
+
+Yes, love is a woman's whole life.
+
+Some modern women might object to this. They might say that this was
+true of the woman of the past, who was excluded from all other avenues
+of human activity. The woman of the present day has other interests
+besides those of Love. But I claim that this is true of only a small
+percentage of women; and in even this small minority of women, social,
+scientific and artistic activities cannot take the place of love; no
+matter how busy and successful these women may be, they will tell you
+if you enjoy their confidence that they are unhappy, if their love
+life is unsatisfactory. Nothing, nothing can fill the void made by the
+lack of love. The various activities may help to cover up the void, to
+protect it from strange eyes, they cannot fill it. For essentially
+woman is made for love. Not exclusively, but essentially, and a woman
+who has had no love in her life has been a failure. The few exceptions
+that may be mentioned only emphasize the rule.
+
+But not only psychically is a woman's love and sex life more important
+than a man's, physically she is also much more cognizant of her sex
+and much more hampered by the manifestation of her sex nature than
+man is. To take but one function, menstruation. From the age 13 or 14
+to the age of forty-five or fifty it is a monthly reminder to woman
+that she is a woman, that she is a creature of sex; and, while to many
+women this periodically recurring function is only a source of some
+annoyance or discomfort, to a great number it is a cause of pain,
+headache, suffering, or complete disability. Man has no such
+phenomenon to annoy him practically his whole life.
+
+But more important are the results of love-union, of sex relations. A
+man after a sexual relation is just as free as he was before. A woman,
+if the relation has resulted in a pregnancy, which is generally the
+case, unless special pains are taken it should not so result, has nine
+troublesome months before her, months of discomfort if not of actual
+suffering; she then has an extremely trying and painful ordeal, that
+of childbirth, and then there is another trying period, the period of
+lactation or of nursing and of bringing up the baby. The penalty seems
+almost too great.
+
+And when the woman is on the point of ceasing to menstruate she does
+not do so smoothly and comfortably. She has to go through a period
+called the menopause, which may last one or two years and which may
+bring discomforts and dangers of its own. Man does not have to go
+through such a distinct period of demarcation separating his sexual
+from his non-sexual life. Altogether it cannot be denied that woman is
+much more a slave of her sex nature than man is of his. Yes, Nature
+has handicapped woman much more heavily than she has man.
+
+In short, both in view of the fact that sexual ignorance with its
+possible missteps has much more disastrous consequences for the girl
+than it has for the boy, and in view of the fact that the sex instinct
+and its physical and psychic manifestations occupy a much more
+important part in woman's life than they do in the life of man, we
+consider the necessity of sex instruction much greater in the case of
+woman than in the case of man. I do not wish to be misunderstood as
+underestimating the need of sex instruction for the male--only I
+consider the need even greater in the case of the female.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWO
+
+THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS: THEIR ANATOMY
+
+ The Internal Sex Organs--The Ovaries--The Fallopian Tubes--The
+  Uterus--The Divisions of the Uterus--Anteversion, Anteflexion,
+  Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the Uterus--Endometritis--The
+  Vagina--The Hymen--Imperforate Hymen--The External Genitals--The
+  Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia Minora, the Mons Veneris, the
+  Clitoris, the Urethra--The Breasts--The Pelvis--The Difference
+  Between the Male and Female Pelvis.
+
+
+The organs which primarily distinguish one sex from the other are the
+sex organs. It is by the aid of the sex organs that children are
+begotten and brought into the world, that the race is _reproduced_ and
+perpetuated. It is for this reason that the sex organs are also called
+the Reproductive Organs.
+
+The first thing we must do is to become familiar with the _structure_
+and _location_ of the sex organs; in other words, we must get a fair
+idea of their _Anatomy_.
+
+The female sex organs, also called the reproductive or generative
+organs, are divided into internal and external. The internal are the
+most important and consist of: the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus
+or womb, and vagina. The external sex organs of the female are: the
+vulva, hymen, and clitoris. Among the external organs are also
+generally included the mons Veneris and the breasts or mammary glands.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER A
+
+THE INTERNAL SEX ORGANS
+
+    [Illustration: OVARY.]
+
+=The Ovaries.= The ovaries are the essential organs of reproduction.
+For it is they that generate the eggs, or _ova_, or _ovules_, which,
+after becoming _fertilized_ or _fecundated_ by the spermatozoa of the
+male, develop into children. Without the ovaries of the female, the
+same as without the testicles of the male (to which they correspond),
+no children could be begotten, and the entire human race would quickly
+disappear from our planet. The ovaries are two in number; they are
+embedded in the _broad ligaments_ which support the womb in the
+pelvis, one on each side of the womb. They are of a grayish or whitish
+pink color, and are about an inch and a half long, three-quarters of
+an inch wide, and one-third of an inch thick. They weigh from
+one-eighth to one-quarter of an ounce. Their surface is either smooth
+or rough and puckered. Think of a large blanched almond and you will
+have a pretty fair idea of the size and shape of an ovary.
+
+=The Fallopian Tubes.= The Fallopian tubes (so called from Fallopius,
+a great anatomist, who discovered them; also called oviducts: egg
+conductors, because they conduct the eggs from the ovary into the
+uterus) are two very thin tubes, extending one from each upper angle
+of the womb to the ovaries; but at their ovarian end they expand into
+a fringed and trumpet-shaped extremity. The fringes are referred to as
+_fimbria_. They are about five inches long and only about
+one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter; the function of the tubes is to
+catch the ova as they burst forth from the ovaries and to convey them
+to the uterus. Taking into consideration the very narrow _lumen_, or
+_caliber_, of the Fallopian tubes, it is easy to understand why even a
+very slight inflammation is apt to clog them up, to seal their mouths
+or openings, thus rendering the woman _sterile_, or incapable of
+having children. For, if the Fallopian tubes are "clogged" up, the
+eggs, or ova, have no way of reaching the uterus.
+
+The Greek name for the Fallopian tube is salpinx (salpinx in Greek
+means tube). An inflammation of the Fallopian tube is therefore called
+salpingitis. (A salpingitis has the same effect in causing sterility
+in the female as has an epididymitis in the male.) Salpingectomy is
+the cutting away of the whole or of a piece of the Fallopian tube
+(corresponds to vasectomy in the male).
+
+=The Uterus.= The uterus or womb is the organ in which the fertilized
+ovum, or egg, grows and develops into a child. It is a hollow muscular
+organ, about the size of a pear, with thick walls, capable under the
+influence of pregnancy of great expansion and growth. The broad part
+of the pear is called the _body_ of the uterus; the lower narrow part
+is called the _neck_ of the uterus, or _cervix_. The uterus in the
+adult girl or woman is about three inches long, two inches broad in
+its upper part and nearly an inch thick. It weighs from an ounce to an
+ounce and a half. When the uterus is in a pregnant condition, it
+increases enormously, both in size and in weight, as we will see in a
+future chapter. The cavity of the uterus is somewhat triangular in
+shape; at each upper angle is the small opening communicating with the
+Fallopian tube; the upper portion of the uterus is called the fundus;
+the external opening of the womb, situated in the center of the
+cervix, is called the mouth of the womb, or the _os_, or external os.
+
+   [Illustration: 1. OPENINGS INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBES. 2. MOUTH OF
+   THE WOMB.]
+
+The uterus is situated in the center of the pelvis, between the
+bladder and the rectum. It is supported by certain ligaments, the
+chief of which are the broad ligaments; but, on account of general
+weakness, too hard physical labor, or lifting heavy weights, the
+ligaments may stretch, and the uterus may sink down low in the vagina,
+and we then have the condition known as prolapse of the womb. Or, the
+womb may turn forward, when we have a condition of _anteversion_. If
+the womb is _bent_ (or _flexed_) forward on itself the condition is
+called _anteflexion_. If the womb is turned backwards, the condition
+is called _retroversion_; if it is bent or flexed backward upon itself
+the condition is called _retroflexion_. An extreme degree of
+anteversion or anteflexion, or retroversion or retroflexion, may
+interfere with impregnation, as the spermatozoa may find it
+difficult or impossible to reach the opening of the womb--the external
+os.
+
+    [Illustration: (Female Reproductive Organs)]
+
+The entire cavity of the uterus is lined by a mucous membrane;[1] this
+mucous membrane is called the endometrium (endo--within;
+metra--uterus). An inflammation of the endometrium is called
+_endometritis_. It is the endometrium that is principally concerned in
+menstruation--that is, it is from it that the monthly discharge of
+blood comes.
+
+=The Vagina= [vagina in Latin--a sheath]. The vagina is the tube or
+canal which serves as a passage-way between the uterus and the outside
+of the body. It extends from the external genitals or vulva to the
+neck of the womb, embracing the latter for some distance. It is a
+strong, fibromuscular canal, lined with mucous membrane. It is not
+smooth inside, but arranged in folds, or _rugæ_, so that when
+necessary, as during childbirth, it can stretch enormously and permit
+the passage of a child's head. The length of the vaginal canal is
+between three and five inches, but it is in general much more
+capacious in women that have borne one or more children than in those
+who have not borne any.
+
+Near the vaginal entrance are situated two small glands; they are
+about the size of a pea, and secrete mucus. They are called
+Bartholin's glands; occasionally they become inflamed and give a good
+deal of trouble.
+
+    [Illustration: ANTEVERSION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: ANTEFLEXION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: RETROVERSION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: RETROFLEXION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+=The Hymen= [hymen in Greek--a membrane]. The external opening of the
+vagina, in virgins, that is, in girls or women who have not had sexual
+intercourse, is almost entirely closed by a membrane called the hymen.
+The vulgar name for hymen is "maidenhead." The hymen may be of various
+shapes, and of different consistency. In some girls it is a very thin
+membrane, which tears very readily; in others it is quite tough. On
+the upper margin or in the center of the hymen there is an opening
+which permits any secretion from the vagina and the blood from the
+uterus to come through. In rare cases there is no opening in the
+hymen, that is, the vagina is entirely closed. Such a hymen is called
+_imperforate_ (not perforated). When the girl begins to menstruate,
+the blood cannot come out and it accumulates in the vagina. In such
+cases the hymen must be opened or slit by a doctor. In some cases the
+hymen is congenitally absent; that is, the girl is born without any
+hymen. While the hymen is usually ruptured during the first
+intercourse, it, in some cases, being elastic and stretchable,
+persists untorn after sexual intercourse. It will therefore be seen
+that just as the presence of the hymen is no absolute proof of
+virginity, so is the absence of the hymen no absolute proof that the
+girl has had sexual relations, She might have been born without any
+hymen, or it might have been ruptured by vaginal examination, by a
+vaginal douche, by scratching to relieve itching, or by some accident.
+
+The remains of the hymen after it is ruptured shrink and form little
+elevations which can be easily felt; they are known as caruncles.
+[In Latin, _carunculæ myrtiformes_, which means in English
+myrtleberry-shaped caruncles; caruncle is a small fleshy elevation;
+derived from _caro_, which in Latin means flesh.]
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER B
+
+THE EXTERNAL GENITALS
+
+=The Vulva.= The external genitals of the female are called the
+_vulva_. The vulva consists of the labia majora (meaning the larger
+lips), which are on the outside and which in the grown-up girl are
+covered with hair, and the labia minora (the smaller lips), which are
+on the inside and which are usually only seen when the labia majora
+are taken apart.
+
+[Vulva in Latin means folding-door. The ancients Were fond of giving
+fancy names to things.]
+
+=The Mons Veneris.= The elevation above the vulva, which during
+puberty becomes covered with hair, is called by the fanciful name,
+_mons Veneris_, or Venus' mountain. It is usually well padded with
+fatty tissue.
+
+=The Clitoris.= The clitoris is a small body about an inch in length,
+situated beneath the mons Veneris and partly or entirely covered by
+the upper borders of the labia minora.
+
+=The Urethra.= Between the clitoris above and the opening of the
+vagina below is situated the opening of the _urethra_, or the urinary
+meatus, through which the urine passes. Many women are so ignorant,
+or, let us say innocent, that they think the urine passes out through
+the vagina. This is not so. The vagina has nothing to do with the
+process of urination.
+
+Again enumerating the female sex organs, but in the reverse order,
+from before backward, or from out inward, we have: The mons Veneris
+and the labia majora, or the external lips of the vulva; these are the
+plainly visible parts of the female genital organs. When the labia
+majora are taken apart we see the labia minora; when the labia majora
+and minora are taken apart we can see or feel the clitoris and the
+hymen, or the remains of the hymen. We then have the vagina, a large,
+stretchable musculo-membranous canal, in the upper portion of which
+the neck of the womb, or the cervix, can be seen (when a speculum is
+used), or felt by the finger. Only the cervix, or neck of the womb,
+can be seen, but the rest of the womb, the broader portion, can be
+easily felt and examined by one hand in the vagina and the other hand
+over the abdomen. Continuous with the uterus are the Fallopian tubes,
+and below the trumpet-shaped ends of the Fallopian tubes are the
+ovaries, embedded in the broad ligaments, one on each side.
+
+=The Breasts.= The breasts, also called mammary glands, or mammæ
+[mamma in Latin, breast], may be considered as accessory organs of
+reproduction. They are of no importance in the male, in whom they are
+usually rudimentary, but they are of great importance in the female.
+They manufacture milk, which is necessary for the proper nutrition of
+the infant, and they add a great deal to the beauty and attractiveness
+of the woman. They are thus a help to the woman in getting a mate or a
+husband. The projecting elevation of the breast, which the child takes
+in his mouth when nursing, is called the nipple; the darker colored
+area surrounding the nipple is called the areola.
+
+    [Illustration: THE PELVIS OF THE MALE.]
+
+    [Illustration: THE PELVIS OF THE FEMALE.]
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER C
+
+THE PELVIS
+
+The internal sex organs are situated in the lower part of the
+abdominal cavity, the part that is called the _pelvis_, or pelvic
+cavity. The meaning of the word pelvis in Latin is basin. The pelvis,
+also referred to as the pelvic girdle or pelvic arch, forms a bony
+basin, and is composed of three powerful bones: the sacrum, consisting
+of five vertebræ fused together and constituting the solid part of the
+spine, or vertebral column, in the back, and the two hipbones, one on
+each side. The two hipbones meet in front, forming the _pubic arch_.
+
+The hipbones are called in Latin the ossa innominata (nameless bones)
+and each hipbone is composed of three bones: the ilium, the ischium,
+and the os pubis. The thighs are attached to the hipbones, and to the
+hipbones are also attached the large _gluteal_ muscles, which form the
+buttocks, or the "seat."
+
+The pelvis of the female differs considerably from the pelvis of the
+male. The female pelvis is shallower and wider, less massive, the
+margins of the bones are more widely separated, thus giving greater
+prominence to the hips; the sacrum is shorter and less curved, and the
+pubic arch is wider and more rounded. All this is necessary in order
+to permit the child's head to pass through. If the female pelvis were
+exactly like the male pelvis, a full-term living child could never
+pass through it. The two illustrations show the differences between
+the male and female pelvis very clearly.
+
+Note particularly the differences in the pubic arches: in the male
+pelvis it is really more of an angle than an arch. Also note how much
+longer and more solid the sacrum (with its attached bone, called the
+coccyx[2]) is in the male pelvis. The differences in the pelves (the
+plural of pelvis is pelves) of the male and female become fully marked
+at puberty, but they are present as early as the fourth month of
+intra-uterine life.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mucous membrane--briefly a membrane which secretes mucus or some
+other fluid.
+
+[2] The coccyx consists of three rudimentary vertebræ; it is the
+vestige of an organ which we once possessed in common with many other
+animals, namely--a tail.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THREE
+
+THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS
+
+ Function of the Ovaries--Internal Secretion of the
+  Ovaries--Function of the Internal Secretion--Number of Ova in the
+  Ovaries--The Graafian Follicles--Ovulation--Corpora
+  Lutea--Function of the Fallopian Tubes--Function of the
+  Vagina--Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons
+  Veneris--Function of the Breasts--Besides Secreting Milk Breast
+  Has Sexual Function--The Orgasm--Pollutions in Women--Secondary
+  Sex Characters--Differences Between Woman and Man.
+
+
+The importance of an organ depends upon its _function_, upon what it
+does, and not so much upon what it is. It is important to know the
+size, structure and location of an organ, but it is still more
+important to know its function; in other words, for our purpose it is
+more important to know the _physiology_ than the anatomy of the sex
+organs.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER A
+
+FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES
+
+Like the testicles in man, so the ovaries in woman are the essential
+sexual organs. They are the fundamental organs, without which the
+other sexual organs are useless. Also like the testicles in man, the
+ovaries have two distinct functions, manufacturing two distinct
+substances. One function is to manufacture eggs; this, called the
+oögenetic or egg-producing function, is its _racial_ function; without
+it the race could not perpetuate itself. But the ovary has also an
+_individual_ function. Besides the ova, the ovary manufactures what we
+call an _internal_ secretion which is absorbed by the blood, and which
+is of the greatest importance to the woman herself. While the
+manufacture of ova begins only at puberty, with menstruation, and
+closes at the menopause, the manufacture of the internal secretion
+lasts throughout the woman's entire life. This secretion, which
+consists of various chemical substances, has a tremendous influence
+not only on the development of the woman's body, but also on her
+feelings.
+
+First of all it is necessary for the development of the woman's
+special characteristics, or _secondary sexual characters_. Without
+that internal secretion of the ovaries, a woman would look more or
+less like a man; she would not develop her beautiful rounded form, her
+pretty long hair, her breasts, her broad pelvis, her feminine voice,
+etc. _Second_, the secretion is necessary to the proper development of
+her other sexual organs; if the ovaries are cut out, then the uterus
+and the vagina and even the vulva shrivel up. _Third_, it is that
+internal secretion that excites in woman sexual desire and makes her
+enjoy relations with the male sex. If the ovaries are cut away,
+particularly if it is done early in life, the woman has no sexual
+desire and no enjoyment. _Fourth_, it contributes to the general
+health, wellbeing, energy, and mental alertness of the woman.
+
+You see the importance of the internal ovarian secretion, and you will
+readily understand why, when the ovaries are removed by operation, the
+woman, particularly if she is young, undergoes such marked changes. It
+is because we recognize now the great importance of the ovaries that
+we always, when operating on diseased ovaries leave at least a small
+piece of ovary, if at all possible.
+
+=Number of Ova.= When the female infant is born, her ovaries contain
+as many ova or eggs as they ever will contain. In fact, they contain
+more than they will at puberty. For it is estimated that at birth each
+ovary contains about 100,000 ova; the majority of these, however,
+disappear so that at the age of puberty each ovary contains only about
+30,000 ova. As only one ovum ripens each month from the time of
+puberty to the time of the menopause (i.e., about 300 to 400 ova at
+the utmost during a lifetime), and as only a dozen or two ova would
+be necessary for the propagation of the race, it seems a
+superabundance of ova, an unnecessary lavishness. But nature _is_
+lavish where the propagation of the species is concerned. A portion of
+an ovary or of both ovaries might become diseased, and thousands of
+ova might become unfit for fertilization; nature therefore puts in an
+extra reserve supply. We see a still more striking example of this
+extreme extravagant lavishness in man; only one spermatozoön is
+necessary to impregnate the ovum, and only one spermatozoön can
+penetrate the ovum; nevertheless each normal ejaculation of semen
+contains between a quarter and half a million spermatozoa.
+
+=The Graafian Follicles.= Each primitive or primordial ovum[3] is
+imbedded in a little vesicle or follicle, which is generally known as
+_Graafian follicle_, and there are as many Graafian follicles as there
+are ova. (The Graafian follicles were first described about 250 years
+ago--in 1672--by a Delft physician named De Graaf, hence the name.)
+Until puberty, that is the commencement of menstruation, the Graafian
+follicles with the oöcytes or primitive ova are in a more or less
+dormant condition. But with the onset of puberty there commences a
+period of intense activity in the ovaries. This period of activity is
+repeated regularly once a month, and it constitutes the process of
+_ovulation_ and _menstruation_. The two processes are closely though
+not causally connected. Ovulation consists in the monthly maturation
+and extrusion of a ripe ovum; menstruation, which will be further
+discussed in a separate chapter, consists in the monthly discharge of
+blood, mixed with mucus from the inside lining of the uterus. Every
+twenty-eight days, from the time of puberty to the time of the
+menopause, a Graafian follicle bursts and an ovum is extruded from the
+ovary. Before the follicle bursts, it swells and enlarges and reaches
+the surface of the ovary; the whole follicle is congested with blood,
+but at one point near the surface of the ovary it is pale and thin,
+and here the rupture takes place.
+
+    [Illustration: SECTION OF OVARY.
+    1. Graafian follicle in the earliest stage. 2, 3, 4. Follicles in
+    more advanced stages. 5, 7. Almost mature follicle. 6. Follicle
+    from which the ovum has escaped. 8. Corpus luteum.]
+
+=Corpora Lutea.= After the Graafian follicle has burst and the ovum
+has been pushed out, the cavity that is left does not remain empty and
+functionless; there is a further process going on there; there is a
+growth of cells, of a yellowish color, and the follicle becomes filled
+with a yellowish body, which on account of its color is called the
+_corpus luteum_ (plural--corpora lutea; luteum in Latin--yellow,
+corpus--body). This corpus luteum grows in size until it sometimes
+occupies as much as one-third of the ovary. But there is considerable
+difference between the corpora lutea of non-pregnant and pregnant
+women. Up to the end of about a month the corpora lutea are the same,
+but after that the corpus luteum of the non-pregnant woman begins to
+get smaller, to shrink, so that at the end of two or three months it
+is reduced to a small scar and later cannot be noticed at all. The
+corpus luteum of the pregnant woman keeps on increasing until the end
+of the second month, remains about the same size until the end of the
+sixth month, and only then begins gradually to diminish. The corpus
+luteum of the non-pregnant woman, that is, the one following
+menstruation, is called false corpus luteum; the corpus luteum
+following pregnancy is called a true corpus luteum. The corpus luteum
+acts like a gland and elaborates a secretion which has an influence on
+the circulation in the uterus and on menstruation. It probably
+possesses other properties, with which we are not yet quite familiar.
+The corpora lutea of various animals are now prepared in powder or
+tablet form and used in medicine in the treatment of certain diseases
+of women.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER B
+
+FUNCTION OF THE OTHER GENITAL ORGANS
+
+=Function of the Fallopian Tubes.= The function of the Fallopian tubes
+or oviducts as they are sometimes called is to catch the ovum as it
+bursts through the ovary and to conduct it from the ovary into the
+uterus. It is while the ovum is in the narrow lumen of the tube that
+the spermatozoön which has travelled up from the uterus usually finds
+it, and it is in the tube, near its entrance to the womb, that
+impregnation usually takes place. After the ovum is impregnated or
+fecundated, it slowly moves down to the uterus, where it attaches
+itself and remains and grows for nine months, until it is ready to
+come out and start an independent life.
+
+The uterus or womb is the house of the embryo almost from the moment
+of conception to the moment of birth. Within the thick warm sheltered
+walls of the uterus the child grows, develops, eats and breathes,
+until all its organs and functions have reached such a stage of
+perfection that it can live by itself and for itself. And this may be
+said to be the sole function of the uterus, or at least its sole
+useful function. For the other function of the uterus, menstruation,
+cannot be said to be a necessary or a useful function. It is a normal
+function because it occurs regularly in every healthy woman during her
+child-bearing period, but not every normal function is a necessary or
+useful function. Not everything that is is right or useful.
+
+=Function of the Vagina.= The vagina is the canal in which sexual
+intercourse takes place. It receives the male organ (penis) during the
+sexual act, and serves as a temporary repository for the male semen.
+After the spermatozoa have reached the uterus, the vagina has no
+further function to perform.
+
+=Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris=, and =Mons Veneris.= The vulva and
+the clitoris have no special functions to perform; but in them, in the
+clitoris particularly, but also in the labia minora, resides the
+feeling of voluptuousness, the pleasurable sensation experienced
+during the sexual act. Another seat of voluptuousness in the woman is
+located in the cervix of the uterus.
+
+The mons Veneris has no special physiological function to perform, but
+it as well as the vulva serve as strong points of attraction for the
+male sex. While the entire female body is attractive to the male, and
+vice versa, there are certain zones which are especially attractive or
+exciting. Such zones or areas are called _erogenous zones_--the word
+erogenous means love-generating. The vulva and the mons Veneris are
+the strongest erogenous zones; other erogenous zones are the lips, the
+breasts, etc.
+
+=Function of the Breasts.= The function of the breasts is to nurse or
+suckle the young on the mother's milk until they are able to live on
+other food. The other name for breasts is mammary gland (in Latin,
+mamma--breast), and all animals who suckle their young are called
+mammals or mammalia. Besides its milk secreting function, the breasts
+constitute a strong erogenous zone; they are a point of strong
+attraction for the male sex, many men being more attracted by
+well-developed breasts than by a pretty face. There is a good
+biological reason for this. Well developed breasts indicate that the
+other sexual organs are well developed and that the woman will make a
+satisfactory wife and satisfactory mother. Considering then the
+importance of the breasts in attracting a husband and their function
+in nursing the young, also their erogenous properties, it is perfectly
+proper to class them among the reproductive organs.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER C
+
+THE ORGASM
+
+The culmination of the act of sexual intercourse is called the orgasm.
+It is the moment at which the pleasurable sensation is at its highest
+point, the body experiences a thrill, there is a spasmodic contraction
+in the genital organs, and there is a secretion of fluid from the
+genital glands and mucous membranes. This fluid in women is not a
+vital fluid like the semen in man; it is merely mucus, and in some
+women it is very slight in amount or altogether absent. Adult women
+who live without sexual relations occasionally have sexual or erotic
+dreams; that is, they dream that they are in the company of men,
+playing or having relations with them. Such dreams are usually
+accompanied by an orgasm or an orgastic feeling, and by a discharge of
+mucus, the same as in sexual intercourse. Such a discharge of mucus
+during sleep is called an emission or pollution.
+
+In the male sex pollutions play an important rôle (see the author's
+"Sex Knowledge for men"), because the semen is a vital fluid, and if
+it is lost too frequently the system is put under a heavy drain. In
+boys and men the pollutions or night losses may occur several times a
+week or even every night, or several times a night. When they occur
+with such frequency the man may become a wreck. Not so with women.
+First, pollutions or night dreams in women are much more rare than
+they are in men; and second, as just mentioned, the fluid secreted by
+woman during intercourse or during an erotic dream is not of a vital
+character, as the semen is in man; it is mucus, and the secretion of a
+mucous fluid, even if somewhat excessive, does not constitute a drain
+on the system. For this reason women can stand frequently repeated sex
+relations and emissions or pollutions much better than men can.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER D
+
+THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS
+
+The sex organs constitute the primary sex characters. It is they that
+distinguish primarily one sex from another. But there are numerous
+other sex characters or sex differences which while not so important
+serve to differentiate the sexes, at the same time forming points of
+attraction between one sex and another. For instance, the beard and
+mustache are a distinct male characteristic and constitute one of the
+secondary male sex characters. The secondary sex characters are very
+numerous; one might say that each one of the billions of cells in the
+body bears the impress of the sex to which it belongs.
+
+First, the skeleton. The entire female skeleton differs from the male
+skeleton; all the bones are smaller and more gracile; the pelvis, as
+we have seen before, is shallower and wider. Then the muscles are
+smaller and more rounded. The entire contour of the body is rounded
+rather than angular as in man. The skin is finer, softer, more
+delicate. The hair on the head is longer and of a finer texture, while
+over the body the hair is also finer and less abundant. The voice is
+finer, more pleasant, and of a higher pitch (soprano). The breasts are
+well developed, and serve an important purpose, while in men they are
+rudimentary. The breathing is also different; woman breathes
+principally with the upper part of the chest, man with the lower. The
+brain is smaller and its convolutions somewhat less complex in woman.
+
+Woman differs considerably from man not only physically, as we have
+seen, but also mentally and emotionally. But into this phase of the
+subject we will not enter, except to remark that it is foolish to
+speak of the superiority or inferiority of one sex to another. In some
+respects man is greatly superior to woman, in others he is inferior;
+on the whole the sexes balance one another pretty well, and while the
+sexes are not and never will be exactly alike, we have no right to
+speak of the inferiority of one sex to another. We recognize that the
+sexes are different, but they complement one another, and the claim of
+the reactionary and of the woman-hater that woman is an inferior
+creature is just as senseless as is the claim made by some
+ultra-militant feminists that woman is the superior and man the
+inferior.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] The ovum is really the fully mature egg ready for fecundation;
+before maturity it should not be called ovum but oöcyte; and in
+advanced treatises it is so referred to. But here ovum will do for
+both the unripe and ripe egg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOUR
+
+THE SEX INSTINCT
+
+ Universality of the Sex Instinct--Not Responsible for Our Thoughts
+  and Feelings.
+
+
+THE sex instinct, which runs all through nature from the lowest animal
+to the highest, is the inborn impulse, craving or desire which one sex
+has for the other: the male for the female and the female for the
+male. This instinct, this desire for the opposite sex, which is born
+with us and which manifests itself at a very early age, is not
+anything to be ashamed of. There is nothing disgraceful, nothing
+sinful in it. It is a normal, natural, healthy instinct, implanted in
+us by nature for various reasons, and absolutely indispensable for the
+perpetuation of the race. If there were anything to be ashamed of, it
+would be the lack of this sex instinct, for without it the race would
+quickly die out.
+
+=Not Responsible for Thoughts and Feelings.= It is necessary to
+impress this point, because many girls and women, whose minds have
+been perverted by a vicious so-called morality, worry themselves to
+illness, brood and become hypochondriac because they think they have
+committed a grievous sin in experiencing a desire for sexual relations
+or for the embrace of a certain man. Altogether it is necessary to
+impress upon the growing girl, when the occasion presents itself, that
+a thought or a feeling can never be sinful. An action may be, but a
+thought or a feeling cannot. Why? Because we are not responsible for
+our thoughts and feelings; they are not under our control. Though it
+does not mean that when they do arise we are to give them full sway.
+We should attempt to combat them and drive them away, but there is
+nothing to be ashamed of, because for their origin we are not
+responsible.
+
+=Responsible for Actions.= Our actions are under our control, to a
+certain extent at least, and if we do a bad or injurious act, we have
+committed a sin and are morally responsible. The _desire_ for the
+sexual act is no more sinful than the desire for food is when one is
+hungry. But the performance of the act may, under certain
+circumstances, be as sinful as the eating of food which the hungry man
+obtained by robbing another fellow-being, just as poor as himself.
+
+I am not preaching to you. But I am not an extremist nor a hypocrite.
+I am advocating neither asceticism nor licentiousness. One is as bad,
+or almost as bad, as the other.
+
+What I am trying to do is to inculcate in your minds, if possible, a
+sane, well-balanced view of all things sexual.
+
+For I believe that wrong, perverted views of the physiology and
+hygiene of the sex act and of sex morality, that is, the proper
+relationship of the sexes, are responsible for untold misery, for
+incalculable suffering. Both sexes suffer, but the female sex suffers
+more. The woman always pays more. This is due to her natural
+disabilities (menstruation, pregnancy, lactation), to her age-long
+repression, to the fact that she must be sought but never seek, and to
+her economic dependence.
+
+For the above reasons, sex instruction is a matter of double
+importance to woman--this fact has been emphasized in the first
+chapter. But woman's disabilities impose upon us another duty:
+_because_ she carries the heaviest burden, _because_ she always pays
+more dearly than the man, it becomes incumbent upon man to treat her
+with special consideration, with genuine kindness and chivalry.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIVE
+
+PUBERTY
+
+ Physical Changes in Puberty--Physical Changes in the Genital
+  Organs and in the Rest of the Body--Psychic Changes--Puberty and
+  Adolescence--Nubility.
+
+
+Puberty is the most wonderful, the most significant period in a girl's
+life. Important as it is in a boy's life and development, it is still
+more so in a girl's. At this period there are often laid the
+foundations which either make or mar the girl's future life.
+
+The meaning of the word puberty is maturity. It is the period at which
+the girl and the boy reach sexual maturity; in other words, the period
+at which the sex glands of the boy begin to generate spermatozoa, and
+the sex glands of the girl begin to mature and expel eggs or ova; with
+the girl puberty is marked by an additional phenomenon, which has no
+analogue in the boy, namely, menstruation.
+
+=Physical Changes.= The word puberty is derived from the word _puber_,
+which in Latin means mature, ripe. But the word puber is itself
+derived from the word _pubes_, which in Latin means fine hair or
+down. For at this period of maturity all mammals (that is animals
+which have breasts and nurse their young) begin to develop a growth of
+hair. You know that our entire body, with the exception of the palms
+of the hands and the soles of the feet, is covered with innumerable
+hair follicles, and from our birth our entire body, with the exception
+named, is covered with fine hair. The hair may be too delicate to be
+seen, but it is there, and with a magnifying glass you can see it
+without any trouble. But at puberty the hair increases in thickness
+and in quantity, and becomes abundant in places where it was hardly
+noticeable before--the upper lip and face in boys, and the armpits and
+lower part of the abdomen in both boys and girls.
+
+And so the first apparent physical sign of puberty in a girl is the
+gradual appearance of hair in the armpits, on the mons Veneris and the
+labia majora. But all the genital organs are undergoing rapid
+development; the vulva, the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries become
+larger, and the ovaries which up to that time were elaborating an
+internal secretion only, now also begin to manufacture ova; in other
+words, the monthly process of ovulation is begun. Synchronously with
+the process of ovulation, there commences the monthly function of
+menstruation. The breasts also increase in size, assume the
+characteristic contour, develop their glandular substance, and become
+capable of secreting milk for the use of any possible offspring.
+During this period of development they are often very sensitive to the
+touch or feel painful without being touched.
+
+But not only the genital organs undergo growth and development--the
+entire body participates in the process. The growth in height is the
+most rapid at this period; the greatest growth takes place in the
+limbs--legs and arms. The pelvis becomes broader, and the chest or
+thorax also becomes broader and larger. The muscles become larger and
+rounder and finally give the girl the beautiful womanly form.
+
+=Psychic Changes.= But the changes are not only physical; the changes
+that take place in the girl's psychic sphere during the pubertal years
+are also highly important. That is the period of the development of
+the emotions; she is overflowing with emotion; she becomes sensitive;
+in her relations with boys and men she becomes self-conscious.
+Distinct sexual desire fortunately does not make its appearance in the
+girl at this period, as it does in the boy, but she becomes filled
+with vague undefined and undefinable longings. It is the period of
+"crushes" when the girl is apt to bestow her overflowing emotion on a
+girl friend. There is nothing reprehensible in these crushes--they
+act as a safety valve--and only in rare cases are they apt to lead to
+abnormal development. This is also the period of day-dreaming and of
+romancing; the girl likes to read love-stories and novels in which she
+identifies herself with the heroine. And it makes quite some
+difference as to what the girl reads during this period, for
+literature has a strong influence on the young in the most plastic
+period of their lives; and it is important that older persons see to
+it that those in their care spend their time on books of noble ideals
+and high artistic value.
+
+Girls of a highly sensitive or so-called "nervous" temperament,
+especially if there is "nervousness" in the family, must be
+particularly looked after. For it is during the years of puberty and
+adolescence that any neurotic traits are apt to develop and become
+emphasized. It is also the period when bad sexual habits
+(masturbation) are apt to develop, and the careful mother will devote
+special attention to her girls in their years of puberty, and guard
+them as much as possible against physical and emotional shocks.
+
+The age of puberty in girls is by many writers considered as
+synonymous or synchronous with the onset of menstruation, which in
+this country in the majority of cases occurs between the ages of
+thirteen and fourteen. The year of gradual development before the
+onset of menstruation is by some referred to as the pre-pubertal year;
+and the first year after the onset of menstruation is the
+post-pubertal year. The period from puberty to full sexual maturity is
+called adolescence, and this term is applied generally to the period
+between thirteen and eighteen. For at eighteen the boy and the girl
+have reached full maturity. Mentally we acquire things as long as we
+live, and even physically the body gets larger for some years after
+eighteen. But sexually both boys and girls are fully mature at
+eighteen, though in order to become parents it is best, for various
+reasons, to wait to the ages of twenty or twenty-five.
+
+=Nubility.= Nubility is the age or state when a boy or a girl is "fit"
+for marriage. This is a vague and unsatisfactory term. At the age of
+thirteen to fifteen boys and girls are physically "fit" for marriage,
+that is at that age a boy is capable of begetting and a girl of having
+children. But it does not mean that it would be advisable for them to
+marry at such an early age. Neither their bodies nor their minds are
+fully developed, and children begotten of such young parents are apt
+to be weaklings, both mentally and physically. The youngest age for
+girls to marry should be eighteen, and for boys twenty; but the
+youngest age for becoming parents should be twenty to twenty-two for
+the mother and twenty-three to twenty-five for the father.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIX
+
+MENSTRUATION
+
+ Definition of Menstruation--Where Menstrual Blood Comes From--Age
+  of Menstruation--Age of Cessation of
+  Menstruation--Duration--Amount--Regularity and Irregularity.
+
+
+The first function with which the girl will be confronted, which will
+impress upon her that she is a creature of sex, that she is decidedly
+different from the boy, is _menstruation_. And this function we will
+now proceed to study.
+
+What is menstruation? Menstruation is a monthly discharge of blood.
+The word is derived from the Latin word mensis, which means a month;
+and menstruation is also frequently spoken of as _the menses_. It is
+also called the catamenia or catamenia-flow (Greek, kata--by, men--a
+month). Other terms are: the periods, courses, monthlies, turns,
+monthly changes, monthly sickness, sickness, flowers, to be unwell, to
+be regular. "Not to see anything" is a common term for having missed
+the menses. This flow of blood recurs in most cases with remarkable
+regularity once a month; not a calendar month, but once a lunar month,
+i.e., once every twenty-eight days. And as there are thirteen lunar
+months a year, a woman menstruates not twelve but thirteen times a
+year.
+
+Where does the menstrual blood come from? The menstrual blood comes
+from the inside of the womb. Every month, for a few days prior to
+menstruation, the inside lining of the womb (what we call the mucous
+membrane or endometrium) becomes congested and its bloodvessels become
+distended with blood. If the woman has sexual intercourse and
+pregnancy happens to take place, then this extra blood is used to
+nourish and develop the new child; but if no pregnancy takes place,
+that extra blood exudes from the bloodvessels (some of the
+bloodvessels rupture) and is discharged from the uterus into the
+vagina, and from there to the outside, where it is caught on cotton,
+sanitary napkins or some other pad.
+
+=At what age does menstruation begin?= The usual age at which
+menstruation begins in this country is thirteen or fourteen; in some
+it may occur as early as twelve, in others as late as fifteen, sixteen
+or even seventeen. For menstruation to begin earlier than twelve or
+later than seventeen is in this country a rare exception. But in cold
+northern climates the age of eighteen is not rare, and in the hot
+southern climates menstruation often starts at the ages of ten or
+eleven. Change of climate or of country will often have an influence
+on the menses. In the early years of his medical practice, the author
+had many Finnish girls as patients. It was a very common occurrence
+for them to stop menstruating for the first few months or even for the
+first year of their residence in this country.
+
+=At what age does menstruation cease?= The age at which menstruation
+ceases is called the _menopause_ or _climacteric_. It usually takes
+place at the age of forty-eight or fifty. In some cases it does not
+take place until the age of fifty-two, in others it takes place as
+early as forty-five or forty-four. In general, it may be said that the
+woman's menstruating period, during which she is able to have
+children, lasts about thirty-five years. And if no restraint be taken,
+and if no precautions be taken against conception, a woman could have
+twenty or thirty children during her childbearing period.
+
+=How many days does a woman menstruate?= The usual number of days is
+from three to five; in some cases menstruation lasts only two days, in
+others as long as seven. As a rule, the greatest amount of blood
+passed is during the first two days.
+
+=The amount of blood.= It is hard to estimate the exact amount of
+blood passed by a woman during her menses, but it reaches about an
+ounce and a half to three ounces. In some women the amount may reach
+as much as four or five ounces and in exceptional cases as much as
+eight ounces. Where it exceeds this amount, it is an abnormal
+condition, requiring treatment. The usual statement that a normally
+menstruating woman should not have to use more than three napkins
+during the twenty-four hours is correct.
+
+_The periodical regularity_ with which menstruation recurs in many
+women is remarkable. I know a woman who has not missed her menses in
+twenty years; during those twenty years the menses have started every
+fourth Friday, almost always at the same hour. I know another one who
+has her menses every fourth Wednesday, about seven in the morning. She
+skipped her periods during her two pregnancies, then they were
+irregular for a while, then they came back to Wednesday. Other women
+have their menses on a certain day of the month, say the first or the
+fifth, regardless of the number of days in the month (such cases are,
+however, exceptional). And in some women the menses are irregular:
+every three weeks, every five or six weeks, every six or seven weeks,
+etc. Some women never know when they may expect their menses, so
+irregular they are.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVEN
+
+ABNORMALITIES OF MENSTRUATION
+
+ Disorders of Menstruation--Menorrhagia--Metrorrhagia--Amenorrhea--
+  Vicarious Menstruation--Dysmenorrhea of Organic and of Nervous
+  Origin.
+
+
+In many girls and women menstruation is a perfectly normal,
+physiological process. They suffer no discomfort whatever from it.
+They suffer no pains, no headache, no irritability, they have no
+admonition of its onset, until they feel the blood oozing or trickling
+out. But, unfortunately, this is true only of a small percentage. The
+majority of women have some unpleasant symptoms. Some have a headache
+for a day or two, some complain of a dragging down sensation, some are
+irritable, feel depressed or quarrelsome; some have no appetite, no
+ambition, no desire for work or company, while some girls have such
+severe pains and cramps that they are obliged to go to bed for a day
+or two and call in medical aid.
+
+When the menstruation is very profuse, resembling more a hemorrhage
+than normal menstruation, it is called _menorrhagia_; if the
+hemorrhage from the uterus occurs out of the regular menstrual
+periods, it is called _metrorrhagia_. When the menses are skipped, or
+when they are so scanty that you can hardly notice any blood, we use
+the term _amenorrhea_. In a few rare cases the menstruation instead of
+coming normally from the uterus, comes from some other part of the
+body, for instance, the nose. Some women have a hemorrhage from the
+nose every month. In some a bloody discharge may come from the
+breasts. To such a substitute menstruation we apply the term
+_vicarious menstruation_. Such cases, however, are rare, and are mere
+curiosities.
+
+=Dysmenorrhea.= I mentioned before that in some girls and women the
+menses are accompanied by pains and cramps. This affliction, which is
+the lot of millions of women, and from which men are entirely free, is
+called _dysmenorrhea_. Dysmenorrhea means painful and difficult
+menstruation. A slight pain or at least a feeling of discomfort is
+present in most cases of menstruation. But in many cases the pain is
+so severe, so _excruciating_, that the sufferer, girl or woman, is
+incapacitated for any work, and must go to bed for a day or two. In
+some cases the pain is so severe as to necessitate the use of
+morphine, and as it is a very bad thing to have to give morphine every
+three or four weeks, every endeavor should be made to find out the
+cause of the trouble and to remove it. It is a mistake, however, to
+think that all or even most cases of dysmenorrhea are due to some
+local trouble, that is, to an inflammation of the ovaries, or a
+displacement of the womb. Many cases of dysmenorrhea are of _nervous_
+origin; the cause resides in the central nervous system, and not in
+the genital organs themselves. It is, therefore, not advisable to
+undertake any local treatment, unless a competent physician has made a
+thorough examination and has decided that local treatment is
+advisable.
+
+As to the percentage of dysmenorrhea, a recent statistical examination
+of 4,000 women showed that dysmenorrhea of some degree was present in
+over one-half, namely, 52 per cent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER EIGHT
+
+THE HYGIENE OF MENSTRUATION
+
+ Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period--Superstitious
+  Beliefs--Hygiene of Menstruation.
+
+
+The hygiene of menstruation can be expressed in two words: cleanliness
+and rest. Common sense would suggest these two measures, and as far as
+rest is concerned, many women do rest or take it easy while they are
+unwell. Some are forced to do it, because, if they don't, their
+dysmenorrhea is worse and the amount of blood they lose is
+considerably increased. The same cannot be said of cleanliness. Due
+undoubtedly to the superstitious opinions about menstruation, which
+came over to us from the ages-of-long-ago, menstruation is still
+considered a _noli-me-tangere_, and women are afraid to bathe, to
+douche or even to wash during the periods. And if there is any period
+when a woman needs a douche it is during menstruation. Any leucorrhea
+that a woman may be suffering from becomes aggravated around the
+periods; the menstrual blood of some women has a decided odor, and if
+no cleansing douche is taken during four or five days, some of the
+blood decomposes and acquires a decidedly offensive odor, which can be
+noticed at some distance and to which some men and women are very
+susceptible. There are some women who never take a vaginal douche.
+Some consider it a useless and unnecessary luxury; while some orthodox
+puritanical women consider it an ungodly procedure (forgetting that
+cleanliness is next to godliness) fit only for women of gay and
+questionable character. If these orthodox women knew what was good for
+them--and for their health--they would take a douche at least during
+menstruation, if at no other time.
+
+=Cleanliness.= When the girl reaches the age of twelve or thirteen the
+mother should explain to her the phenomenon of menstruation and the
+likelihood of its making its appearance in a short time. Of course she
+should be told that there is nothing shameful in it, that when it
+makes its appearance she should at once tell her mother, who will
+instruct her what to do. She should be shown the use of sanitary
+napkins. Rags, unless recently washed and kept wrapped up and
+protected from dust, should not be used. Unclean rags may lead to
+infection. I have no doubt that many cases of leucorrhea date back
+their origin to unwashed rags. Every morning and every evening the
+girl should wash the external genitals with warm water, or plain soap
+and water. Married women should also take a douche once a day--the
+douche may consist of two quarts of water in which has been dissolved
+a teaspoonful of common table salt, or a tablespoonful of borax or
+boric acid. Such things like alum, potassium permanganate, carbolic
+acid, lactic acid, or tincture of iodine should only be used when
+there is leucorrhea present and generally only under a physician's
+directions. Bathing is permissible, but it is safe to use only a
+lukewarm bath. Cold tub baths, cold shower baths, as well as ocean and
+river bathing are best avoided during the period; at least during the
+first two days. I do not give this as an absolute rule; I know women
+who bathe and swim in the ocean during their menstrual periods without
+any injury to themselves, but they are exceptionally robust women;
+advice in books is for the average person, and it is always best to be
+on the safe side.
+
+=Rest.= Rest is just as important during menstruation as cleanliness,
+if not more so. Some women as mentioned before feel during their
+menses just as well as they do at other times, and do not need any
+special hygiene. But these are in the minority. Most girls and women
+do feel somewhat below par during that period, and it is very
+important that they take it easy, particularly during the first two
+days. It is an outrage that many delicate, weak girls and women must
+stay on their feet all day or work on a machine when they should be at
+home in bed or lying down on a couch.
+
+The womb is congested during the period, is larger and heavier than
+normal, and it is then that there is often laid the foundation for
+some future uterine disease, the well-known "womb trouble," or "female
+disease." It is not necessary that work be given up altogether, but
+there certainly should be less of it and there should be as much rest
+as possible. For delicate and sensitive girls it is always best to
+stay away from school during the first and second days. Speaking again
+of the average and not the exception, it is best that dancing, bicycle
+riding, horseback riding, rowing, and other athletic exercises be
+given up altogether during the menses. Automobile riding and railroad
+and carriage travelling prove injurious in some instances, greatly
+increasing the flow of blood. But these are the exceptions at the
+other extreme.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER NINE
+
+FECUNDATION OR FERTILIZATION
+
+ Fecundation or Fertilization--Process of Fecundation--When the
+  Ovum Matures--Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+  Place--Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse--The
+  Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum--Rapidity of Movements of
+  Spermatozoa--Absorption of Spermatozoön by Ovum--Activity of
+  Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop--Pregnancy in the
+  Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers--Twin Pregnancy--Passivity of Ovum
+  and Activity of Spermatozoön Foretell the Contrasting Rôles of
+  the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.
+
+
+Fecundation and fertilization are important terms to remember. They
+stand for the most important phenomenon in the living world. Without
+it there would be no plants and no animals, excepting a few very low
+forms of no importance, and of course no human beings.
+
+=Fecundation= or fertilization is the process of union of the female
+germ cell with the male germ cell; speaking of animals, it is the
+process of union of the egg or ovum of the female with the
+spermatozoön of the male. When a successful union of these two cells
+takes place a new being is started. The process of fertilization or
+fecundation is also known as impregnation and conception. We say, to
+fertilize (chiefly, however, when speaking of plants) or to fecundate
+an ovum, or to impregnate a female or woman, and to conceive a child.
+We say the woman has become impregnated or has conceived.
+
+_The Process._ The process of fecundation is briefly as follows. An
+ovum becomes mature, breaks through its Graafian follicle in the ovary
+and is set free. It is caught by the fimbriated or trumpet-shaped
+extremity of the Fallopian tube and, moved by the wave-like motion of
+the cilia[4] of the lining of the tube, it begins its travel towards
+the uterus. If no sexual intercourse has taken place nothing happens.
+The ovum dries up, or "dies," and either remains somewhere in the tube
+or womb or is removed from the latter with the menstruation, or mucous
+discharge. But if intercourse has taken place, thousands and thousands
+of the male germ cells or spermatozoa enter the uterus through its
+opening or external os, and begin to travel upward in search of the
+ovum. The spermatozoa are capable of independent motion, and they
+travel pretty fast. It is claimed that they can travel an inch in
+seven minutes, which is pretty fast when you take into consideration
+that a spermatozoön is only 1/300 of an inch long. Many of the
+spermatozoa, weaker than the others, perish on the way, and only a few
+continue the journey up through the uterus to the tube. When near the
+little ovum, which remains passive, their movements become more and
+more rapid, they seem to be attracted to it as if by a magnet, and
+finally one spermatozoön--just one--the one that happens to be the
+strongest or the nearest, makes a mad rush at it with its head,
+perforates it, and is completely swallowed up by it. As soon as the
+spermatozoön has been absorbed by the ovum, the opening through which
+it got in becomes tightly sealed up--a coagulation takes place near
+it--so that no other spermatozoa can enter the ovum. For if two or
+more spermatozoa got into the same ovum a monstrosity would be apt to
+be the result.
+
+    [Illustration: SPERMATOZOÖN PENETRATING THE OVUM.]
+
+What becomes of all the other spermatozoa? They perish. Only one is
+needed. But in the ovum that has been impregnated, and which is now
+called an embryo, a feverish activity commences. First of all it looks
+for a fixed place of abode. If the ovum happened to be in the uterus
+when the spermatozoön met and entered it, it remains there. It becomes
+attached to some spot in the lining of the womb and there it grows and
+develops, until at the end of nine months it has reached its full
+growth, and the womb opens and it comes out into the outside world. If
+the ovum is in the Fallopian tube when the spermatozoön meets it, as
+is usually the case, it travels down to the uterus, and fixes itself
+there.
+
+=Extra-Uterine Pregnancy.= The tube is a bad place for the ovum to
+grow and develop, because the tube cannot stretch to such an extent as
+the uterus can, nor can it furnish the embryo such good nourishment as
+the uterus can. Occasionally, however, it happens that the impregnated
+ovum remains in the tube and develops there; we then have a case of
+what we call _extra-uterine_ (outside-of-the-uterus) or _tubal_
+pregnancy. Extra-uterine pregnancy is also called _ectopic_ pregnancy,
+or ectopic gestation. Unless diagnosed early and operated upon, the
+woman may be in great danger, for after a few weeks or months the tube
+generally ruptures.
+
+From the moment the spermatozoön has entered the ovum, a process of
+_division_ or _segmentation_ commences. The ovum, which consists of
+one cell, divides into two, the two into four, the four into eight,
+the eight into sixteen, these into thirty-two, these into sixty-four,
+128, 256, 512, 1,024, until they can no longer be counted. This
+mulberry mass of cells arranges itself into two layers, with a cavity
+in between. And from these layers of cells there develop gradually all
+organs and tissues, until a fully formed and perfect child is the
+result. If two ova are impregnated at the same time by two
+spermatozoa, the result is twins.[5]
+
+I might mention here that the moment the ovum is impregnated, i.e.,
+joined by a spermatozoön, it is called technically a zygote; it is
+also called embryo, and this name is applied to it until the age of
+five or six weeks. Some use the term embryo up to two or three months.
+After that, until it is born, it is called fetus.
+
+A study of the development of the embryo and the formation of the
+various organs from one single cell, the ovum, vitalized or fecundated
+by another single cell, the spermatozoön, is the most wonderful and
+most fascinating of all studies. But that belongs to the domain of
+Embryology, which is a separate science.
+
+What we see in the process of fecundation is a foreshadowing of the
+future man and woman. The ovum has no motion of its own, it is moved
+along by the wave-like motions of the lining cells of the Fallopian
+tube, and throughout the entire act it remains passive. The
+spermatozoön, on the other hand, is in a state of continuous activity
+from the moment it has been ejaculated by the male until it has
+reached its goal--the ovum. And as the spermatozoa carry in them the
+entire impress of the man, and the ova of the woman, they foretell us
+the fates of the future boy and girl. The woman's rôle throughout life
+is a passive and the man's an active one. And in choosing a mate the
+man will always be the active factor or pursuer. So biology seems to
+tell us. Whether education--using the word in its broadest sense--will
+effect a radical change in the relation of man and woman remains to be
+seen. A change putting the man and the woman on a footing of
+_equality_ would be desirable; but whether biological differences
+having their roots in the remotest antiquity can be obliterated, is a
+question the answer of which lies in the distant future. As Geddes and
+Thomson so well said: The differences [between the sexes] may be
+exaggerated or lessened, but to obliterate them it would be necessary
+to have all the evolution over again on a new basis. What was decided
+among the prehistoric Protozoa cannot be annulled by act of
+Parliament.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Hair-like appendages.
+
+[5] Each ovum has one germinal vesicle; occasionally one ovum may
+contain two germinal vesicles; and from the impregnation of such an
+ovum a twin pregnancy may result.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TEN
+
+PREGNANCY
+
+ Period of Pregnancy in Human Female--Physiologic Process of
+  Pregnancy--Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception--Pregnant
+  Woman Provides Nourishment for Two--Her Excreting Organs Must
+  Work for Two.
+
+
+From the moment the ovum has been fertilized or fecundated by the
+spermatozoön, the woman is said to be pregnant (or in French
+_enceinte_. This term was used very frequently and is still used by
+prudes, who seem to consider the word pregnant vulgar and
+disgraceful). Pregnancy, or the period of gestation, lasts from the
+moment of conception to the moment that the fetus or child is expelled
+from the uterus. The period of pregnancy differs very widely in
+different animals,[6] but in the human female it lasts nine calendar
+months or ten lunar months--from about 274 to 280 days. We usually
+count 280 days from the _first_ day of the _last_ menstruation. A
+pregnant woman generally wants to know the day of the expected
+confinement--for this purpose a table is appended to this chapter. If
+you know the first day of your last menstruation, you will see at a
+glance when the confinement may be expected. There may be a difference
+of a few days--either before or after the expected date--but for
+practical approximate purposes the tables serve very well.
+
+A simple way is to count back three months and add seven days. For
+instance, a woman's last menstruation occurred on April 4th; counting
+back three months gives you January 4th; add seven days and you get
+January 11th, the probable date of delivery. The first day of the last
+menstruation was December 30th; counting back three months gives you
+September 30th; add seven days and you get October 6th, the probable
+date of delivery. The presence of a short month like February may be
+disregarded, as the calculation is not absolutely, but only
+approximately correct.
+
+The period at which the child's movements begin to be felt by the
+mother is termed Quickening. It usually occurs at the middle of the
+pregnancy, between the 16th and 18th week.
+
+Pregnancy is a normal physiological process; but every active
+physiological process is apt to be accompanied by disturbances, and
+there is certainly no process in the animal body in which greater
+activity, greater changes, go on than during the process of pregnancy.
+Just see what occurs in nine months. The uterus, at first the size of
+a small pear, reaches a size larger than that of the head of a big
+man; it does not merely stretch, as some think, but it actually grows
+enormously in size, the muscular walls of a pregnant uterus being many
+times thicker than those of a non-pregnant one. They have to be or
+they would not have the strength to expel the child, when the proper
+time comes. It is to be borne in mind that the child does not slip out
+by itself; it is the powerful muscular contractions of the uterus that
+push it out. If the uterus should refuse to work, if its walls were
+too thin or too weak, the child could not come out, but would have to
+be taken out with forceps. Still greater changes than in the uterus
+take place in the child itself. At the moment of conception it is the
+size of _the head of a pin_; at the moment of birth it weighs from
+seven to ten pounds; at the moment of conception it is a minute,
+undifferentiated mass of protoplasm, just a single fertilized cell; at
+the moment of birth it consists of millions and millions of cells,
+which have become differentiated into numerous harmoniously working
+organs, and different tissues, such as brain and nerve tissue,
+muscular tissue, connective tissue, bone, cartilage, etc., etc. A
+truly wonderful process. And in the meantime this child, which is
+biologically a parasite (though it is not a nice name to call it by)
+draws its sustenance from the mother's blood, and the mother has to
+provide nourishment for two. And, besides providing nourishment, her
+excreting organs, her kidneys, must work for two, because her system
+has also to get rid of the child's excretions. No wonder that the
+pregnant woman, particularly under an artificial unhealthy mode of
+living, is subject to many troubles and disturbances.
+
+
+DR. ELY'S TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE DATE OF CONFINEMENT
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+January  | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+OCTOBER  | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |NOV.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+February | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+NOVEMBER | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28          |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5          |DEC.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+March    | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+DECEMBER | 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5 |JAN.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+April    | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JANUARY  | 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4    |FEB.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+May      | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+FEBRUARY | 5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |MAR.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+June     | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+MARCH    | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6    |APRIL
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+July     | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+APRIL    | 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |MAY
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+August   | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+MAY      | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |JUN.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+September| 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JUNE     | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7    |JULY
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+October  | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JULY     | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |AUG.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+November | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+AUGUST   | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6    |SEPT.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+December | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+SEPTEMBER| 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |OCT.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+EXPLANATION.--Find in top line the date of menstruation, the figure
+below will indicate the date when confinement may be expected, _i.e._,
+if date of menstruation is June 1st, confinement may be expected on
+March 8th, or one day earlier if leap year.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] For instance, in rabbits one month, in dogs two months, in sheep
+five months, in cows nine months, in horses eleven months.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER ELEVEN
+
+THE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
+
+ Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women--Pregnancy and
+  Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education in
+  True Hygiene--Morning Sickness and Its Treatment--Necessity for
+  Medical Advice in Pernicious Vomiting--Anorexia--Bulimia--Aversion
+  Towards Certain Foods--Peculiar Cravings--Tendency to Constipation
+  Aggravated by Pregnancy--Dietary Measures in Constipation--Rectal
+  Injections in Constipation--Laxatives--Cause of Frequent Desire to
+  Urinate During First Two or Three and Last Months of Pregnancy--
+  Treatment of Frequent Urination--Cause of Piles During Pregnancy
+  and Their Treatment--Cause of Itching of External Genitals During
+  Pregnancy and Treatment--Cause of Varicose Veins and Treatment--
+  Liver Spots.
+
+
+We saw that in some women menstruation runs a perfectly smooth course,
+free from any disagreeable symptoms. The same is true of pregnancy. It
+is remarkable how smooth and easy the entire course is with some
+women. Many women know that they are pregnant only because of the
+non-appearance of the monthly periods; and even in the later months
+they feel no discomfort, attending to all their work and pleasures as
+usual; and even childbirth is a trifling matter with them.
+Unfortunately the number of such women is not very large, and,
+because of our confined, unnatural, often exhausting way of living,
+is becoming smaller and smaller. There is no question that the
+civilized, refined woman has a harder ordeal in pregnancy and
+childbirth than has her primitive sister. We confidently hope that
+this will not be so in the future; we expect the time to come when
+true hygiene will be an integral part of the education and the life of
+every girl, and then pregnancy and parturition may become even easier
+processes than they are in the primitive races. But the time is not
+yet; and in the meantime our young women have a good deal to go
+through.
+
+=Morning Sickness.= One of the commonest disorders of pregnancy is the
+so-called morning sickness. This consists in a feeling of nausea and
+vomiting, which comes on soon after getting up. The morning sickness
+makes its first appearance in the third, fourth or fifth week of
+pregnancy and lasts usually until the end of the third or fourth
+month. In some women, however, the morning sickness comes on in a few
+days after impregnation has taken place, and those women diagnose
+their condition unmistakably by the feeling of slight nausea which
+they experience on getting up. Medicines are as a rule of little use
+in treating morning sickness. The "disease" can be relieved but not
+cured. The patient should stay in bed later than usual, should have
+her breakfast in bed, and then not get up for about half an hour
+afterward. If the patient is anemic, a good iron preparation may prove
+useful.
+
+=Pernicious Vomiting.= The vomiting of pregnancy sometimes becomes so
+severe and uncontrollable that it has been given the name pernicious.
+The patient is unable to retain any kind of food, not even liquids,
+vomits almost incessantly, and may become very much run down and
+exhausted. The vomited matter may contain blood. For this condition a
+competent physician must be consulted, for in some cases the patient's
+life may be in danger and an abortion has to be performed.
+
+=Capricious Appetite.= A capricious appetite is very common in
+pregnancy. The capriciousness may express itself in four different
+directions: (1) The patient may lose her appetite, almost altogether,
+partaking only of very little food, and that with effort. This
+condition of loss of appetite is called anorexia. (2) The patient may
+develop an enormous appetite--what we call bulimia--eating several
+times as much as she does ordinarily. (3) She may develop an aversion
+towards certain articles of food. Thus many women develop an aversion
+towards meat, the mere sight of or talk about meat causing in them a
+sensation of nausea. (4) She may show a craving for the most peculiar
+articles of food and for articles which are not food at all. The
+craving for sour pickles or sour cabbage is well-known; but some women
+will eat chalk, sand, and even more peculiar things (for the chalk
+there may be a reason: the system needs an extra amount of lime and
+chalk is carbonate of lime).
+
+=Constipation.= Constipation is very common among women in the
+non-pregnant condition; but in the pregnant it is much more common and
+much more aggravated. Constipation must be guarded against, but the
+measures must be of a mild nature. If we can relieve the constipation
+by dietary measures alone, so much the better. The dietary measures
+should consist in eating plenty of fruit--prunes, apples, figs, dates,
+etc., and coarse bread and bran. Constipating articles, such as cheese
+or coffee, should be eliminated. Where dietary measures alone are
+insufficient, the patient should take an enema--a rectal
+injection--twice or three times a week. The enema should consist of
+about 8 ounces (half a pint) of cold or lukewarm water containing a
+pinch of salt, and should be retained about ten minutes. Instead of
+water, we may advise an occasional enema of two to four drams of
+glycerin. Or instead of a glycerin enema, a glycerin suppository may
+be used. If internal laxatives are to be used, only the mildest and
+non-griping preparations should be employed The best are: a good
+mineral oil--one or two tablespoonfuls on going to bed, or fluid
+extract of cascara sagrada, one-half to one teaspoonful on going to
+bed. It is very important, whatever we use, _not_ to use the same
+thing for a long time. If the same drug or measure is used without any
+change, the bowels get used to it and cease to respond and we have to
+use larger and larger doses. In fighting constipation we must
+therefore constantly change our weapons: one night we use mineral oil,
+the next night cascara sagrada, the third night an enema, the fourth
+night a glycerin injection or suppository, the fifth night perhaps
+nothing at all, the sixth night a blue mass pill, the seventh morning
+a Seidlitz powder, then a rest for a day or two, then a repetition of
+the same measures. But always remember: first try to get along without
+any drugs at all. Many cases can get relieved of their constipation by
+a proper change in diet alone. And where this is impossible, then use
+mild laxatives and use them interchangeably.
+
+=Toothache= is not uncommon in pregnancy, and a pregnant woman should
+have her teeth put in first-class condition.
+
+=Difficulty in Urination.= Pregnant women often suffer with frequency
+and urgency of urination. Some have to urinate, while they are on
+their feet, every few minutes. This is due to the fact that during
+the first two or three months of pregnancy the uterus is not only
+enlarged but is also _anteverted_, that is _turned forward_ and
+_presses down_ upon the bladder. When the woman is lying down the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved, and she does not have to urinate
+frequently. This pressure lasts only the first two or three months,
+because after that the growing womb lifts itself out of the pelvis,
+rising into the abdominal cavity; it is no longer anteverted and the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved. During the last months of the
+pregnancy there is again frequent urination, because then the heavy
+uterus sinks again into the pelvic cavity and presses upon the
+bladder. The treatment for this frequent urination consists in wearing
+a well fitting abdominal belt or corset, which raises the uterus and
+prevents pressure on the bladder. Sometimes a pessary which prevents
+the anteversion is efficient. In all cases lying down and resting is
+useful. In short, keeping off one's feet is the most efficient remedy
+for the treatment of frequent urination in pregnant women.
+
+=Hemorrhoids= (Piles). On account of the pressure of the womb on the
+rectum, and also on account of the constipation which is so frequent
+during pregnancy, hemorrhoids or piles are quite frequent among
+pregnant women. The treatment of hemorrhoids consists in removing the
+cause: wearing a well-fitting abdominal belt, and relieving the
+constipation. Injecting into the rectum about half a pint of cold
+water three times a day is very useful. For the intolerable itching
+sometimes present in hemorrhoids the following ointment will be found
+very grateful: menthol, 5 grains; calomel, 10 grains; bismuth
+subnitrate, 30 grains; resorcin, 10 grains; oil of cade, 15 grains;
+cold cream, one ounce. The piles (the hemorrhoids) are to be well
+cleansed with hot water, and this ointment is to be well smeared over;
+a little is pushed into the rectum, and a piece of cotton is put over
+the anus. This protects the clothes from soiling and keeps the
+medicine in place for a longer time. Instead of ointment a cocoa
+butter suppository may be used. A suppository of the following
+composition is good: powdered nutgalls, 3 grains; oil of cade, 3
+drops; resorcin, 1 grain; bismuth subnitrate, 5 grains; cocoa butter,
+20 grains. One such suppository to be inserted three times a day. The
+ointment and the suppository given above, if used in conjunction with
+the proper regulation of the bowels, will not only relieve but will
+cure most cases of hemorrhoids caused by pregnancy.
+
+=Itching of the Vulva. Pruritus Vulvæ.= Itching of the external
+genitals during pregnancy is not uncommon. This may be due to the
+fact that the vulva is generally congested and swollen during
+pregnancy or it may be caused by an increased leucorrheal discharge.
+The itching is sometimes very severe, and if the patient scratches
+with her nails and produces bleeding, she may cause an infection of
+the parts. The patient should be cautioned against scratching; she
+should try simple measures to relieve the itching. A small towel or
+gauze compress wrung out of boiling water and applied to the vulva
+several times a day, followed by a free application of stearate of
+zinc powder is often efficient. If it is not, the following salve may
+be tried: carbolic acid, 10 grains; menthol, 5 grains; resorcin, 15
+grains; zinc oxide, 1 dram; and white vaseline, one ounce. In very
+severe cases the vulva should be painted with a solution of silver
+nitrate, 25 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water.
+
+=Varicose Veins.= In most women during pregnancy the veins in the legs
+become somewhat enlarged. This is due to the pressure of the womb,
+which interferes with the circulation. If the veins become very
+prominent, swollen and tortuous, they are called varicose. This
+condition should be prevented, because it often and to some degree
+always persists permanently even after the pregnancy is over. The best
+precautionary measure is for the woman to wear a well-fitting
+abdominal belt or maternity corset, which supports the womb and does
+not permit it to sink too low into the pelvis. If varicose veins have
+been permitted to develop, the woman should wear well-fitting rubber
+stockings, or at least have the legs bandaged with woven elastic
+bandages. The bandage must be applied by a competent person, uniformly
+and not too tightly. Constipation has also a bad effect in making
+varicose veins worse; the bowels should therefore also be looked
+after. In some severe cases all measures are of little value unless
+the patient at the same time stays in bed or on a couch for a few
+days, with the legs elevated.
+
+Swelling of the feet should be at once attended to. It may be a
+trifling matter due only to pressure of the womb; then again it may be
+due to some kidney trouble. The physician will determine the true
+cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
+
+=Liver Spots. Chloasma.= In some cases irregular brownish patches or
+splotches develop on the skin around the breasts, on the sides, or on
+the face. These patches are known popularly as liver spots or in
+medical language as _chloasma_. Nothing can be done for them, but they
+generally disappear after the pregnancy is over. A few patches here
+and there may remain permanently.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWELVE
+
+WHEN TO ENGAGE A PHYSICIAN
+
+ Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself Under
+  Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During Entire
+  Period.
+
+
+The disorders and disturbances described above are, with the exception
+of pernicious vomiting, of a minor nature. They are annoying, may
+cause considerable discomfort and suffering, but they do not endanger
+the life of the woman or of the child. Occasionally, however,
+fortunately not very often, the kidneys become affected, and for this
+condition treatment by a physician is absolutely necessary. In fact,
+the correct and safe thing for a woman to do is to consult a physician
+as soon as she knows she is pregnant, and have him take care of her
+during the entire pregnancy. Some women engage a physician during the
+eighth or ninth month and this is decidedly wrong, because it may then
+be too late to correct certain troubles which if taken at the outset
+could have been easily cured; while many troubles in the hands of a
+competent physician can be prevented altogether. I must therefore
+reiterate: every woman should engage a physician from the beginning
+of her pregnancy, or at least during the third or fourth and certainly
+not later than the fifth month. He will examine the urine every month
+and make sure that the kidneys are in order, he will make sure that
+the child is in a normal position, and will prevent a host of other
+ills.
+
+    [Illustration: POSITION OF THE CHILD IN THE WOMB.]
+
+This is not a special treatise on the management of pregnancy, and
+therefore minute details are out of place. Besides, to the details the
+physician will attend. But some hints regarding diet and general
+hygiene will prove useful.
+
+If everything is satisfactory, if there is no severe vomiting, kidney
+trouble, etc., the usual mixed diet may continue. The only changes I
+would make are the following: Drink plenty of hot water during entire
+course of pregnancy: a glass or two in the morning, two or three
+glasses in the afternoon, the same at night. From six to twelve
+glasses may be consumed. Also plenty of milk, buttermilk and fermented
+milk. Plenty of fruit and vegetables. Meat only once a day. For the
+tendency to constipation, whole wheat bread, rye bread, bread baked of
+bran or bran with cream.
+
+As to exercise, either extreme must be avoided. Some women think that
+as soon as they become pregnant, they must not move a muscle; they are
+to be put in a glass case, and kept there to the day of delivery.
+Other women, on the other hand, of the ultramodern type, indulge in
+strenuous exercise and go out on long fatiguing walks up to the last
+day. Either extreme is injurious. The right way is moderate exercise,
+and short, non-fatiguing walks.
+
+Bathing may be kept up to the day of delivery. But warm baths,
+particularly during the last two or three months, are preferable to
+cold baths.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTEEN
+
+THE SIZE OF THE FETUS
+
+ Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End of
+  Each Month of Pregnancy.
+
+
+Men and women are always interested to know how large the fetus is and
+how far it is developed during the various months of pregnancy.
+Absolutely exact measurements cannot be given, but the following
+approximate measurements are correct:
+
+   [Illustration: 1. EMBRYO BETWEEN ONE AND TWO WEEKS OLD.
+   2. EMBRYO ABOUT FOUR WEEKS OLD.
+   3. EMBRYO ABOUT SIX WEEKS OLD.
+   (Illustrations are double the actual size.)]
+
+At the end of the first month (lunar) it is about the size of a
+hazelnut. Weighs about 15 grains.
+
+At the end of the second month it is the size of a small hen's egg.
+The internal organs are partially formed, it begins to assume a human
+shape, but the sex cannot yet be differentiated. Up to the fifth or
+sixth week it does not differ much in appearance from the embryos of
+other animals.
+
+At the end of the third month it is the size of a large goose egg; it
+is about two to three and a half inches long. Weighs about one ounce.
+
+At the end of the fourth month the fetus is between six and seven
+inches long and weighs about five ounces.
+
+At the end of the fifth month the fetus is between seven and eleven
+inches long, and weighs eight to ten ounces.
+
+At the end of the sixth month it is eleven to thirteen inches long and
+weighs one and one-half to two pounds. If born, is capable of living a
+few minutes, and it is reported that some six months' children have
+been incubated.
+
+At the end of the seventh month the fetus is from thirteen to fifteen
+or sixteen inches long and weighs about three pounds. Is capable of
+independent life, but must be brought up with great care, usually in
+an incubator.
+
+At the end of the eighth month the length is from fifteen to
+seventeen inches, and weight from three to five pounds.
+
+At the end of the ninth month the length of the fetus is from sixteen
+to seventeen and one-half inches, and weight from five to seven
+pounds.
+
+At the end of the tenth lunar month (at birth) the length of the child
+is from seventeen to nineteen inches and the weight from six to twelve
+pounds; the average is seven and a quarter, but there are full term
+children weighing less than six pounds and more than twelve; but these
+are exceptions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOURTEEN
+
+THE AFTERBIRTH (PLACENTA) AND CORD
+
+ How the Afterbirth Develops--Bag of Waters--Umbilical Cord--The
+  Navel--Fetus Nourished by Absorption--Fetus Breathes by Aid of
+  Placenta--No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.
+
+
+Whatever part of the womb the ovum attaches itself to is stimulated to
+intense activity, to growth. Numerous bloodvessels begin to grow and
+that part of the lining membrane with its numerous bloodvessels
+constitute the placenta, or as it is commonly called _afterbirth_,
+because it comes out _after_ the _birth_ of the child. From the
+placenta there is also reflected a membrane over the ovum, so as to
+give it additional protection. That membrane forms a complete bag over
+the fetus; this bag becomes filled with liquid, so that the fetus
+floats freely in a bag of waters; this bag bursts only during
+childbirth. The fetus is not attached close to the placenta, but is,
+so to say, suspended from it by a _cord_, which is called the
+_umbilical cord_. When the child is born, the umbilical cord is cut,
+and the scar or depression in the abdomen where the umbilical cord
+was attached constitutes the navel or umbilicus (in slang
+language--button or belly button). The umbilical cord consists of two
+arteries and one vein embedded in a gelatin like substance and
+enveloped by a membrane, and it is through the umbilical cord that the
+blood from the placenta is brought to and carried from the fetus. The
+blood of the fetus and the blood of the mother do not mix; the
+bloodvessels are separated by thin walls, and it is through these thin
+walls that the fetal blood receives the ingredients it needs from the
+mother's blood. In other words, it receives its nourishment from the
+mother by _absorption_ or _osmosis_. The blood from the placenta also
+furnishes the fetal blood with oxygen, so that the fetus breathes by
+the aid of the placenta, and not through its own lungs.
+
+It is well to remember that there is absolutely no nervous connection
+between mother and child. There are no nerves whatever in the
+umbilical cord, so that the nervous systems of the fetus and of the
+mother are entirely distinct and separate. And this will explain why
+certain nervous impressions and shocks received by the mother are not
+readily transmitted to the child. It is only through changes in the
+mother's blood that the fetus can be influenced. As will be seen in a
+later chapter we are skeptical about "maternal impressions."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTEEN
+
+LACTATION OR NURSING
+
+ No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk--When Nursing is Injurious
+  to Mother and Child--Modified Milk--Artificial Foods--Care
+  Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse--Suckling Child Benefits
+  Mother--Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by Nursing--Sexual
+  Feelings While Nursing--Alcoholics are Injurious--Attention to
+  Condition of Nipples During Pregnancy Essential--Treatment of
+  Sunken Nipples--Treatment of Tender Nipples--Treatment of Cracked
+  Nipples--How to Stop the Secretion of Milk When Necessary--
+  Menstruation While Nursing--Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.
+
+
+Every mother should nurse her child--if she can. There is no perfect
+substitute for mother's milk. There is only one excuse for a mother
+not nursing--that is when she has no milk, or when the quality of the
+milk is so poor that the child does not thrive on it, or when the
+mother is run down, is threatened with or is suffering with
+tuberculosis, etc. In such cases the nursing would prove injurious to
+both mother and child.
+
+When the mother cannot nurse the child, it should be brought up
+artificially on modified cow's milk. Formulas for modified milk have
+been worked out for every month of the child's life, and if the
+formulas are carefully followed, and the bottle and nipples are
+properly sterilized, the child should have no trouble, but should
+thrive and grow like on good mother's milk. If the child is sickly or
+delicate and does not thrive on modified cow's milk or on the other
+artificial foods, such as Horlick's malted milk, or Nestlé's food,
+then a wet nurse may become necessary. But before engaging a wet nurse
+great care should be taken to make sure that she is healthy, that the
+age of her child is approximately the same as the age of the child
+which she is about to nurse, and particularly that she is free from
+any syphilitic taint. One, two or more Wassermann tests should be made
+to settle the question definitely.
+
+Mothers should bear in mind that suckling the child is good not only
+for the child, but for the mother as well. Lactation helps the
+_involution_ of the uterus: the uterus of a nursing mother returns
+more quickly and more perfectly to its normal ante-pregnant condition
+than the uterus of the mother who cannot or will not nurse her child.
+
+It is asserted that the reciprocal affection between mother and child
+is greater in cases in which the child suckled its mother's breast.
+This is quite likely. It is also asserted that the nursing mother
+transmits certain traits to its child, which the non-nursing mother
+cannot. This is merely a hypothesis without any scientific proof.
+
+On the other hand, the statement that many women experience decidedly
+pleasurable sexual feelings while nursing seems to be well
+substantiated.
+
+That the mother who nurses her child should partake of sufficient
+nourishment goes without saying. But the advice often given to nursing
+mothers to partake of beer, ale or wine is a bad one. It is a question
+if a mother partaking of considerable quantities of alcoholic
+beverages may not transmit the taste for alcohol to her children. No,
+alcoholics should be left alone, but milk, eggs, meat, fruit and
+vegetables should be partaken of in abundance.
+
+=Preparing the Nipples.= For the infant to be able to nurse properly
+the nipples of the breast must be in good condition. If the nipples
+are sunken, depressed, it is torture for the child to nurse. It uses
+up a lot of energy uselessly, becomes exhausted, and gets very little
+milk; while if the nipples be tender or cracked the process of nursing
+is a torture for the mother.
+
+It is therefore necessary to attend to the nipples in due time--to
+begin at the fifth or sixth month is not too early. If the nipples are
+sufficiently prominent, little need be done for them except to wash
+them with a little boric acid solution (one teaspoonful of boric acid
+to a glass of water) occasionally, and now and then to rub in a little
+petrolatum, plain or borated. But if the nipples are sunken so that
+they are below the surface of the breast, or if they are only slightly
+above the surface of the breast, they must be treated. Gentle traction
+must be made on them with the fingers three or four times a day. There
+are only a few cases where persistent manipulation will not develop
+the nipple and make it stand out prominently.
+
+If the nipple is tender it should be washed two or three times a day
+with a mixture of alcohol and water; one part of alcohol to three
+parts of water is sufficient. In washing the nipple with this diluted
+alcohol it should be dried and a little petrolatum or vaseline rubbed
+in. This done two or three times a day during the last month or two of
+the pregnancy will generally produce a good healthy nipple.
+
+=The Treatment of Cracked Nipples.= If the care of the nipple has been
+neglected, and it develops cracks or fissures so that the nursing of
+the child causes the mother severe pain, the nursing should be done
+through a nipple shield, and in the meantime between the nursings the
+nipple should be rubbed with the following preparation, which is
+excellent and which I can fully recommend: thymol iodide, ½ dram;
+olive oil, ½ ounce. This should be applied every hour to the nipple
+and covered with a little cotton; before each nursing, however, it
+must be well washed off with warm water or warm boric acid solution.
+When the nipples are cracked, the infant's lips should also before
+nursing be carefully wiped out with boric acid solution. For the
+baby's mouth contains bacteria which while harmless in themselves may
+if they get into the cracks of the nipple set up an inflammation of
+the breast or "mastitis" and cause an abscess. If the cracks are
+excruciatingly painful, as they sometimes are, it is necessary to give
+the one breast a rest for twenty-four hours and have the child nurse
+at the other until the cracks have partially healed.
+
+=When It Is Necessary to Dry Up the Breasts.= In case of the death of
+the child, or if the mother for some other reason finds herself unable
+to nurse, such as in cases where there is absolutely no nipple,
+instead of the prominence of the nipple there being a deep depression,
+it becomes necessary to stop the secretion of the milk, or as it is
+said in common parlance, "to dry up the breasts." In former days, not
+so very long ago, and the practice is still common enough to call
+attention to it and to condemn it, the breasts used to be tightly
+bandaged, or they used to be pumped every few hours. The first causes
+unnecessary pain and trouble, while the second procedure, the pumping,
+does exactly the reverse to what it is intended to do. Instead of
+drying up the breasts it keeps up the secretion. The best thing to do
+in a case like that is to leave the breasts alone, not to pump them,
+but just gently support them with a bandage and then in three or four
+days the secretion of the milk will gradually disappear. There is some
+discomfort the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours, but if left
+alone the discomfort is less than if the breasts are manipulated,
+bandaged or pumped.
+
+=Menstruation or Pregnancy While Nursing.= Many women do not
+menstruate and do not become pregnant while they are nursing. Some
+women will not conceive, no matter how long they may nurse the
+child--a year or two or longer. And some women take advantage of this
+fact, and in order to avoid another child they will keep up the
+nursing as long as possible. In Egypt and other Oriental countries
+where our means for the prevention of conception are unknown, it is no
+rare sight to see a child three or four years old interrupting his
+work or his play and running up to suckle his mother's breast. But not
+all women have this good luck. Some women (about fifty per cent.)
+begin to menstruate in the sixth month of lactation, while some become
+pregnant even before they begin to menstruate. It only too often
+happens that a woman considering lactation her safeguard omits to use
+any precautions and finds herself, to her great discomfiture, in a
+pregnant condition.
+
+When a nursing woman discovers that she is pregnant she should give up
+nursing at once. The milk is apt to become of poor quality, but even
+where this is not the case, it is too much for a woman to feed one
+child in the uterus and one at the breast.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIXTEEN
+
+ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE
+
+ Definition of Word Abortion--Definition of Word Miscarriage--
+  Spontaneous Abortion--Induced Abortion--Therapeutic Abortion--
+  Criminal Abortion--Missed Abortion--Habitual Abortion--Syphilis
+  as Cause of Abortion and Miscarriage--Dangers of Abortion--
+  Abortion an Evil.
+
+
+The word abortion, used somewhat loosely, signifies the premature
+expulsion of the fetus; the expulsion of the fetus from the womb
+before it is viable, i.e., before it is capable of living
+independently. Used in a stricter sense, the word abortion is applied
+to the expulsion of the fetus up to the end of the 16th week; to the
+expulsion of the fetus between the 16th and the 28th week the term
+miscarriage is applied; and when the expulsion of the fetus takes
+place after the 28th week, but before full term, we use the term
+premature labor. The laity does not like the term abortion, as it is
+under the impression that the term always signifies criminal abortion;
+it therefore prefers to use the term miscarriage ("miss"), regardless
+of the time at which the expulsion of the fetus takes place.
+
+When an abortion (or miscarriage) takes place by itself, without any
+outside aid, we call it _spontaneous abortion_. When it is brought on
+by artificial means, whether by the woman herself or by somebody else,
+we call it _induced_ abortion. When an abortion is induced for the
+purpose of saving the woman's life, we call it _therapeutic_ abortion;
+this is considered perfectly legal and proper. But where an abortion
+is induced merely to save an unmarried mother's reputation, or because
+the married mother is too poor or too weak to have any more children,
+or is reluctant to have any (or any more) for any other reason, it is
+called _criminal_ or _illegal_ abortion, and, if discovered, subjects
+the mother and the person who produced the abortion to severe
+punishment.
+
+When the fetus for some reason dies in its mother's womb, it is
+generally expelled within a few hours or days. Sometimes this is not
+the case, and the dead fetus is retained for several weeks, or months
+or even years; to such a phenomenon we apply the term _missed_
+abortion. Some women suffer from what might be called the abortion
+habit; they can hardly ever carry a child to full term, but lose it in
+the same month or even in the same week of gestation during each
+pregnancy; we call this habitual abortion. And this habitual abortion
+may be independent of disease, such, for instance, as syphilis. The
+terms _threatened_, _imminent_ and _inevitable_ abortion require no
+further explanation.
+
+=The Causes of Abortion.= Outside of the abortion habit, which may be
+due partly to heredity or be caused by a diseased condition of the
+lining membrane of the uterus, the principal cause of abortion and
+miscarriage is syphilis. And when a woman has had two or three or four
+or more miscarriages in succession we generally assume the cause to be
+syphilis, and in most cases the assumption will be correct.
+
+When an abortion is performed by an experienced physician, with the
+observance of the utmost cleanliness (asepsis and antisepsis), then
+the abortion is accompanied with very little or no danger; but when
+performed carelessly, by incompetent, non-conscientious physicians and
+midwives, the operation is fraught with great danger to the patient's
+health or to her very life. And abortion is a great cause of premature
+death and chronic invalidism among women. And as long as the people
+will remain ignorant of the proper means of regulating their
+offspring, so long will abortion thrive.
+
+While I recognize that there are cases in which the performance of an
+abortion is perfectly justifiable from a moral standpoint, for
+instance in cases of rape or where the mother is unmarried,
+nevertheless abortion must be recognized as an evil, a necessary evil
+now and then, but an evil, nevertheless. It is never to be undertaken
+lightly, or to be considered in a frivolous spirit; and it is the duty
+of all serious-minded and humanitarian men and women to do everything
+in their power to remove those conditions which make abortion
+necessary and unavoidable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
+
+PRENATAL CARE
+
+ Meaning of the Term--Misleading Information by Quasi-Scientists--
+  Exaggerated Ideas Regarding Prenatal Care--Nervous Connection
+  Between Mother and Child--Cases Under Author's Observation--Effects
+  on Offspring--Advice to Pregnant Women--Germ-plasm of Chronic
+  Alcoholic--A Glass of Wine and the Spermatozoa--False Statements--
+  Cases of Violence and Accidents During Pregnancy.
+
+
+By prenatal care we understand the care taken during pregnancy before
+the child is born. Used in a wider sense the term includes the care
+which both parents should take of themselves even before the child is
+conceived.
+
+Of course the father and the mother should be in the best possible
+physical and mental condition during the time of conception and even
+before conception, and the mother should take the very best care of
+herself--she should be in good health and as calm a spirit as possible
+during the entire period of gestation. For the general health and
+condition of the mother does influence the child.
+
+And still I feel impelled to say something which may meet with violent
+opposition in some quarters. The trouble is, there are too many
+half-baked scientists in our midst. They spread misleading information
+and the public at large is too apt to take every statement that has a
+quasi-scientific seal for something absolute, for something positive,
+for something that admits of no exceptions.
+
+I have seen so much misery caused by wrong prenatal care teaching and
+by the foolish, exaggerated ideas on the subject, that I consider it
+my duty to say something in order to counteract those erroneous
+notions. I consider it my special mission to destroy error, mysticism
+and superstition. And the prenatal care teaching as imparted by some
+unfortunately partakes of all three of the above.
+
+Of course, I repeat, the mother should try to be in the best possible
+condition while she is carrying the child. Nevertheless, it is foolish
+to imagine if the mother is not quite well, or is worried about
+something, or has a fit of anger, that it is invariably going to be
+reflected on the child. The child, as we know, has no nervous
+connection whatever with the mother, and it is only very violent or
+prolonged shocks that are apt to have an injurious influence.
+
+I know of children that were carried by their mothers in anger and in
+anguish from the day of conception to the day of delivery. And still
+they were born perfectly normal. I know of a child whose mother was
+suffering the most hellish tortures of jealousy during the entire
+period of pregnancy, and still the child was born perfectly healthy,
+perfectly normal, and is now a splendid specimen of manhood. I know
+children whose mothers went through severe attacks of pneumonia,
+typhoid fever, etc., and still they were born perfectly healthy and
+perfectly normal. I know children whose mothers were using every means
+to abort them, took all kinds of internal medicines until they were
+deathly sick, and still they were born perfectly healthy and normal. I
+know children whose mothers tried to abort them by mechanical means,
+who went to abortionists who made one or more attempts to induce the
+abortion--I know even cases where the mothers bled as a result of such
+attempts--and nevertheless, the children were born perfectly healthy,
+developed normally physically and mentally.
+
+Of course these are not things that I would advise women to do or to
+undergo. I would not advise pregnant women to worry, to be sick, to
+take poisonous medicines or to make attempts at abortion, but I merely
+bring up these points to emphasize to my readers not to take the
+necessity of prenatal care in too absolute a sense, and not to worry
+themselves unnecessarily if the conditions during their pregnancy are
+not all that could be desired. The child is not necessarily going to
+be affected. The condition of the germ-plasms, i.e., the condition of
+the ovum and the spermatozoa at the time of conception is more
+important than all subsequent care during gestation.
+
+As there are foolish people who possess a peculiar knack of
+misinterpreting and misunderstanding everything, I wish to emphasize
+that hygiene during pregnancy should not be neglected. Everything
+possible should be done to put the mother in the best possible
+physical and mental condition. All I want to say is that it is bad to
+be insane on the subject, that it is bad to take things in an absolute
+sense, and that it is bad to exaggerate.
+
+You will often hear it said that a child that was conceived when the
+father was in an exhilarated condition is apt to be epileptic, or
+nervous, or insane, and what not. This is also to be taken with a
+grain of salt. A chronic alcoholic has a defective germ-plasm, and his
+children are apt to be defective. But a glass of wine at a wedding
+banquet cannot affect the previously formed spermatozoa. And the
+statements about children being born defective or developing
+defectively because their fathers took an occasional glass of wine are
+unworthy of serious consideration; are unworthy of any consideration.
+
+In connection with the above the reports of some cases of _violence_
+and _accidents_ during pregnancy which, in spite of their severity,
+did not affect the children, will prove of interest.
+
+A delicate little woman missed her periods. She was sure she couldn't
+be more than two weeks over-due. And this is what she did. For five
+nights in succession she took hot mustard baths and she took them so
+hot that each time she nearly fainted and came out from them like a
+broiled lobster. No effect. She then took a box of pills which cost
+her two dollars. No effect except causing diarrhea. She then took two
+boxes of capsules which upset her stomach and made her fearfully
+nauseous. No other effect. She then ate one-half a colocynth, which
+made her terribly sick, causing a bloody diarrhea. She had to stay in
+bed for three or four days. She then took burning vaginal injections
+with some ipecac in them. No effect except making her feel raw so that
+she needed large amounts of cold cream. She then took secale cornutum
+and radix gossypii. No effect except giving her a headache, making her
+sick to her stomach and completely destroying her appetite, so that
+within a very short time she lost nearly ten pounds. She was then told
+that long walks might be efficient. She took walks of six and seven
+miles at a time, coming home more dead than alive. No effect. She then
+heard that jumping off a table is a very efficient means. She did it
+a dozen times in succession so that she was completely fagged out and
+out of breath. Eight and a half months later she gave birth to a
+perfectly healthy, well-formed boy weighing eight pounds.
+
+The following case was reported by Brillaud-Laujardiere. A farmer who
+was responsible for the condition of a servant of his household
+conceived the idea of riding horseback with her in order to bring
+about an abortion, and pushing her off when the horse was running at
+great speed. This he repeated several times. The woman gave birth to a
+perfectly normal infant at full term.
+
+Hofmann reports that another farmer, under similar circumstances,
+brutally kicked the woman in the abdomen repeatedly until she lost
+consciousness. The pregnancy continued to full term notwithstanding.
+In another case of Hofmann's, a woman allowed a heavy door to fall
+upon her, but the pregnancy was not affected.
+
+Dr. Guibout relates that a German woman, living with her husband in
+California, being pregnant, wished to return to Munich, her home-town,
+to be delivered. The train in which she travelled through Panama
+collided with another train. Threatened abortion required her to take
+a rest. She took a steamer and after a very rough passage reached
+Portsmouth. From there she went to Paris. Here she fell down a flight
+of stairs in the hotel where she was stopping. Again she was
+threatened with abortion, but after a rest was in good condition and
+continued her journey. She finally reached home, and was delivered at
+full term of a normal infant.
+
+Vibert reports the case of a woman who was in a train accident which
+injured her severely, killed two of her children, but did not affect
+her pregnancy. She was delivered at the proper time of a normal baby.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
+
+THE MENOPAUSE OR CHANGE OF LIFE
+
+ Time of Menopause--Cause of Suffering During Menopause--
+  Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous--
+  Increased Libido During Menopause--Change of Life in Men.
+
+
+In the chapter on menstruation I referred briefly to the menopause. I
+will consider it here somewhat more in detail.
+
+The menopause, also called the climacteric, and in common language
+"change of life," is the period at which woman ceases to menstruate.
+The average age at which this occurs is about forty-eight. But while
+some women continue to menstruate up to the age of fifty, fifty-two,
+and even fifty-five, others cease to menstruate at the age of
+forty-five or even forty-two. Between forty-four and fifty-two are the
+normal limits. Anything before or beyond that is exceptional.
+
+Just as the beginning of menstruation may set in without any trouble
+of any kind, and just as some women have not the slightest unpleasant
+symptoms during the entire period of their menstrual life, so the
+menopause occurs in some women without any trouble, physical or
+psychic. The periods between the menses become perhaps a little
+longer, or a little irregular, the menstrual flow becomes more and
+more scanty, then one or several periods may be skipped altogether,
+and the menopause is permanently established. Many women, however, the
+majority probably, suffer considerably during the transitional year or
+years of the menopause. Symptoms are both of a physical and of a
+psychic character, but the psychic symptoms predominate. There may be
+headache, capricious appetite, or complete loss of appetite,
+considerable loss of flesh, or on the contrary very sudden and rapid
+putting on of fat, great irritability, insomnia, profuse perspiration;
+hot flashes throughout the body, and particularly in the face, which
+make the face "blushing" and congested, are particularly frequent.
+Then the woman's character may be completely changed. From gentle and
+submissive she may become pugnacious and quarrelsome. Jealousy without
+any grounds for it may be one of the disagreeable symptoms, making
+both the wife and the husband very unhappy. In some exceptional cases
+a genuine neurosis or psychosis may develop.
+
+=Cause of Suffering During Menopause.= It is my conviction, and I have
+had this conviction for many years, that many, if not most, of the
+distressing symptoms of the menopause are due, not to the menopause
+itself, but to the wrong ideas about this period that have prevailed
+for so many centuries. We know the influence of the mind over the
+body, and the pernicious effect which wrong ideas may exercise over
+our feelings. The generally prevalent opinion among women, and men for
+that matter, and not only of the laity but unfortunately of the
+medical profession as well, is that the menopause is the end of
+woman's sexual life. Every woman is laboring under the erroneous
+impression that with the establishment of the menopause, with the
+cessation of the menses, she ceases to be a woman, and as she does not
+become a man, she becomes something of a neuter being, neither woman
+nor man. And she has the idea that after the menopause she can have no
+further attraction for her husband or for other men. Naturally such an
+idea has a very depressing effect on any human being. Any human being
+fights to the last to retain all its human functions, especially the
+function which is considered as important as is the sexual function.
+
+=Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous.= Of course
+with the permanent cessation of the menses the woman's _reproductive_
+function is at an end. But the reproductive function is _not_
+synonymous with the sexual function, I must insist again and again,
+and naturally until this erroneous idea is dispelled much unnecessary
+misery will be the lot of our women. If women in general will learn
+that with the establishment of the menopause they do _not_ cease to be
+women, if they will learn that the sexual desire in women lasts long
+beyond the cessation of the menopause, many women being as passionate
+at sixty as at thirty, if they will learn that their attractiveness or
+non-attractiveness to the male sex does not depend upon the menopause,
+but upon their general condition, if they will learn that many women
+at fifty and sixty are much more attractive than some women at half
+that age, they will not take the onset of the menopause so tragically
+and they will thereby avoid the greater part of their mental and
+emotional suffering.
+
+The actual atrophy of the ovaries, uterus, external genitals and the
+breasts can, of course, not be prevented, but that atrophy is a slow
+and gradual process, and is not in itself the cause of the various
+distressing symptoms that we have enumerated.
+
+The treatment of the menopause, if the symptoms are at all
+disagreeable, or distressing, should be in the hands of a competent
+physician. A little wholesome advice may be more efficient than
+gallons of medicine and bushels of pills. In general the woman should
+try to lead as calm and peaceful a life as possible. Warm baths daily
+are beneficial, constipation should be guarded against, hot vaginal
+douches are often efficient against the disagreeable flushes, and
+last, but not least, the husband should during this critical period be
+doubly kind and doubly considerate of his wife. It is during the years
+between forty-five and fifty-five that the wife is most in need of her
+husband's sympathy and support.
+
+=Increased Libido During Menopause.= There is one rather delicate
+symptom which I must not pass unmentioned. Some women during the years
+while the menopause is being established, and for some years after the
+menopause, experience a greatly heightened sexual desire. In some
+cases this increased libido is normal, that is, no other pathologic
+symptoms or local conditions can be discovered. In some cases the
+increased libido is distinctly due to local congestion, congestion of
+the ovaries, the uterus, etc. In some cases, I can distinctly testify,
+it is psychic or autosuggestive. Because the woman thinks, and
+believes that other people think, that she is soon going to lose all
+her sexuality, she unconsciously works herself up into a sexual
+passion which sometimes may be of long duration and may even lead to
+disastrous results.
+
+What to do in such cases? Where the woman's libido is normal or near
+normal, then naturally it should be normally gratified. But if the
+libido seems to be abnormally strong and the demands for sexual
+gratification are too frequent, then the woman should be treated and
+sexual gratification should not be indulged in, because in such cases,
+as a rule, sexual gratification only adds fuel to the fire, and the
+woman's demands may become more and more frequent, more and more
+insistent. In exceptional cases it may even reach the intensity of
+nymphomania. In such cases the aid of a tactful physician is
+indispensable.
+
+
+Change of Life in Men
+
+To people not familiar with the subject it sounds rather strange to
+speak of "change of life" in men.
+
+Man, possessing no menstrual function, cannot have any menopause, but
+still sexologists and psychologists who have studied the subject
+carefully are convinced that between the ages of forty-five and
+fifty-five men also undergo a certain change which may be spoken of as
+the change of life or the male climacteric.
+
+They become irritable, capricious, very susceptible to feminine
+charms, are apt to fall in love, and in many the sexual instinct is
+greatly increased. As in women, this increase of the sexual desire is
+sometimes due to pathologic causes, such as an inflamed prostate
+gland--in other cases it is of psychic origin.
+
+Just as a man should be particularly kind and considerate to his wife
+during her menopause, so the wife, understanding that her husband is
+going through a critical period, will also increase her tact, patience
+and consideration.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER NINETEEN
+
+THE HABIT OF MASTURBATION
+
+ Definition of Masturbation--Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+  Compared with Boys--Married Life of the Girl Masturbator--
+  Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of Parents who Discover
+  the Habit--Common-sense Treatment of the Habit--How to Prevent
+  Formation of Habit--Parents' Advice to Children--Hot Baths as
+  Factor in Masturbation--Other Physical Factors--Mental
+  Masturbation and Its Effects.
+
+
+Masturbation or self-abuse is a term applied to a bad habit which
+consists in handling and rubbing the genitals. It is a bad habit
+because it is apt to injure the health and future development of the
+girl. The more frequently it is practiced, the more injurious it is.
+It is more injurious than when practiced by boys, because the effects
+are usually more permanent. Girls who indulge in the habit of
+masturbation to excess not only weaken themselves, become anemic and
+get a dingy, pimply complexion, but they lose their desire for normal
+sexual relations when they grow up, and are unable to derive any
+pleasure from the sexual act when they get married. In fact, many
+girls who masturbated excessively get a strong aversion to the normal
+sexual act, and their married life is an unhappy one. Their husbands
+often have to ask for a divorce. Fortunately, the habit is much less
+widespread among girls than it is among boys. While about ninety per
+cent. of all boys--nine out of every ten--masturbate more or less,
+only about ten or at most twenty per cent. of girls are addicted to
+this habit. But whatever the percentage may be, the habit is an
+injurious one, and if you value your health, your beauty and proper
+growth and mental development, you should not indulge in it. If you
+are already indulging, if you are used to handling your genitals, if a
+bad companion has initiated you into the habit, you should give it up.
+And mothers should watch their children, guard them against developing
+the habit, and do everything possible to cure them of it, if
+prevention comes too late.
+
+But while as you see I do not deny the evil effects of masturbation,
+it is necessary to state that a great change has taken place in our
+opinions on the subject, and it is but right that parents should know
+of this change of opinion among the medical profession, particularly
+among those who specialize in sexology.
+
+=Wrong Behavior of Parents.= When parents make the "awful" discovery
+that their child is fondling its genitals or is indulging in
+masturbation, they feel as if a great calamity had befallen them.
+They could not feel worse if they learned that the child was a thief
+or a pyromaniac. Imbued with the medieval idea of the "sinfulness" of
+the habit, as well as its injuriousness, they begin to scold the
+child, to frighten it, to make it believe that it is doing something
+terrible, that it has disgraced them and itself; and they try to
+persuade it that, unless it stops immediately, the most direful
+consequences are awaiting it. The results of this mode of procedure
+are disastrous--much more so than is the masturbation itself.
+
+Often the scolding and the exposure of the child are done in the
+presence of others. This implants in the poor girl a sullen resentment
+that only makes it more difficult for it to break the habit. When the
+child is brought to the physician, you can see by its behavior, by its
+downcast looks, by its sulkiness, by its attempt to refrain from
+tears, and other signs, that it regards the physician in exactly the
+same light as a youthful criminal regards the judge before whom he has
+been brought for trial.
+
+It is time, high time, that this silly and injurious attitude toward a
+practice, which is very common, be radically changed. It is time that
+parents and physicians learn that the injuriousness of the habit has
+been greatly, grossly exaggerated. It is time that they know that the
+vast majority of boys and girls get over the habit without being much,
+or any, the worse for it. The knowledge of this fact will not only
+save them and the children much needless anguish and suffering, but
+will make it much easier to deal with the latter, make it much easier
+to get them divorced from the habit.
+
+If we look at the matter in a sensible, common-sense way, and do not
+tell the child caught in the practice that it has done something
+disgracefully vicious and criminal, but speak to it kindly and tell it
+that it is doing something that may injure it greatly, that may
+interfere with its future mental and physical health and development,
+then we shall have far greater success in our endeavors to break the
+boy or the girl of the habit of masturbation. As I have said in
+another place:
+
+"In my opinion, stigmatizing even the most moderate indulgence in
+masturbation as a vice has a deleterious effect upon the people who so
+indulge and makes it harder for them to break off the habit. Every
+thinking physician and sexologist can tell you that picturing the
+masturbatory habit in too lurid colors and stigmatizing it with too
+strong epithets has, as a rule, the contrary effect to the one
+expected. The victims of the habit consider themselves degraded,
+irretrievably lost. They lose their self-respect, and it is, on
+account of that, harder for them to break themselves of the habit."
+
+We shall accomplish a good deal more with our youthful and older
+patients if we leave alone, altogether, the moral side of the
+question--if there be any moral side to it--and emphasize the physical
+injuriousness of the habit. We do not want to diminish the
+self-respect of our boys and girls, we want to increase it; and we can
+not do this if we make them believe that a masturbator is a vicious
+criminal. Inspire your patients with confidence, tell them that
+indulgence in the habit jeopardizes their future growth, both physical
+and mental, their health and happiness, and you will find them easier
+to control.
+
+I am not trying to minimize the danger of masturbation, for, if
+indulged in from an early age and to great excess, the results _may_
+be disastrous. But, even if I were to minimize the evil consequences,
+that would be less of a sin than to exaggerate them the way it has
+been done for so many years, by so many people in the profession and
+out of it. The evil results of exaggerating the influence of
+masturbation have been so great in the past that, if now the pendulum
+were to swing to the other extreme, I am sure it would not be a bad
+thing at all.
+
+To deal with the subject of the _treatment_ of masturbation belongs to
+a medical treatise. But, a few remarks on how to prevent children from
+acquiring the habit of masturbation will not be out of place.
+
+=Prevention of the Habit of Masturbation.= The keynote of preventing
+the habit is, carefully to watch the child from its earliest infancy.
+We know that not infrequently stupid or vicious nursemaids,
+wet-nurses, and even governesses ignorantly or deliberately induce the
+habit in children under their charge. This, of course, must be
+prevented. Even children of the age of nine, ten, eleven years should
+not be left alone, but always be under supervision. Too close
+friendship between boys or girls, particularly of different ages,
+should be looked upon with suspicion.
+
+A number of girls never should sleep in the same room without
+supervision by an older person.
+
+The sleeping together of two in the same bed, whether it be two
+children or a grown person and a child, should not be permitted under
+any circumstances. I admit of no exceptions to this demand. It makes
+no difference whether the other person is a mother, a father, a
+brother or a sister. Leaving out of the question any _deliberate_
+element, the thing is dangerous; for, very often, unintentionally,
+unwittingly, masturbation is initiated by this intimate contact.
+
+The child--boy or girl--should sleep alone, on a rather hard mattress.
+The covering should be light. A coverlet may be put over the feet. The
+child always should sleep with the arms out upon the cover or blanket,
+never _under_ the same. If this is done from childhood on, it is very
+easy to get used to this way of sleeping, and many a case of
+masturbation will thus be obviated. The child should not be permitted
+to loll in bed: it must be taught to get up as soon as it awakes in
+the morning. The general bringing-up must be of a strengthening,
+hardening character; and this applies both to the body and the will.
+When the children reach the age of nine, ten, eleven, twelve or
+thirteen years (we must use discrimination and judgment, for, some
+children of nine are as developed as are others of thirteen), we must
+tell them that it is bad and injurious to handle one's genitals, and
+we must warn them to shun any companions who wish to initiate them
+into any manipulations of these parts or who show an inclination to
+talk about the sexual organs and sex matters.
+
+Hot baths are very injurious for young children in their influence in
+this direction. There is no question that a hot bath has a very
+decided stimulating effect upon the sexual desire of adults as well as
+of children, both male and female; in fact, I have had several
+patients of either sex tell me that their first masturbatory act was
+committed while they were in a hot bath. Of course, the sensation
+having been pleasurable, they kept on repeating the experience.
+
+Every factor liable to give rise to the habit should be removed. Thus,
+for instance, eczema about the genitals, strongly acid urine,
+seatworms, and the like, should be treated until cured. That anything
+having a tendency prematurely to awaken the sexual instinct should be
+rigorously avoided, goes without saying.
+
+=Mental or Psychic Masturbation.= Some girls and women will abstain
+from handling themselves with their hands (manual masturbation), but
+will practice what we call mental masturbation. That is, they will
+concentrate their minds on the opposite sex, will picture to
+themselves various lascivious scenes, until they feel "satisfied."
+This method is extremely injurious and exhausting and is very likely
+to lead to neurasthenia and a nervous breakdown. You should break
+yourself of it, by all means, if you can. For it is even more
+injurious than the regular habit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY
+
+LEUCORRHEA--THE WHITES
+
+ Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"--A
+  Common Complaint--Severe Cases--Reasons for Resistance to
+  Treatment--Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder--Sterility Due
+  to Leucorrhea--Causes of Leucorrhea--Tonic Medicines--Local
+  Treatment--Formulæ for Douching.
+
+
+Leucorrhea means literally a "white running," and is applied by the
+laity to any whitish discharge coming from the vagina. This is wrong,
+because some white discharges may be of little importance; others may
+be of a serious character, and not be leucorrhea at all.
+
+Leucorrhea is one of the banes of the modern girl and woman. It is
+very frequent. Probably at least twenty-five per cent, (some say fifty
+or seventy-five per cent.) of all women suffer with it in a greater or
+lesser degree. In some cases it is only an annoyance, necessitating
+the frequent changing of napkins, but in others it causes a great deal
+of weakness, backache, erosions, itching and burning. It is very
+resistant to treatment, particularly in girls. The reason it is so
+resistant to treatment is because the discharge, while coming from
+the vagina, _does not usually originate_ in the vagina; it originates
+in the neck of the womb, and the hundreds and hundreds of injections
+that women take for their leucorrhea only reach the vagina; they
+cannot penetrate into the womb. And it is only by treating the cavity
+of the cervix, which can only be done by a physician, through a
+speculum, that the root of the trouble can be reached. And, if any
+erosion or ulcer is noticed, it can be directly touched up with the
+necessary application. And it is for this reason that in girls
+leucorrhea is so much more difficult to treat. For fear of having the
+hymen ruptured the girl objects to a thorough examination and to local
+treatment, and the leucorrhea is permitted to proceed until perhaps a
+chronic inflammation of the womb and the Fallopian tubes is
+established. There is no doubt that many cases of sterility or
+childlessness in women are due to long-neglected leucorrhea in
+girlhood.
+
+=What Is the Cause of Leucorrhea?= We can answer simply: the cause of
+leucorrhea is catarrh in any part of the female genital tract. But
+this is no real answer. What are the causes of the catarrh? The causes
+of catarrh are many: the most common cause is a cold. Wetting the feet
+and getting chilled, particularly during the menses, may set up a
+catarrh in the cervix. Long standing on one's feet, lifting and
+carrying heavy bundles, dancing in overheated rooms and then going out
+scantily clad in the chill night air, prolonged ungratified sexual
+excitement, lack of cleanliness in the external genitals--all these
+are factors in setting up a catarrh of the cervix with a resultant
+leucorrhea. A general rundown condition, worry, overwork, too hard
+study, lack of fresh air, and a general scrofulous condition also
+favor the development of catarrh of the womb and leucorrhea. It will
+therefore be seen that the treatment of leucorrhea to be successful
+must be general and local.
+
+=General Treatment.= The general treatment consists in general
+hygienic measures and in common sense. The patient should not be on
+her feet more than she can help, and she should not walk until
+exhausted or fatigued. It is better to take several short walks than
+one long one. The corset she wears, if she wears any at all, should be
+of the modern kind: not one that presses the womb and the other
+abdominal organs down, but one that supports the abdominal walls, and
+rather raises the abdominal organs up. The lacing or buttoning must be
+from below up, and not from above down. That it should not in any way
+interfere with the freedom of respiration goes without saying.
+Constipation if any, to be treated, must be treated intelligently, by
+mild measures (see Constipation, in the chapter on pregnancy), and
+care must be taken that the bowels move at regular hours. Where the
+leucorrhea is due to or is aggravated by anemia and general weakness,
+a good iron preparation, such as one Blaud's five-grain pill three
+times a day, or a tonic of iron, quinine and strychnine, will do good.
+A daily cold bath or cold sponge, followed by a brisk dry rubbing with
+a rough towel, is also useful.
+
+=Local Treatment.= Local measures consist of painting or swabbing the
+vagina and cervix with various solutions, of tampons, suppositories
+and douches. Local application to the vagina and uterus can be done
+satisfactorily by the physician or nurse only. The insertion of a
+suppository or douching can be easily done by the patient herself.
+
+While it is always best and safest to consult a physician, and, while
+self-medication is generally inadvisable, there are occasions when a
+physician is not available; in some small places a woman may, _for
+various reasons_, have a strong objection to gynecological examination
+and treatment; and some women may be too poor to pay the doctor. In
+such circumstances self-treatment is justified and there can be no
+objection to it if the remedies are harmless and are sure to do some
+good; that is, to improve the condition where they do not effect a
+complete cure.
+
+One of the simplest things is an alum tampon. You take a piece of
+absorbent cotton, about the size of a fist, spread it out, put about a
+tablespoonful of powdered alum on it, fold it up, tie a string around
+the center, insert it in the vagina as far as it will go, and leave it
+in for twenty-four hours. Then pull it gently by the string and
+syringe yourself with a quart or two quarts of warm water. Such a
+tampon may be inserted every other day or every third day, and I have
+known many cases where this simple treatment alone produced a cure. In
+some cases, however, douches work better and the two best things for
+douching are: tincture of iodine and lactic acid. Buy, say, four
+ounces of tincture of iodine, and use two teaspoonfuls in two quarts
+of hot water in a douche bag. This injection should be used twice a
+day, morning and night. Of the lactic acid you buy, say, a pint, and
+use two tablespoonfuls to two quarts of water. The lactic acid has the
+advantage over the tincture of iodine that it is colorless, while the
+iodine is dark and stains whatever it comes in contact with. Sometimes
+I order the use of the tincture of iodine and the lactic acid
+alternately: for one douche the tincture of iodine, for the next the
+lactic acid, and so on. When the condition improves, it is sufficient
+to use one teaspoonful of the tincture of iodine and one tablespoonful
+of the lactic acid to two quarts of water. These injections are quite
+efficient and have the advantage of being perfectly harmless. One
+point about the injections: they should be taken not in the standing
+or squatting position (in which position the fluid comes right out),
+but while lying down, over a douche pan. The douche bag should be only
+about a foot above the bed, so that the irrigating fluid may come out
+slowly; the patient, after each injection taken in the daytime, should
+remain at least half an hour in bed (in the night time she stays all
+night in bed). This gives the injection a better chance to come in
+contact with all the parts of the vagina, and a portion of it comes in
+contact with the cervix, where it exerts a healing effect. Avoid the
+use of patent medicines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
+
+THE VENEREAL DISEASES
+
+ Derivation of Word "Venereal"--Three Venereal Diseases--Innocent
+  Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects--The Hygienic
+  Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal Infection--Measures for
+  Prevention After Sexual Relations.
+
+
+The word "venereal" means pertaining to sexual intercourse: venereal
+excess--excess in sexual intercourse; venereal disease--a disease
+acquired from sexual intercourse with an infected person. The word is
+derived from Venus (genitive--veneris), the Roman goddess of spring,
+flowers and Love.
+
+There are three venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid.
+Of these, gonorrhea is the most widespread, syphilis the most serious.
+Chancroid is of comparatively little importance.
+
+While by far the greatest amount of venereal diseases--probably ninety
+per cent, of the total--is contracted from illicit[7] intercourse, it
+is well to bear in mind that some of it is contracted innocently,
+either from a kiss, or from using a sponge or a towel which has been
+used by an infected person, etc. While the gonorrheal germ is
+generally transmitted directly, the syphilitic poison may be
+transmitted through various objects. Syphilis contracted not during
+intercourse, but in an innocent manner, from a kiss, a towel, a
+toothbrush, a razor, etc., is called syphilis of the innocent, or
+syphilis insontium. In former years doctors would not very rarely
+contract syphilis from examining syphilitic women with their bare
+fingers. Now since gloves have come into use for examining purposes,
+the number of infections has considerably diminished. And no doubt
+that as the people become more familiar with the danger of venereal
+infection from non-venereal sources, the number of innocent infections
+will greatly diminish. The dangerous roller towel and the no less
+dangerous common drinking cup are being gradually eliminated as
+factors of _non-venereal_ infection; and we may confidently expect
+that in a decade or two the amount of venereal disease from _venereal_
+infection will be greatly lessened in all civilized countries. The
+general increase in cleanliness in all strata of society and the
+universal use of antiseptics after suspicious sexual relations will
+constitute the chief factors in this diminution of venereal disease.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Illicit--illegal, non-permissible, outside of marriage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
+
+THE EXTENT OF VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+  Results--Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+  Venereal Disease--Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+  "Reformers"--Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to Lurid
+  Exaggerations--Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals Harmful
+  Results of Exaggerated Statements--Truth in Regard to Percentage
+  of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.
+
+
+=Former Silence.= Only a very few years ago respectable women, by
+which I mean all women outside of the women called "fallen," did not
+know of the existence of venereal disease. It was considered a
+prohibited, disgraceful subject, not to be mentioned or even hinted at
+in conversation, in books or magazines, in lectures, or on the stage.
+When I say that they did not know of the _existence_ of such a thing
+as venereal disease, that the very words gonorrhea and syphilis were
+unknown to them, I use these expressions not as figures of speech, but
+in their literal meaning. All avenues of acquiring such knowledge
+being closed to them--lay people don't usually now and they surely
+didn't then purchase and read strictly medical works--where could they
+obtain the information? The result was that when a woman was so
+unfortunate as to contract a venereal disease from her husband, she
+did not understand its character and did not suspect its source. Which
+was a rather good thing--for the husband. Family peace was more
+secure.
+
+=Present Exaggerations.= Now a change has taken place in this respect,
+and, as is often the case with recent changes, the pendulum has swung
+to the other extreme. The silence of former days has given place to
+shouting from the housetops. The last phrase is also used almost in
+its literal sense. Many men and women, deeply stirred by the venereal
+peril, and sincerely anxious to guard boys and girls from venereal
+infection, have been indulging in very reprehensible exaggerations.
+Particularly lurid have been the exaggerations as to the prevalence of
+the disease in the male sex, with its consequent disastrous effects on
+married women. A statement made by a Dr. Noeggerath (a German
+physician who practiced at the time in New York), nearly half a
+century ago, to the effect that 80 per cent, of all men have gonorrhea
+and that 90 per cent. of these remain uncured and infect or are apt to
+infect their wives, has been shown to be a ridiculously absurd
+exaggeration. If it had been true, the race would now be at the point
+of dying out. Nevertheless, this statement is copied from book to
+book, as if it were gospel truth, as if it were a scientifically and
+statistically established fact instead of a wild, sensational guess.
+An esteemed New York physician, Dr. Prince A. Morrow, did excellent
+pioneer work in calling attention to the dangers of venereal disease.
+But, as is the case with so many "reformers," he permitted his zeal to
+run away with him occasionally, and he made statements which caused
+and are still causing the judicious to grieve. The statement, for
+instance, that there is more venereal disease among innocent, virtuous
+wives than among prostitutes is one to cause the real honest
+investigator to weep (over the human tendency to exaggeration), or to
+burst out in uproarious laughter. The ridiculousness of this statement
+becomes especially evident when we recollect that the same gentleman
+made the statement that every prostitute, without exception, was
+diseased at one time or another. If venereal disease exists among
+prostitutes to the extent of 100 per cent., then how can it exist to a
+greater extent among innocent, virtuous wives? And to still further
+emphasize the absurdity of the above statement, I will tell you that
+the extent of venereal disease among married women is believed by
+careful non-sensational venereologists not to exceed five per cent.!
+
+Yes, the silence of former years has given place to the lurid
+exaggeration of the present day. While on the whole the former was
+worse than the latter, the latter is bad enough, because it makes many
+girls unhappy, sowing in them the seeds of suspicion and cynicism,
+tends to make them antagonistic to the entire male sex, and inoculates
+them with a senseless fear of marriage. A study made by Miriam C.
+Gould, of the department of psychology and philosophy in the
+University of Pittsburg (_Social Hygiene_, April, 1916), corroborates
+our remarks in a striking manner.
+
+She has had confidential chats with 50 young girls, with whom she has
+had some acquaintance; of these 50, 25 were college students and 25
+were not. She asked them a number of questions, the purpose of which
+was to find out what psychologic effect, if any, their knowledge of
+prostitution and of venereal disease has had on them. She states in
+her conclusions that "the histories reveal a large percentage of
+harmful results, such as conditions bordering upon neurasthenia,
+melancholia, pessimism and _sex antagonism_ (italics mine), directly
+traceable to this knowledge. Eleven of the girls interviewed developed
+a pronounced repulsion for men, although prior to their 'knowledge'
+they had enjoyed men's company. They now avoid association with them,
+and six have declared that they have totally lost faith in the moral
+cleanness of men. Eight have already refused to marry, or intend to do
+so, because of their belief that the risk of infection was too great.
+If it were not for the existence of these diseases, they say they
+would be glad to marry. All of these say their decision has rendered
+them more or less unhappy."
+
+In the laudable desire to keep our young women pure and to protect
+them from infection, in the endeavor to make them demand one moral
+standard for both sexes, our exaggerating reformers are condemning
+them to lifelong celibacy, which in the case of women often means
+lifelong neurasthenia and hypochondria.
+
+=The Truth of the Matter.= Here is the Truth about venereal
+disease--the truth as I know it, without concealment on the one hand
+and without exaggeration on the other. Exact figures are, of course,
+unobtainable anywhere; but results obtained from unbiased
+investigations of _different_ classes of society, from hospital
+reports, from questionnaires among students, etc., tell us that
+probably about twenty per cent. of the adult male population are the
+victims of gonorrhea at one time or another; that probably eight or
+ten per cent. are not entirely cured when they enter matrimony; and
+four or five per cent. (some would say two per cent.) of wives become
+infected with gonorrhea. This, I say, is terrible enough, and makes
+the greatest care and caution imperative; for, if you should be one of
+the victims of the two or five per cent., it would be little
+consolation to you that the other ninety-eight or ninety-five per
+cent. of wives have escaped.
+
+Of course the percentage of venereal disease among young men, and
+afterwards among their wives, will vary greatly with the stratum of
+society. Among the "lower" strata you may find fifty per cent. of
+infection, with a very large percentage of those uncured. Not because
+they are of a lower morality than the higher classes, but because the
+cheap class of prostitutes that they are obliged to patronize are
+frequently diseased and because they cannot afford expert treatment,
+or any treatment at all. Among these classes you will naturally find a
+much larger percentage of diseased wives. But then to counteract this
+we must bear in mind that there are large classes of men in whom
+gonorrhea exists only to the extent of five or ten per cent., and we
+have large classes of wives among whom the victims of gonorrhea will
+come up only to a fraction of one per cent.
+
+The above figures, you see, differ materially from the statements
+found in so many sex books that "80 per cent. of all married men in
+New York have gonorrhea," and that "at least three out of every five
+[60 per cent.!] married women in New York have gonorrhea." Whenever
+you read or hear such a statement treat it with a smile--or with
+contempt, as all false statements should be treated.
+
+As to syphilis, the extent of the prevalence may be given as between
+two and five per cent. Which percentage differs considerable from the
+75, 50 or 25 per cent. given us by some sex lecturers, but which is
+terrible enough as it is, without any exaggerations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
+
+GONORRHEA
+
+ Source of Gonorrhea--Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of Eye
+  Principal Seats of Disease--Symptoms in Men and in Women--Vagina
+  Seldom Attacked in Adults--Nobody Inherits Gonorrhea--Ophthalmia
+  Neonatorum--Differences of Course of Disease in Men and Women--
+  Gonorrhea Less Painful in Women--Symptoms not Suspected by Woman--
+  Necessity for the Woman Consulting a Physician--Self-treatment
+  When Woman Cannot Consult Physician--Formulæ for Injections.
+
+
+The subject of gonorrhea and syphilis is treated pretty fully, from a
+layman's point of view, in the author's _Sex Knowledge for Men_. I do
+not intend to devote much space to a discussion of the details of
+these two diseases here, because the subject is not of such direct
+interest to women. Respectable girls and women do not indulge in
+illicit relations the same as respectable men and boys do, and their
+danger of contracting a venereal disease is insignificant as compared
+with men's liability. I will, therefore, touch upon only a few points,
+particularly insofar as the diseases differ in their course from the
+course pursued in men. Those, however, who are interested may read the
+chapters on the subject in the author's _Sex Knowledge for Men_, and
+if they want still fuller details, they may study the author's
+_Treatment of Gonorrhea and Its Complications in Men and Women_.
+
+    [Illustration: GONORRHEAL GERMS.]
+
+=Gonorrhea= is an inflammation caused by a germ called the gonococcus,
+discovered by Dr. A. Neisser, of Breslau, Germany, in 1879. Any mucous
+membrane may be the seat of gonorrhea, but it attacks by preference
+the mucous membrane of the genital organs, and of one other organ--the
+eye. Its principal symptoms are: inflammation, pain, burning and
+discharge. In men, it attacks the urethra; in women it attacks the
+cervix--the neck of the womb--the urethra, and the vulva. The vagina
+is seldom attacked in adult women, because the mucous membrane of the
+adult vagina is rather tough and does not offer a good soil for the
+development of the gonococcus germ. The discharge that a woman has
+when she has gonorrhea comes principally or exclusively from the neck
+of the womb. In little girls, however, in whom the lining of the
+vagina is tender, gonorrhea of the vagina and the vulva is common.
+(See chapter Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls.) Gonorrhea is a local
+disease. While in some cases, after the disease has lasted for some
+time, a certain poison is generated by the germs which circulates in
+the blood, and while the germs may occasionally wander into distant
+organs, still in 98 per cent. of all cases gonorrhea is a local
+disease, and if taken in time is cured without leaving any traces on
+the general organism.
+
+=Gonorrhea Not Hereditary.= Then, gonorrhea is not a hereditary
+disease. Nobody ever _inherits_ gonorrhea. A child may be born with a
+gonorrheal inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmia neonatorum), but this
+inflammation is not inherited; it can only be acquired if the mother
+is suffering with gonorrhea while the child is being born: some of the
+pus in the mother's birth canal gets into the child's eyes while it
+passes through the uterus and vagina. This is not heredity; this is
+simple infection, and can be avoided by keeping the mother's birth
+canal clean by antiseptic douches before childbirth. In short, I
+repeat gonorrhea is essentially a local and not a constitutional
+disease, and is not hereditary. In which two respects it differs from
+syphilis, which is the most constitutional and most hereditary of all
+diseases.
+
+=Course of Gonorrhea in Men and Women.= Gonorrhea runs an entirely
+different course in women than it does in men. When a man has
+gonorrhea he knows it immediately; first, because the discharge tells
+him that there is something the matter with him, for a man is not used
+to having any discharge from the urethra unless there is something the
+matter with him. Second, the urine becomes at once burning and
+painful. In women the urethra is a separate canal from the vagina, and
+the urethra is very frequently not affected in gonorrhea. The
+infection generally starts in the cervix, and the disease may last for
+considerable time before the woman becomes aware of it. In general,
+gonorrhea is a less painful disease in woman, and this is a bad thing,
+because she thus neglects treatment and loses valuable time,
+permitting the disease to develop. Even when the urethra is affected
+in women, it does not give as severe symptoms as inflammation of the
+urethra in men. If the woman does have pains she often pays no
+attention to them, because woman is used to pains; as we have seen
+before, fifty per cent. of all women suffer more or less with
+dysmenorrhea. Many of them have a leucorrheal discharge of greater or
+lesser degree, and therefore if there is an increase in the pains, or
+an increase in the discharge, little attention is paid to the matter.
+In fact, a woman may have a chronic gonorrhea for months or years
+without being aware that there is anything the matter with her. It is
+important to teach women to seek medical aid as soon as they notice
+any increase in the amount of the discharge, or change in color,
+particularly if it becomes greenish, or if the odor becomes offensive,
+or if there is chafing, burning, or irritation around the genitals,
+and particularly if there is an increase in the frequency or urgency
+of urination, or if there is a burning, scalding, or cutting sensation
+during the act of urination. Also whenever the sexual act becomes
+painful. If women consulted a physician as soon as they noticed any of
+the symptoms referred to above, they would save months and years of
+suffering and expense, because the disease would often be taken in
+hand while still limited to the cervix, and not, as is now often the
+case, after the inflammation has extended into the uterus and
+Fallopian tubes.
+
+=Self-treatment.= I do not believe in self-treatment because it is
+generally unsatisfactory and may often even become dangerous, and I
+decidedly advise every woman who suspects that she has contracted
+gonorrhea to apply at once to a competent physician. But it happens
+not infrequently that a woman is so situated that she cannot consult a
+physician. And in the meantime there is danger of the gonorrhea
+spreading further and further. In such cases it is advisable for the
+woman to use an injection until such time when she can consult a
+physician. The injection I am going to advise may in itself produce a
+cure; and, if it does not produce a complete cure, it at any rate
+improves the condition, prevents the extension of the disease, makes
+subsequent treatment easier, and besides is perfectly harmless. The
+best injection for self use in gonorrhea is tincture of iodine; the
+proportion is two teaspoonfuls to a quart or two quarts of water. If
+the case is very bad, such an injection may be taken twice a day. If
+the case is not very bad, once a day is sufficient. After using the
+tincture of iodine for five days to a week, it is good to change off
+to lactic acid. Buy a pint or so of lactic acid in a drug store, and
+use one tablespoonful to a quart of water. It is preferable to have
+the water hot, about 100 deg., but where this is inconvenient it may
+be used lukewarm. The lactic acid injection is used for three days,
+then the iodine injection is resumed, then again the lactic acid, and
+so on. I know of many cases that were cured by this treatment alone.
+And I might mention that these injections are generally also very
+efficient in leucorrhea, as stated in the chapter on Leucorrhea.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
+
+VULVOVAGINITIS IN LITTLE GIRLS
+
+ Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls--Discharge Chief
+  Symptom--Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis--Psychic Results of
+  Treatment--Effects in Hastening Sexual Maturity--Vulvovaginitis a
+  Cause of Permanent Sterility--Measures to Prevent the
+  Disease--Toilet Seats and Vulvovaginitis.
+
+
+The mucous membrane, or the lining of the vulva and vagina, in little
+girls is very tender, and therefore very readily subject to infection.
+An infection of the vulva and vagina due to the gonococcus or to some
+other germ is very common in little girls. At least it used to be,
+particularly among children of the poor, in institutions and
+hospitals. The very dangerous infective character of vulvovaginitis
+was not known, and the infection was therefore easily transferred by
+towels, linen, toilet seats, bedpans, syringe nozzles, thermometers,
+the nurses' hands, and in various other ways. Now great care is being
+taken and in most hospitals no children are admitted in the general
+wards unless it is determined that they are free from vulvovaginitis.
+
+Generally speaking, vulvovaginitis in children is a mild infection. A
+child may have it for several weeks or months without being aware of
+it, without saying anything about it, the diagnosis often being made
+by the mother, who begins to notice the creamy discharge on the girl's
+linen or underwear. And this is the principal symptom in little girls
+thus afflicted--the discharge. This discharge may be very profuse,
+covering the vulva, vagina, and cervix.
+
+In severe cases, there is also an infection of the urethra, and the
+child may complain of burning at urination, itching and pain around
+the vulva and anus, and slight pain in the abdomen. There may be a
+moderate rise in temperature, up to 101 deg. F., and in some instances
+the attack is sufficiently acute to give rise to a chill and fever. A
+mild inflammation of the joints may set in within the first weeks of
+the infection, although as a usual thing it comes later on.
+
+=Evil Sequelæ of Vulvovaginitis.= While, as stated, vulvovaginitis is
+a comparatively mild infection as far as its symptoms are concerned,
+it nevertheless has a very bad effect on the child who is unfortunate
+enough to become a victim of the disease. First of all, it is an
+extremely long drawn, persistent disease. It usually takes months, and
+these months may run into years, before a complete cure, is effected.
+Second, relapses are quite common. Third, the treatment is a
+disagreeable one for the child, and is occasionally painful. Fourth,
+it has a disastrous effect on the child's _morale_; most parents,
+though they may love the child most affectionately, look somewhat
+askance at it; and continuous vaginal treatment somehow or other has a
+humiliating effect on the child, which begins to consider itself as an
+outcast, as something apart from other children. Fifth, the child's
+education is very frequently seriously and permanently interfered
+with, because it must often be taken out of school, whether public or
+private, and private tutoring is of course feasible only for the few.
+Sixth, and this is a point not sufficiently appreciated by the
+profession and the laity, but it is an important point, nevertheless:
+vulvovaginitis in children has unfortunately a disastrous effect in
+_hastening the sexual maturity of the child_. Whether this is due to
+the congestion of the organs produced by the inflammation, or to the
+speculum examinations, paintings, douches, applications, tampons,
+suppositories, etc., the fact remains that girls who suffer from
+vulvovaginitis in childhood become sexually mature considerably
+earlier than normal girls of the same class, stratum and climate, and
+their demand for sexual satisfaction is much more insistent. Seventh,
+a mild vulvovaginitis may be the cause of permanent _sterility_.
+
+It will therefore be seen that vulvovaginitis is a calamity, and
+everything possible should be done to guard female children from
+contracting it. _All_ children should _always_ sleep alone. Under no
+circumstances should a child sleep with anybody else, be it a sister,
+a mother, a friend, a governess, or a servant girl. People should be
+very careful in sending their children to spend a night or two with
+some friends. The friends may be all right, but still a friend of the
+friends or a relative of the friends may not be. I have known several
+cases where the origin of the vulvovaginitis could be traced to little
+girls spending a week at the house of some friends where a boarder or
+relative was infected with gonorrhea. That children should be kept
+away from associating or playing with adults or other children who are
+known to have gonorrheal infection goes without saying. The child's
+genitals should be frequently inspected by the mother, and scrupulous
+cleanliness by frequent bathing, sponging with warm solutions and
+powdering, should be maintained. The toilet seats in school should
+receive special attention. The wooden seat is a menace because it
+often harbors gonorrheal pus from either the female or male genitals,
+while the only proper seat is one of the so-called U-shaped style,
+that is, one in which the front is entirely open, like the letter U.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
+
+SYPHILIS
+
+ Syphilis Due to Germ--Syphilis a Constitutional Disease--Primary
+  Lesion--Incubation Period--Roseola--Primary Stage--Secondary
+  Stage--Mucous Patches--Tertiary Stage--Gumma--Hereditary Nature
+  of Syphilis--Milder Course in Women Than in Men--Obscure Symptoms
+  in Syphilis--Necessity for Examination by Physician--Locomotor
+  Ataxia--Softening of the Brain--Chancroids.
+
+
+Syphilis is a disease caused by a germ called spirocheta; the full
+name is spirocheta pallida--a pale, spiral-shaped germ. Though the
+disease has been ravaging Europe and America for centuries, the germ
+of it has been discovered only a few years ago, namely, in 1905, and,
+like the gonococcus, also by a German scientist, Fritz Schaudinn.
+Syphilis is a constitutional disease. In ten days to three weeks after
+a person has contracted syphilis, he (or she) develops a sore (at the
+spot where the germs got in). This sore is called _chancre_ or
+_primary lesion_. But when this sore makes its appearance the
+spirochetæ and the poison which they elaborate are already circulating
+in the blood, all over the system. The disease is already systemic, or
+constitutional, and the chancre is the local expression of a
+constitutional disease. Cutting out the chancre will not cure the
+disease, because, as stated, the germs are already in the system. The
+time between the contraction of the disease (the infectious
+intercourse) and the appearance of the chancre is called the
+_Incubation Period_. The time between the appearance of the chancre
+and the appearance of the rash on the body (the rash looks like a
+measles rash and is called roseola, which means a rose-colored rash)
+is called the _Primary Stage_. It lasts about six weeks. With the
+appearance of the rash commences the _Secondary Stage_. This stage is
+characterized by all sorts of _eruptions_, mild and severe, by white
+little patches (called mucous patches) in the throat, mouth, tonsils,
+vagina, by falling out of the hair, etc. The length of this secondary
+stage depends a good deal upon the sort of treatment the patient gets.
+Improperly treated, or not treated at all, it may last two or three
+years or more. Properly treated, it may be cut short at once, in a few
+days, so that the patient may never again in his or her life get an
+eruption. The third or _Tertiary Stage_ is characterized by
+_ulcerations_ in various parts of the body and by _swellings_ or
+tumors. The name of a syphilitic swelling or tumor is gumma (plural,
+gummata). The tertiary stage is the most terrible stage and it used to
+be the terror of syphilitic patients. But at the present time, under
+our modern methods of treatment, patients, if properly treated, _never
+have a tertiary stage_. We have seen many patients who considered
+syphilis a trifling disease, because all they knew of their disease
+was the chancre and the first eruption, i.e., the roseola, and perhaps
+a slight falling out of the hair. They then put themselves under
+energetic treatment, the _activity_ of the disease was checked, and
+they never had another symptom afterwards, though a Wassermann test
+showed that the disease was not entirely eradicated. It was merely
+held in check--which is the second best thing.
+
+   [Illustration: SPIROCHETA PALLIDA, OR TREPONEMA PALLIDUM, THE
+   GERM OF SYPHILIS AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE.]
+
+As stated before, syphilis is the most hereditary of all diseases.
+Fortunately, if the disease is still very active in the parents,
+particularly in the mother, the child is generally aborted. Some
+syphilitic mothers will have half a dozen or more miscarriages in
+succession. When the disease has become "attenuated," either by
+treatment or by itself--many diseases lose their virulence in
+time--the child may be carried to term. It then may be born dead, or
+it may be born strongly syphilitic, and die in a few days or weeks, or
+it may be born without any signs of syphilis and be apparently healthy
+and then develop the disease at the age of ten, twelve, fourteen, or
+later, or it may be born healthy and remain healthy. But no woman who
+had syphilis, or whose husband had syphilis, should _dare_ to conceive
+or to give birth to a child unless she has been given permission by a
+competent physician. I mean just what I say. It is not a personal
+matter. A woman has a right to marry a syphilitic husband if she wants
+to and run the risk of contracting syphilis. Her body is her own, and
+if she does it with her eyes open it is her affair. But a woman has no
+right to bring into the world syphilitic or syphilitically tainted
+children. Here society has a right to interfere.
+
+Syphilis runs a milder course in women than it does in men. But this
+milder course is not an unmixed blessing; it may be considered a
+misfortune, because, the same as gonorrhea in women, syphilis is often
+present for months and years until it has made such inroads that it
+is but little amenable to treatment. In many women the disease runs
+such a mild course, as far as definite symptoms are concerned, that
+they are sure they never had anything the matter with them, and they
+are perfectly sincere in their denial of ever having had any
+infection. Often it is only when they complain of obscure symptoms,
+for which we can find no explanation, and then take a Wassermann test,
+that we discover what the real trouble is. And then the internal
+organs are sometimes found so deeply affected that it is hard to do
+anything. So it is seen that the mildness of the course of the
+disease, while a good thing in itself, is bad in that respect that it
+prevents timely treatment. It is therefore important that whenever a
+woman is in any way suspicious that she may have the disease that she
+have herself examined; and if she has reasons to suspect that her
+husband or partner has the disease, she should persuade him to have
+himself examined.
+
+Locomotor ataxia, one of the most terrible sequelæ of syphilis, is
+much more rare in women than it is in men. So is general paresis, also
+called general paralysis of the insane, or softening of the brain.
+
+
+=Chancroids=
+
+There is one other minor disease belonging to the venereal diseases;
+that is chancroids. Chancroids are little ulcers on the genitals; they
+are purely local and do not affect the system. They are due largely to
+uncleanliness, and are found only among the poorer classes of
+prostitutes and therefore among the poorer classes of men. One sees
+them now and then in public dispensaries, but in private practice they
+are now quite rare. They used to be quite common, which shows that the
+general level of cleanliness has been raised considerably among all
+classes of people. At any rate, chancroids are of little significance,
+as compared with syphilis and gonorrhea, and when speaking of the
+venereal peril, these are the two diseases we have in mind.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
+
+THE CURABILITY OF VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in Man--Extensive
+  Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to Cure--Positive Cure in
+  Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.
+
+
+Just as the usual statements in regard to the extent of venereal
+disease have been found untrue or greatly exaggerated, so do the
+statements regarding the curability or rather incurability of venereal
+disease need careful revision. The picture usually painted of the
+hopelessness of gonorrhea and syphilis is too sombre, too black, and,
+contrary to the assertions made by laymen and laywomen and physicians
+who do not specialize in the treatment of venereal disease, I wish to
+make the statement that every case of gonorrhea in man, without any
+exception, if properly treated, can be perfectly cured, _as far as
+practical purposes are concerned_. I add the last phrase because the
+cure may not be perfect in the scientific sense of the word; that is,
+the man may not be brought back into the condition in which he was
+before he got the disease. But, for all practical purposes, as far as
+he himself is concerned, as far as his wife is concerned, and as far
+as the future children are concerned, every case may be cured, without
+any doubt. And I say this, basing myself upon a varied professional
+experience extending over nearly a quarter of a century.
+
+As to gonorrhea in women, that depends to a great extent upon the
+virulence of the disease and the promptness with which treatment is
+instituted. If the gonorrhea is limited only to the cervix, the vulva
+and the urethra, then prompt treatment will usually bring about a cure
+in a comparatively short time. But if the gonorrheal inflammation has
+extended to the body of the uterus, or still worse, to the tubes, then
+the treatment may become a very tedious one, and some cases may not be
+curable without an operation.
+
+With syphilis the matter is different. Since the introduction by
+Ehrlich of the various arsenic preparations, we have much better
+success in the treatment of syphilis, and we can positively render
+every case non-infectious to the partner. But, as to guaranteeing a
+positive cure, that is, guaranteeing that the patient will never have
+an outbreak or relapse of his disease in the future, and that the
+children will be perfectly free from any taint, this we can do no more
+now than we could before the modern treatment of syphilis was
+introduced. The decision, therefore, as to whether we may or may not
+permit a once syphilitic patient to marry will depend a great deal
+upon whether or no the husband or the wife or both desire to have
+children. If this is the case, we must often withhold our permission;
+but if the man and woman agree to get married and to get along without
+children, we will grant permission to the marriage in the vast
+majority of cases. The subject of venereal disease and marriage will
+be further discussed in separate chapters.
+
+Venereal disease, I have to repeat, is terrible enough in itself,
+without any exaggeration, without picturing it in too black colors.
+And it is necessary that people should not have too black an idea of
+it. It is necessary that they know that there are thousands and tens
+of thousands of patients who suffered with gonorrhea or syphilis and
+who were perfectly cured, who married, and whose wives remained
+perfectly well, and who gave birth to perfectly healthy untainted
+children.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
+
+VENEREAL PROPHYLAXIS
+
+ Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious Intercourse--
+  Formulæ for Douches--Precautions Against Non-venereal Sources of
+  Infection--Syphilis Transmitted by Dentist's Instruments--
+  Manicurists and Syphilis--Promiscuous Kissing a Source of
+  Syphilitic Infection.
+
+
+In his book, _Sex Knowledge for Men_, the author treated the subject
+of prevention of venereal disease very thoroughly. Men need this
+knowledge. As men _will_ indulge in illicit relations, we must teach
+them to guard themselves against venereal infection. We must do it not
+only for their own sake, but for the sake of their wives and children.
+For, infection in the man may mean infection in his wife and children.
+But as women readers of this book are not likely to indulge in
+promiscuous relations with strangers, a detailed discussion of the
+subject would be out of place.
+
+I will merely say, that where the woman has a suspicion that her
+husband is in an infectious state, she should abstain from relations
+with him until she is sure that he is safe. But where for some reason
+a suspicions intercourse is indulged in, the woman should use an
+antiseptic douche _before_ and _after_ intercourse. Where it is
+inconvenient to use a douche both before and after, a douche after
+will have to suffice, but it is much safer and surer to use the douche
+both before and after. When you use a douche there is always some of
+the solution left in the vagina and that destroys wholly or in part
+the infective germs. The following makes an effective douche: Dissolve
+a tablet of bichloride (they come on the market of the weight of about
+7½ grains) in two quarts of water--hot, lukewarm or cold. Use before
+intercourse a small amount--about a pint or half a pint, and use the
+balance after intercourse. Instead of the bichloride you may use a
+tablespoonful of carbolic acid, or two tablets of chinosol, or a
+tablespoonful of lysol, or two tablespoonfuls of boric acid.
+
+Instead of the douche an antiseptic jelly in a collapsible tin tube
+with a long nozzle may be used.
+
+But besides the venereal sources of infection the woman must guard
+against the non-venereal sources. Do not ever, if you can avoid it,
+use a public toilet. If you are forced to use it, protect yourself by
+putting some paper over the seat.
+
+Do not use a public drinking cup. If you have to use one, keep your
+lips away from the rim. One can learn to drink without touching the
+rim of the glass or cup with the lips.
+
+Do not under any circumstances use a public towel. The roller towel is
+a menace to health and should be forbidden in every part of the
+country.
+
+If you have to sleep in a hotel or in a strange bed, make sure that
+the linen is clean and fresh. Never sleep on bed linen which has been
+used by a stranger.
+
+Never use a public brush or comb.
+
+Be sure that your dentist is a careful, up-to-date man, and sterilizes
+his instruments carefully. Many a case of syphilis has been
+transmitted by a dentist's instrument. A syphilitic who goes to a
+dentist to be treated generally conceals his disease, and if the
+dentist is not in the habit of sterilizing his instruments after each
+patient, disaster may result.
+
+Be sure that your manicurist is not syphilitic, or at least that her
+hands are healthy, clean and free from any eruption.
+
+And, last but not least, do not indulge in promiscuous kissing. This
+is a particularly important injunction for young girls. This is a real
+peril and there are thousands of cases of syphilis that are known to
+have been contracted directly from kissing. People suffering with
+syphilis often have little white sores (mucous patches) on their lips,
+tongue and inside of cheeks. These sores are very infectious, and by
+kissing the disease is readily transmitted. Kissing games have been
+responsible in more than one case for the spread of syphilis to many
+persons. I have now under treatment a girl of nineteen who contracted
+syphilis on her summer vacation from having kissed a man once. Avoid
+promiscuous kissing! It is a bad practice for more than one reason.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
+
+ALCOHOL, SEX AND VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease--A Champagne Dinner and
+  Syphilis--Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due to
+  Alcohol--Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man and in
+  Woman--Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to Alcohol--Alcohol as an
+  Aid to Seduction.
+
+
+That Bacchus, the god of wine, is the strongest ally of Venus, the
+goddess of love, using love in its physical sense, as the French use
+the word _amour_, has been well known to the ancient Greeks and
+Romans, as it is well known to-day to every saloon-keeper and every
+keeper of a disreputable house. And all measures to combat venereal
+disease and to prevent girls from making a false step will be only
+partially successful if we do not at the same time carry on a strong
+educational campaign against alcoholic indulgence. Of what use to
+young men is the knowledge of the venereal peril and familiarity with
+the use of venereal prophylactics, when under the influence of alcohol
+the mind is befuddled, they forget everything and do things that they
+never would do in the sober state? Of what use are warnings to a
+girl, when under the influence of a heavy dinner and a bottle of
+champagne, to which she is unaccustomed, her passion is aroused to a
+degree she has never experienced before, her will is paralyzed and she
+yields, though deep down in her consciousness something tells her she
+shouldn't? Yields, becomes pregnant, and is in the deepest agony for
+several months, and has a wound which will probably never heal for the
+rest of her life? Of what use have all the lectures, books and
+maternal injunctions been to her?
+
+Or this case. Here is a young lawyer, twenty-eight years of age,
+engaged to a fine girl, and with everything to look forward to. He
+always was very moderate and circumspect in his sexual indulgence,
+and, though careful in choosing his partners, he never failed to use a
+venereal prophylactic after intercourse. There was too much at stake
+for him, and he did not care to take any chances, even if the chances
+were one in a thousand. For a period of one year during which he had
+been engaged he abstained from sexual intercourse altogether, though
+it cost him a great deal of effort to do so. He was to be married very
+shortly. But ill-luck made him accept an invitation to a bachelor
+dinner, where champagne and smutty stories were flowing freely, too
+freely. He left about midnight, and as the night was beautiful he
+decided to walk home. He met a siren, who invited him to accompany
+her. Under other circumstances he would have sent her on her way, or
+at least he would have stepped into a drugstore for a prophylactic.
+But, excited by the wine, the smutty stories and the year's
+abstinence, he went along like a sheep, as a matter of course, without
+trying to reason or interposing any objections. He remembers
+distinctly his feelings and the state of his mind. He was not drunk,
+only exhilarated, but nevertheless the whole thing seemed to him so
+normal, so natural, so expected, so matter-of-course, that he couldn't
+think of acting otherwise than accept her invitation. And he stayed
+two or three hours; and he used no prophylactic. And as a
+result--three weeks later he had a typical primary syphilitic lesion.
+How he felt and what it all meant to him the reader can imagine. This
+is far from being an isolated, an exceptional case.
+
+From my own practice I could cite a number of cases of venereal
+infection in which alcohol was the direct, primary factor. How many
+such cases there are altogether in the period of a year nobody can
+say, but that they constitute a considerable percentage of the total
+venereal morbidity every investigating sexologist will testify. Forel
+claims that 76 per cent. of all venereal infection takes place under
+the influence of alcohol; Notthaft is more moderate, more
+discriminating in his statistics and his claims are--30 per cent. An
+analysis of 1,000 cases of venereal infection, just published by Dr.
+Hugo Hecht (_Venerische Infektion und Alkohol, Z.B.G._, Vol. XVI, No.
+11) gives over 40 per cent. And the saddest part of it is that among
+the infected were 75 married men (the author thinks there were more,
+but only 75 confessed to being married), and of these, 45, equivalent
+to 60 per cent., were under the influence of alcohol when they
+contracted their venereal disease (extra-matrimonially, of course).
+
+Alcoholic indulgence contributes to the spread of venereal disease
+directly and indirectly. First and foremost it increases enormously
+the amount of intercourse indulged in. I certainly do not belong to
+those who believe that the sex instinct is merely a vicious appetite,
+like the appetite for alcohol or drugs, which can easily and
+completely be suppressed by the exertion of will-power. I believe that
+the sex instinct can be suppressed only within reasonable limits; if
+an attempt is made to exceed these limits dire results are apt to
+follow. But I also believe that the sex instinct can be stimulated
+artificially beyond the natural needs, and among the artificial
+stimulants of the sex instinct alcohol occupies first place. And bear
+in mind that alcohol produces even a stronger effect on women, in
+exciting the sexual passion, than it does on men. Women are more
+easily upset by stimulants and narcotics, and that is the reason why
+it is more dangerous for women to drink than it is for men.
+
+So this, then, is count number one: The man and the woman who in a
+sober condition would easily abstain, with their libido stimulated and
+their will-power paralyzed by alcohol, indulge unnecessarily, with the
+risk of venereal infection to the man and the double risk of venereal
+infection and pregnancy to the woman. Count two: The man who in the
+sober condition would use care and discrimination, under the influence
+of alcohol soon loses all his judgment and sees an angel and a Helen
+of Troy in the worst and most impudent harlot; with the result that
+the chances of venereal infection are greatly increased. Count three:
+Where under ordinary circumstances the man would stay a few minutes to
+half an hour, under the influence of alcohol he stays several hours,
+or all night, thus increasing his chances of infection a hundredfold.
+Count four: Alcohol increases the congestion in the genital organs of
+both man and woman and renders them much more _susceptible_ to
+infection. All other factors being equal, a connection which will
+under strict sobriety remain without bad results, may when one or
+both partners are under the influence of alcohol be followed by
+infection. Count five: The man who is in the habit of using venereal
+prophylactics under the influence of alcohol becomes both careless and
+reckless; he looks with contempt at preventive measures and the result
+is--venereal disease.
+
+It is impossible to give statistics and exact or even approximate
+figures. But there is no question in my mind, in the mind of any
+careful investigator, that if alcoholic beverages could be eliminated,
+the number of cases of venereal infection would be diminished by about
+one-half. And what is true of venereal disease is also true of
+seduction of young girls. Alcohol is the most efficient weapon that
+either the refined Don Juan or the vulgar pimp has in his possession.
+
+You cannot hope for complete success in eliminating venereal disease
+and seduction unless you also eliminate alcoholism. For Bacchus is the
+ally not only of Venus Aphrodite but also of Venus vulgivaga.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
+
+MARRIAGE AND GONORRHEA
+
+ Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected with
+  Gonorrhea or Syphilis--Advisability of Certificate of Freedom
+  from Transmissible Disease--Premarital Examination as a Universal
+  Custom--When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be Allowed to Marry--
+  When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be Allowed to Marry--Antisepsis
+  Before Coitus--Question of Sterility in the Man Who Has Had
+  Gonorrhea Easily Answered--Impossibility of Determining Whether
+  the Woman is Fertile or Not.
+
+
+For a man or a woman who has once suffered from gonorrhea or syphilis
+to enter matrimony without having secured a competent physician's
+opinion is a great responsibility. And a great responsibility rests
+upon the shoulders of the physician who is called upon to give such an
+opinion. For, a wrong decision--a wrong decision either way--that is,
+permission to marry when permission should not have been granted or
+refusal to give permission when permission should have been
+granted--may be responsible for much future unhappiness and much
+disease: disease of the mother and of the offspring. It may even be
+responsible for death.
+
+There is no easy, short road to a positive opinion. It requires a
+thorough, painstaking examination at the hands of an experienced
+physician, one thoroughly familiar with all the modern tests, to tell
+whether it is safe for a man who once suffered from venereal disease
+to enter the bonds of matrimony. Sometimes one examination is not
+sufficient, and several examinations may be necessary; but, the
+opinion of a conscientious, experienced physician may be relied upon,
+and, if all men and women who once suffered from venereal disease
+would seek for, and be guided by, such an opinion, there would be no
+cases of marital infection, there would be no children afflicted with
+gonorrheal ophthalmia, there would be no cases of hereditary syphilis.
+
+I firmly believe that a time will come when all venereal disease will
+have disappeared from the face of the earth. But, until that time
+comes, it would be for the benefit of the race and of posterity if
+people had to present a certificate of freedom from transmissible
+venereal disease as a prerequisite to a marriage license. Custom is
+often more efficient than law, and, if a premarital examination should
+become a universal custom (and there are indications in this
+direction), no law would be needed.
+
+=When May a Man Who Had Gonorrhea Get Married?= For a man who once
+suffered from gonorrhea to be pronounced cured and a safe candidate
+for marriage, the following conditions must be present:
+
+1. There must be no discharge.
+
+2. The urine must be perfectly clear and free from shreds.
+
+3. The secretion from the prostate gland, as obtained by prostatic
+massage, and from the seminal vesicles, as obtained by "milking," or
+"stripping," the vesicles, must be free from pus and gonococci. To
+make sure, it is best to repeat such examination at three different
+times.
+
+4. There must be neither stricture nor patches in the urethra.
+
+5. What we call the complement-fixation test, which is a blood test
+for gonorrhea similar to the Wassermann blood-test for syphilis, must
+be negative.
+
+Referring to conditions 1 and 2, it sometimes happens that the patient
+has a minute amount of discharge or a few shreds in the urine, and I
+still permit him to marry; but this is done only after the discharge
+and shreds have been repeatedly examined and have been found to be
+catarrhal in character and absolutely free from any gonococci or other
+germs.
+
+It sometimes happens that a patient comes to me for an examination a
+few days before the date set for the wedding. I examine him and find
+that he is not in a safe condition to marry, and so advise him to
+delay the wedding. Sometimes he follows the advice, but in some cases
+he is unable to do so. He claims the wedding has been arranged, the
+invitation-cards have been sent out, and to delay the wedding would
+lead to endless trouble and perhaps scandal. In such cases I, of
+course, assume no responsibility; however, I do advise the man to use
+an antiseptic suppository or some other method that will protect the
+bride from infection for the time being, while he, the husband, has an
+opportunity to take treatment until cured. Of the many cases in which
+I advised this method, I do not know of one in which infection has
+taken place.
+
+=When May a Woman Who Once Had Gonorrhea Be Permitted to Marry?= In
+the case of a woman, the decision may be harder to reach than in that
+of a man. Of course, the urine must be clear and the urethra must be
+normal; however, we cannot insist that there must be no discharge.
+This, because practically every woman has some slight discharge; even,
+if not all the time, then at least immediately prior and subsequent to
+menstruation. Of course, the discharge must be free from gonococci and
+pus. Also the complement-fixation tests must be negative. But, even
+so, we cannot be absolutely sure, because gonococci may be hidden in
+the uterus or in the Fallopian tubes.
+
+Here, we have to go a good deal by the history given us. If the woman,
+during the course of the gonorrhea, had salpingitis, that is, an
+inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, then we can never say positively
+that she is cured; all we can say, at best, is: presumably cured. And,
+further, if she has no pains in the uterine appendages, either
+spontaneous or on examination, and, if several examinations made
+within a day or two following menstruation are negative, then we may
+assume that she is cured. It is important, though, that this
+examination be made on the last day of menstruation or on the first or
+second day following; for there are many cases in which no pus and no
+gonococci will show in the inter-menstrual period, but will appear on
+those particular days, because, if the gonococci are hidden high up,
+they are likely to come down with the menstrual blood and portions of
+mucous membrane that are shed during menstruation.
+
+At best, it is a delicate problem, so that whenever there has been the
+least suspicion that the woman may harbor gonococci I have always
+advised (as is my custom, to be on the safe side) and directed the
+woman to use either an antiseptic suppository or an antiseptic douche
+before coitus. With these precautions adopted, I have never had an
+accident happen.
+
+=The Question of Probable Sterility.= Thus far I have considered the
+problem of marriage from the standpoint of infectivity. But, we know
+that, besides the effect on the individual, gonorrhea has also a
+far-reaching influence on the race; in other words, that it is prone
+to make the subjects--both men and women--sterile. And a candidate for
+marriage may, and often does, want to know whether, besides being
+noninfective, he or she is capable of begetting or having children.
+
+In the case of man, the problem is, fortunately, a very simple one. We
+can easily obtain a specimen of the man's semen and determine, by
+means of the microscope, whether it contains spermatozoa or not. If it
+does contain a normal number of lively, rapidly moving spermatozoa,
+the man is fertile, regardless of whether he ever had epididymitis or
+not. If the semen contains no spermatozoa, or only a few deformed or
+lazily moving ones, then he is sterile.
+
+In the case of woman, it is _absolutely_ impossible to determine
+whether the gonorrhea has made her sterile or not; because there is no
+way of expressing an ovum from the ovary. The woman may not have had
+any pain or inflammation in the Fallopian tubes, and yet there may
+have been sufficient inflammation to close up the orifices of the
+tubes. On the other hand, she may have had a severe salpingitis on
+_both sides and still be fertile_. Nor is there any way of telling
+whether the ovaries were so involved in the process as to become
+incapable of generating healthy ova, or any ova at all. In short,
+there is absolutely no way of telling whether a woman is sterile or
+fertile--we can only surmise. And our surmise in this respect is
+liable to be wrong just as often as right. The only way the question
+can be decided is by experience. If the prospective husband is willing
+to take a chance, well and good.
+
+While just as many girls marry as do young men, still, in practice, we
+always shall have to examine an incomparably larger number of male
+than of female candidates. This is due, not only to the fact that an
+incomparably larger number of men suffer from venereal disease, but
+also because very few women will confess to their fiancés that they
+ever entertained antematrimonial relations and--what is still
+worse--were infected with venereal disease. This, of course, is owing
+to our double standard of morality, which looks upon as a trivial or
+no offense in the man what it condemns as a heinous crime in the
+woman. I have known hundreds of men who confessed freely to their
+fiancées that they had had gonorrhea, but I have known only two girls
+who made a confession of the fact to their future husbands. They got
+married, however, and lived happily with their husbands ever after.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY
+
+MARRIAGE AND SYPHILIS
+
+ Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry--Rules More
+  Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired--Where Both Partners
+  Are Syphilitic--Danger of Paresis in Some Syphilitic Patients--A
+  Case in the Author's Practice.
+
+
+The problem of the syphilitic differs from the problem of the
+exgonorrheal patient. When a gonorrheal patient is cured, so far as
+infectivity is concerned, and is not sterile, there is no apprehension
+as to the offspring. Gonorrhea is not hereditary, and the child of a
+gonorrheal patient does not differ from the child of a nongonorrheal
+person. In the case of syphilis, it is different. The patient may be
+safe so far as infecting the partner is concerned, but yet there may
+be danger for the offspring.
+
+The rules for permitting a man or a woman who once had syphilis to
+marry, therefore, are different from those applied to the gonorrheal
+patient. Here are the rules:
+
+1. I would make it an invariable rule that no syphilitic patient
+should marry or should be permitted to marry before _five_ years have
+elapsed from the day of infection. But the period of time alone is
+not sufficient; other conditions must be met before we may give a
+syphilitic patient permission to marry.
+
+2. The man or the woman must have received thorough systematic
+treatment for at least three years, either constantly or off and on,
+according to the physician's judgment.
+
+3. For at least one year before the intended marriage, the person must
+have been absolutely free from any manifestations of syphilis; that
+is, from any eruptions on the skin, from any mucous patches, swelling
+in the bones, ulcerations, and so on.
+
+4. Four Wassermann tests, taken at intervals of three months and at a
+time _when the patient was receiving no specific treatment_, must be
+absolutely negative.
+
+If these four conditions are fully met, then the patient may be
+permitted to marry.
+
+It is important, however, to state that, in permitting or refusing
+syphilitic persons to marry, we are guided to a great extent by the
+fact as to whether they _expect to have children soon or not_.
+
+In the case of a couple who are anxious to have children soon after
+their marriage, the conditions for our permission must be more severe
+than when the couple are willing or anxious to use contraceptive
+measures for the first years of their married life. For, if a man is
+free from any skin lesions and from any mucous patches, his wife is
+safe from infection _as long as she does not become pregnant_. But, if
+she does get pregnant, she may become infected through the fetus; and,
+of course, the child also is liable to be syphilitic. Hence, much
+stricter requirements for syphilitics who expect to become parents are
+necessary than for those who do not.
+
+In case both the man and the woman are or have been syphilitic,
+permission to marry may be granted without hesitation, as the danger
+of infection is absent, but permission to have children must be
+refused _absolutely_ and _unequivocally_. Regardless of the time that
+may have elapsed from the period of infection, regardless of
+treatment, regardless of Wassermann tests, the danger to the child is
+too great if both parents have the syphilitic taint in them. A healthy
+child _may_ be born from two syphilitic parents who have undergone
+energetic treatment, but we have no right to take the chance. I, at
+least, never wanted to, nor ever will want to, take such a
+responsibility.
+
+=The Danger of Locomotor Ataxia or Paresis.= There is still one more
+point to consider in dealing with a syphilitic patient. In patients
+who did not receive energetic treatment from the very beginning of the
+disease as also in patients whose treatment was only desultory and
+irregular, we never can guarantee, in spite of lack of external
+symptoms, in spite of a negative Wassermann reaction, that some
+trouble may not develop later in life.
+
+What shall we do in such cases and what particularly shall we do if,
+from a general examination of the patient, we carry away the
+impression that, while free from the danger of infection, the man is
+not a good risk? Under these circumstances, we must refuse all
+personal responsibility, leaving the assumption of the responsibility
+to the prospective wife.
+
+Here is a case in point. About five years ago a man came to me for
+examination; he came with his fiancée. He had contracted syphilis ten
+years previously, received irregular treatment by mouth, off and on.
+For five years, he had had no symptoms of any kind. He _considered_
+himself cured, but wanted to know, and his fiancée wanted to know,
+whether he really was cured. There were no symptoms of any kind and
+the Wassermann test was negative. Nevertheless, I could not give him a
+clean bill of health. I noticed what seemed to me a slowness in
+thinking and just the least bit of hesitation in his speech.
+
+I told the girl (the man was thirty-five, she was thirty-two) that I
+could not render a definite decision in the matter, that everything
+might be all right, and then again it might not; but, that the
+question about children she would have to decide definitely, once for
+all, namely, that she was not to have any children. She was fully
+satisfied so far as that part was concerned; she said she herself
+objected to children and did not intend to have any and knew how to
+take care of herself. All she wanted to know was, whether she was in
+danger of being infected. I told her no, but that in my opinion there
+was some danger of her husband developing general paresis or locomotor
+ataxia.
+
+The girl had been a teacher for about twelve years, and she was so
+sick at heart of the work, was so anxious for a home of her own, that
+she decided to take the risk. And they got married. The marriage
+remained childless. The man developed general paresis (softening of
+the brain) three years later and died about a year afterward. The
+woman, now a widow, I understand, is not sorry for the step she had
+taken. This shows what things our social-economic conditions and our
+moral code are responsible for.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
+
+WHO MAY AND WHO MAY NOT MARRY
+
+ The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of
+  Marriage--_Venereal Disease_ the Most Common Question--
+  _Tuberculosis_--Sexual Appetite of Tubercular Patients--Effect
+  of Pregnancy Contraceptive Knowledge for Tubercular Wife--
+  _Heart Disease_--Serious Bar to Marriage--Influence of Sexual
+  Intercourse--_Cancer_--Fear of Hereditary Transmission--
+  _Exophthalmic Goiter_--Most Frequent in Women--Simple Goiter--
+  Exceptions to Rule--_Obesity_--Family History--Obesity and
+  Stoutness Not Synonymous--_Arteriosclerosis_--Danger in Sexual
+  Act--_Gout_--Real Causes of Gout--_Mumps_--Parotid Glands and Sex
+  Organs--Mumps and Sterility--Oöphoritis Due to Mumps--
+  _Hemophilia_--Hemophilic Sons May Marry--Hemophilic Daughters May
+  Not Marry--_Anemia_--_Chlorosis_--_Epilepsy_--Hysteria--Symptoms of
+  Hysteria--Marriage of Hysterical Women--_Alcoholism_--Effect on
+  Offspring--Alcoholics and Impotence--_Feeblemindedness_--Evil
+  Effects on Offspring--Sterilization of Feebleminded Only
+  Preventive--_Insanity_--Functional Insanity--Organic Insanity--
+  Hereditary Transmissibility of Insanity--Fear Resulting in
+  Insanity--Environment versus Heredity in Insanity--_Neurosis_--
+  _Neurasthenia_--_Psychasthenia_--_Neuropathy_--_Psychopathy_--Nervous
+  Conditions and Genius--Sexual Impotence and Genius--_Drug
+  Addiction_--External Causes--_Consanguineous Marriages_--When
+  Consanguineous Marriages are Advisable--Offspring of Consanguineous
+  Marriages--Homosexuality--Homosexuals Often Ignorant of Their
+  Condition--Sexual Repression and Homosexuality--Sadism and
+  Divorce--Masochism--Sexual Impotence and Marriage--Effect Upon
+  the Wife--Frigidity--Marital Relations and Frigid Woman--Excessive
+  Libido and Marriage--Excessive Demands Upon Wife--Satyriasis--
+  The Excessively Libidinous Wife--Nymphomania--Treatment--Harelip--
+  Myopia--Astigmatism--Premature Baldness--Criminality--Crime as
+  Result of Environment--Legal and Moral Crime--Ancestral Criminality
+  and Marriage--Rules of Heredity--Pauperism--Difference Between
+  Pauperism and Poverty.
+
+
+In former years, nobody thought of asking a physician for permission
+to get married. He was not consulted in the matter at all. The parents
+would investigate the young man's social standing, his ability to make
+a living, his habits perhaps, whether he was a drinking man or not,
+but to ask the physician's expert advice--why, as said, nobody thought
+of it. And how much sorrow and unhappiness, how many tragedies the
+doctor could have averted, if he had been asked in time! Fortunately,
+in the last few years, a great change has taken place in this respect.
+It is now a very common occurrence for the intelligent layman and
+laywoman, imbued with a sense of responsibility for the welfare of
+their presumptive future offspring and actuated, perhaps, also by some
+fear of infection, to consult a physician as to the advisability of
+the marriage, leaving it to him to make the decision and they abiding
+by that decision.
+
+As a matter of fact, as often is the case, the pendulum now is in
+danger of swinging to the other extreme; for, a little knowledge is a
+dangerous thing, and the tendency of the layman is to exaggerate
+matters and to take things in an absolute instead of in a relative
+manner. As a result, many laymen and laywomen nowadays insist upon a
+thorough examination of their own person and the person of their
+future partner, when there is nothing the matter with either. Still,
+this is a minor evil, and it is better to be too careful than not
+careful enough.
+
+I am frequently consulted as to the advisability or nonadvisability of
+a certain marriage taking place. I, therefore, thought it desirable to
+discuss in a separate chapter the various factors, physical and
+mental, personal and ancestral, likely to exert an influence upon the
+marital partner and on the expected offspring, and to state as briefly
+as possible and so far as our present state of knowledge permits which
+factors may be considered eugenic, or favorable to the offspring, and
+dysgenic, or unfavorable to the offspring.
+
+The questions concerning the advisability of marriage which the layman
+as well as the physician have most often to deal with are questions
+concerning venereal disease. On account of the importance of the
+subject, these have been discussed rather in detail under the headings
+"Gonorrhea and Marriage" and "Syphilis and Marriage." Other factors
+affecting marriage, either in the eugenic or dysgenic sense, will be
+discussed more briefly in the present chapter, and more or less in
+the order of their importance.
+
+
+=Tuberculosis=
+
+Tuberculosis, which carries off such a large part of humanity every
+year, is caused by the well-known bacillus tuberculosis, discovered by
+Koch. The germ is generally inhaled through the respiratory tract, and
+most frequently settles in the lungs, giving rise to what is known as
+pulmonary consumption. However, many other organs and tissues may be
+affected by tuberculosis.
+
+Tuberculosis used to be considered the hereditary disease _par
+excellence_. Entire families were carried off by it, and, seeing a
+tuberculous father or mother and then tuberculous children, it was
+assumed that the infection had been transmitted to the children by
+heredity. As a matter of fact, the disease was spread by infection. In
+former years, little care was exercised about destroying the sputum;
+the patients would spit indiscriminately on the floor, and the sputum,
+drying up, would be mixed with the dust and inhaled. Often the
+children crawling on the floor would introduce the infective material
+directly, by putting their little fingers in their mouths.
+
+It is now known that tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease, that
+is, that the germs are not transmitted by heredity. _The weak
+constitution_, however, which favors the development of tuberculosis,
+is inherited. And children of tuberculous parents, therefore, must not
+only be guarded against infection, but must be brought up with special
+care, so as to strengthen their resistance and overcome the weakened
+constitution which they inherited.
+
+That a person with an active tuberculous lesion should not get married
+goes without saying. But, it is a good rule to follow for a
+tuberculous person not to marry for two or three years, until all
+tuberculous lesions have been declared healed by a competent
+physician. As a rule, a tuberculous patient is a poor provider, and
+that also counts in the advice against marriage. Then sexual
+intercourse has, as a rule, a strong influence on the development of
+the disease. Unfortunately the sexual appetite of tuberculous patients
+is not diminished, but, rather, very frequently heightened; and
+frequent sexual relations weaken them and hasten the progress of the
+disease.
+
+As to pregnancy, that has an extremely pernicious effect on the course
+of tuberculosis, and no tuberculous woman should ever marry. If such a
+one does marry or if the disease develops after her getting married,
+means should be given her to prevent her from having children. During
+the pregnancy, the disease may not seem to be making any
+progress--occasionally the patient may even seem to improve--but after
+childbirth the disease makes very rapid strides and the patient may
+quickly succumb. In the early days of my practice I saw a number of
+such cases. If precautions are taken against pregnancy, then
+permission to indulge in sexual relations may be given, provided it is
+done rarely and moderately.
+
+If a patient who has tuberculosis conceals the fact from the future
+partner, a fraud is committed, and the marriage is morally annullable.
+It has been declared legally annullable by a recent decision of a New
+York judge.
+
+
+=Heart Disease=
+
+Heart disease also is no longer considered hereditary. Nevertheless,
+heart disease, if at all serious, is a contraindication to marriage.
+First, because the patient's life may be cut off at any time. Second,
+sexual intercourse is injurious for people having heart disease; it
+may aggravate the disease or even cause sudden death. It is more
+injurious even than it is in tuberculosis. Third--and this concerns
+the woman only--pregnancy has a _very_ detrimental effect upon a
+diseased heart. A heart that, with proper care, might be able to do
+its work for years, often is suddenly snapped by the extra work put
+upon it by pregnancy and childbirth. Sometimes a woman with a diseased
+heart will keep up to the last minute of the delivery of the child and
+then suddenly will gasp and expire. In the first year of my practice I
+saw such a case, and I never have wanted to see another. Women
+suffering from heart disease of any serious character should not,
+under any circumstance, be permitted to become pregnant.
+
+
+=Cancer=
+
+No man will knowingly marry a woman, and no woman will marry a man,
+afflicted with cancer. However, this question often comes up in cases
+where the matrimonial candidates are free from cancer, but where there
+has been cancer in the family.
+
+Cancer is not a hereditary disease, contrary to the opinions that have
+prevailed, and, if the matrimonial candidate otherwise is healthy, no
+hesitation need be felt on the score of heredity. The fear of
+hereditary transmission of the disease has caused a great deal of
+mischief and unnecessary anxiety to people. Scientifically conducted
+investigations and carefully prepared statistics have shown that many
+diseases formerly considered hereditary are not hereditary in the
+least degree.
+
+Should it, however, be shown that in one family there were _many_
+members who died of cancer, it would indicate that there is some
+disease or dyscrasia in that family, and the contracting of a marriage
+with any member of that family would be inadvisable.
+
+
+=Exophthalmic Goiter= (=Basedow's Disease=)
+
+Exophthalmic goiter is a disease characterised by enlargement of the
+thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, and rapid beating of the
+heart. The disease is confined almost entirely, though not
+exclusively, to women, and I should not advise any exophthalmic woman
+to marry; neither should I advise a man to marry an exophthalmic
+goiter woman. It is a very annoying disease, while sexual intercourse
+aggravates all the symptoms, particularly the palpitation of the
+heart. The children, if not affected by exophthalmic goiter, are
+liable to be very neurotic.
+
+_Simple goiter_, that is, enlargement of the thyroid gland (chiefly
+occurring in certain high mountainous localities, such as
+Switzerland), is not so strongly dysgenic as is exophthalmic goiter.
+Still, goiter patients are not good matrimonial risks.
+
+Of course, there are always exceptions. I know an exophthalmic goiter
+woman who brought up four children, and very good, healthy children
+they are. But in writing we can only speak of the average and not of
+exceptions.
+
+
+=Obesity=
+
+Obesity, or excessive stoutness, is an undue development of fat
+throughout the body. That it is hereditary, that it runs in families,
+there is no question whatsoever. And, while with great care as to the
+diet and by proper exercise, obesity may, as a rule, be avoided in
+those predisposed, it none the less often will develop in spite of all
+measures taken against it. Some very obese people eat only one-half or
+less of what many thin people do; but in the former, everything seems
+to run to fat.
+
+Obesity must be considered a dysgenic factor. The obese are subject to
+heart disease, asthma, apoplexy, gallstones, gout, diabetes,
+constipation; they withstand pneumonia and acute infectious diseases
+poorly, and they are bad risks when they have to undergo major
+surgical operations. They also, as a rule, are readily fatigued by
+physical and mental work. (As to the latter, there are remarkable
+exceptions. Some very obese people can turn out a great amount of
+work, and are almost indefatigable in their constant activity.) Each
+case should be considered individually, and with reference to the
+respective family history. If the obese person comes from a healthy,
+long lived family and shows no circulatory disturbances, no strong
+objections can be raised to him or to her. But, as a general
+proposition, it must be laid down that obesity is a dysgenic factor.
+
+But bear in mind that obesity and stoutness are not synonymous terms.
+
+
+=Arteriosclerosis=
+
+Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries. All men over fifty
+are beginning to develop some degree of arteriosclerosis; but, if the
+process is very gradual, it may be considered normal and is not a
+danger to life; when, however, it develops rapidly and the blood
+pressure is of a high degree, there is danger of apoplexy.
+Consequently, arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure must be
+considered decided bars to marriage.
+
+It must be borne in mind that the sexual act is, in itself, a danger
+to arteriosclerotics and people with high blood pressure, because it
+may bring about rupture of a blood-vessel. There are many cases of
+sudden death from this cause of which the public naturally never
+learns. Married persons who find that they have arteriosclerosis or
+high blood pressure should abstain from sexual relations altogether or
+indulge only at rare intervals and moderately.
+
+
+=Gout=
+
+A consideration of gout in connection with the question of heredity
+will show how near-sighted people can be, how they can go on believing
+a certain thing for centuries without analyzing, until somebody
+suddenly shows them the absurdity of the thing. Gout was always
+considered a typical hereditary disease; for it was seen in the
+grandfathers, fathers, children, grandchildren, and so on. So,
+certainly, it must be hereditary! It did not come to our doctors'
+minds to think that perhaps, after all, it was not heredity that was
+to blame, but simply that _the same conditions_ that produced gout in
+the ancestors likewise produced it in their descendants.
+
+We know now that gout is caused by excessive eating, excessive
+drinking, lack of exercise, and faulty elimination. And, since, as a
+general thing, children lead the same lives that their fathers did,
+they are likely to develop the same diseases as their fathers did. A
+poor man who leads an abstemious life doesn't develop gout, and if his
+children lead the same abstemious lives they do not develop gout.
+(There are some cases of gout among the poor, but they are very rare.)
+But if they should begin to gorge and live an improper life they would
+be prone to develop the disease.
+
+The disease, therefore, cannot in any way be considered hereditary. In
+matrimony, gout in either of the couple is not a desirable quality,
+but it is not a bar to marriage; and, if the candidate individually is
+healthy and free from gout, the fact that there was gout in the
+ancestry should play no rôle.
+
+
+=Mumps=
+
+Mumps is the common name for what is technically called parotitis (or
+parotiditis). Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid glands. The
+parotid glands are situated, one on each side, immediately in front
+and below the external ear, and they are between one-half and one
+ounce in weight. They belong to the salivary glands; that is, they
+manufacture saliva, and each parotid gland has a duct through which it
+pours the saliva into the mouth. These ducts open opposite the second
+upper molar teeth.
+
+We might be surprised to be told that these parotid glands can have
+anything to do with the sex organs, but there is no other remote organ
+that has such a close and rather mysterious relationship with the
+sex-glands as have the parotids. When the parotid glands, either one
+or both, are inflamed, the testicles or ovaries are also liable to be
+attacked by inflammation. The inflammation of the testicles may be so
+severe as to cause them to shrivel and dry up; or, even when no
+shrivelling, no atrophy of the testicles occurs, they may be so
+affected as to become incapable of producing spermatozoa. Moreover, in
+cases where the testicles of a mumps patient seemingly were not
+attacked--that is, where the patient was not aware of any
+inflammation, having no pain and no other symptoms--the testicles may
+have become incapable of generating spermatozoa.
+
+Besides the testicles, the prostate gland, the secretion of which is
+necessary to the fertility of the spermatozoa, may also become
+affected and _atrophied_.
+
+It is, therefore, a very common thing for men who had the mumps in
+their childhood to be found sterile.
+
+As to the sexual power of mumps patients, that differs. Some patients
+lose their virility entirely; others remain potent, but become
+sterile.
+
+The same thing happens to girls attacked by mumps. They may have a
+severe inflammation of the ovaries (ovaritis or oöphoritis) or the
+inflammation may be so mild as to escape notice. In either case, the
+girl when grown to womanhood may find herself sterile.
+
+A man who never had any venereal disease, but who has had mumps,
+should have himself examined for sterility before he gets married. As
+explained in the chapter "Marriage and Gonorrhea," we can, in the
+case of a man, easily find out whether he is fertile or sterile. But,
+in the case of a woman, we can not. Time, necessarily, has to answer
+that question. In all cases, mumps reduces the chances of fertility,
+and no man or woman who once had mumps should get married without
+informing the respective partner of the fact. There should be no
+concealment before marriage. When the partners to the marriage
+contract know of the facts, they can then decide as to whether or not
+the marriage is desirable to them.
+
+
+=Hemophilia, or Bleeders' Disease=
+
+Hemophilia is a peculiar disease, consisting in frequent and often
+uncontrollable hemorrhages. The least cut or the pulling of a tooth
+may cause a severe or even dangerous hemorrhage. The slightest blow,
+squeeze or hurt will cause _ecchymoses_, or discolorations of the
+skin. The peculiarity of this hereditary disease is, that it attacks
+almost exclusively the males, but is transmitted almost exclusively
+through the female members. For instance, Miss A., herself _not_ a
+bleeder, comes from a bleeder-family. She marries and has three boys
+and three girls; the three boys will be bleeders, the three girls will
+not; the three boys marry and have children; their children will
+_not_ be bleeders; the three girls marry, and _their male_ children
+will be bleeders.
+
+What is the lesson? The lesson is, that boys who are bleeders may
+marry, because they will most likely _not_ transmit the disease; but
+girls who come from a hemophilic family, irrespective of whether they
+themselves are hemophilics or not, must not marry, because most likely
+they _will_ transmit the disease.
+
+
+=Anemia=
+
+Anemia is a poor condition of the blood. The blood may contain an
+insufficient number of red blood cells or an insufficient percentage
+of the coloring matter of the blood, that is, hemoglobin. A special
+kind of anemia affecting young girls is called chlorosis.
+
+Anemia and chlorosis cannot be considered contra-indications to
+marriage, because they are usually amenable to treatment. In fact,
+some cases of anemia and chlorosis are due to the lack of normal
+sexual relations, and the subjects get well very soon after marriage.
+But it is best and safest to subject anemic patients to a course of
+treatment and to improve their condition before they marry.
+
+
+=Epilepsy=
+
+While epilepsy--known commonly as fits or falling sickness--is not as
+hereditary as it was one time thought to be, its hereditary character
+being ascertainable in only about 5 per cent. of cases, nevertheless,
+it is a decidedly dysgenic agent, and marriage with an epileptic is
+distinctly advised against. Where both parents are epileptics, the
+children are almost sure to be epileptic, and such a marriage should
+be prohibited by law. Under no circumstances should parents who are
+both epileptic bring children into the world. It should be the duty of
+the State to instruct them in methods of preventing conception.
+
+
+=Hysteria=
+
+Hysteria is a disease the chief characteristics of which are a _lack
+of control_ over one's emotions and acts, the _imitation_ of the
+symptoms of various diseases, and an _exaggerated_ self-consciousness.
+The patient may have extreme pain in the region of the head, ovaries,
+spine; in some parts of the skin there is extreme hypersensitiveness
+(hyperesthesia), so that the least touch causes great pain; in others,
+there is complete anesthesia--that is, absence of sensation--so that
+when you stick the patient with a needle she will not feel it. A very
+frequent symptom is a choking sensation, as if a ball came up the
+throat and stuck there (globus hystericus). Then there may be spasms,
+convulsions, retention of urine, paralysis, aphonia (loss of voice),
+blindness, and a lot more. There is hardly a functional or organic
+nervous disorder that hysteria may not simulate.
+
+Of late years our ideas about hysteria have undergone a radical
+change, and we now know that most, if not all, cases of hysteria are
+due to a repression or non-satisfaction of the sexual instinct or to
+some shock of a sexual character in childhood. Only too often a girl
+who was very hysterical before marriage loses her hysteria as if by
+magic upon contracting a _satisfactory_ marriage. On the other hand, a
+healthy girl can become quickly hysterical if she marries a man who is
+sexually impotent or who is disagreeable to her and incapable of
+satisfying her sexually.
+
+While hysteria, in itself, is not hereditary, it, nevertheless, is a
+question whether a strongly hysterical woman would make a satisfactory
+mother. The entire family history should be investigated. If the
+hysteria is found to be an isolated instance in the given girl, it may
+be disregarded, if not extreme; but if the entire family or several
+members of it are neuropathic, the condition is a dysgenic one.
+Marriage may be contracted, provided no children are brought into the
+world until several years have elapsed and the mother's organization
+seems to have become more stable. In some cases, a child acts as a
+good medicine against hysteria. In short, every case must be examined
+individually on its merits, and the counsel of a good psychologist or
+psychoanalyst may prove very valuable.
+
+
+=Alcoholism=
+
+A good deal depends upon what we understand by alcoholism. The
+fanatics consider a person an alcoholic who drinks a glass of beer or
+wine with his meals. This is nonsense. This is not alcoholism, and
+cannot be considered a dysgenic factor. But, where there is a distinct
+habit, so that the individual _must_ have his alcohol daily, or if he
+goes on an occasional drunken "spree," marriage must be advised
+against. And where the man (or woman) is what we call a real drunkard,
+marriage not only should be advised against, but most decidedly should
+be prohibited by law.
+
+Alcoholism, as a habit, is one of the worst dysgenic factors to reckon
+with. First, the offspring is liable to be affected, which is
+sufficient in itself to condemn marriage with an alcoholic. Second,
+the earning powers of an alcoholic are generally diminished, and are
+likely gradually to diminish more and more. Third, an alcoholic is
+irritable, quarrelsome, and is liable to do bodily injury to his wife.
+Fourth an alcoholic often develops sexual weakness or complete sexual
+impotence. Fifth, alcoholics are likely to develop extreme jealousy,
+which may become pathological, even to the extent of a psychosis.
+
+If both the husband and wife are alcoholics, then marriage between
+them which results in children is not merely a sin, but a crime.
+
+We do not now come across cases so often as we used to of women
+marrying drunkards in the hope or with the hope of reforming them. But
+such cases still happen. This is a very foolish procedure. Let the man
+reform first, let him stay reformed for two or three years, and then
+the woman may take the chance, if she wants to.
+
+
+=Feeblemindedness=
+
+Feeblemindedness, in all its gradations--including idiocy, imbecility,
+moronism, and so on--is strongly hereditary and is one of the most
+dysgenic factors we have to deal with. It is the most dysgenic of all
+factors. It is more dysgenic than insanity. Marriage with a
+feebleminded person not only should be advised against, but should be
+prohibited by law. A feebleminded man has much fewer chances for
+marriage than has a feebleminded woman. Feebleminded girls, even to
+the extent of being morons, if pretty (as they often are) have very
+good chances of getting married, not infrequently getting for husbands
+young men of good families who themselves of course are not very
+strong mentally, but still are far from being considered feebleminded.
+
+There are many cases of brilliant men--more than the public has any
+idea of--who married pretty, shy, demure, but withal feebleminded,
+girls, and the result has been in the largest percentage of cases very
+disastrous. In many cases all the children are feebleminded, or if not
+feebleminded, so weak mentally that it is impossible to make them go
+through any college or school. All the private tutoring is often in
+vain. And the brilliant father's heart breaks. It must be borne in
+mind that feeblemindedness or weak mentality is much more difficult to
+detect in a woman than it is in a man. Weakmindedness in a woman often
+passes for "cuteness," and as among the conservatives a woman is not
+expected to be able to discuss current topics, her intellectual
+caliber is often not discovered by the blinded husband until some
+weeks after the marriage ceremony.
+
+As any instruction in the use of contraceptives would be wasted on the
+feebleminded, the only way to guard the race against pollution with
+feebleminded stock is either to segregate or to sterilize them.
+Society could have no objection against the feebleminded marrying or
+indulging in sexual relations, provided it could be assured that they
+will not bring any feebleminded stock into the world. After the man
+and the woman have been sterilized there is no objection to their
+getting married.
+
+Where a normal, able or brilliant husband finds out too late that his
+wife's mentality is of rather a low order he is certainly justified in
+using contraceptives; and if he is determined to have children he will
+be obliged to divorce his wife. Of course this applies also to the
+wife of a weak minded husband.
+
+
+=Insanity=
+
+Insanity may be briefly defined as a disease of the mind. We will not
+here go into a discussion as to what constitutes real insanity, as to
+what is understood by insanity in the legal sense of the term, and so
+on, except to note that we have two divisions.
+
+One is functional insanity. This may be temporary, or periodical, and
+is due to some external cause, is curable, and is not hereditary. For
+instance, a person may get insane from a severe shock, from trouble,
+from anxiety, from a severe accident (such as a shipwreck), from a
+sudden and total loss of his fortune, of his wife and children (by
+fire, earthquake, shipwreck or railroad accident). Such insanities are
+curable and are not transmissible. Another example is what is known as
+puerperal insanity. Some women during childbirth, due probably to some
+toxic infection, become insane. This insanity may be extreme and
+maniacal in character. Still, it often passes away in a few days
+_without leaving any trace_ and may never return again, or, if it does
+return, it may return only during another childbirth. This kind of
+insanity is not transmissible.
+
+The second division is what we call organic insanity. This expresses
+itself in mania and melancholy, so-called manic-depressive insanity.
+This is due to a degeneration of the brain-and nerve-tissue and is
+hereditary.
+
+But, our entire conception as to the hereditary transmissibility of
+insanity has undergone a radical change. There is hardly another
+disease the fear of whose hereditary character is responsible for so
+much anguish and torture. In former years, when there was an insane
+uncle or aunt or grandparent that fact weighed like a veritable
+incubus on the entire family. Every member of the family was tortured
+by the secret anguish that maybe he or she would be next to be
+affected by this most horrible of all diseases--disease of the mind.
+If an ancestral member of the family became insane at a certain age,
+every member of that family was living in fear and trembling until
+several years had passed _after_ that critical age, and only then
+would they begin to breathe freely. Indeed, many people became insane
+from the very fear of becoming insane. It cannot be subject to any
+doubt that many people do become mentally unbalanced from the fear
+that they will become unbalanced. Fear has a tremendous influence on
+the purely bodily functions, but its influence on the mental functions
+is incomparably greater, and a person will often get that which he
+fears he is going to get.
+
+Now the hereditary character of insanity is not taken in the same
+absolute sense in which it was formerly. While we still consider it a
+dysgenic factor, yet we recognize the paramount importance of
+environment; and we know that by proper bringing-up, using the
+expression bringing-up in its broadest sense--including a proper
+mental and physical discipline--any hereditary taint can be
+counteracted. In connection with this subject, the following very
+recent statistics will prove of interest.
+
+The families of 558 insane persons cared for in the London county
+asylums were investigated, and, according to reports received from
+the educational authorities, only 15 of these (less than 3 per cent)
+had mentally defective children. As to the time of the birth of the
+children, whether before or after the attack of the insanity, we find
+the following figures: 56 out of 573 parents had children after their
+first attack of insanity, and 106 children were born after the onset
+of insanity in the parent; while the remaining 1259 children were born
+before the parent became insane.
+
+Altogether, as will be seen from a discussion of the various factors
+rendering marriage permissible or nonpermissible, I am inclined to
+consider environment a more important factor than heredity. The purely
+physical characteristics bear the indelible impress of heredity. But
+the moral and cultural characteristics, which in the modern civilized
+man are much more important than the physical, are almost exclusively
+the results of environment.
+
+
+=Neuroses--Neurasthenia--Psychasthenia--Neuropathy--Psychopathy=
+
+I will not attempt either exhaustive or concise definitions of the
+terms named in the caption, for the simple reason that it is
+impossible to give satisfactory definitions of them. The conditions
+which these terms designate do not constitute definite disease-entities,
+and many different things are understood by different people when these
+terms are mentioned. Only brief indications of the meaning will be
+given.
+
+Neurosis is a functional disease of the nervous system.
+
+Neurasthenia is a condition of nervous exhaustion, brought about by
+various causes, such as overwork, worry, fright, sexual excesses,
+sexual abstinence, and so on. The basis of neurasthenia, however, is
+often or even generally a hereditary taint, a nervous weakness
+inherited from the parents.
+
+Psychasthenia is a neurosis or psychoneurosis similar to neurasthenia,
+characterized by an exhaustion of the nervous system, also by weakness
+of the will, overscrupulousness, fear, and a feeling of the
+_unreality_ of things.
+
+Neuropathy is a disease or disorder of the nervous system. Psychopathy
+is a disease or disorder of the mind.
+
+Of late years we often hear people referred to as neurotics,
+neurasthenics, psychasthenics, neuropaths or psychopaths. These are
+undoubtedly abnormal conditions, and, taken as a general thing, they
+are dysgenic factors.
+
+But a dysgenic factor in an animal _is_ a dysgenic factor, and that
+is all there is to it. There are no two sides to the question. But if
+anything goes to show the difference between animals and human beings,
+and to demonstrate why principles of eugenics, as derived from a study
+of animals, can never be _fully_ applicable to human beings, it is
+these considerations which we now have under discussion. To repeat,
+neuroses, neurasthenia, psychasthenia, and the various forms of
+neuropathy and psychopathy are dysgenic factors. But people suffering
+from these conditions often are among _the world's greatest geniuses_,
+have done some of the world's greatest work, and, if we prevented or
+discouraged marriage among people who are somewhat "abnormal" or
+"queer," we should deprive the world of some of its greatest men and
+women. For insanity is allied to genius, and if we were to exterminate
+all mentally or nervously abnormal people we should at the same time
+exterminate some of the men and women that have made life worth
+living.
+
+And what is true of mentally abnormal is also true of physically
+inferior people. An inferior horse or dog _is_ inferior. There is no
+compensation for the inferiority. But a man may be physically
+inferior, he may be, for instance, a consumptive, but still he may
+have given to the world some of the sweetest and most wonderful poems.
+A man may be lame, or deaf, or strabismic, he may be a hunchback or a
+cripple and altogether physically repulsive, and yet he may be one of
+the world's greatest philosophers or mathematicians. A man may be
+sexually impotent and absolutely useless for race purposes, yet may be
+one of the world's greatest singers or greatest discoverers.
+
+In short, the eugenic problem in the human is not, and never will be,
+as simple as it is in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. If we want to
+strive after healthy, normal mediocrity, then the principles of animal
+eugenics become applicable to the human race. If, on the other hand,
+we want talent, if we want genius, if we want benefactors of the human
+race, then we must go very slow with our eugenic applications.
+
+
+=Drug Addiction or Narcotism=
+
+Addiction to drugs, whether it be opium, morphine, heroin or cocaine,
+is a strongly dysgenic factor. The addiction to the drug is of itself
+not transmissible, but the weakened constitution or degeneracy which
+is generally responsible for the development of the drug addiction is
+inheritable.
+
+A few cases of drug addiction are external; that is, the patient may
+have a good healthy constitution, no hereditary taint, and still
+because during some sickness he was given morphine a number of times
+he may have developed an addiction to the drug. But those cases are
+rare. And such cases, if they are cured and if the addiction is
+completely overcome, may marry.
+
+But in most cases it isn't the drug addiction that causes the
+degeneracy; it is the degeneracy or the neuropathic or psychopathic
+constitution that causes the drug addiction. And such cases are bad
+matrimonial risks.
+
+And it is a very risky thing for a woman to marry an addict with the
+idea of reforming him. As I said about the alcoholic: Let him reform
+first, let him stay reformed for a few years, and then the rest is not
+so great.
+
+
+=Consanguineous Marriages=
+
+Consanguinity means blood relationship, and consanguineous marriages
+are marriages between near blood relatives. The physician is
+frequently consulted as to the permissibility or danger of marriages
+between near relations. The question generally concerns first cousins,
+second cousins, uncle and niece, and nephew and aunt.
+
+The popular idea is that consanguineous marriages are bad _per se_.
+The children of near relatives, such as first cousins, are apt to be
+defective, deaf and dumb, blind, or feebleminded, and what not. This
+popular idea, as so many popular ideas are, is wrong. And still there
+is of course, as there always is, some foundation for it. The matter,
+however, is quite simple.
+
+We know that many traits, good and bad, are transmitted by heredity.
+And naturally when traits are possessed by both father and mother they
+stand a much greater chance of being transmitted to the offspring than
+if possessed by one of the parents alone. Now then, if a certain bad
+trait, such as epilepsy or insanity, is present in a family that trait
+is present in both cousins, and the likelihood of children from such a
+marriage inheriting that trait is much greater than when the parents
+are strangers, the taint being present in the family of only one of
+the parents. But if there be no hereditary taint in the cousins'
+family, and, still more, if the family is an intelligent one, if there
+are geniuses in the family, then there cannot be the slightest
+objection to marriage between cousins, and the children of such
+marriages are apt to inherit in a strong degree the talents or genius
+of their ancestors. In short, if the family is a bad one, one below
+par, then marriage between cousins or between uncle and niece should
+be forbidden. If the family is a good one, above par, then marriage
+between relatives of that family should be encouraged.
+
+The idea that the children from consanguineous marriages are apt to be
+deaf and dumb has no foundation in fact. Recent statistics from
+various asylums in Germany, for instance, have shown that only about
+five per cent. of the deaf and dumb children were the offspring of
+consanguineous marriages. If 95 per cent, of the deaf and dumb had
+_non_-consanguineous parents, how could one say that even in the other
+five per cent, the consanguinity was the cause? If it were the other
+way around, then of course we could blame consanguinity. As it is, we
+can assume even in this five per cent, a mere coincidence, and we have
+no right to say that consanguinity and deaf and dumbness stand in the
+relation to each other of cause and effect.
+
+It is interesting to know that among the Egyptians, Persians, and
+Incas of Peru close consanguineous marriages were very common. The
+Egyptian kings generally married their sisters. This was common custom
+and if the children born of such unions were defectives or
+monstrosities the fact would have become quickly apparent and the
+custom would have been abolished. Evidently the offspring of very
+close consanguinity was normal, or even above normal, or the practice
+would not have been continued such a long time.
+
+It is perhaps worth while noting that one of the world's greatest
+scientists, Charles Darwin, was the child of parents who were first
+cousins.
+
+
+=Homosexuality=
+
+Homosexuality (homos--the same) is a perversion in which a person is
+attracted not to persons of the opposite but to persons of the same
+sex. Thus a homosexual man does not care for women, but is attracted
+to men. A homosexual woman is not attracted to men; she only cares for
+women and may even loathe men. A homosexual, man or woman, has no
+right to marry. The wrong committed by a homosexual marrying is a
+double one: it is wrong to the partner, wrong to the children. The
+normal partner is bound to discover the abnormality, and if he (or
+she) does, then the married life is a very unhappy one. Even if the
+abnormal partner uses the utmost efforts to conceal the abnormality,
+he cannot afford any pleasure to the normal partner, because the
+sexual act committed under loathing cannot be satisfactory. The other
+wrong is committed on the offspring. Homosexuality is hereditary, and
+nobody has a right to bring homosexuals into the world, for there is
+no unhappier being than a homosexual. I know a homosexual woman, who,
+knowing her abnormality, married for the sake of a comfortable home.
+She has been successful in hiding from her husband her abnormality, he
+simply considering her frigid. But each sexual act costs her tortures.
+So far she has succeeded in avoiding pregnancy. I also know a highly
+refined and educated homosexual gentleman, who married before
+understanding his condition. Many homosexuals, not knowing that such a
+thing as homosexuality even exists, do not understand their own
+condition; they feel a little strange, a little puzzled, but they
+don't know that they ought not to marry. Soon after marrying his
+condition became clear to him, but in the meantime his wife conceived,
+and he is now the father of a healthy, good-looking boy. It is
+possible that with proper bringing up the development of any
+homosexual traits will be prevented. It should be borne in mind that
+long sexual repression is favorable to the development of
+homosexuality.
+
+But to emphasize: homosexuality is a dysgenic factor, and no
+homosexual should marry.
+
+
+=Sadism=
+
+Sadism is a sexual perversion in which the person derives pleasure
+only when beating, biting, striking, or otherwise inflicting pain on
+the person of the opposite sex. The degree of cruelty varies, but all
+sadists should be shunned. Unfortunately the fact that a man is a
+sadist is often not found out until after marriage, but as soon as the
+wife has found it out she should leave the man and demand a divorce.
+Sadism is a sufficient ground for a separation or divorce. No person
+with any moral feeling in him or her should be responsible for
+bringing children into the world with a possible sadistic heredity.
+
+Sadistic cruelty is often of the gross, brutal, repulsive kind, but
+sometimes the sadist inflicts on his "beloved" object refined tortures
+of which only a cunning "demon" is capable. The sufferings which the
+wives of some sadists have to undergo are known only to themselves and
+to a few--very few--physicians.
+
+
+=Masochism=
+
+Masochism is a sexual perversion in which the person, man or woman,
+_likes_ to suffer pain, beatings, insults and other cruelties at the
+hands of the beloved object. It is a dysgenic factor but much less
+important than sadism.
+
+
+=Sexual Impotence=
+
+Sexual impotence is not hereditary, but impotence in the male either
+so complete that he cannot perform the act or consisting only in
+premature ejaculations (relative impotence or sexual insufficiency)
+should constitute a bar to marriage. This impotence may not interfere
+with impregnation; the wife may have children and the children will
+not be in any way defective, but the wife herself, unless she is
+completely frigid, will suffer the tortures of hell, and may quickly
+become a sexual neurasthenic, a nervous wreck, or she may even develop
+a psychosis. Any man suffering with impotence should have himself
+treated before marriage until he is cured; if his impotence is
+incurable, then for his own sake and for the sake of the girl or woman
+he is supposed to love he should give up the idea of marriage. The
+only permissible exception is in cases in which the prospective wife
+knows the nature of her prospective husband's trouble, and claims that
+she does not care for gross sexual relations and therefore does not
+mind the impotence. In case the wife is absolutely _frigid_, the
+marriage may turn out satisfactory. But I would always have my
+misgivings, and should the wife's apparently absent but in reality
+only dormant libido suddenly awaken there would be trouble for both
+husband and wife. It is therefore necessary to emphasize: in all cases
+of impotence--caution!
+
+
+=Frigidity=
+
+Frigidity, as we have explained in a previous chapter, is a term
+applied to lack of sexual desire or sexual enjoyment in women. Of
+course many women before marriage are themselves ignorant of their
+sexual condition. Having learned to restrain their impulses, to
+repress any sexual stir, they themselves are often unable to say
+whether they have a strong or weak libido, or any at all. And whether
+or no a given woman would derive any pleasure from the sexual act can
+only be found out after marriage. Many girls, however, know very well
+whether they are "passionate" or not, but they wouldn't tell. They are
+afraid to confess to a complete lack of passion--they fear they might
+lose a husband.
+
+Frigidity as an agent in marriage may be considered from two points of
+view: the offspring and the husband. The offspring is not affected by
+the mother's frigidity. A very frigid woman, if the frigidity is not
+due to serious organic causes, may have very healthy children and make
+an excellent mother. As far as the husband is concerned, it will
+depend a good deal on the degree of frigidity. If the woman is merely
+cold, and, while herself not enjoying the act, raises no objection to
+it, then it cannot be considered a bar to marriage. In fact many men,
+themselves not overstrong sexually, are praying for somewhat frigid
+wives. (It must be stated, however, that to some husbands relations
+with frigid and non-participating wives are extremely distasteful.)
+But when the frigidity is of such a degree that it amounts to a strong
+physical aversion to the act, it should be considered a bar to
+marriage. Such frigidity is often the cause of a disrupted home, often
+leads to divorce and is legally considered a sufficient cause for
+divorce or for the annulment of marriage, the same as impotence in the
+man is.
+
+
+=Excessive Libido in Men=
+
+We have seen that sexual impotence is a dysgenic factor and if
+complete and incurable should constitute a barrier to marriage. The
+opposite condition is that of excessive libido. Libido is the desire
+for the opposite sex. A proper amount of libido is normal and
+desirable. A lack of libido is abnormal. And an excess of libido is
+also abnormal. But a good many men are possessed of an excess of
+libido; it is either congenital or _acquired_. Some men torture their
+wives "to death," not literally but figuratively. Harboring the
+prevailing idea that a wife has no rights in this respect, that her
+body is not her own, that she must always hold herself ready to
+satisfy his abnormal desires, such a husband exercises his marital
+rights without consideration for the physical condition or the mental
+feelings of his partner. Some husbands demand that their wives satisfy
+them _daily_ from one to five or more times a day. Some wives who
+happen to be possessed of an equally strong libido do not mind these
+excessive demands (though in time they are almost sure to feel the
+evil effects), but if the wife possesses only a moderate amount of
+sexuality and if she is too weak in body and in will-power to resist
+her lord and master's demands, her health is often ruined and she
+becomes a wreck. (Complete abstinence and excessive indulgence often
+have the same evil end-results.) Some men "kill" four or five women
+before the fury of their libido is at last moderated. Of course, it is
+hard to find out a man's libido beforehand. But if a delicate girl or
+a woman of moderate sexuality has reasons to suspect that a man is
+possessed of an abnormally excessive libido, she would do well to
+think twice before taking the often irretrievable step.
+
+I have spoken so far of excessive libido in normal men, that is, in
+men who are otherwise normal, sane and can _whenever necessary_
+control their desires. There is a form of excessive libido in men
+called satyriasis, which reaches such a degree that the men are often
+not able to control their desires, and they will satisfy their
+passion even if they know that the result is sure to be a venereal
+infection or several years in prison. Of course, satyriasis is a
+dysgenic factor; those suffering with that disorder are not normal;
+they are on the borderland of insanity, and not only should they not
+be permitted to marry, but they should be confined to institutions
+where they can be subjected to the proper treatment.
+
+
+=Excessive Libido in Women=
+
+Just as we have impotent and excessively libidinous men, so we have
+frigid and excessively libidinous women. A wife possessed of excessive
+libido is a terrible calamity for a husband of a normal or moderate
+sexuality. Many a libidinous wife has driven her husband, especially
+if she is young and he is old, to a premature grave. And "grave" is
+used in the literal, not figurative, sense of the word. It would be a
+good thing if a man could find out the character of his future wife's
+libido before marriage. Unfortunately, it is impossible. At best, it
+can only be guessed at. But a really excessive libido on the part of
+either husband or wife should constitute a valid ground for divorce.
+When the libido in woman is so excessive that she _cannot_ control her
+passion, and forgetting religion, morality, modesty, custom and
+possible social consequences, she offers herself to every man she
+meets, we use the term nymphomania. It is a disease which corresponds
+to satyriasis in men, and what I said of satyriasis applies with equal
+force to nymphomania. Nymphomaniac women should not be permitted to
+marry or to run around loose, but should be confined to institutions
+in which they can be subjected to proper treatment.
+
+
+=Harelip=
+
+This is a congenital defect consisting in a notch or split in the
+upper lip. It is due to defective development of the embryo and is as
+a rule found in association with cleft palate. Probably hereditary,
+but is not common and is not of much importance.
+
+
+=Myopia=
+
+Myopia means nearsightedness. This defect is undoubtedly hereditary to
+a certain degree, but it is doubtful if, other conditions being
+favorable, any man would give up a girl because she is myopic or vice
+versa. Still, if the condition is extreme, as it sometimes is, it
+should be taken into consideration. And where both the man and the
+woman are strongly myopic some hesitation should be felt in
+contracting a marriage. If the husband alone is myopic, then the
+defect may be transmitted to the sons but not to the daughters, and
+these daughters may in their turn transmit the defect to their sons
+but not to their daughters. In other words, the defect is more or less
+_sex-limited_.
+
+
+=Astigmatism=
+
+This is a defect of the eye, depending upon some irregularity of the
+cornea or the lens, in which light rays in different meridians are not
+brought to the same focus. It is to a certain extent hereditary, but
+plays an insignificant rôle. It is an undesirable trait, but cannot be
+considered a dysgenic factor.
+
+
+=Baldness=
+
+Premature baldness is a decidedly inheritable trait. And so is
+premature grayness of the hair. But it is doubtful if any woman would
+permit these factors to play any rôle in her choice of a husband.
+
+
+=Criminality=
+
+Almost a complete change has taken place in our ideas of criminality,
+and there are but very few criminologists now who believe in the
+Lombrosian nonsense of most criminality being inherited and being
+accompanied by physical stigmata of degeneration. The idea that the
+criminal is born and not made is now held only by an insignificant
+number of thinkers. We know now that by far the greatest percentage
+of crime is the result of environment, of poverty, with all that that
+word implies, of bad bringing up, of bad companions. We know that the
+child of the criminal, properly brought up, will develop into a model
+citizen, and vice versa, the child of the saint, brought into the
+slums, might develop into a criminal.
+
+Then we must remember that there are many crimes which are not crimes,
+per se, but which are merely infractions of man-made laws, or
+representing rebellious acts against an unjust and cruel social order.
+Thus, for instance, a man or a woman who defying the law, would give
+information about birth control, and be convicted for the offence,
+would be legally a criminal. Morally he or she would be a high-minded
+humanitarian. A man who would throw a bomb at the Russian Czar or at a
+murderous pogrom-inciting Russian Governor would be considered an
+assassin, and if caught would be hanged; and in making up the pedigree
+of such a family, a narrow-minded eugenist would be apt to say that
+there was criminality in that family. But as a matter of fact, that
+"assassin" may have belonged to the noblest-minded heroes in history.
+
+The eugenists will therefore pay little attention to criminality in
+the ancestry as a dysgenic factor. As long as the matrimonial
+candidate himself is not a criminal, the ancestral criminality should
+constitute no bar to the marriage. It is not likely to show itself
+atavistically in the children. Altogether a good deal of nonsense has
+been written about atavism. And people forget that the same rules of
+heredity that are applied to physical conditions cannot be applied to
+spiritual and moral qualities, the latter being much more dependent
+upon environment than the former. Of course the various circumstances
+must be taken into consideration, and each case must be decided upon
+its merits. No generalizations can be permitted. The _kind_ of crime
+must always be considered.
+
+And, furthermore, it should be borne in mind that not only is a
+criminal ancestry _per se_ no bar to marriage, the marriage candidate
+himself may be an ex-criminal, may have served time in prison, and
+still be a very desirable father or mother from the eugenic viewpoint.
+A man who in a fit of passion or during a quarrel, perhaps under the
+slight influence of liquor, struck or killed a man is not, therefore,
+a real criminal. After serving his time in prison he may never again
+commit the slightest antisocial act, may make a moral citizen and an
+ideal husband and father.
+
+This is not a plea for the under dog. For in this case, where the
+future of the race is at stake, all other considerations must be put
+into the background. I simply plead for an intelligent consideration
+of the subject. Many honored citizens are worse criminals and worse
+fathers than many people who have served prison sentences.
+
+
+=Pauperism=
+
+It may seem strange to discuss pauperism in relation to marriage and
+to speak of it as a hereditary factor, but it is necessary to discuss
+it, because considerable ignorance prevails on the subject, it being
+generally confused with poverty. There is a radical difference between
+pauperism and poverty. People may be poor for generations and
+generations, even very poor, and still not be considered or classed
+with paupers. Pauperism generally implies a lack of physical and
+mental stamina, loss of _self-respect_ and unconquerable laziness. Of
+course we know now that laziness often rests upon a physical basis,
+being due to imperfect working of the internal glands. But whatever
+the cause of the laziness may be, the fact is that it is one of the
+characteristics of the pauper. And while we cannot speak of pauperism
+being hereditary, the qualities that go to make up the pauper are
+transmissible. No normal woman would marry a pauper, and the woman who
+would marry a pauper is not amenable to any advice or to any book
+knowledge. But men are sometimes tempted to marry daughters of paupers
+if they happen to be pretty. They should consider the matter very
+carefully, for some of the ancestral traits may become manifest in the
+children.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO
+
+BIRTH CONTROL OR THE LIMITATION OF OFFSPRING
+
+ Knowledge of Prevention of Conception Essential--Misapprehensions
+  Concerning Birth-control Propaganda--Modern Contraceptives Not
+  Injurious to Health--Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures Due
+  to Secrecy--Prevention of Conception and Abortion Radically
+  Different--More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+  Information were Legally Obtainable--Demand for Prostitution
+  Would be Curtailed--Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+  Knowledge--Another Phase of the Birth-control Problem--Knowledge
+  of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was a Taint of Insanity, and
+  the Happy Results.
+
+
+No girl, and no man for that matter, should enter the bonds of
+matrimony without learning the latest means of preventing conception,
+of regulating the number of offspring. With people who consider any
+attempt at regulating the number of children a sin, we have nothing to
+argue, though we believe that there are very few people except among
+the lowest dregs of society who do not use some measures of
+regulation. Otherwise we would see most families with ten to twenty
+children instead of two or three. Nor do I intend to devote this
+chapter to a detailed presentation of the arguments in favor of the
+rational regulation of offspring. It would have to be merely a
+repetition of the arguments that I have presented elsewhere.[8] But a
+few points may well be touched upon here.
+
+In spite of the fact that the subject of birth control is much better
+known now than it was when we first started to propagate it, still it
+cannot be mentioned too often, for the misapprehensions concerning it
+almost keep pace with the propaganda. First, there is a foolish notion
+that we would try to regulate the number of children forcibly, that we
+would compel people to have a small number of children. Nothing could
+apparently be more absurd, and still many people sincerely believe it.
+Nothing is further from the truth. On the contrary, much as we are in
+favor of birth control, we advise limitation of offspring only to
+those who for various reasons, financial, hereditary or hygienic, are
+unable to have many children. We emphatically believe that couples who
+are in excellent health, who are of untainted heredity, who are fit to
+bring up children, and have the means to do so, should have at least
+half a dozen children. If they should have one dozen, they would
+deserve the thanks of the community. All we claim is that in such an
+important matter as bringing children into the world, the parents who
+have to carry the full burden of bringing up these children should
+have the right to decide. They should have the means of control. They
+should be able to say whether they will have two or six or one dozen
+children.
+
+
+=Contraceptive Measures=
+
+And the argument that contraceptives are injurious to the health of
+the woman, of the man, or of both, may be curtly dismissed. It is not
+true of any of the modern contraceptives. But even if it were true,
+the amount of injury that can be done by contraceptives would be like
+a drop of water in comparison with the injuries resulting from
+excessive pregnancies and childbirths. Some of the contraceptive
+measures require some trouble to use, some are unesthetic, but these
+are trifles and constitute a small price to pay for the privilege of
+being able to regulate the number of one's offspring according to
+one's intelligent desires.
+
+The commonest argument now made against contraceptives is that they
+are not absolutely safe, that is, absolutely to be relied upon, that
+they will not prevent in absolutely every case. This is true; but
+there are three answers which render this objection invalid. First,
+many of the cases of failure are to be ascribed not to the
+contraceptives themselves, but to their improper, careless and
+unintelligent use. The best methods in the world will fail if used
+improperly. Second, if the measures are efficient in 98 or 99 per
+cent, and fail in one or two per cent., then they are a blessing. Some
+women would be the happiest women in the world if they could render 98
+per cent. of their conjugal relations unfruitful. Third, the
+imperfections of our contraceptive measures are due to the secrecy
+with which the entire subject must necessarily be surrounded. If the
+subject of birth control could be fully discussed in medical books
+there is no doubt that in a short time we would have measures that
+would be absolutely certain and would leave nothing to be desired. But
+even such as they are, the measures are better than none, and as said
+in the beginning of this chapter, it is the duty of every young woman
+to acquire as one of the items of her sex education the knowledge of
+how to avoid too frequent pregnancies. In fact, I consider this the
+most important item in a woman's sex education, and if she has learned
+nothing else she should learn this. For this information is
+_absolutely_ necessary to her future health and happiness.
+
+
+=A Few Everyday Cases=
+
+In my twenty years' work for the cause of rational birth control I
+have come in contact with thousands and thousands of cases which
+demonstrate in the most convincing manner possible the tragic results
+of forced or undesired motherhood, and of the fear of forced or
+undesired motherhood.
+
+Some of the cases were in my own practice, some were related to me by
+brother physicians, some were described to me by the victims living in
+all parts of this vast country. Were I to collect and report all the
+cases that came to my notice during those twenty years, they would
+without exaggeration make a volume the size of the latest edition of
+the Standard Dictionary, printed in the same small type. Some of them
+are positively heartbreaking. They make you sick at the stupidity of
+the human race, at the stupidity and brutality of the lawgivers. But I
+do not wish to appeal to your emotions. I do not wish to take extreme
+and unique cases. I will therefore briefly relate a few everyday
+cases, which will demonstrate to you the beneficence of contraceptive
+knowledge and the tragedy and misery caused by the lack of such
+knowledge.
+
+_Case 1._ This class of case is so common that I almost feel like
+apologizing for referring to it. She, whom I will call by the
+forbearing name of Mrs. Smith, had been married a little over nine
+years, and had given birth to five children. She was an excellent
+mother, nursed them herself, took good care of them, and all the five
+were living and healthy. But in caring for them and for the household
+all alone, for they could not afford a servant or a nurse-girl, all
+her vitality had been sapped, all her originally superb energy had
+dwindled down to nothing; her nerves were worn to a frazzle and she
+became but a shadow of her former self. And the fear of another
+pregnancy became an obsession with her. She dreamed of it at night,
+and it poisoned her waking hours in the day. She felt that she simply
+could not go through another pregnancy, another childbirth, with its
+sleepless nights and its weary toilsome days. She asked her doctor who
+brought her children into the world to give her some preventive, but
+he laughed the matter off. "Just be careful," was all the advice she
+got from him. And when in spite of being careful, she, horror of
+horrors, became pregnant again, she gathered up courage, went to the
+same doctor, and asked him to perform an abortion on her. But he was a
+highly respectable physician, a Christian gentleman, and he became
+highly indignant at her impudence in coming to him and asking him to
+commit "murder." Her tears and pleadings were in vain. He remained
+adamant.
+
+Whether he would have remained as adamant if instead of Mrs. Smith,
+who could only pay twenty-five dollars for the abortion, the patient
+had been one of his society clientele, who could pay two hundred and
+fifty dollars, is a question which I will not answer in the
+affirmative or negative. I will leave it open. I will merely remark
+that in the question of abortion in certain specific cases the moral
+indignation of some physicians is in inverse proportion to the size of
+the fee expected. A doctor who will become terribly insulted when a
+poor woman who can only pay ten or fifteen dollars asks to be relieved
+of the fruit of her womb, will usually discover that the woman who can
+afford to pay one hundred dollars is badly in need of a curettement.
+Oh, no. He does not perform an abortion. He merely curets the uterus.
+
+But to come back to Mrs. Smith. She went away from the indignant
+adamant doctor. But she was determined not to give birth to another
+child. She confided her trouble to a neighbor, who sent her to a
+midwife. The midwife was neither very expert, nor very clean. Mrs.
+Smith had to go to her two or three times. After bleeding for about
+ten days she developed blood poisoning, from which she died a few days
+later, at the early age of twenty-nine, leaving a disconsolate father,
+who in time to come will probably find consolation with another woman,
+and five motherless children, who will never find consolation. One
+may find a substitute for a wife, there is no substitute for a mother.
+
+And such tragedies are of daily occurrence. May the Lord have mercy on
+the souls of those who are responsible for them.
+
+Before I proceed further I wish to say that it is the terrible
+prevalence of the abortion evil, with its concomitant evils of
+infection, ill health, chronic invalidism and death, that more than
+any other single factor urges us in our birth control propaganda. And
+those who want to forbid the dissemination of any information about
+the prevention of conception are playing directly into the hands of
+the professional abortionists. They could not act any more zealously
+if they were in league with the latter and were paid by them. And
+having mentioned the subject of abortion, I wish to utter a note of
+warning. In our birth control propaganda, we must be very careful to
+keep the question of the prevention of conception and of abortion
+separate and apart. The stupid law puts the two in the same paragraph,
+some ignorant laymen and equally ignorant physicians treat the two as
+if they were the same thing, but we, in our speeches and our writings,
+must keep the two separate, we must show the people the essential
+difference between prevention and abortion, between refraining from
+creating life and destroying life already created; we must show the
+viciousness of meting out the same punishment for two things which are
+fundamentally different, different not only in degree but in kind--and
+it is only by thus keeping the two things apart, by showing that we
+stand for one thing--prevention--and not for the other--abortion, that
+we can ever gain the general sympathy of the public and the
+co-operation of the legislators. I do not say that there are not many
+cases in which the induction of abortion is not only justifiable, but
+imperative; but that is a different question, and the two issues must
+not be confused. And we would and should resent any attempt on the
+part of either enemy or friend to so confuse them.
+
+_Case 2._ Mr. A. and Miss B. are in love with each other. But they
+cannot get married, for his salary is too small. They might risk
+getting married, if the specter of an indefinite number of children
+did not stretch out its restraining hand. She comes from a good
+family, she was brought up, if not in the lap of luxury, in the lap of
+comfort and coziness, and it is the ambition of every good American to
+furnish his wife at least as good a home as her father gave her. Her
+father, by the way, died prematurely from overwork in trying to give
+all possible comforts and advantages to a bevy of six unmarried and
+marriageable daughters.
+
+As I said, the fear of children kept them back. Each year the hope
+revived that in another year their union in matrimony would be
+consummated. But the years passed. Mr. A.'s hair became thin and
+grayish, Miss B began to look haggard and pinched--and still the
+marriage could not take place. Miss B was very religious and very
+proper, and would not do anything that was improper. A was not quite
+so proper; he paid occasional visits elsewhere, and as instruction in
+venereal prophylaxis was not included in his college course, he
+acquired a gonorrhea, which it took him about six months to get rid
+of. To shorten the story, A was thirty-nine and Miss B was thirty-five
+when the many times postponed marriage was consummated, but Cupid
+seemed to be busy elsewhere when the ceremony took place, and there is
+very little romance in their married life. The marriage has remained
+childless, as I told Mr. A it would be.
+
+I consider this a ruined life--and all for the lack of a little
+knowledge.
+
+If the anti-preventionists, those who are opposed to any information
+about the prevention of conception, were not so hopelessly stupid,
+they would see that from their own point of view it would be better if
+such information were legally obtainable. For it would be instrumental
+in causing more marriages which otherwise remain unconsummated, and
+by favoring early marriages, it would be instrumental in curtailing
+the demand for prostitution, in diminishing venereal disease. And as
+is well known, venereal disease is one of the great factors in race
+suicide.
+
+_Case 3._ A young woman was married to a man who besides being a
+brutal drunkard was subject to periodic fits of insanity. Every year
+or two he would be taken to the lunatic asylum for a few weeks or
+months, and then discharged. And every time on his discharge he would
+celebrate his liberty by impregnating his wife. She hated and loathed
+him, but could not protect herself against his "embraces." And she had
+to see herself giving birth to one abnormal child after another. She
+begged her doctor to give her some means of prevention, but that boob
+claimed ignorance, and the illegality of the thing. The woman finally
+committed suicide, but not before she had given birth to six abnormal
+children, who will probably grow up drunkards, criminals or insane.
+
+And because we object to such kind of breeding, we are accused of
+being enemies of the human race, of advocating race suicide, of
+violating the laws of God and man. Oh, for a mighty Sampson to strike
+the imbeciles with the jaw of an ass, for a mental Hercules to loosen
+the fontanelles of their petrified skulls and put some sense into
+them!
+
+_Case 4._ This observation concerns a couple both of whom had a very
+bad heredity. The blood of each was badly tainted. The doctor who had
+treated the husband cautioned them and told them that they had no
+right to have children. But here the tables were turned. The doctor
+wanted to give them the means for prevention, but the husband and
+wife, pious Roman Catholics, would not go against their religion and
+God (as if God wanted a world full of imbeciles), and refused to
+employ any precautions. They have had four children so far. One of
+them seems fairly normal, except that he is silly, in which respect he
+is merely like his parents; two are deaf and blind in one eye; the
+fourth is a cretin, practically an idiot.
+
+This case brings us face to face with another phase of the problem.
+What should we do when the parents, stupid and ignorant, refuse to
+stop breeding worthless material? Eugenic agitation, education, will
+bring about such a strong public opinion that none but idiots, who
+will be vasectomized or segregated, will dare to bring into the world
+children that are physically and mentally handicapped.
+
+_Case 5._ This couple had been married eight years, and had five
+children And the wife said she could not stand it any more. Another
+child--no, she preferred death. They practiced coitus interruptus for
+a while, with mutual disgust, but when the wife was caught again, she
+said: "No more!" And she would not let her husband come near her. He
+could do what he pleased--she did not care. After a few months he
+began to go elsewhere--contracted syphilis, had to give up his
+position, the home was broken up, the wife went out to work, the
+children are scattered--in short, a home, which we are told is the
+foundation of our society, is broken up, and there is misery and
+wretchedness all around--and all for the lack of a little timely
+information.
+
+_Case 6._ Mr. A and Miss B, twenty-eight and twenty-five years old
+respectively, have known one another for several years, and in spite
+of their occupation, which is supposed to make people blasé and
+cynical--he being a reporter and she a special story writer--are quite
+in love with each other. But their occupation and income are such that
+they cannot possibly afford to have and to bring up any children. They
+would love to get married, but the specter of a child--or rather of
+children--frightens them; and they remain single, to the great
+physical and mental injury of both. Accidentally they learn of
+appropriate means of regulating conception, get married and live
+happily--ever after, that is, until they find themselves in a
+position to have children and to bring them up properly.
+
+In what way was society injured by this young couple acquiring
+contraceptive information?
+
+_Case 7._ Mr. C and Miss D are in love with each other. Unfortunately
+there is a strong hereditary taint of insanity on both sides. They are
+too high-minded to think of giving birth to children. They might be
+all right, but with insanity one does not take any chances. The thing
+is too terrible. They are condemned to a life of celibacy, which to
+them means a life of loneliness and misery. But like an angel from
+heaven comes to them the knowledge that one can live a love-life
+without any penalties attached to it. They get married and there is
+not a happier couple living.
+
+In what way has society been injured by this couple obtaining the
+contraceptive knowledge?
+
+_Case 8._ Mr. and Mrs. E have been married five years. They have a
+child four years old which shows unmistakable symptoms of epilepsy.
+They are horrified and an investigation discloses the fact that on her
+side in the preceding generation there was a good deal of epilepsy. Of
+course, the next child may not be epileptic. But then again it may. No
+parents with any sense of responsibility would take such chances. They
+decide to give up conjugal relations. They keep it up for about
+thirteen or fourteen months; then one night an accident happens and
+very soon she finds herself pregnant. She declares she would rather
+die than to give birth to and have to take care of another epileptic
+child. She goes to a friendly physician who performs an abortion on
+her, and now the couple, not secure against future accidents, if they
+live together, decide to separate, and a tragedy is in sight.
+Fortunately they learn that conception can be prevented, and they
+continue to live together with benefit to themselves and harm to none.
+
+In what way has society been injured by those people acquiring
+contraceptive information?
+
+_Case 9._ Mr. and Mrs. F have been married six years, and in these six
+years they have been blessed with four children. When he married he
+was getting twenty-two dollars a week, and that is exactly what he is
+getting now. In the meantime the cost of living has gone up
+twenty-five per cent., and there are four extra mouths to feed and
+four extra bodies to clothe. What difference this has made in that
+little household can better be imagined than stated. The little mother
+has aged sixteen years in those six years, and there is not a trace
+left of her girlishness and youthfulness. She loves her children, and
+does not want to get rid of them. She would not take a million
+dollars for one of them, but she would not give five cents for
+another. But this is just what terrifies them; the possibility of
+another. And that possibility makes her irritable, makes her repel her
+husband's slightest advances, makes her move his bed to another room.
+She even tells him to satisfy his sexual desires elsewhere--and at the
+same time she is in fear and trembling that he might follow her
+advice. In short, a nice young home is about to be disrupted.
+Fortunately he reads somewhere an article on the subject of voluntary
+limitation of offspring, he begins to investigate; his physician
+pleads ignorance, but he is persistent, the physician investigates and
+obtains the desired information, which he shares with the patient.
+Harmony is restored and a happy home is re-established.
+
+Who was injured by the couple obtaining this information? And if
+nobody was injured, and everybody concerned was benefited, then why
+should the imparting of such information be considered a felony,
+punishable like the most atrocious of crimes?
+
+_Case 10._ Mr. and Mrs. G have been married fifteen years. They were
+the parents of seven children, a large enough number for any family.
+Those seven children were born during the first eleven years of their
+married life. During the past five years, afraid of having any more,
+they first abstained and then adopted a method which every modern
+sexologist knows is injurious to the nervous system of both the man
+and the woman. The man became a wreck; first neurasthenic, then
+impotent, cranky and grouchy, unable to get along in the office,
+constantly squabbling with his wife, who became just as bad a wreck.
+Their economic condition plus too many small children prevented the
+parents' separation. They remained living together, but they lived
+like a cat and a dog tied in a bag. Each silently prayed to be rid of
+the other. But a conversation overheard at a Turkish baths
+establishment put him on the right trail, and one year later we find
+the couple reconciled, both in good health and living a peaceful and
+fairly harmonious life. And those who have benefited most by the
+change are the children. In what way was society injured? And still if
+the doctor who gave Mr. G the information should have been caught and
+convicted, he would have been sent to prison for a year or two or
+five. Would he have deserved it? Here we have several plain, simple,
+unvarnished and unembellished cases which are typical of millions of
+similar cases and which prove conclusively that the law against
+imparting information about preventing conception is brutal, vicious,
+antisocial. Should not such a law be repealed, wiped off the statute
+books?
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] The Limitation of Offspring by the Prevention of Conception.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE
+
+ADVICE TO GIRLS APPROACHING THE THRESHOLD OF WOMANHOOD
+
+ The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male--The
+  Unprotected Girl's Temptations--Some Men Who Will Pester the
+  Young Girl--Risk of Venereal Infection--Danger of
+  Impregnation--Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman May
+  Not Always Be Relied Upon--Nature of Men who Seduce
+  Girls--Exceptions--Illegitimate Motherhood--Difficulties in the
+  Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living--The Child of
+  the Foundling Asylum--Social Attitude Towards Illegitimacy
+  Responsible for Abortion Evil--Dangers of Abortion--The Girl Who
+  Has Lost Her Virginity.
+
+
+When a girl has passed the transition period of puberty and is
+entering upon young womanhood she exerts an irresistible attraction on
+the male sex. Whether she give the impression of a luscious red rose
+or of a delicate white lily, the charms of a beautiful, healthy,
+bright girl of seventeen or eighteen are undeniable and their appeal
+to the esthetic and sexual sense of every normal male is a normal,
+_natural_ phenomenon. Whether it is a good thing or a bad thing that
+it is so, we will not stop to discuss here. But it is a natural
+phenomenon, a natural law, if you will, and one does not quarrel with
+natural phenomena. It is useless. But the attraction which the girl
+exercises on the male is fraught with danger to her, and therefore a
+few words of advice and of warning are not out of place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Temptations.= Fortunate are you, my young girl friend, if you come
+from a well-sheltered home, if you have been properly brought up, if
+you have a good and wise mother who knows how to take care of you. A
+mother's wise counsel given at the proper time, and her comradeship
+all the time, are more invulnerable than an armor of bronze and more
+secure than locked doors and barred windows. But if you have lost your
+mother at an early age, or if your mother is not of the right sort--it
+is no use hiding the fact that some mothers are not what they should
+be--if you have to shift for yourself, if you have to work in a shop,
+in an office, and particularly if you live alone and not with your
+parents, then temptations in the shape of men, young and old, will
+encounter you at every step; they will swarm about you like flies
+about a lump of sugar; they will stick to you like bees to a bunch of
+honeysuckle.
+
+I do not want you to get the false idea that all men or most men are
+bad and mean, and are constantly on the lookout to ruin young girls.
+No. Most men are good and honorable and too conscientious to ruin a
+young life. But there are some men, young and old, who are devoid of
+any conscience, who are so egotistic that their personal pleasure is
+their only guide of conduct. They will pester you. Some will lyingly
+claim that they are in love with you; some perhaps will sincerely
+believe that they are in love with you, mistaking a temporary passion
+for the sacred feeling of love. Some will even promise to marry
+you--some making the promise in sincerity, others with the deliberate
+intent to deceive. Still others will try to convince you that chastity
+is an old superstition, and that there is nothing wrong in sexual
+relations. In short, all ways and means will be employed by those men
+to induce you to enter into sexual relations with them.
+
+_Don't you do it!_
+
+I am not preaching or sermonizing to you. I am not appealing to your
+religion or your morals. For if you have strong religious or moral
+ideas against illicit sexual relations, you are not in need of mine or
+anybody else's advice. But I assume that you are a more or less modern
+girl, with little or no religious bringing-up, or perhaps a radical
+girl, who has shaken off the shackles of religion and tradition. And
+to you I say: _Don't you do it_. Why? Because your welfare, your
+future happiness, is at stake. I am speaking from the point of view of
+your own good, and from that point of view I say: Resist all attempts
+which men make exclusively for the purpose of satisfying their sexual
+desire, their lust.
+
+You will ask again, why? For several reasons. First, you run the risk
+of venereal infection. The danger is not so great now as in former
+times, but is great enough. There are still plenty of men dishonest
+enough to indulge in sexual relations with a woman when they know they
+are not radically cured. The same man who will not get married unless
+he is sure that he is perfectly cured will not hesitate to subject a
+transient girl or woman to the risk of venereal infection. I know
+personally, because I have treated them; yes, I treated several
+intelligent and radical young men who infected young girls. And some
+of these girls in their turn, through ignorance and innocence,
+infected other men. So then, the first danger is the danger of
+venereal infection.
+
+The second danger, still greater and more certain than the first, is
+the danger of impregnation. And pregnancy for a girl under our present
+moral and social-economic conditions is a terrible calamity. She is
+ostracized everywhere, and it means, if discovered, her social death.
+But you will say: "Aren't there any remedies that can be used to
+prevent conception? Aren't you yourself among the world's chief
+birth-controllers; one of the world's chief advocates of the use of
+contraceptives?" Yes, my dear young lady, but I never made the claim
+that the contraceptives were _absolutely_ infallible, I never claimed
+that they were _100 per cent._ effective in _100 per cent._ of _all_
+cases. But if they are effective 999 times or even 990 times in every
+1000 they are a blessing. And thousands of families so consider them.
+And if a married woman gets caught once in a while, the misfortune is
+not so great. But if the accident happens to a non-married woman, the
+misfortune _is_ great. Then again, you want to bear in mind that
+accidents are less likely to happen to married than to non-married
+women. The married woman has no fear, needs no secrecy, and she can go
+about the method of preparation carefully, with deliberation. The
+unmarried girl, _as a rule_, has not the proper conveniences, more or
+less secrecy must be maintained, hurry is not infrequently necessary,
+and that is why accidents are more apt to occur in spite of the use of
+contraceptives. So then, the second danger, even more sinister than
+the first, is the danger of pregnancy. "But if a misfortune happens,
+can I not have an abortion produced?" No, not always. Physicians
+willing to induce an abortion are not found on every corner. But this
+is not the principal point. What I have to say on the subject, I will
+say later on in this chapter.
+
+Then it is well for you to bear in mind that those very men who use
+their utmost efforts, who strain every fibre and every nerve to get
+you, will despise you and detest you as soon as they have succeeded in
+making you yield to their wishes. This is one of the worst blots on
+the male man's character, a blot from which the female character is
+entirely free. And some men--fortunately their number is not very
+large--are such moral skunks that they take morbid pleasure in
+boasting publicly of their sexual conquests, and unscrupulously peddle
+about the name of the girl whom, by cunning false promises or other
+means, they succeeded in seducing. And of course such a girl finds it
+difficult or impossible to get married, and must end her days in
+solitude, without the hope of a home of her own.
+
+For the above reasons I advise you earnestly and sincerely not to
+yield to the solicitations of thoughtless or unscrupulous men, who
+think of nothing but their coarse sensual pleasures. It is advice
+dictated by common sense, by your own deeper interest, aside from any
+religious or moral considerations.
+
+The above advice, or call it sermon if you will, is meant principally
+for young girls, girls between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five.
+If a girl has reached the age of twenty-eight or thirty and is
+willing to enter upon illicit sexual relations with her eyes open,
+with a full knowledge of the possible consequences, then it is her
+affair, and nobody shall say her nay. Nobody has a right to interfere.
+
+Nor should my advice be understood as directed to cases where there is
+sincere reciprocal affection and a mutual understanding. This is an
+entirely different matter, and has nothing to do with cases where the
+man is the pursuer or seducer and the woman an unwilling or reluctant
+victim.
+
+But whatever the relations between the man and the girl may be,
+whether she yielded in a fit of passion, or was seduced by false
+promises, by "moral" suasion, by hypnotic influence or by the vulgar
+method of being made drunk, what is she to do if she finds herself, to
+her horror, in a pregnant condition? There are two ways open to her:
+either let the pregnancy go to term or to have an abortion brought on.
+
+If she lets the pregnancy go to term she has the alternative of
+bringing up the child herself openly or of placing it secretly in a
+foundling asylum. In the first case, the necessity of publicly
+acknowledging illegitimate motherhood requires so much moral courage
+that not one woman in a thousand is equal to it. It is not moral
+courage alone that is required; the social ostracism could be borne
+with stoicism and even with equanimity, if with it were not frequently
+associated the fear or the real danger of starvation. For under our
+present system the illegitimate mother finds many avenues of activity
+closed to her. A school teacher would lose her position instantly, and
+so would a woman in any public position. It is feared that her example
+might have a contaminating influence on the children or on her fellow
+workers. Nor could she be a social worker--I know of more than one
+woman who lost her position with social or philanthropic institutions
+as soon as it was discovered that she did not live up strictly to the
+conventional code of sex morality. Nor could she be a private
+governess.
+
+It is thus seen that to acknowledge one's self an illegitimate mother
+requires so much courage, so much sacrifice, that very, very few
+mothers are now found that are equal to the task. Especially so when
+it is taken into consideration that the humiliations and indignities
+to which the child is subjected and the later reproaches of the child
+itself make the mother's life a veritable hell. So this alternative is
+generally out of the question.
+
+To give the child to a foundling asylum or to a "baby farm" means
+generally to condemn it to a slow death--and not such a slow one,
+either. For as statistics show about ninety to ninety-five per cent.
+of all babies in those institutions die within a few months. And the
+very few who survive and grow up have not a happy life. Life is hard
+enough for anybody; for children who come into the world handicapped
+by the disgrace of illegitimacy, life is torture indeed. It is with a
+breaking heart generally and because there is no other way out of the
+dilemma that a mother puts her baby away in a foundling asylum. She
+hopes and prays for its speedy death.
+
+Taking into consideration the pitifully unhappy lot of the
+illegitimate mother and illegitimate child, it is no wonder that every
+unmarried woman, as soon as she finds herself pregnant, is frantically
+determined to get rid of the child in the womb as soon as possible.
+And abortion thrives in every civilized country. Thousands and
+thousands of doctors and semi-doctors and midwives are making a rich
+living in this country from practicing abortion. The greater the
+disgrace with which illegitimacy is considered in a country, the
+stricter the prohibition against the use of measures for the
+prevention of conception, the greater the number of abortions in that
+country. But abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken with a light
+heart. It is true that if performed by a thoroughly competent
+physician, with all aseptic precautions, it is practically free from
+danger. But when performed by a careless physician or an ignorant
+midwife, trouble is apt to happen. Blood poisoning may set in, and the
+patient may be very sick for a time, and may on recovery from the
+acute illness remain a chronic invalid for life. And occasionally the
+patient dies. Whether or not abortion is justifiable under special
+circumstances is a separate question, which I have discussed in
+another place. But leaving aside the ethics of the question, if you
+have determined to have an abortion produced, be sure to go to a
+conscientious physician, and avoid the quacks and midwives. An
+unexpected and undesired pregnancy is punishment enough and there is
+no reason why you should be further punished by becoming a chronic
+invalid or by paying with your life. There is no sense in it. Nobody
+will profit by your invalidism or your death.
+
+I do not wish to leave this topic without re-emphasizing the fact that
+abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken or even to be spoken of
+lightly. Too many women, not only in the radical ranks, but in the
+conservative ranks as well, are in the habit of considering abortion
+as a joke, a trifling annoyance, something like a cold in the head,
+which, while disagreeable, is sure to pass away in a day or two. They
+know Mrs. A and Mrs. B and perhaps Miss C who had abortions produced
+on them and in two or three days they were as good as ever. Yes. But
+they do not know Miss D who is resting in her grave, nor do they know
+why Miss E and Mrs. F are invalids for life. The women who get over
+their abortion experiences easily are apt to talk of their good luck;
+the women who have become chronic invalids or who are resting in their
+graves as a result of an abortion are not apt to talk of the matter.
+
+And therefore, once more, remember, an abortion is no trifling matter.
+
+One other piece of advice and I am through. Some men of a low moral and
+mental caliber are under the influence of the pernicious idea that if a
+girl has lost her virginity--no matter under what circumstances--she no
+longer amounts to much and is free prey for everybody who may want her.
+And, like beasts of prey, these wretched specimens of humanity pester
+such a girl with much more impudence, more brazenness than they dare to
+employ in the case of a girl who is still considered a virgin. And,
+what is more, the girls themselves become poisoned with this pernicious
+idea and dare not offer the same resistance that the virgin does. And
+they often yield with resignation, though against their will, and
+though they may experience a feeling of disgust against the man.
+
+Now again, _don't you do it_. Do not nurse the medieval idea that
+because you are not a virgin in the physical sense, you are "ruined,"
+"no good," and an outcast. You are nothing of the kind. If through
+some cause or other you are no longer in possession of an intact
+hymen, it is your affair or misfortune, and nobody else's. Do not on
+that account cast your eyes down and avoid meeting people. Carry your
+head high, do not fear to meet people, and treat with contempt the
+jeers of the stupid and ignorant. A person's entire character does not
+depend upon the presence or absence of the hymen, and one misstep
+should not ruin a person's whole life. A boy is not "ruined," is not
+an outcast, because he has had sexual relations before marriage, and
+while the boy's and girl's cases are not exactly identical, still the
+poor girl should not be made to expiate one error all her life long.
+
+It isn't fair.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR
+
+ADVICE TO PARENTS OF UNFORTUNATE GIRLS
+
+ Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl--The Case of Edith
+  and What Her Father Did--The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and Bridget
+  C.
+
+
+Suppose you are the parents of a girl to whom a misfortune has
+happened. I admit it is a misfortune, a catastrophe. Probably the
+greatest catastrophe that, under our present social system, can happen
+to an unmarried young woman. What are you going to do? Are you going to
+disgrace her--incidentally disgracing yourselves--are you going to kick
+her out of the house, condemning her to a suicide's grave, or to a life
+that is often worse than death? Or are you going to stand by her in her
+dark hours, to shield her, to surround her with a wall of protection
+against a cruel and wantonly inquisitive world, and thus earn her
+eternal gratitude, and put her on the path of self-improvement and
+useful social work? Which shall it be? But before you decide, kindly
+bear in mind that your girl is not entirely to blame; that some of the
+blame lies with you. If she had been _properly_ brought up, this would
+not have happened. I know such a thing could never have happened in my
+household. But I know how I would have acted if such a thing had
+happened. And I will tell you how one father and mother did act under
+the circumstances.
+
+They were far from rich; just fairly comfortable; they had a
+well-paying store. Edith was their treasure, because she was so pretty
+and so full of life. Unfortunately, she was too pretty and too full of
+life. She was only seventeen, but was fully developed, and had many
+empty-headed young admirers, who showered upon her silly compliments
+and cloying sweets. She became frivolous and flirtatious and was
+beginning to do poorly in high school. She failed in her last year,
+and refused to take the year over again. Now, all the time being her
+own, and having nobody to give any account to, she began to go out a
+good deal, and more than ever indulged in flirtations. One night she
+stayed out later than usual, her parents were worried, and when she
+came home about two in the morning there was a quarrel, and the
+father, who was a strict, impulsive man, gave her a pretty good
+beating. After that she went out very little, kept to herself, became
+rather melancholy, lost her appetite, and did not sleep well. To all
+inquiries she answered that there was nothing the matter with her,
+that she just felt a little indisposed. Four or five months thus
+passed.
+
+But finally the condition could no longer be concealed. The mother was
+the first one to discover it. When the fact dawned upon her
+consciousness that her beautiful, not quite eighteen-year-old Edith
+was pregnant she promptly fell in a faint and it took Edith and the
+maid quite some time to restore her to consciousness. She became
+distracted. She floundered about pitifully, not knowing what to do,
+what decision to reach. She tried to conceal the matter from the
+father, but he saw that there was something wrong and it didn't take
+him long to worm the truth out of her. As the mother on learning the
+tragic truth had taken refuge in a dead faint, so he took refuge in a
+Berserker rage. He fumed and stormed and was in danger of an
+apoplectic stroke. He wanted to strike the daughter, but the mother
+interfered. He then ordered Edith to get out of the house and never to
+cross his threshold again. Edith looked at him to see if he meant it;
+the mother tried to intercede; but he was inflexible, and demanded
+that she leave at once. Edith began to gather a few of her belongings,
+the tears silently rolling down her face.
+
+And here a sudden change came over the father. Some men (and women)
+are crushed by small misfortunes; real catastrophes awaken their
+finer qualities, which lay dormant within them and which might have
+remained dormant within them forever. In these few minutes he seems to
+have undergone a complete metamorphosis. He went up to Edith, took her
+in his arms, kissed her, told her to stay, to calm down and they would
+see what could be done. In a few days she was taken over to a
+physician who performed an abortion. She was a pretty sick girl for
+about six weeks, and at one time there was danger of blood poisoning
+setting in. But she recovered. And she was a different girl. She had
+shed her frivolity and lightheartedness like an old garment. She took
+her last year in high school over again, entered Barnard, from which
+she was graduated among the very first, and soon began to teach in
+that very high school in which she had been a pupil. One of the
+teachers fell in love with her and she fell in love with him. He asked
+her to marry him. She wanted no skeleton from the past coming down
+rattling its bones and marring their married life, and she told him of
+the unfortunate incident. A good test, by the way, to find out a man's
+real love and breadth of character. Fortunately the man's love was a
+true love, not merely passion, and he was truly broadminded, which is
+not a very common thing among school-teachers. Their married life is
+an uncloudedly happy one. And the relation between the daughter and
+the parents is one of sincere love and deep mutual respect.
+
+Isn't it better so?
+
+Didn't Edith's parents act more decently, more kindly, more humanely,
+more wisely than the parents, say, of Mary B, who, when they found out
+her condition, put her out of the house, into which she was brought
+back two days later a corpse, fished out from the East River? Didn't
+Edith's father act more nobly, more wisely even from a purely selfish
+point of view than the father of Bridget C, who kicked his daughter
+out penniless into the street, where he had to see her afterwards
+powdered and painted soliciting men and boys? The mother died of a
+broken heart, and the father, unable to bear the constant, daily
+repeated disgrace, became an incorrigible drunkard.
+
+Fathers and mothers! So bring up your daughters, so guard them and
+protect them, that the misfortune of an illegitimate pregnancy may not
+befall them. But if the misfortune has befallen them, then stand by
+them! Do not desert them then in these dark hours, the darkest hours
+in a girl's life. Do not kick them--they are down enough. Stand by
+them, and they will become good women and you will have their eternal
+gratitude. If you do not stand by them, you are worse than the beasts
+of the jungle and deserve their eternal curse. You are unworthy to be,
+or to be called, parents, for you are devoid of the least spark of
+that sacred feeling called Parental Love, a feeling which
+unfortunately in only too many parents is replaced by nothing but the
+most sordid, most brutal egotism.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE
+
+SEXUAL RELATIONS DURING MENSTRUATION
+
+ Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During
+  Menstruation--Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual Period--When
+  Intercourse May be Permitted--Injection Before Coitus During
+  Menstruation--Fallacy of Ancient Idea of Injuriousness.
+
+
+This may seem to some a strange and superfluous question, a question
+which would never present itself. Still the laity would be surprised
+if it learned how frequently nowadays that question is presented to
+the physician who specializes in sex matters. Some husbands come to
+the physician complaining that the menses are the only period during
+which their wives demand sex relations, and ask if something cannot be
+done to cure them of what they consider an abnormal desire.
+
+Biologically considered, the desire on the woman's part for sex
+relations during the menses should not seem strange or abnormal, for
+we must bear in mind that menstruation bears a certain analogy to the
+rut in animals. And animals permit intercourse at no time except
+during the rut.
+
+Recent investigations have disclosed to fact that the number of women
+whose sexual appetite is _heightened_ during the time immediately
+preceding, during, and following the menses, is quite considerable.
+And there is also a smaller percentage of women who experience the
+desire _at no other time except_ during the menses.
+
+Speaking generally, relations during the menses should be discouraged.
+There are several reasons for it. The first reason, which need not be
+gone into in detail, is an esthetic one. The second reason is that
+intercourse during menstruation may in some cases lead to congestion
+of the uterus and ovaries. Third, the menstrual discharge, which as we
+know does not consist of pure blood but is a mixture of blood, mucus,
+and degenerated lining membrane of the uterus, may give rise to a
+catarrh of the urethra in the man. Fourth, and this is a point to be
+borne in mind, any discharge that a woman may be suffering from is
+always aggravated during menstruation. For these reasons relations
+during the menses are undesirable.
+
+But where the woman has strong libido during that time and has no
+libido at any other time, relations may be indulged in during the last
+day or two of the menses. Any unpleasantness may be obviated and any
+discharge may be removed by the woman taking a mild, warm, antiseptic
+injection before coitus. The ancient idea of the injuriousness of the
+relations during menstruation and the disastrous results likely to
+follow them have only a very slender foundation. They rest on no
+scientific basis and though it may be sad to state facts, there are
+many couples who do indulge in such relations as a regular thing and
+without any injury to either husband or wife.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX
+
+SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING PREGNANCY
+
+ Complete Abstinence During-Pregnancy--Bad Results of Complete
+  Abstinence--Intensity of Relations During First Four
+  Months--Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh
+  Months--Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth Months--Abstinence
+  After Birth of Child.
+
+
+The question whether sexual intercourse is permissible during
+pregnancy is often put to the physician. Some extremists and theorists
+demand complete abstinence during the entire duration of pregnancy.
+Such abstinence is not only not feasible, but is unnecessary and may
+prove a disrupting factor; it may create not only dissension, it may
+wreck the love-life of husband and wife. I know of cases where the
+wife, influenced by the wrong teachings about the necessity of
+complete abstinence during pregnancy, about the possible injury to the
+child from intercourse, persisted in keeping the husband away; and the
+result was that the husband began to go to other women, and he got in
+the habit to such an extent that he refused to give up entirely, even
+after the child was born. It cannot be expected from a married man,
+who is used to more or less regular sexual relations, to abstain
+entirely for nine or ten months. Such a demand is unreasonable and
+uncalled for. All claims about the injurious effects of intercourse on
+the mother and child lack proof and foundation. During the first four
+months of pregnancy no change need be made in the usual sex relations.
+Their "intensity" should be moderated, their frequency need not.
+During the fifth, sixth and seventh months intercourse should be
+indulged in at rarer intervals--once in two or three weeks--the act
+should be performed without any violence or intensity, and the usual
+position should be reversed or changed to a lateral one. During the
+eighth and ninth months relations had best be given up altogether.
+
+And this abstinence should last until about six weeks after the birth
+of the child. During this period the uterus undergoes what we call
+involution; that is, it goes back to the size and shape it had before
+pregnancy, and it is best not to disturb this process by sexual
+excitement, which causes engorgement and congestion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN
+
+SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR PROPAGATION ONLY
+
+ Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only--What Such
+  Practice Would Lead to--Nature and the Sex-fanatics--Sexual
+  Desire in Woman After Menopause--Sex Instinct of Sterile Men and
+  Women--Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.
+
+
+Some people sincerely believe that the sexual instinct is for
+reproductive purposes only; they claim we should never indulge in
+sexual intercourse unless it be for the purpose of bringing a child
+into the world. The act performed without such aim in view is
+stigmatized by them as carnal lust, as a sin. Some even say that such
+an act is equivalent to an act of prostitution. To _argue_ the
+question with such people would be a waste of time. It is not fair to
+impugn the good faith, the sincerity of your opponents, because I have
+convinced myself that the most insane, most bizarre notions may be
+held by otherwise sane people in perfect sincerity. But we cannot help
+questioning the reasoning faculties of people holding such beliefs.
+
+Let us see where the belief of "sex relations for procreation only"
+would lead us to. In a normal healthy couple impregnation follows one
+connection. So if a couple wanted to limit themselves to three or four
+or six children, they would be entitled to have relations only three,
+four or six times in their lives. For it must be remembered that
+during pregnancy sexual relations would be prohibited, as during
+pregnancy no further impregnation can take place, and no intercourse
+must take place which has not for its purpose the conception of a new
+human being. If the people were believers in big families, and agreed
+to have twelve children--no anti-Malthusian would expect more than
+that--they would be entitled to twelve relations during their marital
+life. Assuming that not every act is followed by pregnancy, but that
+it takes on the average three or four times to bring about the desired
+result, we will have it that during the wife's childbearing period the
+couple may indulge in sex relations from once in three or four years
+to once or twice a year.
+
+Can a sane person knowing anything about the sexual instinct make any
+such demands from married people living in the same house and perhaps
+occupying the same bed? It must be borne in mind that as soon as the
+wife has reached the menopause all relations must cease, because she
+can no longer become pregnant, and intercourse without a probable or
+possible pregnancy is a sin. Also remember that no matter how
+beautiful, young and passionate the wife may be, if she has some
+little trouble which makes pregnancy impossible, sex relations must be
+absolutely abstained from. And of course if the husband or wife is
+sterile, all relations must be renounced forever, no matter how strong
+the libido may be in one or both.
+
+It is strange that Nature did not act according to the formula of our
+sex fanatics; no pregnancy, no intercourse. If she had meant it to be
+that way, she would have abolished sexual desire in woman immediately
+after the menopause. Unfortunately this is not the case. For we know
+that the sexual libido in women after the menopause is often and for
+several years stronger than before. Why? Nor has Nature abolished the
+sexual instinct and the passionate desire for sex relations in all
+those men and women who are for some reason or other sterile, or
+otherwise so defective that no child can result from the union.
+
+As I stated at the beginning, it is a waste of time to _argue_ the
+matter. Those who believe that sex relations are for racial purposes
+only, are welcome to their belief, and are welcome to live up to it.
+(How few of them do, though, honestly and consistently?) We must
+reiterate our opinion that the sex instinct has other high purposes
+besides that of perpetuating the race, and sex relations may and
+should be indulged in as often as they are conducive to man's and
+woman's physical, mental and spiritual health. No iron-clad rules can
+be laid down as to the frequency. For some people three times a year
+may be sufficient, others may require relations three times a month
+(the best for the average) and still others may not be satisfied with
+less than three times a week. The human _libido sexualis_ cannot be
+put into an iron mould, and you should pay no attention to religious
+fanatics who are ignorant of physiology and psychology and who can
+only blunder and bungle up things.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT
+
+VAGINISMUS
+
+ Vaginismus--Dyspareunia--Difference Between Vaginismus and
+  Dyspareunia--Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+  Convulsions.
+
+
+By the term vaginismus we understand a painful spasm or contraction of
+the vaginal orifice which makes intercourse very difficult, or
+impossible.
+
+Certain cases of vaginismus, or rather false vaginismus, may be due to
+laceration or inflammation of the vaginal orifice, but in genuine
+cases of vaginismus no local disease can be found, because genuine
+vaginismus is of nervous origin.
+
+_Dyspareunia_ means painful or difficult intercourse, from whatever
+cause. It differs from vaginismus in that the cause is generally a
+local one, that is, it may be inflammation, laceration as after a
+confinement, small size or atresia of the vagina, etc. When vaginismus
+is present, it is present in reference to all men, in fact the mere
+touch of the finger or an instrument may call forth a painful spasm;
+while dyspareunia may show itself with one man and be absent with
+another. The origin of the word dyspareunia shows that this may be
+the case, for _dyspareunos_ in Greek means badly mated.
+
+Dyspareunia must not be confused with true vaginismus. In dyspareunia
+the sexual act can be freely indulged in, only the act is painful or
+disagreeable. In vaginismus intercourse is _impossible_. In
+exceptional cases where the husband attempts to use brute force, the
+wife may faint away, she may get a convulsion or become wildly
+hysterical. If the husband insists in attempting relations, the wife
+may run away, or in exceptional cases even attempt suicide.
+
+
+ADHERENT CLITORIS OR PHIMOSIS
+
+The word phimosis means "muzzling," and it is a term applied to a
+constriction or narrowing of the foreskin, so that the glands of the
+clitoris cannot be freely uncovered. This condition may give rise to
+an accumulation of smegma or secretion which may cause inflammation,
+itching, and nervous irritation. This in its turn may be the cause of
+masturbation. It is claimed by some that an adherent clitoris may even
+be the cause of convulsions resembling epilepsy. In some cases it
+leads to an irritable bladder, inability to retain the urine, and
+nocturnal bed-wetting.
+
+In all girls, big or little, that show a tendency to masturbate or
+simply to handle the genitals, or that complain of itching, the
+clitoris should be examined and if adhesions are found they should be
+separated. This can easily be done under a local anesthetic.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE
+
+STERILITY
+
+ Definition of Sterility--Husband Should First be Examined--
+  One-child Sterility--The Fertile Woman--Salpingitis as a
+  Cause of Sterility--Leucorrhea and Sterility--Displacement of
+  Uterus and Sterility--Closure of Neck of Womb and Sterility--
+  Sterility and Constitutional Disease--Treatment of Sterility.
+
+
+Sterility or barrenness is a condition of inability to have children.
+In former years the opinion prevailed generally, whenever a couple was
+childless, that the fault was exclusively the woman's. It wasn't even
+thought that the man could be to blame. We now know that in at least
+_fifty per cent._ of cases of sterility, or childless marriages, the
+fault is not the woman's but the man's. It is therefore very unwise in
+conditions of sterility to subject the wife to treatment without first
+examining the husband. Nevertheless, this is still often the case,
+particularly among the lower classes or among the ignorant. There are
+cases where the woman goes from one doctor to another for years and is
+subjected to all kinds of treatment, when a simple examination of the
+husband would show that the fault lies with him.
+
+Some women have one child and are unable afterwards to give birth to
+any more. Such a condition is called one-child-sterility. It is
+generally due to an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes which closes
+up the openings of the tubes into the womb, so that no more ova can
+pass _from_ the ovaries _through_ the tubes _into_ the womb. This
+inflammation may be the result of childbirth, for childbirth alone may
+set up an inflammation, or it may be due to an infection contracted
+from the husband.
+
+In order to be fertile, that is, to be able to conceive and give birth
+to a living child, the woman's external and internal genital organs
+must be normal, her ovaries must produce healthy ova, and there must
+be no obstruction on the way, so that the ova and the spermatozoa can
+meet. The mucous membrane of the womb must also be healthy, so that
+when the impregnated ovum gets attached to the womb it may develop
+there without any trouble, and not become diseased or poorly nourished
+and cast off.
+
+We must always remember that the woman's share in bringing forth
+children and perpetuating the race is much more important than the
+man's. When a man has discharged his spermatozoa his work is done--the
+woman's only commences.
+
+The conditions which cause sterility in women are many, but the most
+common cause is a salpingitis or an inflammation of the Fallopian
+tubes, which may be caused by gonorrhea or any other inflammation. A
+severe leucorrhea may also be the cause of sterility, because the
+leucorrheal discharge may be fatal to the spermatozoa. Another cause
+is a severe bending or turning of the uterus either forwards or
+backwards. The opening of the neck of the womb, the os, may also be
+closed, or practically so, from ulceration, from strong applications,
+etc. In some cases sterility may be due to severe constitutional
+disease, when the person is very much run down and so anemic that
+menstruation stops. Unfortunately this is not always the case, for
+women even in the last stages of consumption may, and often do, become
+pregnant. Syphilis unfortunately does not cause sterility; it only
+causes miscarriages until controlled by treatment.
+
+The treatment of sterility can be successfully carried out only by a
+competent physician, particularly by one who is devoting himself
+specially to this kind of work. But I want once more to impress upon
+every woman who is sterile, and who wants to have a child, not to have
+herself treated or even examined until her husband has been subjected
+to an examination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY
+
+THE HYMEN
+
+ Difference Between Chastity and Virginity--Worship of Intact
+  Hymen--Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of the
+  Girl--Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.
+
+
+I have mentioned in a previous chapter that the absence of the hymen
+was no proof of unchastity, just as the presence of the hymen was no
+proof of perfect chastity. Chastity and virginity are not synonymous,
+and a girl may possess physical virginity, that is, an intact hymen,
+and still be morally unchaste. She may be in the habit of indulging in
+unnatural sexual practices. But the laity does not know these facts or
+does not want to know them, and the intact hymen is still worshipped
+like a fetish. This would be of little consequence, if it did not
+often result in unnecessary suffering to the female child or girl.
+Much disease and a good deal of sterility result from the fear of
+tampering with the hymen.
+
+When a boy gets some trouble with his genital organs, such as
+phimosis, or balanitis or whatever it may be, he is at once taken to a
+physician, who institutes the necessary treatment. When a little girl
+complains of itching around the genitals or of some discharge, the
+mother will hesitate long before taking her to a doctor. She will be
+afraid he will do something to the hymen. And so she will temporize,
+using salves and washes, and the disease will in the meantime be
+making progress, that is, getting worse. When she does take her to a
+physician, and he says that in order to treat the case thoroughly the
+hymen has to be stretched or opened, the mother will withhold her
+consent, and the disease will be allowed to progress. I know of many
+such cases. This is wrong. When the health of the girl demands and her
+future child-bearing power is at stake, no hesitation should be felt
+in sacrificing the hymen.
+
+Though in the future the fuss which is now made about the hymen, the
+excessive veneration in which it is held, will appear ridiculous, and
+though I consider it foolish and rather humiliating to the girl,
+nevertheless, now, when the average husband does lay so much stress on
+the presence of an unruptured hymen, a physician who in the course of
+an operation or treatment has occasion to cut or rupture the hymen,
+will do well to give the patient a certificate to that effect. In case
+any question regarding the girl's chastity comes up in the future, she
+can prove by the doctor's certificate that her loss of virginity was
+not due to sexual relations. Of course the relations between husband
+and wife, or between prospective husband and wife, should be such that
+no "certificate" should be necessary; but reality differs from the
+ideal, and in some cases that we know the husband's suspicions were
+allayed by the doctor's oral or written statement.
+
+This is as good a place as any to emphasize, that if the bride has a
+very strong, tough and resistant hymen, the new husband should not use
+brute force in rupturing it. First, because the pain may be too
+excruciating and this may create in the wife an aversion to
+intercourse which may last for many months or years--in some cases
+forever. Second, a severe hemorrhage may result, which may require the
+aid of a physician to stop. Wherever a case of very resistant hymen is
+encountered, the husband should make several attempts; gradual and
+gentle dilatation, with the aid of a little vaseline and not forcible
+rupture should be the aim; the result will usually be satisfactory. In
+exceptional cases, a physician may have to be called in. The operation
+of cutting the hymen is a trifling one.
+
+It is also interesting to know that some wives have sex relations for
+months and years, and the hymen remains unruptured. Pregnancy may also
+result with an intact hymen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-ONE
+
+IS THE ORGASM NECESSARY FOR IMPREGNATION?
+
+ Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation--Bad
+  Results of Suppression by the Woman--Orgasm: Relation of to
+  Impregnation--A Hypothesis--A Fanciful Hypothesis--Why Passionate
+  Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers--Advice to Passionate
+  Women who Desire to Conceive.
+
+
+Among the laity the opinion is quite prevalent that in order for a
+woman to conceive she must experience an orgasm, she must have had a
+pleasurable voluptuous sensation during the act. If she has no orgasm,
+impregnation cannot take place. So sure are some women that this is so
+that when they want to avoid conception they repress any orgastic
+feeling; as they say, they don't let themselves go. Which, I will say,
+by the way, is one of the causes of female frigidity. If you don't
+habitually permit a certain feeling to develop, if you repeatedly
+repress it at the very beginning, at its first manifestation, it is
+apt to atrophy altogether, to become permanently suppressed, or the
+suppression develops into a nervous disorder.
+
+Among the medical profession no perfect unanimity has been reached as
+to the rôle of the orgasm in impregnation. Some sexologists like Kisch
+and Vaerting believe it does play an important rôle; others, like
+Forel, believe it plays none. That the orgasm is not _necessary_ for
+impregnation admits of no discussion. Women who suffer from frigidity
+in an extreme degree, women who never experienced an orgasm, women who
+repress their orgasm, women in sleep or under narcosis, women who have
+been raped, women who loathe their husbands, become pregnant
+frequently and readily. But does it play any rôle at all? Does it
+facilitate impregnation? Other things being equal, will intercourse
+accompanied by an orgasm be more likely to prove fruitful than one in
+which the orgasm was entirely absent? This question I am forced to
+answer in the affirmative. Because from the various investigations I
+have made it can hardly be subject to doubt that the uterus during an
+orgasm exerts a certain amount of suction; and that impregnation is
+_more likely_ to follow when the spermatozoa are sucked up into the
+uterus than when left to make their own way by their own power of
+motion, stands to reason and goes without saying. In the former
+instance it takes less time for the spermatozoa to reach the ovum, and
+there is less chance for them to perish on the way--from malnutrition
+or from coming in contact with secretions of an acid reaction. There
+is another point. I do not bring it forth as a proved fact or as a
+fact susceptible to proof. It is a mere hypothesis, but in my opinion
+it is a correct and plausible hypothesis. I believe that the strong
+spasmodic contractions that take place during the orgasm have an
+influence not only in accelerating the bursting of a Graafian follicle
+and the extrusion of an ovum, but they are instrumental in aiding the
+Fallopian tube to grasp the ovum and helping it along on the road
+towards the uterus. It is therefore not at all inconceivable that
+conception may take place during or within a very short time after an
+act which is accompanied by a proper orgasm. Many women claim to
+experience peculiar unmistakable sensations as soon as conception has
+taken place, and by calculating the day of probable delivery we know
+that they are right. Taking therefore all the various data into
+consideration we are fully justified in saying that while an orgasm or
+a voluptuous sensation during the act is not at all _necessary_ to
+impregnation, it is in many cases a helpful factor.
+
+It is claimed by some that the offspring resulting from an orgastic
+act is apt to be healthier and better developed than offspring
+resulting from sexual intercourse in which the parties experience no
+orgasm. The reason given being that conception in the first instance
+taking place quickly, the spermatozoa are better nourished and more
+vigorous. In my opinion this is merely a fanciful hypothesis which
+needn't be taken seriously.
+
+It will be found rather frequently that women of strong passionate
+natures, with strong orgastic feelings, and normal in every way, fail
+to become mothers. A careful investigation of their menstrual
+discharge will show that _it is not because they failed to conceive_,
+but because the impregnated ovum is expelled each time; in other
+words, they have each month a miniature miscarriage. And these
+miscarriages, or rather abortions, are due to the spasmodic
+contractions of the uterus and its adnexae which accompany the orgasm.
+In such cases I have advised the woman to try to remain passive during
+the act, to repress the orgasm, and the results have in some instances
+shown the wisdom of my advice. After conception has taken place, after
+one period has been missed, the woman should abstain from intercourse
+altogether or at least for two or three months until the fetus is
+securely attached to, or ensconced in, the uterus.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-TWO
+
+FRIGIDITY IN WOMEN
+
+ Meaning of Term Frigidity--Types of Frigidity--Large Percentage of
+  Frigid Women--Repression of Sexual Manifestations and Frigidity--
+  Frigidity and Masturbation--Frigidity and Sexual Weakness of
+  Husband--Frigidity and Dislike of Husband--Organic Causes of
+  Frigidity--A Frigid Woman May Become Passionate--Treatment of
+  Frigidity.
+
+
+The word frigidity means coldness, and when a woman has no desire for
+sexual relations or experiences no pleasure when she has sexual
+relations, she is said to be frigid.
+
+Some cases suffer only from lack of desire, others only from lack of
+pleasure, and still others from both. In some cases the frigidity is
+congenital, that is, the lack of desire with inability to experience
+pleasure during the act is inborn. In most cases, however, it is
+acquired, or is only temporary, and is due to various causes.
+Frigidity is much more widespread among women than it is among men.
+Some physicians claim it is present in fifty per cent. of all women.
+This may be an exaggeration, but if we put the number at twenty-five
+per cent. we will be quite near the truth.
+
+The causes of frigidity in women are many, but here are the most
+important ones: First and foremost is the repression of all sexual
+manifestations which the unmarried woman has to practice, and has had
+to practice for many centuries. So that a part of the frigidity is
+hereditary. You cannot entirely eradicate a natural instinct, but that
+by continually repressing it, by giving it no chance to assert itself,
+you may weaken it--about this there can be no question.
+
+The second cause is masturbation. Cases that have been addicted to
+excessive masturbation are very apt to develop not only frigidity, but
+complete aversion to the sexual act, and inability to experience any
+pleasure or orgasm. Such cases we come across every day.
+
+A third very important cause is sexual weakness in the husband. When
+the husband is sexually weak (suffering with premature ejaculations)
+he either fails to awaken the sexual instinct in the woman, or if it
+has been awakened it is apt to turn not only into frigidity but into
+aversion to the act.
+
+The fourth cause is often merely dislike towards the husband. The last
+two causes, weakness of the husband and dislike towards him, are
+unfortunately very frequent, and a wife who was frigid with one
+husband may show herself very passionate on marrying another man.
+
+The fifth cause is fear of pregnancy.
+
+The above are the five principal causes. Other causes may be disease
+of the uterus, laceration of the cervix, inflammation of the ovaries,
+vaginismus, disease of the thyroid gland, etc.
+
+It is an unfortunate fact that women who were frigid up to the age of
+forty or so may become very passionate after that age.
+
+As to the treatment of frigidity, little or nothing can be done for
+frigidity that is congenital. Most of the other kinds of frigidity,
+however, can be cured.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-THREE
+
+ADVICE TO FRIGID WOMEN, PARTICULARLY WIVES
+
+ Advice to Frigid Women--Attitude of Different Men Towards Frigid
+  Wives--Orgasm a Subjective Feeling--A Justifiable Innocent
+  Deception--The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.
+
+
+I wish to give you a piece of advice which is of extremely great
+importance to you. I hesitated somewhat before writing this chapter,
+but the welfare of so many women depends upon following this advice,
+and I have seen the lives of so many wives spoiled on account of not
+having followed it, that I decided to devote a few words to the
+subject.
+
+As you know, about one-third or one-quarter of all women (in other
+words, one out of every three or four) are sexually frigid. They
+either have little or no sexual desire, or if they do have, they
+experience no voluptuous sensation during the act, and never have an
+orgasm. If you are unmarried, well and good. But if you are married
+and happen to belong to the frigid type, then _don't inform your
+husband of the fact_. It may lead to great and permanent trouble. Some
+husbands don't care. Some are even glad if their wives are frigid.
+They can then consult their own wishes in the matter, they can have
+intercourse whenever they want and _the way they want_. They do not
+have to accommodate themselves to their wives' ways, they do not have
+to prolong the act until she gets the orgasm, etc. In short, some
+husbands consider a frigid wife a blessing, a God-sent treasure. But,
+as I mentioned several times before, in sexual matters every man is a
+law unto himself, and some men feel extremely bad and displeased when
+they find out that their wives have "no feeling." Some become furious,
+some become disgusted. Some lose all pleasure in intercourse, and some
+claim to be unable to have intercourse with any woman who is not
+properly responsive. Some begin to go to other women, while some
+threaten or demand a divorce (of course, such men cannot really love
+their wives; they may use their wives' frigidity as an _excuse_ to get
+rid of them).
+
+Now, a man has no way of knowing whether a woman has a feeling during
+the act or not, whether or no she enjoys it, whether or no she has an
+orgasm. These are subjective feelings, and the man cannot know them
+unless you tell him. If you belong to the independent kind, if you
+scorn simulation and deceit, if, as the price of being perfectly
+truthful, you are willing if necessary to part with your husband or
+give him a divorce, well and good. You are a free human being, and
+nobody has a right to tell you what to do with your body. But if you
+care for your husband, if you care for your home and perhaps children,
+and do not want any disruption, then the only thing for you to do is
+not to apprise your husband of your frigid condition. And it won't
+hurt you to simulate a feeling which you do not experience, and even
+to imitate the orgasm. He won't be any the wiser, he will enjoy you
+more, and nobody will be injured by your little deception, which is
+after all a species of white lie, and is nobody's business but your
+own. An innocent deception which hurts nobody, but, on the contrary,
+benefits all concerned, is perfectly permissible.
+
+It may seem rather strange publicly to give advice to deceive and to
+simulate. And it is undoubtedly the first time that this advice has
+been given in print. But as I have only one religion--the greatest
+happiness of the greatest number--I repeat that I can see nothing
+wrong in advising something which benefits everybody (concerned) and
+hurts nobody. More than one household which was threatened with
+disruption was preserved safe and sound by a little simple advice
+which I gave to the wife, without the husband's knowledge. He was
+satisfied, and things after that ran smoothly.
+
+Some women are afraid to simulate a voluptuous or orgastic feeling,
+because they think the husband can discover whether their feeling is
+genuine or they are only simulating. (Women, and men too, have funny
+ideas on sexual subjects). This is not so. A notorious demi-mondaine,
+who was greatly sought because she was known to be so "passionate,"
+confessed that not once in her life did she enjoy intercourse or
+experience an orgasm. But her mother, who also suffered with absolute
+frigidity, taught her to simulate passion, telling her that in that
+way she could make barrels of money; which she did.
+
+It is deplorable that wives--or husbands--should ever be obliged to
+have recourse to deception or simulation; perfect frankness should be
+the ideal to be striven after. But under our present social conditions
+and with the present moral code, an occasional white lie is the lesser
+of two evils; it may be the least of a dozen evils.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR
+
+RAPE
+
+ Definition of Rape--Age of Consent--Unanimous Opinion of
+  Experts--Exceptional Cases--False Accusation of Rape Due to
+  Perversion--Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing Accusations
+  Against Doctors and Dentists.
+
+
+Having intercourse with a woman by force, without her consent, is
+called rape. When the woman is not in a condition to give consent, as
+when she is insane, feebleminded, unconscious or drunk, or when she is
+not of the age at which she can legally give consent, it also
+constitutes rape, and the punishment is the same. The age of consent
+differs in different countries and in different States, but as a rule
+is between sixteen and eighteen years. That is, if a girl under the
+legal age of consent should give her consent or even if she should
+urge the man to have intercourse with her the man would be punished
+just as if he had committed rape.
+
+The punishment for rape is very severe in all civilized countries and
+ranges from ten years' imprisonment to life imprisonment, while in
+some States in this Union the punishment is death.
+
+It is not my intention to go into an exhaustive discussion of this
+painful subject. In this brief chapter I merely wish to bring out two
+facts.
+
+First, that it is the almost unanimous opinion of all experts that it
+is practically impossible for a man to commit rape on a normal adult
+girl or woman if she really offers all the resistance of which she is
+capable. Of course, if the man knocks the woman down with a blow,
+rendering her unconscious, that is a different matter. But where no
+brutality is used by the man, and the woman offers all the resistance
+she is capable of, rape is practically impossible. It is, however,
+possible that in some cases the girl may be so paralyzed by fear as to
+be incapable of offering any resistance. When the man threatens her
+with death or severe bodily injury, then it is rape even if she offers
+no resistance.
+
+The second point is that it has been established that of the many
+accusations of rape brought before the courts _most_ are false. Out of
+a hundred cases only about ten are true. The rest are false. This
+false accusation of rape is due to a peculiar perversion with which
+some women suffer. Some of the cases are due to hysteria, to
+imagination, the women really believing that rape or an attempt at
+rape was committed on them, while investigation shows the accusation
+to be entirely false. Many accusations of rape are due to a desire
+for revenge or merely to motives of blackmail.
+
+Careful doctors and dentists will refuse to give laughing gas or
+another anesthetic to women except in the presence of others, because,
+as is well known, an anesthetic often causes in women erotic dreams
+and sensations and makes them believe that the doctor was committing
+or about to commit an indecent assault on them, and when they come out
+of the anesthetic they may be so sure of the reality of their dream
+that they will bring a complaint against the doctor. Many men have
+suffered disgrace and imprisonment and have had their lives ruined or
+even paid the death penalty on account of false accusations against
+them by either pervert, hysterical, revengeful or blackmailing women.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE
+
+THE SINGLE STANDARD OF SEXUAL MORALITY
+
+ Chastity--Double Standard of Morality--Attempt to Abolish Double
+  Standard--Late Marriages and Chastity in Men--Harmful Advice
+  Given to Young Women--Chastity in Men Not Always Due to Moral
+  Principles--Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands--A Statement by
+  Professor Freud--A Statement by Professor Michels--What a Girl
+  has a Right to Demand of Her Future Husband--Three Cases Showing
+  Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings.
+
+
+When a man marries a girl he expects her to be chaste, that is, a
+virgin, without any sexual experiences. Of men, the same chastity is
+not expected as a general thing. As long as a man is healthy, free
+from venereal disease, his previous sexual experiences do not
+constitute a barrier to his marriage. This is what is known as the
+double or duplex standard of sex morality.
+
+During the past few years a number of high-minded and well-meaning men
+and women have been trying to abolish this double standard and to
+introduce a single standard of morality. That is, they are demanding
+that the man going to the marriage bed should be just as chaste, just
+as virginal as his wife is. Whether or no the efforts of these good
+men and women will ever be crowned with success we will leave open.
+Whether or no it is even desirable that their efforts _should_ be
+crowned with success we will also leave open. A complete discussion of
+these questions belongs to a more advanced book on sexual ethics. Here
+I will merely say that, taking into consideration the fact that the
+sexual instinct in boys awakens fully at the age of fifteen or
+sixteen, and that marriage at the present time, particularly among the
+professional classes, is an impossibility before the age of
+twenty-eight, thirty, or thirty-five, it seems to be impossible and
+undesirable to expect that men should live a perfectly chaste life
+until they enter matrimony, no matter how late that event may take
+place.
+
+Those who have made a study of the sex instinct in the male seem to
+think that chastity in normal, healthy men up to the age of thirty or
+thereabouts is an impossibility, and where it is accomplished it is
+accomplished at the expense of the physical, mental, and sexual health
+of the individual. But be it as it may, and leaving disputed questions
+out of discussion, the fact remains that the vast majority of men of
+the present day do indulge in sex relations before marriage. And
+people that are urging upon our young women to refuse to marry men who
+have not been perfectly chaste are doing our womanhood a very poor
+service. As it is now, with all mandom to choose from, there are many,
+too many, old maids. With only ten per cent. to choose from (because
+it is admitted that at least 90 per cent. of all men have
+ante-matrimonial relations), what would our women do? They would
+practically all have to give up any hopes of being married and
+becoming mothers. And if these ten per cent., who have remained chaste
+to their married day, were at least a superior class of men in every
+instance, there would be some compensation in that. Unfortunately,
+this is far from being the case, because, as all advanced sexologists
+will tell you, there is generally something wrong with a man who
+remains absolutely chaste until the age of thirty, thirty-five or
+forty. It isn't moral principles in all cases; it is mostly cowardice,
+or sexual weakness. And sad as it may be to state, these perfectly
+good, chaste men do not generally make satisfactory husbands, and
+their wives are not apt to be the happiest ones. I fully agree with
+Professor Freud in his statement "that sexual abstinence does not help
+to build up energetic, independent men of action, original thinkers,
+bold advocates of freedom and reform, but rather goody-goody
+weaklings." And still more to the purpose is the statement of
+Professor Michels, who says:
+
+"The desire that one's daughter may marry a man who, like herself, and
+on an equal footing, will gain in marriage his first experience of the
+most sacred mysteries of the sexual life, is one which _may lead to
+profound disillusionments_. Even if to-day the demand for chaste young
+men is extremely restricted, the supply is yet more so, and the
+article _is of such an inferior quality_ that in actual practice the
+attempt to satisfy this desire is likely to lead to results which will
+fail altogether to correspond to the hopes inspired by a contemplation
+of the abstract idea of purity. Many physically intact individuals of
+both sexes _are far more contaminated_ than those who have had actual
+sexual experience. Others again, superior in the abstract, and from
+the physically sexual aspect, are _ethically inferior to the
+unchaste_, so that the union with these latter would be more likely to
+prove happy than a union with those who are nominally pure." And
+further, "Careful fathers of marriageable daughters, who seek this
+virginity in their sons-in-law, will, if they find it, seldom find it
+a guarantee for the simultaneous possession of solid moral qualities."
+
+All a girl has a right to demand is that her future husband be in good
+health, physically and sexually, and that he be free from venereal
+disease. His previous sexual life, provided he is a man of fine moral
+character in general, is no concern of hers. Even if the man was
+unfortunate enough to have contracted gonorrhea, that fact should
+constitute no bar to marriage, provided he is completely cured of it.
+The only exception is that of syphilis. The girl has a right to refuse
+absolutely to enter into union with any man who has been infected with
+syphilis unless she is willing, and does it with her eyes open, to
+live her life without any children. In syphilis we can never give an
+_absolute guarantee_ of cure and we have no right to subject a woman
+to any danger of infection with syphilis, be the danger ever so
+slight, without her knowledge and consent.
+
+
+=Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings=
+
+What disastrous effects wrong teaching which inoculates the minds of
+our women with wrong ideas may have, the following three cases
+reported briefly in _The Critic and Guide_, will show:
+
+=Case One= was a girl of twenty-four, of well-to-do parents, a college
+graduate. She was engaged to a really very nice, sympathetic young
+man, who undoubtedly would have made her an excellent husband. But
+during her last two years in college she became imbued with the single
+standard stupidity, and "chastity for men, votes for women" became her
+slogan. She asked her fiancé if he had been absolutely chaste before
+he met her. He did not want to play the hypocrite, and he told her the
+truth that he had not. But he assured her that he had never been
+infected and that his general and sexual health was in excellent
+condition. Being then in an exalted mood, she impulsively broke the
+engagement, declaring that her husband will have to be as "pure" as
+she was. She soon regretted her step, because she loved the man; but
+pride did not let her take the initiative towards a reconciliation,
+and in the meantime her former fiancé fell in love with and married
+another girl. After four years had passed, and she was in danger of
+becoming an old maid, she married a man considerably beneath her
+socially and intellectually, and in every way inferior to her former
+fiancé. Her marriage is not a happy one.
+
+=Case two= is similar to case one, except that the young lady in
+question--now not so very young--is still living in single
+blessedness, and the chances of her ever being a wife or even
+somebody's sweetheart are rapidly vanishing. I might add that her
+fiancé whom she discarded because of his lack of virginity was a very
+bright young physician, who is now very successful and very happily
+married. She I hear is a very unhappy person, in danger of sinking
+into a permanent state of melancholia. And she had been of a very
+jolly disposition.
+
+=Case three= is peculiar in that the fiancé _was_ absolutely chaste.
+She asked him, and he told her that he had never had any relations
+with anybody and he never had a trace or suspicion of any venereal
+disease. The young lady was not satisfied. She wanted her fiancé to
+bring her a certificate from a specialist testifying to that effect.
+The young man told her that it was foolish, that he would not subject
+himself to the expense and annoyance of a number of tests when he
+_knew_ that not only did he not have any venereal disease, but that
+there was no possibility of his getting any. No, that did not satisfy
+her. She became suspicious. "If you have nothing to fear, why do you
+object to bringing a certificate?" "I have nothing to fear, but I
+demand that you respect me and trust me sufficiently to believe that I
+am telling the truth when I declare a thing with such positiveness. If
+you do not have that much confidence in me now, our future life does
+not hold much promise of success." One word led to another, and then
+he broke the engagement, as any self-respecting man under the
+circumstances would. He is married, and she is not and probably never
+will be. Three young lives ruined by perverse teachings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-SIX
+
+DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN'S AND WOMAN'S SEX AND LOVE LIFE
+
+ Seemingly Contradictory Statements--Faulty Interpretations of
+  Words Sexual Instinct and Love--Difference in Manifestations of
+  Male and Female Sexual Instincts--Man's Sex Instinct Grosser Than
+  Woman's--Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy and in the
+  Girl--Woman's Desire for Caresses--Man's Main Desire for Sexual
+  Relations--Normal Sex Relations as Means of Holding a Man--A
+  Physiological Reason Why Man is Held--Man and Physical
+  Love--Woman and Spiritual Love--Preliminaries of Sexual
+  Intercourse in Men and Women--Physical Attributes--Mental and
+  Spiritual Qualities--Difference Between Love and "Being in
+  Love"--Love as a Stimulus to Man--When the Man Loves--When the
+  Woman Loves--Man's More Engrossing Interests--Lovemaking Irksome
+  to Man--Man's Polygamous Tendencies--Woman Single-affectioned in
+  Her Sex and Love Life--Man and Woman Biologically Different.
+
+
+In reading books or listening to lectures on sex, you will meet with
+statements which will seem to you contradictory. One time you will
+read or hear that the sex instinct is much more powerfully developed
+in man than it is in woman; next time you will come across the
+statement that sex plays a much more important rôle in women than it
+does in men. One time you will hear that men are oversexed, that they
+are by nature polygamous and promiscuous, while woman is monogamous
+and as a rule sexually frigid; the next time you will be assured that
+without love a woman's life is nothing, and you will be confronted
+with Byron's well-known and oft quoted two lines: Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart, 'Tis woman's whole existence.
+
+These contradictions are only apparent and result from two facts:
+first, that the words sex or sexual instinct and love are used
+indiscriminately and interchangeably as if they were synonymous terms,
+which they are not; second, there is failure to bear in mind the
+essential differences in the natures and manifestations of the sexual
+instincts in the male and the female. If these differences are made
+clear, the apparent contradictions will disappear. The outstanding
+fact to bear in mind is that in man the sex instinct bears a more
+sensual, a more physical, a coarser and grosser character, if you have
+no objection to these adjectives, than it does in woman. In women it
+is finer, more spiritual, more platonic, to use this stereotyped and
+incorrect term. In men the sex manifestations are more centralized,
+more local, more concentrated in the sex organs; in women they are
+more diffused throughout the body. In a boy of fifteen the libido
+sexualis may be fully developed, he may have powerful erections and a
+strong desire for normal sexual relations; in a girl of fifteen there
+may not be a trace of any purely sexual desire; and this _lack_ of
+desire for _physical_ sex relations may manifest itself in women up to
+the age of twenty or twenty-five (something that we never see in
+normal men); in fact, women of twenty-five and even older, who have
+not been stimulated and whose curiosity has not been aroused by
+novels, pictures, and tales of their married companions, may not
+experience any sexual desire until several months after marriage. But
+while their desire for actual sexual relations awakens much later than
+it does in men, their desire for love, for caresses, for hugging, for
+close friendship, for love letters, awakens much earlier than in men,
+and occupies a greater part in their life; they think of love more
+during their waking hours, and they dream of it more than men do.
+
+A man--always bear in mind that when speaking of men and women I
+always speak of the average; exceptions in either direction will be
+found in both sexes--a man, I say, will generally tire of paying
+attentions to a woman if he feels that they will not eventually lead
+to the biologic goal--sexual relations. A woman can keep up with a man
+for years without any sexual intercourse, being fully satisfied or
+more or less satisfied with the sexual substitutes--embraces and
+kisses.
+
+And here is as good a place as any to refer to the notion so
+assiduously inculcated in the minds of young women, that a persistent
+refusal of man's demands is a sure way of keeping a man's affections;
+that as soon as man has satisfied his desires, he has no further use
+for the girl. This may be the case with the lowest dregs--morally--of
+the male sex; it is the opposite of true of the male sex as a whole.
+And I believe that Marcel Prevost was the first one to point it out
+(in his _Le Jardin Secret_). Nothing will hold a man's affections so
+surely as normal sex relations. And the cause of this is not, as might
+be surmised, merely a moral one, the man considering himself in honor
+and duty bound to stick to the woman whose body he possessed. No,
+there is a much stronger and surer reason: the reason is of a
+physiological character. There is born a strong physical attraction
+which in the man's subconsciousness plays a stronger rôle than honor
+and duty. Excesses of course must be avoided, for excesses lead to
+satiety, and satiety is just as inimical to love as is excitement
+without any satisfaction.
+
+
+=Choice Between Physical and Spiritual Love=
+
+But to return to our thesis: the difference between man's and woman's
+sex and love life. If a man had to make his _choice_ between physical
+love, i.e., actual sex relations and spiritual love, i.e., love
+making, kisses, love letters, etc., he would generally choose the
+former. If a woman had to _choose_, she would generally choose the
+latter. The man and the woman would prefer both at the same time:
+physical and spiritual love. But that is not the question. The
+question is: if it came to a _choice_; and then the results would be
+as I have just indicated. The correctness of my statements will be
+corroborated by anybody having some knowledge of human sexuality. A
+man can fully enjoy sexual intercourse without any preliminaries; with
+a woman the preliminaries are of the utmost importance, and when these
+are lacking she is often incapable of experiencing any pleasure. Nay,
+the feeling of pleasure is not infrequently replaced by a feeling of
+dissatisfaction and even disgust. A man cares more for the physical
+and less for the mental and spiritual attributes of his sexual
+partner; with the woman just the opposite is the case. I am leaving
+out of consideration sexual impotence, because this is a real
+disability, and a man suffering with it only irritates the woman
+without satisfying her. For this she will not stand. But where the man
+is sexually potent--he may be aged and homely--his other physical
+attributes play but a small rôle with woman; his mental and spiritual
+qualities count with her for a good deal more. While a woman may be
+able to give a man perfect sexual satisfaction, and she may have an
+angelic character, if her body is not all that could be desired, the
+man will be dissatisfied and unhappy.
+
+
+=Love in Man Occupies Subordinate Place=
+
+Try as we may, we cannot get away from the fact that in man's life
+love occupies a subordinate place. I am speaking now of love, and not
+of "being in love." Being in love, as pointed out in another place, is
+a distinctly pathological phenomenon, akin to insanity, and when a man
+is in love it may engross every fiber of him, it may preoccupy every
+minute of his waking hours, he may neglect all his work and shirk all
+his duties, in fact he is apt to make a much bigger fool of himself
+than a woman is under similar circumstances. He is less patient, he
+has less control over himself, he is less able to suffer, he is less
+capable of self-sacrifice. But this, as I said, all refers to "being
+in love," which is an entirely different thing from loving. A man may
+love ever so deeply, and if his love is reciprocated he will go on
+with his work in a smooth, unruffled manner. He will do better work
+for it--love is a wonderful stimulus--but he will be perfectly
+satisfied if he sees his love for an hour or two every day, or even
+once or twice a week. And if he has important and interesting work to
+do, he can part with his love for three months or six months without
+his heart breaking. Not so with woman. A woman who loves considers
+every day on which she does not see her lover a day lost. And she is
+apt to be unhappy and inefficient in her work on such days, and she
+bears separation with much greater difficulty than does man. I do not
+think that this is due to the fact that a woman's love is always more
+intense than a man's; no. But he usually has other interests which
+occupy his thoughts and his emotions, while most women's thoughts and
+emotions are centered on the man they love. When a woman loves, she
+could and would spend all her time with the man she loves. She would
+never tire of love making (I am not referring here to sex relations),
+or merely of being in the man's proximity. To woman love is a cloyless
+thing. Man distinctly does tire. No matter how much he may love a
+woman, too much lovemaking becomes cloying to him, and he wants to get
+away. Even mere proximity, if too prolonged, becomes irksome to him,
+and he begins to fret and fidget, and pull at his chains, even if the
+chains are but of gossamer. Woman should know these facts and act
+accordingly.
+
+
+=Polygamous Tendencies in Man=
+
+We now come to the last point in our discussion: the polygamous or
+varietist tendencies in the male versus the monogamous tendencies in
+the female. No matter what our moralists, who try to fit the facts to
+their theories instead of fitting their theories to the facts, may
+say, the fact remains that man is a strongly polygamous or varietist
+animal. That many men live through their lives without having had
+relations with any women except their wives is cheerfully admitted. I
+assert this in spite of the incredulous smiles of all the cynics and
+roués in the world. I have known personally a great number of such
+men. But that they do it without any struggle, and in some cases a
+very severe struggle, is emphatically denied. And that hundreds of
+thousands of men are unequal to the struggle--or do not care to engage
+in any struggle--and live a sexually promiscuous life--anybody who
+knows anything about life as it is will testify. And his testimony
+will be corroborated by the reports of the vice commissions and the
+statements of disreputable-house keepers. To a great percentage of men
+a strictly monogamous life is either irksome, painful, disagreeable or
+an utter impossibility. While the number of women who are not
+satisfied with one mate is exceedingly small.
+
+A man may love a woman deeply and sincerely and at the same time make
+love to another woman, or have sexual relations with her or even with
+prostitutes. It is quite a _common_ thing with men. It is quite a rare
+thing with women, though it may happen. As iterated and reiterated
+time and again, there are always exceptional cases, but we are
+speaking of the average and not of the exception. The _rule_ is that
+in her sex and love life woman is much more loyal, much more faithful,
+much more single-affectioned than is her lord and master--man.
+
+Is she on account of it better than, superior to, man? It is futile to
+speak of better or worse, of superior or inferior. This is the way
+they are. This is the way man and woman have been made by nature, by a
+thousand centuries of heredity, by a thousand centuries of
+environment. The differences lie in biological roots, and it is futile
+to fight and rail against nature and biology. The proper thing to do
+is to recognize the facts and make the best of them. To act the part
+of the ostrich, deliberately to ignore facts which are not pleasant,
+may be easy, but is it wise?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN
+
+MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS
+
+ Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions--No Single
+  Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression--Birth of
+  Monstrosities--Ridiculous Examples Given by Physicians--So-called
+  Shock Often a Product of Mother's Imagination--Four Cases of
+  Alleged Maternal Impressions--Mother's Health During Pregnancy
+  May Have Effect Upon Child's General Health.
+
+
+It is believed by many people that strong impressions made upon the
+mother during pregnancy may produce marks or defects in the child.
+This belief dates from earliest antiquity, and is widespread among all
+races. The belief particularly refers to the emotions of fright or
+sudden surprise; thus it is believed that if a woman during pregnancy
+should be frightened by some animal, the child might carry the mark of
+the animal upon its body, or it might even be born in the shape of the
+animal. Thousands of such _alleged_ cases are given in proof. There is
+hardly a layman, or, particularly, a laywoman, who does not claim to
+know of authentic cases of maternal impressions.
+
+It is a thankless task to try to shatter well-established beliefs,
+and I do not hope to succeed in persuading all my readers that all the
+stories and examples of maternal impressions are untrue and lack
+scientific foundation. But I consider it my duty to state my belief,
+whether you accept it or not. In my opinion there is not a single
+_well-authenticated_ case of maternal impression. There is hardly a
+case of defect or monstrosity where the cause is supposed to be due to
+maternal impression, which cannot be explained in some natural way, or
+simply by accident. Thousands of women are frightened or shocked by
+disagreeable sights, by crippled men, by animals, and still their
+children are born perfectly normal. On the other hand, many marked, or
+defective, or monstrous children are born in which no maternal
+impressions can be given as the cause. So why can it not happen when
+the mother was frightened by something during her pregnancy, and the
+child was born with some mark or defect, that the latter was simply an
+accident and not the _result_ of the impression? Because a thing
+_follows_ another thing it does not mean that it was _caused_ by that
+other thing.
+
+Many of the cases given as examples, and by physicians too, are so
+ridiculous that no scientific man can give them the slightest credence
+for one moment. When a physician (Dr. Thomas J. Savage) tells us that
+he attended a lady who had been frightened by a large green frog at or
+about the middle of pregnancy, and that she gave birth to a
+monstrosity, the head of which was that of a large frog in shape, with
+the eyes and mouth and even the coloring of a frog, then he is either
+telling an untruth, or he shows himself as ignorant and credulous as
+any illiterate old woman can be. The doctor should know that at the
+middle of pregnancy the child is _fully formed_ and that there is no
+possibility of an already formed human being changing its shape into
+that of an animal. Another example given by the same doctor, and
+showing the calibre of his mentality, is that of a child which, when
+an infant, not old enough to walk, "would crawl over the floor and
+pick up little objects such as pins, tacks, small beads, without the
+slightest difficulty or fumbling." The reason for this "remarkable"
+skill the good doctor ascribes to the fact that four months before the
+birth of this child the mother had an outing in the woods and had
+derived great enjoyment from gathering hickory nuts which she found
+scattered among the leaves with which the ground was thickly covered!
+
+Very often the so-called shock or fright which the mother experiences
+during gestation is simply a product of her imagination. We know of
+many cases where the mothers never mentioned that anything happened
+to them, and only after the child was born with some kind of mark or
+defect they began to hunt for causes and claimed that such and such a
+thing happened to them while they were pregnant, but on close
+investigation the alleged event was found to have originated in the
+mother's brain.
+
+In short, while the subject of maternal impressions is an interesting
+one and demands further investigation, there is at the present time no
+scientific justification for the belief in maternal impressions.
+Particularly must we scout any stories of maternal impressions during
+the latter part of pregnancy, during the fifth, sixth, seventh,
+eighth, or ninth month. Because after the child is fully formed no
+mental or psychic impressions can make birthmarks on it, amputate its
+limbs, or convert it into any sort of monstrosity.
+
+After the above was written and ready for the printer I came across
+four cases of alleged maternal impressions in a book by Laura A.
+Calhoun ("Sex Determination and Its Practical Application"). The first
+three cases the author relates without any comment, taking them
+evidently for pure coin. The fourth case the lady investigated, and
+she is frank to say that what seemed at first as a clear case of
+maternal impression was nothing of the kind but merely a case of
+heredity. In order to break the monotony for a little while I will
+reproduce here the four cases in the lady's own words.
+
+    The first was that of "a mother who, during pregnancy, was
+    obliged for a certain continuous time to eat sheep's flesh. She
+    took such a sudden abhorrence and distaste of the meat that she
+    only ate it rather than go meat hungry. After the birth of her
+    baby she recovered from this spasmodic distaste of this
+    particular meat. But the child from its first meat-eating days
+    could not endure the smell or the taste of the sheep's flesh.
+    Whenever the child attempted to eat that meat, the result was
+    always the same--indigestion and want of assimilation, and
+    usually attended with acute indigestion cramps."
+
+    In the second case "another pregnant mother's particular
+    'longing' was for mackerel. Her baby was born with what seemed
+    to be the outlines, in a brownish color, of a mackerel on its
+    side, and which design never faded in after years, and the
+    child's ability to eat and digest mackerel was more than
+    normal."
+
+    The third case: "The 'longing' of another pregnant mother was
+    for brains to eat. This was provided for her. But as she was
+    slowly approaching the dish of deliciously prepared food,
+    quivering with delight and with the eagerness of a child to be
+    eating it, a cat sprang to the plate and before she could
+    prevent it ate the brains and licked the plate clean. She wept
+    as a child might have done, and was as unhappy and brokenhearted
+    over this fate of the brains food for which she had waited with
+    such keen anticipation of satisfaction as a little child might
+    have been. Shortly after that the little baby was born, and upon
+    one of its shoulder-blades was a representation of the mess of
+    brains, designed in brownish outlines, and which did not fade as
+    the child grew up."
+
+    The fourth case: "There lived in a little house in the midst of
+    a flower garden, that in its turn gave into a wide-spreading
+    orchard, a loving and loyal husband and wife with their
+    firstborn child. The wife was now in the first months of
+    pregnancy with her second child. Their nearest neighbor was a
+    Mexican family, among the members of which was a dashing young
+    man of about twenty-two. He and his sister and mother were
+    frequent visitors to this little household of three. But the
+    young Mexican was the most frequent, and the husband's being
+    home or not did not disconcert him. Men of affairs must need
+    spend morning hours, and sometimes afternoon hours, too, inside
+    of offices, but wealthy and aristocratic young Mexicans ride
+    horses all day, decked out with silver, leather, and velvet
+    trappings, both horse and rider. It was this lady's custom to
+    walk among her flowers and fruit trees. And it became the custom
+    of this young caballero to suddenly appear before her during
+    these promenades. Her startled eyes would no sooner perceive the
+    vision of his blazing, dark eyes fastened upon her, than by one
+    pretext and another she made him understand that he was
+    dismissed, and would herself retire into the house. When she
+    would be about to open a gate, suddenly and unexpectedly the
+    young Mexican would appear on the other side and with gracious
+    suavity open the gate, always his passionate, dark eyes upon
+    her, though his words were reserved and polite. If the husband
+    were present, it was still the same. By every means possible he
+    would prolong his stay.
+
+    One summer day this lady was lying on her couch on the veranda,
+    sleeping, her eyes covered over. At that time she was having an
+    eye malady that was epidemic in that part of the country. She
+    heard footsteps approaching, but did not disturb herself, as she
+    supposed it was her husband. After some time she suddenly threw
+    off the covering from her face, and there to her astonished eyes
+    stood the young Mexican, intensely looking down upon her with
+    deep concern. At that moment the husband arrived, and the young
+    man told him of a weed growing in that locality that he said
+    would cure the eye malady. When the leaves of this plant were
+    crushed there oozed a yellowish milk; with about a half-dozen
+    applications of this milk to the sore eyes they were healed.
+
+    After that the young caballero would ride up and down, Mexican
+    fashion, in front of the house, drawing rein whenever he could
+    get a glimpse of the lady or a word with her. This never failed
+    to annoy her, and also to strike a sudden, sharp terror into
+    her heart. Always his appearance was most unexpected, and
+    always accompanied by the rapt, passionate, dark gaze. Though he
+    was a most clean-souled young man.
+
+    Afterward, when the baby was born, one of the child's eyes was
+    marked by the color and fire of the dashing Spaniard's eyes,
+    while its other eye was a calmish blue-gray eye. This was all
+    the more remarkable as neither of the parents of the child had
+    such eyes. Was it a case of maternal impression?
+
+    Upon investigation I found that the grandparents of the baby's
+    mother had just such eyes as the baby. The grandfather's were
+    big, dark, flashing eyes, and the grandmother's the mild,
+    blue-gray eyes. So 'bang!' went the theory of mental impression,
+    and in its place came the physical law of reversion."
+
+I do not wish to be misunderstood as claiming that a mother's
+condition during pregnancy has no effect on the child, and that she
+need therefore take no precautions and pay no particular attention to
+her health and her feelings. This is not so. But what I do want to
+convey is this: That if a mother's health during pregnancy is bad, if
+she is a prey to worry and anxiety, if she was subjected to great
+fright or to a shock, then the child's general health may suffer. It
+may be stillborn, or the mother may have a miscarriage. But it will
+not produce those specific marks, deformities and monstrosities which
+are commonly supposed to be the results of maternal impressions.
+
+If I lay somewhat special stress upon the subject of maternal
+impressions, it is because I pity the poor mothers and want to spare
+them as much as possible unnecessary worry and anxiety. Besides I want
+them to believe in the truth and not in error.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT
+
+ADVICE TO THE MARRIED AND THOSE ABOUT TO BE
+
+ Marriage as an Ideal Institution--Monogamic Marriage--Some Reasons
+  for Husbands' Deviations--Importance of First Few Weeks of
+  Married Life--Necessity for Understanding at Beginning--
+  Preventing and Breaking Habits--The Wife's Individuality--
+  Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious--Wife's Interest in
+  Husband's Affairs--The "Slob" Husband--The Well-groomed Husband--
+  Bad Odor from the Mouth--Odors from Other Parts of the Body--
+  Treatment for Bad Odor from Perspiration--A Beneficial Powder--
+  Advice Regarding Flirting--Dainty Underwear--Fine External Clothes
+  and Cheap and Soiled Underwear--Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act
+  Required with Some Men--Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's Foibles--
+  A Professional Secret--A Case of Temporary Impotence--The Wife's
+  Indiscretion--The Disastrous Result--A Big Stomach--The Wife's
+  Attitude Towards the Marital Relation--Behavior Preliminary to
+  and During the Act--Congenital Frigidity--Prudish and Vicious
+  Ideas About the Sex Act--Sexual Intercourse for Procreative
+  Purposes Only--Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife--The
+  Remedy--Other Causes--Wife who Makes too Frequent Demands--
+  Sacrificing the Future to the Present--Esthetic Considerations.
+
+
+Whether marriage in its present form is an ideal institution destined
+to endure forever, whether it is in need of radical reforms before it
+can be considered ideal, or whether it has fundamental irremediable
+defects, are questions which we are not going to discuss here. The
+fact is that at the present time the greatest part of the adult
+population of the world is married; and the part that isn't would like
+to be. And the greater part of civilized humanity living in a state of
+monogamic marriage, it behooves us to make the best of it, to get out
+of it the greatest amount of happiness that we can, obviate as much
+unhappiness as possible, and to do everything in our power to make it
+permanent. Separation or divorce are remedies of last resort, and
+people have recourse to them when they are at the end of their tether.
+But the proper thing to do is to avoid the necessity of having to have
+recourse to them. And I believe that a careful, thoughtful perusal of
+this chapter will help husband and wife to get along better, to avoid
+unnecessary friction and to retain the mutual physical and spiritual
+attraction which we call Love for a longer period than might otherwise
+be the case.
+
+I have the confidence and listen to the intimate confessions of more
+men and woman probably than any other physician in America, or perhaps
+in the world. For reasons easily understood they tell me things which
+they would not think of telling to their regular physician. I have
+learned of many of the reasons, which in many families led first to a
+coolness, then to an estrangement, or to quarrels, to separation and
+divorce. I know the first steps which in many instances draw the
+husband to another woman. And I wish to tell you, that while I firmly
+believe in the polygamous or rather varietist tendencies of the
+average man, nevertheless I am convinced that one of the great reasons
+why so many married men patronize prostitutes, or have mistresses or
+lady friends, is to be found in the wives themselves. Many wives
+_drive_ their husbands to other women, and are alone responsible for
+their suffering, for the cooling of their husbands' affections, and
+perhaps even desertion. And in the following pages I will endeavor, as
+stated before, to point out some of the rocks and shoals on which the
+matrimonial bark is so often shattered, and to offer the wives some
+suggestions which will help them to retain their husbands' affections
+and perhaps even also their fidelity.
+
+While the advice is intended primarily for wives, there will be found
+here and there a salutary piece of advice for husbands. Some of the
+advice is applicable to both partners, and as to those suggestions
+which concern the husband only--it will be a good thing for the wives
+to call their husbands' attention to them.
+
+The first few weeks or the first few months are the most important in
+the life of a married couple. The stability of the marriage, the
+future happiness, often depend upon the things which are done or left
+undone during the initial weeks of married life. A certain
+understanding must be reached from the very beginning. If your husband
+does certain things which displease you and which you know should not
+be done, it is best to say so at the very start. It is easier to
+prevent the establishment of a habit than to break a habit after it
+has been established.
+
+=Retain Your Individuality.= The first piece of advice I have to give
+you is: _Retain your individuality_. It is a trite but perfectly true
+observation that altogether too many men who during courtship were
+chivalry personified assume a dictatorial tone as soon as the knot has
+been tied. They think that the wife has actually ceased to exist as a
+separate human being, that she has been absorbed, and with the loss of
+her name she has lost all right to have her own opinions, her own
+tastes, and, of course, her own friends. Friends who are obnoxious to
+one of the marital partners one must give up sometimes; but do not
+permit your entire personality to be obscured. Explain to your husband
+that you are still an independent living human being. I do not say,
+you should at once start a fight. Nothing is more offensive to me than
+the militant, pugnacious woman, who wears a chip on the shoulder and
+is continually ready to insist on her "rights." But with gentleness
+and firmness much can be accomplished. And you want to remember that
+many husbands act the way they do, not because they are vicious, but
+because they are stupid or childish. Sometimes it is mere
+thoughtlessness. They have been brought up wrongly, and some of them
+sincerely imagine that by repressing the wife's personality, by
+blotting it out, they are acting in her interest. "It is for her own
+good." A serious talk with a husband will sometimes have a wonderful
+effect. It may sometimes change entirely the current of his thoughts.
+Of course if the husband is a cad, a conceited fool, or a brute, you
+can do nothing with him; but fortunately not all husbands belong to
+those categories.
+
+=Interest in Husband's Affairs.= Be interested in your husband's
+affairs. No matter what your husband's occupation may be, you should
+possess enough intelligence to be able to understand what he is doing.
+It is almost unbelievable how little some wives know about their
+husband's profession or work. It is a bad thing when strange women
+understand your husband's work better than you do, and when he finds
+in them more intelligent and more sympathetic listeners. He may go to
+them for sympathy. If your husband is a scientist or a research
+worker or a professional man it is not necessary that you be familiar
+with all the details of his work, but with the general character you
+should be. And if you can be of assistance to him in his work, if it
+be only looking up references, compiling tables and statistics or
+merely typewriting, it will be appreciated by him, and will sometimes
+help to knit the bonds a bit closer.
+
+There is another important reason for being interested in and
+understanding your husband's business. When the husband dies--and a
+man is not infrequently snatched away in the prime of youth and
+vigor--the wife is often left to the mercies of the cold world,
+without money and without a profession. If she understands the
+husband's business she can continue it and remain economically
+independent. This has reference not only to ordinary business, like
+stores or agencies, but to more or less specialized occupations, such
+for instance as publishing. We know the cases of two widows of
+publishers of medical journals. When their husbands died everybody was
+commiserating with them: what will they make a living from? But they
+understood the details of their husbands' business, and they kept
+right on. And now those journals are financially more successful than
+they were when the husbands were at the helm.
+
+=Wife's Behavior Toward Sexual Relations.= I am now coming to a
+delicate subject. But, delicate though it is, it must be dealt with
+unflinchingly, because it is probably responsible for more male
+infidelity than all other causes combined. I speak of the relation of
+the wife to her marital duties, in other words, to sexual relations.
+Too many women regard the sexual act as a nuisance, as an ordeal, as
+something disagreeable to get through with as quickly as possible;
+they regard the husband's demands in this line as an imposition, as
+unfair or even as brutal; and their behavior preliminary to and during
+the act is such as to cool the ardor of any refined and sensitive man.
+The reasons for this behavior on the part of many wives are manifold;
+this is not the place to consider them in detail. I will allude to
+them briefly. One great cause is congenital frigidity. The woman is
+cold, frigid, has no desire for sex relations and experiences no
+pleasure, no sensation from them. Such women are not to blame; they
+are to be pitied. But even they can behave so as not to repel their
+husbands. (See Chapter XLIII).
+
+Another great cause is the vicious, prudish bringing up, by which the
+sex act is regarded as something unclean, indecent, animal-like,
+brutal. Such Women need a good "talking-to," and if they are only not
+natural born fools, one good explanation often fixes matters. On a par
+with this general prudishness is the infamous idea promulgated by a
+few semi-insane, mentally decrepit men and women, that sexual
+intercourse is for the purpose of propagation only. That only when a
+child is wanted is the relation permissible; at all other times it is
+a sin, an "act of prostitution," an offense in the eyes of God, etc.,
+etc. Of course if the wife has such ideas the husband deserves little
+sympathy. A man should know what ideas the woman entertains whom he is
+going to make his wife and the mother of his children. But,
+unfortunately, this, the most important subject of sex and sexuality,
+is never touched upon by the engaged couple (it would be so
+indelicate!), and after they are married they often find themselves at
+opposite poles. Here also a good heart-to-heart talk will do a world
+of good. I have had several such cases where a little conversation or
+even a letter saved the couple from disruption.
+
+In many cases the cause of refusal is fear of pregnancy. In this case
+the wife is right. But the remedy is simple: give her full instruction
+in the use of contraceptive measures. Other causes are: excessive
+masturbation, vaginismus, local malformation, inflammation, etc. But
+whatever the causes of the wife's "bad behavior" may be, they are all
+amenable to treatment. Some need medical treatment, some psychic
+treatment, and some nothing but just a common-sense, heart-to-heart
+talk.
+
+And I would emphasize: Do not repel your husbands when they ask for
+sexual favors--at least do not repel them too often. Households in
+which relations are had rather frequently and in which the wives lend
+their full and eager participation are happier households than those
+in which the sexual act is indulged in rarely, and with grumbling and
+side-remarks on the part of the wife.
+
+But of course you should not go to the other extreme either. You
+should not make too frequent demands upon your husband. With a man the
+act means a good deal more than it does with a woman; it entails a
+great deal more of physical and mental exhaustion, and a wife who is
+unreasonable in this respect is sowing the seeds of discord and
+unhappiness. She is sacrificing the future to the present. The husband
+is apt to become afflicted with satiety or impotence--and the wife may
+have to lead a life of continence for much longer than she would have
+had to if she had been moderate. In no department of life is
+moderation so important as in sex life. Non-use, insufficient use and
+excessive use are all bad. A mutually joyful, eager and moderately
+frequent participation in the sexual act will contribute most to a
+happy and long life.
+
+=Dainty Underwear.= This may be considered too delicate or too
+trifling a subject to discuss in an important sex book. But nothing is
+too delicate or too trifling that concerns human happiness, and you
+will believe me if I tell you that nice underwear or dainty lingerie
+plays a very important rôle in marital life. And every married woman
+should have as fine and as dainty underwear as she can possibly
+afford. A fine or elaborate nightgown may be more important than an
+expensive skirt or hat. Unfortunately too many women ignore this fact.
+Externally they will be well dressed, while their petticoats, drawers
+and undershirts will be of the commonest quality and of questionable
+freshness and immaculateness. And if anything in a woman's toilet
+should be immaculately fresh and clean it is, I emphasize, her
+underwear. Silk and lace and delicate batiste should be preferred, if
+they can be afforded, and attention should be paid to the color. As a
+rule, a delicate pink is the color that most men prefer. The sex act
+with some men requires the most delicate adjustments, and the
+condition of the underwear may determine the man's desire and ability
+or inability to accomplish the act. I therefore repeat: whether you
+are newly married or have been married a quarter of a century, be
+sure that your underwear is the very best that your means will allow
+you, and that it is always sweet, fresh and dainty. It will help you
+to retain the affection of your husband. I know that some allegedly
+wise ones will scoff at this statement. They may say that an affection
+that may be influenced by the kind and condition of underwear is not
+worth having or retaining. But what do these wise ones know! What do
+they know of the numerous subtle influences which gradually either
+strengthen or undermine our affections? Follow this advice and you
+will be grateful.
+
+=Do Not Offend Against Esthetics.= Some women think that because they
+are married to their husbands they owe the latter no esthetic
+consideration. Things that they would be horrified to let a stranger
+see they do before their husband's eyes without hesitation. For
+instance, not to beat about the bush, though the subject is not a
+pleasant one, they will urinate in their husbands' presence, or they
+will let him see their soiled menstrual napkins, etc. Some husbands
+may not mind it; but some men are very sensitive--men on the whole are
+more esthetic than women--and an indifference towards the wife may
+have its origin in some vulgar or unesthetic procedure on the wife's
+part. The sexual act, as mentioned before, is a very delicate
+mechanism, and it is very easy to disarrange it. The act of
+micturition before the man is known in many instances to have
+instantly abolished the man's sexual desire which was present before.
+And a man told me that because he noticed in a closet a lot of rags
+soiled with menstrual blood he was unable to enjoy relations with his
+wife for several months. You may think that these are all small
+things, but life is made up of little things, and many a married life
+went smash on account of disregarding the little things.
+
+=A High Stomach.= Avoid if you possibly can a high stomach, or a big
+stomach, or what we call in technical language a pendulous abdomen.
+Nothing is more fatal to woman's beauty--and to man's love--than a big
+stomach, and particularly a hang-down stomach. It at once takes away
+her youthfulness and makes her matronly--and matronliness is fatal to
+romance. It is not so much general stoutness that is objected to--some
+men, as is well known, prefer plump, stout women. And there are some
+savage tribes in which the preference is given to obese women with
+enormous abdomens, but this is not the case with the Caucasian
+race--not in civilized countries, at any rate, and surely not in the
+United States. First, reduce your carbohydrates, use massage and
+hydrotherapy, walk for hours at a time, but reduce your big
+abdomen--or, still better, don't let it get big. Prevention here, as
+elsewhere, is much better than cure.
+
+=Bad Odor from the Mouth.= I know of no other physical ailment which
+is so dangerous, so fatal to the permanency of the love relation as is
+a strong, offensive odor from the mouth. As a noxious gas blights a
+delicate plant, so will a strong bad odor blight the delicate plant of
+love. Yes, a strong malodorous whiff will cool the most ardent
+passion. The public would be astounded if it knew how many cases of
+separation and divorce are due to nothing else but a bad odor from the
+mouth. Therefore, if you happen to suffer from this unfortunate
+ailment, lose no time in applying to a competent physician, and do not
+tire of treating yourself, no matter how irksome and time-consuming
+the treatment may be, until you are completely cured. It is important
+to your happiness.
+
+=Odors from Other Parts of Body.= Odors from other parts of the body
+should be conspicuous by their absence. Normally no artificial aids
+are needed. Frequent bathing and general cleanliness are alone
+sufficient. The natural feminine odor--_odor feminae_--is pleasant,
+attractive and needs no disguise. But where an unpleasant odor from
+the genitals, feet or armpits is present the proper treatment should
+be applied, and in such cases the use of a delicate perfume, sachet
+or scented talcum powder, is quite permissible. Not only permissible
+but advisable.
+
+A very good treatment for perspiration and bad odor from the feet is
+the following: bathe the feet night and morning in a basin of water to
+which has been added an ounce (two tablespoonfuls) of formaldehyde
+solution. Dry carefully, and then rub in well the following powder. It
+is simple, cheap and efficient:
+
+    Salicylic acid        one dram
+    Boric acid            one ounce
+    Dried alum            two ounces
+    Talcum                four ounces
+
+A little of the powder should be shaken into the stockings every
+morning, and the stockings should be changed very frequently, once or
+twice a day. This powder is also efficient against perspiration and
+bad odor from the armpits.
+
+I am not giving any treatment for bad odor from the mouth, for this
+condition may be due to a great variety of causes. The cause may
+reside in the nose; it may reside in the mouth, decaying teeth,
+throat, tonsils. It may be due to a bad stomach, to some disease of
+the lungs, etc. Sometimes it is due to overeating. What would be of
+value in one condition might be useless in another. The right thing,
+therefore, is to go to a competent physician, have him find the cause
+of your trouble and outline the proper treatment.
+
+Leucorrhea. Some men find themselves _entirely unable_ to have sexual
+relations with a woman whom they know is suffering with leucorrhea.
+The mere knowledge of the fact takes away their _ability_ to perform
+the act. It renders them impotent. It disgusts them, and disgust is
+fatal to sexual power. Only to-day I saw in my office a woman who
+anxiously begged for advice and treatment. She had been married five
+years. She has always had leucorrhea, from her fifteenth year as far
+as she remembers. Otherwise she did not suffer. For the first three
+years or so her married life has been a happy one. Then in an
+unfortunate moment she told her husband about her profuse leucorrhea,
+and instantly she noticed a change in him. He could not fully hide the
+expression on his face. And since then he ceased to have intercourse
+with her. He made a few attempts, but they turned out unsatisfactory
+to both, and she noticed that he was forcing himself, doing it against
+his will. She took some patent medicines and went to one doctor, but
+without any results. Now, unless she could be cured, she feared her
+husband would demand a separation or a divorce. If you have leucorrhea
+treat it. And remember you need not initiate your husband in all your
+unesthetic ailments.
+
+Loyalty. Loyalty on the part of the wife is almost as important as
+fidelity. And it is in the highest degree disloyal for a wife to talk
+to her female or male friends about her husband's peculiarities,
+foibles or weaknesses. The husband's--as well, of course, as the
+wife's--peculiarities should be what we call a professional secret.
+Just as a physician is forbidden to talk to outsiders about his
+patient's troubles, so should a wife not talk about her husband, nor a
+husband about his wife. I know of a case in which a newly married
+husband was temporarily impotent (and it was the wife's fault, too).
+She spoke about it in the deepest confidence to a close girl friend of
+hers. The friend told it in deep confidence to another friend. And so
+it went around until it reached the husband's ears. From that moment
+he made no further attempt to have relations with his wife; a coolness
+resulted, which led to a separation, which still persists. The wife
+begged forgiveness, but he was unable to grant it--he felt so deeply
+hurt.
+
+Flirting. Do not flirt. Men are apt to misunderstand you, and you are
+apt to get the reputation of a loose woman without in any way having
+deserved it. I do not say that you should always wear a forbidding
+expression, and should scowl at people who dare to smile at you or
+otherwise pay homage to your feminine charms. But there is a
+difference between a friendly expression and flirting. However, when
+your husband begins to neglect you, then a mild flirtation may be
+justifiable. It will _always_ do your husband good to know that there
+are other males in the world beside him, and that some of these males
+find interest in the female whom he considers his permanent and
+exclusive property.
+
+=Slovenly Husbands.= Don't let your husband become a slob. That is
+just what I mean. It is no use mincing words. Some husbands have never
+acquired the habit--or if they have acquired it they quickly lost
+it--of regarding their wives as ladies. "She is not a lady, she is
+only my wife," is a well-known joke, but some men take it not as a
+jest. Some men think that before their wives they can be as slovenly
+and unclean as they please. Give your husband to understand that
+cleanliness and freshness is not a "sex-limited" attribute, and just
+as a husband wants his wife to be clean and dainty and well-groomed,
+so a wife may enjoy the same qualities in her husband. Some women are
+very fastidious, and while they may say nothing to their husbands for
+fear of irritating them, they may think a good deal.
+
+=Carrying Life Insurance.= Every husband should carry some life
+insurance--as much as he conveniently can. This should be the
+husband's most pleasant duty, particularly so when the wife has no
+profession of her own and there are small children to bring up. The
+lack of consideration, the thoughtlessness--I would call it
+dishonesty--on the part of many husbands who claim to love their wives
+is simply heart-breaking. Who of us does not know of cases of refined
+wives with children left absolutely penniless and forced into wage
+slavery or even into menial service by the negligence of their
+husbands? Such things happened even to wives whose husbands were
+making from three to ten thousand a year. Thoughtlessness,
+carelessness, procrastination--and then it was too late. There is not
+a man who makes as little as twenty dollars a week who cannot carry
+some insurance. I was once poor, very poor. And the terrifying
+thought, What would happen to my wife and two children if I should be
+taken off suddenly? gave me many a troubled and sleepless night. And
+when I took out a thousand dollars insurance I felt some relief. But I
+felt it was inadequate. I therefore made a supreme effort and soon
+took an additional ten thousand dollars. And I assure you that the
+annual premium of two hundred and eighty-six dollars was a terrible
+burden on me. There were times when I felt as if I had to give it up.
+But I deprived myself of many necessities (there was no question of
+luxuries) and I paid my premiums regularly. But in compensation I had
+restful nights. It was soothing to know that if I should be taken away
+in my earliest youth my equally young wife and two little babies would
+not be left penniless. I verily believe that an adequate life
+insurance prolongs a person's life, because it removes the worry about
+the future of the wife and children.
+
+I repeat, every husband should carry some life insurance. And the
+habit of the bridegroom presenting the bride with a substantial life
+insurance policy is a very good one. It is not only a financial
+protection to the wife; it is also more or less a guarantee of the
+husband's fair health.
+
+=Making a Will.= Another point. Every husband should make a will. This
+is a delicate point about which most wives would hesitate to speak to
+their husbands, but the husband should attend to the matter himself. A
+will doesn't shorten anybody's life, but is very convenient in case of
+a sudden taking off. This is, of course, particularly important if
+there is some property. If the husband dies without a will, there is
+endless trouble and red tape for the wife. An executor has to be
+appointed, she has to give bonds, etc., etc. If the husband leaves a
+will making his wife sole executrix, without a bond, all trouble is
+avoided. I assume, of course, that the husband has perfect confidence
+in his wife's wisdom and integrity. If he has not and there are
+children, it is just as well to designate some outside executor or
+executors. But whichever may be the case, it is a good and sensible
+thing always to have a will properly made out and witnessed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-NINE
+
+A RATIONAL DIVORCE SYSTEM
+
+ A Rational Divorce System--Storms and Squalls--Two Sides of the
+  Divorce Question--Outside Help and Marital Tangles--A Husband who
+  was a Paragon of Virtue--The Case of the Sweet Wife--The Proper
+  Untangling of Domestic Tangles.
+
+
+Of course, I am in favor of a rational divorce system. The
+difficulties, the obstacles, the expense, with which divorce is now
+surrounded in most civilized countries is simply disgraceful. Make
+marriage harder and divorce easier, has always been my motto. When
+life together becomes unbearable then it is better for both husband
+and wife to cut the tie and to get divorced. Divorce is preferable to
+separation, because both spouses may be able to lead a new and happier
+life. Where there are no children to be taken care of a simple
+declaration of husband and wife repeated perhaps after a lapse of
+three or six months should be quite sufficient for the granting of a
+divorce. Where there are children the state should make sure that they
+will be properly taken care of before a divorce is granted. Where only
+one party demands a divorce the case should be carefully studied by a
+commission which should include in its personnel physicians and
+psychologists; and adultery should most certainly not be the only
+cause for divorce.
+
+Yes, I am for a sensible, rational and easy system of divorce. But I
+would always recommend care and caution. "Go slow" should be the
+guiding motto of husband and wife in such cases. There are periods in
+a married couple's life when further living together seems
+unthinkable; and still a month or two or a year passes and the husband
+and wife live happily together and cannot believe that there was ever
+any friction between them. The couples are very few, indeed, who never
+went through any squalls or storms, whose lives were not darkened by
+disagreements, quarrels and apparently irreconcilable antagonisms. But
+after the storm the sun shone brightly again, and the quarrels were
+followed by harmony and peace. After that love was intensified. Were
+divorce a simple matter, a mere matter of declaration, many couples
+who live now in harmony would have been divorced--to their great
+regret perhaps.
+
+Yes, there are two sides to the divorce question. But I would
+summarize it as follows: Where there is a real incompatibility of
+characters, where there is no love and no respect, then the sooner the
+couple is divorced the better, and not only for them but for the
+children also, if there are any. An atmosphere of hatred and mutual
+contempt is not a healthy atmosphere for the growing children. But
+where there is merely irritability, outbreaks of temper, or
+disagreements which if analyzed can be seen to be due to temporary and
+remediable causes, then "Go slow," "Don't hurry," should be your
+motto. There will always be time to get a divorce. While if a divorce
+has been obtained, even if you regret it, you will most likely stay
+divorced. Many divorced couples, I imagine, would remarry, if they
+were not ashamed. They fear it would make them ridiculous--and it
+would--in their friends' eyes.
+
+
+=Outsiders in Domestic Tangles=
+
+If you have a disagreement with your husband, try to straighten out
+the tangle yourself. Don't call in outside help. You will regret it. A
+stranger's paws are too coarse and too unsympathetic to meddle with
+the delicate adjustments which constitute marital life, and after you
+have gotten over your disagreement and are again living harmoniously
+you will be ashamed to look that third party in the face, and you will
+probably bear a grudge against him--or her.
+
+Altogether outsiders are not fit to mix in the internal differences
+between husband and wife. It is absolutely impossible for a stranger
+to know just where the trouble is and who the guilty party is.
+Sometimes there is no guilty party. Both husband and wife may be
+right; they may both be lovely people and still together they may form
+an incompatible, explosive mixture. And then again the party that to
+outsiders may seem the angelic one may in reality be the devilish one.
+It is a well-known fact that people who to the outside world may seem
+the personification of honor and good nature may be very devils at
+home. I have long ago given up not only meddling in, but even judging,
+domestic disharmonies. For it is almost impossible for an outsider to
+judge justly. I knew a husband who was considered a paragon of virtue.
+And when a clash came between him and his wife everybody was inclined
+to blame the wife. But it came out later that the husband had certain
+ways about him which made the wife's life a very torture. And vice
+versa. I know of another case where the wife was considered the
+sweetest thing in the world. She had nice ways about her, but she
+disliked her husband and made his life a hell. With genuine chivalry
+he bore everything, believing that it was a man's duty to bear his
+cross. She was unfaithful to him, but she was so clever and cunning
+that neither he nor anybody else suspected it. The fact became
+painfully patent to him, when on one of the rare occasions that they
+came together she infected him with a venereal disease, which
+incapacitated him for a long time. Nobody knew why he insisted upon a
+separation, and everybody, with the exception of his physician and
+perhaps one or two others, was blaming him for an unfeeling brute.
+
+I will therefore repeat that as a general thing domestic tangles
+should be untangled by the tanglers themselves. It is not safe to call
+in outsiders--relatives or friends; they are apt to make the tangle
+more tangled, and, what is more, they are quite likely to put the
+blame on the innocent party, and bestow upon the guilty party the
+Montyon prize for virtue and gentleness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY
+
+WHAT IS LOVE?
+
+ Is Love Definable?--Raising a Corner of the Veil--Two Opinions of
+  Love--The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love--The Second
+  Opinion--The Grain of Truth in Each--The Truth Concerning
+  Love--Foundation of Love--Sexual Attraction and Love--The Frigid
+  Woman and Her Husband--Puzzling Cases of Love--The
+  Paradox--Blindness of Love and the Penetrating Vision of
+  Love--Limits of Homeliness--Physical Aversion and Genesis of
+  Love--Mating in the Animal Kingdom--Mating in Low Races--Love in
+  People of High Culture--Difference in Love of Savage and Man of
+  Culture--Distinctions Between Loves--Varieties of Love and
+  Varieties of Men--"Love" Without Sexual Desire--Refraining and
+  Wanting--Cause of Love at First Sight--"Magnetic Forces" and Love
+  at First Sight--The Pathological Side--Differentiation of Phases
+  of Love--Infatuation--Difference Between "Infatuation" and "Being
+  in Love"--Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation--Sexual
+  Satisfaction and Love--Infatuation Mistaken for Love--Love the
+  Most Mysterious of Human Emotions--Great Love and Supreme
+  Happiness.
+
+
+I shall not attempt to give a definition, either brief or extensive,
+of Love. Many have tried and failed, and I shall not attempt the
+impossible. Nor shall I attempt to discuss Love in all its innumerable
+details.[9] To do so would alone require a book many times more
+voluminous than the one you have before you. I shall, however,
+endeavor to raise a corner of the veil which surrounds this most
+mysterious, most baffling and most complex of all human emotions, so
+that you may get a glimpse into its intricate mechanism and perhaps
+understand what Love is in its essence at least.
+
+=Sexual and Platonic Love.= There are two widely different, in fact
+diametrically opposite, opinions as to what constitutes Love. One
+opinion is that Love is sexual love, sexual attraction, sexual desire.
+To people holding this opinion love and sexual desire or "lust" are
+synonymous. And they laugh and sneer at any attempt to idealize love,
+to present it as something finer and subtler, let alone nobler, than
+mere sex attraction. The writer has heard one cynical woman--and more
+than one man--say: Love? There is no such a thing. Sexual intercourse
+is love, and that's all there is to it.
+
+The other opinion is that Love, true love, ideal love, or, as it is
+sometimes called, sentimental love, or platonic love, has nothing to
+do with sexual desire, with sexual attraction. Indeed, people holding
+this opinion consider love and sexual attraction--or lust as they like
+to call the latter--as antithetical conceptions, as mutually
+antagonistic and exclusive.
+
+Both opinions, as is often the case with extreme and one-sided
+opinions, are wrong. Both opinions have a reason for their existence,
+because there is a grain of truth in both of them. But a grain of
+truth is not the whole truth, and if an opinion contains ninety-nine
+parts of untruth to one part of truth, then the effect of the opinion
+is practically the same as if it were all false.
+
+Here is the truth, or at least what I think is the truth, as it
+appears to me after many years of thinking and many years of
+observing.
+
+=Foundation of Love.= The _foundation_, the _basis_ of all love is
+sexual attraction. Without sexual attraction, in greater or lesser
+degree, there can be no love. Where the former is entirely lacking the
+latter can have no existence. This you may take as an axiom. Some may
+call it love, but on analyzing it you will find that it is no such
+thing. It may be friendship, it may be gratitude, it may be respect,
+it may be pity, it may be habit, it may even be a _desire_ or a
+_readiness_ to love or to be loved, but it is not love. Experience has
+proved it in thousands and thousands of sad cases. And the girl who
+marries a man who is physically repulsive to her, who possesses _no_
+physical sexual attraction for her, though she may experience for him
+all of the feelings mentioned above, namely, friendship, gratitude,
+respect and pity, is preparing for herself a joyless couch to sleep
+on. Unless, indeed, she happens to belong to the class of women whom
+we call frigid, that is, if she is herself devoid of any sexual desire
+and feels no need of any sexual relations. Such a woman may be fairly
+or even quite happy with a husband who repels her physically, but whom
+she likes or respects. And what I said about the wife applies with
+still greater force to the husband. A man who marries a woman who is
+physically antipathetic to him is a criminal fool.
+
+I repeat, sexual, physical attraction is the _basis_, the foundation
+of love. It is true we see certain cases of love which puzzle us. We
+cannot understand what "he" has seen in "her" or what "she" has seen
+in "him." But let us remember this paradox, which paradoxical though
+it be, is true nevertheless: Love is blind, but Love also sees acutely
+and penetratingly; it sees things which we who are indifferent cannot
+see. The blindness of Love helps her not to see certain defects which
+are clearly seen to everybody else; but, on the other hand, her
+penetrating vision helps her to see good qualities which are invisible
+to others. And a homely person may possess certain compensating
+_physical_ qualities--such as passionate ardor or strong sexual
+power--which, render him or her irresistible to a member of the
+opposite sex.
+
+But homeliness, ugliness or deformity have their limits, and I
+challenge anybody to bring forth an authenticated case in which a man
+fell in love with a woman--or vice versa--who had an enormous tumor on
+one side of the face, which made her look like a monstrosity, or whose
+nose was sunk in as a result of lupus or syphilis, or whose cheek was
+eaten away by cancer. Love under such circumstances is an absolute
+impossibility, because there is physical aversion here, and physical
+aversion is fatal to the _genesis_ of love. A man who loved a woman
+may continue to love her after she has become disfigured by disease,
+but he cannot fall in love with such a woman.
+
+I will repeat, then, and I trust you will agree with me on this point:
+sexual attraction is the foundation of all love between the opposite
+sexes. Where sexual attraction is lacking you can give the feeling any
+other name you choose: it will not be love.
+
+=Other Requisites.= But a foundation is not a whole structure. To
+insure the stability of a high intricate building we must give it a
+good solid foundation; but the foundation does not make the building.
+That still remains to be built. So sexual attraction is the foundation
+of all love, but it does _not_ constitute love. Many more factors,
+many more wonderful stones are needed before the wonderful structure
+called love is brought into existence. This wonderful structure
+sometimes goes up in the twinkling of an eye, as if by the touch of a
+magic wand--who has not seen or heard of instances of "love at first
+sight!"--but the rapidity of the growth of the structure called Love
+does not militate against our assertion that many stones, much
+variegated material, and a strong cement are needed for its
+completion. Fairies sometimes work very quickly.
+
+A little thought will show clearly that Love is not merely sexual
+love, not merely a desire to gratify the sexual instinct. If love were
+merely sexual desire, then one member of the opposite sex, or at least
+one attractive member, would be as good as any other. And indeed in
+animals and in the lower races, where love as we understand it does
+not exist, this is the case. To a male dog any female dog is as good
+as another, and vice versa. Cats are not particular in the choice of
+their mates, nor are cows, horses, etc. And the same is true of the
+primitive savage races, and even among the lower uneducated classes of
+so-called civilized races. To the Hottentot, to the Australian bushman
+or to the Russian peasant one woman is as good as another. If the male
+of a low race has some preference, it will be in favor of the woman
+who happens to have a little property.
+
+In fact I make the assertion that real love, true love, is a new
+feeling, a comparatively modern feeling, absent in the lower races and
+reaching its highest development only in people of high civilization,
+culture and education.
+
+The platitudinous objection might be raised that "human nature is
+human nature," that all our feelings are born with us, and as such are
+inherited, that they have been with us for millions of years and that
+we cannot possibly _originate_ any entirely new feeling. True from a
+certain viewpoint. We cannot originate intellect either. The germ of
+intellect with all its potential possibilities was present in our most
+primitive tree-climbing ancestors. But as much difference as there is
+between the intellect of an Australian bushman and the intellect of a
+Spinoza, a Shakespeare, a Darwin, a Victor Hugo, a Goethe or a Gauss,
+so much difference is there between the love of a primitive savage and
+the love of the highly cultured modern man. The love or so-called love
+of the primitive or ignorant man (and woman) is a simple matter and is
+practically equivalent to a desire for sexual gratification. The love
+of the truly cultured and highly civilized man and woman, while still
+_based_ on sexual attraction, is so complex and so dominating a
+feeling that it completely defies all analysis, all attempts at
+dissection, as it defies all attempts at synthesis, at artificial
+building up.
+
+As previously stated, some writers attempt to make a clear distinction
+between sensual and sentimental love; many reams of paper have been
+used up in an endeavor to differentiate between one and the other; the
+first is called animal love or lust; the second pure love or ideal
+love; the first variety of love is said to be selfish, egotistic, the
+other--self-sacrificing, altruistic. These distinctions read very
+nicely, but they mean very little. There is no distinct line of
+demarkation between the two varieties of love, and one merges
+imperceptibly into the other. Most, if not all, of our apparently
+altruistic actions and feelings have an egotistic substratum; and the
+quality of the love depends upon the lover. In other words, there are
+not two separate, distinct varieties of love, but there are separate,
+distinct varieties of men. A fine and noble man will love finely and
+nobly; a coarse and brutal man will love coarsely and brutally. A man
+who is fine and noble may not love at all, but he cannot love coarsely
+and selfishly; and a coarse and brutal man can never love nobly and
+unselfishly. Which once more means: the difference is not inherent in
+the love, but in the lover.
+
+But to say that a man may deeply love a woman and not have any sexual
+desire for her is nonsense. A man who loves a woman and does not want
+to possess her (to use the ugly ancient verb) does not love her--or
+he is completely impotent. Whatever the feeling may be for her--it is
+not love. He may abstain from having sex relations with her if the
+circumstances are such that sex relations may lead to her unhappiness
+and suffering, but to refrain from doing a thing, when reason and
+judgment lead us to refrain, does not mean not to want the thing.
+
+=Love at First Sight.= Nothing is more firmly established than the
+fact that a person may fall passionately and incurably in love with a
+person of the opposite sex at the very first sight, in the twinkling
+of an eye, in the literal sense of the word. One glance may be
+sufficient. And such a love may exist to the end of life, and may, if
+reciprocated, lead to supreme happiness, or if unreciprocated to the
+deepest unhappiness.
+
+What it is that causes love at first sight is unknown. Some have
+suggested that the beloved object sets in motion or fermentation
+certain internal secretions (hormones) in the lover which cannot
+become "satisfied" or "neutralized" except by that person; and the
+possession of the beloved object becomes a physical necessity. This
+explanation really means nothing. It is a hypothesis unsusceptible of
+proof. But whatever the cause of love at first sight, it is so
+mysterious a phenomenon that it gives the mystics and metaphysicians
+some justification for their talk about "electric currents" and
+"magnetic forces." These phrases also mean nothing, but are an attempt
+at explaining the suddenness and irresistibleness of the attack. So
+powerful is the attraction of love at first sight that people have
+been known to cross continents and oceans merely to get a glimpse of
+the beloved object; and people have been known to sacrifice
+_everything_--their career, their material possessions, their social
+standing, their honor, and even their wife and children, in order to
+gain their object. And a mother may give up her children whom she
+loves dearer than life, may risk ostracism and disgrace, only in order
+to be with the object of her love. This shows that love, then, becomes
+pathological, because any feeling which so completely masters an
+individual that he is willing to sacrifice everything he has in the
+world is pathological.
+
+=Infatuation and Being in Love.= While, as said, the feeling of love
+does not readily lend itself to dissection, to analysis, still we can
+differentiate some phases of it. We can differentiate between "being
+in love," "infatuation," and "love." Being in love is, as just
+indicated, a pathological, morbid phenomenon. The person who is in
+love is not in a normal condition. He can see nothing, he cannot be
+argued with, as far as his love is concerned. She is the acme of
+perfection, physical, mental, and spiritual; nobody can be compared
+with her. And, of course, the man is anxiously eager to marry the
+object of his love--unless insuperable obstacles are in the way; for
+instance, if the man happens to be married.
+
+Infatuation may be as strong as any "being in love" feeling. But with
+this difference. In infatuation the man may know that the object of
+infatuation is an unworthy one, he may despise her, he may hate her,
+he may pray for her death, he may do his utmost to overcome the
+infatuation. In short, infatuation is a feeling, chiefly physical,
+which the man can analyze, the unworthiness and absurdity of which he
+may acknowledge, but which he is unable to resist or overcome. He
+feels himself bewitched; he feels himself caught in a net, he is
+anxious to tear asunder the meshes of the net, but is not strong
+enough to do it.
+
+And this is a pretty good way to differentiate between being in love
+and being infatuated. If in love the man does not want to be free from
+his chains; he does not want to cease to love or to be in love. When
+infatuated the man often uses his utmost will-power to break his
+shackles. Sexual satisfaction is often sufficient to shatter an
+infatuation; it is not sufficient to destroy love--it often
+strengthens and eternalizes it.
+
+Neither being in love nor infatuation can last "forever"; they are
+acute maladies of high tension and relatively short duration.
+Infatuation may change into indifference or disgust; "being in love"
+may change into indifference, hatred, or into real love--a steady,
+durable love.
+
+This will answer the often asked question: How do marriages turn out
+which are the result of a sudden, violent passion, or of love at first
+sight? No ironclad rules suitable for all cases can be given. Some
+turn out very unhappily, the couple gradually finding out that they
+are altogether unsuited to each other, that their temperaments are
+incompatible, that their views, ideas, likes and dislikes are
+different. In some cases what was supposed to be a great love is soon
+seen to have been merely an infatuation. And satiety and disgust
+follow. But in other cases, as mentioned, the sudden consuming passion
+turns into a warm, life-long love and the people live happily ever
+after.
+
+Dr. Nyström relates the case of a prominent physician of France, of
+high social and scientific standing, who beheld a young girl
+accidentally in the street. He did not have the slightest idea who she
+was. He was irresistibly attracted to her. He followed her, boarded
+the same omnibus and went to the house which she entered, rang the
+bell, introduced himself, begging pardon for his intrusion, but was
+dismissed. He returned and explained to her his ardent passion and
+asked permission to visit her parents, well-to-do people in the
+country, and the climax was a mutual love and a happy marriage.
+
+Many of us know of similar cases. But as a rule the slow developing
+love is more reliable than the suddenly bursting out flame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Love is the most complex, the most mysterious, the most unanalyzable
+of human emotions. It is based upon the difference in sex--upon the
+attraction of one sex for another. It is fostered by physical beauty,
+by daintiness, by a normal sexuality, by a fine character, by high
+aspirations, by culture and education, by common interests, by
+kindness and consideration, by pity, by habit and by a thousand other
+subtle feelings, qualities and actions, which are difficult of
+classification or enumeration.
+
+A great love, greatly reciprocated, is in itself capable of rendering
+a human being supremely happy. _Nothing else is._ Other things, such
+as wealth, power, fame, success, great discoveries, may give supreme
+satisfaction, great contentment, but supreme, buoyant happiness is the
+gift of a great love only. Such loves are rare, and the mortals that
+achieve it are the envy of the gods. But a great love, unreciprocated,
+especially when admixed to it is the feeling of jealousy, is the most
+frightful of tortures; it will crush a man like nothing else will, and
+the victims of this emotional catastrophe are pitied by the inmates of
+the lowest inferno.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] To avoid confusion, I will state here that I am discussing love
+between the opposite sexes, and not maternal love, homosexual love,
+love for one's country, etc.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-ONE
+
+JEALOUSY AND HOW TO COMBAT IT
+
+ Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions--Impairment of
+  Health--Mental Havoc--Jealousy as a Primitive Emotion--Jealousy
+  in the Advanced Thinker and in the Savage--Jealousy in the
+  Child--Feelings and Environmental Factors--Essential Factors--
+  Vanity--Anger--Pain--Envy--The Impotent Husband's Jealousy--
+  Anti-social Qualities--The Jealous and the Unfaithful Husband--
+  Means of Eradicating the Evil--Iwan Bloch on the Question--Prof.
+  Robert Michels' Statement--Remark of Prof. Von Ehrenfels--Havelock
+  Ellis on Variation in Sexual Relationships--Advanced Ideas--Woman
+  as Man's Chattel--The Change and the Changer--Teaching the
+  Children--Casting Epithets at Jealousy--Free Unions and Jealousy--
+  Feelings, Actions and Public Opinion--The Adulterous Wife of the
+  Present Day--Jealousy Defeating Its Own Object--Jealousy of
+  Inanimate Objects.
+
+
+He or she who has been so unfortunate as to experience the pangs--or
+fangs--of jealousy will readily admit that it is one of the most
+painful, if indeed _not_ the most painful, of all human emotions. The
+suffering that it metes out to its victims is indescribable. No other
+single human emotion so affects the body, so upsets the mind, so
+deranges every function, as does jealousy. The torture that it causes
+makes the sufferer a truly pitiable object: the complete loss of sleep
+and complete loss of appetite may result in a serious impairment of
+the sufferer's health, while the rage it often gives rise to may lead
+to actual insanity, or at least to great mental disturbance. With good
+reason has popular fancy pictured this cursed emotion as a green-eyed
+monster.
+
+Jealousy is a primitive emotion. It is present not only in the
+primitive races, but even in animals. And being a primitive emotion,
+we can hardly hope to succeed in eradicating it entirely. Not in the
+immediate future, at any rate. But we can modify it.
+
+The statement frequently heard that "human nature is human nature" is
+only a platitudinous half-truth. The fundamental part of human
+nature--the desire for happiness and the avoidance of suffering--cannot
+be changed, nor would we want to change it if we could. It would mean
+the disappearance of the human race. But that many of our primitive
+emotions can be greatly modified by culture, by new standards, by new
+ideals of morality, about this there can be no question.
+
+Just as love in modern man is an entirely different feeling from what
+it was in primitive man, so jealousy in the advanced thinker is a
+different feeling from what it was in the savage; and by education and
+true culture it can be modified still further. We hope that in time to
+come--I will not venture to say how soon that time will be here--this
+injurious, degrading, anti-social feeling may be entirely or almost
+entirely eradicated from the human breast.
+
+The primitive desire--and this primitive desire of the race is still
+fully exhibited by children--is to take possession of everything nice
+or useful that somebody else has and which we have not. But our
+education and our cultural standards, including fear of punishment,
+have so repressed this desire, have put it so deeply in the
+background, that normal human beings hardly feel it at all.
+
+It is only improperly brought up people, mental defectives and those
+unable to adjust themselves to their environment who still have this
+primitive feeling of taking or stealing. And so with many other
+feelings and emotions; and so with jealousy.
+
+If we, at the very first notice of a manifestation of jealousy by a
+child, should frown upon it, if we should explain to the child or
+adolescent that jealousy is a mean, degrading feeling, that it is a
+feeling to be ashamed of, a feeling to hide and not to show off or
+even be proud of--as some are now--then jealousy would manifest itself
+in a much smaller number of individuals, and those unfortunate enough
+to be attacked by it would try to repress it, to hide it, to overcome
+it, so that it would eventually become paler and less acute and its
+consequences would be less significant, less disastrous for both the
+victim and for the persons concerned. Feelings, let us bear in mind,
+are not spontaneous things uninfluenced by any environmental factors.
+Feelings are like plants; under one environment you may foster their
+growth and make them develop luxuriantly; under another environment
+you may dwarf their growth and strangle them.
+
+In order to enable us to inhibit the growth of the demon of jealousy,
+we must learn what its essence is and what factors are favorable to
+its development.
+
+
+=Causes of Jealousy=
+
+The essential factor in jealousy is _fear_. Fear of losing the beloved
+object, fear of losing the person who provides you with sexual
+satisfaction, or the mere economic fear of losing a material provider.
+The latter kind of fear is, of course, more often manifested--even
+though unconsciously--in women. Women who have no love for their
+husbands are nevertheless often fiercely jealous, because consciously
+or unconsciously they are afraid that their husbands may desert them
+for other women, and that they may thus find themselves in a
+precarious economic condition.
+
+Another factor in jealousy is wounded _vanity_. We do not like to feel
+that somebody is considered superior to us. This feeling of wounded
+vanity is present in other varieties of envy or rivalry. A person who
+loses in a race or gets a lower mark in his examination than his rival
+may be filled with a feeling of envy and hatred almost equal in
+intensity to, though never as painful as, sexual jealousy.
+
+Another factor in jealousy is _anger_ over loss of what we consider
+our property. In our present social order the man considers his wife
+his absolute property, and so does the wife consider her husband. And
+there is anger that a stranger should dare to rob us or make use of
+our property, just as there would be anger if a thief came and robbed
+us of a valuable material possession. This anger or rage part of
+jealousy is not a sign of love. It is very far from being so. Because
+it manifests itself also in men and women who have not a particle of
+love for their spouses; it manifests itself in spouses who have
+nothing but hatred and loathing for their partners.
+
+Another important factor is _pain_, pain that the person we love has
+ceased to love us. When we love a person and our love is not
+reciprocated, we feel pain which may rise to the degree of agony, even
+when there is no rival in the field. But when a person who loved us
+has ceased to love us--or we imagine so--and has transferred the love
+to another person that pain is so much the greater.
+
+I will digress here for a moment to state that the fear that a person
+has ceased to love us because he loves somebody else is often
+groundless. It is based upon the erroneous and vicious idea that a man
+cannot possibly love two women at the same time, or that a woman
+cannot love two men at the same time. Psychologists, particularly
+those who have made a special study of sexual psychology, know that
+this idea is false. They know that love may be directed at the same
+time towards two or three individuals. They know that a second love
+not only does not necessarily destroy or diminish a first love, but
+may deepen and strengthen the latter.
+
+Another element is pure _envy_. Just mean envy that somebody should
+have what we haven't, or what we have but are in danger of losing.
+Just as we envy others an automobile, a fine house, a high social
+position, etc., when we have not got them or have been deprived of
+them.
+
+A point that I would like to mention is, that if husbands who have
+become impotent--having lost either the desire or the power, but
+particularly the latter--become jealous, their jealousy knows no
+bounds. No strongly potent man ever reaches the same intensity in
+jealousy as is reached by a sexually weak or impotent man. The
+knowledge that another man has displaced him and that he himself could
+not replace that other man _even if he were permitted to_ fills him
+with impotent rage; and, as is well known, impotent rage is always
+more intense than rage that is potent. Women are free from this kind
+of rage, because women are never impotent in this sense. (They may be
+frigid, but they are never devoid of the _potentia coeundi_, except in
+extremely rare cases of _atresia vaginae_ or the absence of the
+external genitals.)
+
+There are a number of other components which go to make up this "queen
+of torments" or "king of torturers" jealousy, but those I have
+enumerated are the essential ones.
+
+What are they? Fear, vanity, anger, envy and pain. None of them
+admirable qualities, none of them, with the exception of the first and
+the last, even deserving our compassion. All of them anti-social and
+anti-individual qualities. Should not everything be done to eradicate
+such a rank weed, which draws its sustenance from roots each one of
+which is dipped in poison?
+
+We are told that in our primitive state jealousy was a social
+instinct; that by killing and keeping away rivals it helped to found
+and cement the family and to keep it pure. I do not care to enter
+here into a discussion of this point. But whatever useful rôle
+jealousy may have played in the remote ages (I doubt that it has), it
+is now an utterly useless, utterly vicious, utterly anti-social and
+anti-individual emotion. It is opposed to social life and it destroys
+individual happiness. And everything possible should be done to
+smother it, to strangle it, to eliminate it entirely from human life.
+
+Yes, I find no compensation whatever for jealousy; I find no place for
+it in our modern life and I am in complete agreement with Forel, who
+calls jealousy "a heritage of animals and barbarians." "That is what I
+would say," he says, "to all those who, in the name of offended honor,
+would grant it rights and even place it on a pedestal. It is ten times
+better for a woman to marry an unfaithful than a jealous husband....
+Jealousy transforms marriage into a hell.... Even in its more moderate
+and normal form, jealousy is a torment, for distrust and suspicion
+poison love. We often hear of justified jealousy. I maintain that
+_jealousy is never justifiable_; it is always a stupid, atavistic
+inheritance, or else a pathological symptom."
+
+But can anything be done to eradicate this agonizing, tormenting
+emotion? I believe it can, and the ways and means to the eradication
+of this evil will be found on analyzing its components. We may not be
+able to destroy all the components; if we destroy the greater part of
+them much will have been accomplished.
+
+The underlying factors of jealousy are: the primitive instinct, also
+present in many animals, our ethical and religious ideas and our
+economic system. The primitive instinct we can repress and modify; we
+can hardly hope to eradicate it entirely. But our ideas and economic
+system we can change. It is easier to change ideas than it is a
+system, and it is with our ideas we should commence.
+
+The first idea we must endeavor to destroy is that it is impossible
+for a human being to love more than one other human being at the same
+time. We must show that the love of the modern educated and esthetic
+man and woman is an exceedingly complex feeling, and that a man may
+deeply and sincerely love one woman for certain qualities and just as
+deeply and sincerely love another woman for certain other qualities.
+Of course, love cannot be measured by the yard or bushel, nor can it
+be weighed on the most delicate chemical balance. And it may be
+impossible to determine whether he loves both women exactly alike or
+he loves one woman more than the other. But that one love does not
+exclude another, that it may even intensify the other love, that is
+certain, and is the opinion of every advanced sexologist.
+
+Max Nordau, a man of high and austere ideals, a man whom nobody will
+accuse of a tendency to licentiousness, says in his Conventional Lies:
+"It may sound very shocking, yet I must say it: we can even love
+_several_ individuals at the same time, with nearly equal tenderness,
+and we do not necessarily lie when we assure each one of our passion.
+No matter how deeply we may be in love with a certain individual, we
+_do not cease_ to be susceptible to the influence of the entire sex."
+
+And Iwan Bloch, than whom no greater investigator in the field of
+sexology ever lived, asks the question: "Is it possible for any one to
+be _simultaneously_ in love with several individuals?" And he
+immediately says: "I answer this question with an unconditional
+'yes.'" And he says further: "It is precisely the extraordinary
+manifold spiritual differentiation of modern civilized humanity that
+gives rise to the possibility of such a simultaneous love for two
+individuals. Our spiritual nature exhibits the most varied coloring.
+It is difficult always to find the corresponding complements in one
+single individual."
+
+Prof. Robert Michels says: "It is Nature's will that the normal male
+should feel a continuous and powerful sexual attraction towards a
+considerable number of women.... In the male the stimuli capable of
+arousing sexual excitement (this term is not to be understood here in
+the grossly physical sense) are so extraordinarily manifold, so widely
+differentiated that it is quite impossible for one single woman to
+possess them all."
+
+Prof. von Ehrenfels wittily remarks that if it were a moral precept
+that a man should never have intercourse _more them once in his life_
+with any particular woman, this would correspond far better with the
+nature of the normal male and would cost him far less will-power than
+is needed by him in order to live up to the conventional demands of
+monogamy.
+
+And Havelock Ellis cautiously says: "A certain degree of variation is
+involved in the sexual relationships, as in all other relationships,
+and unless we are to continue to perpetuate _many evils and
+injustices_, that fact has to be faced and recognized."
+
+I have devoted considerable space to this topic, and I have, contrary
+to my custom, quoted "authorities," because I consider this point of
+the utmost importance; it is the first step in combating the demon of
+jealousy. If our wives, fiancées and sweethearts could be convinced of
+the truth that a man's interest in or even affection towards another
+member of the female sex does not mean the death of love, or even
+diminished love, half of the battle would be won. Half of the misery,
+half of the quarrels, half of the self-torture, half of the disrupted
+homes, in short, half of the tyrannical reign of the demon of
+jealousy, would be gone.
+
+We must teach our women and men this truth, teach it from puberty on.
+We must show them that not every woman can necessarily fill out a
+man's entire life, that not every woman can necessarily occupy every
+nook and corner of a man's mind and heart, and that there is nothing
+humiliating to the woman in such an idea (and _vice versa_). She
+should be taught to find nothing shameful, painful or degrading in
+such a thought. I know that these ideas are somewhat in advance of the
+times, but if nobody ever brought forward any advanced ideas because
+they were advanced there would never be any advance.
+
+Then we must teach our men that when they marry a woman she does not
+become their chattel, their piece of property, which nobody may touch,
+nobody may look at or smile at. A woman may be a very good, faithful
+wife and still enjoy the companionship of other men, the pressure of
+another man's hand or--_horribile dictu_--even an occasional kiss.
+
+Then we must teach our men _and_ women that there is essentially
+nothing shameful or humiliating in being displaced by a rival. The
+change may be a disgrace for the changer and not for the changed one.
+It does not at all mean that the change has been made because the
+rival is superior; it is a well-known fact that the rival often _is_
+inferior. The change is often made, not because the changer has gone
+upward, but because he has gone downward, has deteriorated. And the
+changer often knows it himself.
+
+Inculcating those ideas would do away with the feeling of wounded
+vanity which is such an important component in the feeling of
+jealousy.
+
+Further, we must teach our children from the earliest age that
+jealousy is "not nice," that it is a mean feeling, that it is a sign
+of weakness, that it is degrading to the person who entertains it,
+particularly to the person who exhibits it. Ideas inculcated from
+childhood have a powerful influence, and the various ideas exposed
+above _would_ have an undoubted influence in minimizing the mephitic,
+destructive effects of the feeling of jealousy. People properly
+brought up will always succeed in controlling or suppressing certain
+non-vital instincts or emotions on which society puts its stamp of
+disapproval, which it considers "not nice" or disgraceful.
+
+I am, therefore, an optimist in relation to the eventual uprooting of
+the greater number of components of the anti-social feeling of
+jealousy. And when woman reaches economic independence, then another
+component of the instinct of jealousy--the terror at losing a provider
+and being left in poverty--will disappear.
+
+=Jealousy Not Toward Rivals.= Jealousy need not express itself toward
+a sexual rival only. A person may be jealous of people who can never
+be sexual rivals; the jealousy need not even be of people; it may be
+of inanimate objects, of a person's work, profession or hobby. Thus a
+wife may be intensely jealous of her husband's mother, towards whom he
+is very affectionate or simply kind and considerate. She may be
+jealous of her own children if she notices or imagines that the father
+loves them intensely, or if he spends a good deal of time with them.
+She may be jealous of his male friends, and many a husband had to give
+up, not only his female acquaintances, but his life-long male
+friends--in order to preserve peace in the family. A wife may be
+fiercely jealous of her husband's success and reputation, and cases
+are not unknown where the wife put every possible obstacle in her
+husband's way, in order to make him fail in his work, to make him turn
+out mediocre work, all from fear that his success would gain him
+admirers, which might perhaps take him away from her. Wives have been
+known to do everything in their power to _exhaust_ and weaken their
+husbands, to make them physically unattractive, only to keep them. And
+so powerful is this primitive, childish, savage feeling, this desire
+for exclusive monopoly, that there is _nothing_ a jealous wife,
+sweetheart or mistress may not do in order to retain the man, in order
+to regain him, or, having lost him irretrievably, in order to revenge
+herself. And what is said about the woman is applicable with equal
+force to man. It is a huge mistake to assume that jealousy is woman's
+prerogative, her particular characteristic, or even that it is
+stronger in her than in man. A man can be as savagely jealous as any
+woman and suffer the same tortures of hell.
+
+=Jealousy Defeats Its Object.= One of the worst features about
+jealousy is that it defeats its own object. We have been told, as
+stated before, that jealousy was once upon a time a racial instinct,
+that by frightening away rivals it helped to found the family and to
+keep it chaste and pure. Quite the contrary is true now. More than one
+man has, by accusing his innocent wife of infidelity and by torturing
+her with baseless suspicions, driven her into the arms of a lover. We
+are all more or less susceptible to suggestion, and by continually
+suspecting a wife of a love affair or illicit relation a man may
+implant the seed of suggestion so strongly that it may grow
+luxuriantly and the wife may be unable to resist the suggested
+temptation. And very often the very lover is suggested by the husband.
+"Yes, don't attempt to deny it. It is useless. I know you have
+relations with X. I know you are his mistress." He kept on repeating
+it so often to his absolutely blameless, innocent young wife and he
+made her so wretched by his rudeness and brutality that one day she
+did go over to X's rooms and did become his mistress. And after that
+she could stand her husband's outbursts with equanimity. "If I have
+the name I might as well have the game," is a good bit of psychologic
+wisdom. And a husband should be very careful about even suspecting a
+wife unjustly, and thus make the first step towards rendering his
+baseless suspicions a reality, his unjust accusations justified. And,
+of course, what is true of the husband is also true of the wife. Many
+a wife has driven her indolent husband into the hands of prostitutes
+or mistresses by her incessant nagging, false accusations and vicious
+epithets applied to all his female friends and acquaintances.
+
+Yes, from whatever angle you consider it, jealousy is a mean, nasty,
+miserable feeling. Because it is a more or less universal feeling,
+because "we cannot help it," does not render it less mean, less nasty,
+less miserable.
+
+I do not for a moment imagine that characterizing jealousy the way it
+deserves to be characterized, calling it a shameful, savage, primitive
+feeling, etc., is at once going to banish it from the breasts of men
+and women in which it has found an abiding place; throwing epithets at
+it will not cause it to unfasten its talons. Unfortunately, I know
+only too well that our emotions are stronger than our reason; the man
+or woman at whose poor heart jealousy is gnawing day and night is not
+amenable to reason, is not curable by arguments; all we can do is to
+sympathize with such a person and ask the Lord to pity him or her.
+
+I have known a man who lived with his wife in free union, i.e., he was
+not married to her. He did not believe in marriage. Love was the only
+bond that should bind people together; as soon as love was no more the
+people should separate in a friendly, comradely manner. If the wife or
+the mistress wants another lover, she should be free to take one; she
+is a free human being and not her husband's chattel slave, etc., etc.,
+etc., to the same effect. Thus the man talked. And he was sincere in
+his talk--or he thought he was. But one night on unexpectedly
+returning home he found another man; he promptly fired several shots
+at the man, which fortunately for both did not prove fatal, and then
+he beat and choked his wife--who wasn't even his wife legally--within
+an inch of her life. _And then he married her_ and gave up his free
+love talk. And I know of any number of men who could philosophize for
+hours about the disgrace and humiliation of being jealous, but who, as
+soon as there was a justifiable cause for jealousy, became as
+unreasonable as a child and as jealous as any unlettered Sicilian
+woman ever was.
+
+So you see, I am not deluding myself with extravagant hopes. But,
+nevertheless, this argumentation, this talk, is not entirely useless.
+A beginning must be made. This essay may not perhaps help--except for
+the suggestions that will be made towards the end--those who are
+already victims of the demon of jealousy, but it may help some people
+to keep out of his clutches (or should I say: her clutches? I really
+don't know whether the demon of jealousy is a male or a female.)
+
+Feelings are stronger than reason; but that does not mean that
+feelings cannot be influenced by reason; they decidedly can be and are
+so influenced, and their _manifestations_ are modified by this
+influence; and the more cultured, the more educated a person is (I
+trust you will know that I use these terms in their true and not their
+vulgar, misused meaning), the more will his feelings, or at least
+actions, be influenced by his reason. I am particularly a believer in
+the effect on our feelings and actions of public opinion, of ideas
+universally or generally entertained.
+
+Let me give one example which is pertinent to the subject. In former
+days it was universally held, and in many places it is still held,
+that when a wife sinned she committed the most unpardonable crime that
+a human being could be guilty of and that she thereby _dishonored_ her
+husband. And the only right thing for him to do was to shoot the rival
+and cast out the wife; or at least to cast her out. This was a
+_conditio sine qua non_. To take her back to his home was a disgrace,
+a sign of unpardonable weakness, of degeneracy. Our ideas on the
+subject have changed a bit. A husband is no longer considered any more
+dishonored--in some strata of society at least--because his wife
+sinned than a wife is considered dishonored because her husband
+sinned; and adultery in the wife is now, by most rational people,
+considered only different in degree, but not in kind, from adultery in
+the husband. These humane ideas have gained vogue only within a
+comparatively very recent period; but their effect has already
+manifested itself in a great number of instances. Forgiving the erring
+wife is becoming quite common. A number of cases have reached the
+newspapers. Recently a wife was implicated in a nasty scrape; her sin
+was not only unquestionable, but notorious; it was public property.
+And nevertheless the husband stood by her and took her back into his
+home and arms. And the number of such cases which do not reach the
+newspapers is very, very much larger than the public has any
+conception of, larger than it would be safe to estimate. And in a
+large percentage of these cases the husband begins to treat his wife
+with more love, more consideration, and the tie between them becomes
+more firm, more permanent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-TWO
+
+REMEDIES FOR JEALOUSY
+
+ Prevention and Cure--Prophylaxis of Jealousy--Fitting Remedy to
+  Circumstances--The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband--No
+  Question of Love--Advice to the wife of the Flirtatious Man--An
+  Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy--Jealousy Must Be Experienced to
+  Be Understood--Necessity for Freedom of Association--Lines of
+  Conduct for the Wife--Contempt for a Certain Type of Wife and
+  Husband--The Abandoned Lover--The Effects of Unrequited
+  Love--Sublimated Sexual Desire--Replacing Unrequited Love--The
+  Attitude of Goethe--Simultaneous Loves Possible--Successive Loves
+  Possible--Eternal Loves--When Sex Relationships May Be
+  Beneficial--Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value--The Broken
+  Engagement--The Terrible Effects on the Young Man--The Young
+  Streetwalker--Sex Relations with Fiancé--Inundating Sense of
+  Shame--Collapse--Attempts at Suicide--An Active Sex Life--The
+  Results--The Prevention of Jealousy.
+
+
+We are all agreed that prevention is more important than cure. But
+when a patient comes with a fully developed disease it is futile to
+speak to him of prevention. It is too late to sermonize. What he wants
+and what he needs is a cure, if such can be had. What has preceded has
+reference chiefly to the prophylaxis of jealousy, to the prevention of
+the development of this disease in the future.
+
+The question is: Is there a _remedy_ for this malady? Is there a
+_cure_ for this horrible disease of jealousy?
+
+The conditions are extremely complex, and the remedy must be fitted to
+the circumstances. Let us assume that the husband neglects his wife
+and causes her to be jealous, not because he is in love with another
+woman, but because he is flirtatious, light-headed, feather-brained
+and inconsiderate. Such cases are in the great majority. Many husbands
+who like or love their wives and who believe themselves secure in
+their love think it is quite proper for them to hunt for new conquests
+and to carry on petty love affairs with as many girls or women as they
+comfortably can. There is no question here about love--it is just
+flirtation or sexual relations. When this is the case the wife should
+have a frank and firm talk with her husband; she should tell him that
+she does not like his behavior and that it makes her unhappy. In many
+instances this alone will suffice to effect a change in the husband's
+conduct. Where this does not suffice, where the husband is too
+egotistic and does not want to give up his little pleasures, then it
+is left for the wife to adopt the old and rather vulgar remedy. It is
+old and, as said, rather vulgar, but it has the merit of efficiency:
+it very often works. Let the wife adopt similar tactics, let her also
+flirt, let her go out and come back at uncertain hours, let her keep
+the husband guessing as to where and with whom she is. And nine times
+out of ten this, under the circumstances, fully justifiable conduct on
+the part of the wife will effect a quick and radical change in the
+conduct of the husband. He will be only too glad to cry quits. Some
+people are utterly devoid of imagination. They lack the ability of
+putting themselves in another person's place. Jealousy particularly is
+not a feeling which any one can understand without having experienced
+it, unless he is endowed with the imagination of a great poet. And as
+few husbands have a great poetic imagination, it is only after they
+have felt the claws of the monster tearing at their own hearts that
+they can understand their wives' feelings, and are willing to act so
+as to save them--and themselves, of course--the cruel tortures. Many
+wives and many husbands have talked to me and written to me on the
+subject, and, as stated before, in nine times out of ten the remedy
+worked.
+
+But how about the tenth case? How about the cases where the husband is
+unable or unwilling to give up his outside flirtations and relations?
+We, advanced sexologists, know that not all men, no more than all
+women, are made in the same mould, and what is possible or even easy
+for nine men may be very difficult or absolutely impossible for the
+tenth. We know that there are some men to whom an ironclad monogamic
+relation is an absolute impossibility. The stimulation of other
+women--either the purely mental, spiritual stimulation or the
+stimulation of physical relations--is to them like breath in the
+nostrils. In fact, there are some men whose very possibility of loving
+their wives depends upon this freedom of association with other women.
+They can be extremely kind to and love their wives tenderly, if they
+can at the same time associate--spiritually or physically--with other
+women. If they are entirely cut off from any association with any
+other woman they begin to feel irritable, bored, may become ill, and
+their feeling towards their wives may become one of resentment,
+ill-will, or even one of hatred. This is not the place to talk of the
+wickedness of such men--thus they are made and with this fact we have
+to deal.
+
+What is the wife of such a man to do? Two lines of conduct are open to
+her--two avenues of exit. The line of conduct will depend upon her
+temper and upon her ideas of sex morality. But she ought to select the
+line of conduct which will cause the least pain, the least
+unhappiness. If she is a woman of a proud, independent temper,
+particularly if she belongs to the militant type, she will leave her
+husband in a huff, regardless of consequences. But if she is a woman
+of the gentler, more pliable, more supple (and I may also say more
+subtle) type, and if she really loves her husband, she will overlook
+his little foibles, peccadilloes and transgressions--and she may live
+quite happily. And the time will come when the husband himself will
+give up his peccadilloes and transgressions and will cleave powerfully
+to his wife, will be bound to her by bonds never to be torn asunder.
+_I know of several such cases._
+
+And I will take this opportunity to say that I have the deepest
+contempt for the wife who, on finding out that her husband had
+committed a transgression or that he has a love affair, leaves him in
+a huff, or makes a public scandal, or sues for divorce. Such a wife
+_never_ loved her husband, and he is well rid of her. And what I said
+about the wife applies with _almost_ equal force to the husband.
+
+=The Abandoned Lover.= But what shall the abandoned lover do? Let us
+take the case of A and B, and let A stand for any man and B for any
+woman; or, _vice versa_, let A be the woman and B the man, for in
+jealousy and love what applies to one sex is applicable with
+practically the same force to the opposite sex. Suppose A is intensely
+jealous of and deeply, passionately in love with B; but B is utterly
+indifferent and does not care what A may feel or do. A and B may be
+married or not; this does not alter the case materially. Suppose B, if
+unmarried to A, goes off and marries another man, or, if married to
+A, goes off and leaves him; or suppose B does not love anybody else,
+but just remains indifferent to A's advances or repels him because she
+cannot reciprocate his love. Unrequited love alone can cause almost as
+fierce tortures as the most intense jealousy. And A suffers tortures.
+What shall he do? What shall he do to save himself--to save his
+health, his mind, his life? For he is unable to eat, unable to sleep,
+unable to work, and he feels that he is going to pieces. He has lost
+his position and is in danger of losing his reason. What shall he do
+to escape insanity or a suicide's grave? There is but one remedy. Let
+him use all his energies to find a _substitute_. I mean a living
+substitute. Mere sexual desire may be sublimated, to a certain extent,
+into other channels, may be replaced by work, study, a hobby or some
+engrossing interest. A great unrequited love, with the element of
+jealousy present or absent, cannot be replaced by anything else except
+by another love. And where as great a love is impossible let it be a
+minor love or a series of minor loves. When Goethe, one of the world's
+great lovers, was unable to walk in the broad avenue of a great love
+he would walk in the by-paths of a number of little loves. The common
+talk about a person being unable to love more than once in his or her
+life is silly nonsense. A man or a woman is able to love, and love
+very deeply, a number of times; and love simultaneously or
+successively. It is often a mere matter of opportunity. I know that
+there _are_ loves that are eternal; that there are loves for which no
+substitute can be found. But these supreme, divine loves are so rare
+that among ordinary mortals they may be left out of account. They are
+the portion of supermen and superwomen. Ordinarily a substitute may be
+found. The substitute love may never reach the intensity of the
+original love, it may never give full or even half-full satisfaction;
+but it will help to dull the sharp cutting edge, it will act as a
+partial hemostatic to the bleeding heart, it will soothe and
+anesthetize the wound even if it cannot completely heal it. And this
+is a valuable aid while the sufferer is coming to himself or herself,
+while the gathered fragments of a broken life are being cemented and
+while the cement is hardening. Yes, the man or woman who is in inferno
+on account of an unreciprocated or a betrayed love should lose no time
+in searching for a substitute love. I do not believe in people losing
+their health and their minds on account of suffering which does nobody
+any good.
+
+But I will go still further. Where a substitute love--great or
+minor--cannot be found, then mere sex relations may help to diminish
+the suffering, to quiet the turbulent heart, to relieve the aching
+brain. As everything connected with sex, so our ideas about illicit
+sex relations that are not connected with love, are honeycombed with
+hypocrisy and false to the core. While purchasable, loveless sex
+relations can, of course, not be compared to love relations, still
+under our present social, economic and moral code they are the only
+relations that thousands of men and women can enjoy, and they are
+better than none; and in quite a considerable percentage of cases an
+element of romance and greater or lesser permanency do become attached
+to them, and they act as a more or less satisfactory substitute for
+genuine love relations.
+
+I am not spinning theoretical gossamer webs. I am speaking from
+experience--the experience of patients and confiding friends. I could
+relate many interesting cases. And I may, in a more appropriate
+volume. Here one or two will have to suffice.
+
+He was twenty-six years old and a senior student in the College of
+Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York. He had been in
+love with and had considered himself engaged for four or five years to
+a young lady two years his junior. She was, of course, the most
+wonderful young lady in the world, the whole world; in fact, there was
+not another one to compare her to. She was unique; she stood all
+alone. But for a year or so she was getting rather cool towards him;
+which fanned his flame all the more. And suddenly he received a note
+asking him not to call any more, nor to try to communicate in any
+other way. He did write, but his letters were returned unopened. And
+soon after he read of her engagement to a prominent young banker. He
+nearly went insane, and this is used not in any figurative sense. His
+insomnia was _complete_, and resisted all treatment. When his pulse
+became very rapid and his eyes acquired the wild look that they do
+after many sleepless nights an attempt was made to administer
+hypnotics, but they had practically no effect. Chloral, veronal, etc.,
+only made him "dopy," irritable and depressed, but did not give him
+one hour of sound sleep. His appetite was gone, now and then his limbs
+would twitch, and he would sit and stare into space for hours at a
+time. To study or attend the clinics was out of the question, and he
+did not even attempt to take the final examinations. The parents felt
+distressed, but were unable to do anything for him. The least attempt
+at interference on their part, any attempt to console him, to induce
+him to pull himself together, made him more irritable, more morose; so
+that they finally left him alone. He was practically a total
+abstainer, but one evening he went out and came home drunk; and after
+that he drank frequently and heavily. His parents could do nothing
+with him. One evening on Broadway he was accosted by a young
+street-walker. She had a pleasant, sympathetic face, and he went with
+her. _That was his first sex experience._ Up to that time he was
+chaste. He met her again the following evening. Gradually a sort of
+friendship grew up between them. She found out the cause of his grief,
+and with maternal solicitude she tried everything in her power to
+console him, and he began to look forward to the nightly meeting with
+her. His grief became gradually less acute, he gave up drinking, which
+he disliked, and which he had taken up only to deaden his pain; he
+began to pull himself together, and in six or eight months he took
+over his last year in Columbia and was properly graduated. He kept up
+the friendship with the girl for over two years, when she died of
+pneumonia. He did not love her, but he liked to be with her, as her
+presence gave him physical and mental comfort. It is possible that she
+loved him genuinely, but there was never any sentimental talk between
+them, and there was never any question between them of the permanency
+of the relationship. They both knew that it was temporary. But he is
+absolutely certain that but for one of the representatives of the
+class that is despised, driven about and persecuted by brutal
+policemen and ignorant judges, he would have become a bum, or, most
+likely, he would have committed suicide--at the point of which he was
+several times; only pity for his mother and sisters restrained him.
+
+And here is another case. A girl about twenty-eight years of age fell
+in love with a man four or five years her senior. The love seemed to
+be reciprocated, and they soon became engaged to be married. He asked
+that the engagement, on account of certain business reasons, be kept
+secret. She did not know the man well; she had met him at several
+entertainments and church affairs and he seemed very nice. He always
+found some excuses for delaying the marriage, and after they had been
+engaged about a year he began to insist on sex relations. Though of a
+refined and noble character, she was of a passionate nature and she
+did not offer much resistance. Many girls who would under no
+circumstance indulge in illicit relations, considering it a great sin,
+have no compunctions about having relations with their fiancés. They
+lived together for about a year. They were together almost daily,
+except now and then, when he would go away for a week or two on
+business. Once he went away--and never came back. He wrote to her that
+their relations were at an end; that he was a married man and a
+father of children; he had hoped he might get a divorce, but that now
+he had changed his mind and that she must forget him, etc. Everything
+was black before her. It cost her a supreme effort not to faint, and
+she was supported in this effort by the fact that when the letter came
+she was in the presence of friends; a terrible, overpowering,
+all-inundating sense of shame gave her the strength not to betray her
+condition and her story before the world at large. But as soon as she
+was alone she collapsed completely. There was the most absolute
+insomnia imaginable, complete anorexia, but the most distressing
+features were frequent fainting spells, severe palpitation of the
+heart and tremors. She had no love for the man--so she said. Her love
+had turned to hatred and contempt--but the jealousy was all-consuming.
+Like a fire it was burning in her, searing her brain and her soul day
+and night.
+
+She felt that she was not strong enough to stand this physical and
+mental torture, and so she decided to commit suicide. As the means she
+selected gas. Fortunately, the smell became perceptible before the
+injury was irreparable. She was saved. But she felt that she could not
+stand the torture very long--and more than anything was she afraid
+that her mind would give way. She had a special horror of insanity.
+And so she decided to make another attempt This time with bichloride.
+Again she was saved. A friend of hers then got an inkling of the
+events that were transpiring, and she introduced her to some gentlemen
+friends. They were nice people and more or less radical on the sex
+question. In order to drown her pain she began to go out very
+frequently with that crowd, and to her surprise and delight she found
+that she soon began to think less and less about her contemptible
+seducer, and, what was more important to her, she was soon able to
+sleep. For about six months she led an extremely active, almost
+promiscuous sex life. But then she gave it up, as she felt herself
+normal and no longer in need of it. She is now happily married.
+
+I am through with this rather lengthy essay on one of the most painful
+manifestations of human emotional life. I repeat that I am aware that
+feelings are often stronger than reason; but saying this does not mean
+asserting that feelings cannot be modified and held in check by
+reason. And I feel confident that a careful, open-minded reading of
+these pages and an acceptance of the ideas therein promulgated would
+aid in _preventing_ a good deal of the misery of jealousy and in
+curing a certain proportion of it after it has found lodgment in the
+hearts of unhappy men and women.
+
+There are one or two more points that might be touched upon, but with
+the freedom of press in reference to sex matters as it exists in this
+country to-day, I have said all that I could say.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-THREE
+
+CONCLUDING WORDS
+
+
+It is my sincere belief--and I cherish the belief in spite of this
+horrible, wretched war which seems to be shattering the very
+foundations of everything that we hold dear, destroying all the humane
+and moral achievements that have been laboriously built up in the
+course of many centuries--that the time will come when the world will
+be practically free from pain and suffering. Almost all disease will
+be conquered, accidents will be rare, the fear of starvation or
+poverty or unemployment will no longer haunt men and women, every
+infant born will be well-born and welcome, and the numerous anxieties
+and ambitions that now disturb the lives of so many of the earth's
+inhabitants will no longer plague us. They will be the dead memories
+of a dead and forgotten past.
+
+Yes, I believe that the time will come when the world will be
+practically free from pain and suffering. But there is one exception.
+I do not believe that we will ever be able entirely to eliminate the
+_tragedies of the heart_. For our physical ills, which will be few in
+number, there will be a socialized medical profession; everywhere
+there will be free hospitals and convalescent homes. The unemployment
+problem will be dealt with by the State, and dealt with so that there
+will be no unemployment problem. There will be work for everybody and
+everybody will do the work which he finds most congenial. But the
+State, I fear, will be able to do nothing in affairs of the heart.
+When John loves Mary with every fiber of his soul, and Mary remains
+completely indifferent, then no State physician and no Government
+official will be able to offer any balm or consolation to poor John.
+And if Mary loves Robert, and Robert behaves so that he breaks Mary's
+heart, then no official glue will put it together and no convalescent
+home will make it whole.
+
+Yes, I believe that love pangs and tragedies of the heart will cause
+mortal men and women suffering even under the most perfect social
+regime. But I also believe that these pangs will be less acute, that
+the suffering will be less cruel than it is now.
+
+Proper ideas about love, freer intercourse between the sexes, a normal
+and regular sex life, a saner attitude towards many things which are
+now unjustly considered shameful or criminal will, to a large degree,
+prevent the heart tragedies and facilitate their cure where they
+cannot be prevented.
+
+And it is the duty of everybody who loves mankind to study the various
+phases of human sexuality and help to spread sane and humane ideas on
+the subject of Sex and Love.
+
+The author trusts that WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE will help, in some
+slight degree, in spreading healthy, sane and honest ideas about sex
+among the men and women of America.
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL TRUTHS
+
+VERSUS
+
+SEXUAL LIES, MISCONCEPTIONS AND EXAGGERATIONS
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+This book effectually demolishes the numerous lies and senseless
+exaggerations which dabblers in sexology, either through ignorance or
+design, are offering to the public, and which are responsible for so
+much physical misery and mental agony. In Dr. Robinson's best vein:
+clear, concise and incisive. With each sledge-hammer blow of his logic
+a lie is demolished, with each turn of the rays of reason a dark place
+is illumined, with each dialectic pull a century-old superstition is
+uprooted.
+
+Contains several important articles from the pens of the world's
+greatest sexologists.
+
+Price, $5.00
+
+
+SEX MORALITY, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
+
+A frank and open discussion of sex morality as it was, as it is, and
+most important, as it is likely to be in the near and in the distant
+future.--Price, $2.00.
+
+
+STEKEL'S ESSAYS ON SEX AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
+
+While we are far from agreeing with everything this author has
+written, this book contains some of his most interesting, most
+important and most thought-provoking essays.--Price, $5.00.
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL PROBLEMS OF TODAY
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+Dr. Robinson's work deals with many phases of the sex question, both
+in their individual and social aspects. In this book the scientific
+knowledge of a physician, eminent as a specialist in everything
+pertaining to the physiological and medical side of these topics, is
+combined with the vigorous social views of a thinker who has radical
+ideas and is not afraid to give them outspoken expression.
+
+A few of the subjects which the author discusses in trenchant fashion
+are:
+
+    The Relations Between the Sexes and Man's Inhumanity to
+    Woman.--The Influence of Abstinence on Man's Sexual Health and
+    Sexual Power.--The Double Standard of Morality and the Effect of
+    Continence on Each Sex.--The Limitation of Offspring: the Most
+    Important Immediate Step for the Betterment of the Human Race,
+    from an Economic and Eugenic Standpoint.--What To Do With the
+    Prostitute and How To Abolish Venereal Disease.--The Question of
+    Abortion Considered In Its Ethical and Social
+    Aspects.--Torturing the Wife When the Husband Is At
+    Fault.--Influence of the Prostate on Man's Mental
+    Condition.--The Most Efficient Venereal Prophylactics, etc.,
+    etc.
+
+"SEXUAL PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY" will give most of its readers information
+they never possessed before and ideas they never had before--or if
+they had, never heard them publicly expressed before.
+
+_Cloth-bound, 320 Pages, $2 Postpaid_
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY
+
+250 W. 54th STREET NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+Eleventh Edition--Just Off the Press
+
+SEXUAL IMPOTENCE
+
+A Practical Treatise on the Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Sexual
+Impotence and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+    Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+    Dermatology, Bronx Hospital and Dispensary; Editor of "The
+    Critic and Guide"; Editor of "The Journal of Sexology"; Author
+    of "The Treatment of Gonorrhea", "Woman: Her Sex and Love Life",
+    etc.; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the
+    American Urological Association, etc.
+
+Eleventh Edition, revised and enlarged, 502 pages. Illustrated. Price,
+$5.00.
+
+The eleventh edition has just come off the press. Dr. Robinson has
+taken advantage of the opportunity to subject the entire book to a
+thorough revision, and has added a number of chapters dealing with
+gland transplantation, endocrinology, the Steinach operation, and
+containing additional case reports, comments and explanations.
+
+Those who know the book consider it the best of its kind in any
+language. Its outstanding features are its "practicalness", and its
+bright, easy, vivacious style. Every chapter is full of practical
+points, of easily applicable advice; it is entirely free from any fads
+and mysterious methods of treatment, any hints at hocus-pocus. It is a
+sane, rational, common-sense book. Every physician who will make a
+study of this book will become a better physician in general, and will
+certainly be able to treat his sexual cases with better success.
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+    _I consider myself extremely fortunate in having been
+    instrumental in making this remarkable book accessible to the
+    English reading public. It is a great book well worth a careful
+    perusal._
+
+    From Dr. William J. Robinson's Introduction.
+
+The Sexual Crisis
+
+A CRITIQUE OF OUR SEX LIFE
+A Psychologic and Sociologic Study
+By GRETE MEISEL-HESS
+
+AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY EDEN AND CEDAR PAUL
+
+_EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION_
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+One of the greatest of all books on the sex question that have
+appeared in the Twentieth Century.
+
+It is a book that no educated man or woman, lay or professional,
+interested in sexual ethics, in our marriage system, in free
+motherhood, in trial marriages, in the question of sexual abstinence,
+etc., etc., can afford to leave unread. Nobody who discusses, writes
+or lectures on any phases of the sex question, has a right to overlook
+this remarkable volume. Written with a wonderfully keen analysis of
+the conditions which are bringing about a sexual crisis, the book
+abounds in gems of thought and in pearls of style on every page. It
+must be read to be appreciated.
+
+_A Complete Synopsis of Contents Will Be Sent on Request_
+
+360 PAGES. PRICE $3.00
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY 250 W. 54th STREET NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page  12: Formulae replaced with Formulæ                  |
+    | Page  13: Formulae replaced with Formulæ                  |
+    | Page  18: Spirtual replaced with Spiritual                |
+    | Page  36: Fallopion replaced with Fallopian               |
+    | Page  48: vertebae replaced with vertebræ                 |
+    | Page  84: Spermatozoon replaced with Spermatozoön         |
+    | Page  86: sixy-four replaced with sixty-four              |
+    | Page 158: Formulae replaced with Formulæ                  |
+    | Page 336: Consideraations replaced with Considerations    |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Woman, by William J. Robinson</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Woman</p>
+<p>       Her Sex and Love Life</p>
+<p>Author: William J. Robinson</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 15, 2007  [eBook #21840]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original
+document have been preserved. There are many uncommon
+words in this text.</p>
+<p class="noin">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</p>
+<p class="noin">Click on the images to see a larger version.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>WOMAN</h1>
+
+<h2>HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE</h2>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.</h3>
+
+<p class="cen" style="margin-left: 18%; margin-right: 18%;">Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+Dermatology, Bronx Hospital Dispensary Editor of the
+American Journal of Urology and Sexology; Editor of The
+Critic and Guide; Author of Treatment of Sexual Impotence
+and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women; Treatment of
+Gonorrhea in Men and Women; Limitation of Offspring by the
+Prevention of Conception; Sex Knowledge for Girls and Women;
+Sexual Problems of Today; Never-Told Tales; Eugenics and
+Marriage, etc. Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine,
+of the American Medical Editors' Association, American
+Medical Association, New York State Medical Society,
+Internationale Gesellschaft f&uuml;r Sexualforschung, American
+Genetic Association, American Association for the
+Advancement of Science, American Urological Association,
+etc., etc.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h4>
+
+<h4>TWENTY-FIRST EDITION</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>1929<br />
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />
+NEW YORK</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>Copyright, 1917,<br />
+<span class="sc">By Eugenics Publishing Company</span>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+Press of<br />
+J.J. Little &amp; Ives Co.<br />
+New York</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>THE CREATION OF WOMAN</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>This old Oriental legend is so exquisitely charming, so superior to
+the Biblical narrative of the creation of woman, that it deserves to
+be reproduced in <span class="sc">Woman: Her Sex and Love Life</span>. There are
+several variants of this legend, but I reproduce it as it appeared in
+the first issue of <span class="sc">The Critic and Guide</span>, January, 1903.</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>At the beginning of time, Twashtri&mdash;the Vulcan of Hindu
+mythology&mdash;created the world. But when he wished to create a
+woman, he found that he had employed all his materials in the
+creation of man. There did not remain one solid element. Then
+Twashtri, perplexed, fell into a profound meditation from which
+he aroused himself and proceeded as follows:</p>
+
+<p>He took the roundness of the moon, the undulations of the
+serpent, the entwinement of clinging plants, the trembling of
+the grass, the slenderness of the rose-vine and the velvet of
+the flower, the lightness of the leaf and the glance of the
+fawn, the gaiety of the sun's rays and tears of the mist, the
+inconstancy of the wind and the timidity of the hare, the vanity
+of the peacock and the softness of the down on the throat of the
+swallow, the hardness of the diamond, the sweet flavor of honey
+and the cruelty of the tiger, the warmth of fire, the chill of
+snow, the chatter of the jay and the cooing of the turtle dove.</p>
+
+<p>He combined all these and formed a woman. Then he made a present
+of her to man. Eight days later the man came to Twashtri, and
+said: "My Lord, the creature you gave me poisons my existence.
+She chatters without rest, she takes all my time, she laments
+for nothing at all, and is always ill; take her back;" and
+Twashtri took the woman back.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>But eight days later the man came again to the god and said: "My
+Lord, my life is very solitary since I returned this creature. I
+remember she danced before me, singing. I recall how she glanced
+at me from the corner of her eye, how she played with me, clung
+to me. Give her back to me," and Twashtri returned the woman to
+him. Three days only passed and Twashtri saw the man coming to
+him again. "My Lord," said he, "I do not understand exactly how
+it is, but I am sure that the woman causes me more annoyance
+than pleasure. I beg you to relieve me of her."</p>
+
+<p>But Twashtri cried: "Go your way and do the best you can." And
+the man cried: "I cannot live with her!" "Neither can you live
+without her!" replied Twashtri.</p>
+
+<p>And the man went away sorrowful, murmuring: "Woe is me, I can
+neither live with nor without her."</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>PREFACE</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the first chapter of this book I have shown, I believe
+convincingly, why sex knowledge is even more important for women than
+it is for men. I have examined carefully the books that have been
+written for girls and women, and I know that it is not bias, nor
+carping criticism, but strict honesty that forces me to say that I
+have not found one satisfactory girl's or woman's sex book. There are
+some excellent books for girls and women on general hygiene; but on
+sex hygiene, on the general manifestations of the sex instinct, on sex
+ethics&mdash;none. I have attempted to write such a book. Whether I have
+succeeded&mdash;fully, partially or not at all&mdash;is not for me to say,
+though I have my suspicions. But this I know: in writing this book I
+have been strictly honest with myself, from first page to last.
+Whether everything I have written is the truth, I do not know. But at
+least I believe that it is&mdash;or I would not have written it. And I can
+solemnly say that the book is free from any cant, hypocrisy,
+falsehood, exaggeration or compromise, nor has any attempt been made
+in any chapter to conciliate the stupid, the ignorant, the pervert, or
+the sexless.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>As in all my other books I have used plain, honest English. Not any
+plainer than necessary, but plain enough to avoid obscurity and
+misconception.</p>
+
+<p>Science and art are both necessary to human happiness. This is not the
+place to discuss the relative importance of the two. And, while I have
+no patience with art-for-art's-sake, I recognize that the scientist
+can not be put into a narrow channel and ordered to go into a certain
+definite direction. Scientific investigations which seemed aimless and
+useless have sometimes led to highly important results, and I would
+not disparage science for its own sake. It has its uses. Nevertheless
+I personally have no use for it. To me everything must have a direct
+human purpose, a definite human application. When the cup of human
+life is so overflowing with woe and pain and misery, it seems to me a
+narrow dilettanteism or downright charlatanism to devote one's self to
+petty or bizarre problems which can have no relation to human
+happiness, and to prate of self-satisfaction and self-expression. One
+can have all the self-expression one wants while doing useful work.</p>
+
+<p>And working for humanity does not exclude a healthy hedonism; not the
+narrow Cyrenaic, but an enlightened altruistic hedonism. And in
+writing this book I have kept the human problem constantly before my
+eyes. It was not my ambition merely to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>impart interesting facts: my
+concern was the practical application of these facts, their relation
+to human happiness.</p>
+
+<p>If this book should be instrumental, as I confidently trust it will,
+in destroying some medieval superstitions, in dissipating some
+hampering and cramping errors, in instilling some hope in the hearts
+of the hopeless, in bringing a little joy into the homes of the
+joyless, in increasing in however slight a degree the sum total of
+human happiness, its mission shall have been gloriously fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>For this is the mission of the book: to increase the sum total of
+human happiness.</p>
+
+<p class="right">W.J.R.</p>
+
+
+<p>12 Mount Morris Park W.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">New York City.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Jan. 1, 1917.</span></p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%"><span style="font-size: 80%;">CHAPTER</span></td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%"><span style="font-size: 80%;">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">I.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_One">The Paramount Need of Sex Knowledge for Girls and Women</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">23</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+    Women&mdash;Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+    Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy&mdash;The Place Love
+    Occupies in Woman's Life&mdash;Woman's Physical Disabilities.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">II.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Two">The Female Sex Organs; Their Anatomy</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">31</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">The Internal Sex Organs&mdash;The Ovaries&mdash;The Fallopian Tubes&mdash;The
+    Uterus&mdash;The Divisions of the Uterus&mdash;Anteversion,
+    Anteflexion, Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the
+    Uterus&mdash;Endometritis&mdash;The Vagina&mdash;The Hymen&mdash;Imperforate
+    Hymen&mdash;The External Genitals&mdash;The Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia
+    Minora, the Mons Veneris, the Clitoris, the Urethra&mdash;The
+    Breasts&mdash;The Pelvis&mdash;The Difference Between the Male and
+    Female Pelvis.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">III.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Three">The Physiology of the Female Sex Organs</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">49</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Function of the Ovaries&mdash;Internal Secretion of the
+    Ovaries&mdash;Function of the Internal Secretion&mdash;Number of Ova in
+    the Ovaries&mdash;The Graafian Follicles&mdash;Ovulation&mdash;Corpora
+    Lutea&mdash;Function of the Fallopian Tubes&mdash;Function of the
+    Vagina&mdash;Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons
+    Veneris&mdash;Function of the Breasts&mdash;Besides Secreting Milk
+    Breast Has Sexual Function&mdash;The Orgasm&mdash;Pollutions in
+    Women&mdash;Secondary Sex Characters&mdash;Differences Between Woman
+    and Man.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Four">The Sex Instinct</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">62</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Universality of the Sex Instinct&mdash;Not Responsible for Our
+    Thoughts and Feelings.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">V.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Five">Puberty</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">65</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Physical Changes in Puberty&mdash;Physical Changes in the Genital
+    Organs and in the Rest of the Body&mdash;Psychic Changes&mdash;Puberty
+    and Adolescence&mdash;Nubility.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Six">Menstruation</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">71<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2"> Definition of Menstruation&mdash;Where Menstrual Blood Comes
+    From&mdash;Age of Menstruation&mdash;Age of Cessation of
+    Menstruation&mdash;Duration&mdash;Amount&mdash;Regularity and Irregularity.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Seven">Abnormalities of Menstruation</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">75</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Disorders of Menstruation&mdash;Menorrhagia&mdash;Metrorrhagia&mdash;Amenorrhea&mdash;Vicarious
+    Menstruation&mdash;Dysmenorrhea of Organic and of Nervous Origin.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Eight">The Hygiene of Menstruation</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">78</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period&mdash;Superstitious
+    Beliefs&mdash;Hygiene of Menstruation.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">IX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Nine">Fecundation Or Fertilization</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">82</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Fecundation or Fertilization&mdash;Process of Fecundation&mdash;When the
+    Ovum Matures&mdash;Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+    Place&mdash;Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse&mdash;The
+    Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum&mdash;Rapidity of Movements of
+    Spermatozoa&mdash;Absorption of Spermatozo&ouml;n by Ovum&mdash;Activity of
+    Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop&mdash;Pregnancy in
+    the Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers&mdash;Twin Pregnancy&mdash;Passivity
+    of Ovum and Activity of Spermatozo&ouml;n Foretell the Contrasting
+    R&ocirc;les of the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">X.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Ten">Pregnancy</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">88</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2"> Period of Pregnancy in Human Female&mdash;Physiologic Process of
+    Pregnancy&mdash;Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception&mdash;Pregnant
+    Woman Provides Nourishment for Two&mdash;Her Excreting Organs Must
+    Work for Two.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Eleven">The Disorders of Pregnancy</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">93</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women&mdash;Pregnancy and
+    Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education in
+    True Hygiene&mdash;Morning Sickness and Its Treatment&mdash;Necessity
+    for Medical Advice in Pernicious Vomiting&mdash;Anorexia&mdash;Bulimia&mdash;Aversion
+    Towards Certain Foods&mdash;Peculiar Cravings&mdash;Tendency
+    to Constipation Aggravated by Pregnancy&mdash;Dietary Measures in
+    <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>Constipation&mdash;Rectal Injections in Constipation&mdash;Laxatives&mdash;Cause
+    of Frequent Desire to Urinate During First Two or Three
+    and Last Months of Pregnancy&mdash;Treatment of Frequent Urination&mdash;Cause
+    of Piles During Pregnancy and Their Treatment&mdash;Cause of
+    Itching of External Genitals During Pregnancy and Treatment&mdash;Cause
+    of Varicose Veins and Treatment&mdash;Liver Spots.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twelve">When to Engage a Physician</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">102</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2"> Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself
+    Under Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During
+    Entire Period.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirteen">The Size of the Fetus</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">105</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End of
+    Each Month of Pregnancy.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XIV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fourteen">The Afterbirth (Placenta) and Cord</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">108</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">How the Afterbirth Develops&mdash;Bag of Waters&mdash;Umbilical Cord&mdash;The
+    Navel&mdash;Fetus Nourished by Absorption&mdash;Fetus Breathes by Aid
+    of Placenta&mdash;No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fifteen">Lactation or Nursing</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">110</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk&mdash;When Nursing is
+    Injurious to Mother and Child&mdash;Modified Milk&mdash;Artificial
+    Foods&mdash;Care Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse&mdash;Suckling Child
+    Benefits Mother&mdash;Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by
+    Nursing&mdash;Sexual Feelings While Nursing&mdash;Alcoholics are
+    Injurious&mdash;Attention to Condition of Nipples During Pregnancy
+    Essential&mdash;Treatment of Sunken Nipples&mdash;Treatment of Tender
+    Nipples&mdash;Treatment of Cracked Nipples&mdash;How to Stop the
+    Secretion of Milk When Necessary&mdash;Menstruation While
+    Nursing&mdash;Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XVI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Sixteen">Abortion and Miscarriage</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">117</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Definition of Word Abortion&mdash;Definition of Word Miscarriage&mdash;Spontaneous
+    Abortion&mdash;Induced Abortion&mdash;Therapeutic Abortion&mdash;Criminal
+    Abortion&mdash;Missed Abortion&mdash;Habitual Abortion&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>Syphilis
+    as Cause of Abortion and Miscarriage&mdash;Dangers of Abortion&mdash;Abortion an Evil.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XVII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Seventeen">Prenatal Care</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">121</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Meaning of the Term&mdash;Misleading Information by Quasi-Scientists&mdash;Exaggerated
+    Ideas Regarding Prenatal Care&mdash;Nervous Connection
+    Between Mother and Child&mdash;Cases Under Author's Observation&mdash;Effects
+    on Offspring&mdash;Advice to Pregnant Women&mdash;Germ-plasm of
+    Chronic Alcoholic&mdash;A Glass of Wine and the Spermatozoa&mdash;False
+    Statements&mdash;Cases of Violence and Accidents During Pregnancy.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XVIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Eighteen">The Menopause, or Change of Life</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">128</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Time of Menopause&mdash;Cause of Suffering During Menopause&mdash;Reproductive
+    Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous&mdash;Increased Libido During Menopause&mdash;Change of Life in Men.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XIX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Nineteen">The Habit of Masturbation</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">135</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Definition of Masturbation&mdash;Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+    Compared with Boys&mdash;Married Life of the Girl
+    Masturbator&mdash;Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of
+    Parents who Discover the Habit&mdash;Common-sense Treatment of the
+    Habit&mdash;How to Prevent Formation of Habit&mdash;Parents' Advice to
+    Children&mdash;Hot Baths as Factor in Masturbation&mdash;Other Physical
+    Factors&mdash;Mental Masturbation and Its Effects.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty">Leucorrhea&mdash;the Whites</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">143</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"&mdash;A
+    Common Complaint&mdash;Severe Cases&mdash;Reasons for Resistance to
+    Treatment&mdash;Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder&mdash;Sterility
+    Due to Leucorrhea&mdash;Causes of Leucorrhea&mdash;Tonic
+    Medicines&mdash;Local Treatment&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Douching.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-one">The Venereal Diseases</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">149</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Derivation of Word "Venereal"&mdash;Three Venereal Diseases&mdash;Innocent
+    Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects&mdash;The Hygienic
+    Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal Infection&mdash;Measures
+    <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>for Prevention After Sexual Relations.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-two">The Extent of Venereal Disease</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">151</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+    Results&mdash;Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+    Venereal Disease&mdash;Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+    "Reformers"&mdash;Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to Lurid
+    Exaggerations&mdash;Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals Harmful
+    Results of Exaggerated Statements&mdash;Truth in Regard to
+    Percentage of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-three">Gonorrhea</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">158</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Source of Gonorrhea&mdash;Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of
+    Eye Principal Seats of Disease&mdash;Symptoms in Men and in
+    Women&mdash;Vagina Seldom Attacked in Adults&mdash;Nobody Inherits
+    Gonorrhea&mdash;Ophthalmia Neonatorum&mdash;Differences of Course of
+    Disease in Men and Women&mdash;Gonorrhea Less Painful in
+    Women&mdash;Symptoms not Suspected by Woman&mdash;Necessity for the
+    Woman Consulting a Physician&mdash;Self-treatment When Woman
+    Cannot Consult Physician&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Injections.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXIV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-four">Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">164</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls&mdash;Discharge Chief
+    Symptom&mdash;Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis&mdash;Psychic Results of
+    Treatment&mdash;Effects in Hastening Sexual Maturity&mdash;Vulvovaginitis
+    a Cause of Permanent Sterility&mdash;Measures to Prevent the
+    Disease&mdash;Toilet Seats and Vulvovaginitis.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-five">Syphilis</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">168</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Syphilis Due to Germ&mdash;Syphilis a Constitutional
+    Disease&mdash;Primary Lesion&mdash;Incubation Period&mdash;Roseola&mdash;Primary
+    Stage&mdash;Secondary Stage&mdash;Mucous Patches&mdash;Tertiary
+    Stage&mdash;Gumma&mdash;Hereditary Nature of Syphilis&mdash;Milder Course in
+    Women Than in Men&mdash;Obscure Symptoms in Syphilis&mdash;Necessity
+    for Examination by Physician&mdash;Locomotor Ataxia&mdash;Softening of
+    the Brain&mdash;Chancroids.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXVI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-six">The Curability of Venereal Disease</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">174<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in
+    Man&mdash;Extensive Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to
+    Cure&mdash;Positive Cure in Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXVII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-seven">Venereal Prophylaxis</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">177</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious
+    Intercourse&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Douches&mdash;Precautions Against
+    Non-venereal Sources of Infection&mdash;Syphilis Transmitted by
+    Dentist's Instruments&mdash;Manicurists and Syphilis&mdash;Promiscuous
+    Kissing a Source of Syphilitic Infection.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-eight">Alcohol, Sex and Venereal Disease</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">181</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease&mdash;A Champagne Dinner
+    and Syphilis&mdash;Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due
+    to Alcohol&mdash;Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man and
+    in Woman&mdash;Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to Alcohol&mdash;Alcohol
+    as an Aid to Seduction.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXIX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Twenty-nine">Marriage and Gonorrhea</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">187</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected
+    with Gonorrhea or Syphilis&mdash;Advisability of Certificate of
+    Freedom from Transmissible Disease&mdash;Premarital Examination as
+    a Universal Custom&mdash;When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be
+    Allowed to Marry&mdash;When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be
+    Allowed to Marry&mdash;Antisepsis Before Coitus&mdash;Question of
+    Sterility in the Man Who Has Had Gonorrhea Easily
+    Answered&mdash;Impossibility of Determining Whether the Woman is
+    Fertile or Not.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty">Marriage and Syphilis</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">195</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry&mdash;Rules More
+    Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired&mdash;Where Both
+    Partners Are Syphilitic&mdash;Danger of Paresis in Some Syphilitic
+    Patients&mdash;A Case in the Author's Practice.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-one">Who May and Who May Not Marry</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">200</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of Marriage&mdash;<i>Venereal
+    Disease</i> the Most Common Question&mdash;<i>Tuberculosis</i>&mdash;Sexual
+    Appetite of Tubercular Patients&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>Effect
+    of Pregnancy Contraceptive Knowledge for Tubercular
+    Wife&mdash;<i>Heart Disease</i>&mdash;Serious Bar to Marriage&mdash;Influence of
+    Sexual Intercourse&mdash;<i>Cancer</i>&mdash;Fear of Hereditary
+    Transmission&mdash;<i>Exophthalmic Goiter</i>&mdash;Most Frequent in
+    Women&mdash;Simple Goiter&mdash;Exceptions to Rule&mdash;<i>Obesity</i>&mdash;Family
+    History&mdash;Obesity and Stoutness Not Synonymous&mdash;<i>Arteriosclerosis</i>&mdash;Danger in Sexual
+    Act&mdash;<i>Gout</i>&mdash;Real Causes of Gout&mdash;<i>Mumps</i>&mdash;Parotid Glands
+    and Sex Organs&mdash;Mumps and Sterility&mdash;O&ouml;phoritis Due to
+    Mumps&mdash;<i>Hemophilia</i>&mdash;Hemophilic Sons May Marry&mdash;Hemophilic
+    Daughters May Not Marry&mdash;<i>Anemia</i>&mdash;<i>Chlorosis</i>&mdash;<i>Epilepsy</i>&mdash;Hysteria&mdash;Symptoms
+    of Hysteria&mdash;Marriage of Hysterical
+    Women&mdash;<i>Alcoholism</i>&mdash;Effect on Offspring&mdash;Alcoholics and
+    Impotence&mdash;<i>Feeblemindedness</i>&mdash;Evil Effects on
+    Offspring&mdash;Sterilization of Feebleminded Only
+    Preventive&mdash;<i>Insanity</i>&mdash;Functional Insanity&mdash;Organic
+    Insanity&mdash;Hereditary Transmissibility of Insanity&mdash;Fear
+    Resulting in Insanity&mdash;Environment versus Heredity in
+    Insanity&mdash;<i>Neurosis</i>&mdash;<i>Neurasthenia</i>&mdash;<i>Psychasthenia</i>&mdash;<i>Neuropathy</i>&mdash;<i>Psychopathy</i>&mdash;Nervous
+    Conditions and Genius&mdash;Sexual Impotence and Genius&mdash;<i>Drug
+    Addiction</i>&mdash;External Causes&mdash;<i>Consanguineous
+    Marriages</i>&mdash;When Consanguineous Marriages are
+    Advisable&mdash;Offspring of Consanguineous
+    Marriages&mdash;Homosexuality&mdash;Homosexuals Often Ignorant of
+    Their Condition&mdash;Sexual Repression and Homosexuality&mdash;Sadism
+    and Divorce&mdash;Masochism&mdash;Sexual Impotence and
+    Marriage&mdash;Effect Upon the Wife&mdash;Frigidity&mdash;Marital Relations
+    and Frigid Woman&mdash;Excessive Libido and Marriage&mdash;Excessive
+    Demands Upon Wife&mdash;Satyriasis&mdash;The Excessively Libidinous
+    Wife&mdash;Nymphomania&mdash;Treatment&mdash;Harelip&mdash;Myopia&mdash;Astigmatism&mdash;Premature
+    Baldness&mdash;Criminality&mdash;Crime as Result of Environment&mdash;Legal
+    and Moral Crime&mdash;Ancestral Criminality and Marriage&mdash;Rules
+    of Heredity&mdash;Pauperism&mdash;Difference Between Pauperism and
+    Poverty.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-two">Birth Control Or the Limitation of Offspring</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">244</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Knowledge of Prevention of Conception
+    Essential&mdash;Misapprehensions Concerning Birth-control
+    Propaganda&mdash;Modern Contraceptives Not Injurious to
+    Health&mdash;Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures Due to
+    Secrecy&mdash;Prevention of Conception and Abortion Radically
+    Different&mdash;More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+    Information were Legally Obtainable&mdash;Demand for Prostitution
+    Would be Curtailed&mdash;Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+    <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>Knowledge&mdash;Another Phase of the Birth-control
+    Problem&mdash;Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was
+    a Taint of Insanity, and the Happy Results.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-three">Advice To Girls Approaching the Threshold of Womanhood</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">261</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male&mdash;The
+    Unprotected Girl's Temptations&mdash;Some Men Who Will Pester the
+    Young Girl&mdash;Risk of Venereal Infection&mdash;Danger of
+    Impregnation&mdash;Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman
+    May Not Always Be Relied Upon&mdash;Nature of Men who Seduce
+    Girls&mdash;Exceptions&mdash;Illegitimate Motherhood&mdash;Difficulties in
+    the Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living&mdash;The
+    Child of the Foundling Asylum&mdash;Social Attitude Towards
+    Illegitimacy Responsible for Abortion Evil&mdash;Dangers of
+    Abortion&mdash;The Girl Who Has Lost Her Virginity.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXIV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-four">Advice To Parents of Unfortunate Girls</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">273</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl&mdash;The Case of Edith
+    and What Her Father Did&mdash;The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and
+    Bridget C.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-five">Sexual Relations During Menstruation</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">279</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During
+    Menstruation&mdash;Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual
+    Period&mdash;When Intercourse May be Permitted&mdash;Injection Before
+    Coitus During Menstruation&mdash;Fallacy of Ancient Idea of
+    Injuriousness.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXVI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-six">Sexual Intercourse During Pregnancy</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">282</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Complete Abstinence During Pregnancy&mdash;Bad Results of Complete
+    Abstinence&mdash;Intensity of Relations During First Four
+    Months&mdash;Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh
+    Months&mdash;Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth
+    Months&mdash;Abstinence After Birth of Child.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXVII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-seven">Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">284</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only&mdash;What Such
+    Practice Would Lead to&mdash;Nature and the Sex-fanatics&mdash;Sexual
+    Desire in Woman After Menopause&mdash;Sex Instinct of Sterile Men
+    and Women&mdash;Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXVIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-eight">Vaginismus</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">288<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Vaginismus&mdash;Dyspareunia&mdash;Difference Between Vaginismus and
+    Dyspareunia&mdash;Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+    Convulsions.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXXIX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Thirty-nine">Sterility</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">291</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Definition of Sterility&mdash;Husband Should First be
+    Examined&mdash;One-child Sterility&mdash;The Fertile Woman&mdash;Salpingitis
+    as a Cause of Sterility&mdash;Leucorrhea and
+    Sterility&mdash;Displacement of Uterus and Sterility&mdash;Closure of
+    Neck of Womb and Sterility&mdash;Sterility and Constitutional
+    Disease&mdash;Treatment of Sterility.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XL.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty">The Hymen</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">294</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Difference Between Chastity and Virginity&mdash;Worship of Intact
+    Hymen&mdash;Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of
+    the Girl&mdash;Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-one">Is the Orgasm Necessary for Impregnation?</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">297</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation&mdash;Bad
+    Results of Suppression by the Woman&mdash;Orgasm: Relation of to
+    Impregnation&mdash;A Hypothesis&mdash;A Fanciful Hypothesis&mdash;Why
+    Passionate Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers&mdash;Advice to
+    Passionate Women who Desire to Conceive.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-two">Frigidity in Women</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">301</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Meaning of Term Frigidity&mdash;Types of Frigidity&mdash;Large Percentage
+    of Frigid Women&mdash;Repression of Sexual Manifestations and
+    Frigidity&mdash;Frigidity and Masturbation&mdash;Frigidity and Sexual
+    Weakness of Husband&mdash;Frigidity and Dislike of
+    Husband&mdash;Organic Causes of Frigidity&mdash;A Frigid Woman May
+    Become Passionate&mdash;Treatment of Frigidity.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-three">Advice to Frigid Women, Particularly Wives</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">304</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Advice to Frigid Women&mdash;Attitude of Different Men Towards Frigid
+    Wives&mdash;Orgasm a Subjective Feeling&mdash;A Justifiable Innocent
+    Deception&mdash;The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLIV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-four">Rape</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">308<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Definition of Rape&mdash;Age of Consent&mdash;Unanimous Opinion of
+    Experts&mdash;Exceptional Cases&mdash;False Accusation of Rape Due to
+    Perversion&mdash;Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing
+    Accusations Against Doctors and Dentists.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLV.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-five">The Single Standard of Sexual Morality</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">311</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Chastity&mdash;Double Standard of Morality&mdash;Attempt to Abolish Double
+    Standard&mdash;Late Marriages and Chastity in Men&mdash;Harmful Advice
+    Given to Young Women&mdash;Chastity in Men Not Always Due to Moral
+    Principles&mdash;Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands&mdash;A Statement
+    by Professor Freud&mdash;A Statement by Professor Michels&mdash;What a
+    Girl has a Right to Demand of Her Future Husband&mdash;Three Cases
+    Showing Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLVI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-six">Difference Between Man's and Woman's Sex and Love Life</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">318</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Seemingly Contradictory Statements&mdash;Faulty Interpretations of
+    Words Sexual Instinct and Love&mdash;Difference in Manifestations
+    of Male and Female Sexual Instincts&mdash;Man's Sex Instinct
+    Grosser Than Woman's&mdash;Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy
+    and in the Girl&mdash;Woman's Desire for Caresses&mdash;Man's Main
+    Desire for Sexual Relations&mdash;Normal Sex Relations as Means of
+    Holding a Man&mdash;A Physiological Reason Why Man is Held&mdash;Man
+    and Physical Love&mdash;Woman and Spiritual Love&mdash;Preliminaries of
+    Sexual Intercourse in Men and Women&mdash;Physical
+    Attributes&mdash;Mental and Spiritual
+    Qualities&mdash;Difference Between Love and "Being in Love"&mdash;Love
+    as a Stimulus to Man&mdash;When the Man Loves&mdash;When the Woman
+    Loves&mdash;Man's More Engrossing Interests&mdash;Lovemaking Irksome to
+    Man&mdash;Man's Polygamous Tendencies&mdash;Woman Single-affectioned in
+    Her Sex and Love Life&mdash;Man and Woman Biologically Different.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLVII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-seven">Maternal Impressions</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">327</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions&mdash;No Single
+    Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression&mdash;Birth of
+    Monstrosities&mdash;Ridiculous Examples Given by
+    Physicians&mdash;So-called Shock Often a Product of Mother's
+    Imagination&mdash;Four Cases of Alleged Maternal
+    Impressions&mdash;Mother's Health During Pregnancy May Have Effect
+    Upon Child's General Health.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLVIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-eight">Advice to the Married and Those About to Be</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">336<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Marriage as an Ideal Institution&mdash;Monogamic Marriage&mdash;Some
+    Reasons for Husbands' Deviations&mdash;Importance of First Few
+    Weeks of Married Life&mdash;Necessity for Understanding at
+    Beginning&mdash;Preventing and Breaking Habits&mdash;The Wife's
+    Individuality&mdash;Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious&mdash;Wife's
+    Interest in Husband's Affairs&mdash;The "Slob" Husband&mdash;The
+    Well-groomed Husband&mdash;Bad Odor from the Mouth&mdash;Odors from
+    Other Parts of the Body&mdash;Treatment for Bad Odor from
+    Perspiration&mdash;A Beneficial Powder&mdash;Advice Regarding
+    Flirting&mdash;Dainty Underwear&mdash;Fine External Clothes and Cheap
+    and Soiled Underwear&mdash;Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act
+    Required with Some Men&mdash;Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's
+    Foibles&mdash;A Professional Secret&mdash;A Case of Temporary
+    Impotence&mdash;The Wife's Indiscretion&mdash;The Disastrous Result&mdash;A
+    Big Stomach&mdash;The Wife's Attitude Towards the Marital
+    Relation&mdash;Behavior Preliminary to and During the
+    Act&mdash;Congenital Frigidity&mdash;Prudish and Vicious Ideas About
+    the Sex Act&mdash;Sexual Intercourse for Procreative Purposes
+    Only&mdash;Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife&mdash;The
+    Remedy&mdash;Other Causes&mdash;Wife who Makes too Frequent
+    Demands&mdash;Sacrificing the Future to the Present&mdash;Esthetic
+    Considerations.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XLXIX.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Forty-nine">A Rational Divorce System</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">356</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">A Rational Divorce System&mdash;Storms and Squalls&mdash;Two Sides of the
+    Divorce Question&mdash;Outside Help and Marital Tangles&mdash;A Husband
+    who was a Paragon of Virtue&mdash;The Case of the Sweet Wife&mdash;The
+    Proper Untangling of Domestic Tangles.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">L.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fifty">What Is Love?</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">361</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Is Love Definable?&mdash;Raising a Corner of the Veil&mdash;Two Opinions
+    of Love&mdash;The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love&mdash;The
+    Second Opinion&mdash;The Grain of Truth in Each&mdash;The Truth
+    Concerning Love&mdash;Foundation of Love&mdash;Sexual Attraction and
+    Love&mdash;The Frigid Woman and Her Husband&mdash;Puzzling Cases of
+    Love&mdash;The Paradox&mdash;Blindness of Love and the Penetrating
+    Vision of Love&mdash;Limits of Homeliness&mdash;Physical Aversion and
+    Genesis of Love&mdash;Mating in the Animal Kingdom&mdash;Mating in Low
+    Races&mdash;Love in People of High Culture&mdash;Difference in Love of
+    Savage and Man of Culture&mdash;Distinctions Between
+    Loves&mdash;Varieties of Love and Varieties of Men&mdash;"Love" Without
+    Sexual Desire&mdash;Refraining and Wanting&mdash;Cause of Love
+    <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>at First Sight&mdash;"Magnetic Forces" and Love at First Sight&mdash;The
+    Pathological Side&mdash;Differentiation of Phases of
+    Love&mdash;Infatuation&mdash;Difference Between "Infatuation" and
+    "Being in Love"&mdash;Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation&mdash;Sexual
+    Satisfaction and Love&mdash;Infatuation Mistaken for Love&mdash;Love
+    the Most Mysterious of Human Emotions&mdash;Great Love and
+    Supreme Happiness.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">LI.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fifty-one">Jealousy and How to Combat It</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">375</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions&mdash;Impairment of
+    Health&mdash;Mental Havoc&mdash;Jealousy as a Primitive
+    Emotion&mdash;Jealousy in the Advanced Thinker and in the
+    Savage&mdash;Jealousy in the Child&mdash;Feelings and Environmental
+    Factors&mdash;Essential Factors&mdash;Vanity&mdash;Anger&mdash;Pain&mdash;Envy&mdash;The
+    Impotent Husband's Jealousy&mdash;Anti-social Qualities&mdash;The
+    Jealous and the Unfaithful Husband&mdash;Means of Eradicating the
+    Evil&mdash;Iwan Bloch on the Question&mdash;Prof. Robert Michels'
+    Statement&mdash;Remark of Prof. Von Ehrenfels&mdash;Havelock Ellis on
+    Variation in Sexual Relationships&mdash;Advanced Ideas&mdash;Woman as
+    Man's Chattel&mdash;The Change and the Changer&mdash;Teaching the
+    Children&mdash;Casting Epithets at Jealousy&mdash;Free Unions and
+    Jealousy&mdash;Feelings, Actions and Public Opinion&mdash;The
+    Adulterous Wife of the Present Day&mdash;Jealousy Defeating Its
+    Own Object&mdash;Jealousy of Inanimate Objects.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">LII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fifty-two">Remedies for Jealousy</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">395</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><p class="hang2">Prevention and Cure&mdash;Prophylaxis of Jealousy&mdash;Fitting Remedy to
+    Circumstances&mdash;The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband&mdash;No
+    Question of Love&mdash;Advice to the Wife of the Flirtatious
+    Man&mdash;An Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy&mdash;Jealousy Must Be
+    Experienced to Be Understood&mdash;Necessity for Freedom of
+    Association&mdash;Lines of Conduct for the Wife&mdash;Contempt for a
+    Certain Type of Wife and Husband&mdash;The Abandoned Lover&mdash;The
+    Effects of Unrequited Love&mdash;Sublimated Sexual
+    Desire&mdash;Replacing Unrequited Love&mdash;The Attitude of
+    Goethe&mdash;Simultaneous Loves Possible&mdash;Successive Loves
+    Possible&mdash;Eternal Loves&mdash;When Sex Relationships May Be
+    Beneficial&mdash;Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value&mdash;The
+    Broken Engagement&mdash;The Terrible Effects on the Young Man&mdash;The
+    Young Streetwalker&mdash;Sex Relations with Fianc&eacute;&mdash;Inundating
+    Sense of Shame&mdash;Collapse&mdash;Attempts at Suicide&mdash;An Active Sex
+    Life&mdash;The Results&mdash;The Prevention of Jealousy.</p></td>
+  <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">LIII.</td>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#Chapter_Fifty-three">Concluding Words</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">409</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_One" id="Chapter_One"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE</h2>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter One<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE PARAMOUNT NEED OF SEX KNOWLEDGE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+Women&mdash;Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy&mdash;The Place Love Occupies
+in Woman's Life&mdash;Woman's Physical Disabilities.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>All are agreed&mdash;I mean all who are capable of thinking and have given
+the subject some thought&mdash;that for the welfare of the race and for his
+own physical and mental welfare it is important that the boy be given
+some sex instruction. All are not agreed as to the character of the
+instruction, its extent, the age at which it should be begun and as to
+who the teacher should be&mdash;the father, the family physician, the
+school teacher or a specially prepared book&mdash;but as to the necessity
+of sex knowledge for the boy there is now substantial agreement&mdash;among
+the conservatives as well as among the radicals.</p>
+
+<p>No such agreement exists concerning sex <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>knowledge for the girl. Many
+still are the men and women&mdash;and not among the conservatives only&mdash;who
+are strongly opposed to girls receiving any instruction in sex
+matters. Some say that such instruction&mdash;except a few hygienic rules
+about menstruation&mdash;is unnecessary, because the sex instinct awakens
+in girls comparatively late, and it is time enough for them to learn
+about such matters after they are married. Others fear that sex
+knowledge would destroy the mystery and romance of sex, and would rob
+our maidens of their greatest charms&mdash;modesty and innocence. Still
+others fear that sex instruction would tend to awaken the sex instinct
+in our girls prematurely; would direct their thoughts to matters about
+which they would not think otherwise; and they argue that the warnings
+about venereal disease, prostitution, etc., which are an integral part
+of sex instruction, tend to create a cynical, inimical attitude
+towards the male sex, which may even result in hypochondriac ideas and
+antagonism to marriage.</p>
+
+<p>I do not deny that there is a grain of truth in all the above
+objections. Sex instruction does cause <i>some</i> girls to think of sex
+matters earlier than they otherwise would, and some girls have been
+made bitter and hypochondriac, and disgusted with the male sex. But it
+would not be difficult to demonstrate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>that it was not sex instruction
+<i>per se</i> that was responsible for these deplorable results; it was the
+<i>wrong</i> kind of instruction that was to blame&mdash;it was the wrong
+emphasis, the lurid exaggerations that caused the mischief, and not
+the truth. In other words, it is not sex information, it is sex
+misinformation, that is pernicious. And, of course, to this everybody
+will agree: rather than false information, better no information at
+all.</p>
+
+<p>But if the information to be imparted be sane, honest and truthful,
+without exaggerating the evils and without laying undue emphasis on
+the dark shadows of our sex life, then the results can be only
+beneficent. And the task I have put before myself in this book is to
+give our girls and women sane, square and honest information about
+their sex organs and sex nature, information absolutely free from
+luridness, on the one hand, and maudlin sentimentality, on the other.
+The female sex is in need of such information, much more so than is
+the male sex. Yes, if boys, as is now universally agreed, are in need
+of sex instruction, then girls are much more in need of it. Why? For
+several important reasons.</p>
+
+<p>The first reason why sex instruction is even more important for girls
+than it is for boys is because a misstep in a girl has much more
+disastrous consequences than it has in a boy. The disastrous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>results
+of a misstep in a boy are only physical in character; the results of
+the <i>same</i> misstep in a girl may be physical, moral, social and
+economic. To speak more plainly. If a boy, through ignorance, rashly
+indulges in illicit sexual relations, the worst consequence to him may
+be infection with a venereal disease. But he is not considered
+immoral, he is not despised, he is not ostracized, he does not lose
+his social standing in the slightest degree, and when he is cured of
+his venereal disease he has no difficulty in getting married. He does
+not even have to conceal his past sexual history from his wife. But if
+a girl makes a misstep the consequences to her are terrible indeed; it
+may not only cost her her health and social standing, she may have to
+pay with her very life. She runs the risk of venereal infection the
+same as the boy does, but in addition she runs the risk of becoming
+pregnant, which in our present social system is a catastrophe indeed.
+To save herself from the disgrace of an illegitimate child she may
+have an abortion produced; the abortion may have no bad results, but
+it may, if performed bunglingly, leave her an invalid for life, or it
+may kill her outright. If she is so unfortunate as to be unable to get
+anybody to produce an abortion, she gives birth to an illegitimate
+child, which she is forced in most cases to put away in an institution
+of some sort <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>where she hopes and prays it may die soon&mdash;and, in
+general, it does. If it does not die, she has for the rest of her life
+a Damocles' sword hanging over her head, and she is in constant terror
+lest her sin be found out. She does not permit herself to look for a
+mate, but if she does get married, the specter of her antematrimonial
+experience is constantly before her eyes. After years and years of
+married life, the husband may divorce her if he finds out that she had
+"sinned" before she knew him. And unless the husband is a broad-minded
+man and loves her truly and unless she made a clean breast of
+everything to him before marriage, her life is continuous torture. But
+even if the girl escaped pregnancy, the mere finding out that she had
+an illicit experience deprives her of social standing, or makes her a
+social outcast and entirely destroys or greatly minimizes her chances
+of ever marrying and establishing a home of her own. She must remain a
+lonely wanderer to the end of her days.</p>
+
+<p>The enormous difference in the results of a misstep in a boy and a
+girl is clearly seen, and for this reason alone, if for no other, sex
+instruction is of more importance to the girl than it is to the boy.</p>
+
+<p>But there are other important reasons, and one of them is beautifully
+and truthfully expressed by Byron in his two well-known lines.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Man's love is of man's life a thing apart,<br /></span><span class='pn'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis woman's whole existence.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Yes, love is a woman's whole life.</p>
+
+<p>Some modern women might object to this. They might say that this was
+true of the woman of the past, who was excluded from all other avenues
+of human activity. The woman of the present day has other interests
+besides those of Love. But I claim that this is true of only a small
+percentage of women; and in even this small minority of women, social,
+scientific and artistic activities cannot take the place of love; no
+matter how busy and successful these women may be, they will tell you
+if you enjoy their confidence that they are unhappy, if their love
+life is unsatisfactory. Nothing, nothing can fill the void made by the
+lack of love. The various activities may help to cover up the void, to
+protect it from strange eyes, they cannot fill it. For essentially
+woman is made for love. Not exclusively, but essentially, and a woman
+who has had no love in her life has been a failure. The few exceptions
+that may be mentioned only emphasize the rule.</p>
+
+<p>But not only psychically is a woman's love and sex life more important
+than a man's, physically she is also much more cognizant of her sex
+and much more hampered by the manifestation of her sex <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>nature than
+man is. To take but one function, menstruation. From the age 13 or 14
+to the age of forty-five or fifty it is a monthly reminder to woman
+that she is a woman, that she is a creature of sex; and, while to many
+women this periodically recurring function is only a source of some
+annoyance or discomfort, to a great number it is a cause of pain,
+headache, suffering, or complete disability. Man has no such
+phenomenon to annoy him practically his whole life.</p>
+
+<p>But more important are the results of love-union, of sex relations. A
+man after a sexual relation is just as free as he was before. A woman,
+if the relation has resulted in a pregnancy, which is generally the
+case, unless special pains are taken it should not so result, has nine
+troublesome months before her, months of discomfort if not of actual
+suffering; she then has an extremely trying and painful ordeal, that
+of childbirth, and then there is another trying period, the period of
+lactation or of nursing and of bringing up the baby. The penalty seems
+almost too great.</p>
+
+<p>And when the woman is on the point of ceasing to menstruate she does
+not do so smoothly and comfortably. She has to go through a period
+called the menopause, which may last one or two years and which may
+bring discomforts and dangers of its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>own. Man does not have to go
+through such a distinct period of demarcation separating his sexual
+from his non-sexual life. Altogether it cannot be denied that woman is
+much more a slave of her sex nature than man is of his. Yes, Nature
+has handicapped woman much more heavily than she has man.</p>
+
+<p>In short, both in view of the fact that sexual ignorance with its
+possible missteps has much more disastrous consequences for the girl
+than it has for the boy, and in view of the fact that the sex instinct
+and its physical and psychic manifestations occupy a much more
+important part in woman's life than they do in the life of man, we
+consider the necessity of sex instruction much greater in the case of
+woman than in the case of man. I do not wish to be misunderstood as
+underestimating the need of sex instruction for the male&mdash;only I
+consider the need even greater in the case of the female.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Two" id="Chapter_Two"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Two<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS: THEIR ANATOMY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">The Internal Sex Organs&mdash;The Ovaries&mdash;The Fallopian Tubes&mdash;The
+Uterus&mdash;The Divisions of the Uterus&mdash;Anteversion, Anteflexion,
+Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the Uterus&mdash;Endometritis&mdash;The
+Vagina&mdash;The Hymen&mdash;Imperforate Hymen&mdash;The External
+Genitals&mdash;The Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia Minora, the Mons
+Veneris, the Clitoris, the Urethra&mdash;The Breasts&mdash;The
+Pelvis&mdash;The Difference Between the Male and Female Pelvis.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The organs which primarily distinguish one sex from the other are the
+sex organs. It is by the aid of the sex organs that children are
+begotten and brought into the world, that the race is <i>reproduced</i> and
+perpetuated. It is for this reason that the sex organs are also called
+the Reproductive Organs.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing we must do is to become familiar with the <i>structure</i>
+and <i>location</i> of the sex organs; in other words, we must get a fair
+idea of their <i>Anatomy</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The female sex organs, also called the reproductive or generative
+organs, are divided into internal and external. The internal are the
+most important and consist of: the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>or womb, and vagina. The external sex organs of the female are: the
+vulva, hymen, and clitoris. Among the external organs are also
+generally included the mons Veneris and the breasts or mammary glands.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER A</h5>
+
+<h4>THE INTERNAL SEX ORGANS</h4>
+
+<p><b>The Ovaries.</b> The ovaries are the essential organs of reproduction.
+For it is they that generate the eggs, or <i>ova</i>, or <i>ovules</i>, which,
+after becoming <i>fertilized</i> or <i>fecundated</i> by the spermatozoa of the
+male, develop into children. Without the ovaries of the female, the
+same as without the testicles of the male (to which they correspond),
+no children could be begotten, and the entire human race would quickly
+disappear from our planet. The ovaries are two in number; they are
+embedded in the <i>broad ligaments</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>which support the womb in the
+pelvis, one on each side of the womb. They are of a grayish or whitish
+pink color, and are about an inch and a half long, three-quarters of
+an inch wide, and one-third of an inch thick. They weigh from
+one-eighth to one-quarter of an ounce. Their surface is either smooth
+or rough and puckered. Think of a large blanched almond and you will
+have a pretty fair idea of the size and shape of an ovary.</p>
+
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep034.png" width="55%" alt="Ovary." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Ovary.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>The Fallopian Tubes.</b> The Fallopian tubes (so called from Fallopius,
+a great anatomist, who discovered them; also called oviducts: egg
+conductors, because they conduct the eggs from the ovary into the
+uterus) are two very thin tubes, extending one from each upper angle
+of the womb to the ovaries; but at their ovarian end they expand into
+a fringed and trumpet-shaped extremity. The fringes are referred to as
+<i>fimbria</i>. They are about five inches long and only about
+one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter; the function of the tubes is to
+catch the ova as they burst forth from the ovaries and to convey them
+to the uterus. Taking into consideration the very narrow <i>lumen</i>, or
+<i>caliber</i>, of the Fallopian tubes, it is easy to understand why even a
+very slight inflammation is apt to clog them up, to seal their mouths
+or openings, thus rendering the woman <i>sterile</i>, or incapable of
+having children. For, if the Fallopian <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>tubes are "clogged" up, the
+eggs, or ova, have no way of reaching the uterus.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek name for the Fallopian tube is salpinx (salpinx in Greek
+means tube). An inflammation of the Fallopian tube is therefore called
+salpingitis. (A salpingitis has the same effect in causing sterility
+in the female as has an epididymitis in the male.) Salpingectomy is
+the cutting away of the whole or of a piece of the Fallopian tube
+(corresponds to vasectomy in the male).</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 25%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep037.png" width="75%" alt="Womb." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">1. Openings into the Fallopian Tubes.
+2. Mouth of the Womb.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>The Uterus.</b> The uterus or womb is the organ in which the fertilized
+ovum, or egg, grows and develops into a child. It is a hollow muscular
+organ, about the size of a pear, with thick walls, capable under the
+influence of pregnancy of great expansion and growth. The broad part
+of the pear is called the <i>body</i> of the uterus; the lower narrow part
+is called the <i>neck</i> of the uterus, or <i>cervix</i>. The uterus in the
+adult girl or woman is about three inches long, two inches broad in
+its upper part and nearly an inch thick. It weighs from an ounce to an
+ounce and a half. When the uterus is in a pregnant condition, it
+increases enormously, both in size and in weight, as we will see in a
+future chapter. The cavity of the uterus is somewhat triangular in
+shape; at each upper angle is the small opening communicating with the
+Fallopian tube; the upper portion of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>the uterus is called the fundus;
+the external opening of the womb, situated in the center of the
+cervix, is called the mouth of the womb, or the <i>os</i>, or external os.</p>
+
+<p>The uterus is situated in the center of the pelvis, between the
+bladder and the rectum. It is supported by certain ligaments, the
+chief of which are the broad ligaments; but, on account of general
+weakness, too hard physical labor, or lifting heavy weights, the
+ligaments may stretch, and the uterus may sink down low in the vagina,
+and we then have the condition known as prolapse of the womb. Or, the
+womb may turn forward, when we have a condition of <i>anteversion</i>. If
+the womb is <i>bent</i> (or <i>flexed</i>) forward on itself the condition is
+called <i>anteflexion</i>. If the womb is turned backwards, the condition
+is called <i>retroversion</i>; if it is bent or flexed backward upon itself
+the condition is called <i>retroflexion</i>. An extreme degree of
+anteversion or anteflexion, or retroversion or retroflexion, may
+interfere with impregnation, as the spermatozoa may find it
+difficult or impossible to reach the opening of the womb&mdash;the external
+os.</p>
+
+<div class="img" style="clear: both;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep038.png" width="75%" alt="Womb." /><br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>The entire cavity of the uterus is lined by a mucous membrane;<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> this
+mucous membrane is called the endometrium (endo&mdash;within;
+metra&mdash;uterus). An inflammation of the endometrium is called
+<i>endometritis</i>. It is the endometrium that is principally concerned in
+menstruation&mdash;that is, it is from it that the monthly discharge of
+blood comes.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Vagina</b> [vagina in Latin&mdash;a sheath]. The vagina is the tube or
+canal which serves as a passage-way between the uterus and the outside
+of the body. It extends from the external genitals or vulva to the
+neck of the womb, embracing the latter for some distance. It is a
+strong, fibromuscular canal, lined with mucous membrane. It is not
+smooth inside, but arranged in folds, or <i>rug&aelig;</i>, so that when
+necessary, as during childbirth, it can stretch enormously and permit
+the passage of a child's head. The length of the vaginal canal is
+between three and five inches, but it is in general much more
+capacious in women that have borne one or more children than in those
+who have not borne any.</p>
+
+<p>Near the vaginal entrance are situated two small glands; they are
+about the size of a pea, and secrete mucus. They are called
+Bartholin's glands; occasionally they become inflamed and give a good
+deal of trouble.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 100%; padding: .5em;">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 45%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep040a.png" width="65%" alt="Anteversion of the Uterus" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Anteversion of the Uterus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 45%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep040b.png" width="65%" alt="Anteflexion of the Uterus" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Anteflexion of the Uterus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 45%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep040c.png" width="65%" alt="Retroversion of the Uterus" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Retroversion of the Uterus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 45%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep040d.png" width="65%" alt="Retroflexion of the Uterus" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Retroflexion of the Uterus.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p style="clear: both;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span><b>The Hymen</b> [hymen in Greek&mdash;a membrane]. The external opening of the
+vagina, in virgins, that is, in girls or women who have not had sexual
+intercourse, is almost entirely closed by a membrane called the hymen.
+The vulgar name for hymen is "maidenhead." The hymen may be of various
+shapes, and of different consistency. In some girls it is a very thin
+membrane, which tears very readily; in others it is quite tough. On
+the upper margin or in the center of the hymen there is an opening
+which permits any secretion from the vagina and the blood from the
+uterus to come through. In rare cases there is no opening in the
+hymen, that is, the vagina is entirely closed. Such a hymen is called
+<i>imperforate</i> (not perforated). When the girl begins to menstruate,
+the blood cannot come out and it accumulates in the vagina. In such
+cases the hymen must be opened or slit by a doctor. In some cases the
+hymen is congenitally absent; that is, the girl is born without any
+hymen. While the hymen is usually ruptured during the first
+intercourse, it, in some cases, being elastic and stretchable,
+persists untorn after sexual intercourse. It will therefore be seen
+that just as the presence of the hymen is no absolute proof of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>virginity, so is the absence of the hymen no absolute proof that the
+girl has had sexual relations, She might have been born without any
+hymen, or it might have been ruptured by vaginal examination, by a
+vaginal douche, by scratching to relieve itching, or by some accident.</p>
+
+<p>The remains of the hymen after it is ruptured shrink and form little
+elevations which can be easily felt; they are known as caruncles. [In
+Latin, <i>caruncul&aelig; myrtiformes</i>, which means in English
+myrtleberry-shaped caruncles; caruncle is a small fleshy elevation;
+derived from <i>caro</i>, which in Latin means flesh.]</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER B</h5>
+
+<h4>THE EXTERNAL GENITALS</h4>
+
+<p><b>The Vulva.</b> The external genitals of the female are called the
+<i>vulva</i>. The vulva consists of the labia majora (meaning the larger
+lips), which are on the outside and which in the grown-up girl are
+covered with hair, and the labia minora (the smaller lips), which are
+on the inside and which are usually only seen when the labia majora
+are taken apart.</p>
+
+<p>[Vulva in Latin means folding-door. The ancients Were fond of giving
+fancy names to things.]</p>
+
+<p><b>The Mons Veneris.</b> The elevation above the vulva, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>which during
+puberty becomes covered with hair, is called by the fanciful name,
+<i>mons Veneris</i>, or Venus' mountain. It is usually well padded with
+fatty tissue.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Clitoris.</b> The clitoris is a small body about an inch in length,
+situated beneath the mons Veneris and partly or entirely covered by
+the upper borders of the labia minora.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Urethra.</b> Between the clitoris above and the opening of the
+vagina below is situated the opening of the <i>urethra</i>, or the urinary
+meatus, through which the urine passes. Many women are so ignorant,
+or, let us say innocent, that they think the urine passes out through
+the vagina. This is not so. The vagina has nothing to do with the
+process of urination.</p>
+
+<p>Again enumerating the female sex organs, but in the reverse order,
+from before backward, or from out inward, we have: The mons Veneris
+and the labia majora, or the external lips of the vulva; these are the
+plainly visible parts of the female genital organs. When the labia
+majora are taken apart we see the labia minora; when the labia majora
+and minora are taken apart we can see or feel the clitoris and the
+hymen, or the remains of the hymen. We then have the vagina, a large,
+stretchable musculo-membranous canal, in the upper portion of which
+the neck of the womb, or the cervix, can be seen <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>(when a speculum is
+used), or felt by the finger. Only the cervix, or neck of the womb,
+can be seen, but the rest of the womb, the broader portion, can be
+easily felt and examined by one hand in the vagina and the other hand
+over the abdomen. Continuous with the uterus are the Fallopian tubes,
+and below the trumpet-shaped ends of the Fallopian tubes are the
+ovaries, embedded in the broad ligaments, one on each side.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Breasts.</b> The breasts, also called mammary glands, or mamm&aelig;
+[mamma in Latin, breast], may be considered as accessory organs of
+reproduction. They are of no importance in the male, in whom they are
+usually rudimentary, but they are of great importance in the female.
+They manufacture milk, which is necessary for the proper nutrition of
+the infant, and they add a great deal to the beauty and attractiveness
+of the woman. They are thus a help to the woman in getting a mate or a
+husband. The projecting elevation of the breast, which the child takes
+in his mouth when nursing, is called the nipple; the darker colored
+area surrounding the nipple is called the areola.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span><br />
+
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep043a.png" width="55%" alt="The Pelvis of the Male." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">The Pelvis of the Male.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep043b.png" width="55%" alt="The Pelvis of the Female." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">The Pelvis of the Female.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER C</h5>
+
+<h4>THE PELVIS</h4>
+
+<p>The internal sex organs are situated in the lower part of the
+abdominal cavity, the part that is called the <i>pelvis</i>, or pelvic
+cavity. The meaning of the word pelvis in Latin is basin. The pelvis,
+also referred to as the pelvic girdle or pelvic arch, forms a bony
+basin, and is composed of three powerful bones: the sacrum, consisting
+of five vertebr&aelig; fused together and constituting the solid part of the
+spine, or vertebral column, in the back, and the two hipbones, one on
+each side. The two hipbones meet in front, forming the <i>pubic arch</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The hipbones are called in Latin the ossa innominata (nameless bones)
+and each hipbone is composed of three bones: the ilium, the ischium,
+and the os pubis. The thighs are attached to the hipbones, and to the
+hipbones are also attached the large <i>gluteal</i> muscles, which form the
+buttocks, or the "seat."</p>
+
+<p>The pelvis of the female differs considerably from the pelvis of the
+male. The female pelvis is shallower and wider, less massive, the
+margins of the bones are more widely separated, thus giving greater
+prominence to the hips; the sacrum is shorter and less curved, and the
+pubic arch is wider and more <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>rounded. All this is necessary in order
+to permit the child's head to pass through. If the female pelvis were
+exactly like the male pelvis, a full-term living child could never
+pass through it. The two illustrations show the differences between
+the male and female pelvis very clearly.</p>
+
+<p>Note particularly the differences in the pubic arches: in the male
+pelvis it is really more of an angle than an arch. Also note how much
+longer and more solid the sacrum (with its attached bone, called the
+coccyx<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>) is in the male pelvis. The differences in the pelves (the
+plural of pelvis is pelves) of the male and female become fully marked
+at puberty, but they are present as early as the fourth month of
+intra-uterine life.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mucous membrane&mdash;briefly a membrane which secretes mucus
+or some other fluid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The coccyx consists of three rudimentary vertebr&aelig;; it is
+the vestige of an organ which we once possessed in common with many
+other animals, namely&mdash;a tail.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Three" id="Chapter_Three"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Three<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Function of the Ovaries&mdash;Internal Secretion of the
+Ovaries&mdash;Function of the Internal Secretion&mdash;Number of Ova in
+the Ovaries&mdash;The Graafian Follicles&mdash;Ovulation&mdash;Corpora
+Lutea&mdash;Function of the Fallopian Tubes&mdash;Function of the
+Vagina&mdash;Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons
+Veneris&mdash;Function of the Breasts&mdash;Besides Secreting Milk Breast
+Has Sexual Function&mdash;The Orgasm&mdash;Pollutions in Women&mdash;Secondary
+Sex Characters&mdash;Differences Between Woman and Man.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The importance of an organ depends upon its <i>function</i>, upon what it
+does, and not so much upon what it is. It is important to know the
+size, structure and location of an organ, but it is still more
+important to know its function; in other words, for our purpose it is
+more important to know the <i>physiology</i> than the anatomy of the sex
+organs.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER A</h5>
+
+<h4>FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES</h4>
+
+<p>Like the testicles in man, so the ovaries in woman are the essential
+sexual organs. They are the fundamental organs, without which the
+other sexual <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>organs are useless. Also like the testicles in man, the
+ovaries have two distinct functions, manufacturing two distinct
+substances. One function is to manufacture eggs; this, called the
+o&ouml;genetic or egg-producing function, is its <i>racial</i> function; without
+it the race could not perpetuate itself. But the ovary has also an
+<i>individual</i> function. Besides the ova, the ovary manufactures what we
+call an <i>internal</i> secretion which is absorbed by the blood, and which
+is of the greatest importance to the woman herself. While the
+manufacture of ova begins only at puberty, with menstruation, and
+closes at the menopause, the manufacture of the internal secretion
+lasts throughout the woman's entire life. This secretion, which
+consists of various chemical substances, has a tremendous influence
+not only on the development of the woman's body, but also on her
+feelings.</p>
+
+<p>First of all it is necessary for the development of the woman's
+special characteristics, or <i>secondary sexual characters</i>. Without
+that internal secretion of the ovaries, a woman would look more or
+less like a man; she would not develop her beautiful rounded form, her
+pretty long hair, her breasts, her broad pelvis, her feminine voice,
+etc. <i>Second</i>, the secretion is necessary to the proper development of
+her other sexual organs; if the ovaries are cut <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>out, then the uterus
+and the vagina and even the vulva shrivel up. <i>Third</i>, it is that
+internal secretion that excites in woman sexual desire and makes her
+enjoy relations with the male sex. If the ovaries are cut away,
+particularly if it is done early in life, the woman has no sexual
+desire and no enjoyment. <i>Fourth</i>, it contributes to the general
+health, wellbeing, energy, and mental alertness of the woman.</p>
+
+<p>You see the importance of the internal ovarian secretion, and you will
+readily understand why, when the ovaries are removed by operation, the
+woman, particularly if she is young, undergoes such marked changes. It
+is because we recognize now the great importance of the ovaries that
+we always, when operating on diseased ovaries leave at least a small
+piece of ovary, if at all possible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Number of Ova.</b> When the female infant is born, her ovaries contain
+as many ova or eggs as they ever will contain. In fact, they contain
+more than they will at puberty. For it is estimated that at birth each
+ovary contains about 100,000 ova; the majority of these, however,
+disappear so that at the age of puberty each ovary contains only about
+30,000 ova. As only one ovum ripens each month from the time of
+puberty to the time of the menopause (i.e., about 300 to 400 ova at
+the utmost during <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>a lifetime), and as only a dozen or two ova would
+be necessary for the propagation of the race, it seems a
+superabundance of ova, an unnecessary lavishness. But nature <i>is</i>
+lavish where the propagation of the species is concerned. A portion of
+an ovary or of both ovaries might become diseased, and thousands of
+ova might become unfit for fertilization; nature therefore puts in an
+extra reserve supply. We see a still more striking example of this
+extreme extravagant lavishness in man; only one spermatozo&ouml;n is
+necessary to impregnate the ovum, and only one spermatozo&ouml;n can
+penetrate the ovum; nevertheless each normal ejaculation of semen
+contains between a quarter and half a million spermatozoa.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Graafian Follicles.</b> Each primitive or primordial ovum<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> is
+imbedded in a little vesicle or follicle, which is generally known as
+<i>Graafian follicle</i>, and there are as many Graafian follicles as there
+are ova. (The Graafian follicles were first described about 250 years
+ago&mdash;in 1672&mdash;by a Delft physician named De Graaf, hence the name.)
+Until puberty, that is the commencement of menstruation, the Graafian
+follicles with the o&ouml;cytes or primitive <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>ova are in a more or less
+dormant condition. But with the onset of puberty there commences a
+period of intense activity in the ovaries. This period of activity is
+repeated regularly once a month, and it constitutes the process of
+<i>ovulation</i> and <i>menstruation</i>. The two processes are closely though
+not causally connected. Ovulation consists in the monthly maturation
+and extrusion of a ripe ovum; menstruation, which will be further
+discussed in a separate chapter, consists in the monthly discharge of
+blood, mixed with mucus from the inside lining of the uterus. Every
+twenty-eight days, from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>time of puberty to the time of the
+menopause, a Graafian follicle bursts and an ovum is extruded from the
+ovary. Before the follicle bursts, it swells and enlarges and reaches
+the surface of the ovary; the whole follicle is congested with blood,
+but at one point near the surface of the ovary it is pale and thin,
+and here the rupture takes place.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep053.png" width="50%" alt="Section of Ovary." /><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Section of Ovary.</span><br />
+1. Graafian follicle in the earliest stage. <br />2, 3, 4. Follicles in more
+advanced stages. <br />5, 7. Almost mature follicle. <br />6. Follicle from which
+the ovum has escaped. <br />8. Corpus luteum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Corpora Lutea.</b> After the Graafian follicle has burst and the ovum
+has been pushed out, the cavity that is left does not remain empty and
+functionless; there is a further process going on there; there is a
+growth of cells, of a yellowish color, and the follicle becomes filled
+with a yellowish body, which on account of its color is called the
+<i>corpus luteum</i> (plural&mdash;corpora lutea; luteum in Latin&mdash;yellow,
+corpus&mdash;body). This corpus luteum grows in size until it sometimes
+occupies as much as one-third of the ovary. But there is considerable
+difference between the corpora lutea of non-pregnant and pregnant
+women. Up to the end of about a month the corpora lutea are the same,
+but after that the corpus luteum of the non-pregnant woman begins to
+get smaller, to shrink, so that at the end of two or three months it
+is reduced to a small scar and later cannot be noticed at all. The
+corpus luteum of the pregnant woman keeps on increasing until the end
+of the second month, remains about the same size <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>until the end of the
+sixth month, and only then begins gradually to diminish. The corpus
+luteum of the non-pregnant woman, that is, the one following
+menstruation, is called false corpus luteum; the corpus luteum
+following pregnancy is called a true corpus luteum. The corpus luteum
+acts like a gland and elaborates a secretion which has an influence on
+the circulation in the uterus and on menstruation. It probably
+possesses other properties, with which we are not yet quite familiar.
+The corpora lutea of various animals are now prepared in powder or
+tablet form and used in medicine in the treatment of certain diseases
+of women.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER B</h5>
+
+<h4>FUNCTION OF THE OTHER GENITAL ORGANS</h4>
+
+<p><b>Function of the Fallopian Tubes.</b> The function of the Fallopian tubes
+or oviducts as they are sometimes called is to catch the ovum as it
+bursts through the ovary and to conduct it from the ovary into the
+uterus. It is while the ovum is in the narrow lumen of the tube that
+the spermatozo&ouml;n which has travelled up from the uterus usually finds
+it, and it is in the tube, near its entrance to the womb, that
+impregnation usually takes place. After the ovum <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>is impregnated or
+fecundated, it slowly moves down to the uterus, where it attaches
+itself and remains and grows for nine months, until it is ready to
+come out and start an independent life.</p>
+
+<p>The uterus or womb is the house of the embryo almost from the moment
+of conception to the moment of birth. Within the thick warm sheltered
+walls of the uterus the child grows, develops, eats and breathes,
+until all its organs and functions have reached such a stage of
+perfection that it can live by itself and for itself. And this may be
+said to be the sole function of the uterus, or at least its sole
+useful function. For the other function of the uterus, menstruation,
+cannot be said to be a necessary or a useful function. It is a normal
+function because it occurs regularly in every healthy woman during her
+child-bearing period, but not every normal function is a necessary or
+useful function. Not everything that is is right or useful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Function of the Vagina.</b> The vagina is the canal in which sexual
+intercourse takes place. It receives the male organ (penis) during the
+sexual act, and serves as a temporary repository for the male semen.
+After the spermatozoa have reached the uterus, the vagina has no
+further function to perform.</p>
+
+<p><b>Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris</b>, and <b>Mons <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>Veneris.</b> The vulva and
+the clitoris have no special functions to perform; but in them, in the
+clitoris particularly, but also in the labia minora, resides the
+feeling of voluptuousness, the pleasurable sensation experienced
+during the sexual act. Another seat of voluptuousness in the woman is
+located in the cervix of the uterus.</p>
+
+<p>The mons Veneris has no special physiological function to perform, but
+it as well as the vulva serve as strong points of attraction for the
+male sex. While the entire female body is attractive to the male, and
+vice versa, there are certain zones which are especially attractive or
+exciting. Such zones or areas are called <i>erogenous zones</i>&mdash;the word
+erogenous means love-generating. The vulva and the mons Veneris are
+the strongest erogenous zones; other erogenous zones are the lips, the
+breasts, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Function of the Breasts.</b> The function of the breasts is to nurse or
+suckle the young on the mother's milk until they are able to live on
+other food. The other name for breasts is mammary gland (in Latin,
+mamma&mdash;breast), and all animals who suckle their young are called
+mammals or mammalia. Besides its milk secreting function, the breasts
+constitute a strong erogenous zone; they are a point of strong
+attraction for the male sex, many men being more attracted by
+well-developed breasts than <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>by a pretty face. There is a good
+biological reason for this. Well developed breasts indicate that the
+other sexual organs are well developed and that the woman will make a
+satisfactory wife and satisfactory mother. Considering then the
+importance of the breasts in attracting a husband and their function
+in nursing the young, also their erogenous properties, it is perfectly
+proper to class them among the reproductive organs.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER C</h5>
+
+<h4>THE ORGASM</h4>
+
+<p>The culmination of the act of sexual intercourse is called the orgasm.
+It is the moment at which the pleasurable sensation is at its highest
+point, the body experiences a thrill, there is a spasmodic contraction
+in the genital organs, and there is a secretion of fluid from the
+genital glands and mucous membranes. This fluid in women is not a
+vital fluid like the semen in man; it is merely mucus, and in some
+women it is very slight in amount or altogether absent. Adult women
+who live without sexual relations occasionally have sexual or erotic
+dreams; that is, they dream that they are in the company of men,
+playing or having relations with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>them. Such dreams are usually
+accompanied by an orgasm or an orgastic feeling, and by a discharge of
+mucus, the same as in sexual intercourse. Such a discharge of mucus
+during sleep is called an emission or pollution.</p>
+
+<p>In the male sex pollutions play an important r&ocirc;le (see the author's
+"Sex Knowledge for men"), because the semen is a vital fluid, and if
+it is lost too frequently the system is put under a heavy drain. In
+boys and men the pollutions or night losses may occur several times a
+week or even every night, or several times a night. When they occur
+with such frequency the man may become a wreck. Not so with women.
+First, pollutions or night dreams in women are much more rare than
+they are in men; and second, as just mentioned, the fluid secreted by
+woman during intercourse or during an erotic dream is not of a vital
+character, as the semen is in man; it is mucus, and the secretion of a
+mucous fluid, even if somewhat excessive, does not constitute a drain
+on the system. For this reason women can stand frequently repeated sex
+relations and emissions or pollutions much better than men can.</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span><br />
+
+<h5>SUBCHAPTER D</h5>
+
+<h4>THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>The sex organs constitute the primary sex characters. It is they that
+distinguish primarily one sex from another. But there are numerous
+other sex characters or sex differences which while not so important
+serve to differentiate the sexes, at the same time forming points of
+attraction between one sex and another. For instance, the beard and
+mustache are a distinct male characteristic and constitute one of the
+secondary male sex characters. The secondary sex characters are very
+numerous; one might say that each one of the billions of cells in the
+body bears the impress of the sex to which it belongs.</p>
+
+<p>First, the skeleton. The entire female skeleton differs from the male
+skeleton; all the bones are smaller and more gracile; the pelvis, as
+we have seen before, is shallower and wider. Then the muscles are
+smaller and more rounded. The entire contour of the body is rounded
+rather than angular as in man. The skin is finer, softer, more
+delicate. The hair on the head is longer and of a finer texture, while
+over the body the hair is also finer and less abundant. The voice is
+finer, more pleasant, and of a higher pitch (soprano). The breasts are
+well <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>developed, and serve an important purpose, while in men they are
+rudimentary. The breathing is also different; woman breathes
+principally with the upper part of the chest, man with the lower. The
+brain is smaller and its convolutions somewhat less complex in woman.</p>
+
+<p>Woman differs considerably from man not only physically, as we have
+seen, but also mentally and emotionally. But into this phase of the
+subject we will not enter, except to remark that it is foolish to
+speak of the superiority or inferiority of one sex to another. In some
+respects man is greatly superior to woman, in others he is inferior;
+on the whole the sexes balance one another pretty well, and while the
+sexes are not and never will be exactly alike, we have no right to
+speak of the inferiority of one sex to another. We recognize that the
+sexes are different, but they complement one another, and the claim of
+the reactionary and of the woman-hater that woman is an inferior
+creature is just as senseless as is the claim made by some
+ultra-militant feminists that woman is the superior and man the
+inferior.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The ovum is really the fully mature egg ready for
+fecundation; before maturity it should not be called ovum but o&ouml;cyte;
+and in advanced treatises it is so referred to. But here ovum will do
+for both the unripe and ripe egg.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Four" id="Chapter_Four"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Four<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE SEX INSTINCT</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Universality of the Sex Instinct&mdash;Not Responsible for Our
+Thoughts and Feelings.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class="sc">The</span> sex instinct, which runs all through nature from the
+lowest animal to the highest, is the inborn impulse, craving or desire
+which one sex has for the other: the male for the female and the
+female for the male. This instinct, this desire for the opposite sex,
+which is born with us and which manifests itself at a very early age,
+is not anything to be ashamed of. There is nothing disgraceful,
+nothing sinful in it. It is a normal, natural, healthy instinct,
+implanted in us by nature for various reasons, and absolutely
+indispensable for the perpetuation of the race. If there were anything
+to be ashamed of, it would be the lack of this sex instinct, for
+without it the race would quickly die out.</p>
+
+<p><b>Not Responsible for Thoughts and Feelings.</b> It is necessary to
+impress this point, because many girls and women, whose minds have
+been perverted by a vicious so-called morality, worry themselves to
+illness, brood and become hypochondriac because <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>they think they have
+committed a grievous sin in experiencing a desire for sexual relations
+or for the embrace of a certain man. Altogether it is necessary to
+impress upon the growing girl, when the occasion presents itself, that
+a thought or a feeling can never be sinful. An action may be, but a
+thought or a feeling cannot. Why? Because we are not responsible for
+our thoughts and feelings; they are not under our control. Though it
+does not mean that when they do arise we are to give them full sway.
+We should attempt to combat them and drive them away, but there is
+nothing to be ashamed of, because for their origin we are not
+responsible.</p>
+
+<p><b>Responsible for Actions.</b> Our actions are under our control, to a
+certain extent at least, and if we do a bad or injurious act, we have
+committed a sin and are morally responsible. The <i>desire</i> for the
+sexual act is no more sinful than the desire for food is when one is
+hungry. But the performance of the act may, under certain
+circumstances, be as sinful as the eating of food which the hungry man
+obtained by robbing another fellow-being, just as poor as himself.</p>
+
+<p>I am not preaching to you. But I am not an extremist nor a hypocrite.
+I am advocating neither asceticism nor licentiousness. One is as bad,
+or almost as bad, as the other.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>What I am trying to do is to inculcate in your minds, if possible, a
+sane, well-balanced view of all things sexual.</p>
+
+<p>For I believe that wrong, perverted views of the physiology and
+hygiene of the sex act and of sex morality, that is, the proper
+relationship of the sexes, are responsible for untold misery, for
+incalculable suffering. Both sexes suffer, but the female sex suffers
+more. The woman always pays more. This is due to her natural
+disabilities (menstruation, pregnancy, lactation), to her age-long
+repression, to the fact that she must be sought but never seek, and to
+her economic dependence.</p>
+
+<p>For the above reasons, sex instruction is a matter of double
+importance to woman&mdash;this fact has been emphasized in the first
+chapter. But woman's disabilities impose upon us another duty:
+<i>because</i> she carries the heaviest burden, <i>because</i> she always pays
+more dearly than the man, it becomes incumbent upon man to treat her
+with special consideration, with genuine kindness and chivalry.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Five" id="Chapter_Five"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Five<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>PUBERTY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Physical Changes in Puberty&mdash;Physical Changes in the Genital
+Organs and in the Rest of the Body&mdash;Psychic Changes&mdash;Puberty
+and Adolescence&mdash;Nubility.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Puberty is the most wonderful, the most significant period in a girl's
+life. Important as it is in a boy's life and development, it is still
+more so in a girl's. At this period there are often laid the
+foundations which either make or mar the girl's future life.</p>
+
+<p>The meaning of the word puberty is maturity. It is the period at which
+the girl and the boy reach sexual maturity; in other words, the period
+at which the sex glands of the boy begin to generate spermatozoa, and
+the sex glands of the girl begin to mature and expel eggs or ova; with
+the girl puberty is marked by an additional phenomenon, which has no
+analogue in the boy, namely, menstruation.</p>
+
+<p><b>Physical Changes.</b> The word puberty is derived from the word <i>puber</i>,
+which in Latin means mature, ripe. But the word puber is itself
+derived from the word <i>pubes</i>, which in Latin means fine hair <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>or
+down. For at this period of maturity all mammals (that is animals
+which have breasts and nurse their young) begin to develop a growth of
+hair. You know that our entire body, with the exception of the palms
+of the hands and the soles of the feet, is covered with innumerable
+hair follicles, and from our birth our entire body, with the exception
+named, is covered with fine hair. The hair may be too delicate to be
+seen, but it is there, and with a magnifying glass you can see it
+without any trouble. But at puberty the hair increases in thickness
+and in quantity, and becomes abundant in places where it was hardly
+noticeable before&mdash;the upper lip and face in boys, and the armpits and
+lower part of the abdomen in both boys and girls.</p>
+
+<p>And so the first apparent physical sign of puberty in a girl is the
+gradual appearance of hair in the armpits, on the mons Veneris and the
+labia majora. But all the genital organs are undergoing rapid
+development; the vulva, the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries become
+larger, and the ovaries which up to that time were elaborating an
+internal secretion only, now also begin to manufacture ova; in other
+words, the monthly process of ovulation is begun. Synchronously with
+the process of ovulation, there commences the monthly function of
+menstruation. The breasts also increase in size, assume <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>the
+characteristic contour, develop their glandular substance, and become
+capable of secreting milk for the use of any possible offspring.
+During this period of development they are often very sensitive to the
+touch or feel painful without being touched.</p>
+
+<p>But not only the genital organs undergo growth and development&mdash;the
+entire body participates in the process. The growth in height is the
+most rapid at this period; the greatest growth takes place in the
+limbs&mdash;legs and arms. The pelvis becomes broader, and the chest or
+thorax also becomes broader and larger. The muscles become larger and
+rounder and finally give the girl the beautiful womanly form.</p>
+
+<p><b>Psychic Changes.</b> But the changes are not only physical; the changes
+that take place in the girl's psychic sphere during the pubertal years
+are also highly important. That is the period of the development of
+the emotions; she is overflowing with emotion; she becomes sensitive;
+in her relations with boys and men she becomes self-conscious.
+Distinct sexual desire fortunately does not make its appearance in the
+girl at this period, as it does in the boy, but she becomes filled
+with vague undefined and undefinable longings. It is the period of
+"crushes" when the girl is apt to bestow her overflowing emotion on a
+girl friend. There is nothing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>reprehensible in these crushes&mdash;they
+act as a safety valve&mdash;and only in rare cases are they apt to lead to
+abnormal development. This is also the period of day-dreaming and of
+romancing; the girl likes to read love-stories and novels in which she
+identifies herself with the heroine. And it makes quite some
+difference as to what the girl reads during this period, for
+literature has a strong influence on the young in the most plastic
+period of their lives; and it is important that older persons see to
+it that those in their care spend their time on books of noble ideals
+and high artistic value.</p>
+
+<p>Girls of a highly sensitive or so-called "nervous" temperament,
+especially if there is "nervousness" in the family, must be
+particularly looked after. For it is during the years of puberty and
+adolescence that any neurotic traits are apt to develop and become
+emphasized. It is also the period when bad sexual habits
+(masturbation) are apt to develop, and the careful mother will devote
+special attention to her girls in their years of puberty, and guard
+them as much as possible against physical and emotional shocks.</p>
+
+<p>The age of puberty in girls is by many writers considered as
+synonymous or synchronous with the onset of menstruation, which in
+this country in the majority of cases occurs between the ages of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>thirteen and fourteen. The year of gradual development before the
+onset of menstruation is by some referred to as the pre-pubertal year;
+and the first year after the onset of menstruation is the
+post-pubertal year. The period from puberty to full sexual maturity is
+called adolescence, and this term is applied generally to the period
+between thirteen and eighteen. For at eighteen the boy and the girl
+have reached full maturity. Mentally we acquire things as long as we
+live, and even physically the body gets larger for some years after
+eighteen. But sexually both boys and girls are fully mature at
+eighteen, though in order to become parents it is best, for various
+reasons, to wait to the ages of twenty or twenty-five.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nubility.</b> Nubility is the age or state when a boy or a girl is "fit"
+for marriage. This is a vague and unsatisfactory term. At the age of
+thirteen to fifteen boys and girls are physically "fit" for marriage,
+that is at that age a boy is capable of begetting and a girl of having
+children. But it does not mean that it would be advisable for them to
+marry at such an early age. Neither their bodies nor their minds are
+fully developed, and children begotten of such young parents are apt
+to be weaklings, both mentally and physically. The youngest age for
+girls <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>to marry should be eighteen, and for boys twenty; but the
+youngest age for becoming parents should be twenty to twenty-two for
+the mother and twenty-three to twenty-five for the father.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Six" id="Chapter_Six"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Six<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>MENSTRUATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Definition of Menstruation&mdash;Where Menstrual Blood Comes From&mdash;Age
+of Menstruation&mdash;Age of Cessation of
+Menstruation&mdash;Duration&mdash;Amount&mdash;Regularity and Irregularity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The first function with which the girl will be confronted, which will
+impress upon her that she is a creature of sex, that she is decidedly
+different from the boy, is <i>menstruation</i>. And this function we will
+now proceed to study.</p>
+
+<p>What is menstruation? Menstruation is a monthly discharge of blood.
+The word is derived from the Latin word mensis, which means a month;
+and menstruation is also frequently spoken of as <i>the menses</i>. It is
+also called the catamenia or catamenia-flow (Greek, kata&mdash;by, men&mdash;a
+month). Other terms are: the periods, courses, monthlies, turns,
+monthly changes, monthly sickness, sickness, flowers, to be unwell, to
+be regular. "Not to see anything" is a common term for having missed
+the menses. This flow of blood recurs in most cases with remarkable
+regularity once a month; not a calendar month, but once a lunar month,
+i.e., once every twenty-eight <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>days. And as there are thirteen lunar
+months a year, a woman menstruates not twelve but thirteen times a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Where does the menstrual blood come from? The menstrual blood comes
+from the inside of the womb. Every month, for a few days prior to
+menstruation, the inside lining of the womb (what we call the mucous
+membrane or endometrium) becomes congested and its bloodvessels become
+distended with blood. If the woman has sexual intercourse and
+pregnancy happens to take place, then this extra blood is used to
+nourish and develop the new child; but if no pregnancy takes place,
+that extra blood exudes from the bloodvessels (some of the
+bloodvessels rupture) and is discharged from the uterus into the
+vagina, and from there to the outside, where it is caught on cotton,
+sanitary napkins or some other pad.</p>
+
+<p><b>At what age does menstruation begin?</b> The usual age at which
+menstruation begins in this country is thirteen or fourteen; in some
+it may occur as early as twelve, in others as late as fifteen, sixteen
+or even seventeen. For menstruation to begin earlier than twelve or
+later than seventeen is in this country a rare exception. But in cold
+northern climates the age of eighteen is not rare, and in the hot
+southern climates menstruation often starts at the ages <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>of ten or
+eleven. Change of climate or of country will often have an influence
+on the menses. In the early years of his medical practice, the author
+had many Finnish girls as patients. It was a very common occurrence
+for them to stop menstruating for the first few months or even for the
+first year of their residence in this country.</p>
+
+<p><b>At what age does menstruation cease?</b> The age at which menstruation
+ceases is called the <i>menopause</i> or <i>climacteric</i>. It usually takes
+place at the age of forty-eight or fifty. In some cases it does not
+take place until the age of fifty-two, in others it takes place as
+early as forty-five or forty-four. In general, it may be said that the
+woman's menstruating period, during which she is able to have
+children, lasts about thirty-five years. And if no restraint be taken,
+and if no precautions be taken against conception, a woman could have
+twenty or thirty children during her childbearing period.</p>
+
+<p><b>How many days does a woman menstruate?</b> The usual number of days is
+from three to five; in some cases menstruation lasts only two days, in
+others as long as seven. As a rule, the greatest amount of blood
+passed is during the first two days.</p>
+
+<p><b>The amount of blood.</b> It is hard to estimate the exact amount of
+blood passed by a woman during her menses, but it reaches about an
+ounce and a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>half to three ounces. In some women the amount may reach
+as much as four or five ounces and in exceptional cases as much as
+eight ounces. Where it exceeds this amount, it is an abnormal
+condition, requiring treatment. The usual statement that a normally
+menstruating woman should not have to use more than three napkins
+during the twenty-four hours is correct.</p>
+
+<p><i>The periodical regularity</i> with which menstruation recurs in many
+women is remarkable. I know a woman who has not missed her menses in
+twenty years; during those twenty years the menses have started every
+fourth Friday, almost always at the same hour. I know another one who
+has her menses every fourth Wednesday, about seven in the morning. She
+skipped her periods during her two pregnancies, then they were
+irregular for a while, then they came back to Wednesday. Other women
+have their menses on a certain day of the month, say the first or the
+fifth, regardless of the number of days in the month (such cases are,
+however, exceptional). And in some women the menses are irregular:
+every three weeks, every five or six weeks, every six or seven weeks,
+etc. Some women never know when they may expect their menses, so
+irregular they are.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Seven" id="Chapter_Seven"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Seven<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ABNORMALITIES OF MENSTRUATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang" style="text-align: left;">Disorders of
+Menstruation&mdash;Menorrhagia&mdash;Metrorrhagia&mdash;Amenorrhea&mdash;Vicarious
+Menstruation&mdash;Dysmenorrhea of Organic and of Nervous Origin.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In many girls and women menstruation is a perfectly normal,
+physiological process. They suffer no discomfort whatever from it.
+They suffer no pains, no headache, no irritability, they have no
+admonition of its onset, until they feel the blood oozing or trickling
+out. But, unfortunately, this is true only of a small percentage. The
+majority of women have some unpleasant symptoms. Some have a headache
+for a day or two, some complain of a dragging down sensation, some are
+irritable, feel depressed or quarrelsome; some have no appetite, no
+ambition, no desire for work or company, while some girls have such
+severe pains and cramps that they are obliged to go to bed for a day
+or two and call in medical aid.</p>
+
+<p>When the menstruation is very profuse, resembling more a hemorrhage
+than normal menstruation, it is called <i>menorrhagia</i>; if the
+hemorrhage from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>the uterus occurs out of the regular menstrual
+periods, it is called <i>metrorrhagia</i>. When the menses are skipped, or
+when they are so scanty that you can hardly notice any blood, we use
+the term <i>amenorrhea</i>. In a few rare cases the menstruation instead of
+coming normally from the uterus, comes from some other part of the
+body, for instance, the nose. Some women have a hemorrhage from the
+nose every month. In some a bloody discharge may come from the
+breasts. To such a substitute menstruation we apply the term
+<i>vicarious menstruation</i>. Such cases, however, are rare, and are mere
+curiosities.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dysmenorrhea.</b> I mentioned before that in some girls and women the
+menses are accompanied by pains and cramps. This affliction, which is
+the lot of millions of women, and from which men are entirely free, is
+called <i>dysmenorrhea</i>. Dysmenorrhea means painful and difficult
+menstruation. A slight pain or at least a feeling of discomfort is
+present in most cases of menstruation. But in many cases the pain is
+so severe, so <i>excruciating</i>, that the sufferer, girl or woman, is
+incapacitated for any work, and must go to bed for a day or two. In
+some cases the pain is so severe as to necessitate the use of
+morphine, and as it is a very bad thing to have to give morphine every
+three or four weeks, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>every endeavor should be made to find out the
+cause of the trouble and to remove it. It is a mistake, however, to
+think that all or even most cases of dysmenorrhea are due to some
+local trouble, that is, to an inflammation of the ovaries, or a
+displacement of the womb. Many cases of dysmenorrhea are of <i>nervous</i>
+origin; the cause resides in the central nervous system, and not in
+the genital organs themselves. It is, therefore, not advisable to
+undertake any local treatment, unless a competent physician has made a
+thorough examination and has decided that local treatment is
+advisable.</p>
+
+<p>As to the percentage of dysmenorrhea, a recent statistical examination
+of 4,000 women showed that dysmenorrhea of some degree was present in
+over one-half, namely, 52 per cent.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Eight" id="Chapter_Eight"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Eight<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE HYGIENE OF MENSTRUATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period&mdash;Superstitious
+Beliefs&mdash;Hygiene of Menstruation.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The hygiene of menstruation can be expressed in two words: cleanliness
+and rest. Common sense would suggest these two measures, and as far as
+rest is concerned, many women do rest or take it easy while they are
+unwell. Some are forced to do it, because, if they don't, their
+dysmenorrhea is worse and the amount of blood they lose is
+considerably increased. The same cannot be said of cleanliness. Due
+undoubtedly to the superstitious opinions about menstruation, which
+came over to us from the ages-of-long-ago, menstruation is still
+considered a <i>noli-me-tangere</i>, and women are afraid to bathe, to
+douche or even to wash during the periods. And if there is any period
+when a woman needs a douche it is during menstruation. Any leucorrhea
+that a woman may be suffering from becomes aggravated around the
+periods; the menstrual blood of some women has a decided odor, and if
+no cleansing douche is taken during four <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>or five days, some of the
+blood decomposes and acquires a decidedly offensive odor, which can be
+noticed at some distance and to which some men and women are very
+susceptible. There are some women who never take a vaginal douche.
+Some consider it a useless and unnecessary luxury; while some orthodox
+puritanical women consider it an ungodly procedure (forgetting that
+cleanliness is next to godliness) fit only for women of gay and
+questionable character. If these orthodox women knew what was good for
+them&mdash;and for their health&mdash;they would take a douche at least during
+menstruation, if at no other time.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cleanliness.</b> When the girl reaches the age of twelve or thirteen the
+mother should explain to her the phenomenon of menstruation and the
+likelihood of its making its appearance in a short time. Of course she
+should be told that there is nothing shameful in it, that when it
+makes its appearance she should at once tell her mother, who will
+instruct her what to do. She should be shown the use of sanitary
+napkins. Rags, unless recently washed and kept wrapped up and
+protected from dust, should not be used. Unclean rags may lead to
+infection. I have no doubt that many cases of leucorrhea date back
+their origin to unwashed rags. Every morning and every evening the
+girl should wash the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>external genitals with warm water, or plain soap
+and water. Married women should also take a douche once a day&mdash;the
+douche may consist of two quarts of water in which has been dissolved
+a teaspoonful of common table salt, or a tablespoonful of borax or
+boric acid. Such things like alum, potassium permanganate, carbolic
+acid, lactic acid, or tincture of iodine should only be used when
+there is leucorrhea present and generally only under a physician's
+directions. Bathing is permissible, but it is safe to use only a
+lukewarm bath. Cold tub baths, cold shower baths, as well as ocean and
+river bathing are best avoided during the period; at least during the
+first two days. I do not give this as an absolute rule; I know women
+who bathe and swim in the ocean during their menstrual periods without
+any injury to themselves, but they are exceptionally robust women;
+advice in books is for the average person, and it is always best to be
+on the safe side.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rest.</b> Rest is just as important during menstruation as cleanliness,
+if not more so. Some women as mentioned before feel during their
+menses just as well as they do at other times, and do not need any
+special hygiene. But these are in the minority. Most girls and women
+do feel somewhat below par during that period, and it is very
+important that they take it easy, particularly during the first two
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>days. It is an outrage that many delicate, weak girls and women must
+stay on their feet all day or work on a machine when they should be at
+home in bed or lying down on a couch.</p>
+
+<p>The womb is congested during the period, is larger and heavier than
+normal, and it is then that there is often laid the foundation for
+some future uterine disease, the well-known "womb trouble," or "female
+disease." It is not necessary that work be given up altogether, but
+there certainly should be less of it and there should be as much rest
+as possible. For delicate and sensitive girls it is always best to
+stay away from school during the first and second days. Speaking again
+of the average and not the exception, it is best that dancing, bicycle
+riding, horseback riding, rowing, and other athletic exercises be
+given up altogether during the menses. Automobile riding and railroad
+and carriage travelling prove injurious in some instances, greatly
+increasing the flow of blood. But these are the exceptions at the
+other extreme.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Nine" id="Chapter_Nine"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Nine<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>FECUNDATION OR FERTILIZATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Fecundation or Fertilization&mdash;Process of Fecundation&mdash;When the
+Ovum Matures&mdash;Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+Place&mdash;Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse&mdash;The
+Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum&mdash;Rapidity of Movements of
+Spermatozoa&mdash;Absorption of Spermatozo&ouml;n by Ovum&mdash;Activity of
+Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop&mdash;Pregnancy in the
+Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers&mdash;Twin Pregnancy&mdash;Passivity of
+Ovum and Activity of Spermatozo&ouml;n Foretell the Contrasting
+R&ocirc;les of the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Fecundation and fertilization are important terms to remember. They
+stand for the most important phenomenon in the living world. Without
+it there would be no plants and no animals, excepting a few very low
+forms of no importance, and of course no human beings.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fecundation</b> or fertilization is the process of union of the female
+germ cell with the male germ cell; speaking of animals, it is the
+process of union of the egg or ovum of the female with the
+spermatozo&ouml;n of the male. When a successful union of these two cells
+takes place a new being is started. The process of fertilization or
+fecundation is also <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>known as impregnation and conception. We say, to
+fertilize (chiefly, however, when speaking of plants) or to fecundate
+an ovum, or to impregnate a female or woman, and to conceive a child.
+We say the woman has become impregnated or has conceived.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Process.</i> The process of fecundation is briefly as follows. An
+ovum becomes mature, breaks through its Graafian follicle in the ovary
+and is set free. It is caught by the fimbriated or trumpet-shaped
+extremity of the Fallopian tube and, moved by the wave-like motion of
+the cilia<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> of the lining of the tube, it begins its travel towards
+the uterus. If no sexual intercourse has taken place nothing happens.
+The ovum dries up, or "dies," and either remains somewhere in the tube
+or womb or is removed from the latter with the menstruation, or mucous
+discharge. But if intercourse has taken place, thousands and thousands
+of the male germ cells or spermatozoa enter the uterus through its
+opening or external os, and begin to travel upward in search of the
+ovum. The spermatozoa are capable of independent motion, and they
+travel pretty fast. It is claimed that they can travel an inch in
+seven minutes, which is pretty fast when you take into consideration
+that a spermatozo&ouml;n is only <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>1/300 of an inch long. Many of the
+spermatozoa, weaker than the others, perish on the way, and only a few
+continue the journey up through the uterus to the tube. When near the
+little ovum, which remains passive, their movements become more and
+more rapid, they seem to be attracted to it as if by a magnet, and
+finally one spermatozo&ouml;n&mdash;just one&mdash;the one that happens to be the
+strongest or the nearest, makes a mad rush at it with its head,
+perforates it, and is completely swallowed up by it. As soon as the
+spermatozo&ouml;n has been absorbed by the ovum, the opening through which
+it got in becomes tightly sealed up&mdash;a coagulation takes place near
+it&mdash;so that no other spermatozoa can enter the ovum. For if two or
+more spermatozoa got into the same ovum a monstrosity would be apt to
+be the result.</p>
+
+<div class="imgl" style="width: 35%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep084.png" width="75%" alt="Spermatozoon Penetrating the Ovum." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Spermatozo&ouml;n Penetrating the Ovum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>What becomes of all the other spermatozoa? They perish. Only one is
+needed. But in the ovum that has been impregnated, and which is now
+called an embryo, a feverish activity commences. First of all it looks
+for a fixed place of abode. If the ovum <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>happened to be in the uterus
+when the spermatozo&ouml;n met and entered it, it remains there. It becomes
+attached to some spot in the lining of the womb and there it grows and
+develops, until at the end of nine months it has reached its full
+growth, and the womb opens and it comes out into the outside world. If
+the ovum is in the Fallopian tube when the spermatozo&ouml;n meets it, as
+is usually the case, it travels down to the uterus, and fixes itself
+there.</p>
+
+<p><b>Extra-Uterine Pregnancy.</b> The tube is a bad place for the ovum to
+grow and develop, because the tube cannot stretch to such an extent as
+the uterus can, nor can it furnish the embryo such good nourishment as
+the uterus can. Occasionally, however, it happens that the impregnated
+ovum remains in the tube and develops there; we then have a case of
+what we call <i>extra-uterine</i> (outside-of-the-uterus) or <i>tubal</i>
+pregnancy. Extra-uterine pregnancy is also called <i>ectopic</i> pregnancy,
+or ectopic gestation. Unless diagnosed early and operated upon, the
+woman may be in great danger, for after a few weeks or months the tube
+generally ruptures.</p>
+
+<p>From the moment the spermatozo&ouml;n has entered the ovum, a process of
+<i>division</i> or <i>segmentation</i> commences. The ovum, which consists of
+one cell, divides into two, the two into four, the four into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>eight,
+the eight into sixteen, these into thirty-two, these into sixty-four,
+128, 256, 512, 1,024, until they can no longer be counted. This
+mulberry mass of cells arranges itself into two layers, with a cavity
+in between. And from these layers of cells there develop gradually all
+organs and tissues, until a fully formed and perfect child is the
+result. If two ova are impregnated at the same time by two
+spermatozoa, the result is twins.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>I might mention here that the moment the ovum is impregnated, i.e.,
+joined by a spermatozo&ouml;n, it is called technically a zygote; it is
+also called embryo, and this name is applied to it until the age of
+five or six weeks. Some use the term embryo up to two or three months.
+After that, until it is born, it is called fetus.</p>
+
+<p>A study of the development of the embryo and the formation of the
+various organs from one single cell, the ovum, vitalized or fecundated
+by another single cell, the spermatozo&ouml;n, is the most wonderful and
+most fascinating of all studies. But that belongs to the domain of
+Embryology, which is a separate science.</p>
+
+<p>What we see in the process of fecundation is a foreshadowing of the
+future man and woman. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>ovum has no motion of its own, it is moved
+along by the wave-like motions of the lining cells of the Fallopian
+tube, and throughout the entire act it remains passive. The
+spermatozo&ouml;n, on the other hand, is in a state of continuous activity
+from the moment it has been ejaculated by the male until it has
+reached its goal&mdash;the ovum. And as the spermatozoa carry in them the
+entire impress of the man, and the ova of the woman, they foretell us
+the fates of the future boy and girl. The woman's r&ocirc;le throughout life
+is a passive and the man's an active one. And in choosing a mate the
+man will always be the active factor or pursuer. So biology seems to
+tell us. Whether education&mdash;using the word in its broadest sense&mdash;will
+effect a radical change in the relation of man and woman remains to be
+seen. A change putting the man and the woman on a footing of
+<i>equality</i> would be desirable; but whether biological differences
+having their roots in the remotest antiquity can be obliterated, is a
+question the answer of which lies in the distant future. As Geddes and
+Thomson so well said: The differences [between the sexes] may be
+exaggerated or lessened, but to obliterate them it would be necessary
+to have all the evolution over again on a new basis. What was decided
+among the prehistoric Protozoa cannot be annulled by act of
+Parliament.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Hair-like appendages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Each ovum has one germinal vesicle; occasionally one ovum
+may contain two germinal vesicles; and from the impregnation of such
+an ovum a twin pregnancy may result.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Ten" id="Chapter_Ten"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Ten<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>PREGNANCY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Period of Pregnancy in Human Female&mdash;Physiologic Process of
+Pregnancy&mdash;Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception&mdash;Pregnant
+Woman Provides Nourishment for Two&mdash;Her Excreting Organs Must
+Work for Two.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>From the moment the ovum has been fertilized or fecundated by the
+spermatozo&ouml;n, the woman is said to be pregnant (or in French
+<i>enceinte</i>. This term was used very frequently and is still used by
+prudes, who seem to consider the word pregnant vulgar and
+disgraceful). Pregnancy, or the period of gestation, lasts from the
+moment of conception to the moment that the fetus or child is expelled
+from the uterus. The period of pregnancy differs very widely in
+different animals,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> but in the human female it lasts nine calendar
+months or ten lunar months&mdash;from about 274 to 280 days. We usually
+count 280 days from the <i>first</i> day of the <i>last</i> menstruation. A
+pregnant woman generally wants to know the day of the expected
+confinement&mdash;for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>this purpose a table is appended to this chapter. If
+you know the first day of your last menstruation, you will see at a
+glance when the confinement may be expected. There may be a difference
+of a few days&mdash;either before or after the expected date&mdash;but for
+practical approximate purposes the tables serve very well.</p>
+
+<p>A simple way is to count back three months and add seven days. For
+instance, a woman's last menstruation occurred on April 4th; counting
+back three months gives you January 4th; add seven days and you get
+January 11th, the probable date of delivery. The first day of the last
+menstruation was December 30th; counting back three months gives you
+September 30th; add seven days and you get October 6th, the probable
+date of delivery. The presence of a short month like February may be
+disregarded, as the calculation is not absolutely, but only
+approximately correct.</p>
+
+<p>The period at which the child's movements begin to be felt by the
+mother is termed Quickening. It usually occurs at the middle of the
+pregnancy, between the 16th and 18th week.</p>
+
+<p>Pregnancy is a normal physiological process; but every active
+physiological process is apt to be accompanied by disturbances, and
+there is certainly no process in the animal body in which greater
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>activity, greater changes, go on than during the process of pregnancy.
+Just see what occurs in nine months. The uterus, at first the size of
+a small pear, reaches a size larger than that of the head of a big
+man; it does not merely stretch, as some think, but it actually grows
+enormously in size, the muscular walls of a pregnant uterus being many
+times thicker than those of a non-pregnant one. They have to be or
+they would not have the strength to expel the child, when the proper
+time comes. It is to be borne in mind that the child does not slip out
+by itself; it is the powerful muscular contractions of the uterus that
+push it out. If the uterus should refuse to work, if its walls were
+too thin or too weak, the child could not come out, but would have to
+be taken out with forceps. Still greater changes than in the uterus
+take place in the child itself. At the moment of conception it is the
+size of <i>the head of a pin</i>; at the moment of birth it weighs from
+seven to ten pounds; at the moment of conception it is a minute,
+undifferentiated mass of protoplasm, just a single fertilized cell; at
+the moment of birth it consists of millions and millions of cells,
+which have become differentiated into numerous harmoniously working
+organs, and different tissues, such as brain and nerve tissue,
+muscular tissue, connective tissue, bone, cartilage, etc., etc. A
+truly wonderful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>process. And in the meantime this child, which is
+biologically a parasite (though it is not a nice name to call it by)
+draws its sustenance from the mother's blood, and the mother has to
+provide nourishment for two. And, besides providing nourishment, her
+excreting organs, her kidneys, must work for two, because her system
+has also to get rid of the child's excretions. No wonder that the
+pregnant woman, particularly under an artificial unhealthy mode of
+living, is subject to many troubles and disturbances.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>DR. ELY'S TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE DATE OF CONFINEMENT</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Confinement Dates" style="border: 1px black solid; font-size: 95%;">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="13%" class="tdlp bt blr">January</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td width="2%" class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td width="3%" class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td width="9%" class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">October</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Nov.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">February</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">November</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Dec.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">March</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">December</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">5</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Jan.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">April</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">January</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Feb.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">May</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">February</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Mar.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">June</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">March</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">April</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">July</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">April</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">May</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">August</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">May</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">June</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">September</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">June</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">8</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">July</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">October</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">July</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Aug.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">November</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">August</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">31</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Sept.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">December</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt bl">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bt br">31</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bt blr">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">September</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc bb bl">7</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">8</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">9</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">10</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">11</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">12</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">13</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">14</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">15</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">16</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">17</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">18</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">20</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">21</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">22</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">23</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">24</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">25</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">26</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">27</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">28</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">29</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">30</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">1</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">2</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">3</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">4</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">5</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+  <td class="tdc bb br">7</td>
+  <td class="tdlp bb blr"><span class="sc">Oct.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block"><p class="noin"><span class="sc">Explanation.</span>&mdash;Find in top line the date of menstruation, the figure
+    below will indicate the date when confinement may be expected, <i>i.e.</i>,
+    if date of menstruation is June 1st, confinement may be expected on
+    March 8th, or one day earlier if leap year.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> For instance, in rabbits one month, in dogs two months,
+in sheep five months, in cows nine months, in horses eleven months.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Eleven" id="Chapter_Eleven"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Eleven<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women&mdash;Pregnancy and
+Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education in
+True Hygiene&mdash;Morning Sickness and Its Treatment&mdash;Necessity for
+Medical Advice in Pernicious
+Vomiting&mdash;Anorexia&mdash;Bulimia&mdash;Aversion Towards Certain
+Foods&mdash;Peculiar Cravings&mdash;Tendency to Constipation Aggravated
+by Pregnancy&mdash;Dietary Measures in Constipation&mdash;Rectal
+Injections in Constipation&mdash;Laxatives&mdash;Cause of Frequent Desire
+to Urinate During First Two or Three and Last Months of
+Pregnancy&mdash;Treatment of Frequent Urination&mdash;Cause of Piles
+During Pregnancy and Their Treatment&mdash;Cause of Itching of
+External Genitals During Pregnancy and Treatment&mdash;Cause of
+Varicose Veins and Treatment&mdash;Liver Spots.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We saw that in some women menstruation runs a perfectly smooth course,
+free from any disagreeable symptoms. The same is true of pregnancy. It
+is remarkable how smooth and easy the entire course is with some
+women. Many women know that they are pregnant only because of the
+non-appearance of the monthly periods; and even in the later months
+they feel no discomfort, attending to all their work and pleasures as
+usual; and even childbirth is a trifling matter with them.
+Unfortunately the number of such women is not very large, and,
+because <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>of our confined, unnatural, often exhausting way of living,
+is becoming smaller and smaller. There is no question that the
+civilized, refined woman has a harder ordeal in pregnancy and
+childbirth than has her primitive sister. We confidently hope that
+this will not be so in the future; we expect the time to come when
+true hygiene will be an integral part of the education and the life of
+every girl, and then pregnancy and parturition may become even easier
+processes than they are in the primitive races. But the time is not
+yet; and in the meantime our young women have a good deal to go
+through.</p>
+
+<p><b>Morning Sickness.</b> One of the commonest disorders of pregnancy is the
+so-called morning sickness. This consists in a feeling of nausea and
+vomiting, which comes on soon after getting up. The morning sickness
+makes its first appearance in the third, fourth or fifth week of
+pregnancy and lasts usually until the end of the third or fourth
+month. In some women, however, the morning sickness comes on in a few
+days after impregnation has taken place, and those women diagnose
+their condition unmistakably by the feeling of slight nausea which
+they experience on getting up. Medicines are as a rule of little use
+in treating morning sickness. The "disease" can be relieved but not
+cured. The patient should stay in bed later than usual, should have
+her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>breakfast in bed, and then not get up for about half an hour
+afterward. If the patient is anemic, a good iron preparation may prove
+useful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pernicious Vomiting.</b> The vomiting of pregnancy sometimes becomes so
+severe and uncontrollable that it has been given the name pernicious.
+The patient is unable to retain any kind of food, not even liquids,
+vomits almost incessantly, and may become very much run down and
+exhausted. The vomited matter may contain blood. For this condition a
+competent physician must be consulted, for in some cases the patient's
+life may be in danger and an abortion has to be performed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capricious Appetite.</b> A capricious appetite is very common in
+pregnancy. The capriciousness may express itself in four different
+directions: (1) The patient may lose her appetite, almost altogether,
+partaking only of very little food, and that with effort. This
+condition of loss of appetite is called anorexia. (2) The patient may
+develop an enormous appetite&mdash;what we call bulimia&mdash;eating several
+times as much as she does ordinarily. (3) She may develop an aversion
+towards certain articles of food. Thus many women develop an aversion
+towards meat, the mere sight of or talk about meat causing in them a
+sensation of nausea. (4) She may show a craving for the most peculiar
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>articles of food and for articles which are not food at all. The
+craving for sour pickles or sour cabbage is well-known; but some women
+will eat chalk, sand, and even more peculiar things (for the chalk
+there may be a reason: the system needs an extra amount of lime and
+chalk is carbonate of lime).</p>
+
+<p><a name="constipation" id="constipation"></a><b>Constipation.</b> Constipation is very common among women in the
+non-pregnant condition; but in the pregnant it is much more common and
+much more aggravated. Constipation must be guarded against, but the
+measures must be of a mild nature. If we can relieve the constipation
+by dietary measures alone, so much the better. The dietary measures
+should consist in eating plenty of fruit&mdash;prunes, apples, figs, dates,
+etc., and coarse bread and bran. Constipating articles, such as cheese
+or coffee, should be eliminated. Where dietary measures alone are
+insufficient, the patient should take an enema&mdash;a rectal
+injection&mdash;twice or three times a week. The enema should consist of
+about 8 ounces (half a pint) of cold or lukewarm water containing a
+pinch of salt, and should be retained about ten minutes. Instead of
+water, we may advise an occasional enema of two to four drams of
+glycerin. Or instead of a glycerin enema, a glycerin suppository may
+be used. If internal laxatives are to be used, only the mildest and
+non-griping <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>preparations should be employed The best are: a good
+mineral oil&mdash;one or two tablespoonfuls on going to bed, or fluid
+extract of cascara sagrada, one-half to one teaspoonful on going to
+bed. It is very important, whatever we use, <i>not</i> to use the same
+thing for a long time. If the same drug or measure is used without any
+change, the bowels get used to it and cease to respond and we have to
+use larger and larger doses. In fighting constipation we must
+therefore constantly change our weapons: one night we use mineral oil,
+the next night cascara sagrada, the third night an enema, the fourth
+night a glycerin injection or suppository, the fifth night perhaps
+nothing at all, the sixth night a blue mass pill, the seventh morning
+a Seidlitz powder, then a rest for a day or two, then a repetition of
+the same measures. But always remember: first try to get along without
+any drugs at all. Many cases can get relieved of their constipation by
+a proper change in diet alone. And where this is impossible, then use
+mild laxatives and use them interchangeably.</p>
+
+<p><b>Toothache</b> is not uncommon in pregnancy, and a pregnant woman should
+have her teeth put in first-class condition.</p>
+
+<p><b>Difficulty in Urination.</b> Pregnant women often suffer with frequency
+and urgency of urination. Some have to urinate, while they are on
+their feet, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>every few minutes. This is due to the fact that during
+the first two or three months of pregnancy the uterus is not only
+enlarged but is also <i>anteverted</i>, that is <i>turned forward</i> and
+<i>presses down</i> upon the bladder. When the woman is lying down the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved, and she does not have to urinate
+frequently. This pressure lasts only the first two or three months,
+because after that the growing womb lifts itself out of the pelvis,
+rising into the abdominal cavity; it is no longer anteverted and the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved. During the last months of the
+pregnancy there is again frequent urination, because then the heavy
+uterus sinks again into the pelvic cavity and presses upon the
+bladder. The treatment for this frequent urination consists in wearing
+a well fitting abdominal belt or corset, which raises the uterus and
+prevents pressure on the bladder. Sometimes a pessary which prevents
+the anteversion is efficient. In all cases lying down and resting is
+useful. In short, keeping off one's feet is the most efficient remedy
+for the treatment of frequent urination in pregnant women.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hemorrhoids</b> (Piles). On account of the pressure of the womb on the
+rectum, and also on account of the constipation which is so frequent
+during pregnancy, hemorrhoids or piles are quite frequent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>among
+pregnant women. The treatment of hemorrhoids consists in removing the
+cause: wearing a well-fitting abdominal belt, and relieving the
+constipation. Injecting into the rectum about half a pint of cold
+water three times a day is very useful. For the intolerable itching
+sometimes present in hemorrhoids the following ointment will be found
+very grateful: menthol, 5 grains; calomel, 10 grains; bismuth
+subnitrate, 30 grains; resorcin, 10 grains; oil of cade, 15 grains;
+cold cream, one ounce. The piles (the hemorrhoids) are to be well
+cleansed with hot water, and this ointment is to be well smeared over;
+a little is pushed into the rectum, and a piece of cotton is put over
+the anus. This protects the clothes from soiling and keeps the
+medicine in place for a longer time. Instead of ointment a cocoa
+butter suppository may be used. A suppository of the following
+composition is good: powdered nutgalls, 3 grains; oil of cade, 3
+drops; resorcin, 1 grain; bismuth subnitrate, 5 grains; cocoa butter,
+20 grains. One such suppository to be inserted three times a day. The
+ointment and the suppository given above, if used in conjunction with
+the proper regulation of the bowels, will not only relieve but will
+cure most cases of hemorrhoids caused by pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Itching of the Vulva. Pruritus Vulv&aelig;.</b> Itching of the external
+genitals during pregnancy is not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>uncommon. This may be due to the
+fact that the vulva is generally congested and swollen during
+pregnancy or it may be caused by an increased leucorrheal discharge.
+The itching is sometimes very severe, and if the patient scratches
+with her nails and produces bleeding, she may cause an infection of
+the parts. The patient should be cautioned against scratching; she
+should try simple measures to relieve the itching. A small towel or
+gauze compress wrung out of boiling water and applied to the vulva
+several times a day, followed by a free application of stearate of
+zinc powder is often efficient. If it is not, the following salve may
+be tried: carbolic acid, 10 grains; menthol, 5 grains; resorcin, 15
+grains; zinc oxide, 1 dram; and white vaseline, one ounce. In very
+severe cases the vulva should be painted with a solution of silver
+nitrate, 25 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water.</p>
+
+<p><b>Varicose Veins.</b> In most women during pregnancy the veins in the legs
+become somewhat enlarged. This is due to the pressure of the womb,
+which interferes with the circulation. If the veins become very
+prominent, swollen and tortuous, they are called varicose. This
+condition should be prevented, because it often and to some degree
+always persists permanently even after the pregnancy is over. The best
+precautionary measure is for the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>woman to wear a well-fitting
+abdominal belt or maternity corset, which supports the womb and does
+not permit it to sink too low into the pelvis. If varicose veins have
+been permitted to develop, the woman should wear well-fitting rubber
+stockings, or at least have the legs bandaged with woven elastic
+bandages. The bandage must be applied by a competent person, uniformly
+and not too tightly. Constipation has also a bad effect in making
+varicose veins worse; the bowels should therefore also be looked
+after. In some severe cases all measures are of little value unless
+the patient at the same time stays in bed or on a couch for a few
+days, with the legs elevated.</p>
+
+<p>Swelling of the feet should be at once attended to. It may be a
+trifling matter due only to pressure of the womb; then again it may be
+due to some kidney trouble. The physician will determine the true
+cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment.</p>
+
+<p><b>Liver Spots. Chloasma.</b> In some cases irregular brownish patches or
+splotches develop on the skin around the breasts, on the sides, or on
+the face. These patches are known popularly as liver spots or in
+medical language as <i>chloasma</i>. Nothing can be done for them, but they
+generally disappear after the pregnancy is over. A few patches here
+and there may remain permanently.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twelve" id="Chapter_Twelve"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twelve<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>WHEN TO ENGAGE A PHYSICIAN</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself
+Under Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During
+Entire Period.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The disorders and disturbances described above are, with the exception
+of pernicious vomiting, of a minor nature. They are annoying, may
+cause considerable discomfort and suffering, but they do not endanger
+the life of the woman or of the child. Occasionally, however,
+fortunately not very often, the kidneys become affected, and for this
+condition treatment by a physician is absolutely necessary. In fact,
+the correct and safe thing for a woman to do is to consult a physician
+as soon as she knows she is pregnant, and have him take care of her
+during the entire pregnancy. Some women engage a physician during the
+eighth or ninth month and this is decidedly wrong, because it may then
+be too late to correct certain troubles which if taken at the outset
+could have been easily cured; while many troubles in the hands of a
+competent physician can be prevented altogether. I must therefore
+reiterate: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>every woman should engage a physician from the beginning
+of her pregnancy, or at least during the third or fourth and certainly
+not later than the fifth month. He will examine the urine every month
+and make sure that the kidneys are in order, he will make sure that
+the child is in a normal position, and will prevent a host of other
+ills.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 25%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep103.png" width="50%" alt="Position of the Child in the Womb." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Position of the Child in the Womb.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is not a special treatise on the management of pregnancy, and
+therefore minute details are out of place. Besides, to the details the
+physician will attend. But some hints regarding diet and general
+hygiene will prove useful.</p>
+
+<p>If everything is satisfactory, if there is no severe vomiting, kidney
+trouble, etc., the usual mixed diet may continue. The only changes I
+would make are the following: Drink plenty of hot water during entire
+course of pregnancy: a glass or two in the morning, two or three
+glasses in the afternoon, the same at night. From six to twelve
+glasses may be consumed. Also plenty of milk, buttermilk and fermented
+milk. Plenty of fruit and vegetables. Meat only once a day. For the
+tendency to constipation, whole wheat bread, rye bread, bread baked of
+bran or bran with cream.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>As to exercise, either extreme must be avoided. Some women think that
+as soon as they become pregnant, they must not move a muscle; they are
+to be put in a glass case, and kept there to the day of delivery.
+Other women, on the other hand, of the ultramodern type, indulge in
+strenuous exercise and go out on long fatiguing walks up to the last
+day. Either extreme is injurious. The right way is moderate exercise,
+and short, non-fatiguing walks.</p>
+
+<p>Bathing may be kept up to the day of delivery. But warm baths,
+particularly during the last two or three months, are preferable to
+cold baths.</p>
+
+<br style="clear: both;" />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirteen" id="Chapter_Thirteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE SIZE OF THE FETUS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End of
+Each Month of Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Men and women are always interested to know how large the fetus is and
+how far it is developed during the various months of pregnancy.
+Absolutely exact measurements cannot be given, but the following
+approximate measurements are correct:</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep105.png" width="70%" alt="Embryo Growth." /><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">1. <span class="sc">Embryo Between One and Two Weeks Old.</span><br />
+2. <span class="sc">Embryo About Four Weeks Old.</span> <br />3. <span class="sc">Embryo About Six Weeks Old.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the end of the first month (lunar) it is about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>the size of a
+hazelnut. Weighs about 15 grains.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the second month it is the size of a small hen's egg.
+The internal organs are partially formed, it begins to assume a human
+shape, but the sex cannot yet be differentiated. Up to the fifth or
+sixth week it does not differ much in appearance from the embryos of
+other animals.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the third month it is the size of a large goose egg; it
+is about two to three and a half inches long. Weighs about one ounce.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the fourth month the fetus is between six and seven
+inches long and weighs about five ounces.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the fifth month the fetus is between seven and eleven
+inches long, and weighs eight to ten ounces.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the sixth month it is eleven to thirteen inches long and
+weighs one and one-half to two pounds. If born, is capable of living a
+few minutes, and it is reported that some six months' children have
+been incubated.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the seventh month the fetus is from thirteen to fifteen
+or sixteen inches long and weighs about three pounds. Is capable of
+independent life, but must be brought up with great care, usually in
+an incubator.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the eighth month the length is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>from fifteen to
+seventeen inches, and weight from three to five pounds.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the ninth month the length of the fetus is from sixteen
+to seventeen and one-half inches, and weight from five to seven
+pounds.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the tenth lunar month (at birth) the length of the child
+is from seventeen to nineteen inches and the weight from six to twelve
+pounds; the average is seven and a quarter, but there are full term
+children weighing less than six pounds and more than twelve; but these
+are exceptions.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fourteen" id="Chapter_Fourteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fourteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE AFTERBIRTH (PLACENTA) AND CORD</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">How the Afterbirth Develops&mdash;Bag of Waters&mdash;Umbilical Cord&mdash;The
+Navel&mdash;Fetus Nourished by Absorption&mdash;Fetus Breathes by Aid of
+Placenta&mdash;No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Whatever part of the womb the ovum attaches itself to is stimulated to
+intense activity, to growth. Numerous bloodvessels begin to grow and
+that part of the lining membrane with its numerous bloodvessels
+constitute the placenta, or as it is commonly called <i>afterbirth</i>,
+because it comes out <i>after</i> the <i>birth</i> of the child. From the
+placenta there is also reflected a membrane over the ovum, so as to
+give it additional protection. That membrane forms a complete bag over
+the fetus; this bag becomes filled with liquid, so that the fetus
+floats freely in a bag of waters; this bag bursts only during
+childbirth. The fetus is not attached close to the placenta, but is,
+so to say, suspended from it by a <i>cord</i>, which is called the
+<i>umbilical cord</i>. When the child is born, the umbilical cord is cut,
+and the scar or depression in the abdomen where the umbilical cord
+was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>attached constitutes the navel or umbilicus (in slang
+language&mdash;button or belly button). The umbilical cord consists of two
+arteries and one vein embedded in a gelatin like substance and
+enveloped by a membrane, and it is through the umbilical cord that the
+blood from the placenta is brought to and carried from the fetus. The
+blood of the fetus and the blood of the mother do not mix; the
+bloodvessels are separated by thin walls, and it is through these thin
+walls that the fetal blood receives the ingredients it needs from the
+mother's blood. In other words, it receives its nourishment from the
+mother by <i>absorption</i> or <i>osmosis</i>. The blood from the placenta also
+furnishes the fetal blood with oxygen, so that the fetus breathes by
+the aid of the placenta, and not through its own lungs.</p>
+
+<p>It is well to remember that there is absolutely no nervous connection
+between mother and child. There are no nerves whatever in the
+umbilical cord, so that the nervous systems of the fetus and of the
+mother are entirely distinct and separate. And this will explain why
+certain nervous impressions and shocks received by the mother are not
+readily transmitted to the child. It is only through changes in the
+mother's blood that the fetus can be influenced. As will be seen in a
+later chapter we are skeptical about "maternal impressions."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fifteen" id="Chapter_Fifteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fifteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>LACTATION OR NURSING</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk&mdash;When Nursing is
+Injurious to Mother and Child&mdash;Modified Milk&mdash;Artificial
+Foods&mdash;Care Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse&mdash;Suckling Child
+Benefits Mother&mdash;Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by
+Nursing&mdash;Sexual Feelings While Nursing&mdash;Alcoholics are
+Injurious&mdash;Attention to Condition of Nipples During Pregnancy
+Essential&mdash;Treatment of Sunken Nipples&mdash;Treatment of Tender
+Nipples&mdash;Treatment of Cracked Nipples&mdash;How to Stop the
+Secretion of Milk When Necessary&mdash;Menstruation While
+Nursing&mdash;Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Every mother should nurse her child&mdash;if she can. There is no perfect
+substitute for mother's milk. There is only one excuse for a mother
+not nursing&mdash;that is when she has no milk, or when the quality of the
+milk is so poor that the child does not thrive on it, or when the
+mother is run down, is threatened with or is suffering with
+tuberculosis, etc. In such cases the nursing would prove injurious to
+both mother and child.</p>
+
+<p>When the mother cannot nurse the child, it should be brought up
+artificially on modified cow's milk. Formulas for modified milk have
+been worked out for every month of the child's life, and if the
+formulas are carefully followed, and the bottle and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>nipples are
+properly sterilized, the child should have no trouble, but should
+thrive and grow like on good mother's milk. If the child is sickly or
+delicate and does not thrive on modified cow's milk or on the other
+artificial foods, such as Horlick's malted milk, or Nestl&eacute;'s food,
+then a wet nurse may become necessary. But before engaging a wet nurse
+great care should be taken to make sure that she is healthy, that the
+age of her child is approximately the same as the age of the child
+which she is about to nurse, and particularly that she is free from
+any syphilitic taint. One, two or more Wassermann tests should be made
+to settle the question definitely.</p>
+
+<p>Mothers should bear in mind that suckling the child is good not only
+for the child, but for the mother as well. Lactation helps the
+<i>involution</i> of the uterus: the uterus of a nursing mother returns
+more quickly and more perfectly to its normal ante-pregnant condition
+than the uterus of the mother who cannot or will not nurse her child.</p>
+
+<p>It is asserted that the reciprocal affection between mother and child
+is greater in cases in which the child suckled its mother's breast.
+This is quite likely. It is also asserted that the nursing mother
+transmits certain traits to its child, which the non-nursing mother
+cannot. This is merely a hypothesis without any scientific proof.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>On the other hand, the statement that many women experience decidedly
+pleasurable sexual feelings while nursing seems to be well
+substantiated.</p>
+
+<p>That the mother who nurses her child should partake of sufficient
+nourishment goes without saying. But the advice often given to nursing
+mothers to partake of beer, ale or wine is a bad one. It is a question
+if a mother partaking of considerable quantities of alcoholic
+beverages may not transmit the taste for alcohol to her children. No,
+alcoholics should be left alone, but milk, eggs, meat, fruit and
+vegetables should be partaken of in abundance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Preparing the Nipples.</b> For the infant to be able to nurse properly
+the nipples of the breast must be in good condition. If the nipples
+are sunken, depressed, it is torture for the child to nurse. It uses
+up a lot of energy uselessly, becomes exhausted, and gets very little
+milk; while if the nipples be tender or cracked the process of nursing
+is a torture for the mother.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore necessary to attend to the nipples in due time&mdash;to
+begin at the fifth or sixth month is not too early. If the nipples are
+sufficiently prominent, little need be done for them except to wash
+them with a little boric acid solution (one teaspoonful of boric acid
+to a glass of water) occasionally, and now and then to rub in a little
+petrolatum, plain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>or borated. But if the nipples are sunken so that
+they are below the surface of the breast, or if they are only slightly
+above the surface of the breast, they must be treated. Gentle traction
+must be made on them with the fingers three or four times a day. There
+are only a few cases where persistent manipulation will not develop
+the nipple and make it stand out prominently.</p>
+
+<p>If the nipple is tender it should be washed two or three times a day
+with a mixture of alcohol and water; one part of alcohol to three
+parts of water is sufficient. In washing the nipple with this diluted
+alcohol it should be dried and a little petrolatum or vaseline rubbed
+in. This done two or three times a day during the last month or two of
+the pregnancy will generally produce a good healthy nipple.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Treatment of Cracked Nipples.</b> If the care of the nipple has been
+neglected, and it develops cracks or fissures so that the nursing of
+the child causes the mother severe pain, the nursing should be done
+through a nipple shield, and in the meantime between the nursings the
+nipple should be rubbed with the following preparation, which is
+excellent and which I can fully recommend: thymol iodide, &frac12; dram;
+olive oil, &frac12; ounce. This should be applied every hour to the nipple
+and covered with a little cotton; before each nursing, however, it
+must be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>well washed off with warm water or warm boric acid solution.
+When the nipples are cracked, the infant's lips should also before
+nursing be carefully wiped out with boric acid solution. For the
+baby's mouth contains bacteria which while harmless in themselves may
+if they get into the cracks of the nipple set up an inflammation of
+the breast or "mastitis" and cause an abscess. If the cracks are
+excruciatingly painful, as they sometimes are, it is necessary to give
+the one breast a rest for twenty-four hours and have the child nurse
+at the other until the cracks have partially healed.</p>
+
+<p><b>When It Is Necessary to Dry Up the Breasts.</b> In case of the death of
+the child, or if the mother for some other reason finds herself unable
+to nurse, such as in cases where there is absolutely no nipple,
+instead of the prominence of the nipple there being a deep depression,
+it becomes necessary to stop the secretion of the milk, or as it is
+said in common parlance, "to dry up the breasts." In former days, not
+so very long ago, and the practice is still common enough to call
+attention to it and to condemn it, the breasts used to be tightly
+bandaged, or they used to be pumped every few hours. The first causes
+unnecessary pain and trouble, while the second procedure, the pumping,
+does exactly the reverse to what it is intended to do. Instead of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>drying up the breasts it keeps up the secretion. The best thing to do
+in a case like that is to leave the breasts alone, not to pump them,
+but just gently support them with a bandage and then in three or four
+days the secretion of the milk will gradually disappear. There is some
+discomfort the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours, but if left
+alone the discomfort is less than if the breasts are manipulated,
+bandaged or pumped.</p>
+
+<p><b>Menstruation or Pregnancy While Nursing.</b> Many women do not
+menstruate and do not become pregnant while they are nursing. Some
+women will not conceive, no matter how long they may nurse the
+child&mdash;a year or two or longer. And some women take advantage of this
+fact, and in order to avoid another child they will keep up the
+nursing as long as possible. In Egypt and other Oriental countries
+where our means for the prevention of conception are unknown, it is no
+rare sight to see a child three or four years old interrupting his
+work or his play and running up to suckle his mother's breast. But not
+all women have this good luck. Some women (about fifty per cent.)
+begin to menstruate in the sixth month of lactation, while some become
+pregnant even before they begin to menstruate. It only too often
+happens that a woman considering lactation her safeguard omits to use
+any precautions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>and finds herself, to her great discomfiture, in a
+pregnant condition.</p>
+
+<p>When a nursing woman discovers that she is pregnant she should give up
+nursing at once. The milk is apt to become of poor quality, but even
+where this is not the case, it is too much for a woman to feed one
+child in the uterus and one at the breast.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Sixteen" id="Chapter_Sixteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Sixteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Definition of Word Abortion&mdash;Definition of Word
+Miscarriage&mdash;Spontaneous Abortion&mdash;Induced
+Abortion&mdash;Therapeutic Abortion&mdash;Criminal Abortion&mdash;Missed
+Abortion&mdash;Habitual Abortion&mdash;Syphilis as Cause of Abortion and
+Miscarriage&mdash;Dangers of Abortion&mdash;Abortion an Evil.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The word abortion, used somewhat loosely, signifies the premature
+expulsion of the fetus; the expulsion of the fetus from the womb
+before it is viable, i.e., before it is capable of living
+independently. Used in a stricter sense, the word abortion is applied
+to the expulsion of the fetus up to the end of the 16th week; to the
+expulsion of the fetus between the 16th and the 28th week the term
+miscarriage is applied; and when the expulsion of the fetus takes
+place after the 28th week, but before full term, we use the term
+premature labor. The laity does not like the term abortion, as it is
+under the impression that the term always signifies criminal abortion;
+it therefore prefers to use the term miscarriage ("miss"), regardless
+of the time at which the expulsion of the fetus takes place.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>When an abortion (or miscarriage) takes place by itself, without any
+outside aid, we call it <i>spontaneous abortion</i>. When it is brought on
+by artificial means, whether by the woman herself or by somebody else,
+we call it <i>induced</i> abortion. When an abortion is induced for the
+purpose of saving the woman's life, we call it <i>therapeutic</i> abortion;
+this is considered perfectly legal and proper. But where an abortion
+is induced merely to save an unmarried mother's reputation, or because
+the married mother is too poor or too weak to have any more children,
+or is reluctant to have any (or any more) for any other reason, it is
+called <i>criminal</i> or <i>illegal</i> abortion, and, if discovered, subjects
+the mother and the person who produced the abortion to severe
+punishment.</p>
+
+<p>When the fetus for some reason dies in its mother's womb, it is
+generally expelled within a few hours or days. Sometimes this is not
+the case, and the dead fetus is retained for several weeks, or months
+or even years; to such a phenomenon we apply the term <i>missed</i>
+abortion. Some women suffer from what might be called the abortion
+habit; they can hardly ever carry a child to full term, but lose it in
+the same month or even in the same week of gestation during each
+pregnancy; we call this habitual abortion. And this habitual abortion
+may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>be independent of disease, such, for instance, as syphilis. The
+terms <i>threatened</i>, <i>imminent</i> and <i>inevitable</i> abortion require no
+further explanation.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Causes of Abortion.</b> Outside of the abortion habit, which may be
+due partly to heredity or be caused by a diseased condition of the
+lining membrane of the uterus, the principal cause of abortion and
+miscarriage is syphilis. And when a woman has had two or three or four
+or more miscarriages in succession we generally assume the cause to be
+syphilis, and in most cases the assumption will be correct.</p>
+
+<p>When an abortion is performed by an experienced physician, with the
+observance of the utmost cleanliness (asepsis and antisepsis), then
+the abortion is accompanied with very little or no danger; but when
+performed carelessly, by incompetent, non-conscientious physicians and
+midwives, the operation is fraught with great danger to the patient's
+health or to her very life. And abortion is a great cause of premature
+death and chronic invalidism among women. And as long as the people
+will remain ignorant of the proper means of regulating their
+offspring, so long will abortion thrive.</p>
+
+<p>While I recognize that there are cases in which the performance of an
+abortion is perfectly justifiable from a moral standpoint, for
+instance in cases <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>of rape or where the mother is unmarried,
+nevertheless abortion must be recognized as an evil, a necessary evil
+now and then, but an evil, nevertheless. It is never to be undertaken
+lightly, or to be considered in a frivolous spirit; and it is the duty
+of all serious-minded and humanitarian men and women to do everything
+in their power to remove those conditions which make abortion
+necessary and unavoidable.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Seventeen" id="Chapter_Seventeen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Seventeen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>PRENATAL CARE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Meaning of the Term&mdash;Misleading Information by
+Quasi-Scientists&mdash;Exaggerated Ideas Regarding Prenatal
+Care&mdash;Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child&mdash;Cases Under
+Author's Observation&mdash;Effects on Offspring&mdash;Advice to Pregnant
+Women&mdash;Germ-plasm of Chronic Alcoholic&mdash;A Glass of Wine and the
+Spermatozoa&mdash;False Statements&mdash;Cases of Violence and Accidents
+During Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>By prenatal care we understand the care taken during pregnancy before
+the child is born. Used in a wider sense the term includes the care
+which both parents should take of themselves even before the child is
+conceived.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the father and the mother should be in the best possible
+physical and mental condition during the time of conception and even
+before conception, and the mother should take the very best care of
+herself&mdash;she should be in good health and as calm a spirit as possible
+during the entire period of gestation. For the general health and
+condition of the mother does influence the child.</p>
+
+<p>And still I feel impelled to say something which may meet with violent
+opposition in some quarters. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>The trouble is, there are too many
+half-baked scientists in our midst. They spread misleading information
+and the public at large is too apt to take every statement that has a
+quasi-scientific seal for something absolute, for something positive,
+for something that admits of no exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen so much misery caused by wrong prenatal care teaching and
+by the foolish, exaggerated ideas on the subject, that I consider it
+my duty to say something in order to counteract those erroneous
+notions. I consider it my special mission to destroy error, mysticism
+and superstition. And the prenatal care teaching as imparted by some
+unfortunately partakes of all three of the above.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, I repeat, the mother should try to be in the best possible
+condition while she is carrying the child. Nevertheless, it is foolish
+to imagine if the mother is not quite well, or is worried about
+something, or has a fit of anger, that it is invariably going to be
+reflected on the child. The child, as we know, has no nervous
+connection whatever with the mother, and it is only very violent or
+prolonged shocks that are apt to have an injurious influence.</p>
+
+<p>I know of children that were carried by their mothers in anger and in
+anguish from the day of conception to the day of delivery. And still
+they were born perfectly normal. I know of a child whose <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>mother was
+suffering the most hellish tortures of jealousy during the entire
+period of pregnancy, and still the child was born perfectly healthy,
+perfectly normal, and is now a splendid specimen of manhood. I know
+children whose mothers went through severe attacks of pneumonia,
+typhoid fever, etc., and still they were born perfectly healthy and
+perfectly normal. I know children whose mothers were using every means
+to abort them, took all kinds of internal medicines until they were
+deathly sick, and still they were born perfectly healthy and normal. I
+know children whose mothers tried to abort them by mechanical means,
+who went to abortionists who made one or more attempts to induce the
+abortion&mdash;I know even cases where the mothers bled as a result of such
+attempts&mdash;and nevertheless, the children were born perfectly healthy,
+developed normally physically and mentally.</p>
+
+<p>Of course these are not things that I would advise women to do or to
+undergo. I would not advise pregnant women to worry, to be sick, to
+take poisonous medicines or to make attempts at abortion, but I merely
+bring up these points to emphasize to my readers not to take the
+necessity of prenatal care in too absolute a sense, and not to worry
+themselves unnecessarily if the conditions during their pregnancy are
+not all that could be desired. The child <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>is not necessarily going to
+be affected. The condition of the germ-plasms, i.e., the condition of
+the ovum and the spermatozoa at the time of conception is more
+important than all subsequent care during gestation.</p>
+
+<p>As there are foolish people who possess a peculiar knack of
+misinterpreting and misunderstanding everything, I wish to emphasize
+that hygiene during pregnancy should not be neglected. Everything
+possible should be done to put the mother in the best possible
+physical and mental condition. All I want to say is that it is bad to
+be insane on the subject, that it is bad to take things in an absolute
+sense, and that it is bad to exaggerate.</p>
+
+<p>You will often hear it said that a child that was conceived when the
+father was in an exhilarated condition is apt to be epileptic, or
+nervous, or insane, and what not. This is also to be taken with a
+grain of salt. A chronic alcoholic has a defective germ-plasm, and his
+children are apt to be defective. But a glass of wine at a wedding
+banquet cannot affect the previously formed spermatozoa. And the
+statements about children being born defective or developing
+defectively because their fathers took an occasional glass of wine are
+unworthy of serious consideration; are unworthy of any consideration.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the above the reports of some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>cases of <i>violence</i>
+and <i>accidents</i> during pregnancy which, in spite of their severity,
+did not affect the children, will prove of interest.</p>
+
+<p>A delicate little woman missed her periods. She was sure she couldn't
+be more than two weeks over-due. And this is what she did. For five
+nights in succession she took hot mustard baths and she took them so
+hot that each time she nearly fainted and came out from them like a
+broiled lobster. No effect. She then took a box of pills which cost
+her two dollars. No effect except causing diarrhea. She then took two
+boxes of capsules which upset her stomach and made her fearfully
+nauseous. No other effect. She then ate one-half a colocynth, which
+made her terribly sick, causing a bloody diarrhea. She had to stay in
+bed for three or four days. She then took burning vaginal injections
+with some ipecac in them. No effect except making her feel raw so that
+she needed large amounts of cold cream. She then took secale cornutum
+and radix gossypii. No effect except giving her a headache, making her
+sick to her stomach and completely destroying her appetite, so that
+within a very short time she lost nearly ten pounds. She was then told
+that long walks might be efficient. She took walks of six and seven
+miles at a time, coming home more dead than alive. No effect. She then
+heard that jumping off <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>a table is a very efficient means. She did it
+a dozen times in succession so that she was completely fagged out and
+out of breath. Eight and a half months later she gave birth to a
+perfectly healthy, well-formed boy weighing eight pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The following case was reported by Brillaud-Laujardiere. A farmer who
+was responsible for the condition of a servant of his household
+conceived the idea of riding horseback with her in order to bring
+about an abortion, and pushing her off when the horse was running at
+great speed. This he repeated several times. The woman gave birth to a
+perfectly normal infant at full term.</p>
+
+<p>Hofmann reports that another farmer, under similar circumstances,
+brutally kicked the woman in the abdomen repeatedly until she lost
+consciousness. The pregnancy continued to full term notwithstanding.
+In another case of Hofmann's, a woman allowed a heavy door to fall
+upon her, but the pregnancy was not affected.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Guibout relates that a German woman, living with her husband in
+California, being pregnant, wished to return to Munich, her home-town,
+to be delivered. The train in which she travelled through Panama
+collided with another train. Threatened abortion required her to take
+a rest. She took a steamer and after a very rough passage reached
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>Portsmouth. From there she went to Paris. Here she fell down a flight
+of stairs in the hotel where she was stopping. Again she was
+threatened with abortion, but after a rest was in good condition and
+continued her journey. She finally reached home, and was delivered at
+full term of a normal infant.</p>
+
+<p>Vibert reports the case of a woman who was in a train accident which
+injured her severely, killed two of her children, but did not affect
+her pregnancy. She was delivered at the proper time of a normal baby.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Eighteen" id="Chapter_Eighteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Eighteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE MENOPAUSE OR CHANGE OF LIFE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Time of Menopause&mdash;Cause of Suffering During
+Menopause&mdash;Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not
+Synonymous&mdash;Increased Libido During Menopause&mdash;Change of Life
+in Men.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the chapter on menstruation I referred briefly to the menopause. I
+will consider it here somewhat more in detail.</p>
+
+<p>The menopause, also called the climacteric, and in common language
+"change of life," is the period at which woman ceases to menstruate.
+The average age at which this occurs is about forty-eight. But while
+some women continue to menstruate up to the age of fifty, fifty-two,
+and even fifty-five, others cease to menstruate at the age of
+forty-five or even forty-two. Between forty-four and fifty-two are the
+normal limits. Anything before or beyond that is exceptional.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the beginning of menstruation may set in without any trouble
+of any kind, and just as some women have not the slightest unpleasant
+symptoms during the entire period of their menstrual life, so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>the
+menopause occurs in some women without any trouble, physical or
+psychic. The periods between the menses become perhaps a little
+longer, or a little irregular, the menstrual flow becomes more and
+more scanty, then one or several periods may be skipped altogether,
+and the menopause is permanently established. Many women, however, the
+majority probably, suffer considerably during the transitional year or
+years of the menopause. Symptoms are both of a physical and of a
+psychic character, but the psychic symptoms predominate. There may be
+headache, capricious appetite, or complete loss of appetite,
+considerable loss of flesh, or on the contrary very sudden and rapid
+putting on of fat, great irritability, insomnia, profuse perspiration;
+hot flashes throughout the body, and particularly in the face, which
+make the face "blushing" and congested, are particularly frequent.
+Then the woman's character may be completely changed. From gentle and
+submissive she may become pugnacious and quarrelsome. Jealousy without
+any grounds for it may be one of the disagreeable symptoms, making
+both the wife and the husband very unhappy. In some exceptional cases
+a genuine neurosis or psychosis may develop.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cause of Suffering During Menopause.</b> It is my conviction, and I have
+had this conviction for many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>years, that many, if not most, of the
+distressing symptoms of the menopause are due, not to the menopause
+itself, but to the wrong ideas about this period that have prevailed
+for so many centuries. We know the influence of the mind over the
+body, and the pernicious effect which wrong ideas may exercise over
+our feelings. The generally prevalent opinion among women, and men for
+that matter, and not only of the laity but unfortunately of the
+medical profession as well, is that the menopause is the end of
+woman's sexual life. Every woman is laboring under the erroneous
+impression that with the establishment of the menopause, with the
+cessation of the menses, she ceases to be a woman, and as she does not
+become a man, she becomes something of a neuter being, neither woman
+nor man. And she has the idea that after the menopause she can have no
+further attraction for her husband or for other men. Naturally such an
+idea has a very depressing effect on any human being. Any human being
+fights to the last to retain all its human functions, especially the
+function which is considered as important as is the sexual function.</p>
+
+<p><b>Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous.</b> Of course
+with the permanent cessation of the menses the woman's <i>reproductive</i>
+function is at an end. But the reproductive function is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span><i>not</i>
+synonymous with the sexual function, I must insist again and again,
+and naturally until this erroneous idea is dispelled much unnecessary
+misery will be the lot of our women. If women in general will learn
+that with the establishment of the menopause they do <i>not</i> cease to be
+women, if they will learn that the sexual desire in women lasts long
+beyond the cessation of the menopause, many women being as passionate
+at sixty as at thirty, if they will learn that their attractiveness or
+non-attractiveness to the male sex does not depend upon the menopause,
+but upon their general condition, if they will learn that many women
+at fifty and sixty are much more attractive than some women at half
+that age, they will not take the onset of the menopause so tragically
+and they will thereby avoid the greater part of their mental and
+emotional suffering.</p>
+
+<p>The actual atrophy of the ovaries, uterus, external genitals and the
+breasts can, of course, not be prevented, but that atrophy is a slow
+and gradual process, and is not in itself the cause of the various
+distressing symptoms that we have enumerated.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of the menopause, if the symptoms are at all
+disagreeable, or distressing, should be in the hands of a competent
+physician. A little wholesome advice may be more efficient than
+gallons of medicine and bushels of pills. In general the woman <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>should
+try to lead as calm and peaceful a life as possible. Warm baths daily
+are beneficial, constipation should be guarded against, hot vaginal
+douches are often efficient against the disagreeable flushes, and
+last, but not least, the husband should during this critical period be
+doubly kind and doubly considerate of his wife. It is during the years
+between forty-five and fifty-five that the wife is most in need of her
+husband's sympathy and support.</p>
+
+<p><b>Increased Libido During Menopause.</b> There is one rather delicate
+symptom which I must not pass unmentioned. Some women during the years
+while the menopause is being established, and for some years after the
+menopause, experience a greatly heightened sexual desire. In some
+cases this increased libido is normal, that is, no other pathologic
+symptoms or local conditions can be discovered. In some cases the
+increased libido is distinctly due to local congestion, congestion of
+the ovaries, the uterus, etc. In some cases, I can distinctly testify,
+it is psychic or autosuggestive. Because the woman thinks, and
+believes that other people think, that she is soon going to lose all
+her sexuality, she unconsciously works herself up into a sexual
+passion which sometimes may be of long duration and may even lead to
+disastrous results.</p>
+
+<p>What to do in such cases? Where the woman's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>libido is normal or near
+normal, then naturally it should be normally gratified. But if the
+libido seems to be abnormally strong and the demands for sexual
+gratification are too frequent, then the woman should be treated and
+sexual gratification should not be indulged in, because in such cases,
+as a rule, sexual gratification only adds fuel to the fire, and the
+woman's demands may become more and more frequent, more and more
+insistent. In exceptional cases it may even reach the intensity of
+nymphomania. In such cases the aid of a tactful physician is
+indispensable.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>Change of Life in Men</h3>
+
+<p>To people not familiar with the subject it sounds rather strange to
+speak of "change of life" in men.</p>
+
+<p>Man, possessing no menstrual function, cannot have any menopause, but
+still sexologists and psychologists who have studied the subject
+carefully are convinced that between the ages of forty-five and
+fifty-five men also undergo a certain change which may be spoken of as
+the change of life or the male climacteric.</p>
+
+<p>They become irritable, capricious, very susceptible to feminine
+charms, are apt to fall in love, and in many the sexual instinct is
+greatly increased. As <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>in women, this increase of the sexual desire is
+sometimes due to pathologic causes, such as an inflamed prostate
+gland&mdash;in other cases it is of psychic origin.</p>
+
+<p>Just as a man should be particularly kind and considerate to his wife
+during her menopause, so the wife, understanding that her husband is
+going through a critical period, will also increase her tact, patience
+and consideration.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Nineteen" id="Chapter_Nineteen"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Nineteen<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE HABIT OF MASTURBATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Definition of Masturbation&mdash;Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+Compared with Boys&mdash;Married Life of the Girl
+Masturbator&mdash;Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of
+Parents who Discover the Habit&mdash;Common-sense Treatment of the
+Habit&mdash;How to Prevent Formation of Habit&mdash;Parents' Advice to
+Children&mdash;Hot Baths as Factor in Masturbation&mdash;Other Physical
+Factors&mdash;Mental Masturbation and Its Effects.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Masturbation or self-abuse is a term applied to a bad habit which
+consists in handling and rubbing the genitals. It is a bad habit
+because it is apt to injure the health and future development of the
+girl. The more frequently it is practiced, the more injurious it is.
+It is more injurious than when practiced by boys, because the effects
+are usually more permanent. Girls who indulge in the habit of
+masturbation to excess not only weaken themselves, become anemic and
+get a dingy, pimply complexion, but they lose their desire for normal
+sexual relations when they grow up, and are unable to derive any
+pleasure from the sexual act when they get married. In fact, many
+girls who masturbated excessively get a strong aversion to the normal
+sexual <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>act, and their married life is an unhappy one. Their husbands
+often have to ask for a divorce. Fortunately, the habit is much less
+widespread among girls than it is among boys. While about ninety per
+cent. of all boys&mdash;nine out of every ten&mdash;masturbate more or less,
+only about ten or at most twenty per cent. of girls are addicted to
+this habit. But whatever the percentage may be, the habit is an
+injurious one, and if you value your health, your beauty and proper
+growth and mental development, you should not indulge in it. If you
+are already indulging, if you are used to handling your genitals, if a
+bad companion has initiated you into the habit, you should give it up.
+And mothers should watch their children, guard them against developing
+the habit, and do everything possible to cure them of it, if
+prevention comes too late.</p>
+
+<p>But while as you see I do not deny the evil effects of masturbation,
+it is necessary to state that a great change has taken place in our
+opinions on the subject, and it is but right that parents should know
+of this change of opinion among the medical profession, particularly
+among those who specialize in sexology.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wrong Behavior of Parents.</b> When parents make the "awful" discovery
+that their child is fondling its genitals or is indulging in
+masturbation, they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>feel as if a great calamity had befallen them.
+They could not feel worse if they learned that the child was a thief
+or a pyromaniac. Imbued with the medieval idea of the "sinfulness" of
+the habit, as well as its injuriousness, they begin to scold the
+child, to frighten it, to make it believe that it is doing something
+terrible, that it has disgraced them and itself; and they try to
+persuade it that, unless it stops immediately, the most direful
+consequences are awaiting it. The results of this mode of procedure
+are disastrous&mdash;much more so than is the masturbation itself.</p>
+
+<p>Often the scolding and the exposure of the child are done in the
+presence of others. This implants in the poor girl a sullen resentment
+that only makes it more difficult for it to break the habit. When the
+child is brought to the physician, you can see by its behavior, by its
+downcast looks, by its sulkiness, by its attempt to refrain from
+tears, and other signs, that it regards the physician in exactly the
+same light as a youthful criminal regards the judge before whom he has
+been brought for trial.</p>
+
+<p>It is time, high time, that this silly and injurious attitude toward a
+practice, which is very common, be radically changed. It is time that
+parents and physicians learn that the injuriousness of the habit has
+been greatly, grossly exaggerated. It is time <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>that they know that the
+vast majority of boys and girls get over the habit without being much,
+or any, the worse for it. The knowledge of this fact will not only
+save them and the children much needless anguish and suffering, but
+will make it much easier to deal with the latter, make it much easier
+to get them divorced from the habit.</p>
+
+<p>If we look at the matter in a sensible, common-sense way, and do not
+tell the child caught in the practice that it has done something
+disgracefully vicious and criminal, but speak to it kindly and tell it
+that it is doing something that may injure it greatly, that may
+interfere with its future mental and physical health and development,
+then we shall have far greater success in our endeavors to break the
+boy or the girl of the habit of masturbation. As I have said in
+another place:</p>
+
+<p>"In my opinion, stigmatizing even the most moderate indulgence in
+masturbation as a vice has a deleterious effect upon the people who so
+indulge and makes it harder for them to break off the habit. Every
+thinking physician and sexologist can tell you that picturing the
+masturbatory habit in too lurid colors and stigmatizing it with too
+strong epithets has, as a rule, the contrary effect to the one
+expected. The victims of the habit consider themselves degraded,
+irretrievably lost. They lose their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>self-respect, and it is, on
+account of that, harder for them to break themselves of the habit."</p>
+
+<p>We shall accomplish a good deal more with our youthful and older
+patients if we leave alone, altogether, the moral side of the
+question&mdash;if there be any moral side to it&mdash;and emphasize the physical
+injuriousness of the habit. We do not want to diminish the
+self-respect of our boys and girls, we want to increase it; and we can
+not do this if we make them believe that a masturbator is a vicious
+criminal. Inspire your patients with confidence, tell them that
+indulgence in the habit jeopardizes their future growth, both physical
+and mental, their health and happiness, and you will find them easier
+to control.</p>
+
+<p>I am not trying to minimize the danger of masturbation, for, if
+indulged in from an early age and to great excess, the results <i>may</i>
+be disastrous. But, even if I were to minimize the evil consequences,
+that would be less of a sin than to exaggerate them the way it has
+been done for so many years, by so many people in the profession and
+out of it. The evil results of exaggerating the influence of
+masturbation have been so great in the past that, if now the pendulum
+were to swing to the other extreme, I am sure it would not be a bad
+thing at all.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>To deal with the subject of the <i>treatment</i> of masturbation belongs to
+a medical treatise. But, a few remarks on how to prevent children from
+acquiring the habit of masturbation will not be out of place.</p>
+
+<p><b>Prevention of the Habit of Masturbation.</b> The keynote of preventing
+the habit is, carefully to watch the child from its earliest infancy.
+We know that not infrequently stupid or vicious nursemaids,
+wet-nurses, and even governesses ignorantly or deliberately induce the
+habit in children under their charge. This, of course, must be
+prevented. Even children of the age of nine, ten, eleven years should
+not be left alone, but always be under supervision. Too close
+friendship between boys or girls, particularly of different ages,
+should be looked upon with suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>A number of girls never should sleep in the same room without
+supervision by an older person.</p>
+
+<p>The sleeping together of two in the same bed, whether it be two
+children or a grown person and a child, should not be permitted under
+any circumstances. I admit of no exceptions to this demand. It makes
+no difference whether the other person is a mother, a father, a
+brother or a sister. Leaving out of the question any <i>deliberate</i>
+element, the thing is dangerous; for, very often, unintentionally,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>unwittingly, masturbation is initiated by this intimate contact.</p>
+
+<p>The child&mdash;boy or girl&mdash;should sleep alone, on a rather hard mattress.
+The covering should be light. A coverlet may be put over the feet. The
+child always should sleep with the arms out upon the cover or blanket,
+never <i>under</i> the same. If this is done from childhood on, it is very
+easy to get used to this way of sleeping, and many a case of
+masturbation will thus be obviated. The child should not be permitted
+to loll in bed: it must be taught to get up as soon as it awakes in
+the morning. The general bringing-up must be of a strengthening,
+hardening character; and this applies both to the body and the will.
+When the children reach the age of nine, ten, eleven, twelve or
+thirteen years (we must use discrimination and judgment, for, some
+children of nine are as developed as are others of thirteen), we must
+tell them that it is bad and injurious to handle one's genitals, and
+we must warn them to shun any companions who wish to initiate them
+into any manipulations of these parts or who show an inclination to
+talk about the sexual organs and sex matters.</p>
+
+<p>Hot baths are very injurious for young children in their influence in
+this direction. There is no question that a hot bath has a very
+decided stimulating effect upon the sexual desire of adults as well as
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>children, both male and female; in fact, I have had several
+patients of either sex tell me that their first masturbatory act was
+committed while they were in a hot bath. Of course, the sensation
+having been pleasurable, they kept on repeating the experience.</p>
+
+<p>Every factor liable to give rise to the habit should be removed. Thus,
+for instance, eczema about the genitals, strongly acid urine,
+seatworms, and the like, should be treated until cured. That anything
+having a tendency prematurely to awaken the sexual instinct should be
+rigorously avoided, goes without saying.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mental or Psychic Masturbation.</b> Some girls and women will abstain
+from handling themselves with their hands (manual masturbation), but
+will practice what we call mental masturbation. That is, they will
+concentrate their minds on the opposite sex, will picture to
+themselves various lascivious scenes, until they feel "satisfied."
+This method is extremely injurious and exhausting and is very likely
+to lead to neurasthenia and a nervous breakdown. You should break
+yourself of it, by all means, if you can. For it is even more
+injurious than the regular habit.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty" id="Chapter_Twenty"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>LEUCORRHEA&mdash;THE WHITES</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"&mdash;A
+Common Complaint&mdash;Severe Cases&mdash;Reasons for Resistance to
+Treatment&mdash;Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder&mdash;Sterility
+Due to Leucorrhea&mdash;Causes of Leucorrhea&mdash;Tonic Medicines&mdash;Local
+Treatment&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Douching.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Leucorrhea means literally a "white running," and is applied by the
+laity to any whitish discharge coming from the vagina. This is wrong,
+because some white discharges may be of little importance; others may
+be of a serious character, and not be leucorrhea at all.</p>
+
+<p>Leucorrhea is one of the banes of the modern girl and woman. It is
+very frequent. Probably at least twenty-five per cent, (some say fifty
+or seventy-five per cent.) of all women suffer with it in a greater or
+lesser degree. In some cases it is only an annoyance, necessitating
+the frequent changing of napkins, but in others it causes a great deal
+of weakness, backache, erosions, itching and burning. It is very
+resistant to treatment, particularly in girls. The reason it is so
+resistant to treatment is because the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>discharge, while coming from
+the vagina, <i>does not usually originate</i> in the vagina; it originates
+in the neck of the womb, and the hundreds and hundreds of injections
+that women take for their leucorrhea only reach the vagina; they
+cannot penetrate into the womb. And it is only by treating the cavity
+of the cervix, which can only be done by a physician, through a
+speculum, that the root of the trouble can be reached. And, if any
+erosion or ulcer is noticed, it can be directly touched up with the
+necessary application. And it is for this reason that in girls
+leucorrhea is so much more difficult to treat. For fear of having the
+hymen ruptured the girl objects to a thorough examination and to local
+treatment, and the leucorrhea is permitted to proceed until perhaps a
+chronic inflammation of the womb and the Fallopian tubes is
+established. There is no doubt that many cases of sterility or
+childlessness in women are due to long-neglected leucorrhea in
+girlhood.</p>
+
+<p><b>What Is the Cause of Leucorrhea?</b> We can answer simply: the cause of
+leucorrhea is catarrh in any part of the female genital tract. But
+this is no real answer. What are the causes of the catarrh? The causes
+of catarrh are many: the most common cause is a cold. Wetting the feet
+and getting chilled, particularly during the menses, may set up a
+catarrh in the cervix. Long standing on one's feet, lifting <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>and
+carrying heavy bundles, dancing in overheated rooms and then going out
+scantily clad in the chill night air, prolonged ungratified sexual
+excitement, lack of cleanliness in the external genitals&mdash;all these
+are factors in setting up a catarrh of the cervix with a resultant
+leucorrhea. A general rundown condition, worry, overwork, too hard
+study, lack of fresh air, and a general scrofulous condition also
+favor the development of catarrh of the womb and leucorrhea. It will
+therefore be seen that the treatment of leucorrhea to be successful
+must be general and local.</p>
+
+<p><b>General Treatment.</b> The general treatment consists in general
+hygienic measures and in common sense. The patient should not be on
+her feet more than she can help, and she should not walk until
+exhausted or fatigued. It is better to take several short walks than
+one long one. The corset she wears, if she wears any at all, should be
+of the modern kind: not one that presses the womb and the other
+abdominal organs down, but one that supports the abdominal walls, and
+rather raises the abdominal organs up. The lacing or buttoning must be
+from below up, and not from above down. That it should not in any way
+interfere with the freedom of respiration goes without saying.
+Constipation if any, to be treated, must be treated intelligently, by
+mild measures (see <a href="#constipation">Constipation</a>, in the chapter on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>pregnancy), and
+care must be taken that the bowels move at regular hours. Where the
+leucorrhea is due to or is aggravated by anemia and general weakness,
+a good iron preparation, such as one Blaud's five-grain pill three
+times a day, or a tonic of iron, quinine and strychnine, will do good.
+A daily cold bath or cold sponge, followed by a brisk dry rubbing with
+a rough towel, is also useful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Local Treatment.</b> Local measures consist of painting or swabbing the
+vagina and cervix with various solutions, of tampons, suppositories
+and douches. Local application to the vagina and uterus can be done
+satisfactorily by the physician or nurse only. The insertion of a
+suppository or douching can be easily done by the patient herself.</p>
+
+<p>While it is always best and safest to consult a physician, and, while
+self-medication is generally inadvisable, there are occasions when a
+physician is not available; in some small places a woman may, <i>for
+various reasons</i>, have a strong objection to gynecological examination
+and treatment; and some women may be too poor to pay the doctor. In
+such circumstances self-treatment is justified and there can be no
+objection to it if the remedies are harmless and are sure to do some
+good; that is, to improve the condition where they do not effect a
+complete cure.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>One of the simplest things is an alum tampon. You take a piece of
+absorbent cotton, about the size of a fist, spread it out, put about a
+tablespoonful of powdered alum on it, fold it up, tie a string around
+the center, insert it in the vagina as far as it will go, and leave it
+in for twenty-four hours. Then pull it gently by the string and
+syringe yourself with a quart or two quarts of warm water. Such a
+tampon may be inserted every other day or every third day, and I have
+known many cases where this simple treatment alone produced a cure. In
+some cases, however, douches work better and the two best things for
+douching are: tincture of iodine and lactic acid. Buy, say, four
+ounces of tincture of iodine, and use two teaspoonfuls in two quarts
+of hot water in a douche bag. This injection should be used twice a
+day, morning and night. Of the lactic acid you buy, say, a pint, and
+use two tablespoonfuls to two quarts of water. The lactic acid has the
+advantage over the tincture of iodine that it is colorless, while the
+iodine is dark and stains whatever it comes in contact with. Sometimes
+I order the use of the tincture of iodine and the lactic acid
+alternately: for one douche the tincture of iodine, for the next the
+lactic acid, and so on. When the condition improves, it is sufficient
+to use one teaspoonful of the tincture of iodine and one tablespoonful
+of the lactic acid to two quarts <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>of water. These injections are quite
+efficient and have the advantage of being perfectly harmless. One
+point about the injections: they should be taken not in the standing
+or squatting position (in which position the fluid comes right out),
+but while lying down, over a douche pan. The douche bag should be only
+about a foot above the bed, so that the irrigating fluid may come out
+slowly; the patient, after each injection taken in the daytime, should
+remain at least half an hour in bed (in the night time she stays all
+night in bed). This gives the injection a better chance to come in
+contact with all the parts of the vagina, and a portion of it comes in
+contact with the cervix, where it exerts a healing effect. Avoid the
+use of patent medicines.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-one" id="Chapter_Twenty-one"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-one<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE VENEREAL DISEASES</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Derivation of Word "Venereal"&mdash;Three Venereal Diseases&mdash;Innocent
+Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects&mdash;The Hygienic
+Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal Infection&mdash;Measures
+for Prevention After Sexual Relations.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The word "venereal" means pertaining to sexual intercourse: venereal
+excess&mdash;excess in sexual intercourse; venereal disease&mdash;a disease
+acquired from sexual intercourse with an infected person. The word is
+derived from Venus (genitive&mdash;veneris), the Roman goddess of spring,
+flowers and Love.</p>
+
+<p>There are three venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid.
+Of these, gonorrhea is the most widespread, syphilis the most serious.
+Chancroid is of comparatively little importance.</p>
+
+<p>While by far the greatest amount of venereal diseases&mdash;probably ninety
+per cent, of the total&mdash;is contracted from illicit<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> intercourse, it
+is well to bear in mind that some of it is contracted innocently,
+either from a kiss, or from using a sponge or a towel <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>which has been
+used by an infected person, etc. While the gonorrheal germ is
+generally transmitted directly, the syphilitic poison may be
+transmitted through various objects. Syphilis contracted not during
+intercourse, but in an innocent manner, from a kiss, a towel, a
+toothbrush, a razor, etc., is called syphilis of the innocent, or
+syphilis insontium. In former years doctors would not very rarely
+contract syphilis from examining syphilitic women with their bare
+fingers. Now since gloves have come into use for examining purposes,
+the number of infections has considerably diminished. And no doubt
+that as the people become more familiar with the danger of venereal
+infection from non-venereal sources, the number of innocent infections
+will greatly diminish. The dangerous roller towel and the no less
+dangerous common drinking cup are being gradually eliminated as
+factors of <i>non-venereal</i> infection; and we may confidently expect
+that in a decade or two the amount of venereal disease from <i>venereal</i>
+infection will be greatly lessened in all civilized countries. The
+general increase in cleanliness in all strata of society and the
+universal use of antiseptics after suspicious sexual relations will
+constitute the chief factors in this diminution of venereal disease.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Illicit&mdash;illegal, non-permissible, outside of marriage.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-two" id="Chapter_Twenty-two"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-two<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE EXTENT OF VENEREAL DISEASE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+Results&mdash;Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+Venereal Disease&mdash;Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+"Reformers"&mdash;Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to Lurid
+Exaggerations&mdash;Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals Harmful
+Results of Exaggerated Statements&mdash;Truth in Regard to
+Percentage of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p><b>Former Silence.</b> Only a very few years ago respectable women, by
+which I mean all women outside of the women called "fallen," did not
+know of the existence of venereal disease. It was considered a
+prohibited, disgraceful subject, not to be mentioned or even hinted at
+in conversation, in books or magazines, in lectures, or on the stage.
+When I say that they did not know of the <i>existence</i> of such a thing
+as venereal disease, that the very words gonorrhea and syphilis were
+unknown to them, I use these expressions not as figures of speech, but
+in their literal meaning. All avenues of acquiring such knowledge
+being closed to them&mdash;lay people don't usually now and they surely
+didn't then purchase and read strictly medical works&mdash;where could they
+obtain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>the information? The result was that when a woman was so
+unfortunate as to contract a venereal disease from her husband, she
+did not understand its character and did not suspect its source. Which
+was a rather good thing&mdash;for the husband. Family peace was more
+secure.</p>
+
+<p><b>Present Exaggerations.</b> Now a change has taken place in this respect,
+and, as is often the case with recent changes, the pendulum has swung
+to the other extreme. The silence of former days has given place to
+shouting from the housetops. The last phrase is also used almost in
+its literal sense. Many men and women, deeply stirred by the venereal
+peril, and sincerely anxious to guard boys and girls from venereal
+infection, have been indulging in very reprehensible exaggerations.
+Particularly lurid have been the exaggerations as to the prevalence of
+the disease in the male sex, with its consequent disastrous effects on
+married women. A statement made by a Dr. Noeggerath (a German
+physician who practiced at the time in New York), nearly half a
+century ago, to the effect that 80 per cent, of all men have gonorrhea
+and that 90 per cent. of these remain uncured and infect or are apt to
+infect their wives, has been shown to be a ridiculously absurd
+exaggeration. If it had been true, the race would now be at the point
+of dying out. Nevertheless, this statement is copied <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>from book to
+book, as if it were gospel truth, as if it were a scientifically and
+statistically established fact instead of a wild, sensational guess.
+An esteemed New York physician, Dr. Prince A. Morrow, did excellent
+pioneer work in calling attention to the dangers of venereal disease.
+But, as is the case with so many "reformers," he permitted his zeal to
+run away with him occasionally, and he made statements which caused
+and are still causing the judicious to grieve. The statement, for
+instance, that there is more venereal disease among innocent, virtuous
+wives than among prostitutes is one to cause the real honest
+investigator to weep (over the human tendency to exaggeration), or to
+burst out in uproarious laughter. The ridiculousness of this statement
+becomes especially evident when we recollect that the same gentleman
+made the statement that every prostitute, without exception, was
+diseased at one time or another. If venereal disease exists among
+prostitutes to the extent of 100 per cent., then how can it exist to a
+greater extent among innocent, virtuous wives? And to still further
+emphasize the absurdity of the above statement, I will tell you that
+the extent of venereal disease among married women is believed by
+careful non-sensational venereologists not to exceed five per cent.!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the silence of former years has given place <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>to the lurid
+exaggeration of the present day. While on the whole the former was
+worse than the latter, the latter is bad enough, because it makes many
+girls unhappy, sowing in them the seeds of suspicion and cynicism,
+tends to make them antagonistic to the entire male sex, and inoculates
+them with a senseless fear of marriage. A study made by Miriam C.
+Gould, of the department of psychology and philosophy in the
+University of Pittsburg (<i>Social Hygiene</i>, April, 1916), corroborates
+our remarks in a striking manner.</p>
+
+<p>She has had confidential chats with 50 young girls, with whom she has
+had some acquaintance; of these 50, 25 were college students and 25
+were not. She asked them a number of questions, the purpose of which
+was to find out what psychologic effect, if any, their knowledge of
+prostitution and of venereal disease has had on them. She states in
+her conclusions that "the histories reveal a large percentage of
+harmful results, such as conditions bordering upon neurasthenia,
+melancholia, pessimism and <i>sex antagonism</i> (italics mine), directly
+traceable to this knowledge. Eleven of the girls interviewed developed
+a pronounced repulsion for men, although prior to their 'knowledge'
+they had enjoyed men's company. They now avoid association with them,
+and six have declared that they have totally lost faith <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>in the moral
+cleanness of men. Eight have already refused to marry, or intend to do
+so, because of their belief that the risk of infection was too great.
+If it were not for the existence of these diseases, they say they
+would be glad to marry. All of these say their decision has rendered
+them more or less unhappy."</p>
+
+<p>In the laudable desire to keep our young women pure and to protect
+them from infection, in the endeavor to make them demand one moral
+standard for both sexes, our exaggerating reformers are condemning
+them to lifelong celibacy, which in the case of women often means
+lifelong neurasthenia and hypochondria.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Truth of the Matter.</b> Here is the Truth about venereal
+disease&mdash;the truth as I know it, without concealment on the one hand
+and without exaggeration on the other. Exact figures are, of course,
+unobtainable anywhere; but results obtained from unbiased
+investigations of <i>different</i> classes of society, from hospital
+reports, from questionnaires among students, etc., tell us that
+probably about twenty per cent. of the adult male population are the
+victims of gonorrhea at one time or another; that probably eight or
+ten per cent. are not entirely cured when they enter matrimony; and
+four or five per cent. (some would say two per cent.) of wives become
+infected with gonorrhea. This, I say, is terrible <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>enough, and makes
+the greatest care and caution imperative; for, if you should be one of
+the victims of the two or five per cent., it would be little
+consolation to you that the other ninety-eight or ninety-five per
+cent. of wives have escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the percentage of venereal disease among young men, and
+afterwards among their wives, will vary greatly with the stratum of
+society. Among the "lower" strata you may find fifty per cent. of
+infection, with a very large percentage of those uncured. Not because
+they are of a lower morality than the higher classes, but because the
+cheap class of prostitutes that they are obliged to patronize are
+frequently diseased and because they cannot afford expert treatment,
+or any treatment at all. Among these classes you will naturally find a
+much larger percentage of diseased wives. But then to counteract this
+we must bear in mind that there are large classes of men in whom
+gonorrhea exists only to the extent of five or ten per cent., and we
+have large classes of wives among whom the victims of gonorrhea will
+come up only to a fraction of one per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The above figures, you see, differ materially from the statements
+found in so many sex books that "80 per cent. of all married men in
+New York have gonorrhea," and that "at least three out of every five
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>[60 per cent.!] married women in New York have gonorrhea." Whenever
+you read or hear such a statement treat it with a smile&mdash;or with
+contempt, as all false statements should be treated.</p>
+
+<p>As to syphilis, the extent of the prevalence may be given as between
+two and five per cent. Which percentage differs considerable from the
+75, 50 or 25 per cent. given us by some sex lecturers, but which is
+terrible enough as it is, without any exaggerations.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-three" id="Chapter_Twenty-three"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-three<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>GONORRHEA</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Source of Gonorrhea&mdash;Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of Eye
+Principal Seats of Disease&mdash;Symptoms in Men and in
+Women&mdash;Vagina Seldom Attacked in Adults&mdash;Nobody Inherits
+Gonorrhea&mdash;Ophthalmia Neonatorum&mdash;Differences of Course of
+Disease in Men and Women&mdash;Gonorrhea Less Painful in
+Women&mdash;Symptoms not Suspected by Woman&mdash;Necessity for the Woman
+Consulting a Physician&mdash;Self-treatment When Woman Cannot
+Consult Physician&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Injections.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The subject of gonorrhea and syphilis is treated pretty fully, from a
+layman's point of view, in the author's <i>Sex Knowledge for Men</i>. I do
+not intend to devote much space to a discussion of the details of
+these two diseases here, because the subject is not of such direct
+interest to women. Respectable girls and women do not indulge in
+illicit relations the same as respectable men and boys do, and their
+danger of contracting a venereal disease is insignificant as compared
+with men's liability. I will, therefore, touch upon only a few points,
+particularly insofar as the diseases differ in their course from the
+course pursued in men. Those, however, who are interested may read the
+chapters on the subject in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>the author's <i>Sex Knowledge for Men</i>, and
+if they want still fuller details, they may study the author's
+<i>Treatment of Gonorrhea and Its Complications in Men and Women</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="imgr" style="width: 35%;">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep159.png" width="75%" alt="Gonorrheal Germs" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Gonorrheal Germs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>Gonorrhea</b> is an inflammation caused by a germ called the gonococcus,
+discovered by Dr. A. Neisser, of Breslau, Germany, in 1879. Any mucous
+membrane may be the seat of gonorrhea, but it attacks by preference
+the mucous membrane of the genital organs, and of one other organ&mdash;the
+eye. Its principal symptoms are: inflammation, pain, burning and
+discharge. In men, it attacks the urethra; in women it attacks the
+cervix&mdash;the neck of the womb&mdash;the urethra, and the vulva. The vagina
+is seldom attacked in adult women, because the mucous membrane of the
+adult vagina is rather tough and does not offer a good soil for the
+development of the gonococcus germ. The discharge that a woman has
+when she has gonorrhea comes principally or exclusively from the neck
+of the womb. In little girls, however, in whom the lining of the
+vagina is tender, gonorrhea of the vagina and the vulva is common.
+(See chapter <a href="#Chapter_Twenty-four">Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls.</a>) Gonorrhea is a local
+disease. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>While in some cases, after the disease has lasted for some
+time, a certain poison is generated by the germs which circulates in
+the blood, and while the germs may occasionally wander into distant
+organs, still in 98 per cent. of all cases gonorrhea is a local
+disease, and if taken in time is cured without leaving any traces on
+the general organism.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gonorrhea Not Hereditary.</b> Then, gonorrhea is not a hereditary
+disease. Nobody ever <i>inherits</i> gonorrhea. A child may be born with a
+gonorrheal inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmia neonatorum), but this
+inflammation is not inherited; it can only be acquired if the mother
+is suffering with gonorrhea while the child is being born: some of the
+pus in the mother's birth canal gets into the child's eyes while it
+passes through the uterus and vagina. This is not heredity; this is
+simple infection, and can be avoided by keeping the mother's birth
+canal clean by antiseptic douches before childbirth. In short, I
+repeat gonorrhea is essentially a local and not a constitutional
+disease, and is not hereditary. In which two respects it differs from
+syphilis, which is the most constitutional and most hereditary of all
+diseases.</p>
+
+<p><b>Course of Gonorrhea in Men and Women.</b> Gonorrhea runs an entirely
+different course in women than it does in men. When a man has
+gonorrhea he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>knows it immediately; first, because the discharge tells
+him that there is something the matter with him, for a man is not used
+to having any discharge from the urethra unless there is something the
+matter with him. Second, the urine becomes at once burning and
+painful. In women the urethra is a separate canal from the vagina, and
+the urethra is very frequently not affected in gonorrhea. The
+infection generally starts in the cervix, and the disease may last for
+considerable time before the woman becomes aware of it. In general,
+gonorrhea is a less painful disease in woman, and this is a bad thing,
+because she thus neglects treatment and loses valuable time,
+permitting the disease to develop. Even when the urethra is affected
+in women, it does not give as severe symptoms as inflammation of the
+urethra in men. If the woman does have pains she often pays no
+attention to them, because woman is used to pains; as we have seen
+before, fifty per cent. of all women suffer more or less with
+dysmenorrhea. Many of them have a leucorrheal discharge of greater or
+lesser degree, and therefore if there is an increase in the pains, or
+an increase in the discharge, little attention is paid to the matter.
+In fact, a woman may have a chronic gonorrhea for months or years
+without being aware that there is anything the matter with her. It is
+important to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>teach women to seek medical aid as soon as they notice
+any increase in the amount of the discharge, or change in color,
+particularly if it becomes greenish, or if the odor becomes offensive,
+or if there is chafing, burning, or irritation around the genitals,
+and particularly if there is an increase in the frequency or urgency
+of urination, or if there is a burning, scalding, or cutting sensation
+during the act of urination. Also whenever the sexual act becomes
+painful. If women consulted a physician as soon as they noticed any of
+the symptoms referred to above, they would save months and years of
+suffering and expense, because the disease would often be taken in
+hand while still limited to the cervix, and not, as is now often the
+case, after the inflammation has extended into the uterus and
+Fallopian tubes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Self-treatment.</b> I do not believe in self-treatment because it is
+generally unsatisfactory and may often even become dangerous, and I
+decidedly advise every woman who suspects that she has contracted
+gonorrhea to apply at once to a competent physician. But it happens
+not infrequently that a woman is so situated that she cannot consult a
+physician. And in the meantime there is danger of the gonorrhea
+spreading further and further. In such cases it is advisable for the
+woman to use an injection until such time when she can consult a
+physician. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>injection I am going to advise may in itself produce a
+cure; and, if it does not produce a complete cure, it at any rate
+improves the condition, prevents the extension of the disease, makes
+subsequent treatment easier, and besides is perfectly harmless. The
+best injection for self use in gonorrhea is tincture of iodine; the
+proportion is two teaspoonfuls to a quart or two quarts of water. If
+the case is very bad, such an injection may be taken twice a day. If
+the case is not very bad, once a day is sufficient. After using the
+tincture of iodine for five days to a week, it is good to change off
+to lactic acid. Buy a pint or so of lactic acid in a drug store, and
+use one tablespoonful to a quart of water. It is preferable to have
+the water hot, about 100 deg., but where this is inconvenient it may
+be used lukewarm. The lactic acid injection is used for three days,
+then the iodine injection is resumed, then again the lactic acid, and
+so on. I know of many cases that were cured by this treatment alone.
+And I might mention that these injections are generally also very
+efficient in leucorrhea, as stated in the chapter on Leucorrhea.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-four" id="Chapter_Twenty-four"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-four<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>VULVOVAGINITIS IN LITTLE GIRLS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls&mdash;Discharge Chief
+Symptom&mdash;Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis&mdash;Psychic Results of
+Treatment&mdash;Effects in Hastening Sexual Maturity&mdash;Vulvovaginitis
+a Cause of Permanent Sterility&mdash;Measures to Prevent the
+Disease&mdash;Toilet Seats and Vulvovaginitis.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The mucous membrane, or the lining of the vulva and vagina, in little
+girls is very tender, and therefore very readily subject to infection.
+An infection of the vulva and vagina due to the gonococcus or to some
+other germ is very common in little girls. At least it used to be,
+particularly among children of the poor, in institutions and
+hospitals. The very dangerous infective character of vulvovaginitis
+was not known, and the infection was therefore easily transferred by
+towels, linen, toilet seats, bedpans, syringe nozzles, thermometers,
+the nurses' hands, and in various other ways. Now great care is being
+taken and in most hospitals no children are admitted in the general
+wards unless it is determined that they are free from vulvovaginitis.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, vulvovaginitis in children is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>a mild infection. A
+child may have it for several weeks or months without being aware of
+it, without saying anything about it, the diagnosis often being made
+by the mother, who begins to notice the creamy discharge on the girl's
+linen or underwear. And this is the principal symptom in little girls
+thus afflicted&mdash;the discharge. This discharge may be very profuse,
+covering the vulva, vagina, and cervix.</p>
+
+<p>In severe cases, there is also an infection of the urethra, and the
+child may complain of burning at urination, itching and pain around
+the vulva and anus, and slight pain in the abdomen. There may be a
+moderate rise in temperature, up to 101 deg. F., and in some instances
+the attack is sufficiently acute to give rise to a chill and fever. A
+mild inflammation of the joints may set in within the first weeks of
+the infection, although as a usual thing it comes later on.</p>
+
+<p><b>Evil Sequel&aelig; of Vulvovaginitis.</b> While, as stated, vulvovaginitis is
+a comparatively mild infection as far as its symptoms are concerned,
+it nevertheless has a very bad effect on the child who is unfortunate
+enough to become a victim of the disease. First of all, it is an
+extremely long drawn, persistent disease. It usually takes months, and
+these months may run into years, before a complete cure, is effected.
+Second, relapses are quite common. Third, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>the treatment is a
+disagreeable one for the child, and is occasionally painful. Fourth,
+it has a disastrous effect on the child's <i>morale</i>; most parents,
+though they may love the child most affectionately, look somewhat
+askance at it; and continuous vaginal treatment somehow or other has a
+humiliating effect on the child, which begins to consider itself as an
+outcast, as something apart from other children. Fifth, the child's
+education is very frequently seriously and permanently interfered
+with, because it must often be taken out of school, whether public or
+private, and private tutoring is of course feasible only for the few.
+Sixth, and this is a point not sufficiently appreciated by the
+profession and the laity, but it is an important point, nevertheless:
+vulvovaginitis in children has unfortunately a disastrous effect in
+<i>hastening the sexual maturity of the child</i>. Whether this is due to
+the congestion of the organs produced by the inflammation, or to the
+speculum examinations, paintings, douches, applications, tampons,
+suppositories, etc., the fact remains that girls who suffer from
+vulvovaginitis in childhood become sexually mature considerably
+earlier than normal girls of the same class, stratum and climate, and
+their demand for sexual satisfaction is much more insistent. Seventh,
+a mild vulvovaginitis may be the cause of permanent <i>sterility</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>It will therefore be seen that vulvovaginitis is a calamity, and
+everything possible should be done to guard female children from
+contracting it. <i>All</i> children should <i>always</i> sleep alone. Under no
+circumstances should a child sleep with anybody else, be it a sister,
+a mother, a friend, a governess, or a servant girl. People should be
+very careful in sending their children to spend a night or two with
+some friends. The friends may be all right, but still a friend of the
+friends or a relative of the friends may not be. I have known several
+cases where the origin of the vulvovaginitis could be traced to little
+girls spending a week at the house of some friends where a boarder or
+relative was infected with gonorrhea. That children should be kept
+away from associating or playing with adults or other children who are
+known to have gonorrheal infection goes without saying. The child's
+genitals should be frequently inspected by the mother, and scrupulous
+cleanliness by frequent bathing, sponging with warm solutions and
+powdering, should be maintained. The toilet seats in school should
+receive special attention. The wooden seat is a menace because it
+often harbors gonorrheal pus from either the female or male genitals,
+while the only proper seat is one of the so-called U-shaped style,
+that is, one in which the front is entirely open, like the letter U.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-five" id="Chapter_Twenty-five"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-five<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>SYPHILIS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Syphilis Due to Germ&mdash;Syphilis a Constitutional Disease&mdash;Primary
+Lesion&mdash;Incubation Period&mdash;Roseola&mdash;Primary Stage&mdash;Secondary
+Stage&mdash;Mucous Patches&mdash;Tertiary Stage&mdash;Gumma&mdash;Hereditary Nature
+of Syphilis&mdash;Milder Course in Women Than in Men&mdash;Obscure
+Symptoms in Syphilis&mdash;Necessity for Examination by
+Physician&mdash;Locomotor Ataxia&mdash;Softening of the
+Brain&mdash;Chancroids.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Syphilis is a disease caused by a germ called spirocheta; the full
+name is spirocheta pallida&mdash;a pale, spiral-shaped germ. Though the
+disease has been ravaging Europe and America for centuries, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>the germ
+of it has been discovered only a few years ago, namely, in 1905, and,
+like the gonococcus, also by a German scientist, Fritz Schaudinn.
+Syphilis is a constitutional disease. In ten days to three weeks after
+a person has contracted syphilis, he (or she) develops a sore (at the
+spot where the germs got in). This sore is called <i>chancre</i> or
+<i>primary lesion</i>. But when this sore makes its appearance the
+spirochet&aelig; and the poison which they elaborate are already circulating
+in the blood, all over the system. The disease is already systemic, or
+constitutional, and the chancre is the local expression of a
+constitutional disease. Cutting out the chancre will not cure the
+disease, because, as stated, the germs are already in the system. The
+time between the contraction of the disease (the infectious
+intercourse) and the appearance of the chancre is called the
+<i>Incubation Period</i>. The time between the appearance of the chancre
+and the appearance of the rash on the body (the rash looks like a
+measles rash and is called roseola, which means a rose-colored rash)
+is called the <i>Primary Stage</i>. It lasts about six weeks. With the
+appearance of the rash commences the <i>Secondary Stage</i>. This stage is
+characterized by all sorts of <i>eruptions</i>, mild and severe, by white
+little patches (called mucous patches) in the throat, mouth, tonsils,
+vagina, by falling out of the hair, etc. The length of this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>secondary
+stage depends a good deal upon the sort of treatment the patient gets.
+Improperly treated, or not treated at all, it may last two or three
+years or more. Properly treated, it may be cut short at once, in a few
+days, so that the patient may never again in his or her life get an
+eruption. The third or <i>Tertiary Stage</i> is characterized by
+<i>ulcerations</i> in various parts of the body and by <i>swellings</i> or
+tumors. The name of a syphilitic swelling or tumor is gumma (plural,
+gummata). The tertiary stage is the most terrible stage and it used to
+be the terror of syphilitic patients. But at the present time, under
+our modern methods of treatment, patients, if properly treated, <i>never
+have a tertiary stage</i>. We have seen many patients who considered
+syphilis a trifling disease, because all they knew of their disease
+was the chancre and the first eruption, i.e., the roseola, and perhaps
+a slight falling out of the hair. They then put themselves under
+energetic treatment, the <i>activity</i> of the disease was checked, and
+they never had another symptom afterwards, though a Wassermann test
+showed that the disease was not entirely eradicated. It was merely
+held in check&mdash;which is the second best thing.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep168.png" width="40%" alt="Germ of Syphilis." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Spirocheta Pallida, or Treponema Pallidum, the Germ
+of Syphilis as Seen under the Microscope.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As stated before, syphilis is the most hereditary of all diseases.
+Fortunately, if the disease is still very active in the parents,
+particularly in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>mother, the child is generally aborted. Some
+syphilitic mothers will have half a dozen or more miscarriages in
+succession. When the disease has become "attenuated," either by
+treatment or by itself&mdash;many diseases lose their virulence in
+time&mdash;the child may be carried to term. It then may be born dead, or
+it may be born strongly syphilitic, and die in a few days or weeks, or
+it may be born without any signs of syphilis and be apparently healthy
+and then develop the disease at the age of ten, twelve, fourteen, or
+later, or it may be born healthy and remain healthy. But no woman who
+had syphilis, or whose husband had syphilis, should <i>dare</i> to conceive
+or to give birth to a child unless she has been given permission by a
+competent physician. I mean just what I say. It is not a personal
+matter. A woman has a right to marry a syphilitic husband if she wants
+to and run the risk of contracting syphilis. Her body is her own, and
+if she does it with her eyes open it is her affair. But a woman has no
+right to bring into the world syphilitic or syphilitically tainted
+children. Here society has a right to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>Syphilis runs a milder course in women than it does in men. But this
+milder course is not an unmixed blessing; it may be considered a
+misfortune, because, the same as gonorrhea in women, syphilis is often
+present for months and years until it has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>made such inroads that it
+is but little amenable to treatment. In many women the disease runs
+such a mild course, as far as definite symptoms are concerned, that
+they are sure they never had anything the matter with them, and they
+are perfectly sincere in their denial of ever having had any
+infection. Often it is only when they complain of obscure symptoms,
+for which we can find no explanation, and then take a Wassermann test,
+that we discover what the real trouble is. And then the internal
+organs are sometimes found so deeply affected that it is hard to do
+anything. So it is seen that the mildness of the course of the
+disease, while a good thing in itself, is bad in that respect that it
+prevents timely treatment. It is therefore important that whenever a
+woman is in any way suspicious that she may have the disease that she
+have herself examined; and if she has reasons to suspect that her
+husband or partner has the disease, she should persuade him to have
+himself examined.</p>
+
+<p>Locomotor ataxia, one of the most terrible sequel&aelig; of syphilis, is
+much more rare in women than it is in men. So is general paresis, also
+called general paralysis of the insane, or softening of the brain.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Chancroids</h4>
+
+<p>There is one other minor disease belonging to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>the venereal diseases;
+that is chancroids. Chancroids are little ulcers on the genitals; they
+are purely local and do not affect the system. They are due largely to
+uncleanliness, and are found only among the poorer classes of
+prostitutes and therefore among the poorer classes of men. One sees
+them now and then in public dispensaries, but in private practice they
+are now quite rare. They used to be quite common, which shows that the
+general level of cleanliness has been raised considerably among all
+classes of people. At any rate, chancroids are of little significance,
+as compared with syphilis and gonorrhea, and when speaking of the
+venereal peril, these are the two diseases we have in mind.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-six" id="Chapter_Twenty-six"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-six<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CURABILITY OF VENEREAL DISEASE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in
+Man&mdash;Extensive Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to
+Cure&mdash;Positive Cure in Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Just as the usual statements in regard to the extent of venereal
+disease have been found untrue or greatly exaggerated, so do the
+statements regarding the curability or rather incurability of venereal
+disease need careful revision. The picture usually painted of the
+hopelessness of gonorrhea and syphilis is too sombre, too black, and,
+contrary to the assertions made by laymen and laywomen and physicians
+who do not specialize in the treatment of venereal disease, I wish to
+make the statement that every case of gonorrhea in man, without any
+exception, if properly treated, can be perfectly cured, <i>as far as
+practical purposes are concerned</i>. I add the last phrase because the
+cure may not be perfect in the scientific sense of the word; that is,
+the man may not be brought back into the condition in which he was
+before he got the disease. But, for all practical <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>purposes, as far as
+he himself is concerned, as far as his wife is concerned, and as far
+as the future children are concerned, every case may be cured, without
+any doubt. And I say this, basing myself upon a varied professional
+experience extending over nearly a quarter of a century.</p>
+
+<p>As to gonorrhea in women, that depends to a great extent upon the
+virulence of the disease and the promptness with which treatment is
+instituted. If the gonorrhea is limited only to the cervix, the vulva
+and the urethra, then prompt treatment will usually bring about a cure
+in a comparatively short time. But if the gonorrheal inflammation has
+extended to the body of the uterus, or still worse, to the tubes, then
+the treatment may become a very tedious one, and some cases may not be
+curable without an operation.</p>
+
+<p>With syphilis the matter is different. Since the introduction by
+Ehrlich of the various arsenic preparations, we have much better
+success in the treatment of syphilis, and we can positively render
+every case non-infectious to the partner. But, as to guaranteeing a
+positive cure, that is, guaranteeing that the patient will never have
+an outbreak or relapse of his disease in the future, and that the
+children will be perfectly free from any taint, this we can do no more
+now than we could before the modern <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>treatment of syphilis was
+introduced. The decision, therefore, as to whether we may or may not
+permit a once syphilitic patient to marry will depend a great deal
+upon whether or no the husband or the wife or both desire to have
+children. If this is the case, we must often withhold our permission;
+but if the man and woman agree to get married and to get along without
+children, we will grant permission to the marriage in the vast
+majority of cases. The subject of venereal disease and marriage will
+be further discussed in separate chapters.</p>
+
+<p>Venereal disease, I have to repeat, is terrible enough in itself,
+without any exaggeration, without picturing it in too black colors.
+And it is necessary that people should not have too black an idea of
+it. It is necessary that they know that there are thousands and tens
+of thousands of patients who suffered with gonorrhea or syphilis and
+who were perfectly cured, who married, and whose wives remained
+perfectly well, and who gave birth to perfectly healthy untainted
+children.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-seven" id="Chapter_Twenty-seven"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-seven<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>VENEREAL PROPHYLAXIS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious
+Intercourse&mdash;Formul&aelig; for Douches&mdash;Precautions Against
+Non-venereal Sources of Infection&mdash;Syphilis Transmitted by
+Dentist's Instruments&mdash;Manicurists and Syphilis&mdash;Promiscuous
+Kissing a Source of Syphilitic Infection.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In his book, <i>Sex Knowledge for Men</i>, the author treated the subject
+of prevention of venereal disease very thoroughly. Men need this
+knowledge. As men <i>will</i> indulge in illicit relations, we must teach
+them to guard themselves against venereal infection. We must do it not
+only for their own sake, but for the sake of their wives and children.
+For, infection in the man may mean infection in his wife and children.
+But as women readers of this book are not likely to indulge in
+promiscuous relations with strangers, a detailed discussion of the
+subject would be out of place.</p>
+
+<p>I will merely say, that where the woman has a suspicion that her
+husband is in an infectious state, she should abstain from relations
+with him until she is sure that he is safe. But where for some reason
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>a suspicions intercourse is indulged in, the woman should use an
+antiseptic douche <i>before</i> and <i>after</i> intercourse. Where it is
+inconvenient to use a douche both before and after, a douche after
+will have to suffice, but it is much safer and surer to use the douche
+both before and after. When you use a douche there is always some of
+the solution left in the vagina and that destroys wholly or in part
+the infective germs. The following makes an effective douche: Dissolve
+a tablet of bichloride (they come on the market of the weight of about
+7&frac12; grains) in two quarts of water&mdash;hot, lukewarm or cold. Use
+before intercourse a small amount&mdash;about a pint or half a pint, and
+use the balance after intercourse. Instead of the bichloride you may
+use a tablespoonful of carbolic acid, or two tablets of chinosol, or a
+tablespoonful of lysol, or two tablespoonfuls of boric acid.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of the douche an antiseptic jelly in a collapsible tin tube
+with a long nozzle may be used.</p>
+
+<p>But besides the venereal sources of infection the woman must guard
+against the non-venereal sources. Do not ever, if you can avoid it,
+use a public toilet. If you are forced to use it, protect yourself by
+putting some paper over the seat.</p>
+
+<p>Do not use a public drinking cup. If you have to use one, keep your
+lips away from the rim. One <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>can learn to drink without touching the
+rim of the glass or cup with the lips.</p>
+
+<p>Do not under any circumstances use a public towel. The roller towel is
+a menace to health and should be forbidden in every part of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>If you have to sleep in a hotel or in a strange bed, make sure that
+the linen is clean and fresh. Never sleep on bed linen which has been
+used by a stranger.</p>
+
+<p>Never use a public brush or comb.</p>
+
+<p>Be sure that your dentist is a careful, up-to-date man, and sterilizes
+his instruments carefully. Many a case of syphilis has been
+transmitted by a dentist's instrument. A syphilitic who goes to a
+dentist to be treated generally conceals his disease, and if the
+dentist is not in the habit of sterilizing his instruments after each
+patient, disaster may result.</p>
+
+<p>Be sure that your manicurist is not syphilitic, or at least that her
+hands are healthy, clean and free from any eruption.</p>
+
+<p>And, last but not least, do not indulge in promiscuous kissing. This
+is a particularly important injunction for young girls. This is a real
+peril and there are thousands of cases of syphilis that are known to
+have been contracted directly from kissing. People suffering with
+syphilis often have little white sores (mucous patches) on their lips,
+tongue and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>inside of cheeks. These sores are very infectious, and by
+kissing the disease is readily transmitted. Kissing games have been
+responsible in more than one case for the spread of syphilis to many
+persons. I have now under treatment a girl of nineteen who contracted
+syphilis on her summer vacation from having kissed a man once. Avoid
+promiscuous kissing! It is a bad practice for more than one reason.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-eight" id="Chapter_Twenty-eight"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-eight<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ALCOHOL, SEX AND VENEREAL DISEASE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease&mdash;A Champagne Dinner and
+Syphilis&mdash;Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due to
+Alcohol&mdash;Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man and in
+Woman&mdash;Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to Alcohol&mdash;Alcohol as an
+Aid to Seduction.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>That Bacchus, the god of wine, is the strongest ally of Venus, the
+goddess of love, using love in its physical sense, as the French use
+the word <i>amour</i>, has been well known to the ancient Greeks and
+Romans, as it is well known to-day to every saloon-keeper and every
+keeper of a disreputable house. And all measures to combat venereal
+disease and to prevent girls from making a false step will be only
+partially successful if we do not at the same time carry on a strong
+educational campaign against alcoholic indulgence. Of what use to
+young men is the knowledge of the venereal peril and familiarity with
+the use of venereal prophylactics, when under the influence of alcohol
+the mind is befuddled, they forget everything and do things that they
+never would do in the sober state? Of what use are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>warnings to a
+girl, when under the influence of a heavy dinner and a bottle of
+champagne, to which she is unaccustomed, her passion is aroused to a
+degree she has never experienced before, her will is paralyzed and she
+yields, though deep down in her consciousness something tells her she
+shouldn't? Yields, becomes pregnant, and is in the deepest agony for
+several months, and has a wound which will probably never heal for the
+rest of her life? Of what use have all the lectures, books and
+maternal injunctions been to her?</p>
+
+<p>Or this case. Here is a young lawyer, twenty-eight years of age,
+engaged to a fine girl, and with everything to look forward to. He
+always was very moderate and circumspect in his sexual indulgence,
+and, though careful in choosing his partners, he never failed to use a
+venereal prophylactic after intercourse. There was too much at stake
+for him, and he did not care to take any chances, even if the chances
+were one in a thousand. For a period of one year during which he had
+been engaged he abstained from sexual intercourse altogether, though
+it cost him a great deal of effort to do so. He was to be married very
+shortly. But ill-luck made him accept an invitation to a bachelor
+dinner, where champagne and smutty stories were flowing freely, too
+freely. He left about midnight, and as the night was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>beautiful he
+decided to walk home. He met a siren, who invited him to accompany
+her. Under other circumstances he would have sent her on her way, or
+at least he would have stepped into a drugstore for a prophylactic.
+But, excited by the wine, the smutty stories and the year's
+abstinence, he went along like a sheep, as a matter of course, without
+trying to reason or interposing any objections. He remembers
+distinctly his feelings and the state of his mind. He was not drunk,
+only exhilarated, but nevertheless the whole thing seemed to him so
+normal, so natural, so expected, so matter-of-course, that he couldn't
+think of acting otherwise than accept her invitation. And he stayed
+two or three hours; and he used no prophylactic. And as a
+result&mdash;three weeks later he had a typical primary syphilitic lesion.
+How he felt and what it all meant to him the reader can imagine. This
+is far from being an isolated, an exceptional case.</p>
+
+<p>From my own practice I could cite a number of cases of venereal
+infection in which alcohol was the direct, primary factor. How many
+such cases there are altogether in the period of a year nobody can
+say, but that they constitute a considerable percentage of the total
+venereal morbidity every investigating sexologist will testify. Forel
+claims that 76 per cent. of all venereal infection takes place <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>under
+the influence of alcohol; Notthaft is more moderate, more
+discriminating in his statistics and his claims are&mdash;30 per cent. An
+analysis of 1,000 cases of venereal infection, just published by Dr.
+Hugo Hecht (<i>Venerische Infektion und Alkohol, Z.B.G.</i>, Vol. XVI, No.
+11) gives over 40 per cent. And the saddest part of it is that among
+the infected were 75 married men (the author thinks there were more,
+but only 75 confessed to being married), and of these, 45, equivalent
+to 60 per cent., were under the influence of alcohol when they
+contracted their venereal disease (extra-matrimonially, of course).</p>
+
+<p>Alcoholic indulgence contributes to the spread of venereal disease
+directly and indirectly. First and foremost it increases enormously
+the amount of intercourse indulged in. I certainly do not belong to
+those who believe that the sex instinct is merely a vicious appetite,
+like the appetite for alcohol or drugs, which can easily and
+completely be suppressed by the exertion of will-power. I believe that
+the sex instinct can be suppressed only within reasonable limits; if
+an attempt is made to exceed these limits dire results are apt to
+follow. But I also believe that the sex instinct can be stimulated
+artificially beyond the natural needs, and among the artificial
+stimulants of the sex instinct alcohol occupies first place. And bear
+in mind that alcohol produces <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>even a stronger effect on women, in
+exciting the sexual passion, than it does on men. Women are more
+easily upset by stimulants and narcotics, and that is the reason why
+it is more dangerous for women to drink than it is for men.</p>
+
+<p>So this, then, is count number one: The man and the woman who in a
+sober condition would easily abstain, with their libido stimulated and
+their will-power paralyzed by alcohol, indulge unnecessarily, with the
+risk of venereal infection to the man and the double risk of venereal
+infection and pregnancy to the woman. Count two: The man who in the
+sober condition would use care and discrimination, under the influence
+of alcohol soon loses all his judgment and sees an angel and a Helen
+of Troy in the worst and most impudent harlot; with the result that
+the chances of venereal infection are greatly increased. Count three:
+Where under ordinary circumstances the man would stay a few minutes to
+half an hour, under the influence of alcohol he stays several hours,
+or all night, thus increasing his chances of infection a hundredfold.
+Count four: Alcohol increases the congestion in the genital organs of
+both man and woman and renders them much more <i>susceptible</i> to
+infection. All other factors being equal, a connection which will
+under strict sobriety remain without bad results, may when one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>or
+both partners are under the influence of alcohol be followed by
+infection. Count five: The man who is in the habit of using venereal
+prophylactics under the influence of alcohol becomes both careless and
+reckless; he looks with contempt at preventive measures and the result
+is&mdash;venereal disease.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to give statistics and exact or even approximate
+figures. But there is no question in my mind, in the mind of any
+careful investigator, that if alcoholic beverages could be eliminated,
+the number of cases of venereal infection would be diminished by about
+one-half. And what is true of venereal disease is also true of
+seduction of young girls. Alcohol is the most efficient weapon that
+either the refined Don Juan or the vulgar pimp has in his possession.</p>
+
+<p>You cannot hope for complete success in eliminating venereal disease
+and seduction unless you also eliminate alcoholism. For Bacchus is the
+ally not only of Venus Aphrodite but also of Venus vulgivaga.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Twenty-nine" id="Chapter_Twenty-nine"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Twenty-nine<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>MARRIAGE AND GONORRHEA</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected
+with Gonorrhea or Syphilis&mdash;Advisability of Certificate of
+Freedom from Transmissible Disease&mdash;Premarital Examination as a
+Universal Custom&mdash;When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be Allowed
+to Marry&mdash;When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be Allowed to
+Marry&mdash;Antisepsis Before Coitus&mdash;Question of Sterility in the
+Man Who Has Had Gonorrhea Easily Answered&mdash;Impossibility of
+Determining Whether the Woman is Fertile or Not.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>For a man or a woman who has once suffered from gonorrhea or syphilis
+to enter matrimony without having secured a competent physician's
+opinion is a great responsibility. And a great responsibility rests
+upon the shoulders of the physician who is called upon to give such an
+opinion. For, a wrong decision&mdash;a wrong decision either way&mdash;that is,
+permission to marry when permission should not have been granted or
+refusal to give permission when permission should have been
+granted&mdash;may be responsible for much future unhappiness and much
+disease: disease of the mother and of the offspring. It may even be
+responsible for death.</p>
+
+<p>There is no easy, short road to a positive opinion. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>It requires a
+thorough, painstaking examination at the hands of an experienced
+physician, one thoroughly familiar with all the modern tests, to tell
+whether it is safe for a man who once suffered from venereal disease
+to enter the bonds of matrimony. Sometimes one examination is not
+sufficient, and several examinations may be necessary; but, the
+opinion of a conscientious, experienced physician may be relied upon,
+and, if all men and women who once suffered from venereal disease
+would seek for, and be guided by, such an opinion, there would be no
+cases of marital infection, there would be no children afflicted with
+gonorrheal ophthalmia, there would be no cases of hereditary syphilis.</p>
+
+<p>I firmly believe that a time will come when all venereal disease will
+have disappeared from the face of the earth. But, until that time
+comes, it would be for the benefit of the race and of posterity if
+people had to present a certificate of freedom from transmissible
+venereal disease as a prerequisite to a marriage license. Custom is
+often more efficient than law, and, if a premarital examination should
+become a universal custom (and there are indications in this
+direction), no law would be needed.</p>
+
+<p><b>When May a Man Who Had Gonorrhea Get Married?</b> For a man who once
+suffered from gonorrhea <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>to be pronounced cured and a safe candidate
+for marriage, the following conditions must be present:</p>
+
+<p>1. There must be no discharge.</p>
+
+<p>2. The urine must be perfectly clear and free from shreds.</p>
+
+<p>3. The secretion from the prostate gland, as obtained by prostatic
+massage, and from the seminal vesicles, as obtained by "milking," or
+"stripping," the vesicles, must be free from pus and gonococci. To
+make sure, it is best to repeat such examination at three different
+times.</p>
+
+<p>4. There must be neither stricture nor patches in the urethra.</p>
+
+<p>5. What we call the complement-fixation test, which is a blood test
+for gonorrhea similar to the Wassermann blood-test for syphilis, must
+be negative.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to conditions 1 and 2, it sometimes happens that the patient
+has a minute amount of discharge or a few shreds in the urine, and I
+still permit him to marry; but this is done only after the discharge
+and shreds have been repeatedly examined and have been found to be
+catarrhal in character and absolutely free from any gonococci or other
+germs.</p>
+
+<p>It sometimes happens that a patient comes to me for an examination a
+few days before the date set <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>for the wedding. I examine him and find
+that he is not in a safe condition to marry, and so advise him to
+delay the wedding. Sometimes he follows the advice, but in some cases
+he is unable to do so. He claims the wedding has been arranged, the
+invitation-cards have been sent out, and to delay the wedding would
+lead to endless trouble and perhaps scandal. In such cases I, of
+course, assume no responsibility; however, I do advise the man to use
+an antiseptic suppository or some other method that will protect the
+bride from infection for the time being, while he, the husband, has an
+opportunity to take treatment until cured. Of the many cases in which
+I advised this method, I do not know of one in which infection has
+taken place.</p>
+
+<p><b>When May a Woman Who Once Had Gonorrhea Be Permitted to Marry?</b> In
+the case of a woman, the decision may be harder to reach than in that
+of a man. Of course, the urine must be clear and the urethra must be
+normal; however, we cannot insist that there must be no discharge.
+This, because practically every woman has some slight discharge; even,
+if not all the time, then at least immediately prior and subsequent to
+menstruation. Of course, the discharge must be free from gonococci and
+pus. Also the complement-fixation tests must be negative. But, even
+so, we cannot be absolutely sure, because <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>gonococci may be hidden in
+the uterus or in the Fallopian tubes.</p>
+
+<p>Here, we have to go a good deal by the history given us. If the woman,
+during the course of the gonorrhea, had salpingitis, that is, an
+inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, then we can never say positively
+that she is cured; all we can say, at best, is: presumably cured. And,
+further, if she has no pains in the uterine appendages, either
+spontaneous or on examination, and, if several examinations made
+within a day or two following menstruation are negative, then we may
+assume that she is cured. It is important, though, that this
+examination be made on the last day of menstruation or on the first or
+second day following; for there are many cases in which no pus and no
+gonococci will show in the inter-menstrual period, but will appear on
+those particular days, because, if the gonococci are hidden high up,
+they are likely to come down with the menstrual blood and portions of
+mucous membrane that are shed during menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>At best, it is a delicate problem, so that whenever there has been the
+least suspicion that the woman may harbor gonococci I have always
+advised (as is my custom, to be on the safe side) and directed the
+woman to use either an antiseptic suppository or an antiseptic douche
+before coitus. With these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>precautions adopted, I have never had an
+accident happen.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Question of Probable Sterility.</b> Thus far I have considered the
+problem of marriage from the standpoint of infectivity. But, we know
+that, besides the effect on the individual, gonorrhea has also a
+far-reaching influence on the race; in other words, that it is prone
+to make the subjects&mdash;both men and women&mdash;sterile. And a candidate for
+marriage may, and often does, want to know whether, besides being
+noninfective, he or she is capable of begetting or having children.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of man, the problem is, fortunately, a very simple one. We
+can easily obtain a specimen of the man's semen and determine, by
+means of the microscope, whether it contains spermatozoa or not. If it
+does contain a normal number of lively, rapidly moving spermatozoa,
+the man is fertile, regardless of whether he ever had epididymitis or
+not. If the semen contains no spermatozoa, or only a few deformed or
+lazily moving ones, then he is sterile.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of woman, it is <i>absolutely</i> impossible to determine
+whether the gonorrhea has made her sterile or not; because there is no
+way of expressing an ovum from the ovary. The woman may not have had
+any pain or inflammation in the Fallopian tubes, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>and yet there may
+have been sufficient inflammation to close up the orifices of the
+tubes. On the other hand, she may have had a severe salpingitis on
+<i>both sides and still be fertile</i>. Nor is there any way of telling
+whether the ovaries were so involved in the process as to become
+incapable of generating healthy ova, or any ova at all. In short,
+there is absolutely no way of telling whether a woman is sterile or
+fertile&mdash;we can only surmise. And our surmise in this respect is
+liable to be wrong just as often as right. The only way the question
+can be decided is by experience. If the prospective husband is willing
+to take a chance, well and good.</p>
+
+<p>While just as many girls marry as do young men, still, in practice, we
+always shall have to examine an incomparably larger number of male
+than of female candidates. This is due, not only to the fact that an
+incomparably larger number of men suffer from venereal disease, but
+also because very few women will confess to their fianc&eacute;s that they
+ever entertained antematrimonial relations and&mdash;what is still
+worse&mdash;were infected with venereal disease. This, of course, is owing
+to our double standard of morality, which looks upon as a trivial or
+no offense in the man what it condemns as a heinous crime in the
+woman. I have known hundreds of men who confessed freely to their
+fianc&eacute;es that they had had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>gonorrhea, but I have known only two girls
+who made a confession of the fact to their future husbands. They got
+married, however, and lived happily with their husbands ever after.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty" id="Chapter_Thirty"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>MARRIAGE AND SYPHILIS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry&mdash;Rules More
+Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired&mdash;Where Both Partners
+Are Syphilitic&mdash;Danger of Paresis in Some Syphilitic
+Patients&mdash;A Case in the Author's Practice.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The problem of the syphilitic differs from the problem of the
+exgonorrheal patient. When a gonorrheal patient is cured, so far as
+infectivity is concerned, and is not sterile, there is no apprehension
+as to the offspring. Gonorrhea is not hereditary, and the child of a
+gonorrheal patient does not differ from the child of a nongonorrheal
+person. In the case of syphilis, it is different. The patient may be
+safe so far as infecting the partner is concerned, but yet there may
+be danger for the offspring.</p>
+
+<p>The rules for permitting a man or a woman who once had syphilis to
+marry, therefore, are different from those applied to the gonorrheal
+patient. Here are the rules:</p>
+
+<p>1. I would make it an invariable rule that no syphilitic patient
+should marry or should be permitted to marry before <i>five</i> years have
+elapsed from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>day of infection. But the period of time alone is
+not sufficient; other conditions must be met before we may give a
+syphilitic patient permission to marry.</p>
+
+<p>2. The man or the woman must have received thorough systematic
+treatment for at least three years, either constantly or off and on,
+according to the physician's judgment.</p>
+
+<p>3. For at least one year before the intended marriage, the person must
+have been absolutely free from any manifestations of syphilis; that
+is, from any eruptions on the skin, from any mucous patches, swelling
+in the bones, ulcerations, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>4. Four Wassermann tests, taken at intervals of three months and at a
+time <i>when the patient was receiving no specific treatment</i>, must be
+absolutely negative.</p>
+
+<p>If these four conditions are fully met, then the patient may be
+permitted to marry.</p>
+
+<p>It is important, however, to state that, in permitting or refusing
+syphilitic persons to marry, we are guided to a great extent by the
+fact as to whether they <i>expect to have children soon or not</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of a couple who are anxious to have children soon after
+their marriage, the conditions for our permission must be more severe
+than when the couple are willing or anxious to use contraceptive
+measures for the first years of their married <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>life. For, if a man is
+free from any skin lesions and from any mucous patches, his wife is
+safe from infection <i>as long as she does not become pregnant</i>. But, if
+she does get pregnant, she may become infected through the fetus; and,
+of course, the child also is liable to be syphilitic. Hence, much
+stricter requirements for syphilitics who expect to become parents are
+necessary than for those who do not.</p>
+
+<p>In case both the man and the woman are or have been syphilitic,
+permission to marry may be granted without hesitation, as the danger
+of infection is absent, but permission to have children must be
+refused <i>absolutely</i> and <i>unequivocally</i>. Regardless of the time that
+may have elapsed from the period of infection, regardless of
+treatment, regardless of Wassermann tests, the danger to the child is
+too great if both parents have the syphilitic taint in them. A healthy
+child <i>may</i> be born from two syphilitic parents who have undergone
+energetic treatment, but we have no right to take the chance. I, at
+least, never wanted to, nor ever will want to, take such a
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Danger of Locomotor Ataxia or Paresis.</b> There is still one more
+point to consider in dealing with a syphilitic patient. In patients
+who did not receive energetic treatment from the very beginning of the
+disease as also in patients whose treatment <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>was only desultory and
+irregular, we never can guarantee, in spite of lack of external
+symptoms, in spite of a negative Wassermann reaction, that some
+trouble may not develop later in life.</p>
+
+<p>What shall we do in such cases and what particularly shall we do if,
+from a general examination of the patient, we carry away the
+impression that, while free from the danger of infection, the man is
+not a good risk? Under these circumstances, we must refuse all
+personal responsibility, leaving the assumption of the responsibility
+to the prospective wife.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a case in point. About five years ago a man came to me for
+examination; he came with his fianc&eacute;e. He had contracted syphilis ten
+years previously, received irregular treatment by mouth, off and on.
+For five years, he had had no symptoms of any kind. He <i>considered</i>
+himself cured, but wanted to know, and his fianc&eacute;e wanted to know,
+whether he really was cured. There were no symptoms of any kind and
+the Wassermann test was negative. Nevertheless, I could not give him a
+clean bill of health. I noticed what seemed to me a slowness in
+thinking and just the least bit of hesitation in his speech.</p>
+
+<p>I told the girl (the man was thirty-five, she was thirty-two) that I
+could not render a definite decision in the matter, that everything
+might be all right, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>and then again it might not; but, that the
+question about children she would have to decide definitely, once for
+all, namely, that she was not to have any children. She was fully
+satisfied so far as that part was concerned; she said she herself
+objected to children and did not intend to have any and knew how to
+take care of herself. All she wanted to know was, whether she was in
+danger of being infected. I told her no, but that in my opinion there
+was some danger of her husband developing general paresis or locomotor
+ataxia.</p>
+
+<p>The girl had been a teacher for about twelve years, and she was so
+sick at heart of the work, was so anxious for a home of her own, that
+she decided to take the risk. And they got married. The marriage
+remained childless. The man developed general paresis (softening of
+the brain) three years later and died about a year afterward. The
+woman, now a widow, I understand, is not sorry for the step she had
+taken. This shows what things our social-economic conditions and our
+moral code are responsible for.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-one" id="Chapter_Thirty-one"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-one<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>WHO MAY AND WHO MAY NOT MARRY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of
+Marriage&mdash;<i>Venereal Disease</i> the Most Common
+Question&mdash;<i>Tuberculosis</i>&mdash;Sexual Appetite of Tubercular
+Patients&mdash;Effect of Pregnancy Contraceptive Knowledge for
+Tubercular Wife&mdash;<i>Heart Disease</i>&mdash;Serious Bar to
+Marriage&mdash;Influence of Sexual Intercourse&mdash;<i>Cancer</i>&mdash;Fear of
+Hereditary Transmission&mdash;<i>Exophthalmic Goiter</i>&mdash;Most Frequent in
+Women&mdash;Simple Goiter&mdash;Exceptions to Rule&mdash;<i>Obesity</i>&mdash;Family
+History&mdash;Obesity and Stoutness Not
+Synonymous&mdash;<i>Arteriosclerosis</i>&mdash;Danger in Sexual
+Act&mdash;<i>Gout</i>&mdash;Real Causes of Gout&mdash;<i>Mumps</i>&mdash;Parotid Glands and
+Sex Organs&mdash;Mumps and Sterility&mdash;O&ouml;phoritis Due to
+Mumps&mdash;<i>Hemophilia</i>&mdash;Hemophilic Sons May Marry&mdash;Hemophilic
+Daughters May Not
+Marry&mdash;<i>Anemia</i>&mdash;<i>Chlorosis</i>&mdash;<i>Epilepsy</i>&mdash;Hysteria&mdash;Symptoms of
+Hysteria&mdash;Marriage of Hysterical Women&mdash;<i>Alcoholism</i>&mdash;Effect on
+Offspring&mdash;Alcoholics and Impotence&mdash;<i>Feeblemindedness</i>&mdash;Evil
+Effects on Offspring&mdash;Sterilization of Feebleminded Only
+Preventive&mdash;<i>Insanity</i>&mdash;Functional Insanity&mdash;Organic
+Insanity&mdash;Hereditary Transmissibility of Insanity&mdash;Fear
+Resulting in Insanity&mdash;Environment versus Heredity in
+Insanity&mdash;<i>Neurosis</i>&mdash;<i>Neurasthenia</i>&mdash;<i>Psychasthenia</i>&mdash;<i>Neuropathy</i>&mdash;<i>Psychopathy</i>&mdash;Nervous
+Conditions and Genius&mdash;Sexual Impotence and Genius&mdash;<i>Drug
+Addiction</i>&mdash;External Causes&mdash;<i>Consanguineous Marriages</i>&mdash;When
+Consanguineous Marriages are Advisable&mdash;Offspring of
+Consanguineous Marriages&mdash;Homosexuality&mdash;Homosexuals Often
+Ignorant of Their Condition&mdash;Sexual Repression and
+Homosexuality&mdash;Sadism and Divorce&mdash;Masochism&mdash;Sexual Impotence
+and Marriage&mdash;Effect Upon the Wife&mdash;Frigidity&mdash;Marital Relations
+and Frigid Woman&mdash;Excessive Libido and Marriage&mdash;Excessive
+Demands Upon Wife&mdash;Satyriasis&mdash;The Excessively Libidinous
+Wife&mdash;Nymphomania&mdash;Treatment&mdash;Harelip&mdash;Myopia&mdash;Astigmatism&mdash;Premature
+Baldness&mdash;Criminality&mdash;Crime <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>as Result of Environment&mdash;Legal
+and Moral Crime&mdash;Ancestral Criminality and Marriage&mdash;Rules of
+Heredity&mdash;Pauperism&mdash;Difference Between Pauperism and Poverty.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In former years, nobody thought of asking a physician for permission
+to get married. He was not consulted in the matter at all. The parents
+would investigate the young man's social standing, his ability to make
+a living, his habits perhaps, whether he was a drinking man or not,
+but to ask the physician's expert advice&mdash;why, as said, nobody thought
+of it. And how much sorrow and unhappiness, how many tragedies the
+doctor could have averted, if he had been asked in time! Fortunately,
+in the last few years, a great change has taken place in this respect.
+It is now a very common occurrence for the intelligent layman and
+laywoman, imbued with a sense of responsibility for the welfare of
+their presumptive future offspring and actuated, perhaps, also by some
+fear of infection, to consult a physician as to the advisability of
+the marriage, leaving it to him to make the decision and they abiding
+by that decision.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, as often is the case, the pendulum now is in
+danger of swinging to the other extreme; for, a little knowledge is a
+dangerous thing, and the tendency of the layman is to exaggerate
+matters and to take things in an absolute instead <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>of in a relative
+manner. As a result, many laymen and laywomen nowadays insist upon a
+thorough examination of their own person and the person of their
+future partner, when there is nothing the matter with either. Still,
+this is a minor evil, and it is better to be too careful than not
+careful enough.</p>
+
+<p>I am frequently consulted as to the advisability or nonadvisability of
+a certain marriage taking place. I, therefore, thought it desirable to
+discuss in a separate chapter the various factors, physical and
+mental, personal and ancestral, likely to exert an influence upon the
+marital partner and on the expected offspring, and to state as briefly
+as possible and so far as our present state of knowledge permits which
+factors may be considered eugenic, or favorable to the offspring, and
+dysgenic, or unfavorable to the offspring.</p>
+
+<p>The questions concerning the advisability of marriage which the layman
+as well as the physician have most often to deal with are questions
+concerning venereal disease. On account of the importance of the
+subject, these have been discussed rather in detail under the headings
+"Gonorrhea and Marriage" and "Syphilis and Marriage." Other factors
+affecting marriage, either in the eugenic or dysgenic sense, will be
+discussed more briefly in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>present chapter, and more or less in
+the order of their importance.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Tuberculosis</h4>
+
+<p>Tuberculosis, which carries off such a large part of humanity every
+year, is caused by the well-known bacillus tuberculosis, discovered by
+Koch. The germ is generally inhaled through the respiratory tract, and
+most frequently settles in the lungs, giving rise to what is known as
+pulmonary consumption. However, many other organs and tissues may be
+affected by tuberculosis.</p>
+
+<p>Tuberculosis used to be considered the hereditary disease <i>par
+excellence</i>. Entire families were carried off by it, and, seeing a
+tuberculous father or mother and then tuberculous children, it was
+assumed that the infection had been transmitted to the children by
+heredity. As a matter of fact, the disease was spread by infection. In
+former years, little care was exercised about destroying the sputum;
+the patients would spit indiscriminately on the floor, and the sputum,
+drying up, would be mixed with the dust and inhaled. Often the
+children crawling on the floor would introduce the infective material
+directly, by putting their little fingers in their mouths.</p>
+
+<p>It is now known that tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease, that
+is, that the germs are not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>transmitted by heredity. <i>The weak
+constitution</i>, however, which favors the development of tuberculosis,
+is inherited. And children of tuberculous parents, therefore, must not
+only be guarded against infection, but must be brought up with special
+care, so as to strengthen their resistance and overcome the weakened
+constitution which they inherited.</p>
+
+<p>That a person with an active tuberculous lesion should not get married
+goes without saying. But, it is a good rule to follow for a
+tuberculous person not to marry for two or three years, until all
+tuberculous lesions have been declared healed by a competent
+physician. As a rule, a tuberculous patient is a poor provider, and
+that also counts in the advice against marriage. Then sexual
+intercourse has, as a rule, a strong influence on the development of
+the disease. Unfortunately the sexual appetite of tuberculous patients
+is not diminished, but, rather, very frequently heightened; and
+frequent sexual relations weaken them and hasten the progress of the
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>As to pregnancy, that has an extremely pernicious effect on the course
+of tuberculosis, and no tuberculous woman should ever marry. If such a
+one does marry or if the disease develops after her getting married,
+means should be given her to prevent her from having children. During
+the pregnancy, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>the disease may not seem to be making any
+progress&mdash;occasionally the patient may even seem to improve&mdash;but after
+childbirth the disease makes very rapid strides and the patient may
+quickly succumb. In the early days of my practice I saw a number of
+such cases. If precautions are taken against pregnancy, then
+permission to indulge in sexual relations may be given, provided it is
+done rarely and moderately.</p>
+
+<p>If a patient who has tuberculosis conceals the fact from the future
+partner, a fraud is committed, and the marriage is morally annullable.
+It has been declared legally annullable by a recent decision of a New
+York judge.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Heart Disease</h4>
+
+<p>Heart disease also is no longer considered hereditary. Nevertheless,
+heart disease, if at all serious, is a contraindication to marriage.
+First, because the patient's life may be cut off at any time. Second,
+sexual intercourse is injurious for people having heart disease; it
+may aggravate the disease or even cause sudden death. It is more
+injurious even than it is in tuberculosis. Third&mdash;and this concerns
+the woman only&mdash;pregnancy has a <i>very</i> detrimental effect upon a
+diseased heart. A heart that, with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>proper care, might be able to do
+its work for years, often is suddenly snapped by the extra work put
+upon it by pregnancy and childbirth. Sometimes a woman with a diseased
+heart will keep up to the last minute of the delivery of the child and
+then suddenly will gasp and expire. In the first year of my practice I
+saw such a case, and I never have wanted to see another. Women
+suffering from heart disease of any serious character should not,
+under any circumstance, be permitted to become pregnant.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Cancer</h4>
+
+<p>No man will knowingly marry a woman, and no woman will marry a man,
+afflicted with cancer. However, this question often comes up in cases
+where the matrimonial candidates are free from cancer, but where there
+has been cancer in the family.</p>
+
+<p>Cancer is not a hereditary disease, contrary to the opinions that have
+prevailed, and, if the matrimonial candidate otherwise is healthy, no
+hesitation need be felt on the score of heredity. The fear of
+hereditary transmission of the disease has caused a great deal of
+mischief and unnecessary anxiety to people. Scientifically conducted
+investigations and carefully prepared statistics have shown that many
+diseases formerly considered hereditary are not hereditary in the
+least degree.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>Should it, however, be shown that in one family there were <i>many</i>
+members who died of cancer, it would indicate that there is some
+disease or dyscrasia in that family, and the contracting of a marriage
+with any member of that family would be inadvisable.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Exophthalmic Goiter (Basedow's Disease)</h4>
+
+<p>Exophthalmic goiter is a disease characterised by enlargement of the
+thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, and rapid beating of the
+heart. The disease is confined almost entirely, though not
+exclusively, to women, and I should not advise any exophthalmic woman
+to marry; neither should I advise a man to marry an exophthalmic
+goiter woman. It is a very annoying disease, while sexual intercourse
+aggravates all the symptoms, particularly the palpitation of the
+heart. The children, if not affected by exophthalmic goiter, are
+liable to be very neurotic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Simple goiter</i>, that is, enlargement of the thyroid gland (chiefly
+occurring in certain high mountainous localities, such as
+Switzerland), is not so strongly dysgenic as is exophthalmic goiter.
+Still, goiter patients are not good matrimonial risks.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, there are always exceptions. I know an exophthalmic goiter
+woman who brought up four children, and very good, healthy children
+they are. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>But in writing we can only speak of the average and not of
+exceptions.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Obesity</h4>
+
+<p>Obesity, or excessive stoutness, is an undue development of fat
+throughout the body. That it is hereditary, that it runs in families,
+there is no question whatsoever. And, while with great care as to the
+diet and by proper exercise, obesity may, as a rule, be avoided in
+those predisposed, it none the less often will develop in spite of all
+measures taken against it. Some very obese people eat only one-half or
+less of what many thin people do; but in the former, everything seems
+to run to fat.</p>
+
+<p>Obesity must be considered a dysgenic factor. The obese are subject to
+heart disease, asthma, apoplexy, gallstones, gout, diabetes,
+constipation; they withstand pneumonia and acute infectious diseases
+poorly, and they are bad risks when they have to undergo major
+surgical operations. They also, as a rule, are readily fatigued by
+physical and mental work. (As to the latter, there are remarkable
+exceptions. Some very obese people can turn out a great amount of
+work, and are almost indefatigable in their constant activity.) Each
+case should be considered individually, and with reference to the
+respective family history. If the obese person <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>comes from a healthy,
+long lived family and shows no circulatory disturbances, no strong
+objections can be raised to him or to her. But, as a general
+proposition, it must be laid down that obesity is a dysgenic factor.</p>
+
+<p>But bear in mind that obesity and stoutness are not synonymous terms.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Arteriosclerosis</h4>
+
+<p>Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries. All men over fifty
+are beginning to develop some degree of arteriosclerosis; but, if the
+process is very gradual, it may be considered normal and is not a
+danger to life; when, however, it develops rapidly and the blood
+pressure is of a high degree, there is danger of apoplexy.
+Consequently, arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure must be
+considered decided bars to marriage.</p>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind that the sexual act is, in itself, a danger
+to arteriosclerotics and people with high blood pressure, because it
+may bring about rupture of a blood-vessel. There are many cases of
+sudden death from this cause of which the public naturally never
+learns. Married persons who find that they have arteriosclerosis or
+high blood pressure should abstain from sexual relations altogether or
+indulge only at rare intervals and moderately.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>Gout</h4>
+
+<p>A consideration of gout in connection with the question of heredity
+will show how near-sighted people can be, how they can go on believing
+a certain thing for centuries without analyzing, until somebody
+suddenly shows them the absurdity of the thing. Gout was always
+considered a typical hereditary disease; for it was seen in the
+grandfathers, fathers, children, grandchildren, and so on. So,
+certainly, it must be hereditary! It did not come to our doctors'
+minds to think that perhaps, after all, it was not heredity that was
+to blame, but simply that <i>the same conditions</i> that produced gout in
+the ancestors likewise produced it in their descendants.</p>
+
+<p>We know now that gout is caused by excessive eating, excessive
+drinking, lack of exercise, and faulty elimination. And, since, as a
+general thing, children lead the same lives that their fathers did,
+they are likely to develop the same diseases as their fathers did. A
+poor man who leads an abstemious life doesn't develop gout, and if his
+children lead the same abstemious lives they do not develop gout.
+(There are some cases of gout among the poor, but they are very rare.)
+But if they should begin to gorge and live an improper life they would
+be prone to develop the disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>The disease, therefore, cannot in any way be considered hereditary. In
+matrimony, gout in either of the couple is not a desirable quality,
+but it is not a bar to marriage; and, if the candidate individually is
+healthy and free from gout, the fact that there was gout in the
+ancestry should play no r&ocirc;le.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Mumps</h4>
+
+<p>Mumps is the common name for what is technically called parotitis (or
+parotiditis). Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid glands. The
+parotid glands are situated, one on each side, immediately in front
+and below the external ear, and they are between one-half and one
+ounce in weight. They belong to the salivary glands; that is, they
+manufacture saliva, and each parotid gland has a duct through which it
+pours the saliva into the mouth. These ducts open opposite the second
+upper molar teeth.</p>
+
+<p>We might be surprised to be told that these parotid glands can have
+anything to do with the sex organs, but there is no other remote organ
+that has such a close and rather mysterious relationship with the
+sex-glands as have the parotids. When the parotid glands, either one
+or both, are inflamed, the testicles or ovaries are also liable to be
+attacked by inflammation. The inflammation of the testicles may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>be so
+severe as to cause them to shrivel and dry up; or, even when no
+shrivelling, no atrophy of the testicles occurs, they may be so
+affected as to become incapable of producing spermatozoa. Moreover, in
+cases where the testicles of a mumps patient seemingly were not
+attacked&mdash;that is, where the patient was not aware of any
+inflammation, having no pain and no other symptoms&mdash;the testicles may
+have become incapable of generating spermatozoa.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the testicles, the prostate gland, the secretion of which is
+necessary to the fertility of the spermatozoa, may also become
+affected and <i>atrophied</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is, therefore, a very common thing for men who had the mumps in
+their childhood to be found sterile.</p>
+
+<p>As to the sexual power of mumps patients, that differs. Some patients
+lose their virility entirely; others remain potent, but become
+sterile.</p>
+
+<p>The same thing happens to girls attacked by mumps. They may have a
+severe inflammation of the ovaries (ovaritis or o&ouml;phoritis) or the
+inflammation may be so mild as to escape notice. In either case, the
+girl when grown to womanhood may find herself sterile.</p>
+
+<p>A man who never had any venereal disease, but who has had mumps,
+should have himself examined for sterility before he gets married. As
+explained <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>in the chapter "Marriage and Gonorrhea," we can, in the
+case of a man, easily find out whether he is fertile or sterile. But,
+in the case of a woman, we can not. Time, necessarily, has to answer
+that question. In all cases, mumps reduces the chances of fertility,
+and no man or woman who once had mumps should get married without
+informing the respective partner of the fact. There should be no
+concealment before marriage. When the partners to the marriage
+contract know of the facts, they can then decide as to whether or not
+the marriage is desirable to them.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Hemophilia, or Bleeders' Disease</h4>
+
+<p>Hemophilia is a peculiar disease, consisting in frequent and often
+uncontrollable hemorrhages. The least cut or the pulling of a tooth
+may cause a severe or even dangerous hemorrhage. The slightest blow,
+squeeze or hurt will cause <i>ecchymoses</i>, or discolorations of the
+skin. The peculiarity of this hereditary disease is, that it attacks
+almost exclusively the males, but is transmitted almost exclusively
+through the female members. For instance, Miss A., herself <i>not</i> a
+bleeder, comes from a bleeder-family. She marries and has three boys
+and three girls; the three boys will be bleeders, the three girls will
+not; the three boys marry and have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>children; their children will
+<i>not</i> be bleeders; the three girls marry, and <i>their male</i> children
+will be bleeders.</p>
+
+<p>What is the lesson? The lesson is, that boys who are bleeders may
+marry, because they will most likely <i>not</i> transmit the disease; but
+girls who come from a hemophilic family, irrespective of whether they
+themselves are hemophilics or not, must not marry, because most likely
+they <i>will</i> transmit the disease.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Anemia</h4>
+
+<p>Anemia is a poor condition of the blood. The blood may contain an
+insufficient number of red blood cells or an insufficient percentage
+of the coloring matter of the blood, that is, hemoglobin. A special
+kind of anemia affecting young girls is called chlorosis.</p>
+
+<p>Anemia and chlorosis cannot be considered contra-indications to
+marriage, because they are usually amenable to treatment. In fact,
+some cases of anemia and chlorosis are due to the lack of normal
+sexual relations, and the subjects get well very soon after marriage.
+But it is best and safest to subject anemic patients to a course of
+treatment and to improve their condition before they marry.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>Epilepsy</h4>
+
+<p>While epilepsy&mdash;known commonly as fits or falling sickness&mdash;is not as
+hereditary as it was one time thought to be, its hereditary character
+being ascertainable in only about 5 per cent. of cases, nevertheless,
+it is a decidedly dysgenic agent, and marriage with an epileptic is
+distinctly advised against. Where both parents are epileptics, the
+children are almost sure to be epileptic, and such a marriage should
+be prohibited by law. Under no circumstances should parents who are
+both epileptic bring children into the world. It should be the duty of
+the State to instruct them in methods of preventing conception.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Hysteria</h4>
+
+<p>Hysteria is a disease the chief characteristics of which are a <i>lack
+of control</i> over one's emotions and acts, the <i>imitation</i> of the
+symptoms of various diseases, and an <i>exaggerated</i> self-consciousness.
+The patient may have extreme pain in the region of the head, ovaries,
+spine; in some parts of the skin there is extreme hypersensitiveness
+(hyperesthesia), so that the least touch causes great pain; in others,
+there is complete anesthesia&mdash;that is, absence of sensation&mdash;so that
+when you stick the patient with a needle she will not feel it. A very
+frequent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>symptom is a choking sensation, as if a ball came up the
+throat and stuck there (globus hystericus). Then there may be spasms,
+convulsions, retention of urine, paralysis, aphonia (loss of voice),
+blindness, and a lot more. There is hardly a functional or organic
+nervous disorder that hysteria may not simulate.</p>
+
+<p>Of late years our ideas about hysteria have undergone a radical
+change, and we now know that most, if not all, cases of hysteria are
+due to a repression or non-satisfaction of the sexual instinct or to
+some shock of a sexual character in childhood. Only too often a girl
+who was very hysterical before marriage loses her hysteria as if by
+magic upon contracting a <i>satisfactory</i> marriage. On the other hand, a
+healthy girl can become quickly hysterical if she marries a man who is
+sexually impotent or who is disagreeable to her and incapable of
+satisfying her sexually.</p>
+
+<p>While hysteria, in itself, is not hereditary, it, nevertheless, is a
+question whether a strongly hysterical woman would make a satisfactory
+mother. The entire family history should be investigated. If the
+hysteria is found to be an isolated instance in the given girl, it may
+be disregarded, if not extreme; but if the entire family or several
+members of it are neuropathic, the condition is a dysgenic one.
+Marriage may be contracted, provided no <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>children are brought into the
+world until several years have elapsed and the mother's organization
+seems to have become more stable. In some cases, a child acts as a
+good medicine against hysteria. In short, every case must be examined
+individually on its merits, and the counsel of a good psychologist or
+psychoanalyst may prove very valuable.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Alcoholism</h4>
+
+<p>A good deal depends upon what we understand by alcoholism. The
+fanatics consider a person an alcoholic who drinks a glass of beer or
+wine with his meals. This is nonsense. This is not alcoholism, and
+cannot be considered a dysgenic factor. But, where there is a distinct
+habit, so that the individual <i>must</i> have his alcohol daily, or if he
+goes on an occasional drunken "spree," marriage must be advised
+against. And where the man (or woman) is what we call a real drunkard,
+marriage not only should be advised against, but most decidedly should
+be prohibited by law.</p>
+
+<p>Alcoholism, as a habit, is one of the worst dysgenic factors to reckon
+with. First, the offspring is liable to be affected, which is
+sufficient in itself to condemn marriage with an alcoholic. Second,
+the earning powers of an alcoholic are generally diminished, and are
+likely gradually to diminish more and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>more. Third, an alcoholic is
+irritable, quarrelsome, and is liable to do bodily injury to his wife.
+Fourth an alcoholic often develops sexual weakness or complete sexual
+impotence. Fifth, alcoholics are likely to develop extreme jealousy,
+which may become pathological, even to the extent of a psychosis.</p>
+
+<p>If both the husband and wife are alcoholics, then marriage between
+them which results in children is not merely a sin, but a crime.</p>
+
+<p>We do not now come across cases so often as we used to of women
+marrying drunkards in the hope or with the hope of reforming them. But
+such cases still happen. This is a very foolish procedure. Let the man
+reform first, let him stay reformed for two or three years, and then
+the woman may take the chance, if she wants to.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Feeblemindedness</h4>
+
+<p>Feeblemindedness, in all its gradations&mdash;including idiocy, imbecility,
+moronism, and so on&mdash;is strongly hereditary and is one of the most
+dysgenic factors we have to deal with. It is the most dysgenic of all
+factors. It is more dysgenic than insanity. Marriage with a
+feebleminded person not only should be advised against, but should be
+prohibited by law. A feebleminded man has much fewer chances for
+marriage than has a feebleminded <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>woman. Feebleminded girls, even to
+the extent of being morons, if pretty (as they often are) have very
+good chances of getting married, not infrequently getting for husbands
+young men of good families who themselves of course are not very
+strong mentally, but still are far from being considered feebleminded.</p>
+
+<p>There are many cases of brilliant men&mdash;more than the public has any
+idea of&mdash;who married pretty, shy, demure, but withal feebleminded,
+girls, and the result has been in the largest percentage of cases very
+disastrous. In many cases all the children are feebleminded, or if not
+feebleminded, so weak mentally that it is impossible to make them go
+through any college or school. All the private tutoring is often in
+vain. And the brilliant father's heart breaks. It must be borne in
+mind that feeblemindedness or weak mentality is much more difficult to
+detect in a woman than it is in a man. Weakmindedness in a woman often
+passes for "cuteness," and as among the conservatives a woman is not
+expected to be able to discuss current topics, her intellectual
+caliber is often not discovered by the blinded husband until some
+weeks after the marriage ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>As any instruction in the use of contraceptives would be wasted on the
+feebleminded, the only way <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>to guard the race against pollution with
+feebleminded stock is either to segregate or to sterilize them.
+Society could have no objection against the feebleminded marrying or
+indulging in sexual relations, provided it could be assured that they
+will not bring any feebleminded stock into the world. After the man
+and the woman have been sterilized there is no objection to their
+getting married.</p>
+
+<p>Where a normal, able or brilliant husband finds out too late that his
+wife's mentality is of rather a low order he is certainly justified in
+using contraceptives; and if he is determined to have children he will
+be obliged to divorce his wife. Of course this applies also to the
+wife of a weak minded husband.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Insanity</h4>
+
+<p>Insanity may be briefly defined as a disease of the mind. We will not
+here go into a discussion as to what constitutes real insanity, as to
+what is understood by insanity in the legal sense of the term, and so
+on, except to note that we have two divisions.</p>
+
+<p>One is functional insanity. This may be temporary, or periodical, and
+is due to some external cause, is curable, and is not hereditary. For
+instance, a person may get insane from a severe shock, from trouble,
+from anxiety, from a severe accident <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>(such as a shipwreck), from a
+sudden and total loss of his fortune, of his wife and children (by
+fire, earthquake, shipwreck or railroad accident). Such insanities are
+curable and are not transmissible. Another example is what is known as
+puerperal insanity. Some women during childbirth, due probably to some
+toxic infection, become insane. This insanity may be extreme and
+maniacal in character. Still, it often passes away in a few days
+<i>without leaving any trace</i> and may never return again, or, if it does
+return, it may return only during another childbirth. This kind of
+insanity is not transmissible.</p>
+
+<p>The second division is what we call organic insanity. This expresses
+itself in mania and melancholy, so-called manic-depressive insanity.
+This is due to a degeneration of the brain-and nerve-tissue and is
+hereditary.</p>
+
+<p>But, our entire conception as to the hereditary transmissibility of
+insanity has undergone a radical change. There is hardly another
+disease the fear of whose hereditary character is responsible for so
+much anguish and torture. In former years, when there was an insane
+uncle or aunt or grandparent that fact weighed like a veritable
+incubus on the entire family. Every member of the family was tortured
+by the secret anguish that maybe he or she <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>would be next to be
+affected by this most horrible of all diseases&mdash;disease of the mind.
+If an ancestral member of the family became insane at a certain age,
+every member of that family was living in fear and trembling until
+several years had passed <i>after</i> that critical age, and only then
+would they begin to breathe freely. Indeed, many people became insane
+from the very fear of becoming insane. It cannot be subject to any
+doubt that many people do become mentally unbalanced from the fear
+that they will become unbalanced. Fear has a tremendous influence on
+the purely bodily functions, but its influence on the mental functions
+is incomparably greater, and a person will often get that which he
+fears he is going to get.</p>
+
+<p>Now the hereditary character of insanity is not taken in the same
+absolute sense in which it was formerly. While we still consider it a
+dysgenic factor, yet we recognize the paramount importance of
+environment; and we know that by proper bringing-up, using the
+expression bringing-up in its broadest sense&mdash;including a proper
+mental and physical discipline&mdash;any hereditary taint can be
+counteracted. In connection with this subject, the following very
+recent statistics will prove of interest.</p>
+
+<p>The families of 558 insane persons cared for in the London county
+asylums were investigated, and, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>according to reports received from
+the educational authorities, only 15 of these (less than 3 per cent)
+had mentally defective children. As to the time of the birth of the
+children, whether before or after the attack of the insanity, we find
+the following figures: 56 out of 573 parents had children after their
+first attack of insanity, and 106 children were born after the onset
+of insanity in the parent; while the remaining 1259 children were born
+before the parent became insane.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether, as will be seen from a discussion of the various factors
+rendering marriage permissible or nonpermissible, I am inclined to
+consider environment a more important factor than heredity. The purely
+physical characteristics bear the indelible impress of heredity. But
+the moral and cultural characteristics, which in the modern civilized
+man are much more important than the physical, are almost exclusively
+the results of environment.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Neuroses&mdash;Neurasthenia&mdash;Psychasthenia&mdash;Neuropathy&mdash;Psychopathy</h4>
+
+<p>I will not attempt either exhaustive or concise definitions of the
+terms named in the caption, for the simple reason that it is impossible
+to give satisfactory definitions of them. The conditions which these
+terms designate do not constitute definite <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>disease-entities, and many
+different things are understood by different people when these terms
+are mentioned. Only brief indications of the meaning will be given.</p>
+
+<p>Neurosis is a functional disease of the nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>Neurasthenia is a condition of nervous exhaustion, brought about by
+various causes, such as overwork, worry, fright, sexual excesses,
+sexual abstinence, and so on. The basis of neurasthenia, however, is
+often or even generally a hereditary taint, a nervous weakness
+inherited from the parents.</p>
+
+<p>Psychasthenia is a neurosis or psychoneurosis similar to neurasthenia,
+characterized by an exhaustion of the nervous system, also by weakness
+of the will, overscrupulousness, fear, and a feeling of the
+<i>unreality</i> of things.</p>
+
+<p>Neuropathy is a disease or disorder of the nervous system. Psychopathy
+is a disease or disorder of the mind.</p>
+
+<p>Of late years we often hear people referred to as neurotics,
+neurasthenics, psychasthenics, neuropaths or psychopaths. These are
+undoubtedly abnormal conditions, and, taken as a general thing, they
+are dysgenic factors.</p>
+
+<p>But a dysgenic factor in an animal <i>is</i> a dysgenic <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>factor, and that
+is all there is to it. There are no two sides to the question. But if
+anything goes to show the difference between animals and human beings,
+and to demonstrate why principles of eugenics, as derived from a study
+of animals, can never be <i>fully</i> applicable to human beings, it is
+these considerations which we now have under discussion. To repeat,
+neuroses, neurasthenia, psychasthenia, and the various forms of
+neuropathy and psychopathy are dysgenic factors. But people suffering
+from these conditions often are among <i>the world's greatest geniuses</i>,
+have done some of the world's greatest work, and, if we prevented or
+discouraged marriage among people who are somewhat "abnormal" or
+"queer," we should deprive the world of some of its greatest men and
+women. For insanity is allied to genius, and if we were to exterminate
+all mentally or nervously abnormal people we should at the same time
+exterminate some of the men and women that have made life worth
+living.</p>
+
+<p>And what is true of mentally abnormal is also true of physically
+inferior people. An inferior horse or dog <i>is</i> inferior. There is no
+compensation for the inferiority. But a man may be physically
+inferior, he may be, for instance, a consumptive, but still he may
+have given to the world some of the sweetest and most wonderful poems.
+A man may be lame, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>or deaf, or strabismic, he may be a hunchback or a
+cripple and altogether physically repulsive, and yet he may be one of
+the world's greatest philosophers or mathematicians. A man may be
+sexually impotent and absolutely useless for race purposes, yet may be
+one of the world's greatest singers or greatest discoverers.</p>
+
+<p>In short, the eugenic problem in the human is not, and never will be,
+as simple as it is in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. If we want to
+strive after healthy, normal mediocrity, then the principles of animal
+eugenics become applicable to the human race. If, on the other hand,
+we want talent, if we want genius, if we want benefactors of the human
+race, then we must go very slow with our eugenic applications.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Drug Addiction or Narcotism</h4>
+
+<p>Addiction to drugs, whether it be opium, morphine, heroin or cocaine,
+is a strongly dysgenic factor. The addiction to the drug is of itself
+not transmissible, but the weakened constitution or degeneracy which
+is generally responsible for the development of the drug addiction is
+inheritable.</p>
+
+<p>A few cases of drug addiction are external; that is, the patient may
+have a good healthy constitution, no hereditary taint, and still
+because during some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>sickness he was given morphine a number of times
+he may have developed an addiction to the drug. But those cases are
+rare. And such cases, if they are cured and if the addiction is
+completely overcome, may marry.</p>
+
+<p>But in most cases it isn't the drug addiction that causes the
+degeneracy; it is the degeneracy or the neuropathic or psychopathic
+constitution that causes the drug addiction. And such cases are bad
+matrimonial risks.</p>
+
+<p>And it is a very risky thing for a woman to marry an addict with the
+idea of reforming him. As I said about the alcoholic: Let him reform
+first, let him stay reformed for a few years, and then the rest is not
+so great.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Consanguineous Marriages</h4>
+
+<p>Consanguinity means blood relationship, and consanguineous marriages
+are marriages between near blood relatives. The physician is
+frequently consulted as to the permissibility or danger of marriages
+between near relations. The question generally concerns first cousins,
+second cousins, uncle and niece, and nephew and aunt.</p>
+
+<p>The popular idea is that consanguineous marriages are bad <i>per se</i>.
+The children of near relatives, such as first cousins, are apt to be
+defective, deaf and d<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>umb, blind, or feebleminded, and what not. This
+popular idea, as so many popular ideas are, is wrong. And still there
+is of course, as there always is, some foundation for it. The matter,
+however, is quite simple.</p>
+
+<p>We know that many traits, good and bad, are transmitted by heredity.
+And naturally when traits are possessed by both father and mother they
+stand a much greater chance of being transmitted to the offspring than
+if possessed by one of the parents alone. Now then, if a certain bad
+trait, such as epilepsy or insanity, is present in a family that trait
+is present in both cousins, and the likelihood of children from such a
+marriage inheriting that trait is much greater than when the parents
+are strangers, the taint being present in the family of only one of
+the parents. But if there be no hereditary taint in the cousins'
+family, and, still more, if the family is an intelligent one, if there
+are geniuses in the family, then there cannot be the slightest
+objection to marriage between cousins, and the children of such
+marriages are apt to inherit in a strong degree the talents or genius
+of their ancestors. In short, if the family is a bad one, one below
+par, then marriage between cousins or between uncle and niece should
+be forbidden. If the family is a good one, above par, then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> marriage
+between relatives of that family should be encouraged.</p>
+
+<p>The idea that the children from consanguineous marriages are apt to be
+deaf and dumb has no foundation in fact. Recent statistics from
+various asylums in Germany, for instance, have shown that only about
+five per cent. of the deaf and dumb children were the offspring of
+consanguineous marriages. If 95 per cent, of the deaf and dumb had
+<i>non</i>-consanguineous parents, how could one say that even in the other
+five per cent, the consanguinity was the cause? If it were the other
+way around, then of course we could blame consanguinity. As it is, we
+can assume even in this five per cent, a mere coincidence, and we have
+no right to say that consanguinity and deaf and dumbness stand in the
+relation to each other of cause and effect.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know that among the Egyptians, Persians, and
+Incas of Peru close consanguineous marriages were very common. The
+Egyptian kings generally married their sisters. This was common custom
+and if the children born of such unions were defectives or
+monstrosities the fact would have become quickly apparent and the
+custom would have been abolished. Evidently the offspring of very
+close consanguinity was normal, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>or even above normal, or the practice
+would not have been continued such a long time.</p>
+
+<p>It is perhaps worth while noting that one of the world's greatest
+scientists, Charles Darwin, was the child of parents who were first
+cousins.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Homosexuality</h4>
+
+<p>Homosexuality (homos&mdash;the same) is a perversion in which a person is
+attracted not to persons of the opposite but to persons of the same
+sex. Thus a homosexual man does not care for women, but is attracted
+to men. A homosexual woman is not attracted to men; she only cares for
+women and may even loathe men. A homosexual, man or woman, has no
+right to marry. The wrong committed by a homosexual marrying is a
+double one: it is wrong to the partner, wrong to the children. The
+normal partner is bound to discover the abnormality, and if he (or
+she) does, then the married life is a very unhappy one. Even if the
+abnormal partner uses the utmost efforts to conceal the abnormality,
+he cannot afford any pleasure to the normal partner, because the
+sexual act committed under loathing cannot be satisfactory. The other
+wrong is committed on the offspring. Homosexuality is hereditary, and
+nobody has a right to bring homosexuals into the world, for there is
+no unhappier being than a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> homosexual. I know a homosexual woman, who,
+knowing her abnormality, married for the sake of a comfortable home.
+She has been successful in hiding from her husband her abnormality, he
+simply considering her frigid. But each sexual act costs her tortures.
+So far she has succeeded in avoiding pregnancy. I also know a highly
+refined and educated homosexual gentleman, who married before
+understanding his condition. Many homosexuals, not knowing that such a
+thing as homosexuality even exists, do not understand their own
+condition; they feel a little strange, a little puzzled, but they
+don't know that they ought not to marry. Soon after marrying his
+condition became clear to him, but in the meantime his wife conceived,
+and he is now the father of a healthy, good-looking boy. It is
+possible that with proper bringing up the development of any
+homosexual traits will be prevented. It should be borne in mind that
+long sexual repression is favorable to the development of
+homosexuality.</p>
+
+<p>But to emphasize: homosexuality is a dysgenic factor, and no
+homosexual should marry.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Sadism</h4>
+
+<p>Sadism is a sexual perversion in which the person derives pleasure
+only when beating, biting, striking, or otherwise inflicting pain on
+the person of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>opposite sex. The degree of cruelty varies, but all
+sadists should be shunned. Unfortunately the fact that a man is a
+sadist is often not found out until after marriage, but as soon as the
+wife has found it out she should leave the man and demand a divorce.
+Sadism is a sufficient ground for a separation or divorce. No person
+with any moral feeling in him or her should be responsible for
+bringing children into the world with a possible sadistic heredity.</p>
+
+<p>Sadistic cruelty is often of the gross, brutal, repulsive kind, but
+sometimes the sadist inflicts on his "beloved" object refined tortures
+of which only a cunning "demon" is capable. The sufferings which the
+wives of some sadists have to undergo are known only to themselves and
+to a few&mdash;very few&mdash;physicians.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Masochism</h4>
+
+<p>Masochism is a sexual perversion in which the person, man or woman,
+<i>likes</i> to suffer pain, beatings, insults and other cruelties at the
+hands of the beloved object. It is a dysgenic factor but much less
+important than sadism.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Sexual Impotence</h4>
+
+<p>Sexual impotence is not hereditary, but impotence in the male either
+so complete that he cannot <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>perform the act or consisting only in
+premature ejaculations (relative impotence or sexual insufficiency)
+should constitute a bar to marriage. This impotence may not interfere
+with impregnation; the wife may have children and the children will
+not be in any way defective, but the wife herself, unless she is
+completely frigid, will suffer the tortures of hell, and may quickly
+become a sexual neurasthenic, a nervous wreck, or she may even develop
+a psychosis. Any man suffering with impotence should have himself
+treated before marriage until he is cured; if his impotence is
+incurable, then for his own sake and for the sake of the girl or woman
+he is supposed to love he should give up the idea of marriage. The
+only permissible exception is in cases in which the prospective wife
+knows the nature of her prospective husband's trouble, and claims that
+she does not care for gross sexual relations and therefore does not
+mind the impotence. In case the wife is absolutely <i>frigid</i>, the
+marriage may turn out satisfactory. But I would always have my
+misgivings, and should the wife's apparently absent but in reality
+only dormant libido suddenly awaken there would be trouble for both
+husband and wife. It is therefore necessary to emphasize: in all cases
+of impotence&mdash;caution!</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>Frigidity</h4>
+
+<p>Frigidity, as we have explained in a previous chapter, is a term
+applied to lack of sexual desire or sexual enjoyment in women. Of
+course many women before marriage are themselves ignorant of their
+sexual condition. Having learned to restrain their impulses, to
+repress any sexual stir, they themselves are often unable to say
+whether they have a strong or weak libido, or any at all. And whether
+or no a given woman would derive any pleasure from the sexual act can
+only be found out after marriage. Many girls, however, know very well
+whether they are "passionate" or not, but they wouldn't tell. They are
+afraid to confess to a complete lack of passion&mdash;they fear they might
+lose a husband.</p>
+
+<p>Frigidity as an agent in marriage may be considered from two points of
+view: the offspring and the husband. The offspring is not affected by
+the mother's frigidity. A very frigid woman, if the frigidity is not
+due to serious organic causes, may have very healthy children and make
+an excellent mother. As far as the husband is concerned, it will
+depend a good deal on the degree of frigidity. If the woman is merely
+cold, and, while herself not enjoying the act, raises no objection to
+it, then it cannot be considered a bar to marriage. In fact many men,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>themselves not overstrong sexually, are praying for somewhat frigid
+wives. (It must be stated, however, that to some husbands relations
+with frigid and non-participating wives are extremely distasteful.)
+But when the frigidity is of such a degree that it amounts to a strong
+physical aversion to the act, it should be considered a bar to
+marriage. Such frigidity is often the cause of a disrupted home, often
+leads to divorce and is legally considered a sufficient cause for
+divorce or for the annulment of marriage, the same as impotence in the
+man is.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Excessive Libido in Men</h4>
+
+<p>We have seen that sexual impotence is a dysgenic factor and if
+complete and incurable should constitute a barrier to marriage. The
+opposite condition is that of excessive libido. Libido is the desire
+for the opposite sex. A proper amount of libido is normal and
+desirable. A lack of libido is abnormal. And an excess of libido is
+also abnormal. But a good many men are possessed of an excess of
+libido; it is either congenital or <i>acquired</i>. Some men torture their
+wives "to death," not literally but figuratively. Harboring the
+prevailing idea that a wife has no rights in this respect, that her
+body is not her own, that she must always hold herself ready to
+satisfy his abnormal desires, such a husband <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>exercises his marital
+rights without consideration for the physical condition or the mental
+feelings of his partner. Some husbands demand that their wives satisfy
+them <i>daily</i> from one to five or more times a day. Some wives who
+happen to be possessed of an equally strong libido do not mind these
+excessive demands (though in time they are almost sure to feel the
+evil effects), but if the wife possesses only a moderate amount of
+sexuality and if she is too weak in body and in will-power to resist
+her lord and master's demands, her health is often ruined and she
+becomes a wreck. (Complete abstinence and excessive indulgence often
+have the same evil end-results.) Some men "kill" four or five women
+before the fury of their libido is at last moderated. Of course, it is
+hard to find out a man's libido beforehand. But if a delicate girl or
+a woman of moderate sexuality has reasons to suspect that a man is
+possessed of an abnormally excessive libido, she would do well to
+think twice before taking the often irretrievable step.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken so far of excessive libido in normal men, that is, in
+men who are otherwise normal, sane and can <i>whenever necessary</i>
+control their desires. There is a form of excessive libido in men
+called satyriasis, which reaches such a degree that the men are often
+not able to control their desires, and they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>will satisfy their
+passion even if they know that the result is sure to be a venereal
+infection or several years in prison. Of course, satyriasis is a
+dysgenic factor; those suffering with that disorder are not normal;
+they are on the borderland of insanity, and not only should they not
+be permitted to marry, but they should be confined to institutions
+where they can be subjected to the proper treatment.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Excessive Libido in Women</h4>
+
+<p>Just as we have impotent and excessively libidinous men, so we have
+frigid and excessively libidinous women. A wife possessed of excessive
+libido is a terrible calamity for a husband of a normal or moderate
+sexuality. Many a libidinous wife has driven her husband, especially
+if she is young and he is old, to a premature grave. And "grave" is
+used in the literal, not figurative, sense of the word. It would be a
+good thing if a man could find out the character of his future wife's
+libido before marriage. Unfortunately, it is impossible. At best, it
+can only be guessed at. But a really excessive libido on the part of
+either husband or wife should constitute a valid ground for divorce.
+When the libido in woman is so excessive that she <i>cannot</i> control her
+passion, and forgetting religion, morality, modesty, custom and
+possible social consequences, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>she offers herself to every man she
+meets, we use the term nymphomania. It is a disease which corresponds
+to satyriasis in men, and what I said of satyriasis applies with equal
+force to nymphomania. Nymphomaniac women should not be permitted to
+marry or to run around loose, but should be confined to institutions
+in which they can be subjected to proper treatment.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Harelip</h4>
+
+<p>This is a congenital defect consisting in a notch or split in the
+upper lip. It is due to defective development of the embryo and is as
+a rule found in association with cleft palate. Probably hereditary,
+but is not common and is not of much importance.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Myopia</h4>
+
+<p>Myopia means nearsightedness. This defect is undoubtedly hereditary to
+a certain degree, but it is doubtful if, other conditions being
+favorable, any man would give up a girl because she is myopic or vice
+versa. Still, if the condition is extreme, as it sometimes is, it
+should be taken into consideration. And where both the man and the
+woman are strongly myopic some hesitation should be felt in
+contracting a marriage. If the husband alone is myopic, then the
+defect may be transmitted to the sons but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>not to the daughters, and
+these daughters may in their turn transmit the defect to their sons
+but not to their daughters. In other words, the defect is more or less
+<i>sex-limited</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Astigmatism</h4>
+
+<p>This is a defect of the eye, depending upon some irregularity of the
+cornea or the lens, in which light rays in different meridians are not
+brought to the same focus. It is to a certain extent hereditary, but
+plays an insignificant r&ocirc;le. It is an undesirable trait, but cannot be
+considered a dysgenic factor.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Baldness</h4>
+
+<p>Premature baldness is a decidedly inheritable trait. And so is
+premature grayness of the hair. But it is doubtful if any woman would
+permit these factors to play any r&ocirc;le in her choice of a husband.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Criminality</h4>
+
+<p>Almost a complete change has taken place in our ideas of criminality,
+and there are but very few criminologists now who believe in the
+Lombrosian nonsense of most criminality being inherited and being
+accompanied by physical stigmata of degeneration. The idea that the
+criminal is born and not made is now held only by an insignificant
+number of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>thinkers. We know now that by far the greatest percentage
+of crime is the result of environment, of poverty, with all that that
+word implies, of bad bringing up, of bad companions. We know that the
+child of the criminal, properly brought up, will develop into a model
+citizen, and vice versa, the child of the saint, brought into the
+slums, might develop into a criminal.</p>
+
+<p>Then we must remember that there are many crimes which are not crimes,
+per se, but which are merely infractions of man-made laws, or
+representing rebellious acts against an unjust and cruel social order.
+Thus, for instance, a man or a woman who defying the law, would give
+information about birth control, and be convicted for the offence,
+would be legally a criminal. Morally he or she would be a high-minded
+humanitarian. A man who would throw a bomb at the Russian Czar or at a
+murderous pogrom-inciting Russian Governor would be considered an
+assassin, and if caught would be hanged; and in making up the pedigree
+of such a family, a narrow-minded eugenist would be apt to say that
+there was criminality in that family. But as a matter of fact, that
+"assassin" may have belonged to the noblest-minded heroes in history.</p>
+
+<p>The eugenists will therefore pay little attention to criminality in
+the ancestry as a dysgenic factor. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>As long as the matrimonial
+candidate himself is not a criminal, the ancestral criminality should
+constitute no bar to the marriage. It is not likely to show itself
+atavistically in the children. Altogether a good deal of nonsense has
+been written about atavism. And people forget that the same rules of
+heredity that are applied to physical conditions cannot be applied to
+spiritual and moral qualities, the latter being much more dependent
+upon environment than the former. Of course the various circumstances
+must be taken into consideration, and each case must be decided upon
+its merits. No generalizations can be permitted. The <i>kind</i> of crime
+must always be considered.</p>
+
+<p>And, furthermore, it should be borne in mind that not only is a
+criminal ancestry <i>per se</i> no bar to marriage, the marriage candidate
+himself may be an ex-criminal, may have served time in prison, and
+still be a very desirable father or mother from the eugenic viewpoint.
+A man who in a fit of passion or during a quarrel, perhaps under the
+slight influence of liquor, struck or killed a man is not, therefore,
+a real criminal. After serving his time in prison he may never again
+commit the slightest antisocial act, may make a moral citizen and an
+ideal husband and father.</p>
+
+<p>This is not a plea for the under dog. For in this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>case, where the
+future of the race is at stake, all other considerations must be put
+into the background. I simply plead for an intelligent consideration
+of the subject. Many honored citizens are worse criminals and worse
+fathers than many people who have served prison sentences.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Pauperism</h4>
+
+<p>It may seem strange to discuss pauperism in relation to marriage and
+to speak of it as a hereditary factor, but it is necessary to discuss
+it, because considerable ignorance prevails on the subject, it being
+generally confused with poverty. There is a radical difference between
+pauperism and poverty. People may be poor for generations and
+generations, even very poor, and still not be considered or classed
+with paupers. Pauperism generally implies a lack of physical and
+mental stamina, loss of <i>self-respect</i> and unconquerable laziness. Of
+course we know now that laziness often rests upon a physical basis,
+being due to imperfect working of the internal glands. But whatever
+the cause of the laziness may be, the fact is that it is one of the
+characteristics of the pauper. And while we cannot speak of pauperism
+being hereditary, the qualities that go to make up the pauper are
+transmissible. No normal woman would marry a pauper, and the woman who
+would <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>marry a pauper is not amenable to any advice or to any book
+knowledge. But men are sometimes tempted to marry daughters of paupers
+if they happen to be pretty. They should consider the matter very
+carefully, for some of the ancestral traits may become manifest in the
+children.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-two" id="Chapter_Thirty-two"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-two<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>BIRTH CONTROL OR THE LIMITATION OF OFFSPRING</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Knowledge of Prevention of Conception Essential&mdash;Misapprehensions
+Concerning Birth-control Propaganda&mdash;Modern Contraceptives Not
+Injurious to Health&mdash;Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures Due
+to Secrecy&mdash;Prevention of Conception and Abortion Radically
+Different&mdash;More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+Information were Legally Obtainable&mdash;Demand for Prostitution
+Would be Curtailed&mdash;Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+Knowledge&mdash;Another Phase of the Birth-control
+Problem&mdash;Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was a
+Taint of Insanity, and the Happy Results.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>No girl, and no man for that matter, should enter the bonds of
+matrimony without learning the latest means of preventing conception,
+of regulating the number of offspring. With people who consider any
+attempt at regulating the number of children a sin, we have nothing to
+argue, though we believe that there are very few people except among
+the lowest dregs of society who do not use some measures of
+regulation. Otherwise we would see most families with ten to twenty
+children instead of two or three. Nor do I intend to devote this
+chapter to a detailed presentation of the arguments in favor of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>rational regulation of offspring. It would have to be merely a
+repetition of the arguments that I have presented elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> But a
+few points may well be touched upon here.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that the subject of birth control is much better
+known now than it was when we first started to propagate it, still it
+cannot be mentioned too often, for the misapprehensions concerning it
+almost keep pace with the propaganda. First, there is a foolish notion
+that we would try to regulate the number of children forcibly, that we
+would compel people to have a small number of children. Nothing could
+apparently be more absurd, and still many people sincerely believe it.
+Nothing is further from the truth. On the contrary, much as we are in
+favor of birth control, we advise limitation of offspring only to
+those who for various reasons, financial, hereditary or hygienic, are
+unable to have many children. We emphatically believe that couples who
+are in excellent health, who are of untainted heredity, who are fit to
+bring up children, and have the means to do so, should have at least
+half a dozen children. If they should have one dozen, they would
+deserve the thanks of the community. All we claim is that in such an
+important matter as bringing children into the world, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>parents who
+have to carry the full burden of bringing up these children should
+have the right to decide. They should have the means of control. They
+should be able to say whether they will have two or six or one dozen
+children.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Contraceptive Measures</h4>
+
+<p>And the argument that contraceptives are injurious to the health of
+the woman, of the man, or of both, may be curtly dismissed. It is not
+true of any of the modern contraceptives. But even if it were true,
+the amount of injury that can be done by contraceptives would be like
+a drop of water in comparison with the injuries resulting from
+excessive pregnancies and childbirths. Some of the contraceptive
+measures require some trouble to use, some are unesthetic, but these
+are trifles and constitute a small price to pay for the privilege of
+being able to regulate the number of one's offspring according to
+one's intelligent desires.</p>
+
+<p>The commonest argument now made against contraceptives is that they
+are not absolutely safe, that is, absolutely to be relied upon, that
+they will not prevent in absolutely every case. This is true; but
+there are three answers which render this objection invalid. First,
+many of the cases of failure are to be ascribed not to the
+contraceptives themselves, but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>to their improper, careless and
+unintelligent use. The best methods in the world will fail if used
+improperly. Second, if the measures are efficient in 98 or 99 per
+cent, and fail in one or two per cent., then they are a blessing. Some
+women would be the happiest women in the world if they could render 98
+per cent. of their conjugal relations unfruitful. Third, the
+imperfections of our contraceptive measures are due to the secrecy
+with which the entire subject must necessarily be surrounded. If the
+subject of birth control could be fully discussed in medical books
+there is no doubt that in a short time we would have measures that
+would be absolutely certain and would leave nothing to be desired. But
+even such as they are, the measures are better than none, and as said
+in the beginning of this chapter, it is the duty of every young woman
+to acquire as one of the items of her sex education the knowledge of
+how to avoid too frequent pregnancies. In fact, I consider this the
+most important item in a woman's sex education, and if she has learned
+nothing else she should learn this. For this information is
+<i>absolutely</i> necessary to her future health and happiness.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>A Few Everyday Cases</h4>
+
+<p>In my twenty years' work for the cause of rational <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>birth control I
+have come in contact with thousands and thousands of cases which
+demonstrate in the most convincing manner possible the tragic results
+of forced or undesired motherhood, and of the fear of forced or
+undesired motherhood.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the cases were in my own practice, some were related to me by
+brother physicians, some were described to me by the victims living in
+all parts of this vast country. Were I to collect and report all the
+cases that came to my notice during those twenty years, they would
+without exaggeration make a volume the size of the latest edition of
+the Standard Dictionary, printed in the same small type. Some of them
+are positively heartbreaking. They make you sick at the stupidity of
+the human race, at the stupidity and brutality of the lawgivers. But I
+do not wish to appeal to your emotions. I do not wish to take extreme
+and unique cases. I will therefore briefly relate a few everyday
+cases, which will demonstrate to you the beneficence of contraceptive
+knowledge and the tragedy and misery caused by the lack of such
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 1.</i> This class of case is so common that I almost feel like
+apologizing for referring to it. She, whom I will call by the
+forbearing name of Mrs. Smith, had been married a little over nine
+years, and had given birth to five children. She was an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>excellent
+mother, nursed them herself, took good care of them, and all the five
+were living and healthy. But in caring for them and for the household
+all alone, for they could not afford a servant or a nurse-girl, all
+her vitality had been sapped, all her originally superb energy had
+dwindled down to nothing; her nerves were worn to a frazzle and she
+became but a shadow of her former self. And the fear of another
+pregnancy became an obsession with her. She dreamed of it at night,
+and it poisoned her waking hours in the day. She felt that she simply
+could not go through another pregnancy, another childbirth, with its
+sleepless nights and its weary toilsome days. She asked her doctor who
+brought her children into the world to give her some preventive, but
+he laughed the matter off. "Just be careful," was all the advice she
+got from him. And when in spite of being careful, she, horror of
+horrors, became pregnant again, she gathered up courage, went to the
+same doctor, and asked him to perform an abortion on her. But he was a
+highly respectable physician, a Christian gentleman, and he became
+highly indignant at her impudence in coming to him and asking him to
+commit "murder." Her tears and pleadings were in vain. He remained
+adamant.</p>
+
+<p>Whether he would have remained as adamant if instead of Mrs. Smith,
+who could only pay <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>twenty-five dollars for the abortion, the patient
+had been one of his society clientele, who could pay two hundred and
+fifty dollars, is a question which I will not answer in the
+affirmative or negative. I will leave it open. I will merely remark
+that in the question of abortion in certain specific cases the moral
+indignation of some physicians is in inverse proportion to the size of
+the fee expected. A doctor who will become terribly insulted when a
+poor woman who can only pay ten or fifteen dollars asks to be relieved
+of the fruit of her womb, will usually discover that the woman who can
+afford to pay one hundred dollars is badly in need of a curettement.
+Oh, no. He does not perform an abortion. He merely curets the uterus.</p>
+
+<p>But to come back to Mrs. Smith. She went away from the indignant
+adamant doctor. But she was determined not to give birth to another
+child. She confided her trouble to a neighbor, who sent her to a
+midwife. The midwife was neither very expert, nor very clean. Mrs.
+Smith had to go to her two or three times. After bleeding for about
+ten days she developed blood poisoning, from which she died a few days
+later, at the early age of twenty-nine, leaving a disconsolate father,
+who in time to come will probably find consolation with another woman,
+and five motherless children, who will never find <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>consolation. One
+may find a substitute for a wife, there is no substitute for a mother.</p>
+
+<p>And such tragedies are of daily occurrence. May the Lord have mercy on
+the souls of those who are responsible for them.</p>
+
+<p>Before I proceed further I wish to say that it is the terrible
+prevalence of the abortion evil, with its concomitant evils of
+infection, ill health, chronic invalidism and death, that more than
+any other single factor urges us in our birth control propaganda. And
+those who want to forbid the dissemination of any information about
+the prevention of conception are playing directly into the hands of
+the professional abortionists. They could not act any more zealously
+if they were in league with the latter and were paid by them. And
+having mentioned the subject of abortion, I wish to utter a note of
+warning. In our birth control propaganda, we must be very careful to
+keep the question of the prevention of conception and of abortion
+separate and apart. The stupid law puts the two in the same paragraph,
+some ignorant laymen and equally ignorant physicians treat the two as
+if they were the same thing, but we, in our speeches and our writings,
+must keep the two separate, we must show the people the essential
+difference between prevention and abortion, between refraining from
+creating life and destroying life <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>already created; we must show the
+viciousness of meting out the same punishment for two things which are
+fundamentally different, different not only in degree but in kind&mdash;and
+it is only by thus keeping the two things apart, by showing that we
+stand for one thing&mdash;prevention&mdash;and not for the other&mdash;abortion, that
+we can ever gain the general sympathy of the public and the
+co-operation of the legislators. I do not say that there are not many
+cases in which the induction of abortion is not only justifiable, but
+imperative; but that is a different question, and the two issues must
+not be confused. And we would and should resent any attempt on the
+part of either enemy or friend to so confuse them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 2.</i> Mr. A. and Miss B. are in love with each other. But they
+cannot get married, for his salary is too small. They might risk
+getting married, if the specter of an indefinite number of children
+did not stretch out its restraining hand. She comes from a good
+family, she was brought up, if not in the lap of luxury, in the lap of
+comfort and coziness, and it is the ambition of every good American to
+furnish his wife at least as good a home as her father gave her. Her
+father, by the way, died prematurely from overwork in trying to give
+all possible comforts and advantages to a bevy of six unmarried and
+marriageable daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>As I said, the fear of children kept them back. Each year the hope
+revived that in another year their union in matrimony would be
+consummated. But the years passed. Mr. A.'s hair became thin and
+grayish, Miss B began to look haggard and pinched&mdash;and still the
+marriage could not take place. Miss B was very religious and very
+proper, and would not do anything that was improper. A was not quite
+so proper; he paid occasional visits elsewhere, and as instruction in
+venereal prophylaxis was not included in his college course, he
+acquired a gonorrhea, which it took him about six months to get rid
+of. To shorten the story, A was thirty-nine and Miss B was thirty-five
+when the many times postponed marriage was consummated, but Cupid
+seemed to be busy elsewhere when the ceremony took place, and there is
+very little romance in their married life. The marriage has remained
+childless, as I told Mr. A it would be.</p>
+
+<p>I consider this a ruined life&mdash;and all for the lack of a little
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>If the anti-preventionists, those who are opposed to any information
+about the prevention of conception, were not so hopelessly stupid,
+they would see that from their own point of view it would be better if
+such information were legally obtainable. For it would be instrumental
+in causing more marriages <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>which otherwise remain unconsummated, and
+by favoring early marriages, it would be instrumental in curtailing
+the demand for prostitution, in diminishing venereal disease. And as
+is well known, venereal disease is one of the great factors in race
+suicide.</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 3.</i> A young woman was married to a man who besides being a
+brutal drunkard was subject to periodic fits of insanity. Every year
+or two he would be taken to the lunatic asylum for a few weeks or
+months, and then discharged. And every time on his discharge he would
+celebrate his liberty by impregnating his wife. She hated and loathed
+him, but could not protect herself against his "embraces." And she had
+to see herself giving birth to one abnormal child after another. She
+begged her doctor to give her some means of prevention, but that boob
+claimed ignorance, and the illegality of the thing. The woman finally
+committed suicide, but not before she had given birth to six abnormal
+children, who will probably grow up drunkards, criminals or insane.</p>
+
+<p>And because we object to such kind of breeding, we are accused of
+being enemies of the human race, of advocating race suicide, of
+violating the laws of God and man. Oh, for a mighty Sampson to strike
+the imbeciles with the jaw of an ass, for a mental <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>Hercules to loosen
+the fontanelles of their petrified skulls and put some sense into
+them!</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 4.</i> This observation concerns a couple both of whom had a very
+bad heredity. The blood of each was badly tainted. The doctor who had
+treated the husband cautioned them and told them that they had no
+right to have children. But here the tables were turned. The doctor
+wanted to give them the means for prevention, but the husband and
+wife, pious Roman Catholics, would not go against their religion and
+God (as if God wanted a world full of imbeciles), and refused to
+employ any precautions. They have had four children so far. One of
+them seems fairly normal, except that he is silly, in which respect he
+is merely like his parents; two are deaf and blind in one eye; the
+fourth is a cretin, practically an idiot.</p>
+
+<p>This case brings us face to face with another phase of the problem.
+What should we do when the parents, stupid and ignorant, refuse to
+stop breeding worthless material? Eugenic agitation, education, will
+bring about such a strong public opinion that none but idiots, who
+will be vasectomized or segregated, will dare to bring into the world
+children that are physically and mentally handicapped.</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 5.</i> This couple had been married eight years, and had five
+children And the wife said she could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>not stand it any more. Another
+child&mdash;no, she preferred death. They practiced coitus interruptus for
+a while, with mutual disgust, but when the wife was caught again, she
+said: "No more!" And she would not let her husband come near her. He
+could do what he pleased&mdash;she did not care. After a few months he
+began to go elsewhere&mdash;contracted syphilis, had to give up his
+position, the home was broken up, the wife went out to work, the
+children are scattered&mdash;in short, a home, which we are told is the
+foundation of our society, is broken up, and there is misery and
+wretchedness all around&mdash;and all for the lack of a little timely
+information.</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 6.</i> Mr. A and Miss B, twenty-eight and twenty-five years old
+respectively, have known one another for several years, and in spite
+of their occupation, which is supposed to make people blas&eacute; and
+cynical&mdash;he being a reporter and she a special story writer&mdash;are quite
+in love with each other. But their occupation and income are such that
+they cannot possibly afford to have and to bring up any children. They
+would love to get married, but the specter of a child&mdash;or rather of
+children&mdash;frightens them; and they remain single, to the great
+physical and mental injury of both. Accidentally they learn of
+appropriate means of regulating conception, get married and live
+happily&mdash;ever after, that is, until <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>they find themselves in a
+position to have children and to bring them up properly.</p>
+
+<p>In what way was society injured by this young couple acquiring
+contraceptive information?</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 7.</i> Mr. C and Miss D are in love with each other. Unfortunately
+there is a strong hereditary taint of insanity on both sides. They are
+too high-minded to think of giving birth to children. They might be
+all right, but with insanity one does not take any chances. The thing
+is too terrible. They are condemned to a life of celibacy, which to
+them means a life of loneliness and misery. But like an angel from
+heaven comes to them the knowledge that one can live a love-life
+without any penalties attached to it. They get married and there is
+not a happier couple living.</p>
+
+<p>In what way has society been injured by this couple obtaining the
+contraceptive knowledge?</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 8.</i> Mr. and Mrs. E have been married five years. They have a
+child four years old which shows unmistakable symptoms of epilepsy.
+They are horrified and an investigation discloses the fact that on her
+side in the preceding generation there was a good deal of epilepsy. Of
+course, the next child may not be epileptic. But then again it may. No
+parents with any sense of responsibility would take such chances. They
+decide to give up conjugal <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>relations. They keep it up for about
+thirteen or fourteen months; then one night an accident happens and
+very soon she finds herself pregnant. She declares she would rather
+die than to give birth to and have to take care of another epileptic
+child. She goes to a friendly physician who performs an abortion on
+her, and now the couple, not secure against future accidents, if they
+live together, decide to separate, and a tragedy is in sight.
+Fortunately they learn that conception can be prevented, and they
+continue to live together with benefit to themselves and harm to none.</p>
+
+<p>In what way has society been injured by those people acquiring
+contraceptive information?</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 9.</i> Mr. and Mrs. F have been married six years, and in these six
+years they have been blessed with four children. When he married he
+was getting twenty-two dollars a week, and that is exactly what he is
+getting now. In the meantime the cost of living has gone up
+twenty-five per cent., and there are four extra mouths to feed and
+four extra bodies to clothe. What difference this has made in that
+little household can better be imagined than stated. The little mother
+has aged sixteen years in those six years, and there is not a trace
+left of her girlishness and youthfulness. She loves her children, and
+does not want to get rid of them. She would not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>take a million
+dollars for one of them, but she would not give five cents for
+another. But this is just what terrifies them; the possibility of
+another. And that possibility makes her irritable, makes her repel her
+husband's slightest advances, makes her move his bed to another room.
+She even tells him to satisfy his sexual desires elsewhere&mdash;and at the
+same time she is in fear and trembling that he might follow her
+advice. In short, a nice young home is about to be disrupted.
+Fortunately he reads somewhere an article on the subject of voluntary
+limitation of offspring, he begins to investigate; his physician
+pleads ignorance, but he is persistent, the physician investigates and
+obtains the desired information, which he shares with the patient.
+Harmony is restored and a happy home is re-established.</p>
+
+<p>Who was injured by the couple obtaining this information? And if
+nobody was injured, and everybody concerned was benefited, then why
+should the imparting of such information be considered a felony,
+punishable like the most atrocious of crimes?</p>
+
+<p><i>Case 10.</i> Mr. and Mrs. G have been married fifteen years. They were
+the parents of seven children, a large enough number for any family.
+Those seven children were born during the first eleven years of their
+married life. During the past five years, afraid of having any more,
+they first <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>abstained and then adopted a method which every modern
+sexologist knows is injurious to the nervous system of both the man
+and the woman. The man became a wreck; first neurasthenic, then
+impotent, cranky and grouchy, unable to get along in the office,
+constantly squabbling with his wife, who became just as bad a wreck.
+Their economic condition plus too many small children prevented the
+parents' separation. They remained living together, but they lived
+like a cat and a dog tied in a bag. Each silently prayed to be rid of
+the other. But a conversation overheard at a Turkish baths
+establishment put him on the right trail, and one year later we find
+the couple reconciled, both in good health and living a peaceful and
+fairly harmonious life. And those who have benefited most by the
+change are the children. In what way was society injured? And still if
+the doctor who gave Mr. G the information should have been caught and
+convicted, he would have been sent to prison for a year or two or
+five. Would he have deserved it? Here we have several plain, simple,
+unvarnished and unembellished cases which are typical of millions of
+similar cases and which prove conclusively that the law against
+imparting information about preventing conception is brutal, vicious,
+antisocial. Should not such a law be repealed, wiped off the statute
+books?</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The Limitation of Offspring by the Prevention of
+Conception.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-three" id="Chapter_Thirty-three"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-three<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ADVICE TO GIRLS APPROACHING THE THRESHOLD OF WOMANHOOD</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male&mdash;The
+Unprotected Girl's Temptations&mdash;Some Men Who Will Pester the
+Young Girl&mdash;Risk of Venereal Infection&mdash;Danger of
+Impregnation&mdash;Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman May
+Not Always Be Relied Upon&mdash;Nature of Men who Seduce
+Girls&mdash;Exceptions&mdash;Illegitimate Motherhood&mdash;Difficulties in the
+Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living&mdash;The Child
+of the Foundling Asylum&mdash;Social Attitude Towards Illegitimacy
+Responsible for Abortion Evil&mdash;Dangers of Abortion&mdash;The Girl
+Who Has Lost Her Virginity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When a girl has passed the transition period of puberty and is
+entering upon young womanhood she exerts an irresistible attraction on
+the male sex. Whether she give the impression of a luscious red rose
+or of a delicate white lily, the charms of a beautiful, healthy,
+bright girl of seventeen or eighteen are undeniable and their appeal
+to the esthetic and sexual sense of every normal male is a normal,
+<i>natural</i> phenomenon. Whether it is a good thing or a bad thing that
+it is so, we will not stop to discuss here. But it is a natural
+phenomenon, a natural law, if you will, and one does not quarrel with
+natural phenomena. It is useless. But the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>attraction which the girl
+exercises on the male is fraught with danger to her, and therefore a
+few words of advice and of warning are not out of place.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><b>Temptations.</b> Fortunate are you, my young girl friend, if you come
+from a well-sheltered home, if you have been properly brought up, if
+you have a good and wise mother who knows how to take care of you. A
+mother's wise counsel given at the proper time, and her comradeship
+all the time, are more invulnerable than an armor of bronze and more
+secure than locked doors and barred windows. But if you have lost your
+mother at an early age, or if your mother is not of the right sort&mdash;it
+is no use hiding the fact that some mothers are not what they should
+be&mdash;if you have to shift for yourself, if you have to work in a shop,
+in an office, and particularly if you live alone and not with your
+parents, then temptations in the shape of men, young and old, will
+encounter you at every step; they will swarm about you like flies
+about a lump of sugar; they will stick to you like bees to a bunch of
+honeysuckle.</p>
+
+<p>I do not want you to get the false idea that all men or most men are
+bad and mean, and are constantly on the lookout to ruin young girls.
+No. Most men are good and honorable and too conscientious to ruin a
+young life. But there are some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>men, young and old, who are devoid of
+any conscience, who are so egotistic that their personal pleasure is
+their only guide of conduct. They will pester you. Some will lyingly
+claim that they are in love with you; some perhaps will sincerely
+believe that they are in love with you, mistaking a temporary passion
+for the sacred feeling of love. Some will even promise to marry
+you&mdash;some making the promise in sincerity, others with the deliberate
+intent to deceive. Still others will try to convince you that chastity
+is an old superstition, and that there is nothing wrong in sexual
+relations. In short, all ways and means will be employed by those men
+to induce you to enter into sexual relations with them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Don't you do it!</i></p>
+
+<p>I am not preaching or sermonizing to you. I am not appealing to your
+religion or your morals. For if you have strong religious or moral
+ideas against illicit sexual relations, you are not in need of mine or
+anybody else's advice. But I assume that you are a more or less modern
+girl, with little or no religious bringing-up, or perhaps a radical
+girl, who has shaken off the shackles of religion and tradition. And
+to you I say: <i>Don't you do it</i>. Why? Because your welfare, your
+future happiness, is at stake. I am speaking from the point of view of
+your own good, and from that point of view I say: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>Resist all attempts
+which men make exclusively for the purpose of satisfying their sexual
+desire, their lust.</p>
+
+<p>You will ask again, why? For several reasons. First, you run the risk
+of venereal infection. The danger is not so great now as in former
+times, but is great enough. There are still plenty of men dishonest
+enough to indulge in sexual relations with a woman when they know they
+are not radically cured. The same man who will not get married unless
+he is sure that he is perfectly cured will not hesitate to subject a
+transient girl or woman to the risk of venereal infection. I know
+personally, because I have treated them; yes, I treated several
+intelligent and radical young men who infected young girls. And some
+of these girls in their turn, through ignorance and innocence,
+infected other men. So then, the first danger is the danger of
+venereal infection.</p>
+
+<p>The second danger, still greater and more certain than the first, is
+the danger of impregnation. And pregnancy for a girl under our present
+moral and social-economic conditions is a terrible calamity. She is
+ostracized everywhere, and it means, if discovered, her social death.
+But you will say: "Aren't there any remedies that can be used to
+prevent conception? Aren't you yourself among <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>the world's chief
+birth-controllers; one of the world's chief advocates of the use of
+contraceptives?" Yes, my dear young lady, but I never made the claim
+that the contraceptives were <i>absolutely</i> infallible, I never claimed
+that they were <i>100 per cent.</i> effective in <i>100 per cent.</i> of <i>all</i>
+cases. But if they are effective 999 times or even 990 times in every
+1000 they are a blessing. And thousands of families so consider them.
+And if a married woman gets caught once in a while, the misfortune is
+not so great. But if the accident happens to a non-married woman, the
+misfortune <i>is</i> great. Then again, you want to bear in mind that
+accidents are less likely to happen to married than to non-married
+women. The married woman has no fear, needs no secrecy, and she can go
+about the method of preparation carefully, with deliberation. The
+unmarried girl, <i>as a rule</i>, has not the proper conveniences, more or
+less secrecy must be maintained, hurry is not infrequently necessary,
+and that is why accidents are more apt to occur in spite of the use of
+contraceptives. So then, the second danger, even more sinister than
+the first, is the danger of pregnancy. "But if a misfortune happens,
+can I not have an abortion produced?" No, not always. Physicians
+willing to induce an abortion are not found on every corner. But this
+is not the principal point. What <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>I have to say on the subject, I will
+say later on in this chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Then it is well for you to bear in mind that those very men who use
+their utmost efforts, who strain every fibre and every nerve to get
+you, will despise you and detest you as soon as they have succeeded in
+making you yield to their wishes. This is one of the worst blots on
+the male man's character, a blot from which the female character is
+entirely free. And some men&mdash;fortunately their number is not very
+large&mdash;are such moral skunks that they take morbid pleasure in
+boasting publicly of their sexual conquests, and unscrupulously peddle
+about the name of the girl whom, by cunning false promises or other
+means, they succeeded in seducing. And of course such a girl finds it
+difficult or impossible to get married, and must end her days in
+solitude, without the hope of a home of her own.</p>
+
+<p>For the above reasons I advise you earnestly and sincerely not to
+yield to the solicitations of thoughtless or unscrupulous men, who
+think of nothing but their coarse sensual pleasures. It is advice
+dictated by common sense, by your own deeper interest, aside from any
+religious or moral considerations.</p>
+
+<p>The above advice, or call it sermon if you will, is meant principally
+for young girls, girls between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five.
+If a girl has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>reached the age of twenty-eight or thirty and is
+willing to enter upon illicit sexual relations with her eyes open,
+with a full knowledge of the possible consequences, then it is her
+affair, and nobody shall say her nay. Nobody has a right to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>Nor should my advice be understood as directed to cases where there is
+sincere reciprocal affection and a mutual understanding. This is an
+entirely different matter, and has nothing to do with cases where the
+man is the pursuer or seducer and the woman an unwilling or reluctant
+victim.</p>
+
+<p>But whatever the relations between the man and the girl may be,
+whether she yielded in a fit of passion, or was seduced by false
+promises, by "moral" suasion, by hypnotic influence or by the vulgar
+method of being made drunk, what is she to do if she finds herself, to
+her horror, in a pregnant condition? There are two ways open to her:
+either let the pregnancy go to term or to have an abortion brought on.</p>
+
+<p>If she lets the pregnancy go to term she has the alternative of
+bringing up the child herself openly or of placing it secretly in a
+foundling asylum. In the first case, the necessity of publicly
+acknowledging illegitimate motherhood requires so much moral courage
+that not one woman in a thousand is equal to it. It is not moral
+courage alone that is required; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>the social ostracism could be borne
+with stoicism and even with equanimity, if with it were not frequently
+associated the fear or the real danger of starvation. For under our
+present system the illegitimate mother finds many avenues of activity
+closed to her. A school teacher would lose her position instantly, and
+so would a woman in any public position. It is feared that her example
+might have a contaminating influence on the children or on her fellow
+workers. Nor could she be a social worker&mdash;I know of more than one
+woman who lost her position with social or philanthropic institutions
+as soon as it was discovered that she did not live up strictly to the
+conventional code of sex morality. Nor could she be a private
+governess.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus seen that to acknowledge one's self an illegitimate mother
+requires so much courage, so much sacrifice, that very, very few
+mothers are now found that are equal to the task. Especially so when
+it is taken into consideration that the humiliations and indignities
+to which the child is subjected and the later reproaches of the child
+itself make the mother's life a veritable hell. So this alternative is
+generally out of the question.</p>
+
+<p>To give the child to a foundling asylum or to a "baby farm" means
+generally to condemn it to a slow death&mdash;and not such a slow one,
+either. For <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>as statistics show about ninety to ninety-five per cent.
+of all babies in those institutions die within a few months. And the
+very few who survive and grow up have not a happy life. Life is hard
+enough for anybody; for children who come into the world handicapped
+by the disgrace of illegitimacy, life is torture indeed. It is with a
+breaking heart generally and because there is no other way out of the
+dilemma that a mother puts her baby away in a foundling asylum. She
+hopes and prays for its speedy death.</p>
+
+<p>Taking into consideration the pitifully unhappy lot of the
+illegitimate mother and illegitimate child, it is no wonder that every
+unmarried woman, as soon as she finds herself pregnant, is frantically
+determined to get rid of the child in the womb as soon as possible.
+And abortion thrives in every civilized country. Thousands and
+thousands of doctors and semi-doctors and midwives are making a rich
+living in this country from practicing abortion. The greater the
+disgrace with which illegitimacy is considered in a country, the
+stricter the prohibition against the use of measures for the
+prevention of conception, the greater the number of abortions in that
+country. But abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken with a light
+heart. It is true that if performed by a thoroughly competent
+physician, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>with all aseptic precautions, it is practically free from
+danger. But when performed by a careless physician or an ignorant
+midwife, trouble is apt to happen. Blood poisoning may set in, and the
+patient may be very sick for a time, and may on recovery from the
+acute illness remain a chronic invalid for life. And occasionally the
+patient dies. Whether or not abortion is justifiable under special
+circumstances is a separate question, which I have discussed in
+another place. But leaving aside the ethics of the question, if you
+have determined to have an abortion produced, be sure to go to a
+conscientious physician, and avoid the quacks and midwives. An
+unexpected and undesired pregnancy is punishment enough and there is
+no reason why you should be further punished by becoming a chronic
+invalid or by paying with your life. There is no sense in it. Nobody
+will profit by your invalidism or your death.</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to leave this topic without re-emphasizing the fact that
+abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken or even to be spoken of
+lightly. Too many women, not only in the radical ranks, but in the
+conservative ranks as well, are in the habit of considering abortion
+as a joke, a trifling annoyance, something like a cold in the head,
+which, while disagreeable, is sure to pass away in a day or two. They
+know Mrs. A and Mrs. B and perhaps Miss C <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>who had abortions produced
+on them and in two or three days they were as good as ever. Yes. But
+they do not know Miss D who is resting in her grave, nor do they know
+why Miss E and Mrs. F are invalids for life. The women who get over
+their abortion experiences easily are apt to talk of their good luck;
+the women who have become chronic invalids or who are resting in their
+graves as a result of an abortion are not apt to talk of the matter.</p>
+
+<p>And therefore, once more, remember, an abortion is no trifling matter.</p>
+
+<p>One other piece of advice and I am through. Some men of a low moral and
+mental caliber are under the influence of the pernicious idea that if a
+girl has lost her virginity&mdash;no matter under what circumstances&mdash;she no
+longer amounts to much and is free prey for everybody who may want her.
+And, like beasts of prey, these wretched specimens of humanity pester
+such a girl with much more impudence, more brazenness than they dare to
+employ in the case of a girl who is still considered a virgin. And,
+what is more, the girls themselves become poisoned with this pernicious
+idea and dare not offer the same resistance that the virgin does. And
+they often yield with resignation, though against their will, and
+though they may experience a feeling of disgust against the man.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>Now again, <i>don't you do it</i>. Do not nurse the medieval idea that
+because you are not a virgin in the physical sense, you are "ruined,"
+"no good," and an outcast. You are nothing of the kind. If through
+some cause or other you are no longer in possession of an intact
+hymen, it is your affair or misfortune, and nobody else's. Do not on
+that account cast your eyes down and avoid meeting people. Carry your
+head high, do not fear to meet people, and treat with contempt the
+jeers of the stupid and ignorant. A person's entire character does not
+depend upon the presence or absence of the hymen, and one misstep
+should not ruin a person's whole life. A boy is not "ruined," is not
+an outcast, because he has had sexual relations before marriage, and
+while the boy's and girl's cases are not exactly identical, still the
+poor girl should not be made to expiate one error all her life long.</p>
+
+<p>It isn't fair.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-four" id="Chapter_Thirty-four"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-four<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ADVICE TO PARENTS OF UNFORTUNATE GIRLS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl&mdash;The Case of Edith
+and What Her Father Did&mdash;The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and
+Bridget C.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Suppose you are the parents of a girl to whom a misfortune has
+happened. I admit it is a misfortune, a catastrophe. Probably the
+greatest catastrophe that, under our present social system, can happen
+to an unmarried young woman. What are you going to do? Are you going to
+disgrace her&mdash;incidentally disgracing yourselves&mdash;are you going to kick
+her out of the house, condemning her to a suicide's grave, or to a life
+that is often worse than death? Or are you going to stand by her in her
+dark hours, to shield her, to surround her with a wall of protection
+against a cruel and wantonly inquisitive world, and thus earn her
+eternal gratitude, and put her on the path of self-improvement and
+useful social work? Which shall it be? But before you decide, kindly
+bear in mind that your girl is not entirely to blame; that some of the
+blame <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>lies with you. If she had been <i>properly</i> brought up, this would
+not have happened. I know such a thing could never have happened in my
+household. But I know how I would have acted if such a thing had
+happened. And I will tell you how one father and mother did act under
+the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>They were far from rich; just fairly comfortable; they had a
+well-paying store. Edith was their treasure, because she was so pretty
+and so full of life. Unfortunately, she was too pretty and too full of
+life. She was only seventeen, but was fully developed, and had many
+empty-headed young admirers, who showered upon her silly compliments
+and cloying sweets. She became frivolous and flirtatious and was
+beginning to do poorly in high school. She failed in her last year,
+and refused to take the year over again. Now, all the time being her
+own, and having nobody to give any account to, she began to go out a
+good deal, and more than ever indulged in flirtations. One night she
+stayed out later than usual, her parents were worried, and when she
+came home about two in the morning there was a quarrel, and the
+father, who was a strict, impulsive man, gave her a pretty good
+beating. After that she went out very little, kept to herself, became
+rather melancholy, lost her appetite, and did not sleep well. To all
+inquiries she answered that there <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span>was nothing the matter with her,
+that she just felt a little indisposed. Four or five months thus
+passed.</p>
+
+<p>But finally the condition could no longer be concealed. The mother was
+the first one to discover it. When the fact dawned upon her
+consciousness that her beautiful, not quite eighteen-year-old Edith
+was pregnant she promptly fell in a faint and it took Edith and the
+maid quite some time to restore her to consciousness. She became
+distracted. She floundered about pitifully, not knowing what to do,
+what decision to reach. She tried to conceal the matter from the
+father, but he saw that there was something wrong and it didn't take
+him long to worm the truth out of her. As the mother on learning the
+tragic truth had taken refuge in a dead faint, so he took refuge in a
+Berserker rage. He fumed and stormed and was in danger of an
+apoplectic stroke. He wanted to strike the daughter, but the mother
+interfered. He then ordered Edith to get out of the house and never to
+cross his threshold again. Edith looked at him to see if he meant it;
+the mother tried to intercede; but he was inflexible, and demanded
+that she leave at once. Edith began to gather a few of her belongings,
+the tears silently rolling down her face.</p>
+
+<p>And here a sudden change came over the father. Some men (and women)
+are crushed by small <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span>misfortunes; real catastrophes awaken their
+finer qualities, which lay dormant within them and which might have
+remained dormant within them forever. In these few minutes he seems to
+have undergone a complete metamorphosis. He went up to Edith, took her
+in his arms, kissed her, told her to stay, to calm down and they would
+see what could be done. In a few days she was taken over to a
+physician who performed an abortion. She was a pretty sick girl for
+about six weeks, and at one time there was danger of blood poisoning
+setting in. But she recovered. And she was a different girl. She had
+shed her frivolity and lightheartedness like an old garment. She took
+her last year in high school over again, entered Barnard, from which
+she was graduated among the very first, and soon began to teach in
+that very high school in which she had been a pupil. One of the
+teachers fell in love with her and she fell in love with him. He asked
+her to marry him. She wanted no skeleton from the past coming down
+rattling its bones and marring their married life, and she told him of
+the unfortunate incident. A good test, by the way, to find out a man's
+real love and breadth of character. Fortunately the man's love was a
+true love, not merely passion, and he was truly broadminded, which is
+not a very common thing among school-teachers. Their married life is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>an uncloudedly happy one. And the relation between the daughter and
+the parents is one of sincere love and deep mutual respect.</p>
+
+<p>Isn't it better so?</p>
+
+<p>Didn't Edith's parents act more decently, more kindly, more humanely,
+more wisely than the parents, say, of Mary B, who, when they found out
+her condition, put her out of the house, into which she was brought
+back two days later a corpse, fished out from the East River? Didn't
+Edith's father act more nobly, more wisely even from a purely selfish
+point of view than the father of Bridget C, who kicked his daughter
+out penniless into the street, where he had to see her afterwards
+powdered and painted soliciting men and boys? The mother died of a
+broken heart, and the father, unable to bear the constant, daily
+repeated disgrace, became an incorrigible drunkard.</p>
+
+<p>Fathers and mothers! So bring up your daughters, so guard them and
+protect them, that the misfortune of an illegitimate pregnancy may not
+befall them. But if the misfortune has befallen them, then stand by
+them! Do not desert them then in these dark hours, the darkest hours
+in a girl's life. Do not kick them&mdash;they are down enough. Stand by
+them, and they will become good women and you will have their eternal
+gratitude. If you do not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>stand by them, you are worse than the beasts
+of the jungle and deserve their eternal curse. You are unworthy to be,
+or to be called, parents, for you are devoid of the least spark of
+that sacred feeling called Parental Love, a feeling which
+unfortunately in only too many parents is replaced by nothing but the
+most sordid, most brutal egotism.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-five" id="Chapter_Thirty-five"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-five<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>SEXUAL RELATIONS DURING MENSTRUATION</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During
+Menstruation&mdash;Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual Period&mdash;When
+Intercourse May be Permitted&mdash;Injection Before Coitus During
+Menstruation&mdash;Fallacy of Ancient Idea of Injuriousness.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>This may seem to some a strange and superfluous question, a question
+which would never present itself. Still the laity would be surprised
+if it learned how frequently nowadays that question is presented to
+the physician who specializes in sex matters. Some husbands come to
+the physician complaining that the menses are the only period during
+which their wives demand sex relations, and ask if something cannot be
+done to cure them of what they consider an abnormal desire.</p>
+
+<p>Biologically considered, the desire on the woman's part for sex
+relations during the menses should not seem strange or abnormal, for
+we must bear in mind that menstruation bears a certain analogy to the
+rut in animals. And animals permit intercourse at no time except
+during the rut.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>Recent investigations have disclosed to fact that the number of women
+whose sexual appetite is <i>heightened</i> during the time immediately
+preceding, during, and following the menses, is quite considerable.
+And there is also a smaller percentage of women who experience the
+desire <i>at no other time except</i> during the menses.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking generally, relations during the menses should be discouraged.
+There are several reasons for it. The first reason, which need not be
+gone into in detail, is an esthetic one. The second reason is that
+intercourse during menstruation may in some cases lead to congestion
+of the uterus and ovaries. Third, the menstrual discharge, which as we
+know does not consist of pure blood but is a mixture of blood, mucus,
+and degenerated lining membrane of the uterus, may give rise to a
+catarrh of the urethra in the man. Fourth, and this is a point to be
+borne in mind, any discharge that a woman may be suffering from is
+always aggravated during menstruation. For these reasons relations
+during the menses are undesirable.</p>
+
+<p>But where the woman has strong libido during that time and has no
+libido at any other time, relations may be indulged in during the last
+day or two of the menses. Any unpleasantness may be obviated and any
+discharge may be removed by the woman <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>taking a mild, warm, antiseptic
+injection before coitus. The ancient idea of the injuriousness of the
+relations during menstruation and the disastrous results likely to
+follow them have only a very slender foundation. They rest on no
+scientific basis and though it may be sad to state facts, there are
+many couples who do indulge in such relations as a regular thing and
+without any injury to either husband or wife.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-six" id="Chapter_Thirty-six"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-six<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING PREGNANCY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Complete Abstinence During-Pregnancy&mdash;Bad Results of Complete
+Abstinence&mdash;Intensity of Relations During First Four
+Months&mdash;Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh
+Months&mdash;Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth Months&mdash;Abstinence
+After Birth of Child.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The question whether sexual intercourse is permissible during
+pregnancy is often put to the physician. Some extremists and theorists
+demand complete abstinence during the entire duration of pregnancy.
+Such abstinence is not only not feasible, but is unnecessary and may
+prove a disrupting factor; it may create not only dissension, it may
+wreck the love-life of husband and wife. I know of cases where the
+wife, influenced by the wrong teachings about the necessity of
+complete abstinence during pregnancy, about the possible injury to the
+child from intercourse, persisted in keeping the husband away; and the
+result was that the husband began to go to other women, and he got in
+the habit to such an extent that he refused to give up entirely, even
+after the child was born. It cannot be expected from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>a married man,
+who is used to more or less regular sexual relations, to abstain
+entirely for nine or ten months. Such a demand is unreasonable and
+uncalled for. All claims about the injurious effects of intercourse on
+the mother and child lack proof and foundation. During the first four
+months of pregnancy no change need be made in the usual sex relations.
+Their "intensity" should be moderated, their frequency need not.
+During the fifth, sixth and seventh months intercourse should be
+indulged in at rarer intervals&mdash;once in two or three weeks&mdash;the act
+should be performed without any violence or intensity, and the usual
+position should be reversed or changed to a lateral one. During the
+eighth and ninth months relations had best be given up altogether.</p>
+
+<p>And this abstinence should last until about six weeks after the birth
+of the child. During this period the uterus undergoes what we call
+involution; that is, it goes back to the size and shape it had before
+pregnancy, and it is best not to disturb this process by sexual
+excitement, which causes engorgement and congestion.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-seven" id="Chapter_Thirty-seven"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-seven<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR PROPAGATION ONLY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only&mdash;What Such
+Practice Would Lead to&mdash;Nature and the Sex-fanatics&mdash;Sexual
+Desire in Woman After Menopause&mdash;Sex Instinct of Sterile Men
+and Women&mdash;Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Some people sincerely believe that the sexual instinct is for
+reproductive purposes only; they claim we should never indulge in
+sexual intercourse unless it be for the purpose of bringing a child
+into the world. The act performed without such aim in view is
+stigmatized by them as carnal lust, as a sin. Some even say that such
+an act is equivalent to an act of prostitution. To <i>argue</i> the
+question with such people would be a waste of time. It is not fair to
+impugn the good faith, the sincerity of your opponents, because I have
+convinced myself that the most insane, most bizarre notions may be
+held by otherwise sane people in perfect sincerity. But we cannot help
+questioning the reasoning faculties of people holding such beliefs.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see where the belief of "sex relations for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span>procreation only"
+would lead us to. In a normal healthy couple impregnation follows one
+connection. So if a couple wanted to limit themselves to three or four
+or six children, they would be entitled to have relations only three,
+four or six times in their lives. For it must be remembered that
+during pregnancy sexual relations would be prohibited, as during
+pregnancy no further impregnation can take place, and no intercourse
+must take place which has not for its purpose the conception of a new
+human being. If the people were believers in big families, and agreed
+to have twelve children&mdash;no anti-Malthusian would expect more than
+that&mdash;they would be entitled to twelve relations during their marital
+life. Assuming that not every act is followed by pregnancy, but that
+it takes on the average three or four times to bring about the desired
+result, we will have it that during the wife's childbearing period the
+couple may indulge in sex relations from once in three or four years
+to once or twice a year.</p>
+
+<p>Can a sane person knowing anything about the sexual instinct make any
+such demands from married people living in the same house and perhaps
+occupying the same bed? It must be borne in mind that as soon as the
+wife has reached the menopause all relations must cease, because she
+can no longer become pregnant, and intercourse without a probable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>or
+possible pregnancy is a sin. Also remember that no matter how
+beautiful, young and passionate the wife may be, if she has some
+little trouble which makes pregnancy impossible, sex relations must be
+absolutely abstained from. And of course if the husband or wife is
+sterile, all relations must be renounced forever, no matter how strong
+the libido may be in one or both.</p>
+
+<p>It is strange that Nature did not act according to the formula of our
+sex fanatics; no pregnancy, no intercourse. If she had meant it to be
+that way, she would have abolished sexual desire in woman immediately
+after the menopause. Unfortunately this is not the case. For we know
+that the sexual libido in women after the menopause is often and for
+several years stronger than before. Why? Nor has Nature abolished the
+sexual instinct and the passionate desire for sex relations in all
+those men and women who are for some reason or other sterile, or
+otherwise so defective that no child can result from the union.</p>
+
+<p>As I stated at the beginning, it is a waste of time to <i>argue</i> the
+matter. Those who believe that sex relations are for racial purposes
+only, are welcome to their belief, and are welcome to live up to it.
+(How few of them do, though, honestly and consistently?) We must
+reiterate our opinion that the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>sex instinct has other high purposes
+besides that of perpetuating the race, and sex relations may and
+should be indulged in as often as they are conducive to man's and
+woman's physical, mental and spiritual health. No iron-clad rules can
+be laid down as to the frequency. For some people three times a year
+may be sufficient, others may require relations three times a month
+(the best for the average) and still others may not be satisfied with
+less than three times a week. The human <i>libido sexualis</i> cannot be
+put into an iron mould, and you should pay no attention to religious
+fanatics who are ignorant of physiology and psychology and who can
+only blunder and bungle up things.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-eight" id="Chapter_Thirty-eight"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-eight<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>VAGINISMUS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Vaginismus&mdash;Dyspareunia&mdash;Difference Between Vaginismus and
+Dyspareunia&mdash;Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+Convulsions.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>By the term vaginismus we understand a painful spasm or contraction of
+the vaginal orifice which makes intercourse very difficult, or
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>Certain cases of vaginismus, or rather false vaginismus, may be due to
+laceration or inflammation of the vaginal orifice, but in genuine
+cases of vaginismus no local disease can be found, because genuine
+vaginismus is of nervous origin.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dyspareunia</i> means painful or difficult intercourse, from whatever
+cause. It differs from vaginismus in that the cause is generally a
+local one, that is, it may be inflammation, laceration as after a
+confinement, small size or atresia of the vagina, etc. When vaginismus
+is present, it is present in reference to all men, in fact the mere
+touch of the finger or an instrument may call forth a painful spasm;
+while dyspareunia may show itself with one man and be absent with
+another. The origin of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>word dyspareunia shows that this may be
+the case, for <i>dyspareunos</i> in Greek means badly mated.</p>
+
+<p>Dyspareunia must not be confused with true vaginismus. In dyspareunia
+the sexual act can be freely indulged in, only the act is painful or
+disagreeable. In vaginismus intercourse is <i>impossible</i>. In
+exceptional cases where the husband attempts to use brute force, the
+wife may faint away, she may get a convulsion or become wildly
+hysterical. If the husband insists in attempting relations, the wife
+may run away, or in exceptional cases even attempt suicide.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ADHERENT CLITORIS OR PHIMOSIS</h4>
+
+<p>The word phimosis means "muzzling," and it is a term applied to a
+constriction or narrowing of the foreskin, so that the glands of the
+clitoris cannot be freely uncovered. This condition may give rise to
+an accumulation of smegma or secretion which may cause inflammation,
+itching, and nervous irritation. This in its turn may be the cause of
+masturbation. It is claimed by some that an adherent clitoris may even
+be the cause of convulsions resembling epilepsy. In some cases it
+leads to an irritable bladder, inability to retain the urine, and
+nocturnal bed-wetting.</p>
+
+<p>In all girls, big or little, that show a tendency <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>to masturbate or
+simply to handle the genitals, or that complain of itching, the
+clitoris should be examined and if adhesions are found they should be
+separated. This can easily be done under a local anesthetic.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Thirty-nine" id="Chapter_Thirty-nine"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Thirty-nine<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>STERILITY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Definition of Sterility&mdash;Husband Should First be
+Examined&mdash;One-child Sterility&mdash;The Fertile Woman&mdash;Salpingitis
+as a Cause of Sterility&mdash;Leucorrhea and Sterility&mdash;Displacement
+of Uterus and Sterility&mdash;Closure of Neck of Womb and
+Sterility&mdash;Sterility and Constitutional Disease&mdash;Treatment of
+Sterility.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Sterility or barrenness is a condition of inability to have children.
+In former years the opinion prevailed generally, whenever a couple was
+childless, that the fault was exclusively the woman's. It wasn't even
+thought that the man could be to blame. We now know that in at least
+<i>fifty per cent.</i> of cases of sterility, or childless marriages, the
+fault is not the woman's but the man's. It is therefore very unwise in
+conditions of sterility to subject the wife to treatment without first
+examining the husband. Nevertheless, this is still often the case,
+particularly among the lower classes or among the ignorant. There are
+cases where the woman goes from one doctor to another for years and is
+subjected to all kinds of treatment, when a simple examination of the
+husband would show that the fault lies with him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>Some women have one child and are unable afterwards to give birth to
+any more. Such a condition is called one-child-sterility. It is
+generally due to an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes which closes
+up the openings of the tubes into the womb, so that no more ova can
+pass <i>from</i> the ovaries <i>through</i> the tubes <i>into</i> the womb. This
+inflammation may be the result of childbirth, for childbirth alone may
+set up an inflammation, or it may be due to an infection contracted
+from the husband.</p>
+
+<p>In order to be fertile, that is, to be able to conceive and give birth
+to a living child, the woman's external and internal genital organs
+must be normal, her ovaries must produce healthy ova, and there must
+be no obstruction on the way, so that the ova and the spermatozoa can
+meet. The mucous membrane of the womb must also be healthy, so that
+when the impregnated ovum gets attached to the womb it may develop
+there without any trouble, and not become diseased or poorly nourished
+and cast off.</p>
+
+<p>We must always remember that the woman's share in bringing forth
+children and perpetuating the race is much more important than the
+man's. When a man has discharged his spermatozoa his work is done&mdash;the
+woman's only commences.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions which cause sterility in women are many, but the most
+common cause is a salpingitis or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>an inflammation of the Fallopian
+tubes, which may be caused by gonorrhea or any other inflammation. A
+severe leucorrhea may also be the cause of sterility, because the
+leucorrheal discharge may be fatal to the spermatozoa. Another cause
+is a severe bending or turning of the uterus either forwards or
+backwards. The opening of the neck of the womb, the os, may also be
+closed, or practically so, from ulceration, from strong applications,
+etc. In some cases sterility may be due to severe constitutional
+disease, when the person is very much run down and so anemic that
+menstruation stops. Unfortunately this is not always the case, for
+women even in the last stages of consumption may, and often do, become
+pregnant. Syphilis unfortunately does not cause sterility; it only
+causes miscarriages until controlled by treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of sterility can be successfully carried out only by a
+competent physician, particularly by one who is devoting himself
+specially to this kind of work. But I want once more to impress upon
+every woman who is sterile, and who wants to have a child, not to have
+herself treated or even examined until her husband has been subjected
+to an examination.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty" id="Chapter_Forty"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE HYMEN</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Difference Between Chastity and Virginity&mdash;Worship of Intact
+Hymen&mdash;Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of the
+Girl&mdash;Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>I have mentioned in a previous chapter that the absence of the hymen
+was no proof of unchastity, just as the presence of the hymen was no
+proof of perfect chastity. Chastity and virginity are not synonymous,
+and a girl may possess physical virginity, that is, an intact hymen,
+and still be morally unchaste. She may be in the habit of indulging in
+unnatural sexual practices. But the laity does not know these facts or
+does not want to know them, and the intact hymen is still worshipped
+like a fetish. This would be of little consequence, if it did not
+often result in unnecessary suffering to the female child or girl.
+Much disease and a good deal of sterility result from the fear of
+tampering with the hymen.</p>
+
+<p>When a boy gets some trouble with his genital organs, such as
+phimosis, or balanitis or whatever it may be, he is at once taken to a
+physician, who <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>institutes the necessary treatment. When a little girl
+complains of itching around the genitals or of some discharge, the
+mother will hesitate long before taking her to a doctor. She will be
+afraid he will do something to the hymen. And so she will temporize,
+using salves and washes, and the disease will in the meantime be
+making progress, that is, getting worse. When she does take her to a
+physician, and he says that in order to treat the case thoroughly the
+hymen has to be stretched or opened, the mother will withhold her
+consent, and the disease will be allowed to progress. I know of many
+such cases. This is wrong. When the health of the girl demands and her
+future child-bearing power is at stake, no hesitation should be felt
+in sacrificing the hymen.</p>
+
+<p>Though in the future the fuss which is now made about the hymen, the
+excessive veneration in which it is held, will appear ridiculous, and
+though I consider it foolish and rather humiliating to the girl,
+nevertheless, now, when the average husband does lay so much stress on
+the presence of an unruptured hymen, a physician who in the course of
+an operation or treatment has occasion to cut or rupture the hymen,
+will do well to give the patient a certificate to that effect. In case
+any question regarding the girl's chastity comes up in the future, she
+can prove by the doctor's certificate that her loss of virginity <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>was
+not due to sexual relations. Of course the relations between husband
+and wife, or between prospective husband and wife, should be such that
+no "certificate" should be necessary; but reality differs from the
+ideal, and in some cases that we know the husband's suspicions were
+allayed by the doctor's oral or written statement.</p>
+
+<p>This is as good a place as any to emphasize, that if the bride has a
+very strong, tough and resistant hymen, the new husband should not use
+brute force in rupturing it. First, because the pain may be too
+excruciating and this may create in the wife an aversion to
+intercourse which may last for many months or years&mdash;in some cases
+forever. Second, a severe hemorrhage may result, which may require the
+aid of a physician to stop. Wherever a case of very resistant hymen is
+encountered, the husband should make several attempts; gradual and
+gentle dilatation, with the aid of a little vaseline and not forcible
+rupture should be the aim; the result will usually be satisfactory. In
+exceptional cases, a physician may have to be called in. The operation
+of cutting the hymen is a trifling one.</p>
+
+<p>It is also interesting to know that some wives have sex relations for
+months and years, and the hymen remains unruptured. Pregnancy may also
+result with an intact hymen.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-one" id="Chapter_Forty-one"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-one<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>IS THE ORGASM NECESSARY FOR IMPREGNATION?</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation&mdash;Bad
+Results of Suppression by the Woman&mdash;Orgasm: Relation of to
+Impregnation&mdash;A Hypothesis&mdash;A Fanciful Hypothesis&mdash;Why
+Passionate Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers&mdash;Advice to
+Passionate Women who Desire to Conceive.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Among the laity the opinion is quite prevalent that in order for a
+woman to conceive she must experience an orgasm, she must have had a
+pleasurable voluptuous sensation during the act. If she has no orgasm,
+impregnation cannot take place. So sure are some women that this is so
+that when they want to avoid conception they repress any orgastic
+feeling; as they say, they don't let themselves go. Which, I will say,
+by the way, is one of the causes of female frigidity. If you don't
+habitually permit a certain feeling to develop, if you repeatedly
+repress it at the very beginning, at its first manifestation, it is
+apt to atrophy altogether, to become permanently suppressed, or the
+suppression develops into a nervous disorder.</p>
+
+<p>Among the medical profession no perfect <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>unanimity has been reached as
+to the r&ocirc;le of the orgasm in impregnation. Some sexologists like Kisch
+and Vaerting believe it does play an important r&ocirc;le; others, like
+Forel, believe it plays none. That the orgasm is not <i>necessary</i> for
+impregnation admits of no discussion. Women who suffer from frigidity
+in an extreme degree, women who never experienced an orgasm, women who
+repress their orgasm, women in sleep or under narcosis, women who have
+been raped, women who loathe their husbands, become pregnant
+frequently and readily. But does it play any r&ocirc;le at all? Does it
+facilitate impregnation? Other things being equal, will intercourse
+accompanied by an orgasm be more likely to prove fruitful than one in
+which the orgasm was entirely absent? This question I am forced to
+answer in the affirmative. Because from the various investigations I
+have made it can hardly be subject to doubt that the uterus during an
+orgasm exerts a certain amount of suction; and that impregnation is
+<i>more likely</i> to follow when the spermatozoa are sucked up into the
+uterus than when left to make their own way by their own power of
+motion, stands to reason and goes without saying. In the former
+instance it takes less time for the spermatozoa to reach the ovum, and
+there is less chance for them to perish on the way&mdash;from malnutrition
+or from coming in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>contact with secretions of an acid reaction. There
+is another point. I do not bring it forth as a proved fact or as a
+fact susceptible to proof. It is a mere hypothesis, but in my opinion
+it is a correct and plausible hypothesis. I believe that the strong
+spasmodic contractions that take place during the orgasm have an
+influence not only in accelerating the bursting of a Graafian follicle
+and the extrusion of an ovum, but they are instrumental in aiding the
+Fallopian tube to grasp the ovum and helping it along on the road
+towards the uterus. It is therefore not at all inconceivable that
+conception may take place during or within a very short time after an
+act which is accompanied by a proper orgasm. Many women claim to
+experience peculiar unmistakable sensations as soon as conception has
+taken place, and by calculating the day of probable delivery we know
+that they are right. Taking therefore all the various data into
+consideration we are fully justified in saying that while an orgasm or
+a voluptuous sensation during the act is not at all <i>necessary</i> to
+impregnation, it is in many cases a helpful factor.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed by some that the offspring resulting from an orgastic
+act is apt to be healthier and better developed than offspring
+resulting from sexual intercourse in which the parties experience no
+orgasm. The reason given being that conception in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>first instance
+taking place quickly, the spermatozoa are better nourished and more
+vigorous. In my opinion this is merely a fanciful hypothesis which
+needn't be taken seriously.</p>
+
+<p>It will be found rather frequently that women of strong passionate
+natures, with strong orgastic feelings, and normal in every way, fail
+to become mothers. A careful investigation of their menstrual
+discharge will show that <i>it is not because they failed to conceive</i>,
+but because the impregnated ovum is expelled each time; in other
+words, they have each month a miniature miscarriage. And these
+miscarriages, or rather abortions, are due to the spasmodic
+contractions of the uterus and its adnexae which accompany the orgasm.
+In such cases I have advised the woman to try to remain passive during
+the act, to repress the orgasm, and the results have in some instances
+shown the wisdom of my advice. After conception has taken place, after
+one period has been missed, the woman should abstain from intercourse
+altogether or at least for two or three months until the fetus is
+securely attached to, or ensconced in, the uterus.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-two" id="Chapter_Forty-two"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-two<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>FRIGIDITY IN WOMEN</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Meaning of Term Frigidity&mdash;Types of Frigidity&mdash;Large Percentage
+of Frigid Women&mdash;Repression of Sexual Manifestations and
+Frigidity&mdash;Frigidity and Masturbation&mdash;Frigidity and Sexual
+Weakness of Husband&mdash;Frigidity and Dislike of Husband&mdash;Organic
+Causes of Frigidity&mdash;A Frigid Woman May Become
+Passionate&mdash;Treatment of Frigidity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The word frigidity means coldness, and when a woman has no desire for
+sexual relations or experiences no pleasure when she has sexual
+relations, she is said to be frigid.</p>
+
+<p>Some cases suffer only from lack of desire, others only from lack of
+pleasure, and still others from both. In some cases the frigidity is
+congenital, that is, the lack of desire with inability to experience
+pleasure during the act is inborn. In most cases, however, it is
+acquired, or is only temporary, and is due to various causes.
+Frigidity is much more widespread among women than it is among men.
+Some physicians claim it is present in fifty per cent. of all women.
+This may be an exaggeration, but if we put the number at twenty-five
+per cent. we will be quite near the truth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span>The causes of frigidity in women are many, but here are the most
+important ones: First and foremost is the repression of all sexual
+manifestations which the unmarried woman has to practice, and has had
+to practice for many centuries. So that a part of the frigidity is
+hereditary. You cannot entirely eradicate a natural instinct, but that
+by continually repressing it, by giving it no chance to assert itself,
+you may weaken it&mdash;about this there can be no question.</p>
+
+<p>The second cause is masturbation. Cases that have been addicted to
+excessive masturbation are very apt to develop not only frigidity, but
+complete aversion to the sexual act, and inability to experience any
+pleasure or orgasm. Such cases we come across every day.</p>
+
+<p>A third very important cause is sexual weakness in the husband. When
+the husband is sexually weak (suffering with premature ejaculations)
+he either fails to awaken the sexual instinct in the woman, or if it
+has been awakened it is apt to turn not only into frigidity but into
+aversion to the act.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth cause is often merely dislike towards the husband. The last
+two causes, weakness of the husband and dislike towards him, are
+unfortunately very frequent, and a wife who was frigid with one
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span>husband may show herself very passionate on marrying another man.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth cause is fear of pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p>The above are the five principal causes. Other causes may be disease
+of the uterus, laceration of the cervix, inflammation of the ovaries,
+vaginismus, disease of the thyroid gland, etc.</p>
+
+<p>It is an unfortunate fact that women who were frigid up to the age of
+forty or so may become very passionate after that age.</p>
+
+<p>As to the treatment of frigidity, little or nothing can be done for
+frigidity that is congenital. Most of the other kinds of frigidity,
+however, can be cured.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-three" id="Chapter_Forty-three"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-three<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ADVICE TO FRIGID WOMEN, PARTICULARLY WIVES</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Advice to Frigid Women&mdash;Attitude of Different Men Towards Frigid
+Wives&mdash;Orgasm a Subjective Feeling&mdash;A Justifiable Innocent
+Deception&mdash;The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>I wish to give you a piece of advice which is of extremely great
+importance to you. I hesitated somewhat before writing this chapter,
+but the welfare of so many women depends upon following this advice,
+and I have seen the lives of so many wives spoiled on account of not
+having followed it, that I decided to devote a few words to the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>As you know, about one-third or one-quarter of all women (in other
+words, one out of every three or four) are sexually frigid. They
+either have little or no sexual desire, or if they do have, they
+experience no voluptuous sensation during the act, and never have an
+orgasm. If you are unmarried, well and good. But if you are married
+and happen to belong to the frigid type, then <i>don't inform your
+husband of the fact</i>. It may lead to great and permanent trouble. Some
+husbands don't care. Some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>are even glad if their wives are frigid.
+They can then consult their own wishes in the matter, they can have
+intercourse whenever they want and <i>the way they want</i>. They do not
+have to accommodate themselves to their wives' ways, they do not have
+to prolong the act until she gets the orgasm, etc. In short, some
+husbands consider a frigid wife a blessing, a God-sent treasure. But,
+as I mentioned several times before, in sexual matters every man is a
+law unto himself, and some men feel extremely bad and displeased when
+they find out that their wives have "no feeling." Some become furious,
+some become disgusted. Some lose all pleasure in intercourse, and some
+claim to be unable to have intercourse with any woman who is not
+properly responsive. Some begin to go to other women, while some
+threaten or demand a divorce (of course, such men cannot really love
+their wives; they may use their wives' frigidity as an <i>excuse</i> to get
+rid of them).</p>
+
+<p>Now, a man has no way of knowing whether a woman has a feeling during
+the act or not, whether or no she enjoys it, whether or no she has an
+orgasm. These are subjective feelings, and the man cannot know them
+unless you tell him. If you belong to the independent kind, if you
+scorn simulation and deceit, if, as the price of being perfectly
+truthful, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span>you are willing if necessary to part with your husband or
+give him a divorce, well and good. You are a free human being, and
+nobody has a right to tell you what to do with your body. But if you
+care for your husband, if you care for your home and perhaps children,
+and do not want any disruption, then the only thing for you to do is
+not to apprise your husband of your frigid condition. And it won't
+hurt you to simulate a feeling which you do not experience, and even
+to imitate the orgasm. He won't be any the wiser, he will enjoy you
+more, and nobody will be injured by your little deception, which is
+after all a species of white lie, and is nobody's business but your
+own. An innocent deception which hurts nobody, but, on the contrary,
+benefits all concerned, is perfectly permissible.</p>
+
+<p>It may seem rather strange publicly to give advice to deceive and to
+simulate. And it is undoubtedly the first time that this advice has
+been given in print. But as I have only one religion&mdash;the greatest
+happiness of the greatest number&mdash;I repeat that I can see nothing
+wrong in advising something which benefits everybody (concerned) and
+hurts nobody. More than one household which was threatened with
+disruption was preserved safe and sound by a little simple advice
+which I gave to the wife, without the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>husband's knowledge. He was
+satisfied, and things after that ran smoothly.</p>
+
+<p>Some women are afraid to simulate a voluptuous or orgastic feeling,
+because they think the husband can discover whether their feeling is
+genuine or they are only simulating. (Women, and men too, have funny
+ideas on sexual subjects). This is not so. A notorious demi-mondaine,
+who was greatly sought because she was known to be so "passionate,"
+confessed that not once in her life did she enjoy intercourse or
+experience an orgasm. But her mother, who also suffered with absolute
+frigidity, taught her to simulate passion, telling her that in that
+way she could make barrels of money; which she did.</p>
+
+<p>It is deplorable that wives&mdash;or husbands&mdash;should ever be obliged to
+have recourse to deception or simulation; perfect frankness should be
+the ideal to be striven after. But under our present social conditions
+and with the present moral code, an occasional white lie is the lesser
+of two evils; it may be the least of a dozen evils.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-four" id="Chapter_Forty-four"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-four<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>RAPE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Definition of Rape&mdash;Age of Consent&mdash;Unanimous Opinion of
+Experts&mdash;Exceptional Cases&mdash;False Accusation of Rape Due to
+Perversion&mdash;Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing Accusations
+Against Doctors and Dentists.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Having intercourse with a woman by force, without her consent, is
+called rape. When the woman is not in a condition to give consent, as
+when she is insane, feebleminded, unconscious or drunk, or when she is
+not of the age at which she can legally give consent, it also
+constitutes rape, and the punishment is the same. The age of consent
+differs in different countries and in different States, but as a rule
+is between sixteen and eighteen years. That is, if a girl under the
+legal age of consent should give her consent or even if she should
+urge the man to have intercourse with her the man would be punished
+just as if he had committed rape.</p>
+
+<p>The punishment for rape is very severe in all civilized countries and
+ranges from ten years' imprisonment to life imprisonment, while in
+some States in this Union the punishment is death.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>It is not my intention to go into an exhaustive discussion of this
+painful subject. In this brief chapter I merely wish to bring out two
+facts.</p>
+
+<p>First, that it is the almost unanimous opinion of all experts that it
+is practically impossible for a man to commit rape on a normal adult
+girl or woman if she really offers all the resistance of which she is
+capable. Of course, if the man knocks the woman down with a blow,
+rendering her unconscious, that is a different matter. But where no
+brutality is used by the man, and the woman offers all the resistance
+she is capable of, rape is practically impossible. It is, however,
+possible that in some cases the girl may be so paralyzed by fear as to
+be incapable of offering any resistance. When the man threatens her
+with death or severe bodily injury, then it is rape even if she offers
+no resistance.</p>
+
+<p>The second point is that it has been established that of the many
+accusations of rape brought before the courts <i>most</i> are false. Out of
+a hundred cases only about ten are true. The rest are false. This
+false accusation of rape is due to a peculiar perversion with which
+some women suffer. Some of the cases are due to hysteria, to
+imagination, the women really believing that rape or an attempt at
+rape was committed on them, while investigation shows the accusation
+to be entirely false. Many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>accusations of rape are due to a desire
+for revenge or merely to motives of blackmail.</p>
+
+<p>Careful doctors and dentists will refuse to give laughing gas or
+another anesthetic to women except in the presence of others, because,
+as is well known, an anesthetic often causes in women erotic dreams
+and sensations and makes them believe that the doctor was committing
+or about to commit an indecent assault on them, and when they come out
+of the anesthetic they may be so sure of the reality of their dream
+that they will bring a complaint against the doctor. Many men have
+suffered disgrace and imprisonment and have had their lives ruined or
+even paid the death penalty on account of false accusations against
+them by either pervert, hysterical, revengeful or blackmailing women.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-five" id="Chapter_Forty-five"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-five<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>THE SINGLE STANDARD OF SEXUAL MORALITY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Chastity&mdash;Double Standard of Morality&mdash;Attempt to Abolish Double
+Standard&mdash;Late Marriages and Chastity in Men&mdash;Harmful Advice
+Given to Young Women&mdash;Chastity in Men Not Always Due to Moral
+Principles&mdash;Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands&mdash;A Statement
+by Professor Freud&mdash;A Statement by Professor Michels&mdash;What a
+Girl has a Right to Demand of Her Future Husband&mdash;Three Cases
+Showing Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When a man marries a girl he expects her to be chaste, that is, a
+virgin, without any sexual experiences. Of men, the same chastity is
+not expected as a general thing. As long as a man is healthy, free
+from venereal disease, his previous sexual experiences do not
+constitute a barrier to his marriage. This is what is known as the
+double or duplex standard of sex morality.</p>
+
+<p>During the past few years a number of high-minded and well-meaning men
+and women have been trying to abolish this double standard and to
+introduce a single standard of morality. That is, they are demanding
+that the man going to the marriage bed should be just as chaste, just
+as virginal as his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>wife is. Whether or no the efforts of these good
+men and women will ever be crowned with success we will leave open.
+Whether or no it is even desirable that their efforts <i>should</i> be
+crowned with success we will also leave open. A complete discussion of
+these questions belongs to a more advanced book on sexual ethics. Here
+I will merely say that, taking into consideration the fact that the
+sexual instinct in boys awakens fully at the age of fifteen or
+sixteen, and that marriage at the present time, particularly among the
+professional classes, is an impossibility before the age of
+twenty-eight, thirty, or thirty-five, it seems to be impossible and
+undesirable to expect that men should live a perfectly chaste life
+until they enter matrimony, no matter how late that event may take
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have made a study of the sex instinct in the male seem to
+think that chastity in normal, healthy men up to the age of thirty or
+thereabouts is an impossibility, and where it is accomplished it is
+accomplished at the expense of the physical, mental, and sexual health
+of the individual. But be it as it may, and leaving disputed questions
+out of discussion, the fact remains that the vast majority of men of
+the present day do indulge in sex relations before marriage. And
+people that are urging upon our young women to refuse to marry men who
+have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>not been perfectly chaste are doing our womanhood a very poor
+service. As it is now, with all mandom to choose from, there are many,
+too many, old maids. With only ten per cent. to choose from (because
+it is admitted that at least 90 per cent. of all men have
+ante-matrimonial relations), what would our women do? They would
+practically all have to give up any hopes of being married and
+becoming mothers. And if these ten per cent., who have remained chaste
+to their married day, were at least a superior class of men in every
+instance, there would be some compensation in that. Unfortunately,
+this is far from being the case, because, as all advanced sexologists
+will tell you, there is generally something wrong with a man who
+remains absolutely chaste until the age of thirty, thirty-five or
+forty. It isn't moral principles in all cases; it is mostly cowardice,
+or sexual weakness. And sad as it may be to state, these perfectly
+good, chaste men do not generally make satisfactory husbands, and
+their wives are not apt to be the happiest ones. I fully agree with
+Professor Freud in his statement "that sexual abstinence does not help
+to build up energetic, independent men of action, original thinkers,
+bold advocates of freedom and reform, but rather goody-goody
+weaklings." And still more to the purpose is the statement of
+Professor Michels, who says:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>"The desire that one's daughter may marry a man who, like herself, and
+on an equal footing, will gain in marriage his first experience of the
+most sacred mysteries of the sexual life, is one which <i>may lead to
+profound disillusionments</i>. Even if to-day the demand for chaste young
+men is extremely restricted, the supply is yet more so, and the
+article <i>is of such an inferior quality</i> that in actual practice the
+attempt to satisfy this desire is likely to lead to results which will
+fail altogether to correspond to the hopes inspired by a contemplation
+of the abstract idea of purity. Many physically intact individuals of
+both sexes <i>are far more contaminated</i> than those who have had actual
+sexual experience. Others again, superior in the abstract, and from
+the physically sexual aspect, are <i>ethically inferior to the
+unchaste</i>, so that the union with these latter would be more likely to
+prove happy than a union with those who are nominally pure." And
+further, "Careful fathers of marriageable daughters, who seek this
+virginity in their sons-in-law, will, if they find it, seldom find it
+a guarantee for the simultaneous possession of solid moral qualities."</p>
+
+<p>All a girl has a right to demand is that her future husband be in good
+health, physically and sexually, and that he be free from venereal
+disease. His previous sexual life, provided he is a man of fine <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>moral
+character in general, is no concern of hers. Even if the man was
+unfortunate enough to have contracted gonorrhea, that fact should
+constitute no bar to marriage, provided he is completely cured of it.
+The only exception is that of syphilis. The girl has a right to refuse
+absolutely to enter into union with any man who has been infected with
+syphilis unless she is willing, and does it with her eyes open, to
+live her life without any children. In syphilis we can never give an
+<i>absolute guarantee</i> of cure and we have no right to subject a woman
+to any danger of infection with syphilis, be the danger ever so
+slight, without her knowledge and consent.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings</h4>
+
+<p>What disastrous effects wrong teaching which inoculates the minds of
+our women with wrong ideas may have, the following three cases
+reported briefly in <i>The Critic and Guide</i>, will show:</p>
+
+<p><b>Case One</b> was a girl of twenty-four, of well-to-do parents, a college
+graduate. She was engaged to a really very nice, sympathetic young
+man, who undoubtedly would have made her an excellent husband. But
+during her last two years in college she became imbued with the single
+standard stupidity, and "chastity for men, votes for women" became her
+slogan. She asked her fianc&eacute; if he had been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>absolutely chaste before
+he met her. He did not want to play the hypocrite, and he told her the
+truth that he had not. But he assured her that he had never been
+infected and that his general and sexual health was in excellent
+condition. Being then in an exalted mood, she impulsively broke the
+engagement, declaring that her husband will have to be as "pure" as
+she was. She soon regretted her step, because she loved the man; but
+pride did not let her take the initiative towards a reconciliation,
+and in the meantime her former fianc&eacute; fell in love with and married
+another girl. After four years had passed, and she was in danger of
+becoming an old maid, she married a man considerably beneath her
+socially and intellectually, and in every way inferior to her former
+fianc&eacute;. Her marriage is not a happy one.</p>
+
+<p><b>Case two</b> is similar to case one, except that the young lady in
+question&mdash;now not so very young&mdash;is still living in single
+blessedness, and the chances of her ever being a wife or even
+somebody's sweetheart are rapidly vanishing. I might add that her
+fianc&eacute; whom she discarded because of his lack of virginity was a very
+bright young physician, who is now very successful and very happily
+married. She I hear is a very unhappy person, in danger of sinking
+into a permanent state of melancholia. And she had been of a very
+jolly disposition.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span><b>Case three</b> is peculiar in that the fianc&eacute; <i>was</i> absolutely chaste.
+She asked him, and he told her that he had never had any relations
+with anybody and he never had a trace or suspicion of any venereal
+disease. The young lady was not satisfied. She wanted her fianc&eacute; to
+bring her a certificate from a specialist testifying to that effect.
+The young man told her that it was foolish, that he would not subject
+himself to the expense and annoyance of a number of tests when he
+<i>knew</i> that not only did he not have any venereal disease, but that
+there was no possibility of his getting any. No, that did not satisfy
+her. She became suspicious. "If you have nothing to fear, why do you
+object to bringing a certificate?" "I have nothing to fear, but I
+demand that you respect me and trust me sufficiently to believe that I
+am telling the truth when I declare a thing with such positiveness. If
+you do not have that much confidence in me now, our future life does
+not hold much promise of success." One word led to another, and then
+he broke the engagement, as any self-respecting man under the
+circumstances would. He is married, and she is not and probably never
+will be. Three young lives ruined by perverse teachings.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-six" id="Chapter_Forty-six"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-six<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN'S AND WOMAN'S SEX AND LOVE LIFE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Seemingly Contradictory Statements&mdash;Faulty Interpretations of
+Words Sexual Instinct and Love&mdash;Difference in Manifestations of
+Male and Female Sexual Instincts&mdash;Man's Sex Instinct Grosser
+Than Woman's&mdash;Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy and in the
+Girl&mdash;Woman's Desire for Caresses&mdash;Man's Main Desire for Sexual
+Relations&mdash;Normal Sex Relations as Means of Holding a Man&mdash;A
+Physiological Reason Why Man is Held&mdash;Man and Physical
+Love&mdash;Woman and Spiritual Love&mdash;Preliminaries of Sexual
+Intercourse in Men and Women&mdash;Physical Attributes&mdash;Mental and
+Spiritual Qualities&mdash;Difference Between Love and "Being in
+Love"&mdash;Love as a Stimulus to Man&mdash;When the Man Loves&mdash;When the
+Woman Loves&mdash;Man's More Engrossing Interests&mdash;Lovemaking
+Irksome to Man&mdash;Man's Polygamous Tendencies&mdash;Woman
+Single-affectioned in Her Sex and Love Life&mdash;Man and Woman
+Biologically Different.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In reading books or listening to lectures on sex, you will meet with
+statements which will seem to you contradictory. One time you will
+read or hear that the sex instinct is much more powerfully developed
+in man than it is in woman; next time you will come across the
+statement that sex plays a much more important r&ocirc;le in women than it
+does in men. One time you will hear that men are oversexed, that they
+are by nature polygamous and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>promiscuous, while woman is monogamous
+and as a rule sexually frigid; the next time you will be assured that
+without love a woman's life is nothing, and you will be confronted
+with Byron's well-known and oft quoted two lines: Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart, 'Tis woman's whole existence.</p>
+
+<p>These contradictions are only apparent and result from two facts:
+first, that the words sex or sexual instinct and love are used
+indiscriminately and interchangeably as if they were synonymous terms,
+which they are not; second, there is failure to bear in mind the
+essential differences in the natures and manifestations of the sexual
+instincts in the male and the female. If these differences are made
+clear, the apparent contradictions will disappear. The outstanding
+fact to bear in mind is that in man the sex instinct bears a more
+sensual, a more physical, a coarser and grosser character, if you have
+no objection to these adjectives, than it does in woman. In women it
+is finer, more spiritual, more platonic, to use this stereotyped and
+incorrect term. In men the sex manifestations are more centralized,
+more local, more concentrated in the sex organs; in women they are
+more diffused throughout the body. In a boy of fifteen the libido
+sexualis may be fully developed, he may have powerful erections and a
+strong desire for normal sexual relations; in a girl <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span>of fifteen there
+may not be a trace of any purely sexual desire; and this <i>lack</i> of
+desire for <i>physical</i> sex relations may manifest itself in women up to
+the age of twenty or twenty-five (something that we never see in
+normal men); in fact, women of twenty-five and even older, who have
+not been stimulated and whose curiosity has not been aroused by
+novels, pictures, and tales of their married companions, may not
+experience any sexual desire until several months after marriage. But
+while their desire for actual sexual relations awakens much later than
+it does in men, their desire for love, for caresses, for hugging, for
+close friendship, for love letters, awakens much earlier than in men,
+and occupies a greater part in their life; they think of love more
+during their waking hours, and they dream of it more than men do.</p>
+
+<p>A man&mdash;always bear in mind that when speaking of men and women I
+always speak of the average; exceptions in either direction will be
+found in both sexes&mdash;a man, I say, will generally tire of paying
+attentions to a woman if he feels that they will not eventually lead
+to the biologic goal&mdash;sexual relations. A woman can keep up with a man
+for years without any sexual intercourse, being fully satisfied or
+more or less satisfied with the sexual substitutes&mdash;embraces and
+kisses.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>And here is as good a place as any to refer to the notion so
+assiduously inculcated in the minds of young women, that a persistent
+refusal of man's demands is a sure way of keeping a man's affections;
+that as soon as man has satisfied his desires, he has no further use
+for the girl. This may be the case with the lowest dregs&mdash;morally&mdash;of
+the male sex; it is the opposite of true of the male sex as a whole.
+And I believe that Marcel Prevost was the first one to point it out
+(in his <i>Le Jardin Secret</i>). Nothing will hold a man's affections so
+surely as normal sex relations. And the cause of this is not, as might
+be surmised, merely a moral one, the man considering himself in honor
+and duty bound to stick to the woman whose body he possessed. No,
+there is a much stronger and surer reason: the reason is of a
+physiological character. There is born a strong physical attraction
+which in the man's subconsciousness plays a stronger r&ocirc;le than honor
+and duty. Excesses of course must be avoided, for excesses lead to
+satiety, and satiety is just as inimical to love as is excitement
+without any satisfaction.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Choice Between Physical and Spiritual Love</h4>
+
+<p>But to return to our thesis: the difference between man's and woman's
+sex and love life. If a man had to make his <i>choice</i> between physical
+love, i.e., actual <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>sex relations and spiritual love, i.e., love
+making, kisses, love letters, etc., he would generally choose the
+former. If a woman had to <i>choose</i>, she would generally choose the
+latter. The man and the woman would prefer both at the same time:
+physical and spiritual love. But that is not the question. The
+question is: if it came to a <i>choice</i>; and then the results would be
+as I have just indicated. The correctness of my statements will be
+corroborated by anybody having some knowledge of human sexuality. A
+man can fully enjoy sexual intercourse without any preliminaries; with
+a woman the preliminaries are of the utmost importance, and when these
+are lacking she is often incapable of experiencing any pleasure. Nay,
+the feeling of pleasure is not infrequently replaced by a feeling of
+dissatisfaction and even disgust. A man cares more for the physical
+and less for the mental and spiritual attributes of his sexual
+partner; with the woman just the opposite is the case. I am leaving
+out of consideration sexual impotence, because this is a real
+disability, and a man suffering with it only irritates the woman
+without satisfying her. For this she will not stand. But where the man
+is sexually potent&mdash;he may be aged and homely&mdash;his other physical
+attributes play but a small r&ocirc;le with woman; his mental and spiritual
+qualities count with her for a good deal more. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>While a woman may be
+able to give a man perfect sexual satisfaction, and she may have an
+angelic character, if her body is not all that could be desired, the
+man will be dissatisfied and unhappy.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Love in Man Occupies Subordinate Place</h4>
+
+<p>Try as we may, we cannot get away from the fact that in man's life
+love occupies a subordinate place. I am speaking now of love, and not
+of "being in love." Being in love, as pointed out in another place, is
+a distinctly pathological phenomenon, akin to insanity, and when a man
+is in love it may engross every fiber of him, it may preoccupy every
+minute of his waking hours, he may neglect all his work and shirk all
+his duties, in fact he is apt to make a much bigger fool of himself
+than a woman is under similar circumstances. He is less patient, he
+has less control over himself, he is less able to suffer, he is less
+capable of self-sacrifice. But this, as I said, all refers to "being
+in love," which is an entirely different thing from loving. A man may
+love ever so deeply, and if his love is reciprocated he will go on
+with his work in a smooth, unruffled manner. He will do better work
+for it&mdash;love is a wonderful stimulus&mdash;but he will be perfectly
+satisfied if he sees his love for an hour or two every day, or even
+once or twice a week. And if he has i<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>mportant and interesting work to
+do, he can part with his love for three months or six months without
+his heart breaking. Not so with woman. A woman who loves considers
+every day on which she does not see her lover a day lost. And she is
+apt to be unhappy and inefficient in her work on such days, and she
+bears separation with much greater difficulty than does man. I do not
+think that this is due to the fact that a woman's love is always more
+intense than a man's; no. But he usually has other interests which
+occupy his thoughts and his emotions, while most women's thoughts and
+emotions are centered on the man they love. When a woman loves, she
+could and would spend all her time with the man she loves. She would
+never tire of love making (I am not referring here to sex relations),
+or merely of being in the man's proximity. To woman love is a cloyless
+thing. Man distinctly does tire. No matter how much he may love a
+woman, too much lovemaking becomes cloying to him, and he wants to get
+away. Even mere proximity, if too prolonged, becomes irksome to him,
+and he begins to fret and fidget, and pull at his chains, even if the
+chains are but of gossamer. Woman should know these facts and act
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>Polygamous Tendencies in Man</h4>
+
+<p>We now come to the last point in our discussion: the polygamous or
+varietist tendencies in the male versus the monogamous tendencies in
+the female. No matter what our moralists, who try to fit the facts to
+their theories instead of fitting their theories to the facts, may
+say, the fact remains that man is a strongly polygamous or varietist
+animal. That many men live through their lives without having had
+relations with any women except their wives is cheerfully admitted. I
+assert this in spite of the incredulous smiles of all the cynics and
+rou&eacute;s in the world. I have known personally a great number of such
+men. But that they do it without any struggle, and in some cases a
+very severe struggle, is emphatically denied. And that hundreds of
+thousands of men are unequal to the struggle&mdash;or do not care to engage
+in any struggle&mdash;and live a sexually promiscuous life&mdash;anybody who
+knows anything about life as it is will testify. And his testimony
+will be corroborated by the reports of the vice commissions and the
+statements of disreputable-house keepers. To a great percentage of men
+a strictly monogamous life is either irksome, painful, disagreeable or
+an utter impossibility. While the number of women who are not
+satisfied with one mate is exceedingly small.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>A man may love a woman deeply and sincerely and at the same time make
+love to another woman, or have sexual relations with her or even with
+prostitutes. It is quite a <i>common</i> thing with men. It is quite a rare
+thing with women, though it may happen. As iterated and reiterated
+time and again, there are always exceptional cases, but we are
+speaking of the average and not of the exception. The <i>rule</i> is that
+in her sex and love life woman is much more loyal, much more faithful,
+much more single-affectioned than is her lord and master&mdash;man.</p>
+
+<p>Is she on account of it better than, superior to, man? It is futile to
+speak of better or worse, of superior or inferior. This is the way
+they are. This is the way man and woman have been made by nature, by a
+thousand centuries of heredity, by a thousand centuries of
+environment. The differences lie in biological roots, and it is futile
+to fight and rail against nature and biology. The proper thing to do
+is to recognize the facts and make the best of them. To act the part
+of the ostrich, deliberately to ignore facts which are not pleasant,
+may be easy, but is it wise?</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-seven" id="Chapter_Forty-seven"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-seven<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions&mdash;No Single
+Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression&mdash;Birth of
+Monstrosities&mdash;Ridiculous Examples Given by Physicians&mdash;So-called
+Shock Often a Product of Mother's Imagination&mdash;Four
+Cases of Alleged Maternal Impressions&mdash;Mother's Health During
+Pregnancy May Have Effect Upon Child's General Health.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>It is believed by many people that strong impressions made upon the
+mother during pregnancy may produce marks or defects in the child.
+This belief dates from earliest antiquity, and is widespread among all
+races. The belief particularly refers to the emotions of fright or
+sudden surprise; thus it is believed that if a woman during pregnancy
+should be frightened by some animal, the child might carry the mark of
+the animal upon its body, or it might even be born in the shape of the
+animal. Thousands of such <i>alleged</i> cases are given in proof. There is
+hardly a layman, or, particularly, a laywoman, who does not claim to
+know of authentic cases of maternal impressions.</p>
+
+<p>It is a thankless task to try to shatter <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>well-established beliefs,
+and I do not hope to succeed in persuading all my readers that all the
+stories and examples of maternal impressions are untrue and lack
+scientific foundation. But I consider it my duty to state my belief,
+whether you accept it or not. In my opinion there is not a single
+<i>well-authenticated</i> case of maternal impression. There is hardly a
+case of defect or monstrosity where the cause is supposed to be due to
+maternal impression, which cannot be explained in some natural way, or
+simply by accident. Thousands of women are frightened or shocked by
+disagreeable sights, by crippled men, by animals, and still their
+children are born perfectly normal. On the other hand, many marked, or
+defective, or monstrous children are born in which no maternal
+impressions can be given as the cause. So why can it not happen when
+the mother was frightened by something during her pregnancy, and the
+child was born with some mark or defect, that the latter was simply an
+accident and not the <i>result</i> of the impression? Because a thing
+<i>follows</i> another thing it does not mean that it was <i>caused</i> by that
+other thing.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the cases given as examples, and by physicians too, are so
+ridiculous that no scientific man can give them the slightest credence
+for one moment. When a physician (Dr. Thomas J. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>Savage) tells us that
+he attended a lady who had been frightened by a large green frog at or
+about the middle of pregnancy, and that she gave birth to a
+monstrosity, the head of which was that of a large frog in shape, with
+the eyes and mouth and even the coloring of a frog, then he is either
+telling an untruth, or he shows himself as ignorant and credulous as
+any illiterate old woman can be. The doctor should know that at the
+middle of pregnancy the child is <i>fully formed</i> and that there is no
+possibility of an already formed human being changing its shape into
+that of an animal. Another example given by the same doctor, and
+showing the calibre of his mentality, is that of a child which, when
+an infant, not old enough to walk, "would crawl over the floor and
+pick up little objects such as pins, tacks, small beads, without the
+slightest difficulty or fumbling." The reason for this "remarkable"
+skill the good doctor ascribes to the fact that four months before the
+birth of this child the mother had an outing in the woods and had
+derived great enjoyment from gathering hickory nuts which she found
+scattered among the leaves with which the ground was thickly covered!</p>
+
+<p>Very often the so-called shock or fright which the mother experiences
+during gestation is simply a product of her imagination. We know of
+many cases <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>where the mothers never mentioned that anything happened
+to them, and only after the child was born with some kind of mark or
+defect they began to hunt for causes and claimed that such and such a
+thing happened to them while they were pregnant, but on close
+investigation the alleged event was found to have originated in the
+mother's brain.</p>
+
+<p>In short, while the subject of maternal impressions is an interesting
+one and demands further investigation, there is at the present time no
+scientific justification for the belief in maternal impressions.
+Particularly must we scout any stories of maternal impressions during
+the latter part of pregnancy, during the fifth, sixth, seventh,
+eighth, or ninth month. Because after the child is fully formed no
+mental or psychic impressions can make birthmarks on it, amputate its
+limbs, or convert it into any sort of monstrosity.</p>
+
+<p>After the above was written and ready for the printer I came across
+four cases of alleged maternal impressions in a book by Laura A.
+Calhoun ("Sex Determination and Its Practical Application"). The first
+three cases the author relates without any comment, taking them
+evidently for pure coin. The fourth case the lady investigated, and
+she is frank to say that what seemed at first as a clear case of
+maternal impression was nothing of the kind but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span>merely a case of
+heredity. In order to break the monotony for a little while I will
+reproduce here the four cases in the lady's own words.</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>The first was that of "a mother who, during pregnancy, was
+obliged for a certain continuous time to eat sheep's flesh. She
+took such a sudden abhorrence and distaste of the meat that she
+only ate it rather than go meat hungry. After the birth of her
+baby she recovered from this spasmodic distaste of this
+particular meat. But the child from its first meat-eating days
+could not endure the smell or the taste of the sheep's flesh.
+Whenever the child attempted to eat that meat, the result was
+always the same&mdash;indigestion and want of assimilation, and
+usually attended with acute indigestion cramps."</p>
+
+<p>In the second case "another pregnant mother's particular
+'longing' was for mackerel. Her baby was born with what seemed
+to be the outlines, in a brownish color, of a mackerel on its
+side, and which design never faded in after years, and the
+child's ability to eat and digest mackerel was more than
+normal."</p>
+
+<p>The third case: "The 'longing' of another pregnant mother was
+for brains to eat. This was provided for her. But as she was
+slowly approaching the dish of deliciously prepared food,
+quivering with delight and with the eagerness of a child to be
+eating it, a cat sprang to the plate and before she could
+prevent it ate the brains and licked the plate clean. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>She wept
+as a child might have done, and was as unhappy and brokenhearted
+over this fate of the brains food for which she had waited with
+such keen anticipation of satisfaction as a little child might
+have been. Shortly after that the little baby was born, and upon
+one of its shoulder-blades was a representation of the mess of
+brains, designed in brownish outlines, and which did not fade as
+the child grew up."</p>
+
+<p>The fourth case: "There lived in a little house in the midst of
+a flower garden, that in its turn gave into a wide-spreading
+orchard, a loving and loyal husband and wife with their
+firstborn child. The wife was now in the first months of
+pregnancy with her second child. Their nearest neighbor was a
+Mexican family, among the members of which was a dashing young
+man of about twenty-two. He and his sister and mother were
+frequent visitors to this little household of three. But the
+young Mexican was the most frequent, and the husband's being
+home or not did not disconcert him. Men of affairs must need
+spend morning hours, and sometimes afternoon hours, too, inside
+of offices, but wealthy and aristocratic young Mexicans ride
+horses all day, decked out with silver, leather, and velvet
+trappings, both horse and rider. It was this lady's custom to
+walk among her flowers and fruit trees. And it became the custom
+of this young caballero to suddenly appear before her during
+these promenades. Her startled eyes would no sooner perceive the
+vision of his blazing, dark eyes fastened upon her, than <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>by one
+pretext and another she made him understand that he was
+dismissed, and would herself retire into the house. When she
+would be about to open a gate, suddenly and unexpectedly the
+young Mexican would appear on the other side and with gracious
+suavity open the gate, always his passionate, dark eyes upon
+her, though his words were reserved and polite. If the husband
+were present, it was still the same. By every means possible he
+would prolong his stay.</p>
+
+<p>One summer day this lady was lying on her couch on the veranda,
+sleeping, her eyes covered over. At that time she was having an
+eye malady that was epidemic in that part of the country. She
+heard footsteps approaching, but did not disturb herself, as she
+supposed it was her husband. After some time she suddenly threw
+off the covering from her face, and there to her astonished eyes
+stood the young Mexican, intensely looking down upon her with
+deep concern. At that moment the husband arrived, and the young
+man told him of a weed growing in that locality that he said
+would cure the eye malady. When the leaves of this plant were
+crushed there oozed a yellowish milk; with about a half-dozen
+applications of this milk to the sore eyes they were healed.</p>
+
+<p>After that the young caballero would ride up and down, Mexican
+fashion, in front of the house, drawing rein whenever he could
+get a glimpse of the lady or a word with her. This never failed
+to annoy her, and also to strike a sudden, sharp terror into
+her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>heart. Always his appearance was most unexpected, and
+always accompanied by the rapt, passionate, dark gaze. Though he
+was a most clean-souled young man.</p>
+
+<p>Afterward, when the baby was born, one of the child's eyes was
+marked by the color and fire of the dashing Spaniard's eyes,
+while its other eye was a calmish blue-gray eye. This was all
+the more remarkable as neither of the parents of the child had
+such eyes. Was it a case of maternal impression?</p>
+
+<p>Upon investigation I found that the grandparents of the baby's
+mother had just such eyes as the baby. The grandfather's were
+big, dark, flashing eyes, and the grandmother's the mild,
+blue-gray eyes. So 'bang!' went the theory of mental impression,
+and in its place came the physical law of reversion."</p></div>
+
+<p>I do not wish to be misunderstood as claiming that a mother's
+condition during pregnancy has no effect on the child, and that she
+need therefore take no precautions and pay no particular attention to
+her health and her feelings. This is not so. But what I do want to
+convey is this: That if a mother's health during pregnancy is bad, if
+she is a prey to worry and anxiety, if she was subjected to great
+fright or to a shock, then the child's general health may suffer. It
+may be stillborn, or the mother may have a miscarriage. But it will
+not produce those specific marks, deformities and monstrosities which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>are commonly supposed to be the results of maternal impressions.</p>
+
+<p>If I lay somewhat special stress upon the subject of maternal
+impressions, it is because I pity the poor mothers and want to spare
+them as much as possible unnecessary worry and anxiety. Besides I want
+them to believe in the truth and not in error.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-eight" id="Chapter_Forty-eight"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-eight<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>ADVICE TO THE MARRIED AND THOSE ABOUT TO BE</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Marriage as an Ideal Institution&mdash;Monogamic Marriage&mdash;Some
+Reasons for Husbands' Deviations&mdash;Importance of First Few Weeks
+of Married Life&mdash;Necessity for Understanding at
+Beginning&mdash;Preventing and Breaking Habits&mdash;The Wife's
+Individuality&mdash;Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious&mdash;Wife's
+Interest in Husband's Affairs&mdash;The "Slob" Husband&mdash;The
+Well-groomed Husband&mdash;Bad Odor from the Mouth&mdash;Odors from Other
+Parts of the Body&mdash;Treatment for Bad Odor from Perspiration&mdash;A
+Beneficial Powder&mdash;Advice Regarding Flirting&mdash;Dainty
+Underwear&mdash;Fine External Clothes and Cheap and Soiled
+Underwear&mdash;Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act Required with Some
+Men&mdash;Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's Foibles&mdash;A Professional
+Secret&mdash;A Case of Temporary Impotence&mdash;The Wife's
+Indiscretion&mdash;The Disastrous Result&mdash;A Big Stomach&mdash;The Wife's
+Attitude Towards the Marital Relation&mdash;Behavior Preliminary to
+and During the Act&mdash;Congenital Frigidity&mdash;Prudish and Vicious
+Ideas About the Sex Act&mdash;Sexual Intercourse for Procreative
+Purposes Only&mdash;Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife&mdash;The
+Remedy&mdash;Other Causes&mdash;Wife who Makes too Frequent
+Demands&mdash;Sacrificing the Future to the Present&mdash;Esthetic
+Considerations.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Whether marriage in its present form is an ideal institution destined
+to endure forever, whether it is in need of radical reforms before it
+can be considered ideal, or whether it has fundamental irremediable
+defects, are questions which we are not going <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>to discuss here. The
+fact is that at the present time the greatest part of the adult
+population of the world is married; and the part that isn't would like
+to be. And the greater part of civilized humanity living in a state of
+monogamic marriage, it behooves us to make the best of it, to get out
+of it the greatest amount of happiness that we can, obviate as much
+unhappiness as possible, and to do everything in our power to make it
+permanent. Separation or divorce are remedies of last resort, and
+people have recourse to them when they are at the end of their tether.
+But the proper thing to do is to avoid the necessity of having to have
+recourse to them. And I believe that a careful, thoughtful perusal of
+this chapter will help husband and wife to get along better, to avoid
+unnecessary friction and to retain the mutual physical and spiritual
+attraction which we call Love for a longer period than might otherwise
+be the case.</p>
+
+<p>I have the confidence and listen to the intimate confessions of more
+men and woman probably than any other physician in America, or perhaps
+in the world. For reasons easily understood they tell me things which
+they would not think of telling to their regular physician. I have
+learned of many of the reasons, which in many families led first to a
+coolness, then to an estrangement, or to quarrels, to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>separation and
+divorce. I know the first steps which in many instances draw the
+husband to another woman. And I wish to tell you, that while I firmly
+believe in the polygamous or rather varietist tendencies of the
+average man, nevertheless I am convinced that one of the great reasons
+why so many married men patronize prostitutes, or have mistresses or
+lady friends, is to be found in the wives themselves. Many wives
+<i>drive</i> their husbands to other women, and are alone responsible for
+their suffering, for the cooling of their husbands' affections, and
+perhaps even desertion. And in the following pages I will endeavor, as
+stated before, to point out some of the rocks and shoals on which the
+matrimonial bark is so often shattered, and to offer the wives some
+suggestions which will help them to retain their husbands' affections
+and perhaps even also their fidelity.</p>
+
+<p>While the advice is intended primarily for wives, there will be found
+here and there a salutary piece of advice for husbands. Some of the
+advice is applicable to both partners, and as to those suggestions
+which concern the husband only&mdash;it will be a good thing for the wives
+to call their husbands' attention to them.</p>
+
+<p>The first few weeks or the first few months are the most important in
+the life of a married couple. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>The stability of the marriage, the
+future happiness, often depend upon the things which are done or left
+undone during the initial weeks of married life. A certain
+understanding must be reached from the very beginning. If your husband
+does certain things which displease you and which you know should not
+be done, it is best to say so at the very start. It is easier to
+prevent the establishment of a habit than to break a habit after it
+has been established.</p>
+
+<p><b>Retain Your Individuality.</b> The first piece of advice I have to give
+you is: <i>Retain your individuality</i>. It is a trite but perfectly true
+observation that altogether too many men who during courtship were
+chivalry personified assume a dictatorial tone as soon as the knot has
+been tied. They think that the wife has actually ceased to exist as a
+separate human being, that she has been absorbed, and with the loss of
+her name she has lost all right to have her own opinions, her own
+tastes, and, of course, her own friends. Friends who are obnoxious to
+one of the marital partners one must give up sometimes; but do not
+permit your entire personality to be obscured. Explain to your husband
+that you are still an independent living human being. I do not say,
+you should at once start a fight. Nothing is more offensive to me than
+the militant, pugnacious woman, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>who wears a chip on the shoulder and
+is continually ready to insist on her "rights." But with gentleness
+and firmness much can be accomplished. And you want to remember that
+many husbands act the way they do, not because they are vicious, but
+because they are stupid or childish. Sometimes it is mere
+thoughtlessness. They have been brought up wrongly, and some of them
+sincerely imagine that by repressing the wife's personality, by
+blotting it out, they are acting in her interest. "It is for her own
+good." A serious talk with a husband will sometimes have a wonderful
+effect. It may sometimes change entirely the current of his thoughts.
+Of course if the husband is a cad, a conceited fool, or a brute, you
+can do nothing with him; but fortunately not all husbands belong to
+those categories.</p>
+
+<p><b>Interest in Husband's Affairs.</b> Be interested in your husband's
+affairs. No matter what your husband's occupation may be, you should
+possess enough intelligence to be able to understand what he is doing.
+It is almost unbelievable how little some wives know about their
+husband's profession or work. It is a bad thing when strange women
+understand your husband's work better than you do, and when he finds
+in them more intelligent and more sympathetic listeners. He may go to
+them for sympathy. If your husband is a scientist or a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>research
+worker or a professional man it is not necessary that you be familiar
+with all the details of his work, but with the general character you
+should be. And if you can be of assistance to him in his work, if it
+be only looking up references, compiling tables and statistics or
+merely typewriting, it will be appreciated by him, and will sometimes
+help to knit the bonds a bit closer.</p>
+
+<p>There is another important reason for being interested in and
+understanding your husband's business. When the husband dies&mdash;and a
+man is not infrequently snatched away in the prime of youth and
+vigor&mdash;the wife is often left to the mercies of the cold world,
+without money and without a profession. If she understands the
+husband's business she can continue it and remain economically
+independent. This has reference not only to ordinary business, like
+stores or agencies, but to more or less specialized occupations, such
+for instance as publishing. We know the cases of two widows of
+publishers of medical journals. When their husbands died everybody was
+commiserating with them: what will they make a living from? But they
+understood the details of their husbands' business, and they kept
+right on. And now those journals are financially more successful than
+they were when the husbands were at the helm.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span><b>Wife's Behavior Toward Sexual Relations.</b> I am now coming to a
+delicate subject. But, delicate though it is, it must be dealt with
+unflinchingly, because it is probably responsible for more male
+infidelity than all other causes combined. I speak of the relation of
+the wife to her marital duties, in other words, to sexual relations.
+Too many women regard the sexual act as a nuisance, as an ordeal, as
+something disagreeable to get through with as quickly as possible;
+they regard the husband's demands in this line as an imposition, as
+unfair or even as brutal; and their behavior preliminary to and during
+the act is such as to cool the ardor of any refined and sensitive man.
+The reasons for this behavior on the part of many wives are manifold;
+this is not the place to consider them in detail. I will allude to
+them briefly. One great cause is congenital frigidity. The woman is
+cold, frigid, has no desire for sex relations and experiences no
+pleasure, no sensation from them. Such women are not to blame; they
+are to be pitied. But even they can behave so as not to repel their
+husbands. (See <a href="#Chapter_Forty-three">Chapter XLIII</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Another great cause is the vicious, prudish bringing up, by which the
+sex act is regarded as something unclean, indecent, animal-like,
+brutal. Such Women need a good "talking-to," and if they are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span>only not
+natural born fools, one good explanation often fixes matters. On a par
+with this general prudishness is the infamous idea promulgated by a
+few semi-insane, mentally decrepit men and women, that sexual
+intercourse is for the purpose of propagation only. That only when a
+child is wanted is the relation permissible; at all other times it is
+a sin, an "act of prostitution," an offense in the eyes of God, etc.,
+etc. Of course if the wife has such ideas the husband deserves little
+sympathy. A man should know what ideas the woman entertains whom he is
+going to make his wife and the mother of his children. But,
+unfortunately, this, the most important subject of sex and sexuality,
+is never touched upon by the engaged couple (it would be so
+indelicate!), and after they are married they often find themselves at
+opposite poles. Here also a good heart-to-heart talk will do a world
+of good. I have had several such cases where a little conversation or
+even a letter saved the couple from disruption.</p>
+
+<p>In many cases the cause of refusal is fear of pregnancy. In this case
+the wife is right. But the remedy is simple: give her full instruction
+in the use of contraceptive measures. Other causes are: excessive
+masturbation, vaginismus, local malformation, inflammation, etc. But
+whatever the causes <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>of the wife's "bad behavior" may be, they are all
+amenable to treatment. Some need medical treatment, some psychic
+treatment, and some nothing but just a common-sense, heart-to-heart
+talk.</p>
+
+<p>And I would emphasize: Do not repel your husbands when they ask for
+sexual favors&mdash;at least do not repel them too often. Households in
+which relations are had rather frequently and in which the wives lend
+their full and eager participation are happier households than those
+in which the sexual act is indulged in rarely, and with grumbling and
+side-remarks on the part of the wife.</p>
+
+<p>But of course you should not go to the other extreme either. You
+should not make too frequent demands upon your husband. With a man the
+act means a good deal more than it does with a woman; it entails a
+great deal more of physical and mental exhaustion, and a wife who is
+unreasonable in this respect is sowing the seeds of discord and
+unhappiness. She is sacrificing the future to the present. The husband
+is apt to become afflicted with satiety or impotence&mdash;and the wife may
+have to lead a life of continence for much longer than she would have
+had to if she had been moderate. In no department of life is
+moderation so important as in sex life. Non-use, insufficient use and
+excessive use are all bad. A mutually joyful, eager and moderately
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>frequent participation in the sexual act will contribute most to a
+happy and long life.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dainty Underwear.</b> This may be considered too delicate or too
+trifling a subject to discuss in an important sex book. But nothing is
+too delicate or too trifling that concerns human happiness, and you
+will believe me if I tell you that nice underwear or dainty lingerie
+plays a very important r&ocirc;le in marital life. And every married woman
+should have as fine and as dainty underwear as she can possibly
+afford. A fine or elaborate nightgown may be more important than an
+expensive skirt or hat. Unfortunately too many women ignore this fact.
+Externally they will be well dressed, while their petticoats, drawers
+and undershirts will be of the commonest quality and of questionable
+freshness and immaculateness. And if anything in a woman's toilet
+should be immaculately fresh and clean it is, I emphasize, her
+underwear. Silk and lace and delicate batiste should be preferred, if
+they can be afforded, and attention should be paid to the color. As a
+rule, a delicate pink is the color that most men prefer. The sex act
+with some men requires the most delicate adjustments, and the
+condition of the underwear may determine the man's desire and ability
+or inability to accomplish the act. I therefore repeat: whether you
+are newly married or have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>married a quarter of a century, be
+sure that your underwear is the very best that your means will allow
+you, and that it is always sweet, fresh and dainty. It will help you
+to retain the affection of your husband. I know that some allegedly
+wise ones will scoff at this statement. They may say that an affection
+that may be influenced by the kind and condition of underwear is not
+worth having or retaining. But what do these wise ones know! What do
+they know of the numerous subtle influences which gradually either
+strengthen or undermine our affections? Follow this advice and you
+will be grateful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Do Not Offend Against Esthetics.</b> Some women think that because they
+are married to their husbands they owe the latter no esthetic
+consideration. Things that they would be horrified to let a stranger
+see they do before their husband's eyes without hesitation. For
+instance, not to beat about the bush, though the subject is not a
+pleasant one, they will urinate in their husbands' presence, or they
+will let him see their soiled menstrual napkins, etc. Some husbands
+may not mind it; but some men are very sensitive&mdash;men on the whole are
+more esthetic than women&mdash;and an indifference towards the wife may
+have its origin in some vulgar or unesthetic procedure on the wife's
+part. The sexual act, as mentioned before, is a very delicate
+mechanism, and it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>is very easy to disarrange it. The act of
+micturition before the man is known in many instances to have
+instantly abolished the man's sexual desire which was present before.
+And a man told me that because he noticed in a closet a lot of rags
+soiled with menstrual blood he was unable to enjoy relations with his
+wife for several months. You may think that these are all small
+things, but life is made up of little things, and many a married life
+went smash on account of disregarding the little things.</p>
+
+<p><b>A High Stomach.</b> Avoid if you possibly can a high stomach, or a big
+stomach, or what we call in technical language a pendulous abdomen.
+Nothing is more fatal to woman's beauty&mdash;and to man's love&mdash;than a big
+stomach, and particularly a hang-down stomach. It at once takes away
+her youthfulness and makes her matronly&mdash;and matronliness is fatal to
+romance. It is not so much general stoutness that is objected to&mdash;some
+men, as is well known, prefer plump, stout women. And there are some
+savage tribes in which the preference is given to obese women with
+enormous abdomens, but this is not the case with the Caucasian
+race&mdash;not in civilized countries, at any rate, and surely not in the
+United States. First, reduce your carbohydrates, use massage and
+hydrotherapy, walk for hours at a time, but reduce your big
+abdomen&mdash;or, still <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>better, don't let it get big. Prevention here, as
+elsewhere, is much better than cure.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bad Odor from the Mouth.</b> I know of no other physical ailment which
+is so dangerous, so fatal to the permanency of the love relation as is
+a strong, offensive odor from the mouth. As a noxious gas blights a
+delicate plant, so will a strong bad odor blight the delicate plant of
+love. Yes, a strong malodorous whiff will cool the most ardent
+passion. The public would be astounded if it knew how many cases of
+separation and divorce are due to nothing else but a bad odor from the
+mouth. Therefore, if you happen to suffer from this unfortunate
+ailment, lose no time in applying to a competent physician, and do not
+tire of treating yourself, no matter how irksome and time-consuming
+the treatment may be, until you are completely cured. It is important
+to your happiness.</p>
+
+<p><b>Odors from Other Parts of Body.</b> Odors from other parts of the body
+should be conspicuous by their absence. Normally no artificial aids
+are needed. Frequent bathing and general cleanliness are alone
+sufficient. The natural feminine odor&mdash;<i>odor feminae</i>&mdash;is pleasant,
+attractive and needs no disguise. But where an unpleasant odor from
+the genitals, feet or armpits is present the proper treatment should
+be applied, and in such cases the use <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>of a delicate perfume, sachet
+or scented talcum powder, is quite permissible. Not only permissible
+but advisable.</p>
+
+<p>A very good treatment for perspiration and bad odor from the feet is
+the following: bathe the feet night and morning in a basin of water to
+which has been added an ounce (two tablespoonfuls) of formaldehyde
+solution. Dry carefully, and then rub in well the following powder. It
+is simple, cheap and efficient:</p>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 15%;">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="foot powder">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="50%" class="tdl">Salicylic acid</td>
+  <td width="50%" class="tdl">one dram</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Boric acid</td>
+  <td class="tdl">one ounce</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Dried alum</td>
+  <td class="tdl">two ounces</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Talcum</td>
+  <td class="tdl">four ounces</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p class="noin">A little of the powder should be shaken into the stockings every
+morning, and the stockings should be changed very frequently, once or
+twice a day. This powder is also efficient against perspiration and
+bad odor from the armpits.</p>
+
+<p>I am not giving any treatment for bad odor from the mouth, for this
+condition may be due to a great variety of causes. The cause may
+reside in the nose; it may reside in the mouth, decaying teeth,
+throat, tonsils. It may be due to a bad stomach, to some disease of
+the lungs, etc. Sometimes it is due <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>to overeating. What would be of
+value in one condition might be useless in another. The right thing,
+therefore, is to go to a competent physician, have him find the cause
+of your trouble and outline the proper treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Leucorrhea. Some men find themselves <i>entirely unable</i> to have sexual
+relations with a woman whom they know is suffering with leucorrhea.
+The mere knowledge of the fact takes away their <i>ability</i> to perform
+the act. It renders them impotent. It disgusts them, and disgust is
+fatal to sexual power. Only to-day I saw in my office a woman who
+anxiously begged for advice and treatment. She had been married five
+years. She has always had leucorrhea, from her fifteenth year as far
+as she remembers. Otherwise she did not suffer. For the first three
+years or so her married life has been a happy one. Then in an
+unfortunate moment she told her husband about her profuse leucorrhea,
+and instantly she noticed a change in him. He could not fully hide the
+expression on his face. And since then he ceased to have intercourse
+with her. He made a few attempts, but they turned out unsatisfactory
+to both, and she noticed that he was forcing himself, doing it against
+his will. She took some patent medicines and went to one doctor, but
+without any results. Now, unless she could be cured, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>she feared her
+husband would demand a separation or a divorce. If you have leucorrhea
+treat it. And remember you need not initiate your husband in all your
+unesthetic ailments.</p>
+
+<p>Loyalty. Loyalty on the part of the wife is almost as important as
+fidelity. And it is in the highest degree disloyal for a wife to talk
+to her female or male friends about her husband's peculiarities,
+foibles or weaknesses. The husband's&mdash;as well, of course, as the
+wife's&mdash;peculiarities should be what we call a professional secret.
+Just as a physician is forbidden to talk to outsiders about his
+patient's troubles, so should a wife not talk about her husband, nor a
+husband about his wife. I know of a case in which a newly married
+husband was temporarily impotent (and it was the wife's fault, too).
+She spoke about it in the deepest confidence to a close girl friend of
+hers. The friend told it in deep confidence to another friend. And so
+it went around until it reached the husband's ears. From that moment
+he made no further attempt to have relations with his wife; a coolness
+resulted, which led to a separation, which still persists. The wife
+begged forgiveness, but he was unable to grant it&mdash;he felt so deeply
+hurt.</p>
+
+<p>Flirting. Do not flirt. Men are apt to misunderstand you, and you are
+apt to get the reputation of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span>a loose woman without in any way having
+deserved it. I do not say that you should always wear a forbidding
+expression, and should scowl at people who dare to smile at you or
+otherwise pay homage to your feminine charms. But there is a
+difference between a friendly expression and flirting. However, when
+your husband begins to neglect you, then a mild flirtation may be
+justifiable. It will <i>always</i> do your husband good to know that there
+are other males in the world beside him, and that some of these males
+find interest in the female whom he considers his permanent and
+exclusive property.</p>
+
+<p><b>Slovenly Husbands.</b> Don't let your husband become a slob. That is
+just what I mean. It is no use mincing words. Some husbands have never
+acquired the habit&mdash;or if they have acquired it they quickly lost
+it&mdash;of regarding their wives as ladies. "She is not a lady, she is
+only my wife," is a well-known joke, but some men take it not as a
+jest. Some men think that before their wives they can be as slovenly
+and unclean as they please. Give your husband to understand that
+cleanliness and freshness is not a "sex-limited" attribute, and just
+as a husband wants his wife to be clean and dainty and well-groomed,
+so a wife may enjoy the same qualities in her husband. Some women are
+very fastidious, and while they may say nothing to their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>husbands for
+fear of irritating them, they may think a good deal.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carrying Life Insurance.</b> Every husband should carry some life
+insurance&mdash;as much as he conveniently can. This should be the
+husband's most pleasant duty, particularly so when the wife has no
+profession of her own and there are small children to bring up. The
+lack of consideration, the thoughtlessness&mdash;I would call it
+dishonesty&mdash;on the part of many husbands who claim to love their wives
+is simply heart-breaking. Who of us does not know of cases of refined
+wives with children left absolutely penniless and forced into wage
+slavery or even into menial service by the negligence of their
+husbands? Such things happened even to wives whose husbands were
+making from three to ten thousand a year. Thoughtlessness,
+carelessness, procrastination&mdash;and then it was too late. There is not
+a man who makes as little as twenty dollars a week who cannot carry
+some insurance. I was once poor, very poor. And the terrifying
+thought, What would happen to my wife and two children if I should be
+taken off suddenly? gave me many a troubled and sleepless night. And
+when I took out a thousand dollars insurance I felt some relief. But I
+felt it was inadequate. I therefore made a supreme effort and soon
+took an additional ten thousand dollars. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span>And I assure you that the
+annual premium of two hundred and eighty-six dollars was a terrible
+burden on me. There were times when I felt as if I had to give it up.
+But I deprived myself of many necessities (there was no question of
+luxuries) and I paid my premiums regularly. But in compensation I had
+restful nights. It was soothing to know that if I should be taken away
+in my earliest youth my equally young wife and two little babies would
+not be left penniless. I verily believe that an adequate life
+insurance prolongs a person's life, because it removes the worry about
+the future of the wife and children.</p>
+
+<p>I repeat, every husband should carry some life insurance. And the
+habit of the bridegroom presenting the bride with a substantial life
+insurance policy is a very good one. It is not only a financial
+protection to the wife; it is also more or less a guarantee of the
+husband's fair health.</p>
+
+<p><b>Making a Will.</b> Another point. Every husband should make a will. This
+is a delicate point about which most wives would hesitate to speak to
+their husbands, but the husband should attend to the matter himself. A
+will doesn't shorten anybody's life, but is very convenient in case of
+a sudden taking off. This is, of course, particularly important if
+there is some property. If the husband dies without <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span>a will, there is
+endless trouble and red tape for the wife. An executor has to be
+appointed, she has to give bonds, etc., etc. If the husband leaves a
+will making his wife sole executrix, without a bond, all trouble is
+avoided. I assume, of course, that the husband has perfect confidence
+in his wife's wisdom and integrity. If he has not and there are
+children, it is just as well to designate some outside executor or
+executors. But whichever may be the case, it is a good and sensible
+thing always to have a will properly made out and witnessed.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Forty-nine" id="Chapter_Forty-nine"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Forty-nine<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>A RATIONAL DIVORCE SYSTEM</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">A Rational Divorce System&mdash;Storms and Squalls&mdash;Two Sides of the
+Divorce Question&mdash;Outside Help and Marital Tangles&mdash;A Husband
+who was a Paragon of Virtue&mdash;The Case of the Sweet Wife&mdash;The
+Proper Untangling of Domestic Tangles.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Of course, I am in favor of a rational divorce system. The
+difficulties, the obstacles, the expense, with which divorce is now
+surrounded in most civilized countries is simply disgraceful. Make
+marriage harder and divorce easier, has always been my motto. When
+life together becomes unbearable then it is better for both husband
+and wife to cut the tie and to get divorced. Divorce is preferable to
+separation, because both spouses may be able to lead a new and happier
+life. Where there are no children to be taken care of a simple
+declaration of husband and wife repeated perhaps after a lapse of
+three or six months should be quite sufficient for the granting of a
+divorce. Where there are children the state should make sure that they
+will be properly taken care of before a divorce is granted. Where only
+one party demands a divorce the case should be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>carefully studied by a
+commission which should include in its personnel physicians and
+psychologists; and adultery should most certainly not be the only
+cause for divorce.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I am for a sensible, rational and easy system of divorce. But I
+would always recommend care and caution. "Go slow" should be the
+guiding motto of husband and wife in such cases. There are periods in
+a married couple's life when further living together seems
+unthinkable; and still a month or two or a year passes and the husband
+and wife live happily together and cannot believe that there was ever
+any friction between them. The couples are very few, indeed, who never
+went through any squalls or storms, whose lives were not darkened by
+disagreements, quarrels and apparently irreconcilable antagonisms. But
+after the storm the sun shone brightly again, and the quarrels were
+followed by harmony and peace. After that love was intensified. Were
+divorce a simple matter, a mere matter of declaration, many couples
+who live now in harmony would have been divorced&mdash;to their great
+regret perhaps.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there are two sides to the divorce question. But I would
+summarize it as follows: Where there is a real incompatibility of
+characters, where there is no love and no respect, then the sooner the
+couple <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>is divorced the better, and not only for them but for the
+children also, if there are any. An atmosphere of hatred and mutual
+contempt is not a healthy atmosphere for the growing children. But
+where there is merely irritability, outbreaks of temper, or
+disagreements which if analyzed can be seen to be due to temporary and
+remediable causes, then "Go slow," "Don't hurry," should be your
+motto. There will always be time to get a divorce. While if a divorce
+has been obtained, even if you regret it, you will most likely stay
+divorced. Many divorced couples, I imagine, would remarry, if they
+were not ashamed. They fear it would make them ridiculous&mdash;and it
+would&mdash;in their friends' eyes.</p>
+
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Outsiders in Domestic Tangles</h4>
+
+<p>If you have a disagreement with your husband, try to straighten out
+the tangle yourself. Don't call in outside help. You will regret it. A
+stranger's paws are too coarse and too unsympathetic to meddle with
+the delicate adjustments which constitute marital life, and after you
+have gotten over your disagreement and are again living harmoniously
+you will be ashamed to look that third party in the face, and you will
+probably bear a grudge against him&mdash;or her.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether outsiders are not fit to mix in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>internal differences
+between husband and wife. It is absolutely impossible for a stranger
+to know just where the trouble is and who the guilty party is.
+Sometimes there is no guilty party. Both husband and wife may be
+right; they may both be lovely people and still together they may form
+an incompatible, explosive mixture. And then again the party that to
+outsiders may seem the angelic one may in reality be the devilish one.
+It is a well-known fact that people who to the outside world may seem
+the personification of honor and good nature may be very devils at
+home. I have long ago given up not only meddling in, but even judging,
+domestic disharmonies. For it is almost impossible for an outsider to
+judge justly. I knew a husband who was considered a paragon of virtue.
+And when a clash came between him and his wife everybody was inclined
+to blame the wife. But it came out later that the husband had certain
+ways about him which made the wife's life a very torture. And vice
+versa. I know of another case where the wife was considered the
+sweetest thing in the world. She had nice ways about her, but she
+disliked her husband and made his life a hell. With genuine chivalry
+he bore everything, believing that it was a man's duty to bear his
+cross. She was unfaithful to him, but she was so clever and cunning
+that neither he nor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span>anybody else suspected it. The fact became
+painfully patent to him, when on one of the rare occasions that they
+came together she infected him with a venereal disease, which
+incapacitated him for a long time. Nobody knew why he insisted upon a
+separation, and everybody, with the exception of his physician and
+perhaps one or two others, was blaming him for an unfeeling brute.</p>
+
+<p>I will therefore repeat that as a general thing domestic tangles
+should be untangled by the tanglers themselves. It is not safe to call
+in outsiders&mdash;relatives or friends; they are apt to make the tangle
+more tangled, and, what is more, they are quite likely to put the
+blame on the innocent party, and bestow upon the guilty party the
+Montyon prize for virtue and gentleness.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fifty" id="Chapter_Fifty"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fifty<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>WHAT IS LOVE?</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Is Love Definable?&mdash;Raising a Corner of the Veil&mdash;Two Opinions of
+Love&mdash;The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love&mdash;The
+Second Opinion&mdash;The Grain of Truth in Each&mdash;The Truth
+Concerning Love&mdash;Foundation of Love&mdash;Sexual Attraction and
+Love&mdash;The Frigid Woman and Her Husband&mdash;Puzzling Cases of
+Love&mdash;The Paradox&mdash;Blindness of Love and the Penetrating
+Vision of Love&mdash;Limits of Homeliness&mdash;Physical Aversion and
+Genesis of Love&mdash;Mating in the Animal Kingdom&mdash;Mating in Low
+Races&mdash;Love in People of High Culture&mdash;Difference in Love of
+Savage and Man of Culture&mdash;Distinctions Between
+Loves&mdash;Varieties of Love and Varieties of Men&mdash;"Love" Without
+Sexual Desire&mdash;Refraining and Wanting&mdash;Cause of Love at First
+Sight&mdash;"Magnetic Forces" and Love at First Sight&mdash;The
+Pathological Side&mdash;Differentiation of Phases of
+Love&mdash;Infatuation&mdash;Difference Between "Infatuation" and "Being
+in Love"&mdash;Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation&mdash;Sexual
+Satisfaction and Love&mdash;Infatuation Mistaken for Love&mdash;Love the
+Most Mysterious of Human Emotions&mdash;Great Love and Supreme
+Happiness.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>I shall not attempt to give a definition, either brief or extensive,
+of Love. Many have tried and failed, and I shall not attempt the
+impossible. Nor shall I attempt to discuss Love in all its innumerable
+details.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> To do so would alone require a book many times more
+voluminous than the one you have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span>before you. I shall, however,
+endeavor to raise a corner of the veil which surrounds this most
+mysterious, most baffling and most complex of all human emotions, so
+that you may get a glimpse into its intricate mechanism and perhaps
+understand what Love is in its essence at least.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sexual and Platonic Love.</b> There are two widely different, in fact
+diametrically opposite, opinions as to what constitutes Love. One
+opinion is that Love is sexual love, sexual attraction, sexual desire.
+To people holding this opinion love and sexual desire or "lust" are
+synonymous. And they laugh and sneer at any attempt to idealize love,
+to present it as something finer and subtler, let alone nobler, than
+mere sex attraction. The writer has heard one cynical woman&mdash;and more
+than one man&mdash;say: Love? There is no such a thing. Sexual intercourse
+is love, and that's all there is to it.</p>
+
+<p>The other opinion is that Love, true love, ideal love, or, as it is
+sometimes called, sentimental love, or platonic love, has nothing to
+do with sexual desire, with sexual attraction. Indeed, people holding
+this opinion consider love and sexual attraction&mdash;or lust as they like
+to call the latter&mdash;as antithetical conceptions, as mutually
+antagonistic and exclusive.</p>
+
+<p>Both opinions, as is often the case with extreme and one-sided
+opinions, are wrong. Both opinions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span>have a reason for their existence,
+because there is a grain of truth in both of them. But a grain of
+truth is not the whole truth, and if an opinion contains ninety-nine
+parts of untruth to one part of truth, then the effect of the opinion
+is practically the same as if it were all false.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the truth, or at least what I think is the truth, as it
+appears to me after many years of thinking and many years of
+observing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Foundation of Love.</b> The <i>foundation</i>, the <i>basis</i> of all love is
+sexual attraction. Without sexual attraction, in greater or lesser
+degree, there can be no love. Where the former is entirely lacking the
+latter can have no existence. This you may take as an axiom. Some may
+call it love, but on analyzing it you will find that it is no such
+thing. It may be friendship, it may be gratitude, it may be respect,
+it may be pity, it may be habit, it may even be a <i>desire</i> or a
+<i>readiness</i> to love or to be loved, but it is not love. Experience has
+proved it in thousands and thousands of sad cases. And the girl who
+marries a man who is physically repulsive to her, who possesses <i>no</i>
+physical sexual attraction for her, though she may experience for him
+all of the feelings mentioned above, namely, friendship, gratitude,
+respect and pity, is preparing for herself a joyless couch to sleep
+on. Unless, indeed, she happens to belong to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span>the class of women whom
+we call frigid, that is, if she is herself devoid of any sexual desire
+and feels no need of any sexual relations. Such a woman may be fairly
+or even quite happy with a husband who repels her physically, but whom
+she likes or respects. And what I said about the wife applies with
+still greater force to the husband. A man who marries a woman who is
+physically antipathetic to him is a criminal fool.</p>
+
+<p>I repeat, sexual, physical attraction is the <i>basis</i>, the foundation
+of love. It is true we see certain cases of love which puzzle us. We
+cannot understand what "he" has seen in "her" or what "she" has seen
+in "him." But let us remember this paradox, which paradoxical though
+it be, is true nevertheless: Love is blind, but Love also sees acutely
+and penetratingly; it sees things which we who are indifferent cannot
+see. The blindness of Love helps her not to see certain defects which
+are clearly seen to everybody else; but, on the other hand, her
+penetrating vision helps her to see good qualities which are invisible
+to others. And a homely person may possess certain compensating
+<i>physical</i> qualities&mdash;such as passionate ardor or strong sexual
+power&mdash;which, render him or her irresistible to a member of the
+opposite sex.</p>
+
+<p>But homeliness, ugliness or deformity have their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span>limits, and I
+challenge anybody to bring forth an authenticated case in which a man
+fell in love with a woman&mdash;or vice versa&mdash;who had an enormous tumor on
+one side of the face, which made her look like a monstrosity, or whose
+nose was sunk in as a result of lupus or syphilis, or whose cheek was
+eaten away by cancer. Love under such circumstances is an absolute
+impossibility, because there is physical aversion here, and physical
+aversion is fatal to the <i>genesis</i> of love. A man who loved a woman
+may continue to love her after she has become disfigured by disease,
+but he cannot fall in love with such a woman.</p>
+
+<p>I will repeat, then, and I trust you will agree with me on this point:
+sexual attraction is the foundation of all love between the opposite
+sexes. Where sexual attraction is lacking you can give the feeling any
+other name you choose: it will not be love.</p>
+
+<p><b>Other Requisites.</b> But a foundation is not a whole structure. To
+insure the stability of a high intricate building we must give it a
+good solid foundation; but the foundation does not make the building.
+That still remains to be built. So sexual attraction is the foundation
+of all love, but it does <i>not</i> constitute love. Many more factors,
+many more wonderful stones are needed before the wonderful structure
+called love is brought into existence. This <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span>wonderful structure
+sometimes goes up in the twinkling of an eye, as if by the touch of a
+magic wand&mdash;who has not seen or heard of instances of "love at first
+sight!"&mdash;but the rapidity of the growth of the structure called Love
+does not militate against our assertion that many stones, much
+variegated material, and a strong cement are needed for its
+completion. Fairies sometimes work very quickly.</p>
+
+<p>A little thought will show clearly that Love is not merely sexual
+love, not merely a desire to gratify the sexual instinct. If love were
+merely sexual desire, then one member of the opposite sex, or at least
+one attractive member, would be as good as any other. And indeed in
+animals and in the lower races, where love as we understand it does
+not exist, this is the case. To a male dog any female dog is as good
+as another, and vice versa. Cats are not particular in the choice of
+their mates, nor are cows, horses, etc. And the same is true of the
+primitive savage races, and even among the lower uneducated classes of
+so-called civilized races. To the Hottentot, to the Australian bushman
+or to the Russian peasant one woman is as good as another. If the male
+of a low race has some preference, it will be in favor of the woman
+who happens to have a little property.</p>
+
+<p>In fact I make the assertion that real love, true <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span>love, is a new
+feeling, a comparatively modern feeling, absent in the lower races and
+reaching its highest development only in people of high civilization,
+culture and education.</p>
+
+<p>The platitudinous objection might be raised that "human nature is
+human nature," that all our feelings are born with us, and as such are
+inherited, that they have been with us for millions of years and that
+we cannot possibly <i>originate</i> any entirely new feeling. True from a
+certain viewpoint. We cannot originate intellect either. The germ of
+intellect with all its potential possibilities was present in our most
+primitive tree-climbing ancestors. But as much difference as there is
+between the intellect of an Australian bushman and the intellect of a
+Spinoza, a Shakespeare, a Darwin, a Victor Hugo, a Goethe or a Gauss,
+so much difference is there between the love of a primitive savage and
+the love of the highly cultured modern man. The love or so-called love
+of the primitive or ignorant man (and woman) is a simple matter and is
+practically equivalent to a desire for sexual gratification. The love
+of the truly cultured and highly civilized man and woman, while still
+<i>based</i> on sexual attraction, is so complex and so dominating a
+feeling that it completely defies all analysis, all attempts at
+dissection, as it defies all attempts at synthesis, at artificial
+building up.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span>As previously stated, some writers attempt to make a clear distinction
+between sensual and sentimental love; many reams of paper have been
+used up in an endeavor to differentiate between one and the other; the
+first is called animal love or lust; the second pure love or ideal
+love; the first variety of love is said to be selfish, egotistic, the
+other&mdash;self-sacrificing, altruistic. These distinctions read very
+nicely, but they mean very little. There is no distinct line of
+demarkation between the two varieties of love, and one merges
+imperceptibly into the other. Most, if not all, of our apparently
+altruistic actions and feelings have an egotistic substratum; and the
+quality of the love depends upon the lover. In other words, there are
+not two separate, distinct varieties of love, but there are separate,
+distinct varieties of men. A fine and noble man will love finely and
+nobly; a coarse and brutal man will love coarsely and brutally. A man
+who is fine and noble may not love at all, but he cannot love coarsely
+and selfishly; and a coarse and brutal man can never love nobly and
+unselfishly. Which once more means: the difference is not inherent in
+the love, but in the lover.</p>
+
+<p>But to say that a man may deeply love a woman and not have any sexual
+desire for her is nonsense. A man who loves a woman and does not want
+to possess her (to use the ugly ancient verb) does not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>love her&mdash;or
+he is completely impotent. Whatever the feeling may be for her&mdash;it is
+not love. He may abstain from having sex relations with her if the
+circumstances are such that sex relations may lead to her unhappiness
+and suffering, but to refrain from doing a thing, when reason and
+judgment lead us to refrain, does not mean not to want the thing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Love at First Sight.</b> Nothing is more firmly established than the
+fact that a person may fall passionately and incurably in love with a
+person of the opposite sex at the very first sight, in the twinkling
+of an eye, in the literal sense of the word. One glance may be
+sufficient. And such a love may exist to the end of life, and may, if
+reciprocated, lead to supreme happiness, or if unreciprocated to the
+deepest unhappiness.</p>
+
+<p>What it is that causes love at first sight is unknown. Some have
+suggested that the beloved object sets in motion or fermentation
+certain internal secretions (hormones) in the lover which cannot
+become "satisfied" or "neutralized" except by that person; and the
+possession of the beloved object becomes a physical necessity. This
+explanation really means nothing. It is a hypothesis unsusceptible of
+proof. But whatever the cause of love at first sight, it is so
+mysterious a phenomenon that it gives the mystics and metaphysicians
+some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span>justification for their talk about "electric currents" and
+"magnetic forces." These phrases also mean nothing, but are an attempt
+at explaining the suddenness and irresistibleness of the attack. So
+powerful is the attraction of love at first sight that people have
+been known to cross continents and oceans merely to get a glimpse of
+the beloved object; and people have been known to sacrifice
+<i>everything</i>&mdash;their career, their material possessions, their social
+standing, their honor, and even their wife and children, in order to
+gain their object. And a mother may give up her children whom she
+loves dearer than life, may risk ostracism and disgrace, only in order
+to be with the object of her love. This shows that love, then, becomes
+pathological, because any feeling which so completely masters an
+individual that he is willing to sacrifice everything he has in the
+world is pathological.</p>
+
+<p><b>Infatuation and Being in Love.</b> While, as said, the feeling of love
+does not readily lend itself to dissection, to analysis, still we can
+differentiate some phases of it. We can differentiate between "being
+in love," "infatuation," and "love." Being in love is, as just
+indicated, a pathological, morbid phenomenon. The person who is in
+love is not in a normal condition. He can see nothing, he cannot be
+argued with, as far as his love is concerned. She <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span>is the acme of
+perfection, physical, mental, and spiritual; nobody can be compared
+with her. And, of course, the man is anxiously eager to marry the
+object of his love&mdash;unless insuperable obstacles are in the way; for
+instance, if the man happens to be married.</p>
+
+<p>Infatuation may be as strong as any "being in love" feeling. But with
+this difference. In infatuation the man may know that the object of
+infatuation is an unworthy one, he may despise her, he may hate her,
+he may pray for her death, he may do his utmost to overcome the
+infatuation. In short, infatuation is a feeling, chiefly physical,
+which the man can analyze, the unworthiness and absurdity of which he
+may acknowledge, but which he is unable to resist or overcome. He
+feels himself bewitched; he feels himself caught in a net, he is
+anxious to tear asunder the meshes of the net, but is not strong
+enough to do it.</p>
+
+<p>And this is a pretty good way to differentiate between being in love
+and being infatuated. If in love the man does not want to be free from
+his chains; he does not want to cease to love or to be in love. When
+infatuated the man often uses his utmost will-power to break his
+shackles. Sexual satisfaction is often sufficient to shatter an
+infatuation; it is not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span>sufficient to destroy love&mdash;it often
+strengthens and eternalizes it.</p>
+
+<p>Neither being in love nor infatuation can last "forever"; they are
+acute maladies of high tension and relatively short duration.
+Infatuation may change into indifference or disgust; "being in love"
+may change into indifference, hatred, or into real love&mdash;a steady,
+durable love.</p>
+
+<p>This will answer the often asked question: How do marriages turn out
+which are the result of a sudden, violent passion, or of love at first
+sight? No ironclad rules suitable for all cases can be given. Some
+turn out very unhappily, the couple gradually finding out that they
+are altogether unsuited to each other, that their temperaments are
+incompatible, that their views, ideas, likes and dislikes are
+different. In some cases what was supposed to be a great love is soon
+seen to have been merely an infatuation. And satiety and disgust
+follow. But in other cases, as mentioned, the sudden consuming passion
+turns into a warm, life-long love and the people live happily ever
+after.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Nystr&ouml;m relates the case of a prominent physician of France, of
+high social and scientific standing, who beheld a young girl
+accidentally in the street. He did not have the slightest idea who she
+was. He was irresistibly attracted to her. He <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span>followed her, boarded
+the same omnibus and went to the house which she entered, rang the
+bell, introduced himself, begging pardon for his intrusion, but was
+dismissed. He returned and explained to her his ardent passion and
+asked permission to visit her parents, well-to-do people in the
+country, and the climax was a mutual love and a happy marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Many of us know of similar cases. But as a rule the slow developing
+love is more reliable than the suddenly bursting out flame.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>Love is the most complex, the most mysterious, the most unanalyzable
+of human emotions. It is based upon the difference in sex&mdash;upon the
+attraction of one sex for another. It is fostered by physical beauty,
+by daintiness, by a normal sexuality, by a fine character, by high
+aspirations, by culture and education, by common interests, by
+kindness and consideration, by pity, by habit and by a thousand other
+subtle feelings, qualities and actions, which are difficult of
+classification or enumeration.</p>
+
+<p>A great love, greatly reciprocated, is in itself capable of rendering
+a human being supremely happy. <i>Nothing else is.</i> Other things, such
+as wealth, power, fame, success, great discoveries, may give supreme
+satisfaction, great contentment, but supreme, buoyant happiness is the
+gift of a great love only. Such <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span>loves are rare, and the mortals that
+achieve it are the envy of the gods. But a great love, unreciprocated,
+especially when admixed to it is the feeling of jealousy, is the most
+frightful of tortures; it will crush a man like nothing else will, and
+the victims of this emotional catastrophe are pitied by the inmates of
+the lowest inferno.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> To avoid confusion, I will state here that I am
+discussing love between the opposite sexes, and not maternal love,
+homosexual love, love for one's country, etc.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fifty-one" id="Chapter_Fifty-one"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fifty-one<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>JEALOUSY AND HOW TO COMBAT IT</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions&mdash;Impairment of
+Health&mdash;Mental Havoc&mdash;Jealousy as a Primitive Emotion&mdash;Jealousy
+in the Advanced Thinker and in the Savage&mdash;Jealousy in the
+Child&mdash;Feelings and Environmental Factors&mdash;Essential
+Factors&mdash;Vanity&mdash;Anger&mdash;Pain&mdash;Envy&mdash;The Impotent Husband's
+Jealousy&mdash;Anti-social Qualities&mdash;The Jealous and the Unfaithful
+Husband&mdash;Means of Eradicating the Evil&mdash;Iwan Bloch on the
+Question&mdash;Prof. Robert Michels' Statement&mdash;Remark of Prof. Von
+Ehrenfels&mdash;Havelock Ellis on Variation in Sexual
+Relationships&mdash;Advanced Ideas&mdash;Woman as Man's Chattel&mdash;The
+Change and the Changer&mdash;Teaching the Children&mdash;Casting Epithets
+at Jealousy&mdash;Free Unions and Jealousy&mdash;Feelings, Actions and
+Public Opinion&mdash;The Adulterous Wife of the Present
+Day&mdash;Jealousy Defeating Its Own Object&mdash;Jealousy of Inanimate
+Objects.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>He or she who has been so unfortunate as to experience the pangs&mdash;or
+fangs&mdash;of jealousy will readily admit that it is one of the most
+painful, if indeed <i>not</i> the most painful, of all human emotions. The
+suffering that it metes out to its victims is indescribable. No other
+single human emotion so affects the body, so upsets the mind, so
+deranges every function, as does jealousy. The torture that it causes
+makes the sufferer a truly pitiable object: the complete loss of sleep
+and complete loss of appetite may result in a serious impairment of
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span>sufferer's health, while the rage it often gives rise to may lead
+to actual insanity, or at least to great mental disturbance. With good
+reason has popular fancy pictured this cursed emotion as a green-eyed
+monster.</p>
+
+<p>Jealousy is a primitive emotion. It is present not only in the
+primitive races, but even in animals. And being a primitive emotion,
+we can hardly hope to succeed in eradicating it entirely. Not in the
+immediate future, at any rate. But we can modify it.</p>
+
+<p>The statement frequently heard that "human nature is human nature" is
+only a platitudinous half-truth. The fundamental part of human
+nature&mdash;the desire for happiness and the avoidance of suffering&mdash;cannot
+be changed, nor would we want to change it if we could. It would mean
+the disappearance of the human race. But that many of our primitive
+emotions can be greatly modified by culture, by new standards, by new
+ideals of morality, about this there can be no question.</p>
+
+<p>Just as love in modern man is an entirely different feeling from what
+it was in primitive man, so jealousy in the advanced thinker is a
+different feeling from what it was in the savage; and by education and
+true culture it can be modified still further. We hope that in time to
+come&mdash;I will not venture to say how soon that time will be here&mdash;this
+injurious, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span>degrading, anti-social feeling may be entirely or almost
+entirely eradicated from the human breast.</p>
+
+<p>The primitive desire&mdash;and this primitive desire of the race is still
+fully exhibited by children&mdash;is to take possession of everything nice
+or useful that somebody else has and which we have not. But our
+education and our cultural standards, including fear of punishment,
+have so repressed this desire, have put it so deeply in the
+background, that normal human beings hardly feel it at all.</p>
+
+<p>It is only improperly brought up people, mental defectives and those
+unable to adjust themselves to their environment who still have this
+primitive feeling of taking or stealing. And so with many other
+feelings and emotions; and so with jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>If we, at the very first notice of a manifestation of jealousy by a
+child, should frown upon it, if we should explain to the child or
+adolescent that jealousy is a mean, degrading feeling, that it is a
+feeling to be ashamed of, a feeling to hide and not to show off or
+even be proud of&mdash;as some are now&mdash;then jealousy would manifest itself
+in a much smaller number of individuals, and those unfortunate enough
+to be attacked by it would try to repress it, to hide it, to overcome
+it, so that it would eventually become paler and less acute and its
+consequences would be less significant, less disastrous for both <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span>the
+victim and for the persons concerned. Feelings, let us bear in mind,
+are not spontaneous things uninfluenced by any environmental factors.
+Feelings are like plants; under one environment you may foster their
+growth and make them develop luxuriantly; under another environment
+you may dwarf their growth and strangle them.</p>
+
+<p>In order to enable us to inhibit the growth of the demon of jealousy,
+we must learn what its essence is and what factors are favorable to
+its development.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Causes of Jealousy</h4>
+
+<p>The essential factor in jealousy is <i>fear</i>. Fear of losing the beloved
+object, fear of losing the person who provides you with sexual
+satisfaction, or the mere economic fear of losing a material provider.
+The latter kind of fear is, of course, more often manifested&mdash;even
+though unconsciously&mdash;in women. Women who have no love for their
+husbands are nevertheless often fiercely jealous, because consciously
+or unconsciously they are afraid that their husbands may desert them
+for other women, and that they may thus find themselves in a
+precarious economic condition.</p>
+
+<p>Another factor in jealousy is wounded <i>vanity</i>. We do not like to feel
+that somebody is considered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span>superior to us. This feeling of wounded
+vanity is present in other varieties of envy or rivalry. A person who
+loses in a race or gets a lower mark in his examination than his rival
+may be filled with a feeling of envy and hatred almost equal in
+intensity to, though never as painful as, sexual jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>Another factor in jealousy is <i>anger</i> over loss of what we consider
+our property. In our present social order the man considers his wife
+his absolute property, and so does the wife consider her husband. And
+there is anger that a stranger should dare to rob us or make use of
+our property, just as there would be anger if a thief came and robbed
+us of a valuable material possession. This anger or rage part of
+jealousy is not a sign of love. It is very far from being so. Because
+it manifests itself also in men and women who have not a particle of
+love for their spouses; it manifests itself in spouses who have
+nothing but hatred and loathing for their partners.</p>
+
+<p>Another important factor is <i>pain</i>, pain that the person we love has
+ceased to love us. When we love a person and our love is not
+reciprocated, we feel pain which may rise to the degree of agony, even
+when there is no rival in the field. But when a person who loved us
+has ceased to love us&mdash;or we <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span>imagine so&mdash;and has transferred the love
+to another person that pain is so much the greater.</p>
+
+<p>I will digress here for a moment to state that the fear that a person
+has ceased to love us because he loves somebody else is often
+groundless. It is based upon the erroneous and vicious idea that a man
+cannot possibly love two women at the same time, or that a woman
+cannot love two men at the same time. Psychologists, particularly
+those who have made a special study of sexual psychology, know that
+this idea is false. They know that love may be directed at the same
+time towards two or three individuals. They know that a second love
+not only does not necessarily destroy or diminish a first love, but
+may deepen and strengthen the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Another element is pure <i>envy</i>. Just mean envy that somebody should
+have what we haven't, or what we have but are in danger of losing.
+Just as we envy others an automobile, a fine house, a high social
+position, etc., when we have not got them or have been deprived of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>A point that I would like to mention is, that if husbands who have
+become impotent&mdash;having lost either the desire or the power, but
+particularly the latter&mdash;become jealous, their jealousy knows no
+bounds. No strongly potent man ever reaches the same intensity in
+jealousy as is reached by a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span>sexually weak or impotent man. The
+knowledge that another man has displaced him and that he himself could
+not replace that other man <i>even if he were permitted to</i> fills him
+with impotent rage; and, as is well known, impotent rage is always
+more intense than rage that is potent. Women are free from this kind
+of rage, because women are never impotent in this sense. (They may be
+frigid, but they are never devoid of the <i>potentia coeundi</i>, except in
+extremely rare cases of <i>atresia vaginae</i> or the absence of the
+external genitals.)</p>
+
+<p>There are a number of other components which go to make up this "queen
+of torments" or "king of torturers" jealousy, but those I have
+enumerated are the essential ones.</p>
+
+<p>What are they? Fear, vanity, anger, envy and pain. None of them
+admirable qualities, none of them, with the exception of the first and
+the last, even deserving our compassion. All of them anti-social and
+anti-individual qualities. Should not everything be done to eradicate
+such a rank weed, which draws its sustenance from roots each one of
+which is dipped in poison?</p>
+
+<p>We are told that in our primitive state jealousy was a social
+instinct; that by killing and keeping away rivals it helped to found
+and cement the family and to keep it pure. I do not care to enter
+here <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span>into a discussion of this point. But whatever useful r&ocirc;le
+jealousy may have played in the remote ages (I doubt that it has), it
+is now an utterly useless, utterly vicious, utterly anti-social and
+anti-individual emotion. It is opposed to social life and it destroys
+individual happiness. And everything possible should be done to
+smother it, to strangle it, to eliminate it entirely from human life.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I find no compensation whatever for jealousy; I find no place for
+it in our modern life and I am in complete agreement with Forel, who
+calls jealousy "a heritage of animals and barbarians." "That is what I
+would say," he says, "to all those who, in the name of offended honor,
+would grant it rights and even place it on a pedestal. It is ten times
+better for a woman to marry an unfaithful than a jealous husband....
+Jealousy transforms marriage into a hell.... Even in its more moderate
+and normal form, jealousy is a torment, for distrust and suspicion
+poison love. We often hear of justified jealousy. I maintain that
+<i>jealousy is never justifiable</i>; it is always a stupid, atavistic
+inheritance, or else a pathological symptom."</p>
+
+<p>But can anything be done to eradicate this agonizing, tormenting
+emotion? I believe it can, and the ways and means to the eradication
+of this evil will be found on analyzing its components. We may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>not be
+able to destroy all the components; if we destroy the greater part of
+them much will have been accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>The underlying factors of jealousy are: the primitive instinct, also
+present in many animals, our ethical and religious ideas and our
+economic system. The primitive instinct we can repress and modify; we
+can hardly hope to eradicate it entirely. But our ideas and economic
+system we can change. It is easier to change ideas than it is a
+system, and it is with our ideas we should commence.</p>
+
+<p>The first idea we must endeavor to destroy is that it is impossible
+for a human being to love more than one other human being at the same
+time. We must show that the love of the modern educated and esthetic
+man and woman is an exceedingly complex feeling, and that a man may
+deeply and sincerely love one woman for certain qualities and just as
+deeply and sincerely love another woman for certain other qualities.
+Of course, love cannot be measured by the yard or bushel, nor can it
+be weighed on the most delicate chemical balance. And it may be
+impossible to determine whether he loves both women exactly alike or
+he loves one woman more than the other. But that one love does not
+exclude another, that it may even intensify the other love, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span>that is
+certain, and is the opinion of every advanced sexologist.</p>
+
+<p>Max Nordau, a man of high and austere ideals, a man whom nobody will
+accuse of a tendency to licentiousness, says in his Conventional Lies:
+"It may sound very shocking, yet I must say it: we can even love
+<i>several</i> individuals at the same time, with nearly equal tenderness,
+and we do not necessarily lie when we assure each one of our passion.
+No matter how deeply we may be in love with a certain individual, we
+<i>do not cease</i> to be susceptible to the influence of the entire sex."</p>
+
+<p>And Iwan Bloch, than whom no greater investigator in the field of
+sexology ever lived, asks the question: "Is it possible for any one to
+be <i>simultaneously</i> in love with several individuals?" And he
+immediately says: "I answer this question with an unconditional
+'yes.'" And he says further: "It is precisely the extraordinary
+manifold spiritual differentiation of modern civilized humanity that
+gives rise to the possibility of such a simultaneous love for two
+individuals. Our spiritual nature exhibits the most varied coloring.
+It is difficult always to find the corresponding complements in one
+single individual."</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Robert Michels says: "It is Nature's will that the normal male
+should feel a continuous and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span>powerful sexual attraction towards a
+considerable number of women.... In the male the stimuli capable of
+arousing sexual excitement (this term is not to be understood here in
+the grossly physical sense) are so extraordinarily manifold, so widely
+differentiated that it is quite impossible for one single woman to
+possess them all."</p>
+
+<p>Prof. von Ehrenfels wittily remarks that if it were a moral precept
+that a man should never have intercourse <i>more them once in his life</i>
+with any particular woman, this would correspond far better with the
+nature of the normal male and would cost him far less will-power than
+is needed by him in order to live up to the conventional demands of
+monogamy.</p>
+
+<p>And Havelock Ellis cautiously says: "A certain degree of variation is
+involved in the sexual relationships, as in all other relationships,
+and unless we are to continue to perpetuate <i>many evils and
+injustices</i>, that fact has to be faced and recognized."</p>
+
+<p>I have devoted considerable space to this topic, and I have, contrary
+to my custom, quoted "authorities," because I consider this point of
+the utmost importance; it is the first step in combating the demon of
+jealousy. If our wives, fianc&eacute;es and sweethearts could be convinced of
+the truth that a man's interest in or even affection towards another
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span>member of the female sex does not mean the death of love, or even
+diminished love, half of the battle would be won. Half of the misery,
+half of the quarrels, half of the self-torture, half of the disrupted
+homes, in short, half of the tyrannical reign of the demon of
+jealousy, would be gone.</p>
+
+<p>We must teach our women and men this truth, teach it from puberty on.
+We must show them that not every woman can necessarily fill out a
+man's entire life, that not every woman can necessarily occupy every
+nook and corner of a man's mind and heart, and that there is nothing
+humiliating to the woman in such an idea (and <i>vice versa</i>). She
+should be taught to find nothing shameful, painful or degrading in
+such a thought. I know that these ideas are somewhat in advance of the
+times, but if nobody ever brought forward any advanced ideas because
+they were advanced there would never be any advance.</p>
+
+<p>Then we must teach our men that when they marry a woman she does not
+become their chattel, their piece of property, which nobody may touch,
+nobody may look at or smile at. A woman may be a very good, faithful
+wife and still enjoy the companionship of other men, the pressure of
+another man's hand or&mdash;<i>horribile dictu</i>&mdash;even an occasional kiss.</p>
+
+<p>Then we must teach our men <i>and</i> women that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span>there is essentially
+nothing shameful or humiliating in being displaced by a rival. The
+change may be a disgrace for the changer and not for the changed one.
+It does not at all mean that the change has been made because the
+rival is superior; it is a well-known fact that the rival often <i>is</i>
+inferior. The change is often made, not because the changer has gone
+upward, but because he has gone downward, has deteriorated. And the
+changer often knows it himself.</p>
+
+<p>Inculcating those ideas would do away with the feeling of wounded
+vanity which is such an important component in the feeling of
+jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>Further, we must teach our children from the earliest age that
+jealousy is "not nice," that it is a mean feeling, that it is a sign
+of weakness, that it is degrading to the person who entertains it,
+particularly to the person who exhibits it. Ideas inculcated from
+childhood have a powerful influence, and the various ideas exposed
+above <i>would</i> have an undoubted influence in minimizing the mephitic,
+destructive effects of the feeling of jealousy. People properly
+brought up will always succeed in controlling or suppressing certain
+non-vital instincts or emotions on which society puts its stamp of
+disapproval, which it considers "not nice" or disgraceful.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span>I am, therefore, an optimist in relation to the eventual uprooting of
+the greater number of components of the anti-social feeling of
+jealousy. And when woman reaches economic independence, then another
+component of the instinct of jealousy&mdash;the terror at losing a provider
+and being left in poverty&mdash;will disappear.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jealousy Not Toward Rivals.</b> Jealousy need not express itself toward
+a sexual rival only. A person may be jealous of people who can never
+be sexual rivals; the jealousy need not even be of people; it may be
+of inanimate objects, of a person's work, profession or hobby. Thus a
+wife may be intensely jealous of her husband's mother, towards whom he
+is very affectionate or simply kind and considerate. She may be
+jealous of her own children if she notices or imagines that the father
+loves them intensely, or if he spends a good deal of time with them.
+She may be jealous of his male friends, and many a husband had to give
+up, not only his female acquaintances, but his life-long male
+friends&mdash;in order to preserve peace in the family. A wife may be
+fiercely jealous of her husband's success and reputation, and cases
+are not unknown where the wife put every possible obstacle in her
+husband's way, in order to make him fail in his work, to make him turn
+out mediocre work, all from fear that his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span>success would gain him
+admirers, which might perhaps take him away from her. Wives have been
+known to do everything in their power to <i>exhaust</i> and weaken their
+husbands, to make them physically unattractive, only to keep them. And
+so powerful is this primitive, childish, savage feeling, this desire
+for exclusive monopoly, that there is <i>nothing</i> a jealous wife,
+sweetheart or mistress may not do in order to retain the man, in order
+to regain him, or, having lost him irretrievably, in order to revenge
+herself. And what is said about the woman is applicable with equal
+force to man. It is a huge mistake to assume that jealousy is woman's
+prerogative, her particular characteristic, or even that it is
+stronger in her than in man. A man can be as savagely jealous as any
+woman and suffer the same tortures of hell.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jealousy Defeats Its Object.</b> One of the worst features about
+jealousy is that it defeats its own object. We have been told, as
+stated before, that jealousy was once upon a time a racial instinct,
+that by frightening away rivals it helped to found the family and to
+keep it chaste and pure. Quite the contrary is true now. More than one
+man has, by accusing his innocent wife of infidelity and by torturing
+her with baseless suspicions, driven her into the arms of a lover. We
+are all more or less <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span>susceptible to suggestion, and by continually
+suspecting a wife of a love affair or illicit relation a man may
+implant the seed of suggestion so strongly that it may grow
+luxuriantly and the wife may be unable to resist the suggested
+temptation. And very often the very lover is suggested by the husband.
+"Yes, don't attempt to deny it. It is useless. I know you have
+relations with X. I know you are his mistress." He kept on repeating
+it so often to his absolutely blameless, innocent young wife and he
+made her so wretched by his rudeness and brutality that one day she
+did go over to X's rooms and did become his mistress. And after that
+she could stand her husband's outbursts with equanimity. "If I have
+the name I might as well have the game," is a good bit of psychologic
+wisdom. And a husband should be very careful about even suspecting a
+wife unjustly, and thus make the first step towards rendering his
+baseless suspicions a reality, his unjust accusations justified. And,
+of course, what is true of the husband is also true of the wife. Many
+a wife has driven her indolent husband into the hands of prostitutes
+or mistresses by her incessant nagging, false accusations and vicious
+epithets applied to all his female friends and acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, from whatever angle you consider it, jealousy is a mean, nasty,
+miserable feeling. Because it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span>is a more or less universal feeling,
+because "we cannot help it," does not render it less mean, less nasty,
+less miserable.</p>
+
+<p>I do not for a moment imagine that characterizing jealousy the way it
+deserves to be characterized, calling it a shameful, savage, primitive
+feeling, etc., is at once going to banish it from the breasts of men
+and women in which it has found an abiding place; throwing epithets at
+it will not cause it to unfasten its talons. Unfortunately, I know
+only too well that our emotions are stronger than our reason; the man
+or woman at whose poor heart jealousy is gnawing day and night is not
+amenable to reason, is not curable by arguments; all we can do is to
+sympathize with such a person and ask the Lord to pity him or her.</p>
+
+<p>I have known a man who lived with his wife in free union, i.e., he was
+not married to her. He did not believe in marriage. Love was the only
+bond that should bind people together; as soon as love was no more the
+people should separate in a friendly, comradely manner. If the wife or
+the mistress wants another lover, she should be free to take one; she
+is a free human being and not her husband's chattel slave, etc., etc.,
+etc., to the same effect. Thus the man talked. And he was sincere in
+his talk&mdash;or he thought he was. But one night on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span>unexpectedly
+returning home he found another man; he promptly fired several shots
+at the man, which fortunately for both did not prove fatal, and then
+he beat and choked his wife&mdash;who wasn't even his wife legally&mdash;within
+an inch of her life. <i>And then he married her</i> and gave up his free
+love talk. And I know of any number of men who could philosophize for
+hours about the disgrace and humiliation of being jealous, but who, as
+soon as there was a justifiable cause for jealousy, became as
+unreasonable as a child and as jealous as any unlettered Sicilian
+woman ever was.</p>
+
+<p>So you see, I am not deluding myself with extravagant hopes. But,
+nevertheless, this argumentation, this talk, is not entirely useless.
+A beginning must be made. This essay may not perhaps help&mdash;except for
+the suggestions that will be made towards the end&mdash;those who are
+already victims of the demon of jealousy, but it may help some people
+to keep out of his clutches (or should I say: her clutches? I really
+don't know whether the demon of jealousy is a male or a female.)</p>
+
+<p>Feelings are stronger than reason; but that does not mean that
+feelings cannot be influenced by reason; they decidedly can be and are
+so influenced, and their <i>manifestations</i> are modified by this
+influence; and the more cultured, the more educated a person <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span>is (I
+trust you will know that I use these terms in their true and not their
+vulgar, misused meaning), the more will his feelings, or at least
+actions, be influenced by his reason. I am particularly a believer in
+the effect on our feelings and actions of public opinion, of ideas
+universally or generally entertained.</p>
+
+<p>Let me give one example which is pertinent to the subject. In former
+days it was universally held, and in many places it is still held,
+that when a wife sinned she committed the most unpardonable crime that
+a human being could be guilty of and that she thereby <i>dishonored</i> her
+husband. And the only right thing for him to do was to shoot the rival
+and cast out the wife; or at least to cast her out. This was a
+<i>conditio sine qua non</i>. To take her back to his home was a disgrace,
+a sign of unpardonable weakness, of degeneracy. Our ideas on the
+subject have changed a bit. A husband is no longer considered any more
+dishonored&mdash;in some strata of society at least&mdash;because his wife
+sinned than a wife is considered dishonored because her husband
+sinned; and adultery in the wife is now, by most rational people,
+considered only different in degree, but not in kind, from adultery in
+the husband. These humane ideas have gained vogue only within a
+comparatively very recent period; but their effect <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span>has already
+manifested itself in a great number of instances. Forgiving the erring
+wife is becoming quite common. A number of cases have reached the
+newspapers. Recently a wife was implicated in a nasty scrape; her sin
+was not only unquestionable, but notorious; it was public property.
+And nevertheless the husband stood by her and took her back into his
+home and arms. And the number of such cases which do not reach the
+newspapers is very, very much larger than the public has any
+conception of, larger than it would be safe to estimate. And in a
+large percentage of these cases the husband begins to treat his wife
+with more love, more consideration, and the tie between them becomes
+more firm, more permanent.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fifty-two" id="Chapter_Fifty-two"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fifty-two<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>REMEDIES FOR JEALOUSY</h4>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Prevention and Cure&mdash;Prophylaxis of Jealousy&mdash;Fitting Remedy to
+Circumstances&mdash;The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband&mdash;No
+Question of Love&mdash;Advice to the wife of the Flirtatious Man&mdash;An
+Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy&mdash;Jealousy Must Be Experienced to
+Be Understood&mdash;Necessity for Freedom of Association&mdash;Lines of
+Conduct for the Wife&mdash;Contempt for a Certain Type of Wife and
+Husband&mdash;The Abandoned Lover&mdash;The Effects of Unrequited
+Love&mdash;Sublimated Sexual Desire&mdash;Replacing Unrequited Love&mdash;The
+Attitude of Goethe&mdash;Simultaneous Loves Possible&mdash;Successive
+Loves Possible&mdash;Eternal Loves&mdash;When Sex Relationships May Be
+Beneficial&mdash;Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value&mdash;The
+Broken Engagement&mdash;The Terrible Effects on the Young Man&mdash;The
+Young Streetwalker&mdash;Sex Relations with Fianc&eacute;&mdash;Inundating Sense
+of Shame&mdash;Collapse&mdash;Attempts at Suicide&mdash;An Active Sex
+Life&mdash;The Results&mdash;The Prevention of Jealousy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We are all agreed that prevention is more important than cure. But
+when a patient comes with a fully developed disease it is futile to
+speak to him of prevention. It is too late to sermonize. What he wants
+and what he needs is a cure, if such can be had. What has preceded has
+reference chiefly to the prophylaxis of jealousy, to the prevention of
+the development of this disease in the future.</p>
+
+<p>The question is: Is there a <i>remedy</i> for this malady? Is there a
+<i>cure</i> for this horrible disease of jealousy?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span>The conditions are extremely complex, and the remedy must be fitted to
+the circumstances. Let us assume that the husband neglects his wife
+and causes her to be jealous, not because he is in love with another
+woman, but because he is flirtatious, light-headed, feather-brained
+and inconsiderate. Such cases are in the great majority. Many husbands
+who like or love their wives and who believe themselves secure in
+their love think it is quite proper for them to hunt for new conquests
+and to carry on petty love affairs with as many girls or women as they
+comfortably can. There is no question here about love&mdash;it is just
+flirtation or sexual relations. When this is the case the wife should
+have a frank and firm talk with her husband; she should tell him that
+she does not like his behavior and that it makes her unhappy. In many
+instances this alone will suffice to effect a change in the husband's
+conduct. Where this does not suffice, where the husband is too
+egotistic and does not want to give up his little pleasures, then it
+is left for the wife to adopt the old and rather vulgar remedy. It is
+old and, as said, rather vulgar, but it has the merit of efficiency:
+it very often works. Let the wife adopt similar tactics, let her also
+flirt, let her go out and come back at uncertain hours, let her keep
+the husband guessing as to where and with whom she is. And nine <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span>times
+out of ten this, under the circumstances, fully justifiable conduct on
+the part of the wife will effect a quick and radical change in the
+conduct of the husband. He will be only too glad to cry quits. Some
+people are utterly devoid of imagination. They lack the ability of
+putting themselves in another person's place. Jealousy particularly is
+not a feeling which any one can understand without having experienced
+it, unless he is endowed with the imagination of a great poet. And as
+few husbands have a great poetic imagination, it is only after they
+have felt the claws of the monster tearing at their own hearts that
+they can understand their wives' feelings, and are willing to act so
+as to save them&mdash;and themselves, of course&mdash;the cruel tortures. Many
+wives and many husbands have talked to me and written to me on the
+subject, and, as stated before, in nine times out of ten the remedy
+worked.</p>
+
+<p>But how about the tenth case? How about the cases where the husband is
+unable or unwilling to give up his outside flirtations and relations?
+We, advanced sexologists, know that not all men, no more than all
+women, are made in the same mould, and what is possible or even easy
+for nine men may be very difficult or absolutely impossible for the
+tenth. We know that there are some men to whom an ironclad monogamic
+relation is an absolute <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span>impossibility. The stimulation of other
+women&mdash;either the purely mental, spiritual stimulation or the
+stimulation of physical relations&mdash;is to them like breath in the
+nostrils. In fact, there are some men whose very possibility of loving
+their wives depends upon this freedom of association with other women.
+They can be extremely kind to and love their wives tenderly, if they
+can at the same time associate&mdash;spiritually or physically&mdash;with other
+women. If they are entirely cut off from any association with any
+other woman they begin to feel irritable, bored, may become ill, and
+their feeling towards their wives may become one of resentment,
+ill-will, or even one of hatred. This is not the place to talk of the
+wickedness of such men&mdash;thus they are made and with this fact we have
+to deal.</p>
+
+<p>What is the wife of such a man to do? Two lines of conduct are open to
+her&mdash;two avenues of exit. The line of conduct will depend upon her
+temper and upon her ideas of sex morality. But she ought to select the
+line of conduct which will cause the least pain, the least
+unhappiness. If she is a woman of a proud, independent temper,
+particularly if she belongs to the militant type, she will leave her
+husband in a huff, regardless of consequences. But if she is a woman
+of the gentler, more pliable, more supple (and I may also say more
+subtle) type, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span>if she really loves her husband, she will overlook
+his little foibles, peccadilloes and transgressions&mdash;and she may live
+quite happily. And the time will come when the husband himself will
+give up his peccadilloes and transgressions and will cleave powerfully
+to his wife, will be bound to her by bonds never to be torn asunder.
+<i>I know of several such cases.</i></p>
+
+<p>And I will take this opportunity to say that I have the deepest
+contempt for the wife who, on finding out that her husband had
+committed a transgression or that he has a love affair, leaves him in
+a huff, or makes a public scandal, or sues for divorce. Such a wife
+<i>never</i> loved her husband, and he is well rid of her. And what I said
+about the wife applies with <i>almost</i> equal force to the husband.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Abandoned Lover.</b> But what shall the abandoned lover do? Let us
+take the case of A and B, and let A stand for any man and B for any
+woman; or, <i>vice versa</i>, let A be the woman and B the man, for in
+jealousy and love what applies to one sex is applicable with
+practically the same force to the opposite sex. Suppose A is intensely
+jealous of and deeply, passionately in love with B; but B is utterly
+indifferent and does not care what A may feel or do. A and B may be
+married or not; this does not alter the case materially. Suppose B, if
+unmarried to A, goes off and marries another man, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span>or, if married to
+A, goes off and leaves him; or suppose B does not love anybody else,
+but just remains indifferent to A's advances or repels him because she
+cannot reciprocate his love. Unrequited love alone can cause almost as
+fierce tortures as the most intense jealousy. And A suffers tortures.
+What shall he do? What shall he do to save himself&mdash;to save his
+health, his mind, his life? For he is unable to eat, unable to sleep,
+unable to work, and he feels that he is going to pieces. He has lost
+his position and is in danger of losing his reason. What shall he do
+to escape insanity or a suicide's grave? There is but one remedy. Let
+him use all his energies to find a <i>substitute</i>. I mean a living
+substitute. Mere sexual desire may be sublimated, to a certain extent,
+into other channels, may be replaced by work, study, a hobby or some
+engrossing interest. A great unrequited love, with the element of
+jealousy present or absent, cannot be replaced by anything else except
+by another love. And where as great a love is impossible let it be a
+minor love or a series of minor loves. When Goethe, one of the world's
+great lovers, was unable to walk in the broad avenue of a great love
+he would walk in the by-paths of a number of little loves. The common
+talk about a person being unable to love more than once in his or her
+life is silly nonsense. A man or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span>a woman is able to love, and love
+very deeply, a number of times; and love simultaneously or
+successively. It is often a mere matter of opportunity. I know that
+there <i>are</i> loves that are eternal; that there are loves for which no
+substitute can be found. But these supreme, divine loves are so rare
+that among ordinary mortals they may be left out of account. They are
+the portion of supermen and superwomen. Ordinarily a substitute may be
+found. The substitute love may never reach the intensity of the
+original love, it may never give full or even half-full satisfaction;
+but it will help to dull the sharp cutting edge, it will act as a
+partial hemostatic to the bleeding heart, it will soothe and
+anesthetize the wound even if it cannot completely heal it. And this
+is a valuable aid while the sufferer is coming to himself or herself,
+while the gathered fragments of a broken life are being cemented and
+while the cement is hardening. Yes, the man or woman who is in inferno
+on account of an unreciprocated or a betrayed love should lose no time
+in searching for a substitute love. I do not believe in people losing
+their health and their minds on account of suffering which does nobody
+any good.</p>
+
+<p>But I will go still further. Where a substitute love&mdash;great or
+minor&mdash;cannot be found, then mere sex relations may help to diminish
+the suffering, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>to quiet the turbulent heart, to relieve the aching
+brain. As everything connected with sex, so our ideas about illicit
+sex relations that are not connected with love, are honeycombed with
+hypocrisy and false to the core. While purchasable, loveless sex
+relations can, of course, not be compared to love relations, still
+under our present social, economic and moral code they are the only
+relations that thousands of men and women can enjoy, and they are
+better than none; and in quite a considerable percentage of cases an
+element of romance and greater or lesser permanency do become attached
+to them, and they act as a more or less satisfactory substitute for
+genuine love relations.</p>
+
+<p>I am not spinning theoretical gossamer webs. I am speaking from
+experience&mdash;the experience of patients and confiding friends. I could
+relate many interesting cases. And I may, in a more appropriate
+volume. Here one or two will have to suffice.</p>
+
+<p>He was twenty-six years old and a senior student in the College of
+Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York. He had been in
+love with and had considered himself engaged for four or five years to
+a young lady two years his junior. She was, of course, the most
+wonderful young lady in the world, the whole world; in fact, there was
+not another one to compare her to. She was unique; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span>she stood all
+alone. But for a year or so she was getting rather cool towards him;
+which fanned his flame all the more. And suddenly he received a note
+asking him not to call any more, nor to try to communicate in any
+other way. He did write, but his letters were returned unopened. And
+soon after he read of her engagement to a prominent young banker. He
+nearly went insane, and this is used not in any figurative sense. His
+insomnia was <i>complete</i>, and resisted all treatment. When his pulse
+became very rapid and his eyes acquired the wild look that they do
+after many sleepless nights an attempt was made to administer
+hypnotics, but they had practically no effect. Chloral, veronal, etc.,
+only made him "dopy," irritable and depressed, but did not give him
+one hour of sound sleep. His appetite was gone, now and then his limbs
+would twitch, and he would sit and stare into space for hours at a
+time. To study or attend the clinics was out of the question, and he
+did not even attempt to take the final examinations. The parents felt
+distressed, but were unable to do anything for him. The least attempt
+at interference on their part, any attempt to console him, to induce
+him to pull himself together, made him more irritable, more morose; so
+that they finally left him alone. He was practically a total
+abstainer, but one evening he went out and came home drunk; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span>and after
+that he drank frequently and heavily. His parents could do nothing
+with him. One evening on Broadway he was accosted by a young
+street-walker. She had a pleasant, sympathetic face, and he went with
+her. <i>That was his first sex experience.</i> Up to that time he was
+chaste. He met her again the following evening. Gradually a sort of
+friendship grew up between them. She found out the cause of his grief,
+and with maternal solicitude she tried everything in her power to
+console him, and he began to look forward to the nightly meeting with
+her. His grief became gradually less acute, he gave up drinking, which
+he disliked, and which he had taken up only to deaden his pain; he
+began to pull himself together, and in six or eight months he took
+over his last year in Columbia and was properly graduated. He kept up
+the friendship with the girl for over two years, when she died of
+pneumonia. He did not love her, but he liked to be with her, as her
+presence gave him physical and mental comfort. It is possible that she
+loved him genuinely, but there was never any sentimental talk between
+them, and there was never any question between them of the permanency
+of the relationship. They both knew that it was temporary. But he is
+absolutely certain that but for one of the representatives of the
+class that is despised, driven about and persecuted by brutal
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span>policemen and ignorant judges, he would have become a bum, or, most
+likely, he would have committed suicide&mdash;at the point of which he was
+several times; only pity for his mother and sisters restrained him.</p>
+
+<p>And here is another case. A girl about twenty-eight years of age fell
+in love with a man four or five years her senior. The love seemed to
+be reciprocated, and they soon became engaged to be married. He asked
+that the engagement, on account of certain business reasons, be kept
+secret. She did not know the man well; she had met him at several
+entertainments and church affairs and he seemed very nice. He always
+found some excuses for delaying the marriage, and after they had been
+engaged about a year he began to insist on sex relations. Though of a
+refined and noble character, she was of a passionate nature and she
+did not offer much resistance. Many girls who would under no
+circumstance indulge in illicit relations, considering it a great sin,
+have no compunctions about having relations with their fianc&eacute;s. They
+lived together for about a year. They were together almost daily,
+except now and then, when he would go away for a week or two on
+business. Once he went away&mdash;and never came back. He wrote to her that
+their relations were at an end; that he was a married <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span>man and a
+father of children; he had hoped he might get a divorce, but that now
+he had changed his mind and that she must forget him, etc. Everything
+was black before her. It cost her a supreme effort not to faint, and
+she was supported in this effort by the fact that when the letter came
+she was in the presence of friends; a terrible, overpowering,
+all-inundating sense of shame gave her the strength not to betray her
+condition and her story before the world at large. But as soon as she
+was alone she collapsed completely. There was the most absolute
+insomnia imaginable, complete anorexia, but the most distressing
+features were frequent fainting spells, severe palpitation of the
+heart and tremors. She had no love for the man&mdash;so she said. Her love
+had turned to hatred and contempt&mdash;but the jealousy was all-consuming.
+Like a fire it was burning in her, searing her brain and her soul day
+and night.</p>
+
+<p>She felt that she was not strong enough to stand this physical and
+mental torture, and so she decided to commit suicide. As the means she
+selected gas. Fortunately, the smell became perceptible before the
+injury was irreparable. She was saved. But she felt that she could not
+stand the torture very long&mdash;and more than anything was she afraid
+that her mind would give way. She had a special horror of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span>insanity.
+And so she decided to make another attempt This time with bichloride.
+Again she was saved. A friend of hers then got an inkling of the
+events that were transpiring, and she introduced her to some gentlemen
+friends. They were nice people and more or less radical on the sex
+question. In order to drown her pain she began to go out very
+frequently with that crowd, and to her surprise and delight she found
+that she soon began to think less and less about her contemptible
+seducer, and, what was more important to her, she was soon able to
+sleep. For about six months she led an extremely active, almost
+promiscuous sex life. But then she gave it up, as she felt herself
+normal and no longer in need of it. She is now happily married.</p>
+
+<p>I am through with this rather lengthy essay on one of the most painful
+manifestations of human emotional life. I repeat that I am aware that
+feelings are often stronger than reason; but saying this does not mean
+asserting that feelings cannot be modified and held in check by
+reason. And I feel confident that a careful, open-minded reading of
+these pages and an acceptance of the ideas therein promulgated would
+aid in <i>preventing</i> a good deal of the misery of jealousy and in
+curing a certain proportion of it after it has found lodgment in the
+hearts of unhappy men and women.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span>There are one or two more points that might be touched upon, but with
+the freedom of press in reference to sex matters as it exists in this
+country to-day, I have said all that I could say.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Chapter_Fifty-three" id="Chapter_Fifty-three"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2">Chapter Fifty-three<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<h4>CONCLUDING WORDS</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>It is my sincere belief&mdash;and I cherish the belief in spite of this
+horrible, wretched war which seems to be shattering the very
+foundations of everything that we hold dear, destroying all the humane
+and moral achievements that have been laboriously built up in the
+course of many centuries&mdash;that the time will come when the world will
+be practically free from pain and suffering. Almost all disease will
+be conquered, accidents will be rare, the fear of starvation or
+poverty or unemployment will no longer haunt men and women, every
+infant born will be well-born and welcome, and the numerous anxieties
+and ambitions that now disturb the lives of so many of the earth's
+inhabitants will no longer plague us. They will be the dead memories
+of a dead and forgotten past.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I believe that the time will come when the world will be
+practically free from pain and suffering. But there is one exception.
+I do not believe that we will ever be able entirely to eliminate the
+<i>tragedies of the heart</i>. For our physical ills, which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span>will be few in
+number, there will be a socialized medical profession; everywhere
+there will be free hospitals and convalescent homes. The unemployment
+problem will be dealt with by the State, and dealt with so that there
+will be no unemployment problem. There will be work for everybody and
+everybody will do the work which he finds most congenial. But the
+State, I fear, will be able to do nothing in affairs of the heart.
+When John loves Mary with every fiber of his soul, and Mary remains
+completely indifferent, then no State physician and no Government
+official will be able to offer any balm or consolation to poor John.
+And if Mary loves Robert, and Robert behaves so that he breaks Mary's
+heart, then no official glue will put it together and no convalescent
+home will make it whole.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I believe that love pangs and tragedies of the heart will cause
+mortal men and women suffering even under the most perfect social
+regime. But I also believe that these pangs will be less acute, that
+the suffering will be less cruel than it is now.</p>
+
+<p>Proper ideas about love, freer intercourse between the sexes, a normal
+and regular sex life, a saner attitude towards many things which are
+now unjustly considered shameful or criminal will, to a large degree,
+prevent the heart tragedies and facilitate their cure where they
+cannot be prevented.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span>And it is the duty of everybody who loves mankind to study the various
+phases of human sexuality and help to spread sane and humane ideas on
+the subject of Sex and Love.</p>
+
+<p>The author trusts that <span class="sc">Woman: Her Sex and Love Life</span> will
+help, in some slight degree, in spreading healthy, sane and honest
+ideas about sex among the men and women of America.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>THE END</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block3">
+<h1>SEXUAL TRUTHS</h1>
+
+<h4>VERSUS</h4>
+
+<h3>SEXUAL LIES, MISCONCEPTIONS AND <br />EXAGGERATIONS</h3>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.</h3>
+
+<p>This book effectually demolishes the numerous lies and senseless
+exaggerations which dabblers in sexology, either through ignorance or
+design, are offering to the public, and which are responsible for so
+much physical misery and mental agony. In Dr. Robinson's best vein:
+clear, concise and incisive. With each sledge-hammer blow of his logic
+a lie is demolished, with each turn of the rays of reason a dark place
+is illumined, with each dialectic pull a century-old superstition is
+uprooted.</p>
+
+<p>Contains several important articles from the pens of the world's
+greatest sexologists.</p>
+
+<p class="cen">Price, $5.00</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<h3>SEX MORALITY, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE</h3>
+
+<p>A frank and open discussion of sex morality as it was, as it is, and
+most important, as it is likely to be in the near and in the distant
+future.&mdash;Price, $2.00.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>STEKEL'S ESSAYS ON SEX AND PSYCHOANALYSIS</h3>
+
+<p>While we are far from agreeing with everything this author has
+written, this book contains some of his most interesting, most
+important and most thought-provoking essays.&mdash;Price, $5.00.</p>
+
+<h4>EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>SEXUAL PROBLEMS<br /> OF TODAY</h1>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.</h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Robinson's work deals with many phases of the sex question, both
+in their individual and social aspects. In this book the scientific
+knowledge of a physician, eminent as a specialist in everything
+pertaining to the physiological and medical side of these topics, is
+combined with the vigorous social views of a thinker who has radical
+ideas and is not afraid to give them outspoken expression.</p>
+
+<p>A few of the subjects which the author discusses in trenchant fashion
+are:</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p>The Relations Between the Sexes and Man's Inhumanity to
+Woman.&mdash;The Influence of Abstinence on Man's Sexual Health and
+Sexual Power.&mdash;The Double Standard of Morality and the Effect of
+Continence on Each Sex.&mdash;The Limitation of Offspring: the Most
+Important Immediate Step for the Betterment of the Human Race,
+from an Economic and Eugenic Standpoint.&mdash;What To Do With the
+Prostitute and How To Abolish Venereal Disease.&mdash;The Question of
+Abortion Considered In Its Ethical and Social
+Aspects.&mdash;Torturing the Wife When the Husband Is At
+Fault.&mdash;Influence of the Prostate on Man's Mental
+Condition.&mdash;The Most Efficient Venereal Prophylactics, etc.,
+etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>"<b>SEXUAL PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY</b>" will give most of its readers information
+they never possessed before and ideas they never had before&mdash;or if
+they had, never heard them publicly expressed before.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Cloth-bound, 320 Pages, $2 Postpaid</i></p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />
+250 W. 54th STREET &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NEW YORK</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">Eleventh Edition&mdash;Just Off the Press</p>
+
+<h1>SEXUAL IMPOTENCE</h1>
+
+<p class="cen block3">A Practical Treatise on the Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Sexual
+Impotence and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women</p>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.</h3>
+
+<div class="block"><p>Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+Dermatology, Bronx Hospital and Dispensary; Editor of "The
+Critic and Guide"; Editor of "The Journal of Sexology"; Author
+of "The Treatment of Gonorrhea", "Woman: Her Sex and Love Life",
+etc.; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the
+American Urological Association, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cen">Eleventh Edition, revised and enlarged, 502 pages. <br />Illustrated. Price,
+$5.00.</p>
+
+<p>The eleventh edition has just come off the press. Dr. Robinson has
+taken advantage of the opportunity to subject the entire book to a
+thorough revision, and has added a number of chapters dealing with
+gland transplantation, endocrinology, the Steinach operation, and
+containing additional case reports, comments and explanations.</p>
+
+<p>Those who know the book consider it the best of its kind in any
+language. Its outstanding features are its "practicalness", and its
+bright, easy, vivacious style. Every chapter is full of practical
+points, of easily applicable advice; it is entirely free from any fads
+and mysterious methods of treatment, any hints at hocus-pocus. It is a
+sane, rational, common-sense book. Every physician who will make a
+study of this book will become a better physician in general, and will
+certainly be able to treat his sexual cases with better success.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p><i>I consider myself extremely fortunate in having been
+instrumental in making this remarkable book accessible to the
+English reading public. It is a great book well worth a careful
+perusal.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">From Dr. William J. Robinson's Introduction.</p></div>
+
+<h1>The Sexual Crisis</h1>
+
+<h3>A CRITIQUE OF OUR SEX LIFE<br />
+A Psychologic and Sociologic Study<br />
+By GRETE MEISEL-HESS</h3>
+
+<p class="cen">AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY EDEN AND CEDAR PAUL</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION</i></p>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.</h3>
+
+<p>One of the greatest of all books on the sex question that have
+appeared in the Twentieth Century.</p>
+
+<p>It is a book that no educated man or woman, lay or professional,
+interested in sexual ethics, in our marriage system, in free
+motherhood, in trial marriages, in the question of sexual abstinence,
+etc., etc., can afford to leave unread. Nobody who discusses, writes
+or lectures on any phases of the sex question, has a right to overlook
+this remarkable volume. Written with a wonderfully keen analysis of
+the conditions which are bringing about a sexual crisis, the book
+abounds in gems of thought and in pearls of style on every page. It
+must be read to be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>A Complete Synopsis of Contents Will Be Sent on Request</i></p>
+
+<p class="cen">360 PAGES. PRICE $3.00</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY 250 W. 54th STREET NEW YORK</h4>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page &nbsp;12: &nbsp;Formulae replaced with Formul&aelig;<br />
+Page &nbsp;13: &nbsp;Formulae replaced with Formul&aelig;<br />
+Page &nbsp;18: &nbsp;Spirtual replaced with Spiritual<br />
+Page &nbsp;36: &nbsp;Fallopion replaced with Fallopian<br />
+Page &nbsp;48: &nbsp;vertebae replaced with vertebr&aelig;<br />
+Page &nbsp;84: &nbsp;Spermatozoon replaced with Spermatozo&ouml;n<br />
+Page &nbsp;86: &nbsp;sixy-four replaced with sixty-four<br />
+Page 158: &nbsp;Formulae replaced with Formul&aelig;<br />
+Page 336: &nbsp;Consideraations replaced with Considerations<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,9824 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Woman, by William J. Robinson
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Woman
+       Her Sex and Love Life
+
+
+Author: William J. Robinson
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 15, 2007  [eBook #21840]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 21840-h.htm or 21840-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/8/4/21840/21840-h/21840-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/8/4/21840/21840-h.zip)
+
+
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+      | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original     |
+      | document have been preserved. There are many uncommon     |
+      | words in this text.                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.         |
+      | For a complete list, please see the end of this document. |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Bold face is indicated when text is enclosed by equal     |
+      | signs (example: =bold=)                                   |
+      |                                                           |
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+WOMAN
+
+Her Sex And Love Life
+
+by
+
+WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+Dermatology, Bronx Hospital Dispensary Editor of the
+American Journal of Urology and Sexology; Editor of The
+Critic and Guide; Author of Treatment of Sexual Impotence
+and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women; Treatment of
+Gonorrhea in Men and Women; Limitation of Offspring by the
+Prevention of Conception; Sex Knowledge for Girls and Women;
+Sexual Problems of Today; Never-Told Tales; Eugenics and
+Marriage, etc. Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine,
+of the American Medical Editors' Association, American
+Medical Association, New York State Medical Society,
+Internationale Gesellschaft fuer Sexualforschung, American
+Genetic Association, American Association for the
+Advancement of Science, American Urological Association,
+etc., etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+Twenty-First Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1929
+Eugenics Publishing Company
+New York
+
+Copyright, 1917,
+by Eugenics Publishing Company
+
+Press of
+J.J. Little & Ives Co.
+New York
+
+
+
+
+THE CREATION OF WOMAN
+
+
+This old Oriental legend is so exquisitely charming, so superior to
+the Biblical narrative of the creation of woman, that it deserves to
+be reproduced in WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE. There are several
+variants of this legend, but I reproduce it as it appeared in the
+first issue of THE CRITIC AND GUIDE, January, 1903.
+
+    At the beginning of time, Twashtri--the Vulcan of Hindu
+    mythology--created the world. But when he wished to create a
+    woman, he found that he had employed all his materials in the
+    creation of man. There did not remain one solid element. Then
+    Twashtri, perplexed, fell into a profound meditation from which
+    he aroused himself and proceeded as follows:
+
+    He took the roundness of the moon, the undulations of the
+    serpent, the entwinement of clinging plants, the trembling of
+    the grass, the slenderness of the rose-vine and the velvet of
+    the flower, the lightness of the leaf and the glance of the
+    fawn, the gaiety of the sun's rays and tears of the mist, the
+    inconstancy of the wind and the timidity of the hare, the vanity
+    of the peacock and the softness of the down on the throat of the
+    swallow, the hardness of the diamond, the sweet flavor of honey
+    and the cruelty of the tiger, the warmth of fire, the chill of
+    snow, the chatter of the jay and the cooing of the turtle dove.
+
+    He combined all these and formed a woman. Then he made a present
+    of her to man. Eight days later the man came to Twashtri, and
+    said: "My Lord, the creature you gave me poisons my existence.
+    She chatters without rest, she takes all my time, she laments
+    for nothing at all, and is always ill; take her back;" and
+    Twashtri took the woman back.
+
+    But eight days later the man came again to the god and said: "My
+    Lord, my life is very solitary since I returned this creature. I
+    remember she danced before me, singing. I recall how she glanced
+    at me from the corner of her eye, how she played with me, clung
+    to me. Give her back to me," and Twashtri returned the woman to
+    him. Three days only passed and Twashtri saw the man coming to
+    him again. "My Lord," said he, "I do not understand exactly how
+    it is, but I am sure that the woman causes me more annoyance
+    than pleasure. I beg you to relieve me of her."
+
+    But Twashtri cried: "Go your way and do the best you can." And
+    the man cried: "I cannot live with her!" "Neither can you live
+    without her!" replied Twashtri.
+
+    And the man went away sorrowful, murmuring: "Woe is me, I can
+    neither live with nor without her."
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+In the first chapter of this book I have shown, I believe
+convincingly, why sex knowledge is even more important for women than
+it is for men. I have examined carefully the books that have been
+written for girls and women, and I know that it is not bias, nor
+carping criticism, but strict honesty that forces me to say that I
+have not found one satisfactory girl's or woman's sex book. There are
+some excellent books for girls and women on general hygiene; but on
+sex hygiene, on the general manifestations of the sex instinct, on sex
+ethics--none. I have attempted to write such a book. Whether I have
+succeeded--fully, partially or not at all--is not for me to say,
+though I have my suspicions. But this I know: in writing this book I
+have been strictly honest with myself, from first page to last.
+Whether everything I have written is the truth, I do not know. But at
+least I believe that it is--or I would not have written it. And I can
+solemnly say that the book is free from any cant, hypocrisy,
+falsehood, exaggeration or compromise, nor has any attempt been made
+in any chapter to conciliate the stupid, the ignorant, the pervert, or
+the sexless.
+
+As in all my other books I have used plain, honest English. Not any
+plainer than necessary, but plain enough to avoid obscurity and
+misconception.
+
+Science and art are both necessary to human happiness. This is not the
+place to discuss the relative importance of the two. And, while I have
+no patience with art-for-art's-sake, I recognize that the scientist
+can not be put into a narrow channel and ordered to go into a certain
+definite direction. Scientific investigations which seemed aimless and
+useless have sometimes led to highly important results, and I would
+not disparage science for its own sake. It has its uses. Nevertheless
+I personally have no use for it. To me everything must have a direct
+human purpose, a definite human application. When the cup of human
+life is so overflowing with woe and pain and misery, it seems to me a
+narrow dilettanteism or downright charlatanism to devote one's self to
+petty or bizarre problems which can have no relation to human
+happiness, and to prate of self-satisfaction and self-expression. One
+can have all the self-expression one wants while doing useful work.
+
+And working for humanity does not exclude a healthy hedonism; not the
+narrow Cyrenaic, but an enlightened altruistic hedonism. And in
+writing this book I have kept the human problem constantly before my
+eyes. It was not my ambition merely to impart interesting facts: my
+concern was the practical application of these facts, their relation
+to human happiness.
+
+If this book should be instrumental, as I confidently trust it will,
+in destroying some medieval superstitions, in dissipating some
+hampering and cramping errors, in instilling some hope in the hearts
+of the hopeless, in bringing a little joy into the homes of the
+joyless, in increasing in however slight a degree the sum total of
+human happiness, its mission shall have been gloriously fulfilled.
+
+For this is the mission of the book: to increase the sum total of
+human happiness.
+
+                                               W.J.R.
+
+
+  12 Mount Morris Park W.,
+    New York City.
+      Jan. 1, 1917.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+
+I. THE PARAMOUNT NEED OF SEX KNOWLEDGE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN          23
+
+ Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+    Women--Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+    Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy--The Place Love
+    Occupies in Woman's Life--Woman's Physical Disabilities.
+
+II. THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS; THEIR ANATOMY                            31
+
+ The Internal Sex Organs--The Ovaries--The Fallopian Tubes--The
+    Uterus--The Divisions of the Uterus--Anteversion,
+    Anteflexion, Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the
+    Uterus--Endometritis--The Vagina--The Hymen--Imperforate
+    Hymen--The External Genitals--The Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia
+    Minora, the Mons Veneris, the Clitoris, the Urethra--The
+    Breasts--The Pelvis--The Difference Between the Male and
+    Female Pelvis.
+
+III. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS                        49
+
+ Function of the Ovaries--Internal Secretion of the Ovaries--
+    Function of the Internal Secretion--Number of Ova in the
+    Ovaries--The Graafian Follicles--Ovulation--Corpora
+    Lutea--Function of the Fallopian Tubes--Function of the
+    Vagina--Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons Veneris--
+    Function of the Breasts--Besides Secreting Milk Breast Has
+    Sexual Function--The Orgasm--Pollutions in Women--Secondary
+    Sex Characters--Differences Between Woman and Man.
+
+IV. THE SEX INSTINCT                                                62
+
+ Universality of the Sex Instinct--Not Responsible for Our
+    Thoughts and Feelings.
+
+V. PUBERTY                                                          65
+
+ Physical Changes in Puberty--Physical Changes in the Genital
+    Organs and in the Rest of the Body--Psychic Changes--Puberty
+    and Adolescence--Nubility.
+
+VI. MENSTRUATION                                                    71
+
+ Definition of Menstruation--Where Menstrual Blood Comes
+    From--Age of Menstruation--Age of Cessation of
+    Menstruation--Duration--Amount--Regularity and Irregularity.
+
+VII. ABNORMALITIES OF MENSTRUATION                                  75
+
+ Disorders of  Menstruation--Menorrhagia--Metrorrhagia--
+    Amenorrhea--Vicarious Menstruation--Dysmenorrhea of Organic
+    and of Nervous Origin.
+
+VIII. THE HYGIENE OF MENSTRUATION                                   78
+
+ Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period--Superstitious
+    Beliefs--Hygiene of Menstruation.
+
+IX. FECUNDATION OR FERTILIZATION                                    82
+
+ Fecundation or Fertilization--Process of Fecundation--When the
+    Ovum Matures--Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+    Place--Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse--The
+    Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum--Rapidity of Movements of
+    Spermatozoa--Absorption of Spermatozooen by Ovum--Activity of
+    Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop--Pregnancy in
+    the Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers--Twin Pregnancy--Passivity
+    of Ovum and Activity of Spermatozooen Foretell the Contrasting
+    Roles of the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.
+
+X. PREGNANCY                                                        88
+
+ Period of Pregnancy in Human Female--Physiologic Process of
+    Pregnancy--Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception--
+    Pregnant Woman Provides Nourishment for Two--Her Excreting
+    Organs Must Work for Two.
+
+XI. THE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY                                      93
+
+ Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women--Pregnancy and
+    Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education
+    in True Hygiene--Morning Sickness and Its Treatment--Necessity
+    for Medical Advice in Pernicious Vomiting--Anorexia--Bulimia--
+    Aversion Towards Certain Foods--Peculiar Cravings--Tendency
+    to Constipation Aggravated by Pregnancy--Dietary Measures in
+    Constipation--Rectal Injections in Constipation--Laxatives--
+    Cause of Frequent Desire to Urinate During First Two or Three
+    and Last Months of Pregnancy--Treatment of Frequent Urination--
+    Cause of Piles During Pregnancy and Their Treatment--Cause of
+    Itching of External Genitals During Pregnancy and Treatment--
+    Cause of Varicose Veins and Treatment--Liver Spots.
+
+XII. WHEN TO ENGAGE A PHYSICIAN                                    102
+
+ Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself
+    Under Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During
+    Entire Period.
+
+XIII. THE SIZE OF THE FETUS                                        105
+
+ Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End
+    of Each Month of Pregnancy.
+
+XIV. THE AFTERBIRTH (PLACENTA) AND CORD                            108
+
+ How the Afterbirth Develops--Bag of Waters--Umbilical Cord--The
+    Navel--Fetus Nourished by Absorption--Fetus Breathes by Aid
+    of Placenta--No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.
+
+XV. LACTATION OR NURSING                                           110
+
+ No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk--When Nursing is
+    Injurious to Mother and Child--Modified Milk--Artificial
+    Foods--Care Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse--Suckling Child
+    Benefits Mother--Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by
+    Nursing--Sexual Feelings While Nursing--Alcoholics are
+    Injurious--Attention to Condition of Nipples During
+    Pregnancy Essential--Treatment of Sunken Nipples--Treatment
+    of Tender Nipples--Treatment of Cracked Nipples--How to Stop
+    the Secretion of Milk When Necessary--Menstruation While
+    Nursing--Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.
+
+XVI. ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE                                      117
+
+ Definition of Word Abortion--Definition of Word Miscarriage--
+    Spontaneous Abortion--Induced Abortion--Therapeutic Abortion--
+    Criminal Abortion--Missed Abortion--Habitual Abortion--
+    Syphilis as Cause of Abortion and Miscarriage--Dangers of
+    Abortion--Abortion an Evil.
+
+XVII. PRENATAL CARE                                                121
+
+ Meaning of the Term--Misleading Information by
+    Quasi-Scientists--Exaggerated Ideas Regarding Prenatal
+    Care--Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child--Cases
+    Under Author's Observation--Effects on Offspring--Advice to
+    Pregnant Women--Germ-plasm of Chronic Alcoholic--A Glass of
+    Wine and the Spermatozoa--False Statements--Cases of
+    Violence and Accidents During Pregnancy.
+
+XVIII. THE MENOPAUSE, OR CHANGE OF LIFE                            128
+
+ Time of Menopause--Cause of Suffering During Menopause--
+    Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous--
+    Increased Libido During Menopause--Change of Life in Men.
+
+XIX. THE HABIT OF MASTURBATION                                     135
+
+ Definition of Masturbation--Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+    Compared with Boys--Married Life of the Girl Masturbator--
+    Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of Parents who
+    Discover the Habit--Common-sense Treatment of the Habit--
+    How to Prevent Formation of Habit--Parents' Advice to
+    Children--Hot Baths as Factor in Masturbation--Other Physical
+    Factors--Mental Masturbation and Its Effects.
+
+XX. LEUCORRHEA--THE WHITES                                         143
+
+ Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"--A
+    Common Complaint--Severe Cases--Reasons for Resistance to
+    Treatment--Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder--Sterility
+    Due to Leucorrhea--Causes of Leucorrhea--Tonic
+    Medicines--Local Treatment--Formulae for Douching.
+
+XXI. THE VENEREAL DISEASES                                         149
+
+ Derivation of Word "Venereal"--Three Venereal Diseases--
+    Innocent Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects--
+    The Hygienic Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal
+    Infection--Measures for Prevention After Sexual Relations.
+
+XXII. THE EXTENT OF VENEREAL DISEASE                               151
+
+ Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+    Results--Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+    Venereal Disease--Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+    "Reformers"--Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to
+    Lurid Exaggerations--Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals
+    Harmful Results of Exaggerated Statements--Truth in Regard
+    to Percentage of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.
+
+XXIII. GONORRHEA                                                   158
+
+ Source of Gonorrhea--Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of
+    Eye Principal Seats of Disease--Symptoms in Men and in
+    Women--Vagina Seldom Attacked in Adults--Nobody Inherits
+    Gonorrhea--Ophthalmia Neonatorum--Differences of Course of
+    Disease in Men and Women--Gonorrhea Less Painful in
+    Women--Symptoms not Suspected by Woman--Necessity for the
+    Woman Consulting a Physician--Self-treatment When Woman
+    Cannot Consult Physician--Formulae for Injections.
+
+XXIV. VULVOVAGINITIS IN LITTLE GIRLS                               164
+
+ Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls--Discharge
+    Chief Symptom--Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis--Psychic
+    Results of Treatment--Effects in Hastening Sexual
+    Maturity--Vulvovaginitis a Cause of Permanent
+    Sterility--Measures to Prevent the Disease--Toilet Seats and
+    Vulvovaginitis.
+
+XXV. SYPHILIS                                                      168
+
+ Syphilis Due to Germ--Syphilis a Constitutional Disease--
+    Primary Lesion--Incubation Period--Roseola--Primary
+    Stage--Secondary Stage--Mucous Patches--Tertiary
+    Stage--Gumma--Hereditary Nature of Syphilis--Milder Course
+    in Women Than in Men--Obscure Symptoms in Syphilis--
+    Necessity for Examination by Physician--Locomotor Ataxia--
+    Softening of the Brain--Chancroids.
+
+XXVI. THE CURABILITY OF VENEREAL DISEASE                           174
+
+ Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in
+    Man--Extensive Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to
+    Cure--Positive Cure in Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.
+
+XXVII. VENEREAL PROPHYLAXIS                                        177
+
+ Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious
+    Intercourse--Formulae for Douches--Precautions Against
+    Non-venereal Sources of Infection--Syphilis Transmitted by
+    Dentist's Instruments--Manicurists and Syphilis--Promiscuous
+    Kissing a Source of Syphilitic Infection.
+
+XXIII. ALCOHOL, SEX AND VENEREAL DISEASE                           181
+
+ Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease--A Champagne Dinner
+    and Syphilis--Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due
+    to Alcohol--Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man
+    and in Woman--Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to
+    Alcohol--Alcohol as an Aid to Seduction.
+
+XXIX. MARRIAGE AND GONORRHEA                                       187
+
+ Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected
+    with Gonorrhea or Syphilis--Advisability of Certificate of
+    Freedom from Transmissible Disease--Premarital Examination
+    as a Universal Custom--When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be
+    Allowed to Marry--When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be
+    Allowed to Marry--Antisepsis Before Coitus--Question of
+    Sterility in the Man Who Has Had Gonorrhea Easily
+    Answered--Impossibility of Determining Whether the Woman is
+    Fertile or Not.
+
+XXX. MARRIAGE AND SYPHILIS                                         195
+
+ Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry--Rules More
+    Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired--Where Both
+    Partners Are Syphilitic--Danger of Paresis in Some
+    Syphilitic Patients--A Case in the Author's Practice.
+
+XXXI. WHO MAY AND WHO MAY NOT MARRY                                200
+
+ The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of Marriage--
+    _Venereal Disease_ the Most Common Question--_Tuberculosis_--
+    Sexual Appetite of Tubercular Patients--Effect of Pregnancy
+    Contraceptive Knowledge for Tubercular Wife--_Heart Disease_--
+    Serious Bar to Marriage--Influence of Sexual Intercourse--
+    _Cancer_--Fear of Hereditary Transmission--_Exophthalmic
+    Goiter_--Most Frequent in Women--Simple Goiter--Exceptions
+    to Rule--_Obesity_--Family History--Obesity and Stoutness Not
+    Synonymous--_Arteriosclerosis_--Danger in Sexual Act--_Gout_--
+    Real Causes of Gout--_Mumps_--Parotid Glands and Sex Organs--
+    Mumps and Sterility--Ooephoritis Due to Mumps--_Hemophilia_--
+    Hemophilic Sons May Marry--Hemophilic Daughters May Not
+    Marry--_Anemia_--_Chlorosis_--_Epilepsy_--Hysteria--Symptoms
+    of Hysteria--Marriage of Hysterical Women--_Alcoholism_--
+    Effect on Offspring--Alcoholics and Impotence--
+    _Feeblemindedness_--Evil Effects on Offspring--Sterilization
+    of Feebleminded Only Preventive--_Insanity_--Functional
+    Insanity--Organic Insanity--Hereditary Transmissibility of
+    Insanity--Fear Resulting in Insanity--Environment versus
+    Heredity in Insanity--_Neurosis_--_Neurasthenia_--
+    _Psychasthenia_--_Neuropathy_--_Psychopathy_--Nervous
+    Conditions and Genius--Sexual Impotence and Genius--_Drug
+    Addiction_--External Causes--_Consanguineous Marriages_--When
+    Consanguineous Marriages are Advisable--Offspring of
+    Consanguineous Marriages--Homosexuality--Homosexuals Often
+    Ignorant of Their Condition--Sexual Repression and
+    Homosexuality--Sadism and Divorce--Masochism--Sexual Impotence
+    and Marriage--Effect Upon the Wife--Frigidity--Marital Relations
+    and Frigid Woman--Excessive Libido and Marriage--Excessive
+    Demands Upon Wife--Satyriasis--The Excessively Libidinous
+    Wife--Nymphomania--Treatment--Harelip--Myopia--Astigmatism--
+    Premature Baldness--Criminality--Crime as Result of
+    Environment--Legal and Moral Crime--Ancestral Criminality and
+    Marriage--Rules of Heredity--Pauperism--Difference Between
+    Pauperism and Poverty.
+
+XXXII. BIRTH CONTROL OR THE LIMITATION OF OFFSPRING                244
+
+ Knowledge of Prevention of Conception Essential--Misapprehensions
+    Concerning Birth-control Propaganda--Modern Contraceptives Not
+    Injurious to Health--Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures
+    Due to Secrecy--Prevention of Conception and Abortion
+    Radically Different--More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+    Information were Legally Obtainable--Demand for Prostitution
+    Would be Curtailed--Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+    Knowledge--Another Phase of the Birth-control Problem--Knowledge
+    of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was a Taint of Insanity,
+    and the Happy Results.
+
+XXXIII. ADVICE TO GIRLS APPROACHING THE THRESHOLD OF WOMANHOOD     261
+
+ The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male--The
+    Unprotected Girl's Temptations--Some Men Who Will Pester the
+    Young Girl--Risk of Venereal Infection--Danger of
+    Impregnation--Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman
+    May Not Always Be Relied Upon--Nature of Men who Seduce
+    Girls--Exceptions--Illegitimate Motherhood--Difficulties in
+    the Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living--The
+    Child of the Foundling Asylum--Social Attitude Towards
+    Illegitimacy Responsible for Abortion Evil--Dangers of
+    Abortion--The Girl Who Has Lost Her Virginity.
+
+XXXIV. ADVICE TO PARENTS OF UNFORTUNATE GIRLS                      273
+
+ Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl--The Case of Edith
+    and What Her Father Did--The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and
+    Bridget C.
+
+XXXV. SEXUAL RELATIONS DURING MENSTRUATION                         279
+
+ Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During Menstruation--
+    Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual Period--When Intercourse
+    May be Permitted--Injection Before Coitus During
+    Menstruation--Fallacy of Ancient Idea of Injuriousness.
+
+XXXVI. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING PREGNANCY                         282
+
+ Complete Abstinence During Pregnancy--Bad Results of Complete
+    Abstinence--Intensity of Relations During First Four Months--
+    Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Months--
+    Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth Months--Abstinence
+    After Birth of Child.
+
+XXXVII. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR PROPAGATION ONLY                    284
+
+ Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only--What Such
+    Practice Would Lead to--Nature and the Sex-fanatics--Sexual
+    Desire in Woman After Menopause--Sex Instinct of Sterile Men
+    and Women--Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.
+
+XXXVIII. VAGINISMUS                                                288
+
+ Vaginismus--Dyspareunia--Difference Between Vaginismus and
+    Dyspareunia--Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+    Convulsions.
+
+XXXIX. STERILITY                                                   291
+
+ Definition of Sterility--Husband Should First be Examined--
+    One-child Sterility--The Fertile Woman--Salpingitis as a
+    Cause of Sterility--Leucorrhea and Sterility--Displacement
+    of Uterus and Sterility--Closure of Neck of Womb and
+    Sterility--Sterility and Constitutional Disease--Treatment
+    of Sterility.
+
+XL. THE HYMEN                                                      294
+
+ Difference Between Chastity and Virginity--Worship of Intact
+    Hymen--Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of
+    the Girl--Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.
+
+XLI. IS THE ORGASM NECESSARY FOR IMPREGNATION?                     297
+
+ Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation--Bad
+    Results of Suppression by the Woman--Orgasm: Relation of to
+    Impregnation--A Hypothesis--A Fanciful Hypothesis--Why
+    Passionate Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers--Advice
+    to Passionate Women who Desire to Conceive.
+
+XLII. FRIGIDITY IN WOMEN                                           301
+
+ Meaning of Term Frigidity--Types of Frigidity--Large Percentage
+    of Frigid Women--Repression of Sexual Manifestations and
+    Frigidity--Frigidity and Masturbation--Frigidity and Sexual
+    Weakness of Husband--Frigidity and Dislike of Husband--Organic
+    Causes of Frigidity--A Frigid Woman May Become Passionate--
+   Treatment of Frigidity.
+
+XLIII. ADVICE TO FRIGID WOMEN, PARTICULARLY WIVES                  304
+
+ Advice to Frigid Women--Attitude of Different Men Towards
+    Frigid Wives--Orgasm a Subjective Feeling--A Justifiable
+    Innocent Deception--The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.
+
+XLIV. RAPE                                                         308
+
+ Definition of Rape--Age of Consent--Unanimous Opinion of
+    Experts--Exceptional Cases--False Accusation of Rape Due to
+    Perversion--Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing
+    Accusations Against Doctors and Dentists.
+
+XLV. THE SINGLE STANDARD OF SEXUAL MORALITY                        311
+
+ Chastity--Double Standard of Morality--Attempt to Abolish
+    Double Standard--Late Marriages and Chastity in Men--Harmful
+    Advice Given to Young Women--Chastity in Men Not Always Due
+    to Moral Principles--Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands--A
+    Statement by Professor Freud--A Statement by Professor
+    Michels--What a Girl has a Right to Demand of Her Future
+    Husband--Three Cases Showing Disastrous Effects of Wrong
+    Teachings.
+
+XLVI. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN'S AND WOMAN'S SEX AND LOVE LIFE       318
+
+ Seemingly Contradictory Statements--Faulty Interpretations of
+    Words Sexual Instinct and Love--Difference in Manifestations
+    of Male and Female Sexual Instincts--Man's Sex Instinct
+    Grosser Than Woman's--Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy
+    and in the Girl--Woman's Desire for Caresses--Man's Main
+    Desire for Sexual Relations--Normal Sex Relations as Means
+    of Holding a Man--A Physiological Reason Why Man is Held--Man
+    and Physical Love--Woman and Spiritual Love--Preliminaries of
+    Sexual Intercourse in Men and Women--Physical Attributes--
+    Mental and Spiritual Qualities--Difference Between Love and
+    "Being in Love"--Love as a Stimulus to Man--When the Man
+    Loves--When the Woman Loves--Man's More Engrossing
+    Interests--Lovemaking Irksome to Man--Man's Polygamous
+    Tendencies--Woman Single-affectioned in Her Sex and Love
+    Life--Man and Woman Biologically Different.
+
+XLVII. MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS                                        327
+
+ Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions--No Single
+    Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression--Birth of
+    Monstrosities--Ridiculous Examples Given by Physicians--
+    So-called Shock Often a Product of Mother's Imagination--
+    Four Cases of Alleged Maternal Impressions--Mother's
+    Health During Pregnancy May Have Effect Upon Child's
+    General Health.
+
+XLVIII. ADVICE TO THE MARRIED AND THOSE ABOUT TO BE                336
+
+ Marriage as an Ideal Institution--Monogamic Marriage--Some
+    Reasons for Husbands' Deviations--Importance of First Few
+    Weeks of Married Life--Necessity for Understanding at
+    Beginning--Preventing and Breaking Habits--The Wife's
+    Individuality--Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious--
+    Wife's Interest in Husband's Affairs--The "Slob" Husband--
+    The Well-groomed Husband--Bad Odor from the Mouth--Odors
+    from Other Parts of the Body--Treatment for Bad Odor from
+    Perspiration--A Beneficial Powder--Advice Regarding
+    Flirting--Dainty Underwear--Fine External Clothes and Cheap
+    and Soiled Underwear--Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act
+    Required with Some Men--Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's
+    Foibles--A Professional Secret--A Case of Temporary
+    Impotence--The Wife's Indiscretion--The Disastrous Result--A
+    Big Stomach--The Wife's Attitude Towards the Marital
+    Relation--Behavior Preliminary to and During the Act--
+    Congenital Frigidity--Prudish and Vicious Ideas About the
+    Sex Act--Sexual Intercourse for Procreative Purposes
+    Only--Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife--The
+    Remedy--Other Causes--Wife who Makes too Frequent Demands--
+    Sacrificing the Future to the Present--Esthetic Considerations.
+
+XLXIX. A RATIONAL DIVORCE SYSTEM                                   356
+
+ A Rational Divorce System--Storms and Squalls--Two Sides of the
+    Divorce Question--Outside Help and Marital Tangles--A
+    Husband who was a Paragon of Virtue--The Case of the Sweet
+    Wife--The Proper Untangling of Domestic Tangles.
+
+L. WHAT IS LOVE?                                                   361
+
+ Is Love Definable?--Raising a Corner of the Veil--Two Opinions
+    of Love--The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love--The
+    Second Opinion--The Grain of Truth in Each--The Truth
+    Concerning Love--Foundation of Love--Sexual Attraction and
+    Love--The Frigid Woman and Her Husband--Puzzling Cases of
+    Love--The Paradox--Blindness of Love and the Penetrating
+    Vision of Love--Limits of Homeliness--Physical Aversion and
+    Genesis of Love--Mating in the Animal Kingdom--Mating in Low
+    Races--Love in People of High Culture--Difference in Love of
+    Savage and Man of Culture--Distinctions Between
+    Loves--Varieties of Love and Varieties of Men--"Love"
+    Without Sexual Desire--Refraining and Wanting--Cause of
+    Love at First Sight--"Magnetic Forces" and Love at First
+    Sight--The Pathological Side--Differentiation of Phases of
+    Love--Infatuation--Difference Between "Infatuation" and
+    "Being in Love"--Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation--Sexual
+    Satisfaction and Love--Infatuation Mistaken for Love--Love
+    the Most Mysterious of Human Emotions--Great Love and
+    Supreme Happiness.
+
+LI. JEALOUSY AND HOW TO COMBAT IT                                  375
+
+ Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions--Impairment of
+    Health--Mental Havoc--Jealousy as a Primitive Emotion--
+    Jealousy in the Advanced Thinker and in the Savage--Jealousy
+    in the Child--Feelings and Environmental Factors--Essential
+    Factors--Vanity--Anger--Pain--Envy--The Impotent Husband's
+    Jealousy--Anti-social Qualities--The Jealous and the
+    Unfaithful Husband--Means of Eradicating the Evil--Iwan
+    Bloch on the Question--Prof. Robert Michels' Statement--
+    Remark of Prof. Von Ehrenfels--Havelock Ellis on Variation
+    in Sexual Relationships--Advanced Ideas--Woman as Man's
+    Chattel--The Change and the Changer--Teaching the Children--
+    Casting Epithets at Jealousy--Free Unions and Jealousy--
+    Feelings, Actions and Public Opinion--The Adulterous Wife of
+    the Present Day--Jealousy Defeating Its Own Object--Jealousy
+    of Inanimate Objects.
+
+LII. REMEDIES FOR JEALOUSY                                         395
+
+ Prevention and Cure--Prophylaxis of Jealousy--Fitting Remedy to
+    Circumstances--The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband--No
+    Question of Love--Advice to the Wife of the Flirtatious
+    Man--An Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy--Jealousy Must Be
+    Experienced to Be Understood--Necessity for Freedom of
+    Association--Lines of Conduct for the Wife--Contempt for a
+    Certain Type of Wife and Husband--The Abandoned Lover--The
+    Effects of Unrequited Love--Sublimated Sexual Desire--
+    Replacing Unrequited Love--The Attitude of Goethe--
+    Simultaneous Loves Possible--Successive Loves Possible--
+    Eternal Loves--When Sex Relationships May Be Beneficial--
+    Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value--The Broken
+    Engagement--The Terrible Effects on the Young Man--The
+    Young Streetwalker--Sex Relations with Fiance--Inundating
+    Sense of Shame--Collapse--Attempts at Suicide--An Active Sex
+    Life--The Results--The Prevention of Jealousy.
+
+LIII. CONCLUDING WORDS                                             409
+
+
+
+
+
+WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE
+
+
+CHAPTER ONE
+
+THE PARAMOUNT NEED OF SEX KNOWLEDGE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN
+
+ Why Sex Knowledge is of Paramount Importance to Girls and
+  Women--Reasons Why a Misstep in a Girl Has More Serious
+  Consequences than a Misstep in a Boy--The Place Love Occupies in
+  Woman's Life--Woman's Physical Disabilities.
+
+
+All are agreed--I mean all who are capable of thinking and have given
+the subject some thought--that for the welfare of the race and for his
+own physical and mental welfare it is important that the boy be given
+some sex instruction. All are not agreed as to the character of the
+instruction, its extent, the age at which it should be begun and as to
+who the teacher should be--the father, the family physician, the
+school teacher or a specially prepared book--but as to the necessity
+of sex knowledge for the boy there is now substantial agreement--among
+the conservatives as well as among the radicals.
+
+No such agreement exists concerning sex knowledge for the girl. Many
+still are the men and women--and not among the conservatives only--who
+are strongly opposed to girls receiving any instruction in sex
+matters. Some say that such instruction--except a few hygienic rules
+about menstruation--is unnecessary, because the sex instinct awakens
+in girls comparatively late, and it is time enough for them to learn
+about such matters after they are married. Others fear that sex
+knowledge would destroy the mystery and romance of sex, and would rob
+our maidens of their greatest charms--modesty and innocence. Still
+others fear that sex instruction would tend to awaken the sex instinct
+in our girls prematurely; would direct their thoughts to matters about
+which they would not think otherwise; and they argue that the warnings
+about venereal disease, prostitution, etc., which are an integral part
+of sex instruction, tend to create a cynical, inimical attitude
+towards the male sex, which may even result in hypochondriac ideas and
+antagonism to marriage.
+
+I do not deny that there is a grain of truth in all the above
+objections. Sex instruction does cause _some_ girls to think of sex
+matters earlier than they otherwise would, and some girls have been
+made bitter and hypochondriac, and disgusted with the male sex. But it
+would not be difficult to demonstrate that it was not sex instruction
+_per se_ that was responsible for these deplorable results; it was the
+_wrong_ kind of instruction that was to blame--it was the wrong
+emphasis, the lurid exaggerations that caused the mischief, and not
+the truth. In other words, it is not sex information, it is sex
+misinformation, that is pernicious. And, of course, to this everybody
+will agree: rather than false information, better no information at
+all.
+
+But if the information to be imparted be sane, honest and truthful,
+without exaggerating the evils and without laying undue emphasis on
+the dark shadows of our sex life, then the results can be only
+beneficent. And the task I have put before myself in this book is to
+give our girls and women sane, square and honest information about
+their sex organs and sex nature, information absolutely free from
+luridness, on the one hand, and maudlin sentimentality, on the other.
+The female sex is in need of such information, much more so than is
+the male sex. Yes, if boys, as is now universally agreed, are in need
+of sex instruction, then girls are much more in need of it. Why? For
+several important reasons.
+
+The first reason why sex instruction is even more important for girls
+than it is for boys is because a misstep in a girl has much more
+disastrous consequences than it has in a boy. The disastrous results
+of a misstep in a boy are only physical in character; the results of
+the _same_ misstep in a girl may be physical, moral, social and
+economic. To speak more plainly. If a boy, through ignorance, rashly
+indulges in illicit sexual relations, the worst consequence to him may
+be infection with a venereal disease. But he is not considered
+immoral, he is not despised, he is not ostracized, he does not lose
+his social standing in the slightest degree, and when he is cured of
+his venereal disease he has no difficulty in getting married. He does
+not even have to conceal his past sexual history from his wife. But if
+a girl makes a misstep the consequences to her are terrible indeed; it
+may not only cost her her health and social standing, she may have to
+pay with her very life. She runs the risk of venereal infection the
+same as the boy does, but in addition she runs the risk of becoming
+pregnant, which in our present social system is a catastrophe indeed.
+To save herself from the disgrace of an illegitimate child she may
+have an abortion produced; the abortion may have no bad results, but
+it may, if performed bunglingly, leave her an invalid for life, or it
+may kill her outright. If she is so unfortunate as to be unable to get
+anybody to produce an abortion, she gives birth to an illegitimate
+child, which she is forced in most cases to put away in an institution
+of some sort where she hopes and prays it may die soon--and, in
+general, it does. If it does not die, she has for the rest of her life
+a Damocles' sword hanging over her head, and she is in constant terror
+lest her sin be found out. She does not permit herself to look for a
+mate, but if she does get married, the specter of her antematrimonial
+experience is constantly before her eyes. After years and years of
+married life, the husband may divorce her if he finds out that she had
+"sinned" before she knew him. And unless the husband is a broad-minded
+man and loves her truly and unless she made a clean breast of
+everything to him before marriage, her life is continuous torture. But
+even if the girl escaped pregnancy, the mere finding out that she had
+an illicit experience deprives her of social standing, or makes her a
+social outcast and entirely destroys or greatly minimizes her chances
+of ever marrying and establishing a home of her own. She must remain a
+lonely wanderer to the end of her days.
+
+The enormous difference in the results of a misstep in a boy and a
+girl is clearly seen, and for this reason alone, if for no other, sex
+instruction is of more importance to the girl than it is to the boy.
+
+But there are other important reasons, and one of them is beautifully
+and truthfully expressed by Byron in his two well-known lines.
+
+    Man's love is of man's life a thing apart,
+    'Tis woman's whole existence.
+
+Yes, love is a woman's whole life.
+
+Some modern women might object to this. They might say that this was
+true of the woman of the past, who was excluded from all other avenues
+of human activity. The woman of the present day has other interests
+besides those of Love. But I claim that this is true of only a small
+percentage of women; and in even this small minority of women, social,
+scientific and artistic activities cannot take the place of love; no
+matter how busy and successful these women may be, they will tell you
+if you enjoy their confidence that they are unhappy, if their love
+life is unsatisfactory. Nothing, nothing can fill the void made by the
+lack of love. The various activities may help to cover up the void, to
+protect it from strange eyes, they cannot fill it. For essentially
+woman is made for love. Not exclusively, but essentially, and a woman
+who has had no love in her life has been a failure. The few exceptions
+that may be mentioned only emphasize the rule.
+
+But not only psychically is a woman's love and sex life more important
+than a man's, physically she is also much more cognizant of her sex
+and much more hampered by the manifestation of her sex nature than
+man is. To take but one function, menstruation. From the age 13 or 14
+to the age of forty-five or fifty it is a monthly reminder to woman
+that she is a woman, that she is a creature of sex; and, while to many
+women this periodically recurring function is only a source of some
+annoyance or discomfort, to a great number it is a cause of pain,
+headache, suffering, or complete disability. Man has no such
+phenomenon to annoy him practically his whole life.
+
+But more important are the results of love-union, of sex relations. A
+man after a sexual relation is just as free as he was before. A woman,
+if the relation has resulted in a pregnancy, which is generally the
+case, unless special pains are taken it should not so result, has nine
+troublesome months before her, months of discomfort if not of actual
+suffering; she then has an extremely trying and painful ordeal, that
+of childbirth, and then there is another trying period, the period of
+lactation or of nursing and of bringing up the baby. The penalty seems
+almost too great.
+
+And when the woman is on the point of ceasing to menstruate she does
+not do so smoothly and comfortably. She has to go through a period
+called the menopause, which may last one or two years and which may
+bring discomforts and dangers of its own. Man does not have to go
+through such a distinct period of demarcation separating his sexual
+from his non-sexual life. Altogether it cannot be denied that woman is
+much more a slave of her sex nature than man is of his. Yes, Nature
+has handicapped woman much more heavily than she has man.
+
+In short, both in view of the fact that sexual ignorance with its
+possible missteps has much more disastrous consequences for the girl
+than it has for the boy, and in view of the fact that the sex instinct
+and its physical and psychic manifestations occupy a much more
+important part in woman's life than they do in the life of man, we
+consider the necessity of sex instruction much greater in the case of
+woman than in the case of man. I do not wish to be misunderstood as
+underestimating the need of sex instruction for the male--only I
+consider the need even greater in the case of the female.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWO
+
+THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS: THEIR ANATOMY
+
+ The Internal Sex Organs--The Ovaries--The Fallopian Tubes--The
+  Uterus--The Divisions of the Uterus--Anteversion, Anteflexion,
+  Retroversion, Retroflexion, of the Uterus--Endometritis--The
+  Vagina--The Hymen--Imperforate Hymen--The External Genitals--The
+  Vulva, Labia Majora, Labia Minora, the Mons Veneris, the
+  Clitoris, the Urethra--The Breasts--The Pelvis--The Difference
+  Between the Male and Female Pelvis.
+
+
+The organs which primarily distinguish one sex from the other are the
+sex organs. It is by the aid of the sex organs that children are
+begotten and brought into the world, that the race is _reproduced_ and
+perpetuated. It is for this reason that the sex organs are also called
+the Reproductive Organs.
+
+The first thing we must do is to become familiar with the _structure_
+and _location_ of the sex organs; in other words, we must get a fair
+idea of their _Anatomy_.
+
+The female sex organs, also called the reproductive or generative
+organs, are divided into internal and external. The internal are the
+most important and consist of: the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus
+or womb, and vagina. The external sex organs of the female are: the
+vulva, hymen, and clitoris. Among the external organs are also
+generally included the mons Veneris and the breasts or mammary glands.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER A
+
+THE INTERNAL SEX ORGANS
+
+    [Illustration: OVARY.]
+
+=The Ovaries.= The ovaries are the essential organs of reproduction.
+For it is they that generate the eggs, or _ova_, or _ovules_, which,
+after becoming _fertilized_ or _fecundated_ by the spermatozoa of the
+male, develop into children. Without the ovaries of the female, the
+same as without the testicles of the male (to which they correspond),
+no children could be begotten, and the entire human race would quickly
+disappear from our planet. The ovaries are two in number; they are
+embedded in the _broad ligaments_ which support the womb in the
+pelvis, one on each side of the womb. They are of a grayish or whitish
+pink color, and are about an inch and a half long, three-quarters of
+an inch wide, and one-third of an inch thick. They weigh from
+one-eighth to one-quarter of an ounce. Their surface is either smooth
+or rough and puckered. Think of a large blanched almond and you will
+have a pretty fair idea of the size and shape of an ovary.
+
+=The Fallopian Tubes.= The Fallopian tubes (so called from Fallopius,
+a great anatomist, who discovered them; also called oviducts: egg
+conductors, because they conduct the eggs from the ovary into the
+uterus) are two very thin tubes, extending one from each upper angle
+of the womb to the ovaries; but at their ovarian end they expand into
+a fringed and trumpet-shaped extremity. The fringes are referred to as
+_fimbria_. They are about five inches long and only about
+one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter; the function of the tubes is to
+catch the ova as they burst forth from the ovaries and to convey them
+to the uterus. Taking into consideration the very narrow _lumen_, or
+_caliber_, of the Fallopian tubes, it is easy to understand why even a
+very slight inflammation is apt to clog them up, to seal their mouths
+or openings, thus rendering the woman _sterile_, or incapable of
+having children. For, if the Fallopian tubes are "clogged" up, the
+eggs, or ova, have no way of reaching the uterus.
+
+The Greek name for the Fallopian tube is salpinx (salpinx in Greek
+means tube). An inflammation of the Fallopian tube is therefore called
+salpingitis. (A salpingitis has the same effect in causing sterility
+in the female as has an epididymitis in the male.) Salpingectomy is
+the cutting away of the whole or of a piece of the Fallopian tube
+(corresponds to vasectomy in the male).
+
+=The Uterus.= The uterus or womb is the organ in which the fertilized
+ovum, or egg, grows and develops into a child. It is a hollow muscular
+organ, about the size of a pear, with thick walls, capable under the
+influence of pregnancy of great expansion and growth. The broad part
+of the pear is called the _body_ of the uterus; the lower narrow part
+is called the _neck_ of the uterus, or _cervix_. The uterus in the
+adult girl or woman is about three inches long, two inches broad in
+its upper part and nearly an inch thick. It weighs from an ounce to an
+ounce and a half. When the uterus is in a pregnant condition, it
+increases enormously, both in size and in weight, as we will see in a
+future chapter. The cavity of the uterus is somewhat triangular in
+shape; at each upper angle is the small opening communicating with the
+Fallopian tube; the upper portion of the uterus is called the fundus;
+the external opening of the womb, situated in the center of the
+cervix, is called the mouth of the womb, or the _os_, or external os.
+
+   [Illustration: 1. OPENINGS INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBES. 2. MOUTH OF
+   THE WOMB.]
+
+The uterus is situated in the center of the pelvis, between the
+bladder and the rectum. It is supported by certain ligaments, the
+chief of which are the broad ligaments; but, on account of general
+weakness, too hard physical labor, or lifting heavy weights, the
+ligaments may stretch, and the uterus may sink down low in the vagina,
+and we then have the condition known as prolapse of the womb. Or, the
+womb may turn forward, when we have a condition of _anteversion_. If
+the womb is _bent_ (or _flexed_) forward on itself the condition is
+called _anteflexion_. If the womb is turned backwards, the condition
+is called _retroversion_; if it is bent or flexed backward upon itself
+the condition is called _retroflexion_. An extreme degree of
+anteversion or anteflexion, or retroversion or retroflexion, may
+interfere with impregnation, as the spermatozoa may find it
+difficult or impossible to reach the opening of the womb--the external
+os.
+
+    [Illustration: (Female Reproductive Organs)]
+
+The entire cavity of the uterus is lined by a mucous membrane;[1] this
+mucous membrane is called the endometrium (endo--within;
+metra--uterus). An inflammation of the endometrium is called
+_endometritis_. It is the endometrium that is principally concerned in
+menstruation--that is, it is from it that the monthly discharge of
+blood comes.
+
+=The Vagina= [vagina in Latin--a sheath]. The vagina is the tube or
+canal which serves as a passage-way between the uterus and the outside
+of the body. It extends from the external genitals or vulva to the
+neck of the womb, embracing the latter for some distance. It is a
+strong, fibromuscular canal, lined with mucous membrane. It is not
+smooth inside, but arranged in folds, or _rugae_, so that when
+necessary, as during childbirth, it can stretch enormously and permit
+the passage of a child's head. The length of the vaginal canal is
+between three and five inches, but it is in general much more
+capacious in women that have borne one or more children than in those
+who have not borne any.
+
+Near the vaginal entrance are situated two small glands; they are
+about the size of a pea, and secrete mucus. They are called
+Bartholin's glands; occasionally they become inflamed and give a good
+deal of trouble.
+
+    [Illustration: ANTEVERSION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: ANTEFLEXION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: RETROVERSION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+    [Illustration: RETROFLEXION OF THE UTERUS.]
+
+=The Hymen= [hymen in Greek--a membrane]. The external opening of the
+vagina, in virgins, that is, in girls or women who have not had sexual
+intercourse, is almost entirely closed by a membrane called the hymen.
+The vulgar name for hymen is "maidenhead." The hymen may be of various
+shapes, and of different consistency. In some girls it is a very thin
+membrane, which tears very readily; in others it is quite tough. On
+the upper margin or in the center of the hymen there is an opening
+which permits any secretion from the vagina and the blood from the
+uterus to come through. In rare cases there is no opening in the
+hymen, that is, the vagina is entirely closed. Such a hymen is called
+_imperforate_ (not perforated). When the girl begins to menstruate,
+the blood cannot come out and it accumulates in the vagina. In such
+cases the hymen must be opened or slit by a doctor. In some cases the
+hymen is congenitally absent; that is, the girl is born without any
+hymen. While the hymen is usually ruptured during the first
+intercourse, it, in some cases, being elastic and stretchable,
+persists untorn after sexual intercourse. It will therefore be seen
+that just as the presence of the hymen is no absolute proof of
+virginity, so is the absence of the hymen no absolute proof that the
+girl has had sexual relations, She might have been born without any
+hymen, or it might have been ruptured by vaginal examination, by a
+vaginal douche, by scratching to relieve itching, or by some accident.
+
+The remains of the hymen after it is ruptured shrink and form little
+elevations which can be easily felt; they are known as caruncles.
+[In Latin, _carunculae myrtiformes_, which means in English
+myrtleberry-shaped caruncles; caruncle is a small fleshy elevation;
+derived from _caro_, which in Latin means flesh.]
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER B
+
+THE EXTERNAL GENITALS
+
+=The Vulva.= The external genitals of the female are called the
+_vulva_. The vulva consists of the labia majora (meaning the larger
+lips), which are on the outside and which in the grown-up girl are
+covered with hair, and the labia minora (the smaller lips), which are
+on the inside and which are usually only seen when the labia majora
+are taken apart.
+
+[Vulva in Latin means folding-door. The ancients Were fond of giving
+fancy names to things.]
+
+=The Mons Veneris.= The elevation above the vulva, which during
+puberty becomes covered with hair, is called by the fanciful name,
+_mons Veneris_, or Venus' mountain. It is usually well padded with
+fatty tissue.
+
+=The Clitoris.= The clitoris is a small body about an inch in length,
+situated beneath the mons Veneris and partly or entirely covered by
+the upper borders of the labia minora.
+
+=The Urethra.= Between the clitoris above and the opening of the
+vagina below is situated the opening of the _urethra_, or the urinary
+meatus, through which the urine passes. Many women are so ignorant,
+or, let us say innocent, that they think the urine passes out through
+the vagina. This is not so. The vagina has nothing to do with the
+process of urination.
+
+Again enumerating the female sex organs, but in the reverse order,
+from before backward, or from out inward, we have: The mons Veneris
+and the labia majora, or the external lips of the vulva; these are the
+plainly visible parts of the female genital organs. When the labia
+majora are taken apart we see the labia minora; when the labia majora
+and minora are taken apart we can see or feel the clitoris and the
+hymen, or the remains of the hymen. We then have the vagina, a large,
+stretchable musculo-membranous canal, in the upper portion of which
+the neck of the womb, or the cervix, can be seen (when a speculum is
+used), or felt by the finger. Only the cervix, or neck of the womb,
+can be seen, but the rest of the womb, the broader portion, can be
+easily felt and examined by one hand in the vagina and the other hand
+over the abdomen. Continuous with the uterus are the Fallopian tubes,
+and below the trumpet-shaped ends of the Fallopian tubes are the
+ovaries, embedded in the broad ligaments, one on each side.
+
+=The Breasts.= The breasts, also called mammary glands, or mammae
+[mamma in Latin, breast], may be considered as accessory organs of
+reproduction. They are of no importance in the male, in whom they are
+usually rudimentary, but they are of great importance in the female.
+They manufacture milk, which is necessary for the proper nutrition of
+the infant, and they add a great deal to the beauty and attractiveness
+of the woman. They are thus a help to the woman in getting a mate or a
+husband. The projecting elevation of the breast, which the child takes
+in his mouth when nursing, is called the nipple; the darker colored
+area surrounding the nipple is called the areola.
+
+    [Illustration: THE PELVIS OF THE MALE.]
+
+    [Illustration: THE PELVIS OF THE FEMALE.]
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER C
+
+THE PELVIS
+
+The internal sex organs are situated in the lower part of the
+abdominal cavity, the part that is called the _pelvis_, or pelvic
+cavity. The meaning of the word pelvis in Latin is basin. The pelvis,
+also referred to as the pelvic girdle or pelvic arch, forms a bony
+basin, and is composed of three powerful bones: the sacrum, consisting
+of five vertebrae fused together and constituting the solid part of the
+spine, or vertebral column, in the back, and the two hipbones, one on
+each side. The two hipbones meet in front, forming the _pubic arch_.
+
+The hipbones are called in Latin the ossa innominata (nameless bones)
+and each hipbone is composed of three bones: the ilium, the ischium,
+and the os pubis. The thighs are attached to the hipbones, and to the
+hipbones are also attached the large _gluteal_ muscles, which form the
+buttocks, or the "seat."
+
+The pelvis of the female differs considerably from the pelvis of the
+male. The female pelvis is shallower and wider, less massive, the
+margins of the bones are more widely separated, thus giving greater
+prominence to the hips; the sacrum is shorter and less curved, and the
+pubic arch is wider and more rounded. All this is necessary in order
+to permit the child's head to pass through. If the female pelvis were
+exactly like the male pelvis, a full-term living child could never
+pass through it. The two illustrations show the differences between
+the male and female pelvis very clearly.
+
+Note particularly the differences in the pubic arches: in the male
+pelvis it is really more of an angle than an arch. Also note how much
+longer and more solid the sacrum (with its attached bone, called the
+coccyx[2]) is in the male pelvis. The differences in the pelves (the
+plural of pelvis is pelves) of the male and female become fully marked
+at puberty, but they are present as early as the fourth month of
+intra-uterine life.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mucous membrane--briefly a membrane which secretes mucus or some
+other fluid.
+
+[2] The coccyx consists of three rudimentary vertebrae; it is the
+vestige of an organ which we once possessed in common with many other
+animals, namely--a tail.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THREE
+
+THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE SEX ORGANS
+
+ Function of the Ovaries--Internal Secretion of the
+  Ovaries--Function of the Internal Secretion--Number of Ova in the
+  Ovaries--The Graafian Follicles--Ovulation--Corpora
+  Lutea--Function of the Fallopian Tubes--Function of the
+  Vagina--Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris and Mons
+  Veneris--Function of the Breasts--Besides Secreting Milk Breast
+  Has Sexual Function--The Orgasm--Pollutions in Women--Secondary
+  Sex Characters--Differences Between Woman and Man.
+
+
+The importance of an organ depends upon its _function_, upon what it
+does, and not so much upon what it is. It is important to know the
+size, structure and location of an organ, but it is still more
+important to know its function; in other words, for our purpose it is
+more important to know the _physiology_ than the anatomy of the sex
+organs.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER A
+
+FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES
+
+Like the testicles in man, so the ovaries in woman are the essential
+sexual organs. They are the fundamental organs, without which the
+other sexual organs are useless. Also like the testicles in man, the
+ovaries have two distinct functions, manufacturing two distinct
+substances. One function is to manufacture eggs; this, called the
+ooegenetic or egg-producing function, is its _racial_ function; without
+it the race could not perpetuate itself. But the ovary has also an
+_individual_ function. Besides the ova, the ovary manufactures what we
+call an _internal_ secretion which is absorbed by the blood, and which
+is of the greatest importance to the woman herself. While the
+manufacture of ova begins only at puberty, with menstruation, and
+closes at the menopause, the manufacture of the internal secretion
+lasts throughout the woman's entire life. This secretion, which
+consists of various chemical substances, has a tremendous influence
+not only on the development of the woman's body, but also on her
+feelings.
+
+First of all it is necessary for the development of the woman's
+special characteristics, or _secondary sexual characters_. Without
+that internal secretion of the ovaries, a woman would look more or
+less like a man; she would not develop her beautiful rounded form, her
+pretty long hair, her breasts, her broad pelvis, her feminine voice,
+etc. _Second_, the secretion is necessary to the proper development of
+her other sexual organs; if the ovaries are cut out, then the uterus
+and the vagina and even the vulva shrivel up. _Third_, it is that
+internal secretion that excites in woman sexual desire and makes her
+enjoy relations with the male sex. If the ovaries are cut away,
+particularly if it is done early in life, the woman has no sexual
+desire and no enjoyment. _Fourth_, it contributes to the general
+health, wellbeing, energy, and mental alertness of the woman.
+
+You see the importance of the internal ovarian secretion, and you will
+readily understand why, when the ovaries are removed by operation, the
+woman, particularly if she is young, undergoes such marked changes. It
+is because we recognize now the great importance of the ovaries that
+we always, when operating on diseased ovaries leave at least a small
+piece of ovary, if at all possible.
+
+=Number of Ova.= When the female infant is born, her ovaries contain
+as many ova or eggs as they ever will contain. In fact, they contain
+more than they will at puberty. For it is estimated that at birth each
+ovary contains about 100,000 ova; the majority of these, however,
+disappear so that at the age of puberty each ovary contains only about
+30,000 ova. As only one ovum ripens each month from the time of
+puberty to the time of the menopause (i.e., about 300 to 400 ova at
+the utmost during a lifetime), and as only a dozen or two ova would
+be necessary for the propagation of the race, it seems a
+superabundance of ova, an unnecessary lavishness. But nature _is_
+lavish where the propagation of the species is concerned. A portion of
+an ovary or of both ovaries might become diseased, and thousands of
+ova might become unfit for fertilization; nature therefore puts in an
+extra reserve supply. We see a still more striking example of this
+extreme extravagant lavishness in man; only one spermatozooen is
+necessary to impregnate the ovum, and only one spermatozooen can
+penetrate the ovum; nevertheless each normal ejaculation of semen
+contains between a quarter and half a million spermatozoa.
+
+=The Graafian Follicles.= Each primitive or primordial ovum[3] is
+imbedded in a little vesicle or follicle, which is generally known as
+_Graafian follicle_, and there are as many Graafian follicles as there
+are ova. (The Graafian follicles were first described about 250 years
+ago--in 1672--by a Delft physician named De Graaf, hence the name.)
+Until puberty, that is the commencement of menstruation, the Graafian
+follicles with the ooecytes or primitive ova are in a more or less
+dormant condition. But with the onset of puberty there commences a
+period of intense activity in the ovaries. This period of activity is
+repeated regularly once a month, and it constitutes the process of
+_ovulation_ and _menstruation_. The two processes are closely though
+not causally connected. Ovulation consists in the monthly maturation
+and extrusion of a ripe ovum; menstruation, which will be further
+discussed in a separate chapter, consists in the monthly discharge of
+blood, mixed with mucus from the inside lining of the uterus. Every
+twenty-eight days, from the time of puberty to the time of the
+menopause, a Graafian follicle bursts and an ovum is extruded from the
+ovary. Before the follicle bursts, it swells and enlarges and reaches
+the surface of the ovary; the whole follicle is congested with blood,
+but at one point near the surface of the ovary it is pale and thin,
+and here the rupture takes place.
+
+    [Illustration: SECTION OF OVARY.
+    1. Graafian follicle in the earliest stage. 2, 3, 4. Follicles in
+    more advanced stages. 5, 7. Almost mature follicle. 6. Follicle
+    from which the ovum has escaped. 8. Corpus luteum.]
+
+=Corpora Lutea.= After the Graafian follicle has burst and the ovum
+has been pushed out, the cavity that is left does not remain empty and
+functionless; there is a further process going on there; there is a
+growth of cells, of a yellowish color, and the follicle becomes filled
+with a yellowish body, which on account of its color is called the
+_corpus luteum_ (plural--corpora lutea; luteum in Latin--yellow,
+corpus--body). This corpus luteum grows in size until it sometimes
+occupies as much as one-third of the ovary. But there is considerable
+difference between the corpora lutea of non-pregnant and pregnant
+women. Up to the end of about a month the corpora lutea are the same,
+but after that the corpus luteum of the non-pregnant woman begins to
+get smaller, to shrink, so that at the end of two or three months it
+is reduced to a small scar and later cannot be noticed at all. The
+corpus luteum of the pregnant woman keeps on increasing until the end
+of the second month, remains about the same size until the end of the
+sixth month, and only then begins gradually to diminish. The corpus
+luteum of the non-pregnant woman, that is, the one following
+menstruation, is called false corpus luteum; the corpus luteum
+following pregnancy is called a true corpus luteum. The corpus luteum
+acts like a gland and elaborates a secretion which has an influence on
+the circulation in the uterus and on menstruation. It probably
+possesses other properties, with which we are not yet quite familiar.
+The corpora lutea of various animals are now prepared in powder or
+tablet form and used in medicine in the treatment of certain diseases
+of women.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER B
+
+FUNCTION OF THE OTHER GENITAL ORGANS
+
+=Function of the Fallopian Tubes.= The function of the Fallopian tubes
+or oviducts as they are sometimes called is to catch the ovum as it
+bursts through the ovary and to conduct it from the ovary into the
+uterus. It is while the ovum is in the narrow lumen of the tube that
+the spermatozooen which has travelled up from the uterus usually finds
+it, and it is in the tube, near its entrance to the womb, that
+impregnation usually takes place. After the ovum is impregnated or
+fecundated, it slowly moves down to the uterus, where it attaches
+itself and remains and grows for nine months, until it is ready to
+come out and start an independent life.
+
+The uterus or womb is the house of the embryo almost from the moment
+of conception to the moment of birth. Within the thick warm sheltered
+walls of the uterus the child grows, develops, eats and breathes,
+until all its organs and functions have reached such a stage of
+perfection that it can live by itself and for itself. And this may be
+said to be the sole function of the uterus, or at least its sole
+useful function. For the other function of the uterus, menstruation,
+cannot be said to be a necessary or a useful function. It is a normal
+function because it occurs regularly in every healthy woman during her
+child-bearing period, but not every normal function is a necessary or
+useful function. Not everything that is is right or useful.
+
+=Function of the Vagina.= The vagina is the canal in which sexual
+intercourse takes place. It receives the male organ (penis) during the
+sexual act, and serves as a temporary repository for the male semen.
+After the spermatozoa have reached the uterus, the vagina has no
+further function to perform.
+
+=Functions of the Vulva, Clitoris=, and =Mons Veneris.= The vulva and
+the clitoris have no special functions to perform; but in them, in the
+clitoris particularly, but also in the labia minora, resides the
+feeling of voluptuousness, the pleasurable sensation experienced
+during the sexual act. Another seat of voluptuousness in the woman is
+located in the cervix of the uterus.
+
+The mons Veneris has no special physiological function to perform, but
+it as well as the vulva serve as strong points of attraction for the
+male sex. While the entire female body is attractive to the male, and
+vice versa, there are certain zones which are especially attractive or
+exciting. Such zones or areas are called _erogenous zones_--the word
+erogenous means love-generating. The vulva and the mons Veneris are
+the strongest erogenous zones; other erogenous zones are the lips, the
+breasts, etc.
+
+=Function of the Breasts.= The function of the breasts is to nurse or
+suckle the young on the mother's milk until they are able to live on
+other food. The other name for breasts is mammary gland (in Latin,
+mamma--breast), and all animals who suckle their young are called
+mammals or mammalia. Besides its milk secreting function, the breasts
+constitute a strong erogenous zone; they are a point of strong
+attraction for the male sex, many men being more attracted by
+well-developed breasts than by a pretty face. There is a good
+biological reason for this. Well developed breasts indicate that the
+other sexual organs are well developed and that the woman will make a
+satisfactory wife and satisfactory mother. Considering then the
+importance of the breasts in attracting a husband and their function
+in nursing the young, also their erogenous properties, it is perfectly
+proper to class them among the reproductive organs.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER C
+
+THE ORGASM
+
+The culmination of the act of sexual intercourse is called the orgasm.
+It is the moment at which the pleasurable sensation is at its highest
+point, the body experiences a thrill, there is a spasmodic contraction
+in the genital organs, and there is a secretion of fluid from the
+genital glands and mucous membranes. This fluid in women is not a
+vital fluid like the semen in man; it is merely mucus, and in some
+women it is very slight in amount or altogether absent. Adult women
+who live without sexual relations occasionally have sexual or erotic
+dreams; that is, they dream that they are in the company of men,
+playing or having relations with them. Such dreams are usually
+accompanied by an orgasm or an orgastic feeling, and by a discharge of
+mucus, the same as in sexual intercourse. Such a discharge of mucus
+during sleep is called an emission or pollution.
+
+In the male sex pollutions play an important role (see the author's
+"Sex Knowledge for men"), because the semen is a vital fluid, and if
+it is lost too frequently the system is put under a heavy drain. In
+boys and men the pollutions or night losses may occur several times a
+week or even every night, or several times a night. When they occur
+with such frequency the man may become a wreck. Not so with women.
+First, pollutions or night dreams in women are much more rare than
+they are in men; and second, as just mentioned, the fluid secreted by
+woman during intercourse or during an erotic dream is not of a vital
+character, as the semen is in man; it is mucus, and the secretion of a
+mucous fluid, even if somewhat excessive, does not constitute a drain
+on the system. For this reason women can stand frequently repeated sex
+relations and emissions or pollutions much better than men can.
+
+
+SUBCHAPTER D
+
+THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS
+
+The sex organs constitute the primary sex characters. It is they that
+distinguish primarily one sex from another. But there are numerous
+other sex characters or sex differences which while not so important
+serve to differentiate the sexes, at the same time forming points of
+attraction between one sex and another. For instance, the beard and
+mustache are a distinct male characteristic and constitute one of the
+secondary male sex characters. The secondary sex characters are very
+numerous; one might say that each one of the billions of cells in the
+body bears the impress of the sex to which it belongs.
+
+First, the skeleton. The entire female skeleton differs from the male
+skeleton; all the bones are smaller and more gracile; the pelvis, as
+we have seen before, is shallower and wider. Then the muscles are
+smaller and more rounded. The entire contour of the body is rounded
+rather than angular as in man. The skin is finer, softer, more
+delicate. The hair on the head is longer and of a finer texture, while
+over the body the hair is also finer and less abundant. The voice is
+finer, more pleasant, and of a higher pitch (soprano). The breasts are
+well developed, and serve an important purpose, while in men they are
+rudimentary. The breathing is also different; woman breathes
+principally with the upper part of the chest, man with the lower. The
+brain is smaller and its convolutions somewhat less complex in woman.
+
+Woman differs considerably from man not only physically, as we have
+seen, but also mentally and emotionally. But into this phase of the
+subject we will not enter, except to remark that it is foolish to
+speak of the superiority or inferiority of one sex to another. In some
+respects man is greatly superior to woman, in others he is inferior;
+on the whole the sexes balance one another pretty well, and while the
+sexes are not and never will be exactly alike, we have no right to
+speak of the inferiority of one sex to another. We recognize that the
+sexes are different, but they complement one another, and the claim of
+the reactionary and of the woman-hater that woman is an inferior
+creature is just as senseless as is the claim made by some
+ultra-militant feminists that woman is the superior and man the
+inferior.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] The ovum is really the fully mature egg ready for fecundation;
+before maturity it should not be called ovum but ooecyte; and in
+advanced treatises it is so referred to. But here ovum will do for
+both the unripe and ripe egg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOUR
+
+THE SEX INSTINCT
+
+ Universality of the Sex Instinct--Not Responsible for Our Thoughts
+  and Feelings.
+
+
+THE sex instinct, which runs all through nature from the lowest animal
+to the highest, is the inborn impulse, craving or desire which one sex
+has for the other: the male for the female and the female for the
+male. This instinct, this desire for the opposite sex, which is born
+with us and which manifests itself at a very early age, is not
+anything to be ashamed of. There is nothing disgraceful, nothing
+sinful in it. It is a normal, natural, healthy instinct, implanted in
+us by nature for various reasons, and absolutely indispensable for the
+perpetuation of the race. If there were anything to be ashamed of, it
+would be the lack of this sex instinct, for without it the race would
+quickly die out.
+
+=Not Responsible for Thoughts and Feelings.= It is necessary to
+impress this point, because many girls and women, whose minds have
+been perverted by a vicious so-called morality, worry themselves to
+illness, brood and become hypochondriac because they think they have
+committed a grievous sin in experiencing a desire for sexual relations
+or for the embrace of a certain man. Altogether it is necessary to
+impress upon the growing girl, when the occasion presents itself, that
+a thought or a feeling can never be sinful. An action may be, but a
+thought or a feeling cannot. Why? Because we are not responsible for
+our thoughts and feelings; they are not under our control. Though it
+does not mean that when they do arise we are to give them full sway.
+We should attempt to combat them and drive them away, but there is
+nothing to be ashamed of, because for their origin we are not
+responsible.
+
+=Responsible for Actions.= Our actions are under our control, to a
+certain extent at least, and if we do a bad or injurious act, we have
+committed a sin and are morally responsible. The _desire_ for the
+sexual act is no more sinful than the desire for food is when one is
+hungry. But the performance of the act may, under certain
+circumstances, be as sinful as the eating of food which the hungry man
+obtained by robbing another fellow-being, just as poor as himself.
+
+I am not preaching to you. But I am not an extremist nor a hypocrite.
+I am advocating neither asceticism nor licentiousness. One is as bad,
+or almost as bad, as the other.
+
+What I am trying to do is to inculcate in your minds, if possible, a
+sane, well-balanced view of all things sexual.
+
+For I believe that wrong, perverted views of the physiology and
+hygiene of the sex act and of sex morality, that is, the proper
+relationship of the sexes, are responsible for untold misery, for
+incalculable suffering. Both sexes suffer, but the female sex suffers
+more. The woman always pays more. This is due to her natural
+disabilities (menstruation, pregnancy, lactation), to her age-long
+repression, to the fact that she must be sought but never seek, and to
+her economic dependence.
+
+For the above reasons, sex instruction is a matter of double
+importance to woman--this fact has been emphasized in the first
+chapter. But woman's disabilities impose upon us another duty:
+_because_ she carries the heaviest burden, _because_ she always pays
+more dearly than the man, it becomes incumbent upon man to treat her
+with special consideration, with genuine kindness and chivalry.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIVE
+
+PUBERTY
+
+ Physical Changes in Puberty--Physical Changes in the Genital
+  Organs and in the Rest of the Body--Psychic Changes--Puberty and
+  Adolescence--Nubility.
+
+
+Puberty is the most wonderful, the most significant period in a girl's
+life. Important as it is in a boy's life and development, it is still
+more so in a girl's. At this period there are often laid the
+foundations which either make or mar the girl's future life.
+
+The meaning of the word puberty is maturity. It is the period at which
+the girl and the boy reach sexual maturity; in other words, the period
+at which the sex glands of the boy begin to generate spermatozoa, and
+the sex glands of the girl begin to mature and expel eggs or ova; with
+the girl puberty is marked by an additional phenomenon, which has no
+analogue in the boy, namely, menstruation.
+
+=Physical Changes.= The word puberty is derived from the word _puber_,
+which in Latin means mature, ripe. But the word puber is itself
+derived from the word _pubes_, which in Latin means fine hair or
+down. For at this period of maturity all mammals (that is animals
+which have breasts and nurse their young) begin to develop a growth of
+hair. You know that our entire body, with the exception of the palms
+of the hands and the soles of the feet, is covered with innumerable
+hair follicles, and from our birth our entire body, with the exception
+named, is covered with fine hair. The hair may be too delicate to be
+seen, but it is there, and with a magnifying glass you can see it
+without any trouble. But at puberty the hair increases in thickness
+and in quantity, and becomes abundant in places where it was hardly
+noticeable before--the upper lip and face in boys, and the armpits and
+lower part of the abdomen in both boys and girls.
+
+And so the first apparent physical sign of puberty in a girl is the
+gradual appearance of hair in the armpits, on the mons Veneris and the
+labia majora. But all the genital organs are undergoing rapid
+development; the vulva, the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries become
+larger, and the ovaries which up to that time were elaborating an
+internal secretion only, now also begin to manufacture ova; in other
+words, the monthly process of ovulation is begun. Synchronously with
+the process of ovulation, there commences the monthly function of
+menstruation. The breasts also increase in size, assume the
+characteristic contour, develop their glandular substance, and become
+capable of secreting milk for the use of any possible offspring.
+During this period of development they are often very sensitive to the
+touch or feel painful without being touched.
+
+But not only the genital organs undergo growth and development--the
+entire body participates in the process. The growth in height is the
+most rapid at this period; the greatest growth takes place in the
+limbs--legs and arms. The pelvis becomes broader, and the chest or
+thorax also becomes broader and larger. The muscles become larger and
+rounder and finally give the girl the beautiful womanly form.
+
+=Psychic Changes.= But the changes are not only physical; the changes
+that take place in the girl's psychic sphere during the pubertal years
+are also highly important. That is the period of the development of
+the emotions; she is overflowing with emotion; she becomes sensitive;
+in her relations with boys and men she becomes self-conscious.
+Distinct sexual desire fortunately does not make its appearance in the
+girl at this period, as it does in the boy, but she becomes filled
+with vague undefined and undefinable longings. It is the period of
+"crushes" when the girl is apt to bestow her overflowing emotion on a
+girl friend. There is nothing reprehensible in these crushes--they
+act as a safety valve--and only in rare cases are they apt to lead to
+abnormal development. This is also the period of day-dreaming and of
+romancing; the girl likes to read love-stories and novels in which she
+identifies herself with the heroine. And it makes quite some
+difference as to what the girl reads during this period, for
+literature has a strong influence on the young in the most plastic
+period of their lives; and it is important that older persons see to
+it that those in their care spend their time on books of noble ideals
+and high artistic value.
+
+Girls of a highly sensitive or so-called "nervous" temperament,
+especially if there is "nervousness" in the family, must be
+particularly looked after. For it is during the years of puberty and
+adolescence that any neurotic traits are apt to develop and become
+emphasized. It is also the period when bad sexual habits
+(masturbation) are apt to develop, and the careful mother will devote
+special attention to her girls in their years of puberty, and guard
+them as much as possible against physical and emotional shocks.
+
+The age of puberty in girls is by many writers considered as
+synonymous or synchronous with the onset of menstruation, which in
+this country in the majority of cases occurs between the ages of
+thirteen and fourteen. The year of gradual development before the
+onset of menstruation is by some referred to as the pre-pubertal year;
+and the first year after the onset of menstruation is the
+post-pubertal year. The period from puberty to full sexual maturity is
+called adolescence, and this term is applied generally to the period
+between thirteen and eighteen. For at eighteen the boy and the girl
+have reached full maturity. Mentally we acquire things as long as we
+live, and even physically the body gets larger for some years after
+eighteen. But sexually both boys and girls are fully mature at
+eighteen, though in order to become parents it is best, for various
+reasons, to wait to the ages of twenty or twenty-five.
+
+=Nubility.= Nubility is the age or state when a boy or a girl is "fit"
+for marriage. This is a vague and unsatisfactory term. At the age of
+thirteen to fifteen boys and girls are physically "fit" for marriage,
+that is at that age a boy is capable of begetting and a girl of having
+children. But it does not mean that it would be advisable for them to
+marry at such an early age. Neither their bodies nor their minds are
+fully developed, and children begotten of such young parents are apt
+to be weaklings, both mentally and physically. The youngest age for
+girls to marry should be eighteen, and for boys twenty; but the
+youngest age for becoming parents should be twenty to twenty-two for
+the mother and twenty-three to twenty-five for the father.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIX
+
+MENSTRUATION
+
+ Definition of Menstruation--Where Menstrual Blood Comes From--Age
+  of Menstruation--Age of Cessation of
+  Menstruation--Duration--Amount--Regularity and Irregularity.
+
+
+The first function with which the girl will be confronted, which will
+impress upon her that she is a creature of sex, that she is decidedly
+different from the boy, is _menstruation_. And this function we will
+now proceed to study.
+
+What is menstruation? Menstruation is a monthly discharge of blood.
+The word is derived from the Latin word mensis, which means a month;
+and menstruation is also frequently spoken of as _the menses_. It is
+also called the catamenia or catamenia-flow (Greek, kata--by, men--a
+month). Other terms are: the periods, courses, monthlies, turns,
+monthly changes, monthly sickness, sickness, flowers, to be unwell, to
+be regular. "Not to see anything" is a common term for having missed
+the menses. This flow of blood recurs in most cases with remarkable
+regularity once a month; not a calendar month, but once a lunar month,
+i.e., once every twenty-eight days. And as there are thirteen lunar
+months a year, a woman menstruates not twelve but thirteen times a
+year.
+
+Where does the menstrual blood come from? The menstrual blood comes
+from the inside of the womb. Every month, for a few days prior to
+menstruation, the inside lining of the womb (what we call the mucous
+membrane or endometrium) becomes congested and its bloodvessels become
+distended with blood. If the woman has sexual intercourse and
+pregnancy happens to take place, then this extra blood is used to
+nourish and develop the new child; but if no pregnancy takes place,
+that extra blood exudes from the bloodvessels (some of the
+bloodvessels rupture) and is discharged from the uterus into the
+vagina, and from there to the outside, where it is caught on cotton,
+sanitary napkins or some other pad.
+
+=At what age does menstruation begin?= The usual age at which
+menstruation begins in this country is thirteen or fourteen; in some
+it may occur as early as twelve, in others as late as fifteen, sixteen
+or even seventeen. For menstruation to begin earlier than twelve or
+later than seventeen is in this country a rare exception. But in cold
+northern climates the age of eighteen is not rare, and in the hot
+southern climates menstruation often starts at the ages of ten or
+eleven. Change of climate or of country will often have an influence
+on the menses. In the early years of his medical practice, the author
+had many Finnish girls as patients. It was a very common occurrence
+for them to stop menstruating for the first few months or even for the
+first year of their residence in this country.
+
+=At what age does menstruation cease?= The age at which menstruation
+ceases is called the _menopause_ or _climacteric_. It usually takes
+place at the age of forty-eight or fifty. In some cases it does not
+take place until the age of fifty-two, in others it takes place as
+early as forty-five or forty-four. In general, it may be said that the
+woman's menstruating period, during which she is able to have
+children, lasts about thirty-five years. And if no restraint be taken,
+and if no precautions be taken against conception, a woman could have
+twenty or thirty children during her childbearing period.
+
+=How many days does a woman menstruate?= The usual number of days is
+from three to five; in some cases menstruation lasts only two days, in
+others as long as seven. As a rule, the greatest amount of blood
+passed is during the first two days.
+
+=The amount of blood.= It is hard to estimate the exact amount of
+blood passed by a woman during her menses, but it reaches about an
+ounce and a half to three ounces. In some women the amount may reach
+as much as four or five ounces and in exceptional cases as much as
+eight ounces. Where it exceeds this amount, it is an abnormal
+condition, requiring treatment. The usual statement that a normally
+menstruating woman should not have to use more than three napkins
+during the twenty-four hours is correct.
+
+_The periodical regularity_ with which menstruation recurs in many
+women is remarkable. I know a woman who has not missed her menses in
+twenty years; during those twenty years the menses have started every
+fourth Friday, almost always at the same hour. I know another one who
+has her menses every fourth Wednesday, about seven in the morning. She
+skipped her periods during her two pregnancies, then they were
+irregular for a while, then they came back to Wednesday. Other women
+have their menses on a certain day of the month, say the first or the
+fifth, regardless of the number of days in the month (such cases are,
+however, exceptional). And in some women the menses are irregular:
+every three weeks, every five or six weeks, every six or seven weeks,
+etc. Some women never know when they may expect their menses, so
+irregular they are.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVEN
+
+ABNORMALITIES OF MENSTRUATION
+
+ Disorders of Menstruation--Menorrhagia--Metrorrhagia--Amenorrhea--
+  Vicarious Menstruation--Dysmenorrhea of Organic and of Nervous
+  Origin.
+
+
+In many girls and women menstruation is a perfectly normal,
+physiological process. They suffer no discomfort whatever from it.
+They suffer no pains, no headache, no irritability, they have no
+admonition of its onset, until they feel the blood oozing or trickling
+out. But, unfortunately, this is true only of a small percentage. The
+majority of women have some unpleasant symptoms. Some have a headache
+for a day or two, some complain of a dragging down sensation, some are
+irritable, feel depressed or quarrelsome; some have no appetite, no
+ambition, no desire for work or company, while some girls have such
+severe pains and cramps that they are obliged to go to bed for a day
+or two and call in medical aid.
+
+When the menstruation is very profuse, resembling more a hemorrhage
+than normal menstruation, it is called _menorrhagia_; if the
+hemorrhage from the uterus occurs out of the regular menstrual
+periods, it is called _metrorrhagia_. When the menses are skipped, or
+when they are so scanty that you can hardly notice any blood, we use
+the term _amenorrhea_. In a few rare cases the menstruation instead of
+coming normally from the uterus, comes from some other part of the
+body, for instance, the nose. Some women have a hemorrhage from the
+nose every month. In some a bloody discharge may come from the
+breasts. To such a substitute menstruation we apply the term
+_vicarious menstruation_. Such cases, however, are rare, and are mere
+curiosities.
+
+=Dysmenorrhea.= I mentioned before that in some girls and women the
+menses are accompanied by pains and cramps. This affliction, which is
+the lot of millions of women, and from which men are entirely free, is
+called _dysmenorrhea_. Dysmenorrhea means painful and difficult
+menstruation. A slight pain or at least a feeling of discomfort is
+present in most cases of menstruation. But in many cases the pain is
+so severe, so _excruciating_, that the sufferer, girl or woman, is
+incapacitated for any work, and must go to bed for a day or two. In
+some cases the pain is so severe as to necessitate the use of
+morphine, and as it is a very bad thing to have to give morphine every
+three or four weeks, every endeavor should be made to find out the
+cause of the trouble and to remove it. It is a mistake, however, to
+think that all or even most cases of dysmenorrhea are due to some
+local trouble, that is, to an inflammation of the ovaries, or a
+displacement of the womb. Many cases of dysmenorrhea are of _nervous_
+origin; the cause resides in the central nervous system, and not in
+the genital organs themselves. It is, therefore, not advisable to
+undertake any local treatment, unless a competent physician has made a
+thorough examination and has decided that local treatment is
+advisable.
+
+As to the percentage of dysmenorrhea, a recent statistical examination
+of 4,000 women showed that dysmenorrhea of some degree was present in
+over one-half, namely, 52 per cent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER EIGHT
+
+THE HYGIENE OF MENSTRUATION
+
+ Lack of Cleanliness During Menstrual Period--Superstitious
+  Beliefs--Hygiene of Menstruation.
+
+
+The hygiene of menstruation can be expressed in two words: cleanliness
+and rest. Common sense would suggest these two measures, and as far as
+rest is concerned, many women do rest or take it easy while they are
+unwell. Some are forced to do it, because, if they don't, their
+dysmenorrhea is worse and the amount of blood they lose is
+considerably increased. The same cannot be said of cleanliness. Due
+undoubtedly to the superstitious opinions about menstruation, which
+came over to us from the ages-of-long-ago, menstruation is still
+considered a _noli-me-tangere_, and women are afraid to bathe, to
+douche or even to wash during the periods. And if there is any period
+when a woman needs a douche it is during menstruation. Any leucorrhea
+that a woman may be suffering from becomes aggravated around the
+periods; the menstrual blood of some women has a decided odor, and if
+no cleansing douche is taken during four or five days, some of the
+blood decomposes and acquires a decidedly offensive odor, which can be
+noticed at some distance and to which some men and women are very
+susceptible. There are some women who never take a vaginal douche.
+Some consider it a useless and unnecessary luxury; while some orthodox
+puritanical women consider it an ungodly procedure (forgetting that
+cleanliness is next to godliness) fit only for women of gay and
+questionable character. If these orthodox women knew what was good for
+them--and for their health--they would take a douche at least during
+menstruation, if at no other time.
+
+=Cleanliness.= When the girl reaches the age of twelve or thirteen the
+mother should explain to her the phenomenon of menstruation and the
+likelihood of its making its appearance in a short time. Of course she
+should be told that there is nothing shameful in it, that when it
+makes its appearance she should at once tell her mother, who will
+instruct her what to do. She should be shown the use of sanitary
+napkins. Rags, unless recently washed and kept wrapped up and
+protected from dust, should not be used. Unclean rags may lead to
+infection. I have no doubt that many cases of leucorrhea date back
+their origin to unwashed rags. Every morning and every evening the
+girl should wash the external genitals with warm water, or plain soap
+and water. Married women should also take a douche once a day--the
+douche may consist of two quarts of water in which has been dissolved
+a teaspoonful of common table salt, or a tablespoonful of borax or
+boric acid. Such things like alum, potassium permanganate, carbolic
+acid, lactic acid, or tincture of iodine should only be used when
+there is leucorrhea present and generally only under a physician's
+directions. Bathing is permissible, but it is safe to use only a
+lukewarm bath. Cold tub baths, cold shower baths, as well as ocean and
+river bathing are best avoided during the period; at least during the
+first two days. I do not give this as an absolute rule; I know women
+who bathe and swim in the ocean during their menstrual periods without
+any injury to themselves, but they are exceptionally robust women;
+advice in books is for the average person, and it is always best to be
+on the safe side.
+
+=Rest.= Rest is just as important during menstruation as cleanliness,
+if not more so. Some women as mentioned before feel during their
+menses just as well as they do at other times, and do not need any
+special hygiene. But these are in the minority. Most girls and women
+do feel somewhat below par during that period, and it is very
+important that they take it easy, particularly during the first two
+days. It is an outrage that many delicate, weak girls and women must
+stay on their feet all day or work on a machine when they should be at
+home in bed or lying down on a couch.
+
+The womb is congested during the period, is larger and heavier than
+normal, and it is then that there is often laid the foundation for
+some future uterine disease, the well-known "womb trouble," or "female
+disease." It is not necessary that work be given up altogether, but
+there certainly should be less of it and there should be as much rest
+as possible. For delicate and sensitive girls it is always best to
+stay away from school during the first and second days. Speaking again
+of the average and not the exception, it is best that dancing, bicycle
+riding, horseback riding, rowing, and other athletic exercises be
+given up altogether during the menses. Automobile riding and railroad
+and carriage travelling prove injurious in some instances, greatly
+increasing the flow of blood. But these are the exceptions at the
+other extreme.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER NINE
+
+FECUNDATION OR FERTILIZATION
+
+ Fecundation or Fertilization--Process of Fecundation--When the
+  Ovum Matures--Fate of Ovum When no Intercourse Has Taken
+  Place--Entrance of Spermatozoa as Result of Intercourse--The
+  Spermatozoa in Search of the Ovum--Rapidity of Movements of
+  Spermatozoa--Absorption of Spermatozooen by Ovum--Activity of
+  Impregnated Ovum in Finding Place to Develop--Pregnancy in the
+  Fallopian Tube and Its Dangers--Twin Pregnancy--Passivity of Ovum
+  and Activity of Spermatozooen Foretell the Contrasting Roles of
+  the Man and the Woman Throughout Life.
+
+
+Fecundation and fertilization are important terms to remember. They
+stand for the most important phenomenon in the living world. Without
+it there would be no plants and no animals, excepting a few very low
+forms of no importance, and of course no human beings.
+
+=Fecundation= or fertilization is the process of union of the female
+germ cell with the male germ cell; speaking of animals, it is the
+process of union of the egg or ovum of the female with the
+spermatozooen of the male. When a successful union of these two cells
+takes place a new being is started. The process of fertilization or
+fecundation is also known as impregnation and conception. We say, to
+fertilize (chiefly, however, when speaking of plants) or to fecundate
+an ovum, or to impregnate a female or woman, and to conceive a child.
+We say the woman has become impregnated or has conceived.
+
+_The Process._ The process of fecundation is briefly as follows. An
+ovum becomes mature, breaks through its Graafian follicle in the ovary
+and is set free. It is caught by the fimbriated or trumpet-shaped
+extremity of the Fallopian tube and, moved by the wave-like motion of
+the cilia[4] of the lining of the tube, it begins its travel towards
+the uterus. If no sexual intercourse has taken place nothing happens.
+The ovum dries up, or "dies," and either remains somewhere in the tube
+or womb or is removed from the latter with the menstruation, or mucous
+discharge. But if intercourse has taken place, thousands and thousands
+of the male germ cells or spermatozoa enter the uterus through its
+opening or external os, and begin to travel upward in search of the
+ovum. The spermatozoa are capable of independent motion, and they
+travel pretty fast. It is claimed that they can travel an inch in
+seven minutes, which is pretty fast when you take into consideration
+that a spermatozooen is only 1/300 of an inch long. Many of the
+spermatozoa, weaker than the others, perish on the way, and only a few
+continue the journey up through the uterus to the tube. When near the
+little ovum, which remains passive, their movements become more and
+more rapid, they seem to be attracted to it as if by a magnet, and
+finally one spermatozooen--just one--the one that happens to be the
+strongest or the nearest, makes a mad rush at it with its head,
+perforates it, and is completely swallowed up by it. As soon as the
+spermatozooen has been absorbed by the ovum, the opening through which
+it got in becomes tightly sealed up--a coagulation takes place near
+it--so that no other spermatozoa can enter the ovum. For if two or
+more spermatozoa got into the same ovum a monstrosity would be apt to
+be the result.
+
+    [Illustration: SPERMATOZOOeN PENETRATING THE OVUM.]
+
+What becomes of all the other spermatozoa? They perish. Only one is
+needed. But in the ovum that has been impregnated, and which is now
+called an embryo, a feverish activity commences. First of all it looks
+for a fixed place of abode. If the ovum happened to be in the uterus
+when the spermatozooen met and entered it, it remains there. It becomes
+attached to some spot in the lining of the womb and there it grows and
+develops, until at the end of nine months it has reached its full
+growth, and the womb opens and it comes out into the outside world. If
+the ovum is in the Fallopian tube when the spermatozooen meets it, as
+is usually the case, it travels down to the uterus, and fixes itself
+there.
+
+=Extra-Uterine Pregnancy.= The tube is a bad place for the ovum to
+grow and develop, because the tube cannot stretch to such an extent as
+the uterus can, nor can it furnish the embryo such good nourishment as
+the uterus can. Occasionally, however, it happens that the impregnated
+ovum remains in the tube and develops there; we then have a case of
+what we call _extra-uterine_ (outside-of-the-uterus) or _tubal_
+pregnancy. Extra-uterine pregnancy is also called _ectopic_ pregnancy,
+or ectopic gestation. Unless diagnosed early and operated upon, the
+woman may be in great danger, for after a few weeks or months the tube
+generally ruptures.
+
+From the moment the spermatozooen has entered the ovum, a process of
+_division_ or _segmentation_ commences. The ovum, which consists of
+one cell, divides into two, the two into four, the four into eight,
+the eight into sixteen, these into thirty-two, these into sixty-four,
+128, 256, 512, 1,024, until they can no longer be counted. This
+mulberry mass of cells arranges itself into two layers, with a cavity
+in between. And from these layers of cells there develop gradually all
+organs and tissues, until a fully formed and perfect child is the
+result. If two ova are impregnated at the same time by two
+spermatozoa, the result is twins.[5]
+
+I might mention here that the moment the ovum is impregnated, i.e.,
+joined by a spermatozooen, it is called technically a zygote; it is
+also called embryo, and this name is applied to it until the age of
+five or six weeks. Some use the term embryo up to two or three months.
+After that, until it is born, it is called fetus.
+
+A study of the development of the embryo and the formation of the
+various organs from one single cell, the ovum, vitalized or fecundated
+by another single cell, the spermatozooen, is the most wonderful and
+most fascinating of all studies. But that belongs to the domain of
+Embryology, which is a separate science.
+
+What we see in the process of fecundation is a foreshadowing of the
+future man and woman. The ovum has no motion of its own, it is moved
+along by the wave-like motions of the lining cells of the Fallopian
+tube, and throughout the entire act it remains passive. The
+spermatozooen, on the other hand, is in a state of continuous activity
+from the moment it has been ejaculated by the male until it has
+reached its goal--the ovum. And as the spermatozoa carry in them the
+entire impress of the man, and the ova of the woman, they foretell us
+the fates of the future boy and girl. The woman's role throughout life
+is a passive and the man's an active one. And in choosing a mate the
+man will always be the active factor or pursuer. So biology seems to
+tell us. Whether education--using the word in its broadest sense--will
+effect a radical change in the relation of man and woman remains to be
+seen. A change putting the man and the woman on a footing of
+_equality_ would be desirable; but whether biological differences
+having their roots in the remotest antiquity can be obliterated, is a
+question the answer of which lies in the distant future. As Geddes and
+Thomson so well said: The differences [between the sexes] may be
+exaggerated or lessened, but to obliterate them it would be necessary
+to have all the evolution over again on a new basis. What was decided
+among the prehistoric Protozoa cannot be annulled by act of
+Parliament.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Hair-like appendages.
+
+[5] Each ovum has one germinal vesicle; occasionally one ovum may
+contain two germinal vesicles; and from the impregnation of such an
+ovum a twin pregnancy may result.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TEN
+
+PREGNANCY
+
+ Period of Pregnancy in Human Female--Physiologic Process of
+  Pregnancy--Growth of Embryo from Moment of Conception--Pregnant
+  Woman Provides Nourishment for Two--Her Excreting Organs Must
+  Work for Two.
+
+
+From the moment the ovum has been fertilized or fecundated by the
+spermatozooen, the woman is said to be pregnant (or in French
+_enceinte_. This term was used very frequently and is still used by
+prudes, who seem to consider the word pregnant vulgar and
+disgraceful). Pregnancy, or the period of gestation, lasts from the
+moment of conception to the moment that the fetus or child is expelled
+from the uterus. The period of pregnancy differs very widely in
+different animals,[6] but in the human female it lasts nine calendar
+months or ten lunar months--from about 274 to 280 days. We usually
+count 280 days from the _first_ day of the _last_ menstruation. A
+pregnant woman generally wants to know the day of the expected
+confinement--for this purpose a table is appended to this chapter. If
+you know the first day of your last menstruation, you will see at a
+glance when the confinement may be expected. There may be a difference
+of a few days--either before or after the expected date--but for
+practical approximate purposes the tables serve very well.
+
+A simple way is to count back three months and add seven days. For
+instance, a woman's last menstruation occurred on April 4th; counting
+back three months gives you January 4th; add seven days and you get
+January 11th, the probable date of delivery. The first day of the last
+menstruation was December 30th; counting back three months gives you
+September 30th; add seven days and you get October 6th, the probable
+date of delivery. The presence of a short month like February may be
+disregarded, as the calculation is not absolutely, but only
+approximately correct.
+
+The period at which the child's movements begin to be felt by the
+mother is termed Quickening. It usually occurs at the middle of the
+pregnancy, between the 16th and 18th week.
+
+Pregnancy is a normal physiological process; but every active
+physiological process is apt to be accompanied by disturbances, and
+there is certainly no process in the animal body in which greater
+activity, greater changes, go on than during the process of pregnancy.
+Just see what occurs in nine months. The uterus, at first the size of
+a small pear, reaches a size larger than that of the head of a big
+man; it does not merely stretch, as some think, but it actually grows
+enormously in size, the muscular walls of a pregnant uterus being many
+times thicker than those of a non-pregnant one. They have to be or
+they would not have the strength to expel the child, when the proper
+time comes. It is to be borne in mind that the child does not slip out
+by itself; it is the powerful muscular contractions of the uterus that
+push it out. If the uterus should refuse to work, if its walls were
+too thin or too weak, the child could not come out, but would have to
+be taken out with forceps. Still greater changes than in the uterus
+take place in the child itself. At the moment of conception it is the
+size of _the head of a pin_; at the moment of birth it weighs from
+seven to ten pounds; at the moment of conception it is a minute,
+undifferentiated mass of protoplasm, just a single fertilized cell; at
+the moment of birth it consists of millions and millions of cells,
+which have become differentiated into numerous harmoniously working
+organs, and different tissues, such as brain and nerve tissue,
+muscular tissue, connective tissue, bone, cartilage, etc., etc. A
+truly wonderful process. And in the meantime this child, which is
+biologically a parasite (though it is not a nice name to call it by)
+draws its sustenance from the mother's blood, and the mother has to
+provide nourishment for two. And, besides providing nourishment, her
+excreting organs, her kidneys, must work for two, because her system
+has also to get rid of the child's excretions. No wonder that the
+pregnant woman, particularly under an artificial unhealthy mode of
+living, is subject to many troubles and disturbances.
+
+
+DR. ELY'S TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE DATE OF CONFINEMENT
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+January  | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+OCTOBER  | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |NOV.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+February | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+NOVEMBER | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28          |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5          |DEC.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+March    | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+DECEMBER | 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5 |JAN.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+April    | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JANUARY  | 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4    |FEB.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+May      | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+FEBRUARY | 5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |MAR.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+June     | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+MARCH    | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6    |APRIL
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+July     | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+APRIL    | 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |MAY
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+August   | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+MAY      | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |JUN.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+September| 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JUNE     | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7    |JULY
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+October  | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+JULY     | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |AUG.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+November | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+AUGUST   | 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30    |
+                   24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31  1  2  3  4  5  6    |SEPT.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+December | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+SEPTEMBER| 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
+---------+-----------------------------------------------
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+                   17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
+                   23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 |OCT.
+                  ----------------------------------------------+-----
+
+EXPLANATION.--Find in top line the date of menstruation, the figure
+below will indicate the date when confinement may be expected, _i.e._,
+if date of menstruation is June 1st, confinement may be expected on
+March 8th, or one day earlier if leap year.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6] For instance, in rabbits one month, in dogs two months, in sheep
+five months, in cows nine months, in horses eleven months.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER ELEVEN
+
+THE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
+
+ Smooth Course of Pregnancy in Some Women--Pregnancy and
+  Parturition May be Made Normal Processes Through Education in
+  True Hygiene--Morning Sickness and Its Treatment--Necessity for
+  Medical Advice in Pernicious Vomiting--Anorexia--Bulimia--Aversion
+  Towards Certain Foods--Peculiar Cravings--Tendency to Constipation
+  Aggravated by Pregnancy--Dietary Measures in Constipation--Rectal
+  Injections in Constipation--Laxatives--Cause of Frequent Desire to
+  Urinate During First Two or Three and Last Months of Pregnancy--
+  Treatment of Frequent Urination--Cause of Piles During Pregnancy
+  and Their Treatment--Cause of Itching of External Genitals During
+  Pregnancy and Treatment--Cause of Varicose Veins and Treatment--
+  Liver Spots.
+
+
+We saw that in some women menstruation runs a perfectly smooth course,
+free from any disagreeable symptoms. The same is true of pregnancy. It
+is remarkable how smooth and easy the entire course is with some
+women. Many women know that they are pregnant only because of the
+non-appearance of the monthly periods; and even in the later months
+they feel no discomfort, attending to all their work and pleasures as
+usual; and even childbirth is a trifling matter with them.
+Unfortunately the number of such women is not very large, and,
+because of our confined, unnatural, often exhausting way of living,
+is becoming smaller and smaller. There is no question that the
+civilized, refined woman has a harder ordeal in pregnancy and
+childbirth than has her primitive sister. We confidently hope that
+this will not be so in the future; we expect the time to come when
+true hygiene will be an integral part of the education and the life of
+every girl, and then pregnancy and parturition may become even easier
+processes than they are in the primitive races. But the time is not
+yet; and in the meantime our young women have a good deal to go
+through.
+
+=Morning Sickness.= One of the commonest disorders of pregnancy is the
+so-called morning sickness. This consists in a feeling of nausea and
+vomiting, which comes on soon after getting up. The morning sickness
+makes its first appearance in the third, fourth or fifth week of
+pregnancy and lasts usually until the end of the third or fourth
+month. In some women, however, the morning sickness comes on in a few
+days after impregnation has taken place, and those women diagnose
+their condition unmistakably by the feeling of slight nausea which
+they experience on getting up. Medicines are as a rule of little use
+in treating morning sickness. The "disease" can be relieved but not
+cured. The patient should stay in bed later than usual, should have
+her breakfast in bed, and then not get up for about half an hour
+afterward. If the patient is anemic, a good iron preparation may prove
+useful.
+
+=Pernicious Vomiting.= The vomiting of pregnancy sometimes becomes so
+severe and uncontrollable that it has been given the name pernicious.
+The patient is unable to retain any kind of food, not even liquids,
+vomits almost incessantly, and may become very much run down and
+exhausted. The vomited matter may contain blood. For this condition a
+competent physician must be consulted, for in some cases the patient's
+life may be in danger and an abortion has to be performed.
+
+=Capricious Appetite.= A capricious appetite is very common in
+pregnancy. The capriciousness may express itself in four different
+directions: (1) The patient may lose her appetite, almost altogether,
+partaking only of very little food, and that with effort. This
+condition of loss of appetite is called anorexia. (2) The patient may
+develop an enormous appetite--what we call bulimia--eating several
+times as much as she does ordinarily. (3) She may develop an aversion
+towards certain articles of food. Thus many women develop an aversion
+towards meat, the mere sight of or talk about meat causing in them a
+sensation of nausea. (4) She may show a craving for the most peculiar
+articles of food and for articles which are not food at all. The
+craving for sour pickles or sour cabbage is well-known; but some women
+will eat chalk, sand, and even more peculiar things (for the chalk
+there may be a reason: the system needs an extra amount of lime and
+chalk is carbonate of lime).
+
+=Constipation.= Constipation is very common among women in the
+non-pregnant condition; but in the pregnant it is much more common and
+much more aggravated. Constipation must be guarded against, but the
+measures must be of a mild nature. If we can relieve the constipation
+by dietary measures alone, so much the better. The dietary measures
+should consist in eating plenty of fruit--prunes, apples, figs, dates,
+etc., and coarse bread and bran. Constipating articles, such as cheese
+or coffee, should be eliminated. Where dietary measures alone are
+insufficient, the patient should take an enema--a rectal
+injection--twice or three times a week. The enema should consist of
+about 8 ounces (half a pint) of cold or lukewarm water containing a
+pinch of salt, and should be retained about ten minutes. Instead of
+water, we may advise an occasional enema of two to four drams of
+glycerin. Or instead of a glycerin enema, a glycerin suppository may
+be used. If internal laxatives are to be used, only the mildest and
+non-griping preparations should be employed The best are: a good
+mineral oil--one or two tablespoonfuls on going to bed, or fluid
+extract of cascara sagrada, one-half to one teaspoonful on going to
+bed. It is very important, whatever we use, _not_ to use the same
+thing for a long time. If the same drug or measure is used without any
+change, the bowels get used to it and cease to respond and we have to
+use larger and larger doses. In fighting constipation we must
+therefore constantly change our weapons: one night we use mineral oil,
+the next night cascara sagrada, the third night an enema, the fourth
+night a glycerin injection or suppository, the fifth night perhaps
+nothing at all, the sixth night a blue mass pill, the seventh morning
+a Seidlitz powder, then a rest for a day or two, then a repetition of
+the same measures. But always remember: first try to get along without
+any drugs at all. Many cases can get relieved of their constipation by
+a proper change in diet alone. And where this is impossible, then use
+mild laxatives and use them interchangeably.
+
+=Toothache= is not uncommon in pregnancy, and a pregnant woman should
+have her teeth put in first-class condition.
+
+=Difficulty in Urination.= Pregnant women often suffer with frequency
+and urgency of urination. Some have to urinate, while they are on
+their feet, every few minutes. This is due to the fact that during
+the first two or three months of pregnancy the uterus is not only
+enlarged but is also _anteverted_, that is _turned forward_ and
+_presses down_ upon the bladder. When the woman is lying down the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved, and she does not have to urinate
+frequently. This pressure lasts only the first two or three months,
+because after that the growing womb lifts itself out of the pelvis,
+rising into the abdominal cavity; it is no longer anteverted and the
+pressure on the bladder is relieved. During the last months of the
+pregnancy there is again frequent urination, because then the heavy
+uterus sinks again into the pelvic cavity and presses upon the
+bladder. The treatment for this frequent urination consists in wearing
+a well fitting abdominal belt or corset, which raises the uterus and
+prevents pressure on the bladder. Sometimes a pessary which prevents
+the anteversion is efficient. In all cases lying down and resting is
+useful. In short, keeping off one's feet is the most efficient remedy
+for the treatment of frequent urination in pregnant women.
+
+=Hemorrhoids= (Piles). On account of the pressure of the womb on the
+rectum, and also on account of the constipation which is so frequent
+during pregnancy, hemorrhoids or piles are quite frequent among
+pregnant women. The treatment of hemorrhoids consists in removing the
+cause: wearing a well-fitting abdominal belt, and relieving the
+constipation. Injecting into the rectum about half a pint of cold
+water three times a day is very useful. For the intolerable itching
+sometimes present in hemorrhoids the following ointment will be found
+very grateful: menthol, 5 grains; calomel, 10 grains; bismuth
+subnitrate, 30 grains; resorcin, 10 grains; oil of cade, 15 grains;
+cold cream, one ounce. The piles (the hemorrhoids) are to be well
+cleansed with hot water, and this ointment is to be well smeared over;
+a little is pushed into the rectum, and a piece of cotton is put over
+the anus. This protects the clothes from soiling and keeps the
+medicine in place for a longer time. Instead of ointment a cocoa
+butter suppository may be used. A suppository of the following
+composition is good: powdered nutgalls, 3 grains; oil of cade, 3
+drops; resorcin, 1 grain; bismuth subnitrate, 5 grains; cocoa butter,
+20 grains. One such suppository to be inserted three times a day. The
+ointment and the suppository given above, if used in conjunction with
+the proper regulation of the bowels, will not only relieve but will
+cure most cases of hemorrhoids caused by pregnancy.
+
+=Itching of the Vulva. Pruritus Vulvae.= Itching of the external
+genitals during pregnancy is not uncommon. This may be due to the
+fact that the vulva is generally congested and swollen during
+pregnancy or it may be caused by an increased leucorrheal discharge.
+The itching is sometimes very severe, and if the patient scratches
+with her nails and produces bleeding, she may cause an infection of
+the parts. The patient should be cautioned against scratching; she
+should try simple measures to relieve the itching. A small towel or
+gauze compress wrung out of boiling water and applied to the vulva
+several times a day, followed by a free application of stearate of
+zinc powder is often efficient. If it is not, the following salve may
+be tried: carbolic acid, 10 grains; menthol, 5 grains; resorcin, 15
+grains; zinc oxide, 1 dram; and white vaseline, one ounce. In very
+severe cases the vulva should be painted with a solution of silver
+nitrate, 25 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water.
+
+=Varicose Veins.= In most women during pregnancy the veins in the legs
+become somewhat enlarged. This is due to the pressure of the womb,
+which interferes with the circulation. If the veins become very
+prominent, swollen and tortuous, they are called varicose. This
+condition should be prevented, because it often and to some degree
+always persists permanently even after the pregnancy is over. The best
+precautionary measure is for the woman to wear a well-fitting
+abdominal belt or maternity corset, which supports the womb and does
+not permit it to sink too low into the pelvis. If varicose veins have
+been permitted to develop, the woman should wear well-fitting rubber
+stockings, or at least have the legs bandaged with woven elastic
+bandages. The bandage must be applied by a competent person, uniformly
+and not too tightly. Constipation has also a bad effect in making
+varicose veins worse; the bowels should therefore also be looked
+after. In some severe cases all measures are of little value unless
+the patient at the same time stays in bed or on a couch for a few
+days, with the legs elevated.
+
+Swelling of the feet should be at once attended to. It may be a
+trifling matter due only to pressure of the womb; then again it may be
+due to some kidney trouble. The physician will determine the true
+cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
+
+=Liver Spots. Chloasma.= In some cases irregular brownish patches or
+splotches develop on the skin around the breasts, on the sides, or on
+the face. These patches are known popularly as liver spots or in
+medical language as _chloasma_. Nothing can be done for them, but they
+generally disappear after the pregnancy is over. A few patches here
+and there may remain permanently.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWELVE
+
+WHEN TO ENGAGE A PHYSICIAN
+
+ Necessity for the Pregnant Woman Immediately Placing Herself Under
+  Care of Physician and Remaining Under His Care During Entire
+  Period.
+
+
+The disorders and disturbances described above are, with the exception
+of pernicious vomiting, of a minor nature. They are annoying, may
+cause considerable discomfort and suffering, but they do not endanger
+the life of the woman or of the child. Occasionally, however,
+fortunately not very often, the kidneys become affected, and for this
+condition treatment by a physician is absolutely necessary. In fact,
+the correct and safe thing for a woman to do is to consult a physician
+as soon as she knows she is pregnant, and have him take care of her
+during the entire pregnancy. Some women engage a physician during the
+eighth or ninth month and this is decidedly wrong, because it may then
+be too late to correct certain troubles which if taken at the outset
+could have been easily cured; while many troubles in the hands of a
+competent physician can be prevented altogether. I must therefore
+reiterate: every woman should engage a physician from the beginning
+of her pregnancy, or at least during the third or fourth and certainly
+not later than the fifth month. He will examine the urine every month
+and make sure that the kidneys are in order, he will make sure that
+the child is in a normal position, and will prevent a host of other
+ills.
+
+    [Illustration: POSITION OF THE CHILD IN THE WOMB.]
+
+This is not a special treatise on the management of pregnancy, and
+therefore minute details are out of place. Besides, to the details the
+physician will attend. But some hints regarding diet and general
+hygiene will prove useful.
+
+If everything is satisfactory, if there is no severe vomiting, kidney
+trouble, etc., the usual mixed diet may continue. The only changes I
+would make are the following: Drink plenty of hot water during entire
+course of pregnancy: a glass or two in the morning, two or three
+glasses in the afternoon, the same at night. From six to twelve
+glasses may be consumed. Also plenty of milk, buttermilk and fermented
+milk. Plenty of fruit and vegetables. Meat only once a day. For the
+tendency to constipation, whole wheat bread, rye bread, bread baked of
+bran or bran with cream.
+
+As to exercise, either extreme must be avoided. Some women think that
+as soon as they become pregnant, they must not move a muscle; they are
+to be put in a glass case, and kept there to the day of delivery.
+Other women, on the other hand, of the ultramodern type, indulge in
+strenuous exercise and go out on long fatiguing walks up to the last
+day. Either extreme is injurious. The right way is moderate exercise,
+and short, non-fatiguing walks.
+
+Bathing may be kept up to the day of delivery. But warm baths,
+particularly during the last two or three months, are preferable to
+cold baths.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTEEN
+
+THE SIZE OF THE FETUS
+
+ Approximately Correct Measurements and Weight of Fetus at End of
+  Each Month of Pregnancy.
+
+
+Men and women are always interested to know how large the fetus is and
+how far it is developed during the various months of pregnancy.
+Absolutely exact measurements cannot be given, but the following
+approximate measurements are correct:
+
+   [Illustration: 1. EMBRYO BETWEEN ONE AND TWO WEEKS OLD.
+   2. EMBRYO ABOUT FOUR WEEKS OLD.
+   3. EMBRYO ABOUT SIX WEEKS OLD.
+   (Illustrations are double the actual size.)]
+
+At the end of the first month (lunar) it is about the size of a
+hazelnut. Weighs about 15 grains.
+
+At the end of the second month it is the size of a small hen's egg.
+The internal organs are partially formed, it begins to assume a human
+shape, but the sex cannot yet be differentiated. Up to the fifth or
+sixth week it does not differ much in appearance from the embryos of
+other animals.
+
+At the end of the third month it is the size of a large goose egg; it
+is about two to three and a half inches long. Weighs about one ounce.
+
+At the end of the fourth month the fetus is between six and seven
+inches long and weighs about five ounces.
+
+At the end of the fifth month the fetus is between seven and eleven
+inches long, and weighs eight to ten ounces.
+
+At the end of the sixth month it is eleven to thirteen inches long and
+weighs one and one-half to two pounds. If born, is capable of living a
+few minutes, and it is reported that some six months' children have
+been incubated.
+
+At the end of the seventh month the fetus is from thirteen to fifteen
+or sixteen inches long and weighs about three pounds. Is capable of
+independent life, but must be brought up with great care, usually in
+an incubator.
+
+At the end of the eighth month the length is from fifteen to
+seventeen inches, and weight from three to five pounds.
+
+At the end of the ninth month the length of the fetus is from sixteen
+to seventeen and one-half inches, and weight from five to seven
+pounds.
+
+At the end of the tenth lunar month (at birth) the length of the child
+is from seventeen to nineteen inches and the weight from six to twelve
+pounds; the average is seven and a quarter, but there are full term
+children weighing less than six pounds and more than twelve; but these
+are exceptions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOURTEEN
+
+THE AFTERBIRTH (PLACENTA) AND CORD
+
+ How the Afterbirth Develops--Bag of Waters--Umbilical Cord--The
+  Navel--Fetus Nourished by Absorption--Fetus Breathes by Aid of
+  Placenta--No Nervous Connection Between Mother and Child.
+
+
+Whatever part of the womb the ovum attaches itself to is stimulated to
+intense activity, to growth. Numerous bloodvessels begin to grow and
+that part of the lining membrane with its numerous bloodvessels
+constitute the placenta, or as it is commonly called _afterbirth_,
+because it comes out _after_ the _birth_ of the child. From the
+placenta there is also reflected a membrane over the ovum, so as to
+give it additional protection. That membrane forms a complete bag over
+the fetus; this bag becomes filled with liquid, so that the fetus
+floats freely in a bag of waters; this bag bursts only during
+childbirth. The fetus is not attached close to the placenta, but is,
+so to say, suspended from it by a _cord_, which is called the
+_umbilical cord_. When the child is born, the umbilical cord is cut,
+and the scar or depression in the abdomen where the umbilical cord
+was attached constitutes the navel or umbilicus (in slang
+language--button or belly button). The umbilical cord consists of two
+arteries and one vein embedded in a gelatin like substance and
+enveloped by a membrane, and it is through the umbilical cord that the
+blood from the placenta is brought to and carried from the fetus. The
+blood of the fetus and the blood of the mother do not mix; the
+bloodvessels are separated by thin walls, and it is through these thin
+walls that the fetal blood receives the ingredients it needs from the
+mother's blood. In other words, it receives its nourishment from the
+mother by _absorption_ or _osmosis_. The blood from the placenta also
+furnishes the fetal blood with oxygen, so that the fetus breathes by
+the aid of the placenta, and not through its own lungs.
+
+It is well to remember that there is absolutely no nervous connection
+between mother and child. There are no nerves whatever in the
+umbilical cord, so that the nervous systems of the fetus and of the
+mother are entirely distinct and separate. And this will explain why
+certain nervous impressions and shocks received by the mother are not
+readily transmitted to the child. It is only through changes in the
+mother's blood that the fetus can be influenced. As will be seen in a
+later chapter we are skeptical about "maternal impressions."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTEEN
+
+LACTATION OR NURSING
+
+ No Perfect Substitute for Mother's Milk--When Nursing is Injurious
+  to Mother and Child--Modified Milk--Artificial Foods--Care
+  Essential in Selecting Wet Nurse--Suckling Child Benefits
+  Mother--Reciprocal Affection Strengthened by Nursing--Sexual
+  Feelings While Nursing--Alcoholics are Injurious--Attention to
+  Condition of Nipples During Pregnancy Essential--Treatment of
+  Sunken Nipples--Treatment of Tender Nipples--Treatment of Cracked
+  Nipples--How to Stop the Secretion of Milk When Necessary--
+  Menstruation While Nursing--Pregnancy in the Nursing Woman.
+
+
+Every mother should nurse her child--if she can. There is no perfect
+substitute for mother's milk. There is only one excuse for a mother
+not nursing--that is when she has no milk, or when the quality of the
+milk is so poor that the child does not thrive on it, or when the
+mother is run down, is threatened with or is suffering with
+tuberculosis, etc. In such cases the nursing would prove injurious to
+both mother and child.
+
+When the mother cannot nurse the child, it should be brought up
+artificially on modified cow's milk. Formulas for modified milk have
+been worked out for every month of the child's life, and if the
+formulas are carefully followed, and the bottle and nipples are
+properly sterilized, the child should have no trouble, but should
+thrive and grow like on good mother's milk. If the child is sickly or
+delicate and does not thrive on modified cow's milk or on the other
+artificial foods, such as Horlick's malted milk, or Nestle's food,
+then a wet nurse may become necessary. But before engaging a wet nurse
+great care should be taken to make sure that she is healthy, that the
+age of her child is approximately the same as the age of the child
+which she is about to nurse, and particularly that she is free from
+any syphilitic taint. One, two or more Wassermann tests should be made
+to settle the question definitely.
+
+Mothers should bear in mind that suckling the child is good not only
+for the child, but for the mother as well. Lactation helps the
+_involution_ of the uterus: the uterus of a nursing mother returns
+more quickly and more perfectly to its normal ante-pregnant condition
+than the uterus of the mother who cannot or will not nurse her child.
+
+It is asserted that the reciprocal affection between mother and child
+is greater in cases in which the child suckled its mother's breast.
+This is quite likely. It is also asserted that the nursing mother
+transmits certain traits to its child, which the non-nursing mother
+cannot. This is merely a hypothesis without any scientific proof.
+
+On the other hand, the statement that many women experience decidedly
+pleasurable sexual feelings while nursing seems to be well
+substantiated.
+
+That the mother who nurses her child should partake of sufficient
+nourishment goes without saying. But the advice often given to nursing
+mothers to partake of beer, ale or wine is a bad one. It is a question
+if a mother partaking of considerable quantities of alcoholic
+beverages may not transmit the taste for alcohol to her children. No,
+alcoholics should be left alone, but milk, eggs, meat, fruit and
+vegetables should be partaken of in abundance.
+
+=Preparing the Nipples.= For the infant to be able to nurse properly
+the nipples of the breast must be in good condition. If the nipples
+are sunken, depressed, it is torture for the child to nurse. It uses
+up a lot of energy uselessly, becomes exhausted, and gets very little
+milk; while if the nipples be tender or cracked the process of nursing
+is a torture for the mother.
+
+It is therefore necessary to attend to the nipples in due time--to
+begin at the fifth or sixth month is not too early. If the nipples are
+sufficiently prominent, little need be done for them except to wash
+them with a little boric acid solution (one teaspoonful of boric acid
+to a glass of water) occasionally, and now and then to rub in a little
+petrolatum, plain or borated. But if the nipples are sunken so that
+they are below the surface of the breast, or if they are only slightly
+above the surface of the breast, they must be treated. Gentle traction
+must be made on them with the fingers three or four times a day. There
+are only a few cases where persistent manipulation will not develop
+the nipple and make it stand out prominently.
+
+If the nipple is tender it should be washed two or three times a day
+with a mixture of alcohol and water; one part of alcohol to three
+parts of water is sufficient. In washing the nipple with this diluted
+alcohol it should be dried and a little petrolatum or vaseline rubbed
+in. This done two or three times a day during the last month or two of
+the pregnancy will generally produce a good healthy nipple.
+
+=The Treatment of Cracked Nipples.= If the care of the nipple has been
+neglected, and it develops cracks or fissures so that the nursing of
+the child causes the mother severe pain, the nursing should be done
+through a nipple shield, and in the meantime between the nursings the
+nipple should be rubbed with the following preparation, which is
+excellent and which I can fully recommend: thymol iodide, 1/2 dram;
+olive oil, 1/2 ounce. This should be applied every hour to the nipple
+and covered with a little cotton; before each nursing, however, it
+must be well washed off with warm water or warm boric acid solution.
+When the nipples are cracked, the infant's lips should also before
+nursing be carefully wiped out with boric acid solution. For the
+baby's mouth contains bacteria which while harmless in themselves may
+if they get into the cracks of the nipple set up an inflammation of
+the breast or "mastitis" and cause an abscess. If the cracks are
+excruciatingly painful, as they sometimes are, it is necessary to give
+the one breast a rest for twenty-four hours and have the child nurse
+at the other until the cracks have partially healed.
+
+=When It Is Necessary to Dry Up the Breasts.= In case of the death of
+the child, or if the mother for some other reason finds herself unable
+to nurse, such as in cases where there is absolutely no nipple,
+instead of the prominence of the nipple there being a deep depression,
+it becomes necessary to stop the secretion of the milk, or as it is
+said in common parlance, "to dry up the breasts." In former days, not
+so very long ago, and the practice is still common enough to call
+attention to it and to condemn it, the breasts used to be tightly
+bandaged, or they used to be pumped every few hours. The first causes
+unnecessary pain and trouble, while the second procedure, the pumping,
+does exactly the reverse to what it is intended to do. Instead of
+drying up the breasts it keeps up the secretion. The best thing to do
+in a case like that is to leave the breasts alone, not to pump them,
+but just gently support them with a bandage and then in three or four
+days the secretion of the milk will gradually disappear. There is some
+discomfort the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours, but if left
+alone the discomfort is less than if the breasts are manipulated,
+bandaged or pumped.
+
+=Menstruation or Pregnancy While Nursing.= Many women do not
+menstruate and do not become pregnant while they are nursing. Some
+women will not conceive, no matter how long they may nurse the
+child--a year or two or longer. And some women take advantage of this
+fact, and in order to avoid another child they will keep up the
+nursing as long as possible. In Egypt and other Oriental countries
+where our means for the prevention of conception are unknown, it is no
+rare sight to see a child three or four years old interrupting his
+work or his play and running up to suckle his mother's breast. But not
+all women have this good luck. Some women (about fifty per cent.)
+begin to menstruate in the sixth month of lactation, while some become
+pregnant even before they begin to menstruate. It only too often
+happens that a woman considering lactation her safeguard omits to use
+any precautions and finds herself, to her great discomfiture, in a
+pregnant condition.
+
+When a nursing woman discovers that she is pregnant she should give up
+nursing at once. The milk is apt to become of poor quality, but even
+where this is not the case, it is too much for a woman to feed one
+child in the uterus and one at the breast.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIXTEEN
+
+ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE
+
+ Definition of Word Abortion--Definition of Word Miscarriage--
+  Spontaneous Abortion--Induced Abortion--Therapeutic Abortion--
+  Criminal Abortion--Missed Abortion--Habitual Abortion--Syphilis
+  as Cause of Abortion and Miscarriage--Dangers of Abortion--
+  Abortion an Evil.
+
+
+The word abortion, used somewhat loosely, signifies the premature
+expulsion of the fetus; the expulsion of the fetus from the womb
+before it is viable, i.e., before it is capable of living
+independently. Used in a stricter sense, the word abortion is applied
+to the expulsion of the fetus up to the end of the 16th week; to the
+expulsion of the fetus between the 16th and the 28th week the term
+miscarriage is applied; and when the expulsion of the fetus takes
+place after the 28th week, but before full term, we use the term
+premature labor. The laity does not like the term abortion, as it is
+under the impression that the term always signifies criminal abortion;
+it therefore prefers to use the term miscarriage ("miss"), regardless
+of the time at which the expulsion of the fetus takes place.
+
+When an abortion (or miscarriage) takes place by itself, without any
+outside aid, we call it _spontaneous abortion_. When it is brought on
+by artificial means, whether by the woman herself or by somebody else,
+we call it _induced_ abortion. When an abortion is induced for the
+purpose of saving the woman's life, we call it _therapeutic_ abortion;
+this is considered perfectly legal and proper. But where an abortion
+is induced merely to save an unmarried mother's reputation, or because
+the married mother is too poor or too weak to have any more children,
+or is reluctant to have any (or any more) for any other reason, it is
+called _criminal_ or _illegal_ abortion, and, if discovered, subjects
+the mother and the person who produced the abortion to severe
+punishment.
+
+When the fetus for some reason dies in its mother's womb, it is
+generally expelled within a few hours or days. Sometimes this is not
+the case, and the dead fetus is retained for several weeks, or months
+or even years; to such a phenomenon we apply the term _missed_
+abortion. Some women suffer from what might be called the abortion
+habit; they can hardly ever carry a child to full term, but lose it in
+the same month or even in the same week of gestation during each
+pregnancy; we call this habitual abortion. And this habitual abortion
+may be independent of disease, such, for instance, as syphilis. The
+terms _threatened_, _imminent_ and _inevitable_ abortion require no
+further explanation.
+
+=The Causes of Abortion.= Outside of the abortion habit, which may be
+due partly to heredity or be caused by a diseased condition of the
+lining membrane of the uterus, the principal cause of abortion and
+miscarriage is syphilis. And when a woman has had two or three or four
+or more miscarriages in succession we generally assume the cause to be
+syphilis, and in most cases the assumption will be correct.
+
+When an abortion is performed by an experienced physician, with the
+observance of the utmost cleanliness (asepsis and antisepsis), then
+the abortion is accompanied with very little or no danger; but when
+performed carelessly, by incompetent, non-conscientious physicians and
+midwives, the operation is fraught with great danger to the patient's
+health or to her very life. And abortion is a great cause of premature
+death and chronic invalidism among women. And as long as the people
+will remain ignorant of the proper means of regulating their
+offspring, so long will abortion thrive.
+
+While I recognize that there are cases in which the performance of an
+abortion is perfectly justifiable from a moral standpoint, for
+instance in cases of rape or where the mother is unmarried,
+nevertheless abortion must be recognized as an evil, a necessary evil
+now and then, but an evil, nevertheless. It is never to be undertaken
+lightly, or to be considered in a frivolous spirit; and it is the duty
+of all serious-minded and humanitarian men and women to do everything
+in their power to remove those conditions which make abortion
+necessary and unavoidable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
+
+PRENATAL CARE
+
+ Meaning of the Term--Misleading Information by Quasi-Scientists--
+  Exaggerated Ideas Regarding Prenatal Care--Nervous Connection
+  Between Mother and Child--Cases Under Author's Observation--Effects
+  on Offspring--Advice to Pregnant Women--Germ-plasm of Chronic
+  Alcoholic--A Glass of Wine and the Spermatozoa--False Statements--
+  Cases of Violence and Accidents During Pregnancy.
+
+
+By prenatal care we understand the care taken during pregnancy before
+the child is born. Used in a wider sense the term includes the care
+which both parents should take of themselves even before the child is
+conceived.
+
+Of course the father and the mother should be in the best possible
+physical and mental condition during the time of conception and even
+before conception, and the mother should take the very best care of
+herself--she should be in good health and as calm a spirit as possible
+during the entire period of gestation. For the general health and
+condition of the mother does influence the child.
+
+And still I feel impelled to say something which may meet with violent
+opposition in some quarters. The trouble is, there are too many
+half-baked scientists in our midst. They spread misleading information
+and the public at large is too apt to take every statement that has a
+quasi-scientific seal for something absolute, for something positive,
+for something that admits of no exceptions.
+
+I have seen so much misery caused by wrong prenatal care teaching and
+by the foolish, exaggerated ideas on the subject, that I consider it
+my duty to say something in order to counteract those erroneous
+notions. I consider it my special mission to destroy error, mysticism
+and superstition. And the prenatal care teaching as imparted by some
+unfortunately partakes of all three of the above.
+
+Of course, I repeat, the mother should try to be in the best possible
+condition while she is carrying the child. Nevertheless, it is foolish
+to imagine if the mother is not quite well, or is worried about
+something, or has a fit of anger, that it is invariably going to be
+reflected on the child. The child, as we know, has no nervous
+connection whatever with the mother, and it is only very violent or
+prolonged shocks that are apt to have an injurious influence.
+
+I know of children that were carried by their mothers in anger and in
+anguish from the day of conception to the day of delivery. And still
+they were born perfectly normal. I know of a child whose mother was
+suffering the most hellish tortures of jealousy during the entire
+period of pregnancy, and still the child was born perfectly healthy,
+perfectly normal, and is now a splendid specimen of manhood. I know
+children whose mothers went through severe attacks of pneumonia,
+typhoid fever, etc., and still they were born perfectly healthy and
+perfectly normal. I know children whose mothers were using every means
+to abort them, took all kinds of internal medicines until they were
+deathly sick, and still they were born perfectly healthy and normal. I
+know children whose mothers tried to abort them by mechanical means,
+who went to abortionists who made one or more attempts to induce the
+abortion--I know even cases where the mothers bled as a result of such
+attempts--and nevertheless, the children were born perfectly healthy,
+developed normally physically and mentally.
+
+Of course these are not things that I would advise women to do or to
+undergo. I would not advise pregnant women to worry, to be sick, to
+take poisonous medicines or to make attempts at abortion, but I merely
+bring up these points to emphasize to my readers not to take the
+necessity of prenatal care in too absolute a sense, and not to worry
+themselves unnecessarily if the conditions during their pregnancy are
+not all that could be desired. The child is not necessarily going to
+be affected. The condition of the germ-plasms, i.e., the condition of
+the ovum and the spermatozoa at the time of conception is more
+important than all subsequent care during gestation.
+
+As there are foolish people who possess a peculiar knack of
+misinterpreting and misunderstanding everything, I wish to emphasize
+that hygiene during pregnancy should not be neglected. Everything
+possible should be done to put the mother in the best possible
+physical and mental condition. All I want to say is that it is bad to
+be insane on the subject, that it is bad to take things in an absolute
+sense, and that it is bad to exaggerate.
+
+You will often hear it said that a child that was conceived when the
+father was in an exhilarated condition is apt to be epileptic, or
+nervous, or insane, and what not. This is also to be taken with a
+grain of salt. A chronic alcoholic has a defective germ-plasm, and his
+children are apt to be defective. But a glass of wine at a wedding
+banquet cannot affect the previously formed spermatozoa. And the
+statements about children being born defective or developing
+defectively because their fathers took an occasional glass of wine are
+unworthy of serious consideration; are unworthy of any consideration.
+
+In connection with the above the reports of some cases of _violence_
+and _accidents_ during pregnancy which, in spite of their severity,
+did not affect the children, will prove of interest.
+
+A delicate little woman missed her periods. She was sure she couldn't
+be more than two weeks over-due. And this is what she did. For five
+nights in succession she took hot mustard baths and she took them so
+hot that each time she nearly fainted and came out from them like a
+broiled lobster. No effect. She then took a box of pills which cost
+her two dollars. No effect except causing diarrhea. She then took two
+boxes of capsules which upset her stomach and made her fearfully
+nauseous. No other effect. She then ate one-half a colocynth, which
+made her terribly sick, causing a bloody diarrhea. She had to stay in
+bed for three or four days. She then took burning vaginal injections
+with some ipecac in them. No effect except making her feel raw so that
+she needed large amounts of cold cream. She then took secale cornutum
+and radix gossypii. No effect except giving her a headache, making her
+sick to her stomach and completely destroying her appetite, so that
+within a very short time she lost nearly ten pounds. She was then told
+that long walks might be efficient. She took walks of six and seven
+miles at a time, coming home more dead than alive. No effect. She then
+heard that jumping off a table is a very efficient means. She did it
+a dozen times in succession so that she was completely fagged out and
+out of breath. Eight and a half months later she gave birth to a
+perfectly healthy, well-formed boy weighing eight pounds.
+
+The following case was reported by Brillaud-Laujardiere. A farmer who
+was responsible for the condition of a servant of his household
+conceived the idea of riding horseback with her in order to bring
+about an abortion, and pushing her off when the horse was running at
+great speed. This he repeated several times. The woman gave birth to a
+perfectly normal infant at full term.
+
+Hofmann reports that another farmer, under similar circumstances,
+brutally kicked the woman in the abdomen repeatedly until she lost
+consciousness. The pregnancy continued to full term notwithstanding.
+In another case of Hofmann's, a woman allowed a heavy door to fall
+upon her, but the pregnancy was not affected.
+
+Dr. Guibout relates that a German woman, living with her husband in
+California, being pregnant, wished to return to Munich, her home-town,
+to be delivered. The train in which she travelled through Panama
+collided with another train. Threatened abortion required her to take
+a rest. She took a steamer and after a very rough passage reached
+Portsmouth. From there she went to Paris. Here she fell down a flight
+of stairs in the hotel where she was stopping. Again she was
+threatened with abortion, but after a rest was in good condition and
+continued her journey. She finally reached home, and was delivered at
+full term of a normal infant.
+
+Vibert reports the case of a woman who was in a train accident which
+injured her severely, killed two of her children, but did not affect
+her pregnancy. She was delivered at the proper time of a normal baby.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
+
+THE MENOPAUSE OR CHANGE OF LIFE
+
+ Time of Menopause--Cause of Suffering During Menopause--
+  Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous--
+  Increased Libido During Menopause--Change of Life in Men.
+
+
+In the chapter on menstruation I referred briefly to the menopause. I
+will consider it here somewhat more in detail.
+
+The menopause, also called the climacteric, and in common language
+"change of life," is the period at which woman ceases to menstruate.
+The average age at which this occurs is about forty-eight. But while
+some women continue to menstruate up to the age of fifty, fifty-two,
+and even fifty-five, others cease to menstruate at the age of
+forty-five or even forty-two. Between forty-four and fifty-two are the
+normal limits. Anything before or beyond that is exceptional.
+
+Just as the beginning of menstruation may set in without any trouble
+of any kind, and just as some women have not the slightest unpleasant
+symptoms during the entire period of their menstrual life, so the
+menopause occurs in some women without any trouble, physical or
+psychic. The periods between the menses become perhaps a little
+longer, or a little irregular, the menstrual flow becomes more and
+more scanty, then one or several periods may be skipped altogether,
+and the menopause is permanently established. Many women, however, the
+majority probably, suffer considerably during the transitional year or
+years of the menopause. Symptoms are both of a physical and of a
+psychic character, but the psychic symptoms predominate. There may be
+headache, capricious appetite, or complete loss of appetite,
+considerable loss of flesh, or on the contrary very sudden and rapid
+putting on of fat, great irritability, insomnia, profuse perspiration;
+hot flashes throughout the body, and particularly in the face, which
+make the face "blushing" and congested, are particularly frequent.
+Then the woman's character may be completely changed. From gentle and
+submissive she may become pugnacious and quarrelsome. Jealousy without
+any grounds for it may be one of the disagreeable symptoms, making
+both the wife and the husband very unhappy. In some exceptional cases
+a genuine neurosis or psychosis may develop.
+
+=Cause of Suffering During Menopause.= It is my conviction, and I have
+had this conviction for many years, that many, if not most, of the
+distressing symptoms of the menopause are due, not to the menopause
+itself, but to the wrong ideas about this period that have prevailed
+for so many centuries. We know the influence of the mind over the
+body, and the pernicious effect which wrong ideas may exercise over
+our feelings. The generally prevalent opinion among women, and men for
+that matter, and not only of the laity but unfortunately of the
+medical profession as well, is that the menopause is the end of
+woman's sexual life. Every woman is laboring under the erroneous
+impression that with the establishment of the menopause, with the
+cessation of the menses, she ceases to be a woman, and as she does not
+become a man, she becomes something of a neuter being, neither woman
+nor man. And she has the idea that after the menopause she can have no
+further attraction for her husband or for other men. Naturally such an
+idea has a very depressing effect on any human being. Any human being
+fights to the last to retain all its human functions, especially the
+function which is considered as important as is the sexual function.
+
+=Reproductive Function and Sexual Function Not Synonymous.= Of course
+with the permanent cessation of the menses the woman's _reproductive_
+function is at an end. But the reproductive function is _not_
+synonymous with the sexual function, I must insist again and again,
+and naturally until this erroneous idea is dispelled much unnecessary
+misery will be the lot of our women. If women in general will learn
+that with the establishment of the menopause they do _not_ cease to be
+women, if they will learn that the sexual desire in women lasts long
+beyond the cessation of the menopause, many women being as passionate
+at sixty as at thirty, if they will learn that their attractiveness or
+non-attractiveness to the male sex does not depend upon the menopause,
+but upon their general condition, if they will learn that many women
+at fifty and sixty are much more attractive than some women at half
+that age, they will not take the onset of the menopause so tragically
+and they will thereby avoid the greater part of their mental and
+emotional suffering.
+
+The actual atrophy of the ovaries, uterus, external genitals and the
+breasts can, of course, not be prevented, but that atrophy is a slow
+and gradual process, and is not in itself the cause of the various
+distressing symptoms that we have enumerated.
+
+The treatment of the menopause, if the symptoms are at all
+disagreeable, or distressing, should be in the hands of a competent
+physician. A little wholesome advice may be more efficient than
+gallons of medicine and bushels of pills. In general the woman should
+try to lead as calm and peaceful a life as possible. Warm baths daily
+are beneficial, constipation should be guarded against, hot vaginal
+douches are often efficient against the disagreeable flushes, and
+last, but not least, the husband should during this critical period be
+doubly kind and doubly considerate of his wife. It is during the years
+between forty-five and fifty-five that the wife is most in need of her
+husband's sympathy and support.
+
+=Increased Libido During Menopause.= There is one rather delicate
+symptom which I must not pass unmentioned. Some women during the years
+while the menopause is being established, and for some years after the
+menopause, experience a greatly heightened sexual desire. In some
+cases this increased libido is normal, that is, no other pathologic
+symptoms or local conditions can be discovered. In some cases the
+increased libido is distinctly due to local congestion, congestion of
+the ovaries, the uterus, etc. In some cases, I can distinctly testify,
+it is psychic or autosuggestive. Because the woman thinks, and
+believes that other people think, that she is soon going to lose all
+her sexuality, she unconsciously works herself up into a sexual
+passion which sometimes may be of long duration and may even lead to
+disastrous results.
+
+What to do in such cases? Where the woman's libido is normal or near
+normal, then naturally it should be normally gratified. But if the
+libido seems to be abnormally strong and the demands for sexual
+gratification are too frequent, then the woman should be treated and
+sexual gratification should not be indulged in, because in such cases,
+as a rule, sexual gratification only adds fuel to the fire, and the
+woman's demands may become more and more frequent, more and more
+insistent. In exceptional cases it may even reach the intensity of
+nymphomania. In such cases the aid of a tactful physician is
+indispensable.
+
+
+Change of Life in Men
+
+To people not familiar with the subject it sounds rather strange to
+speak of "change of life" in men.
+
+Man, possessing no menstrual function, cannot have any menopause, but
+still sexologists and psychologists who have studied the subject
+carefully are convinced that between the ages of forty-five and
+fifty-five men also undergo a certain change which may be spoken of as
+the change of life or the male climacteric.
+
+They become irritable, capricious, very susceptible to feminine
+charms, are apt to fall in love, and in many the sexual instinct is
+greatly increased. As in women, this increase of the sexual desire is
+sometimes due to pathologic causes, such as an inflamed prostate
+gland--in other cases it is of psychic origin.
+
+Just as a man should be particularly kind and considerate to his wife
+during her menopause, so the wife, understanding that her husband is
+going through a critical period, will also increase her tact, patience
+and consideration.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER NINETEEN
+
+THE HABIT OF MASTURBATION
+
+ Definition of Masturbation--Its Injurious Effects in Girls as
+  Compared with Boys--Married Life of the Girl Masturbator--
+  Necessity for Change in Injurious Attitude of Parents who Discover
+  the Habit--Common-sense Treatment of the Habit--How to Prevent
+  Formation of Habit--Parents' Advice to Children--Hot Baths as
+  Factor in Masturbation--Other Physical Factors--Mental
+  Masturbation and Its Effects.
+
+
+Masturbation or self-abuse is a term applied to a bad habit which
+consists in handling and rubbing the genitals. It is a bad habit
+because it is apt to injure the health and future development of the
+girl. The more frequently it is practiced, the more injurious it is.
+It is more injurious than when practiced by boys, because the effects
+are usually more permanent. Girls who indulge in the habit of
+masturbation to excess not only weaken themselves, become anemic and
+get a dingy, pimply complexion, but they lose their desire for normal
+sexual relations when they grow up, and are unable to derive any
+pleasure from the sexual act when they get married. In fact, many
+girls who masturbated excessively get a strong aversion to the normal
+sexual act, and their married life is an unhappy one. Their husbands
+often have to ask for a divorce. Fortunately, the habit is much less
+widespread among girls than it is among boys. While about ninety per
+cent. of all boys--nine out of every ten--masturbate more or less,
+only about ten or at most twenty per cent. of girls are addicted to
+this habit. But whatever the percentage may be, the habit is an
+injurious one, and if you value your health, your beauty and proper
+growth and mental development, you should not indulge in it. If you
+are already indulging, if you are used to handling your genitals, if a
+bad companion has initiated you into the habit, you should give it up.
+And mothers should watch their children, guard them against developing
+the habit, and do everything possible to cure them of it, if
+prevention comes too late.
+
+But while as you see I do not deny the evil effects of masturbation,
+it is necessary to state that a great change has taken place in our
+opinions on the subject, and it is but right that parents should know
+of this change of opinion among the medical profession, particularly
+among those who specialize in sexology.
+
+=Wrong Behavior of Parents.= When parents make the "awful" discovery
+that their child is fondling its genitals or is indulging in
+masturbation, they feel as if a great calamity had befallen them.
+They could not feel worse if they learned that the child was a thief
+or a pyromaniac. Imbued with the medieval idea of the "sinfulness" of
+the habit, as well as its injuriousness, they begin to scold the
+child, to frighten it, to make it believe that it is doing something
+terrible, that it has disgraced them and itself; and they try to
+persuade it that, unless it stops immediately, the most direful
+consequences are awaiting it. The results of this mode of procedure
+are disastrous--much more so than is the masturbation itself.
+
+Often the scolding and the exposure of the child are done in the
+presence of others. This implants in the poor girl a sullen resentment
+that only makes it more difficult for it to break the habit. When the
+child is brought to the physician, you can see by its behavior, by its
+downcast looks, by its sulkiness, by its attempt to refrain from
+tears, and other signs, that it regards the physician in exactly the
+same light as a youthful criminal regards the judge before whom he has
+been brought for trial.
+
+It is time, high time, that this silly and injurious attitude toward a
+practice, which is very common, be radically changed. It is time that
+parents and physicians learn that the injuriousness of the habit has
+been greatly, grossly exaggerated. It is time that they know that the
+vast majority of boys and girls get over the habit without being much,
+or any, the worse for it. The knowledge of this fact will not only
+save them and the children much needless anguish and suffering, but
+will make it much easier to deal with the latter, make it much easier
+to get them divorced from the habit.
+
+If we look at the matter in a sensible, common-sense way, and do not
+tell the child caught in the practice that it has done something
+disgracefully vicious and criminal, but speak to it kindly and tell it
+that it is doing something that may injure it greatly, that may
+interfere with its future mental and physical health and development,
+then we shall have far greater success in our endeavors to break the
+boy or the girl of the habit of masturbation. As I have said in
+another place:
+
+"In my opinion, stigmatizing even the most moderate indulgence in
+masturbation as a vice has a deleterious effect upon the people who so
+indulge and makes it harder for them to break off the habit. Every
+thinking physician and sexologist can tell you that picturing the
+masturbatory habit in too lurid colors and stigmatizing it with too
+strong epithets has, as a rule, the contrary effect to the one
+expected. The victims of the habit consider themselves degraded,
+irretrievably lost. They lose their self-respect, and it is, on
+account of that, harder for them to break themselves of the habit."
+
+We shall accomplish a good deal more with our youthful and older
+patients if we leave alone, altogether, the moral side of the
+question--if there be any moral side to it--and emphasize the physical
+injuriousness of the habit. We do not want to diminish the
+self-respect of our boys and girls, we want to increase it; and we can
+not do this if we make them believe that a masturbator is a vicious
+criminal. Inspire your patients with confidence, tell them that
+indulgence in the habit jeopardizes their future growth, both physical
+and mental, their health and happiness, and you will find them easier
+to control.
+
+I am not trying to minimize the danger of masturbation, for, if
+indulged in from an early age and to great excess, the results _may_
+be disastrous. But, even if I were to minimize the evil consequences,
+that would be less of a sin than to exaggerate them the way it has
+been done for so many years, by so many people in the profession and
+out of it. The evil results of exaggerating the influence of
+masturbation have been so great in the past that, if now the pendulum
+were to swing to the other extreme, I am sure it would not be a bad
+thing at all.
+
+To deal with the subject of the _treatment_ of masturbation belongs to
+a medical treatise. But, a few remarks on how to prevent children from
+acquiring the habit of masturbation will not be out of place.
+
+=Prevention of the Habit of Masturbation.= The keynote of preventing
+the habit is, carefully to watch the child from its earliest infancy.
+We know that not infrequently stupid or vicious nursemaids,
+wet-nurses, and even governesses ignorantly or deliberately induce the
+habit in children under their charge. This, of course, must be
+prevented. Even children of the age of nine, ten, eleven years should
+not be left alone, but always be under supervision. Too close
+friendship between boys or girls, particularly of different ages,
+should be looked upon with suspicion.
+
+A number of girls never should sleep in the same room without
+supervision by an older person.
+
+The sleeping together of two in the same bed, whether it be two
+children or a grown person and a child, should not be permitted under
+any circumstances. I admit of no exceptions to this demand. It makes
+no difference whether the other person is a mother, a father, a
+brother or a sister. Leaving out of the question any _deliberate_
+element, the thing is dangerous; for, very often, unintentionally,
+unwittingly, masturbation is initiated by this intimate contact.
+
+The child--boy or girl--should sleep alone, on a rather hard mattress.
+The covering should be light. A coverlet may be put over the feet. The
+child always should sleep with the arms out upon the cover or blanket,
+never _under_ the same. If this is done from childhood on, it is very
+easy to get used to this way of sleeping, and many a case of
+masturbation will thus be obviated. The child should not be permitted
+to loll in bed: it must be taught to get up as soon as it awakes in
+the morning. The general bringing-up must be of a strengthening,
+hardening character; and this applies both to the body and the will.
+When the children reach the age of nine, ten, eleven, twelve or
+thirteen years (we must use discrimination and judgment, for, some
+children of nine are as developed as are others of thirteen), we must
+tell them that it is bad and injurious to handle one's genitals, and
+we must warn them to shun any companions who wish to initiate them
+into any manipulations of these parts or who show an inclination to
+talk about the sexual organs and sex matters.
+
+Hot baths are very injurious for young children in their influence in
+this direction. There is no question that a hot bath has a very
+decided stimulating effect upon the sexual desire of adults as well as
+of children, both male and female; in fact, I have had several
+patients of either sex tell me that their first masturbatory act was
+committed while they were in a hot bath. Of course, the sensation
+having been pleasurable, they kept on repeating the experience.
+
+Every factor liable to give rise to the habit should be removed. Thus,
+for instance, eczema about the genitals, strongly acid urine,
+seatworms, and the like, should be treated until cured. That anything
+having a tendency prematurely to awaken the sexual instinct should be
+rigorously avoided, goes without saying.
+
+=Mental or Psychic Masturbation.= Some girls and women will abstain
+from handling themselves with their hands (manual masturbation), but
+will practice what we call mental masturbation. That is, they will
+concentrate their minds on the opposite sex, will picture to
+themselves various lascivious scenes, until they feel "satisfied."
+This method is extremely injurious and exhausting and is very likely
+to lead to neurasthenia and a nervous breakdown. You should break
+yourself of it, by all means, if you can. For it is even more
+injurious than the regular habit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY
+
+LEUCORRHEA--THE WHITES
+
+ Misconception Regarding the Meaning of the Term "Leucorrhea"--A
+  Common Complaint--Severe Cases--Reasons for Resistance to
+  Treatment--Proper Local Treatment of the Disorder--Sterility Due
+  to Leucorrhea--Causes of Leucorrhea--Tonic Medicines--Local
+  Treatment--Formulae for Douching.
+
+
+Leucorrhea means literally a "white running," and is applied by the
+laity to any whitish discharge coming from the vagina. This is wrong,
+because some white discharges may be of little importance; others may
+be of a serious character, and not be leucorrhea at all.
+
+Leucorrhea is one of the banes of the modern girl and woman. It is
+very frequent. Probably at least twenty-five per cent, (some say fifty
+or seventy-five per cent.) of all women suffer with it in a greater or
+lesser degree. In some cases it is only an annoyance, necessitating
+the frequent changing of napkins, but in others it causes a great deal
+of weakness, backache, erosions, itching and burning. It is very
+resistant to treatment, particularly in girls. The reason it is so
+resistant to treatment is because the discharge, while coming from
+the vagina, _does not usually originate_ in the vagina; it originates
+in the neck of the womb, and the hundreds and hundreds of injections
+that women take for their leucorrhea only reach the vagina; they
+cannot penetrate into the womb. And it is only by treating the cavity
+of the cervix, which can only be done by a physician, through a
+speculum, that the root of the trouble can be reached. And, if any
+erosion or ulcer is noticed, it can be directly touched up with the
+necessary application. And it is for this reason that in girls
+leucorrhea is so much more difficult to treat. For fear of having the
+hymen ruptured the girl objects to a thorough examination and to local
+treatment, and the leucorrhea is permitted to proceed until perhaps a
+chronic inflammation of the womb and the Fallopian tubes is
+established. There is no doubt that many cases of sterility or
+childlessness in women are due to long-neglected leucorrhea in
+girlhood.
+
+=What Is the Cause of Leucorrhea?= We can answer simply: the cause of
+leucorrhea is catarrh in any part of the female genital tract. But
+this is no real answer. What are the causes of the catarrh? The causes
+of catarrh are many: the most common cause is a cold. Wetting the feet
+and getting chilled, particularly during the menses, may set up a
+catarrh in the cervix. Long standing on one's feet, lifting and
+carrying heavy bundles, dancing in overheated rooms and then going out
+scantily clad in the chill night air, prolonged ungratified sexual
+excitement, lack of cleanliness in the external genitals--all these
+are factors in setting up a catarrh of the cervix with a resultant
+leucorrhea. A general rundown condition, worry, overwork, too hard
+study, lack of fresh air, and a general scrofulous condition also
+favor the development of catarrh of the womb and leucorrhea. It will
+therefore be seen that the treatment of leucorrhea to be successful
+must be general and local.
+
+=General Treatment.= The general treatment consists in general
+hygienic measures and in common sense. The patient should not be on
+her feet more than she can help, and she should not walk until
+exhausted or fatigued. It is better to take several short walks than
+one long one. The corset she wears, if she wears any at all, should be
+of the modern kind: not one that presses the womb and the other
+abdominal organs down, but one that supports the abdominal walls, and
+rather raises the abdominal organs up. The lacing or buttoning must be
+from below up, and not from above down. That it should not in any way
+interfere with the freedom of respiration goes without saying.
+Constipation if any, to be treated, must be treated intelligently, by
+mild measures (see Constipation, in the chapter on pregnancy), and
+care must be taken that the bowels move at regular hours. Where the
+leucorrhea is due to or is aggravated by anemia and general weakness,
+a good iron preparation, such as one Blaud's five-grain pill three
+times a day, or a tonic of iron, quinine and strychnine, will do good.
+A daily cold bath or cold sponge, followed by a brisk dry rubbing with
+a rough towel, is also useful.
+
+=Local Treatment.= Local measures consist of painting or swabbing the
+vagina and cervix with various solutions, of tampons, suppositories
+and douches. Local application to the vagina and uterus can be done
+satisfactorily by the physician or nurse only. The insertion of a
+suppository or douching can be easily done by the patient herself.
+
+While it is always best and safest to consult a physician, and, while
+self-medication is generally inadvisable, there are occasions when a
+physician is not available; in some small places a woman may, _for
+various reasons_, have a strong objection to gynecological examination
+and treatment; and some women may be too poor to pay the doctor. In
+such circumstances self-treatment is justified and there can be no
+objection to it if the remedies are harmless and are sure to do some
+good; that is, to improve the condition where they do not effect a
+complete cure.
+
+One of the simplest things is an alum tampon. You take a piece of
+absorbent cotton, about the size of a fist, spread it out, put about a
+tablespoonful of powdered alum on it, fold it up, tie a string around
+the center, insert it in the vagina as far as it will go, and leave it
+in for twenty-four hours. Then pull it gently by the string and
+syringe yourself with a quart or two quarts of warm water. Such a
+tampon may be inserted every other day or every third day, and I have
+known many cases where this simple treatment alone produced a cure. In
+some cases, however, douches work better and the two best things for
+douching are: tincture of iodine and lactic acid. Buy, say, four
+ounces of tincture of iodine, and use two teaspoonfuls in two quarts
+of hot water in a douche bag. This injection should be used twice a
+day, morning and night. Of the lactic acid you buy, say, a pint, and
+use two tablespoonfuls to two quarts of water. The lactic acid has the
+advantage over the tincture of iodine that it is colorless, while the
+iodine is dark and stains whatever it comes in contact with. Sometimes
+I order the use of the tincture of iodine and the lactic acid
+alternately: for one douche the tincture of iodine, for the next the
+lactic acid, and so on. When the condition improves, it is sufficient
+to use one teaspoonful of the tincture of iodine and one tablespoonful
+of the lactic acid to two quarts of water. These injections are quite
+efficient and have the advantage of being perfectly harmless. One
+point about the injections: they should be taken not in the standing
+or squatting position (in which position the fluid comes right out),
+but while lying down, over a douche pan. The douche bag should be only
+about a foot above the bed, so that the irrigating fluid may come out
+slowly; the patient, after each injection taken in the daytime, should
+remain at least half an hour in bed (in the night time she stays all
+night in bed). This gives the injection a better chance to come in
+contact with all the parts of the vagina, and a portion of it comes in
+contact with the cervix, where it exerts a healing effect. Avoid the
+use of patent medicines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
+
+THE VENEREAL DISEASES
+
+ Derivation of Word "Venereal"--Three Venereal Diseases--Innocent
+  Contraction of Syphilis Through Various Objects--The Hygienic
+  Elimination of Common Sources of Venereal Infection--Measures for
+  Prevention After Sexual Relations.
+
+
+The word "venereal" means pertaining to sexual intercourse: venereal
+excess--excess in sexual intercourse; venereal disease--a disease
+acquired from sexual intercourse with an infected person. The word is
+derived from Venus (genitive--veneris), the Roman goddess of spring,
+flowers and Love.
+
+There are three venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid.
+Of these, gonorrhea is the most widespread, syphilis the most serious.
+Chancroid is of comparatively little importance.
+
+While by far the greatest amount of venereal diseases--probably ninety
+per cent, of the total--is contracted from illicit[7] intercourse, it
+is well to bear in mind that some of it is contracted innocently,
+either from a kiss, or from using a sponge or a towel which has been
+used by an infected person, etc. While the gonorrheal germ is
+generally transmitted directly, the syphilitic poison may be
+transmitted through various objects. Syphilis contracted not during
+intercourse, but in an innocent manner, from a kiss, a towel, a
+toothbrush, a razor, etc., is called syphilis of the innocent, or
+syphilis insontium. In former years doctors would not very rarely
+contract syphilis from examining syphilitic women with their bare
+fingers. Now since gloves have come into use for examining purposes,
+the number of infections has considerably diminished. And no doubt
+that as the people become more familiar with the danger of venereal
+infection from non-venereal sources, the number of innocent infections
+will greatly diminish. The dangerous roller towel and the no less
+dangerous common drinking cup are being gradually eliminated as
+factors of _non-venereal_ infection; and we may confidently expect
+that in a decade or two the amount of venereal disease from _venereal_
+infection will be greatly lessened in all civilized countries. The
+general increase in cleanliness in all strata of society and the
+universal use of antiseptics after suspicious sexual relations will
+constitute the chief factors in this diminution of venereal disease.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Illicit--illegal, non-permissible, outside of marriage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
+
+THE EXTENT OF VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Former Ban on Discussion of Venereal Disease and Its Evil
+  Results--Present Reprehensible Exaggerations of Extent of
+  Venereal Disease--Erroneous and Ridiculous Statements of
+  "Reformers"--Senseless Fear of Marriage in Girls Due to Lurid
+  Exaggerations--Study by Woman Psychologist Reveals Harmful
+  Results of Exaggerated Statements--Truth in Regard to Percentage
+  of Men Afflicted with Venereal Disease.
+
+
+=Former Silence.= Only a very few years ago respectable women, by
+which I mean all women outside of the women called "fallen," did not
+know of the existence of venereal disease. It was considered a
+prohibited, disgraceful subject, not to be mentioned or even hinted at
+in conversation, in books or magazines, in lectures, or on the stage.
+When I say that they did not know of the _existence_ of such a thing
+as venereal disease, that the very words gonorrhea and syphilis were
+unknown to them, I use these expressions not as figures of speech, but
+in their literal meaning. All avenues of acquiring such knowledge
+being closed to them--lay people don't usually now and they surely
+didn't then purchase and read strictly medical works--where could they
+obtain the information? The result was that when a woman was so
+unfortunate as to contract a venereal disease from her husband, she
+did not understand its character and did not suspect its source. Which
+was a rather good thing--for the husband. Family peace was more
+secure.
+
+=Present Exaggerations.= Now a change has taken place in this respect,
+and, as is often the case with recent changes, the pendulum has swung
+to the other extreme. The silence of former days has given place to
+shouting from the housetops. The last phrase is also used almost in
+its literal sense. Many men and women, deeply stirred by the venereal
+peril, and sincerely anxious to guard boys and girls from venereal
+infection, have been indulging in very reprehensible exaggerations.
+Particularly lurid have been the exaggerations as to the prevalence of
+the disease in the male sex, with its consequent disastrous effects on
+married women. A statement made by a Dr. Noeggerath (a German
+physician who practiced at the time in New York), nearly half a
+century ago, to the effect that 80 per cent, of all men have gonorrhea
+and that 90 per cent. of these remain uncured and infect or are apt to
+infect their wives, has been shown to be a ridiculously absurd
+exaggeration. If it had been true, the race would now be at the point
+of dying out. Nevertheless, this statement is copied from book to
+book, as if it were gospel truth, as if it were a scientifically and
+statistically established fact instead of a wild, sensational guess.
+An esteemed New York physician, Dr. Prince A. Morrow, did excellent
+pioneer work in calling attention to the dangers of venereal disease.
+But, as is the case with so many "reformers," he permitted his zeal to
+run away with him occasionally, and he made statements which caused
+and are still causing the judicious to grieve. The statement, for
+instance, that there is more venereal disease among innocent, virtuous
+wives than among prostitutes is one to cause the real honest
+investigator to weep (over the human tendency to exaggeration), or to
+burst out in uproarious laughter. The ridiculousness of this statement
+becomes especially evident when we recollect that the same gentleman
+made the statement that every prostitute, without exception, was
+diseased at one time or another. If venereal disease exists among
+prostitutes to the extent of 100 per cent., then how can it exist to a
+greater extent among innocent, virtuous wives? And to still further
+emphasize the absurdity of the above statement, I will tell you that
+the extent of venereal disease among married women is believed by
+careful non-sensational venereologists not to exceed five per cent.!
+
+Yes, the silence of former years has given place to the lurid
+exaggeration of the present day. While on the whole the former was
+worse than the latter, the latter is bad enough, because it makes many
+girls unhappy, sowing in them the seeds of suspicion and cynicism,
+tends to make them antagonistic to the entire male sex, and inoculates
+them with a senseless fear of marriage. A study made by Miriam C.
+Gould, of the department of psychology and philosophy in the
+University of Pittsburg (_Social Hygiene_, April, 1916), corroborates
+our remarks in a striking manner.
+
+She has had confidential chats with 50 young girls, with whom she has
+had some acquaintance; of these 50, 25 were college students and 25
+were not. She asked them a number of questions, the purpose of which
+was to find out what psychologic effect, if any, their knowledge of
+prostitution and of venereal disease has had on them. She states in
+her conclusions that "the histories reveal a large percentage of
+harmful results, such as conditions bordering upon neurasthenia,
+melancholia, pessimism and _sex antagonism_ (italics mine), directly
+traceable to this knowledge. Eleven of the girls interviewed developed
+a pronounced repulsion for men, although prior to their 'knowledge'
+they had enjoyed men's company. They now avoid association with them,
+and six have declared that they have totally lost faith in the moral
+cleanness of men. Eight have already refused to marry, or intend to do
+so, because of their belief that the risk of infection was too great.
+If it were not for the existence of these diseases, they say they
+would be glad to marry. All of these say their decision has rendered
+them more or less unhappy."
+
+In the laudable desire to keep our young women pure and to protect
+them from infection, in the endeavor to make them demand one moral
+standard for both sexes, our exaggerating reformers are condemning
+them to lifelong celibacy, which in the case of women often means
+lifelong neurasthenia and hypochondria.
+
+=The Truth of the Matter.= Here is the Truth about venereal
+disease--the truth as I know it, without concealment on the one hand
+and without exaggeration on the other. Exact figures are, of course,
+unobtainable anywhere; but results obtained from unbiased
+investigations of _different_ classes of society, from hospital
+reports, from questionnaires among students, etc., tell us that
+probably about twenty per cent. of the adult male population are the
+victims of gonorrhea at one time or another; that probably eight or
+ten per cent. are not entirely cured when they enter matrimony; and
+four or five per cent. (some would say two per cent.) of wives become
+infected with gonorrhea. This, I say, is terrible enough, and makes
+the greatest care and caution imperative; for, if you should be one of
+the victims of the two or five per cent., it would be little
+consolation to you that the other ninety-eight or ninety-five per
+cent. of wives have escaped.
+
+Of course the percentage of venereal disease among young men, and
+afterwards among their wives, will vary greatly with the stratum of
+society. Among the "lower" strata you may find fifty per cent. of
+infection, with a very large percentage of those uncured. Not because
+they are of a lower morality than the higher classes, but because the
+cheap class of prostitutes that they are obliged to patronize are
+frequently diseased and because they cannot afford expert treatment,
+or any treatment at all. Among these classes you will naturally find a
+much larger percentage of diseased wives. But then to counteract this
+we must bear in mind that there are large classes of men in whom
+gonorrhea exists only to the extent of five or ten per cent., and we
+have large classes of wives among whom the victims of gonorrhea will
+come up only to a fraction of one per cent.
+
+The above figures, you see, differ materially from the statements
+found in so many sex books that "80 per cent. of all married men in
+New York have gonorrhea," and that "at least three out of every five
+[60 per cent.!] married women in New York have gonorrhea." Whenever
+you read or hear such a statement treat it with a smile--or with
+contempt, as all false statements should be treated.
+
+As to syphilis, the extent of the prevalence may be given as between
+two and five per cent. Which percentage differs considerable from the
+75, 50 or 25 per cent. given us by some sex lecturers, but which is
+terrible enough as it is, without any exaggerations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
+
+GONORRHEA
+
+ Source of Gonorrhea--Mucous Membrane of Genital Organs and of Eye
+  Principal Seats of Disease--Symptoms in Men and in Women--Vagina
+  Seldom Attacked in Adults--Nobody Inherits Gonorrhea--Ophthalmia
+  Neonatorum--Differences of Course of Disease in Men and Women--
+  Gonorrhea Less Painful in Women--Symptoms not Suspected by Woman--
+  Necessity for the Woman Consulting a Physician--Self-treatment
+  When Woman Cannot Consult Physician--Formulae for Injections.
+
+
+The subject of gonorrhea and syphilis is treated pretty fully, from a
+layman's point of view, in the author's _Sex Knowledge for Men_. I do
+not intend to devote much space to a discussion of the details of
+these two diseases here, because the subject is not of such direct
+interest to women. Respectable girls and women do not indulge in
+illicit relations the same as respectable men and boys do, and their
+danger of contracting a venereal disease is insignificant as compared
+with men's liability. I will, therefore, touch upon only a few points,
+particularly insofar as the diseases differ in their course from the
+course pursued in men. Those, however, who are interested may read the
+chapters on the subject in the author's _Sex Knowledge for Men_, and
+if they want still fuller details, they may study the author's
+_Treatment of Gonorrhea and Its Complications in Men and Women_.
+
+    [Illustration: GONORRHEAL GERMS.]
+
+=Gonorrhea= is an inflammation caused by a germ called the gonococcus,
+discovered by Dr. A. Neisser, of Breslau, Germany, in 1879. Any mucous
+membrane may be the seat of gonorrhea, but it attacks by preference
+the mucous membrane of the genital organs, and of one other organ--the
+eye. Its principal symptoms are: inflammation, pain, burning and
+discharge. In men, it attacks the urethra; in women it attacks the
+cervix--the neck of the womb--the urethra, and the vulva. The vagina
+is seldom attacked in adult women, because the mucous membrane of the
+adult vagina is rather tough and does not offer a good soil for the
+development of the gonococcus germ. The discharge that a woman has
+when she has gonorrhea comes principally or exclusively from the neck
+of the womb. In little girls, however, in whom the lining of the
+vagina is tender, gonorrhea of the vagina and the vulva is common.
+(See chapter Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls.) Gonorrhea is a local
+disease. While in some cases, after the disease has lasted for some
+time, a certain poison is generated by the germs which circulates in
+the blood, and while the germs may occasionally wander into distant
+organs, still in 98 per cent. of all cases gonorrhea is a local
+disease, and if taken in time is cured without leaving any traces on
+the general organism.
+
+=Gonorrhea Not Hereditary.= Then, gonorrhea is not a hereditary
+disease. Nobody ever _inherits_ gonorrhea. A child may be born with a
+gonorrheal inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmia neonatorum), but this
+inflammation is not inherited; it can only be acquired if the mother
+is suffering with gonorrhea while the child is being born: some of the
+pus in the mother's birth canal gets into the child's eyes while it
+passes through the uterus and vagina. This is not heredity; this is
+simple infection, and can be avoided by keeping the mother's birth
+canal clean by antiseptic douches before childbirth. In short, I
+repeat gonorrhea is essentially a local and not a constitutional
+disease, and is not hereditary. In which two respects it differs from
+syphilis, which is the most constitutional and most hereditary of all
+diseases.
+
+=Course of Gonorrhea in Men and Women.= Gonorrhea runs an entirely
+different course in women than it does in men. When a man has
+gonorrhea he knows it immediately; first, because the discharge tells
+him that there is something the matter with him, for a man is not used
+to having any discharge from the urethra unless there is something the
+matter with him. Second, the urine becomes at once burning and
+painful. In women the urethra is a separate canal from the vagina, and
+the urethra is very frequently not affected in gonorrhea. The
+infection generally starts in the cervix, and the disease may last for
+considerable time before the woman becomes aware of it. In general,
+gonorrhea is a less painful disease in woman, and this is a bad thing,
+because she thus neglects treatment and loses valuable time,
+permitting the disease to develop. Even when the urethra is affected
+in women, it does not give as severe symptoms as inflammation of the
+urethra in men. If the woman does have pains she often pays no
+attention to them, because woman is used to pains; as we have seen
+before, fifty per cent. of all women suffer more or less with
+dysmenorrhea. Many of them have a leucorrheal discharge of greater or
+lesser degree, and therefore if there is an increase in the pains, or
+an increase in the discharge, little attention is paid to the matter.
+In fact, a woman may have a chronic gonorrhea for months or years
+without being aware that there is anything the matter with her. It is
+important to teach women to seek medical aid as soon as they notice
+any increase in the amount of the discharge, or change in color,
+particularly if it becomes greenish, or if the odor becomes offensive,
+or if there is chafing, burning, or irritation around the genitals,
+and particularly if there is an increase in the frequency or urgency
+of urination, or if there is a burning, scalding, or cutting sensation
+during the act of urination. Also whenever the sexual act becomes
+painful. If women consulted a physician as soon as they noticed any of
+the symptoms referred to above, they would save months and years of
+suffering and expense, because the disease would often be taken in
+hand while still limited to the cervix, and not, as is now often the
+case, after the inflammation has extended into the uterus and
+Fallopian tubes.
+
+=Self-treatment.= I do not believe in self-treatment because it is
+generally unsatisfactory and may often even become dangerous, and I
+decidedly advise every woman who suspects that she has contracted
+gonorrhea to apply at once to a competent physician. But it happens
+not infrequently that a woman is so situated that she cannot consult a
+physician. And in the meantime there is danger of the gonorrhea
+spreading further and further. In such cases it is advisable for the
+woman to use an injection until such time when she can consult a
+physician. The injection I am going to advise may in itself produce a
+cure; and, if it does not produce a complete cure, it at any rate
+improves the condition, prevents the extension of the disease, makes
+subsequent treatment easier, and besides is perfectly harmless. The
+best injection for self use in gonorrhea is tincture of iodine; the
+proportion is two teaspoonfuls to a quart or two quarts of water. If
+the case is very bad, such an injection may be taken twice a day. If
+the case is not very bad, once a day is sufficient. After using the
+tincture of iodine for five days to a week, it is good to change off
+to lactic acid. Buy a pint or so of lactic acid in a drug store, and
+use one tablespoonful to a quart of water. It is preferable to have
+the water hot, about 100 deg., but where this is inconvenient it may
+be used lukewarm. The lactic acid injection is used for three days,
+then the iodine injection is resumed, then again the lactic acid, and
+so on. I know of many cases that were cured by this treatment alone.
+And I might mention that these injections are generally also very
+efficient in leucorrhea, as stated in the chapter on Leucorrhea.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
+
+VULVOVAGINITIS IN LITTLE GIRLS
+
+ Former Causes of Vulvovaginitis in Little Girls--Discharge Chief
+  Symptom--Evil Results of Vulvovaginitis--Psychic Results of
+  Treatment--Effects in Hastening Sexual Maturity--Vulvovaginitis a
+  Cause of Permanent Sterility--Measures to Prevent the
+  Disease--Toilet Seats and Vulvovaginitis.
+
+
+The mucous membrane, or the lining of the vulva and vagina, in little
+girls is very tender, and therefore very readily subject to infection.
+An infection of the vulva and vagina due to the gonococcus or to some
+other germ is very common in little girls. At least it used to be,
+particularly among children of the poor, in institutions and
+hospitals. The very dangerous infective character of vulvovaginitis
+was not known, and the infection was therefore easily transferred by
+towels, linen, toilet seats, bedpans, syringe nozzles, thermometers,
+the nurses' hands, and in various other ways. Now great care is being
+taken and in most hospitals no children are admitted in the general
+wards unless it is determined that they are free from vulvovaginitis.
+
+Generally speaking, vulvovaginitis in children is a mild infection. A
+child may have it for several weeks or months without being aware of
+it, without saying anything about it, the diagnosis often being made
+by the mother, who begins to notice the creamy discharge on the girl's
+linen or underwear. And this is the principal symptom in little girls
+thus afflicted--the discharge. This discharge may be very profuse,
+covering the vulva, vagina, and cervix.
+
+In severe cases, there is also an infection of the urethra, and the
+child may complain of burning at urination, itching and pain around
+the vulva and anus, and slight pain in the abdomen. There may be a
+moderate rise in temperature, up to 101 deg. F., and in some instances
+the attack is sufficiently acute to give rise to a chill and fever. A
+mild inflammation of the joints may set in within the first weeks of
+the infection, although as a usual thing it comes later on.
+
+=Evil Sequelae of Vulvovaginitis.= While, as stated, vulvovaginitis is
+a comparatively mild infection as far as its symptoms are concerned,
+it nevertheless has a very bad effect on the child who is unfortunate
+enough to become a victim of the disease. First of all, it is an
+extremely long drawn, persistent disease. It usually takes months, and
+these months may run into years, before a complete cure, is effected.
+Second, relapses are quite common. Third, the treatment is a
+disagreeable one for the child, and is occasionally painful. Fourth,
+it has a disastrous effect on the child's _morale_; most parents,
+though they may love the child most affectionately, look somewhat
+askance at it; and continuous vaginal treatment somehow or other has a
+humiliating effect on the child, which begins to consider itself as an
+outcast, as something apart from other children. Fifth, the child's
+education is very frequently seriously and permanently interfered
+with, because it must often be taken out of school, whether public or
+private, and private tutoring is of course feasible only for the few.
+Sixth, and this is a point not sufficiently appreciated by the
+profession and the laity, but it is an important point, nevertheless:
+vulvovaginitis in children has unfortunately a disastrous effect in
+_hastening the sexual maturity of the child_. Whether this is due to
+the congestion of the organs produced by the inflammation, or to the
+speculum examinations, paintings, douches, applications, tampons,
+suppositories, etc., the fact remains that girls who suffer from
+vulvovaginitis in childhood become sexually mature considerably
+earlier than normal girls of the same class, stratum and climate, and
+their demand for sexual satisfaction is much more insistent. Seventh,
+a mild vulvovaginitis may be the cause of permanent _sterility_.
+
+It will therefore be seen that vulvovaginitis is a calamity, and
+everything possible should be done to guard female children from
+contracting it. _All_ children should _always_ sleep alone. Under no
+circumstances should a child sleep with anybody else, be it a sister,
+a mother, a friend, a governess, or a servant girl. People should be
+very careful in sending their children to spend a night or two with
+some friends. The friends may be all right, but still a friend of the
+friends or a relative of the friends may not be. I have known several
+cases where the origin of the vulvovaginitis could be traced to little
+girls spending a week at the house of some friends where a boarder or
+relative was infected with gonorrhea. That children should be kept
+away from associating or playing with adults or other children who are
+known to have gonorrheal infection goes without saying. The child's
+genitals should be frequently inspected by the mother, and scrupulous
+cleanliness by frequent bathing, sponging with warm solutions and
+powdering, should be maintained. The toilet seats in school should
+receive special attention. The wooden seat is a menace because it
+often harbors gonorrheal pus from either the female or male genitals,
+while the only proper seat is one of the so-called U-shaped style,
+that is, one in which the front is entirely open, like the letter U.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
+
+SYPHILIS
+
+ Syphilis Due to Germ--Syphilis a Constitutional Disease--Primary
+  Lesion--Incubation Period--Roseola--Primary Stage--Secondary
+  Stage--Mucous Patches--Tertiary Stage--Gumma--Hereditary Nature
+  of Syphilis--Milder Course in Women Than in Men--Obscure Symptoms
+  in Syphilis--Necessity for Examination by Physician--Locomotor
+  Ataxia--Softening of the Brain--Chancroids.
+
+
+Syphilis is a disease caused by a germ called spirocheta; the full
+name is spirocheta pallida--a pale, spiral-shaped germ. Though the
+disease has been ravaging Europe and America for centuries, the germ
+of it has been discovered only a few years ago, namely, in 1905, and,
+like the gonococcus, also by a German scientist, Fritz Schaudinn.
+Syphilis is a constitutional disease. In ten days to three weeks after
+a person has contracted syphilis, he (or she) develops a sore (at the
+spot where the germs got in). This sore is called _chancre_ or
+_primary lesion_. But when this sore makes its appearance the
+spirochetae and the poison which they elaborate are already circulating
+in the blood, all over the system. The disease is already systemic, or
+constitutional, and the chancre is the local expression of a
+constitutional disease. Cutting out the chancre will not cure the
+disease, because, as stated, the germs are already in the system. The
+time between the contraction of the disease (the infectious
+intercourse) and the appearance of the chancre is called the
+_Incubation Period_. The time between the appearance of the chancre
+and the appearance of the rash on the body (the rash looks like a
+measles rash and is called roseola, which means a rose-colored rash)
+is called the _Primary Stage_. It lasts about six weeks. With the
+appearance of the rash commences the _Secondary Stage_. This stage is
+characterized by all sorts of _eruptions_, mild and severe, by white
+little patches (called mucous patches) in the throat, mouth, tonsils,
+vagina, by falling out of the hair, etc. The length of this secondary
+stage depends a good deal upon the sort of treatment the patient gets.
+Improperly treated, or not treated at all, it may last two or three
+years or more. Properly treated, it may be cut short at once, in a few
+days, so that the patient may never again in his or her life get an
+eruption. The third or _Tertiary Stage_ is characterized by
+_ulcerations_ in various parts of the body and by _swellings_ or
+tumors. The name of a syphilitic swelling or tumor is gumma (plural,
+gummata). The tertiary stage is the most terrible stage and it used to
+be the terror of syphilitic patients. But at the present time, under
+our modern methods of treatment, patients, if properly treated, _never
+have a tertiary stage_. We have seen many patients who considered
+syphilis a trifling disease, because all they knew of their disease
+was the chancre and the first eruption, i.e., the roseola, and perhaps
+a slight falling out of the hair. They then put themselves under
+energetic treatment, the _activity_ of the disease was checked, and
+they never had another symptom afterwards, though a Wassermann test
+showed that the disease was not entirely eradicated. It was merely
+held in check--which is the second best thing.
+
+   [Illustration: SPIROCHETA PALLIDA, OR TREPONEMA PALLIDUM, THE
+   GERM OF SYPHILIS AS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE.]
+
+As stated before, syphilis is the most hereditary of all diseases.
+Fortunately, if the disease is still very active in the parents,
+particularly in the mother, the child is generally aborted. Some
+syphilitic mothers will have half a dozen or more miscarriages in
+succession. When the disease has become "attenuated," either by
+treatment or by itself--many diseases lose their virulence in
+time--the child may be carried to term. It then may be born dead, or
+it may be born strongly syphilitic, and die in a few days or weeks, or
+it may be born without any signs of syphilis and be apparently healthy
+and then develop the disease at the age of ten, twelve, fourteen, or
+later, or it may be born healthy and remain healthy. But no woman who
+had syphilis, or whose husband had syphilis, should _dare_ to conceive
+or to give birth to a child unless she has been given permission by a
+competent physician. I mean just what I say. It is not a personal
+matter. A woman has a right to marry a syphilitic husband if she wants
+to and run the risk of contracting syphilis. Her body is her own, and
+if she does it with her eyes open it is her affair. But a woman has no
+right to bring into the world syphilitic or syphilitically tainted
+children. Here society has a right to interfere.
+
+Syphilis runs a milder course in women than it does in men. But this
+milder course is not an unmixed blessing; it may be considered a
+misfortune, because, the same as gonorrhea in women, syphilis is often
+present for months and years until it has made such inroads that it
+is but little amenable to treatment. In many women the disease runs
+such a mild course, as far as definite symptoms are concerned, that
+they are sure they never had anything the matter with them, and they
+are perfectly sincere in their denial of ever having had any
+infection. Often it is only when they complain of obscure symptoms,
+for which we can find no explanation, and then take a Wassermann test,
+that we discover what the real trouble is. And then the internal
+organs are sometimes found so deeply affected that it is hard to do
+anything. So it is seen that the mildness of the course of the
+disease, while a good thing in itself, is bad in that respect that it
+prevents timely treatment. It is therefore important that whenever a
+woman is in any way suspicious that she may have the disease that she
+have herself examined; and if she has reasons to suspect that her
+husband or partner has the disease, she should persuade him to have
+himself examined.
+
+Locomotor ataxia, one of the most terrible sequelae of syphilis, is
+much more rare in women than it is in men. So is general paresis, also
+called general paralysis of the insane, or softening of the brain.
+
+
+=Chancroids=
+
+There is one other minor disease belonging to the venereal diseases;
+that is chancroids. Chancroids are little ulcers on the genitals; they
+are purely local and do not affect the system. They are due largely to
+uncleanliness, and are found only among the poorer classes of
+prostitutes and therefore among the poorer classes of men. One sees
+them now and then in public dispensaries, but in private practice they
+are now quite rare. They used to be quite common, which shows that the
+general level of cleanliness has been raised considerably among all
+classes of people. At any rate, chancroids are of little significance,
+as compared with syphilis and gonorrhea, and when speaking of the
+venereal peril, these are the two diseases we have in mind.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
+
+THE CURABILITY OF VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Gonorrhea May Be Practically Cured in Every Case in Man--Extensive
+  Gonorrheal Infection in Woman Difficult to Cure--Positive Cure in
+  Syphilis Impossible to Guarantee.
+
+
+Just as the usual statements in regard to the extent of venereal
+disease have been found untrue or greatly exaggerated, so do the
+statements regarding the curability or rather incurability of venereal
+disease need careful revision. The picture usually painted of the
+hopelessness of gonorrhea and syphilis is too sombre, too black, and,
+contrary to the assertions made by laymen and laywomen and physicians
+who do not specialize in the treatment of venereal disease, I wish to
+make the statement that every case of gonorrhea in man, without any
+exception, if properly treated, can be perfectly cured, _as far as
+practical purposes are concerned_. I add the last phrase because the
+cure may not be perfect in the scientific sense of the word; that is,
+the man may not be brought back into the condition in which he was
+before he got the disease. But, for all practical purposes, as far as
+he himself is concerned, as far as his wife is concerned, and as far
+as the future children are concerned, every case may be cured, without
+any doubt. And I say this, basing myself upon a varied professional
+experience extending over nearly a quarter of a century.
+
+As to gonorrhea in women, that depends to a great extent upon the
+virulence of the disease and the promptness with which treatment is
+instituted. If the gonorrhea is limited only to the cervix, the vulva
+and the urethra, then prompt treatment will usually bring about a cure
+in a comparatively short time. But if the gonorrheal inflammation has
+extended to the body of the uterus, or still worse, to the tubes, then
+the treatment may become a very tedious one, and some cases may not be
+curable without an operation.
+
+With syphilis the matter is different. Since the introduction by
+Ehrlich of the various arsenic preparations, we have much better
+success in the treatment of syphilis, and we can positively render
+every case non-infectious to the partner. But, as to guaranteeing a
+positive cure, that is, guaranteeing that the patient will never have
+an outbreak or relapse of his disease in the future, and that the
+children will be perfectly free from any taint, this we can do no more
+now than we could before the modern treatment of syphilis was
+introduced. The decision, therefore, as to whether we may or may not
+permit a once syphilitic patient to marry will depend a great deal
+upon whether or no the husband or the wife or both desire to have
+children. If this is the case, we must often withhold our permission;
+but if the man and woman agree to get married and to get along without
+children, we will grant permission to the marriage in the vast
+majority of cases. The subject of venereal disease and marriage will
+be further discussed in separate chapters.
+
+Venereal disease, I have to repeat, is terrible enough in itself,
+without any exaggeration, without picturing it in too black colors.
+And it is necessary that people should not have too black an idea of
+it. It is necessary that they know that there are thousands and tens
+of thousands of patients who suffered with gonorrhea or syphilis and
+who were perfectly cured, who married, and whose wives remained
+perfectly well, and who gave birth to perfectly healthy untainted
+children.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
+
+VENEREAL PROPHYLAXIS
+
+ Necessity for Douching Before and After Suspicious Intercourse--
+  Formulae for Douches--Precautions Against Non-venereal Sources of
+  Infection--Syphilis Transmitted by Dentist's Instruments--
+  Manicurists and Syphilis--Promiscuous Kissing a Source of
+  Syphilitic Infection.
+
+
+In his book, _Sex Knowledge for Men_, the author treated the subject
+of prevention of venereal disease very thoroughly. Men need this
+knowledge. As men _will_ indulge in illicit relations, we must teach
+them to guard themselves against venereal infection. We must do it not
+only for their own sake, but for the sake of their wives and children.
+For, infection in the man may mean infection in his wife and children.
+But as women readers of this book are not likely to indulge in
+promiscuous relations with strangers, a detailed discussion of the
+subject would be out of place.
+
+I will merely say, that where the woman has a suspicion that her
+husband is in an infectious state, she should abstain from relations
+with him until she is sure that he is safe. But where for some reason
+a suspicions intercourse is indulged in, the woman should use an
+antiseptic douche _before_ and _after_ intercourse. Where it is
+inconvenient to use a douche both before and after, a douche after
+will have to suffice, but it is much safer and surer to use the douche
+both before and after. When you use a douche there is always some of
+the solution left in the vagina and that destroys wholly or in part
+the infective germs. The following makes an effective douche: Dissolve
+a tablet of bichloride (they come on the market of the weight of about
+7-1/2 grains) in two quarts of water--hot, lukewarm or cold. Use before
+intercourse a small amount--about a pint or half a pint, and use the
+balance after intercourse. Instead of the bichloride you may use a
+tablespoonful of carbolic acid, or two tablets of chinosol, or a
+tablespoonful of lysol, or two tablespoonfuls of boric acid.
+
+Instead of the douche an antiseptic jelly in a collapsible tin tube
+with a long nozzle may be used.
+
+But besides the venereal sources of infection the woman must guard
+against the non-venereal sources. Do not ever, if you can avoid it,
+use a public toilet. If you are forced to use it, protect yourself by
+putting some paper over the seat.
+
+Do not use a public drinking cup. If you have to use one, keep your
+lips away from the rim. One can learn to drink without touching the
+rim of the glass or cup with the lips.
+
+Do not under any circumstances use a public towel. The roller towel is
+a menace to health and should be forbidden in every part of the
+country.
+
+If you have to sleep in a hotel or in a strange bed, make sure that
+the linen is clean and fresh. Never sleep on bed linen which has been
+used by a stranger.
+
+Never use a public brush or comb.
+
+Be sure that your dentist is a careful, up-to-date man, and sterilizes
+his instruments carefully. Many a case of syphilis has been
+transmitted by a dentist's instrument. A syphilitic who goes to a
+dentist to be treated generally conceals his disease, and if the
+dentist is not in the habit of sterilizing his instruments after each
+patient, disaster may result.
+
+Be sure that your manicurist is not syphilitic, or at least that her
+hands are healthy, clean and free from any eruption.
+
+And, last but not least, do not indulge in promiscuous kissing. This
+is a particularly important injunction for young girls. This is a real
+peril and there are thousands of cases of syphilis that are known to
+have been contracted directly from kissing. People suffering with
+syphilis often have little white sores (mucous patches) on their lips,
+tongue and inside of cheeks. These sores are very infectious, and by
+kissing the disease is readily transmitted. Kissing games have been
+responsible in more than one case for the spread of syphilis to many
+persons. I have now under treatment a girl of nineteen who contracted
+syphilis on her summer vacation from having kissed a man once. Avoid
+promiscuous kissing! It is a bad practice for more than one reason.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
+
+ALCOHOL, SEX AND VENEREAL DISEASE
+
+ Alcoholic Indulgence and Venereal Disease--A Champagne Dinner and
+  Syphilis--Percentage of Cases of Venereal Infection Due to
+  Alcohol--Artificial Stimulation of Sex Instinct in Man and in
+  Woman--Reckless Sexual Indulgence Due to Alcohol--Alcohol as an
+  Aid to Seduction.
+
+
+That Bacchus, the god of wine, is the strongest ally of Venus, the
+goddess of love, using love in its physical sense, as the French use
+the word _amour_, has been well known to the ancient Greeks and
+Romans, as it is well known to-day to every saloon-keeper and every
+keeper of a disreputable house. And all measures to combat venereal
+disease and to prevent girls from making a false step will be only
+partially successful if we do not at the same time carry on a strong
+educational campaign against alcoholic indulgence. Of what use to
+young men is the knowledge of the venereal peril and familiarity with
+the use of venereal prophylactics, when under the influence of alcohol
+the mind is befuddled, they forget everything and do things that they
+never would do in the sober state? Of what use are warnings to a
+girl, when under the influence of a heavy dinner and a bottle of
+champagne, to which she is unaccustomed, her passion is aroused to a
+degree she has never experienced before, her will is paralyzed and she
+yields, though deep down in her consciousness something tells her she
+shouldn't? Yields, becomes pregnant, and is in the deepest agony for
+several months, and has a wound which will probably never heal for the
+rest of her life? Of what use have all the lectures, books and
+maternal injunctions been to her?
+
+Or this case. Here is a young lawyer, twenty-eight years of age,
+engaged to a fine girl, and with everything to look forward to. He
+always was very moderate and circumspect in his sexual indulgence,
+and, though careful in choosing his partners, he never failed to use a
+venereal prophylactic after intercourse. There was too much at stake
+for him, and he did not care to take any chances, even if the chances
+were one in a thousand. For a period of one year during which he had
+been engaged he abstained from sexual intercourse altogether, though
+it cost him a great deal of effort to do so. He was to be married very
+shortly. But ill-luck made him accept an invitation to a bachelor
+dinner, where champagne and smutty stories were flowing freely, too
+freely. He left about midnight, and as the night was beautiful he
+decided to walk home. He met a siren, who invited him to accompany
+her. Under other circumstances he would have sent her on her way, or
+at least he would have stepped into a drugstore for a prophylactic.
+But, excited by the wine, the smutty stories and the year's
+abstinence, he went along like a sheep, as a matter of course, without
+trying to reason or interposing any objections. He remembers
+distinctly his feelings and the state of his mind. He was not drunk,
+only exhilarated, but nevertheless the whole thing seemed to him so
+normal, so natural, so expected, so matter-of-course, that he couldn't
+think of acting otherwise than accept her invitation. And he stayed
+two or three hours; and he used no prophylactic. And as a
+result--three weeks later he had a typical primary syphilitic lesion.
+How he felt and what it all meant to him the reader can imagine. This
+is far from being an isolated, an exceptional case.
+
+From my own practice I could cite a number of cases of venereal
+infection in which alcohol was the direct, primary factor. How many
+such cases there are altogether in the period of a year nobody can
+say, but that they constitute a considerable percentage of the total
+venereal morbidity every investigating sexologist will testify. Forel
+claims that 76 per cent. of all venereal infection takes place under
+the influence of alcohol; Notthaft is more moderate, more
+discriminating in his statistics and his claims are--30 per cent. An
+analysis of 1,000 cases of venereal infection, just published by Dr.
+Hugo Hecht (_Venerische Infektion und Alkohol, Z.B.G._, Vol. XVI, No.
+11) gives over 40 per cent. And the saddest part of it is that among
+the infected were 75 married men (the author thinks there were more,
+but only 75 confessed to being married), and of these, 45, equivalent
+to 60 per cent., were under the influence of alcohol when they
+contracted their venereal disease (extra-matrimonially, of course).
+
+Alcoholic indulgence contributes to the spread of venereal disease
+directly and indirectly. First and foremost it increases enormously
+the amount of intercourse indulged in. I certainly do not belong to
+those who believe that the sex instinct is merely a vicious appetite,
+like the appetite for alcohol or drugs, which can easily and
+completely be suppressed by the exertion of will-power. I believe that
+the sex instinct can be suppressed only within reasonable limits; if
+an attempt is made to exceed these limits dire results are apt to
+follow. But I also believe that the sex instinct can be stimulated
+artificially beyond the natural needs, and among the artificial
+stimulants of the sex instinct alcohol occupies first place. And bear
+in mind that alcohol produces even a stronger effect on women, in
+exciting the sexual passion, than it does on men. Women are more
+easily upset by stimulants and narcotics, and that is the reason why
+it is more dangerous for women to drink than it is for men.
+
+So this, then, is count number one: The man and the woman who in a
+sober condition would easily abstain, with their libido stimulated and
+their will-power paralyzed by alcohol, indulge unnecessarily, with the
+risk of venereal infection to the man and the double risk of venereal
+infection and pregnancy to the woman. Count two: The man who in the
+sober condition would use care and discrimination, under the influence
+of alcohol soon loses all his judgment and sees an angel and a Helen
+of Troy in the worst and most impudent harlot; with the result that
+the chances of venereal infection are greatly increased. Count three:
+Where under ordinary circumstances the man would stay a few minutes to
+half an hour, under the influence of alcohol he stays several hours,
+or all night, thus increasing his chances of infection a hundredfold.
+Count four: Alcohol increases the congestion in the genital organs of
+both man and woman and renders them much more _susceptible_ to
+infection. All other factors being equal, a connection which will
+under strict sobriety remain without bad results, may when one or
+both partners are under the influence of alcohol be followed by
+infection. Count five: The man who is in the habit of using venereal
+prophylactics under the influence of alcohol becomes both careless and
+reckless; he looks with contempt at preventive measures and the result
+is--venereal disease.
+
+It is impossible to give statistics and exact or even approximate
+figures. But there is no question in my mind, in the mind of any
+careful investigator, that if alcoholic beverages could be eliminated,
+the number of cases of venereal infection would be diminished by about
+one-half. And what is true of venereal disease is also true of
+seduction of young girls. Alcohol is the most efficient weapon that
+either the refined Don Juan or the vulgar pimp has in his possession.
+
+You cannot hope for complete success in eliminating venereal disease
+and seduction unless you also eliminate alcoholism. For Bacchus is the
+ally not only of Venus Aphrodite but also of Venus vulgivaga.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
+
+MARRIAGE AND GONORRHEA
+
+ Decision of Physician Regarding Marriage of Patients Infected with
+  Gonorrhea or Syphilis--Advisability of Certificate of Freedom
+  from Transmissible Disease--Premarital Examination as a Universal
+  Custom--When a Man Who Had Gonorrhea May Be Allowed to Marry--
+  When a Woman Who Had Gonorrhea May be Allowed to Marry--Antisepsis
+  Before Coitus--Question of Sterility in the Man Who Has Had
+  Gonorrhea Easily Answered--Impossibility of Determining Whether
+  the Woman is Fertile or Not.
+
+
+For a man or a woman who has once suffered from gonorrhea or syphilis
+to enter matrimony without having secured a competent physician's
+opinion is a great responsibility. And a great responsibility rests
+upon the shoulders of the physician who is called upon to give such an
+opinion. For, a wrong decision--a wrong decision either way--that is,
+permission to marry when permission should not have been granted or
+refusal to give permission when permission should have been
+granted--may be responsible for much future unhappiness and much
+disease: disease of the mother and of the offspring. It may even be
+responsible for death.
+
+There is no easy, short road to a positive opinion. It requires a
+thorough, painstaking examination at the hands of an experienced
+physician, one thoroughly familiar with all the modern tests, to tell
+whether it is safe for a man who once suffered from venereal disease
+to enter the bonds of matrimony. Sometimes one examination is not
+sufficient, and several examinations may be necessary; but, the
+opinion of a conscientious, experienced physician may be relied upon,
+and, if all men and women who once suffered from venereal disease
+would seek for, and be guided by, such an opinion, there would be no
+cases of marital infection, there would be no children afflicted with
+gonorrheal ophthalmia, there would be no cases of hereditary syphilis.
+
+I firmly believe that a time will come when all venereal disease will
+have disappeared from the face of the earth. But, until that time
+comes, it would be for the benefit of the race and of posterity if
+people had to present a certificate of freedom from transmissible
+venereal disease as a prerequisite to a marriage license. Custom is
+often more efficient than law, and, if a premarital examination should
+become a universal custom (and there are indications in this
+direction), no law would be needed.
+
+=When May a Man Who Had Gonorrhea Get Married?= For a man who once
+suffered from gonorrhea to be pronounced cured and a safe candidate
+for marriage, the following conditions must be present:
+
+1. There must be no discharge.
+
+2. The urine must be perfectly clear and free from shreds.
+
+3. The secretion from the prostate gland, as obtained by prostatic
+massage, and from the seminal vesicles, as obtained by "milking," or
+"stripping," the vesicles, must be free from pus and gonococci. To
+make sure, it is best to repeat such examination at three different
+times.
+
+4. There must be neither stricture nor patches in the urethra.
+
+5. What we call the complement-fixation test, which is a blood test
+for gonorrhea similar to the Wassermann blood-test for syphilis, must
+be negative.
+
+Referring to conditions 1 and 2, it sometimes happens that the patient
+has a minute amount of discharge or a few shreds in the urine, and I
+still permit him to marry; but this is done only after the discharge
+and shreds have been repeatedly examined and have been found to be
+catarrhal in character and absolutely free from any gonococci or other
+germs.
+
+It sometimes happens that a patient comes to me for an examination a
+few days before the date set for the wedding. I examine him and find
+that he is not in a safe condition to marry, and so advise him to
+delay the wedding. Sometimes he follows the advice, but in some cases
+he is unable to do so. He claims the wedding has been arranged, the
+invitation-cards have been sent out, and to delay the wedding would
+lead to endless trouble and perhaps scandal. In such cases I, of
+course, assume no responsibility; however, I do advise the man to use
+an antiseptic suppository or some other method that will protect the
+bride from infection for the time being, while he, the husband, has an
+opportunity to take treatment until cured. Of the many cases in which
+I advised this method, I do not know of one in which infection has
+taken place.
+
+=When May a Woman Who Once Had Gonorrhea Be Permitted to Marry?= In
+the case of a woman, the decision may be harder to reach than in that
+of a man. Of course, the urine must be clear and the urethra must be
+normal; however, we cannot insist that there must be no discharge.
+This, because practically every woman has some slight discharge; even,
+if not all the time, then at least immediately prior and subsequent to
+menstruation. Of course, the discharge must be free from gonococci and
+pus. Also the complement-fixation tests must be negative. But, even
+so, we cannot be absolutely sure, because gonococci may be hidden in
+the uterus or in the Fallopian tubes.
+
+Here, we have to go a good deal by the history given us. If the woman,
+during the course of the gonorrhea, had salpingitis, that is, an
+inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, then we can never say positively
+that she is cured; all we can say, at best, is: presumably cured. And,
+further, if she has no pains in the uterine appendages, either
+spontaneous or on examination, and, if several examinations made
+within a day or two following menstruation are negative, then we may
+assume that she is cured. It is important, though, that this
+examination be made on the last day of menstruation or on the first or
+second day following; for there are many cases in which no pus and no
+gonococci will show in the inter-menstrual period, but will appear on
+those particular days, because, if the gonococci are hidden high up,
+they are likely to come down with the menstrual blood and portions of
+mucous membrane that are shed during menstruation.
+
+At best, it is a delicate problem, so that whenever there has been the
+least suspicion that the woman may harbor gonococci I have always
+advised (as is my custom, to be on the safe side) and directed the
+woman to use either an antiseptic suppository or an antiseptic douche
+before coitus. With these precautions adopted, I have never had an
+accident happen.
+
+=The Question of Probable Sterility.= Thus far I have considered the
+problem of marriage from the standpoint of infectivity. But, we know
+that, besides the effect on the individual, gonorrhea has also a
+far-reaching influence on the race; in other words, that it is prone
+to make the subjects--both men and women--sterile. And a candidate for
+marriage may, and often does, want to know whether, besides being
+noninfective, he or she is capable of begetting or having children.
+
+In the case of man, the problem is, fortunately, a very simple one. We
+can easily obtain a specimen of the man's semen and determine, by
+means of the microscope, whether it contains spermatozoa or not. If it
+does contain a normal number of lively, rapidly moving spermatozoa,
+the man is fertile, regardless of whether he ever had epididymitis or
+not. If the semen contains no spermatozoa, or only a few deformed or
+lazily moving ones, then he is sterile.
+
+In the case of woman, it is _absolutely_ impossible to determine
+whether the gonorrhea has made her sterile or not; because there is no
+way of expressing an ovum from the ovary. The woman may not have had
+any pain or inflammation in the Fallopian tubes, and yet there may
+have been sufficient inflammation to close up the orifices of the
+tubes. On the other hand, she may have had a severe salpingitis on
+_both sides and still be fertile_. Nor is there any way of telling
+whether the ovaries were so involved in the process as to become
+incapable of generating healthy ova, or any ova at all. In short,
+there is absolutely no way of telling whether a woman is sterile or
+fertile--we can only surmise. And our surmise in this respect is
+liable to be wrong just as often as right. The only way the question
+can be decided is by experience. If the prospective husband is willing
+to take a chance, well and good.
+
+While just as many girls marry as do young men, still, in practice, we
+always shall have to examine an incomparably larger number of male
+than of female candidates. This is due, not only to the fact that an
+incomparably larger number of men suffer from venereal disease, but
+also because very few women will confess to their fiances that they
+ever entertained antematrimonial relations and--what is still
+worse--were infected with venereal disease. This, of course, is owing
+to our double standard of morality, which looks upon as a trivial or
+no offense in the man what it condemns as a heinous crime in the
+woman. I have known hundreds of men who confessed freely to their
+fiancees that they had had gonorrhea, but I have known only two girls
+who made a confession of the fact to their future husbands. They got
+married, however, and lived happily with their husbands ever after.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY
+
+MARRIAGE AND SYPHILIS
+
+ Rules for Permitting a Syphilitic Patient to Marry--Rules More
+  Severe in Cases Where Children Are Desired--Where Both Partners
+  Are Syphilitic--Danger of Paresis in Some Syphilitic Patients--A
+  Case in the Author's Practice.
+
+
+The problem of the syphilitic differs from the problem of the
+exgonorrheal patient. When a gonorrheal patient is cured, so far as
+infectivity is concerned, and is not sterile, there is no apprehension
+as to the offspring. Gonorrhea is not hereditary, and the child of a
+gonorrheal patient does not differ from the child of a nongonorrheal
+person. In the case of syphilis, it is different. The patient may be
+safe so far as infecting the partner is concerned, but yet there may
+be danger for the offspring.
+
+The rules for permitting a man or a woman who once had syphilis to
+marry, therefore, are different from those applied to the gonorrheal
+patient. Here are the rules:
+
+1. I would make it an invariable rule that no syphilitic patient
+should marry or should be permitted to marry before _five_ years have
+elapsed from the day of infection. But the period of time alone is
+not sufficient; other conditions must be met before we may give a
+syphilitic patient permission to marry.
+
+2. The man or the woman must have received thorough systematic
+treatment for at least three years, either constantly or off and on,
+according to the physician's judgment.
+
+3. For at least one year before the intended marriage, the person must
+have been absolutely free from any manifestations of syphilis; that
+is, from any eruptions on the skin, from any mucous patches, swelling
+in the bones, ulcerations, and so on.
+
+4. Four Wassermann tests, taken at intervals of three months and at a
+time _when the patient was receiving no specific treatment_, must be
+absolutely negative.
+
+If these four conditions are fully met, then the patient may be
+permitted to marry.
+
+It is important, however, to state that, in permitting or refusing
+syphilitic persons to marry, we are guided to a great extent by the
+fact as to whether they _expect to have children soon or not_.
+
+In the case of a couple who are anxious to have children soon after
+their marriage, the conditions for our permission must be more severe
+than when the couple are willing or anxious to use contraceptive
+measures for the first years of their married life. For, if a man is
+free from any skin lesions and from any mucous patches, his wife is
+safe from infection _as long as she does not become pregnant_. But, if
+she does get pregnant, she may become infected through the fetus; and,
+of course, the child also is liable to be syphilitic. Hence, much
+stricter requirements for syphilitics who expect to become parents are
+necessary than for those who do not.
+
+In case both the man and the woman are or have been syphilitic,
+permission to marry may be granted without hesitation, as the danger
+of infection is absent, but permission to have children must be
+refused _absolutely_ and _unequivocally_. Regardless of the time that
+may have elapsed from the period of infection, regardless of
+treatment, regardless of Wassermann tests, the danger to the child is
+too great if both parents have the syphilitic taint in them. A healthy
+child _may_ be born from two syphilitic parents who have undergone
+energetic treatment, but we have no right to take the chance. I, at
+least, never wanted to, nor ever will want to, take such a
+responsibility.
+
+=The Danger of Locomotor Ataxia or Paresis.= There is still one more
+point to consider in dealing with a syphilitic patient. In patients
+who did not receive energetic treatment from the very beginning of the
+disease as also in patients whose treatment was only desultory and
+irregular, we never can guarantee, in spite of lack of external
+symptoms, in spite of a negative Wassermann reaction, that some
+trouble may not develop later in life.
+
+What shall we do in such cases and what particularly shall we do if,
+from a general examination of the patient, we carry away the
+impression that, while free from the danger of infection, the man is
+not a good risk? Under these circumstances, we must refuse all
+personal responsibility, leaving the assumption of the responsibility
+to the prospective wife.
+
+Here is a case in point. About five years ago a man came to me for
+examination; he came with his fiancee. He had contracted syphilis ten
+years previously, received irregular treatment by mouth, off and on.
+For five years, he had had no symptoms of any kind. He _considered_
+himself cured, but wanted to know, and his fiancee wanted to know,
+whether he really was cured. There were no symptoms of any kind and
+the Wassermann test was negative. Nevertheless, I could not give him a
+clean bill of health. I noticed what seemed to me a slowness in
+thinking and just the least bit of hesitation in his speech.
+
+I told the girl (the man was thirty-five, she was thirty-two) that I
+could not render a definite decision in the matter, that everything
+might be all right, and then again it might not; but, that the
+question about children she would have to decide definitely, once for
+all, namely, that she was not to have any children. She was fully
+satisfied so far as that part was concerned; she said she herself
+objected to children and did not intend to have any and knew how to
+take care of herself. All she wanted to know was, whether she was in
+danger of being infected. I told her no, but that in my opinion there
+was some danger of her husband developing general paresis or locomotor
+ataxia.
+
+The girl had been a teacher for about twelve years, and she was so
+sick at heart of the work, was so anxious for a home of her own, that
+she decided to take the risk. And they got married. The marriage
+remained childless. The man developed general paresis (softening of
+the brain) three years later and died about a year afterward. The
+woman, now a widow, I understand, is not sorry for the step she had
+taken. This shows what things our social-economic conditions and our
+moral code are responsible for.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
+
+WHO MAY AND WHO MAY NOT MARRY
+
+ The Physician Often Consulted as to Advisability of
+  Marriage--_Venereal Disease_ the Most Common Question--
+  _Tuberculosis_--Sexual Appetite of Tubercular Patients--Effect
+  of Pregnancy Contraceptive Knowledge for Tubercular Wife--
+  _Heart Disease_--Serious Bar to Marriage--Influence of Sexual
+  Intercourse--_Cancer_--Fear of Hereditary Transmission--
+  _Exophthalmic Goiter_--Most Frequent in Women--Simple Goiter--
+  Exceptions to Rule--_Obesity_--Family History--Obesity and
+  Stoutness Not Synonymous--_Arteriosclerosis_--Danger in Sexual
+  Act--_Gout_--Real Causes of Gout--_Mumps_--Parotid Glands and Sex
+  Organs--Mumps and Sterility--Ooephoritis Due to Mumps--
+  _Hemophilia_--Hemophilic Sons May Marry--Hemophilic Daughters May
+  Not Marry--_Anemia_--_Chlorosis_--_Epilepsy_--Hysteria--Symptoms of
+  Hysteria--Marriage of Hysterical Women--_Alcoholism_--Effect on
+  Offspring--Alcoholics and Impotence--_Feeblemindedness_--Evil
+  Effects on Offspring--Sterilization of Feebleminded Only
+  Preventive--_Insanity_--Functional Insanity--Organic Insanity--
+  Hereditary Transmissibility of Insanity--Fear Resulting in
+  Insanity--Environment versus Heredity in Insanity--_Neurosis_--
+  _Neurasthenia_--_Psychasthenia_--_Neuropathy_--_Psychopathy_--Nervous
+  Conditions and Genius--Sexual Impotence and Genius--_Drug
+  Addiction_--External Causes--_Consanguineous Marriages_--When
+  Consanguineous Marriages are Advisable--Offspring of Consanguineous
+  Marriages--Homosexuality--Homosexuals Often Ignorant of Their
+  Condition--Sexual Repression and Homosexuality--Sadism and
+  Divorce--Masochism--Sexual Impotence and Marriage--Effect Upon
+  the Wife--Frigidity--Marital Relations and Frigid Woman--Excessive
+  Libido and Marriage--Excessive Demands Upon Wife--Satyriasis--
+  The Excessively Libidinous Wife--Nymphomania--Treatment--Harelip--
+  Myopia--Astigmatism--Premature Baldness--Criminality--Crime as
+  Result of Environment--Legal and Moral Crime--Ancestral Criminality
+  and Marriage--Rules of Heredity--Pauperism--Difference Between
+  Pauperism and Poverty.
+
+
+In former years, nobody thought of asking a physician for permission
+to get married. He was not consulted in the matter at all. The parents
+would investigate the young man's social standing, his ability to make
+a living, his habits perhaps, whether he was a drinking man or not,
+but to ask the physician's expert advice--why, as said, nobody thought
+of it. And how much sorrow and unhappiness, how many tragedies the
+doctor could have averted, if he had been asked in time! Fortunately,
+in the last few years, a great change has taken place in this respect.
+It is now a very common occurrence for the intelligent layman and
+laywoman, imbued with a sense of responsibility for the welfare of
+their presumptive future offspring and actuated, perhaps, also by some
+fear of infection, to consult a physician as to the advisability of
+the marriage, leaving it to him to make the decision and they abiding
+by that decision.
+
+As a matter of fact, as often is the case, the pendulum now is in
+danger of swinging to the other extreme; for, a little knowledge is a
+dangerous thing, and the tendency of the layman is to exaggerate
+matters and to take things in an absolute instead of in a relative
+manner. As a result, many laymen and laywomen nowadays insist upon a
+thorough examination of their own person and the person of their
+future partner, when there is nothing the matter with either. Still,
+this is a minor evil, and it is better to be too careful than not
+careful enough.
+
+I am frequently consulted as to the advisability or nonadvisability of
+a certain marriage taking place. I, therefore, thought it desirable to
+discuss in a separate chapter the various factors, physical and
+mental, personal and ancestral, likely to exert an influence upon the
+marital partner and on the expected offspring, and to state as briefly
+as possible and so far as our present state of knowledge permits which
+factors may be considered eugenic, or favorable to the offspring, and
+dysgenic, or unfavorable to the offspring.
+
+The questions concerning the advisability of marriage which the layman
+as well as the physician have most often to deal with are questions
+concerning venereal disease. On account of the importance of the
+subject, these have been discussed rather in detail under the headings
+"Gonorrhea and Marriage" and "Syphilis and Marriage." Other factors
+affecting marriage, either in the eugenic or dysgenic sense, will be
+discussed more briefly in the present chapter, and more or less in
+the order of their importance.
+
+
+=Tuberculosis=
+
+Tuberculosis, which carries off such a large part of humanity every
+year, is caused by the well-known bacillus tuberculosis, discovered by
+Koch. The germ is generally inhaled through the respiratory tract, and
+most frequently settles in the lungs, giving rise to what is known as
+pulmonary consumption. However, many other organs and tissues may be
+affected by tuberculosis.
+
+Tuberculosis used to be considered the hereditary disease _par
+excellence_. Entire families were carried off by it, and, seeing a
+tuberculous father or mother and then tuberculous children, it was
+assumed that the infection had been transmitted to the children by
+heredity. As a matter of fact, the disease was spread by infection. In
+former years, little care was exercised about destroying the sputum;
+the patients would spit indiscriminately on the floor, and the sputum,
+drying up, would be mixed with the dust and inhaled. Often the
+children crawling on the floor would introduce the infective material
+directly, by putting their little fingers in their mouths.
+
+It is now known that tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease, that
+is, that the germs are not transmitted by heredity. _The weak
+constitution_, however, which favors the development of tuberculosis,
+is inherited. And children of tuberculous parents, therefore, must not
+only be guarded against infection, but must be brought up with special
+care, so as to strengthen their resistance and overcome the weakened
+constitution which they inherited.
+
+That a person with an active tuberculous lesion should not get married
+goes without saying. But, it is a good rule to follow for a
+tuberculous person not to marry for two or three years, until all
+tuberculous lesions have been declared healed by a competent
+physician. As a rule, a tuberculous patient is a poor provider, and
+that also counts in the advice against marriage. Then sexual
+intercourse has, as a rule, a strong influence on the development of
+the disease. Unfortunately the sexual appetite of tuberculous patients
+is not diminished, but, rather, very frequently heightened; and
+frequent sexual relations weaken them and hasten the progress of the
+disease.
+
+As to pregnancy, that has an extremely pernicious effect on the course
+of tuberculosis, and no tuberculous woman should ever marry. If such a
+one does marry or if the disease develops after her getting married,
+means should be given her to prevent her from having children. During
+the pregnancy, the disease may not seem to be making any
+progress--occasionally the patient may even seem to improve--but after
+childbirth the disease makes very rapid strides and the patient may
+quickly succumb. In the early days of my practice I saw a number of
+such cases. If precautions are taken against pregnancy, then
+permission to indulge in sexual relations may be given, provided it is
+done rarely and moderately.
+
+If a patient who has tuberculosis conceals the fact from the future
+partner, a fraud is committed, and the marriage is morally annullable.
+It has been declared legally annullable by a recent decision of a New
+York judge.
+
+
+=Heart Disease=
+
+Heart disease also is no longer considered hereditary. Nevertheless,
+heart disease, if at all serious, is a contraindication to marriage.
+First, because the patient's life may be cut off at any time. Second,
+sexual intercourse is injurious for people having heart disease; it
+may aggravate the disease or even cause sudden death. It is more
+injurious even than it is in tuberculosis. Third--and this concerns
+the woman only--pregnancy has a _very_ detrimental effect upon a
+diseased heart. A heart that, with proper care, might be able to do
+its work for years, often is suddenly snapped by the extra work put
+upon it by pregnancy and childbirth. Sometimes a woman with a diseased
+heart will keep up to the last minute of the delivery of the child and
+then suddenly will gasp and expire. In the first year of my practice I
+saw such a case, and I never have wanted to see another. Women
+suffering from heart disease of any serious character should not,
+under any circumstance, be permitted to become pregnant.
+
+
+=Cancer=
+
+No man will knowingly marry a woman, and no woman will marry a man,
+afflicted with cancer. However, this question often comes up in cases
+where the matrimonial candidates are free from cancer, but where there
+has been cancer in the family.
+
+Cancer is not a hereditary disease, contrary to the opinions that have
+prevailed, and, if the matrimonial candidate otherwise is healthy, no
+hesitation need be felt on the score of heredity. The fear of
+hereditary transmission of the disease has caused a great deal of
+mischief and unnecessary anxiety to people. Scientifically conducted
+investigations and carefully prepared statistics have shown that many
+diseases formerly considered hereditary are not hereditary in the
+least degree.
+
+Should it, however, be shown that in one family there were _many_
+members who died of cancer, it would indicate that there is some
+disease or dyscrasia in that family, and the contracting of a marriage
+with any member of that family would be inadvisable.
+
+
+=Exophthalmic Goiter= (=Basedow's Disease=)
+
+Exophthalmic goiter is a disease characterised by enlargement of the
+thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, and rapid beating of the
+heart. The disease is confined almost entirely, though not
+exclusively, to women, and I should not advise any exophthalmic woman
+to marry; neither should I advise a man to marry an exophthalmic
+goiter woman. It is a very annoying disease, while sexual intercourse
+aggravates all the symptoms, particularly the palpitation of the
+heart. The children, if not affected by exophthalmic goiter, are
+liable to be very neurotic.
+
+_Simple goiter_, that is, enlargement of the thyroid gland (chiefly
+occurring in certain high mountainous localities, such as
+Switzerland), is not so strongly dysgenic as is exophthalmic goiter.
+Still, goiter patients are not good matrimonial risks.
+
+Of course, there are always exceptions. I know an exophthalmic goiter
+woman who brought up four children, and very good, healthy children
+they are. But in writing we can only speak of the average and not of
+exceptions.
+
+
+=Obesity=
+
+Obesity, or excessive stoutness, is an undue development of fat
+throughout the body. That it is hereditary, that it runs in families,
+there is no question whatsoever. And, while with great care as to the
+diet and by proper exercise, obesity may, as a rule, be avoided in
+those predisposed, it none the less often will develop in spite of all
+measures taken against it. Some very obese people eat only one-half or
+less of what many thin people do; but in the former, everything seems
+to run to fat.
+
+Obesity must be considered a dysgenic factor. The obese are subject to
+heart disease, asthma, apoplexy, gallstones, gout, diabetes,
+constipation; they withstand pneumonia and acute infectious diseases
+poorly, and they are bad risks when they have to undergo major
+surgical operations. They also, as a rule, are readily fatigued by
+physical and mental work. (As to the latter, there are remarkable
+exceptions. Some very obese people can turn out a great amount of
+work, and are almost indefatigable in their constant activity.) Each
+case should be considered individually, and with reference to the
+respective family history. If the obese person comes from a healthy,
+long lived family and shows no circulatory disturbances, no strong
+objections can be raised to him or to her. But, as a general
+proposition, it must be laid down that obesity is a dysgenic factor.
+
+But bear in mind that obesity and stoutness are not synonymous terms.
+
+
+=Arteriosclerosis=
+
+Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries. All men over fifty
+are beginning to develop some degree of arteriosclerosis; but, if the
+process is very gradual, it may be considered normal and is not a
+danger to life; when, however, it develops rapidly and the blood
+pressure is of a high degree, there is danger of apoplexy.
+Consequently, arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure must be
+considered decided bars to marriage.
+
+It must be borne in mind that the sexual act is, in itself, a danger
+to arteriosclerotics and people with high blood pressure, because it
+may bring about rupture of a blood-vessel. There are many cases of
+sudden death from this cause of which the public naturally never
+learns. Married persons who find that they have arteriosclerosis or
+high blood pressure should abstain from sexual relations altogether or
+indulge only at rare intervals and moderately.
+
+
+=Gout=
+
+A consideration of gout in connection with the question of heredity
+will show how near-sighted people can be, how they can go on believing
+a certain thing for centuries without analyzing, until somebody
+suddenly shows them the absurdity of the thing. Gout was always
+considered a typical hereditary disease; for it was seen in the
+grandfathers, fathers, children, grandchildren, and so on. So,
+certainly, it must be hereditary! It did not come to our doctors'
+minds to think that perhaps, after all, it was not heredity that was
+to blame, but simply that _the same conditions_ that produced gout in
+the ancestors likewise produced it in their descendants.
+
+We know now that gout is caused by excessive eating, excessive
+drinking, lack of exercise, and faulty elimination. And, since, as a
+general thing, children lead the same lives that their fathers did,
+they are likely to develop the same diseases as their fathers did. A
+poor man who leads an abstemious life doesn't develop gout, and if his
+children lead the same abstemious lives they do not develop gout.
+(There are some cases of gout among the poor, but they are very rare.)
+But if they should begin to gorge and live an improper life they would
+be prone to develop the disease.
+
+The disease, therefore, cannot in any way be considered hereditary. In
+matrimony, gout in either of the couple is not a desirable quality,
+but it is not a bar to marriage; and, if the candidate individually is
+healthy and free from gout, the fact that there was gout in the
+ancestry should play no role.
+
+
+=Mumps=
+
+Mumps is the common name for what is technically called parotitis (or
+parotiditis). Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid glands. The
+parotid glands are situated, one on each side, immediately in front
+and below the external ear, and they are between one-half and one
+ounce in weight. They belong to the salivary glands; that is, they
+manufacture saliva, and each parotid gland has a duct through which it
+pours the saliva into the mouth. These ducts open opposite the second
+upper molar teeth.
+
+We might be surprised to be told that these parotid glands can have
+anything to do with the sex organs, but there is no other remote organ
+that has such a close and rather mysterious relationship with the
+sex-glands as have the parotids. When the parotid glands, either one
+or both, are inflamed, the testicles or ovaries are also liable to be
+attacked by inflammation. The inflammation of the testicles may be so
+severe as to cause them to shrivel and dry up; or, even when no
+shrivelling, no atrophy of the testicles occurs, they may be so
+affected as to become incapable of producing spermatozoa. Moreover, in
+cases where the testicles of a mumps patient seemingly were not
+attacked--that is, where the patient was not aware of any
+inflammation, having no pain and no other symptoms--the testicles may
+have become incapable of generating spermatozoa.
+
+Besides the testicles, the prostate gland, the secretion of which is
+necessary to the fertility of the spermatozoa, may also become
+affected and _atrophied_.
+
+It is, therefore, a very common thing for men who had the mumps in
+their childhood to be found sterile.
+
+As to the sexual power of mumps patients, that differs. Some patients
+lose their virility entirely; others remain potent, but become
+sterile.
+
+The same thing happens to girls attacked by mumps. They may have a
+severe inflammation of the ovaries (ovaritis or ooephoritis) or the
+inflammation may be so mild as to escape notice. In either case, the
+girl when grown to womanhood may find herself sterile.
+
+A man who never had any venereal disease, but who has had mumps,
+should have himself examined for sterility before he gets married. As
+explained in the chapter "Marriage and Gonorrhea," we can, in the
+case of a man, easily find out whether he is fertile or sterile. But,
+in the case of a woman, we can not. Time, necessarily, has to answer
+that question. In all cases, mumps reduces the chances of fertility,
+and no man or woman who once had mumps should get married without
+informing the respective partner of the fact. There should be no
+concealment before marriage. When the partners to the marriage
+contract know of the facts, they can then decide as to whether or not
+the marriage is desirable to them.
+
+
+=Hemophilia, or Bleeders' Disease=
+
+Hemophilia is a peculiar disease, consisting in frequent and often
+uncontrollable hemorrhages. The least cut or the pulling of a tooth
+may cause a severe or even dangerous hemorrhage. The slightest blow,
+squeeze or hurt will cause _ecchymoses_, or discolorations of the
+skin. The peculiarity of this hereditary disease is, that it attacks
+almost exclusively the males, but is transmitted almost exclusively
+through the female members. For instance, Miss A., herself _not_ a
+bleeder, comes from a bleeder-family. She marries and has three boys
+and three girls; the three boys will be bleeders, the three girls will
+not; the three boys marry and have children; their children will
+_not_ be bleeders; the three girls marry, and _their male_ children
+will be bleeders.
+
+What is the lesson? The lesson is, that boys who are bleeders may
+marry, because they will most likely _not_ transmit the disease; but
+girls who come from a hemophilic family, irrespective of whether they
+themselves are hemophilics or not, must not marry, because most likely
+they _will_ transmit the disease.
+
+
+=Anemia=
+
+Anemia is a poor condition of the blood. The blood may contain an
+insufficient number of red blood cells or an insufficient percentage
+of the coloring matter of the blood, that is, hemoglobin. A special
+kind of anemia affecting young girls is called chlorosis.
+
+Anemia and chlorosis cannot be considered contra-indications to
+marriage, because they are usually amenable to treatment. In fact,
+some cases of anemia and chlorosis are due to the lack of normal
+sexual relations, and the subjects get well very soon after marriage.
+But it is best and safest to subject anemic patients to a course of
+treatment and to improve their condition before they marry.
+
+
+=Epilepsy=
+
+While epilepsy--known commonly as fits or falling sickness--is not as
+hereditary as it was one time thought to be, its hereditary character
+being ascertainable in only about 5 per cent. of cases, nevertheless,
+it is a decidedly dysgenic agent, and marriage with an epileptic is
+distinctly advised against. Where both parents are epileptics, the
+children are almost sure to be epileptic, and such a marriage should
+be prohibited by law. Under no circumstances should parents who are
+both epileptic bring children into the world. It should be the duty of
+the State to instruct them in methods of preventing conception.
+
+
+=Hysteria=
+
+Hysteria is a disease the chief characteristics of which are a _lack
+of control_ over one's emotions and acts, the _imitation_ of the
+symptoms of various diseases, and an _exaggerated_ self-consciousness.
+The patient may have extreme pain in the region of the head, ovaries,
+spine; in some parts of the skin there is extreme hypersensitiveness
+(hyperesthesia), so that the least touch causes great pain; in others,
+there is complete anesthesia--that is, absence of sensation--so that
+when you stick the patient with a needle she will not feel it. A very
+frequent symptom is a choking sensation, as if a ball came up the
+throat and stuck there (globus hystericus). Then there may be spasms,
+convulsions, retention of urine, paralysis, aphonia (loss of voice),
+blindness, and a lot more. There is hardly a functional or organic
+nervous disorder that hysteria may not simulate.
+
+Of late years our ideas about hysteria have undergone a radical
+change, and we now know that most, if not all, cases of hysteria are
+due to a repression or non-satisfaction of the sexual instinct or to
+some shock of a sexual character in childhood. Only too often a girl
+who was very hysterical before marriage loses her hysteria as if by
+magic upon contracting a _satisfactory_ marriage. On the other hand, a
+healthy girl can become quickly hysterical if she marries a man who is
+sexually impotent or who is disagreeable to her and incapable of
+satisfying her sexually.
+
+While hysteria, in itself, is not hereditary, it, nevertheless, is a
+question whether a strongly hysterical woman would make a satisfactory
+mother. The entire family history should be investigated. If the
+hysteria is found to be an isolated instance in the given girl, it may
+be disregarded, if not extreme; but if the entire family or several
+members of it are neuropathic, the condition is a dysgenic one.
+Marriage may be contracted, provided no children are brought into the
+world until several years have elapsed and the mother's organization
+seems to have become more stable. In some cases, a child acts as a
+good medicine against hysteria. In short, every case must be examined
+individually on its merits, and the counsel of a good psychologist or
+psychoanalyst may prove very valuable.
+
+
+=Alcoholism=
+
+A good deal depends upon what we understand by alcoholism. The
+fanatics consider a person an alcoholic who drinks a glass of beer or
+wine with his meals. This is nonsense. This is not alcoholism, and
+cannot be considered a dysgenic factor. But, where there is a distinct
+habit, so that the individual _must_ have his alcohol daily, or if he
+goes on an occasional drunken "spree," marriage must be advised
+against. And where the man (or woman) is what we call a real drunkard,
+marriage not only should be advised against, but most decidedly should
+be prohibited by law.
+
+Alcoholism, as a habit, is one of the worst dysgenic factors to reckon
+with. First, the offspring is liable to be affected, which is
+sufficient in itself to condemn marriage with an alcoholic. Second,
+the earning powers of an alcoholic are generally diminished, and are
+likely gradually to diminish more and more. Third, an alcoholic is
+irritable, quarrelsome, and is liable to do bodily injury to his wife.
+Fourth an alcoholic often develops sexual weakness or complete sexual
+impotence. Fifth, alcoholics are likely to develop extreme jealousy,
+which may become pathological, even to the extent of a psychosis.
+
+If both the husband and wife are alcoholics, then marriage between
+them which results in children is not merely a sin, but a crime.
+
+We do not now come across cases so often as we used to of women
+marrying drunkards in the hope or with the hope of reforming them. But
+such cases still happen. This is a very foolish procedure. Let the man
+reform first, let him stay reformed for two or three years, and then
+the woman may take the chance, if she wants to.
+
+
+=Feeblemindedness=
+
+Feeblemindedness, in all its gradations--including idiocy, imbecility,
+moronism, and so on--is strongly hereditary and is one of the most
+dysgenic factors we have to deal with. It is the most dysgenic of all
+factors. It is more dysgenic than insanity. Marriage with a
+feebleminded person not only should be advised against, but should be
+prohibited by law. A feebleminded man has much fewer chances for
+marriage than has a feebleminded woman. Feebleminded girls, even to
+the extent of being morons, if pretty (as they often are) have very
+good chances of getting married, not infrequently getting for husbands
+young men of good families who themselves of course are not very
+strong mentally, but still are far from being considered feebleminded.
+
+There are many cases of brilliant men--more than the public has any
+idea of--who married pretty, shy, demure, but withal feebleminded,
+girls, and the result has been in the largest percentage of cases very
+disastrous. In many cases all the children are feebleminded, or if not
+feebleminded, so weak mentally that it is impossible to make them go
+through any college or school. All the private tutoring is often in
+vain. And the brilliant father's heart breaks. It must be borne in
+mind that feeblemindedness or weak mentality is much more difficult to
+detect in a woman than it is in a man. Weakmindedness in a woman often
+passes for "cuteness," and as among the conservatives a woman is not
+expected to be able to discuss current topics, her intellectual
+caliber is often not discovered by the blinded husband until some
+weeks after the marriage ceremony.
+
+As any instruction in the use of contraceptives would be wasted on the
+feebleminded, the only way to guard the race against pollution with
+feebleminded stock is either to segregate or to sterilize them.
+Society could have no objection against the feebleminded marrying or
+indulging in sexual relations, provided it could be assured that they
+will not bring any feebleminded stock into the world. After the man
+and the woman have been sterilized there is no objection to their
+getting married.
+
+Where a normal, able or brilliant husband finds out too late that his
+wife's mentality is of rather a low order he is certainly justified in
+using contraceptives; and if he is determined to have children he will
+be obliged to divorce his wife. Of course this applies also to the
+wife of a weak minded husband.
+
+
+=Insanity=
+
+Insanity may be briefly defined as a disease of the mind. We will not
+here go into a discussion as to what constitutes real insanity, as to
+what is understood by insanity in the legal sense of the term, and so
+on, except to note that we have two divisions.
+
+One is functional insanity. This may be temporary, or periodical, and
+is due to some external cause, is curable, and is not hereditary. For
+instance, a person may get insane from a severe shock, from trouble,
+from anxiety, from a severe accident (such as a shipwreck), from a
+sudden and total loss of his fortune, of his wife and children (by
+fire, earthquake, shipwreck or railroad accident). Such insanities are
+curable and are not transmissible. Another example is what is known as
+puerperal insanity. Some women during childbirth, due probably to some
+toxic infection, become insane. This insanity may be extreme and
+maniacal in character. Still, it often passes away in a few days
+_without leaving any trace_ and may never return again, or, if it does
+return, it may return only during another childbirth. This kind of
+insanity is not transmissible.
+
+The second division is what we call organic insanity. This expresses
+itself in mania and melancholy, so-called manic-depressive insanity.
+This is due to a degeneration of the brain-and nerve-tissue and is
+hereditary.
+
+But, our entire conception as to the hereditary transmissibility of
+insanity has undergone a radical change. There is hardly another
+disease the fear of whose hereditary character is responsible for so
+much anguish and torture. In former years, when there was an insane
+uncle or aunt or grandparent that fact weighed like a veritable
+incubus on the entire family. Every member of the family was tortured
+by the secret anguish that maybe he or she would be next to be
+affected by this most horrible of all diseases--disease of the mind.
+If an ancestral member of the family became insane at a certain age,
+every member of that family was living in fear and trembling until
+several years had passed _after_ that critical age, and only then
+would they begin to breathe freely. Indeed, many people became insane
+from the very fear of becoming insane. It cannot be subject to any
+doubt that many people do become mentally unbalanced from the fear
+that they will become unbalanced. Fear has a tremendous influence on
+the purely bodily functions, but its influence on the mental functions
+is incomparably greater, and a person will often get that which he
+fears he is going to get.
+
+Now the hereditary character of insanity is not taken in the same
+absolute sense in which it was formerly. While we still consider it a
+dysgenic factor, yet we recognize the paramount importance of
+environment; and we know that by proper bringing-up, using the
+expression bringing-up in its broadest sense--including a proper
+mental and physical discipline--any hereditary taint can be
+counteracted. In connection with this subject, the following very
+recent statistics will prove of interest.
+
+The families of 558 insane persons cared for in the London county
+asylums were investigated, and, according to reports received from
+the educational authorities, only 15 of these (less than 3 per cent)
+had mentally defective children. As to the time of the birth of the
+children, whether before or after the attack of the insanity, we find
+the following figures: 56 out of 573 parents had children after their
+first attack of insanity, and 106 children were born after the onset
+of insanity in the parent; while the remaining 1259 children were born
+before the parent became insane.
+
+Altogether, as will be seen from a discussion of the various factors
+rendering marriage permissible or nonpermissible, I am inclined to
+consider environment a more important factor than heredity. The purely
+physical characteristics bear the indelible impress of heredity. But
+the moral and cultural characteristics, which in the modern civilized
+man are much more important than the physical, are almost exclusively
+the results of environment.
+
+
+=Neuroses--Neurasthenia--Psychasthenia--Neuropathy--Psychopathy=
+
+I will not attempt either exhaustive or concise definitions of the
+terms named in the caption, for the simple reason that it is
+impossible to give satisfactory definitions of them. The conditions
+which these terms designate do not constitute definite disease-entities,
+and many different things are understood by different people when these
+terms are mentioned. Only brief indications of the meaning will be
+given.
+
+Neurosis is a functional disease of the nervous system.
+
+Neurasthenia is a condition of nervous exhaustion, brought about by
+various causes, such as overwork, worry, fright, sexual excesses,
+sexual abstinence, and so on. The basis of neurasthenia, however, is
+often or even generally a hereditary taint, a nervous weakness
+inherited from the parents.
+
+Psychasthenia is a neurosis or psychoneurosis similar to neurasthenia,
+characterized by an exhaustion of the nervous system, also by weakness
+of the will, overscrupulousness, fear, and a feeling of the
+_unreality_ of things.
+
+Neuropathy is a disease or disorder of the nervous system. Psychopathy
+is a disease or disorder of the mind.
+
+Of late years we often hear people referred to as neurotics,
+neurasthenics, psychasthenics, neuropaths or psychopaths. These are
+undoubtedly abnormal conditions, and, taken as a general thing, they
+are dysgenic factors.
+
+But a dysgenic factor in an animal _is_ a dysgenic factor, and that
+is all there is to it. There are no two sides to the question. But if
+anything goes to show the difference between animals and human beings,
+and to demonstrate why principles of eugenics, as derived from a study
+of animals, can never be _fully_ applicable to human beings, it is
+these considerations which we now have under discussion. To repeat,
+neuroses, neurasthenia, psychasthenia, and the various forms of
+neuropathy and psychopathy are dysgenic factors. But people suffering
+from these conditions often are among _the world's greatest geniuses_,
+have done some of the world's greatest work, and, if we prevented or
+discouraged marriage among people who are somewhat "abnormal" or
+"queer," we should deprive the world of some of its greatest men and
+women. For insanity is allied to genius, and if we were to exterminate
+all mentally or nervously abnormal people we should at the same time
+exterminate some of the men and women that have made life worth
+living.
+
+And what is true of mentally abnormal is also true of physically
+inferior people. An inferior horse or dog _is_ inferior. There is no
+compensation for the inferiority. But a man may be physically
+inferior, he may be, for instance, a consumptive, but still he may
+have given to the world some of the sweetest and most wonderful poems.
+A man may be lame, or deaf, or strabismic, he may be a hunchback or a
+cripple and altogether physically repulsive, and yet he may be one of
+the world's greatest philosophers or mathematicians. A man may be
+sexually impotent and absolutely useless for race purposes, yet may be
+one of the world's greatest singers or greatest discoverers.
+
+In short, the eugenic problem in the human is not, and never will be,
+as simple as it is in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. If we want to
+strive after healthy, normal mediocrity, then the principles of animal
+eugenics become applicable to the human race. If, on the other hand,
+we want talent, if we want genius, if we want benefactors of the human
+race, then we must go very slow with our eugenic applications.
+
+
+=Drug Addiction or Narcotism=
+
+Addiction to drugs, whether it be opium, morphine, heroin or cocaine,
+is a strongly dysgenic factor. The addiction to the drug is of itself
+not transmissible, but the weakened constitution or degeneracy which
+is generally responsible for the development of the drug addiction is
+inheritable.
+
+A few cases of drug addiction are external; that is, the patient may
+have a good healthy constitution, no hereditary taint, and still
+because during some sickness he was given morphine a number of times
+he may have developed an addiction to the drug. But those cases are
+rare. And such cases, if they are cured and if the addiction is
+completely overcome, may marry.
+
+But in most cases it isn't the drug addiction that causes the
+degeneracy; it is the degeneracy or the neuropathic or psychopathic
+constitution that causes the drug addiction. And such cases are bad
+matrimonial risks.
+
+And it is a very risky thing for a woman to marry an addict with the
+idea of reforming him. As I said about the alcoholic: Let him reform
+first, let him stay reformed for a few years, and then the rest is not
+so great.
+
+
+=Consanguineous Marriages=
+
+Consanguinity means blood relationship, and consanguineous marriages
+are marriages between near blood relatives. The physician is
+frequently consulted as to the permissibility or danger of marriages
+between near relations. The question generally concerns first cousins,
+second cousins, uncle and niece, and nephew and aunt.
+
+The popular idea is that consanguineous marriages are bad _per se_.
+The children of near relatives, such as first cousins, are apt to be
+defective, deaf and dumb, blind, or feebleminded, and what not. This
+popular idea, as so many popular ideas are, is wrong. And still there
+is of course, as there always is, some foundation for it. The matter,
+however, is quite simple.
+
+We know that many traits, good and bad, are transmitted by heredity.
+And naturally when traits are possessed by both father and mother they
+stand a much greater chance of being transmitted to the offspring than
+if possessed by one of the parents alone. Now then, if a certain bad
+trait, such as epilepsy or insanity, is present in a family that trait
+is present in both cousins, and the likelihood of children from such a
+marriage inheriting that trait is much greater than when the parents
+are strangers, the taint being present in the family of only one of
+the parents. But if there be no hereditary taint in the cousins'
+family, and, still more, if the family is an intelligent one, if there
+are geniuses in the family, then there cannot be the slightest
+objection to marriage between cousins, and the children of such
+marriages are apt to inherit in a strong degree the talents or genius
+of their ancestors. In short, if the family is a bad one, one below
+par, then marriage between cousins or between uncle and niece should
+be forbidden. If the family is a good one, above par, then marriage
+between relatives of that family should be encouraged.
+
+The idea that the children from consanguineous marriages are apt to be
+deaf and dumb has no foundation in fact. Recent statistics from
+various asylums in Germany, for instance, have shown that only about
+five per cent. of the deaf and dumb children were the offspring of
+consanguineous marriages. If 95 per cent, of the deaf and dumb had
+_non_-consanguineous parents, how could one say that even in the other
+five per cent, the consanguinity was the cause? If it were the other
+way around, then of course we could blame consanguinity. As it is, we
+can assume even in this five per cent, a mere coincidence, and we have
+no right to say that consanguinity and deaf and dumbness stand in the
+relation to each other of cause and effect.
+
+It is interesting to know that among the Egyptians, Persians, and
+Incas of Peru close consanguineous marriages were very common. The
+Egyptian kings generally married their sisters. This was common custom
+and if the children born of such unions were defectives or
+monstrosities the fact would have become quickly apparent and the
+custom would have been abolished. Evidently the offspring of very
+close consanguinity was normal, or even above normal, or the practice
+would not have been continued such a long time.
+
+It is perhaps worth while noting that one of the world's greatest
+scientists, Charles Darwin, was the child of parents who were first
+cousins.
+
+
+=Homosexuality=
+
+Homosexuality (homos--the same) is a perversion in which a person is
+attracted not to persons of the opposite but to persons of the same
+sex. Thus a homosexual man does not care for women, but is attracted
+to men. A homosexual woman is not attracted to men; she only cares for
+women and may even loathe men. A homosexual, man or woman, has no
+right to marry. The wrong committed by a homosexual marrying is a
+double one: it is wrong to the partner, wrong to the children. The
+normal partner is bound to discover the abnormality, and if he (or
+she) does, then the married life is a very unhappy one. Even if the
+abnormal partner uses the utmost efforts to conceal the abnormality,
+he cannot afford any pleasure to the normal partner, because the
+sexual act committed under loathing cannot be satisfactory. The other
+wrong is committed on the offspring. Homosexuality is hereditary, and
+nobody has a right to bring homosexuals into the world, for there is
+no unhappier being than a homosexual. I know a homosexual woman, who,
+knowing her abnormality, married for the sake of a comfortable home.
+She has been successful in hiding from her husband her abnormality, he
+simply considering her frigid. But each sexual act costs her tortures.
+So far she has succeeded in avoiding pregnancy. I also know a highly
+refined and educated homosexual gentleman, who married before
+understanding his condition. Many homosexuals, not knowing that such a
+thing as homosexuality even exists, do not understand their own
+condition; they feel a little strange, a little puzzled, but they
+don't know that they ought not to marry. Soon after marrying his
+condition became clear to him, but in the meantime his wife conceived,
+and he is now the father of a healthy, good-looking boy. It is
+possible that with proper bringing up the development of any
+homosexual traits will be prevented. It should be borne in mind that
+long sexual repression is favorable to the development of
+homosexuality.
+
+But to emphasize: homosexuality is a dysgenic factor, and no
+homosexual should marry.
+
+
+=Sadism=
+
+Sadism is a sexual perversion in which the person derives pleasure
+only when beating, biting, striking, or otherwise inflicting pain on
+the person of the opposite sex. The degree of cruelty varies, but all
+sadists should be shunned. Unfortunately the fact that a man is a
+sadist is often not found out until after marriage, but as soon as the
+wife has found it out she should leave the man and demand a divorce.
+Sadism is a sufficient ground for a separation or divorce. No person
+with any moral feeling in him or her should be responsible for
+bringing children into the world with a possible sadistic heredity.
+
+Sadistic cruelty is often of the gross, brutal, repulsive kind, but
+sometimes the sadist inflicts on his "beloved" object refined tortures
+of which only a cunning "demon" is capable. The sufferings which the
+wives of some sadists have to undergo are known only to themselves and
+to a few--very few--physicians.
+
+
+=Masochism=
+
+Masochism is a sexual perversion in which the person, man or woman,
+_likes_ to suffer pain, beatings, insults and other cruelties at the
+hands of the beloved object. It is a dysgenic factor but much less
+important than sadism.
+
+
+=Sexual Impotence=
+
+Sexual impotence is not hereditary, but impotence in the male either
+so complete that he cannot perform the act or consisting only in
+premature ejaculations (relative impotence or sexual insufficiency)
+should constitute a bar to marriage. This impotence may not interfere
+with impregnation; the wife may have children and the children will
+not be in any way defective, but the wife herself, unless she is
+completely frigid, will suffer the tortures of hell, and may quickly
+become a sexual neurasthenic, a nervous wreck, or she may even develop
+a psychosis. Any man suffering with impotence should have himself
+treated before marriage until he is cured; if his impotence is
+incurable, then for his own sake and for the sake of the girl or woman
+he is supposed to love he should give up the idea of marriage. The
+only permissible exception is in cases in which the prospective wife
+knows the nature of her prospective husband's trouble, and claims that
+she does not care for gross sexual relations and therefore does not
+mind the impotence. In case the wife is absolutely _frigid_, the
+marriage may turn out satisfactory. But I would always have my
+misgivings, and should the wife's apparently absent but in reality
+only dormant libido suddenly awaken there would be trouble for both
+husband and wife. It is therefore necessary to emphasize: in all cases
+of impotence--caution!
+
+
+=Frigidity=
+
+Frigidity, as we have explained in a previous chapter, is a term
+applied to lack of sexual desire or sexual enjoyment in women. Of
+course many women before marriage are themselves ignorant of their
+sexual condition. Having learned to restrain their impulses, to
+repress any sexual stir, they themselves are often unable to say
+whether they have a strong or weak libido, or any at all. And whether
+or no a given woman would derive any pleasure from the sexual act can
+only be found out after marriage. Many girls, however, know very well
+whether they are "passionate" or not, but they wouldn't tell. They are
+afraid to confess to a complete lack of passion--they fear they might
+lose a husband.
+
+Frigidity as an agent in marriage may be considered from two points of
+view: the offspring and the husband. The offspring is not affected by
+the mother's frigidity. A very frigid woman, if the frigidity is not
+due to serious organic causes, may have very healthy children and make
+an excellent mother. As far as the husband is concerned, it will
+depend a good deal on the degree of frigidity. If the woman is merely
+cold, and, while herself not enjoying the act, raises no objection to
+it, then it cannot be considered a bar to marriage. In fact many men,
+themselves not overstrong sexually, are praying for somewhat frigid
+wives. (It must be stated, however, that to some husbands relations
+with frigid and non-participating wives are extremely distasteful.)
+But when the frigidity is of such a degree that it amounts to a strong
+physical aversion to the act, it should be considered a bar to
+marriage. Such frigidity is often the cause of a disrupted home, often
+leads to divorce and is legally considered a sufficient cause for
+divorce or for the annulment of marriage, the same as impotence in the
+man is.
+
+
+=Excessive Libido in Men=
+
+We have seen that sexual impotence is a dysgenic factor and if
+complete and incurable should constitute a barrier to marriage. The
+opposite condition is that of excessive libido. Libido is the desire
+for the opposite sex. A proper amount of libido is normal and
+desirable. A lack of libido is abnormal. And an excess of libido is
+also abnormal. But a good many men are possessed of an excess of
+libido; it is either congenital or _acquired_. Some men torture their
+wives "to death," not literally but figuratively. Harboring the
+prevailing idea that a wife has no rights in this respect, that her
+body is not her own, that she must always hold herself ready to
+satisfy his abnormal desires, such a husband exercises his marital
+rights without consideration for the physical condition or the mental
+feelings of his partner. Some husbands demand that their wives satisfy
+them _daily_ from one to five or more times a day. Some wives who
+happen to be possessed of an equally strong libido do not mind these
+excessive demands (though in time they are almost sure to feel the
+evil effects), but if the wife possesses only a moderate amount of
+sexuality and if she is too weak in body and in will-power to resist
+her lord and master's demands, her health is often ruined and she
+becomes a wreck. (Complete abstinence and excessive indulgence often
+have the same evil end-results.) Some men "kill" four or five women
+before the fury of their libido is at last moderated. Of course, it is
+hard to find out a man's libido beforehand. But if a delicate girl or
+a woman of moderate sexuality has reasons to suspect that a man is
+possessed of an abnormally excessive libido, she would do well to
+think twice before taking the often irretrievable step.
+
+I have spoken so far of excessive libido in normal men, that is, in
+men who are otherwise normal, sane and can _whenever necessary_
+control their desires. There is a form of excessive libido in men
+called satyriasis, which reaches such a degree that the men are often
+not able to control their desires, and they will satisfy their
+passion even if they know that the result is sure to be a venereal
+infection or several years in prison. Of course, satyriasis is a
+dysgenic factor; those suffering with that disorder are not normal;
+they are on the borderland of insanity, and not only should they not
+be permitted to marry, but they should be confined to institutions
+where they can be subjected to the proper treatment.
+
+
+=Excessive Libido in Women=
+
+Just as we have impotent and excessively libidinous men, so we have
+frigid and excessively libidinous women. A wife possessed of excessive
+libido is a terrible calamity for a husband of a normal or moderate
+sexuality. Many a libidinous wife has driven her husband, especially
+if she is young and he is old, to a premature grave. And "grave" is
+used in the literal, not figurative, sense of the word. It would be a
+good thing if a man could find out the character of his future wife's
+libido before marriage. Unfortunately, it is impossible. At best, it
+can only be guessed at. But a really excessive libido on the part of
+either husband or wife should constitute a valid ground for divorce.
+When the libido in woman is so excessive that she _cannot_ control her
+passion, and forgetting religion, morality, modesty, custom and
+possible social consequences, she offers herself to every man she
+meets, we use the term nymphomania. It is a disease which corresponds
+to satyriasis in men, and what I said of satyriasis applies with equal
+force to nymphomania. Nymphomaniac women should not be permitted to
+marry or to run around loose, but should be confined to institutions
+in which they can be subjected to proper treatment.
+
+
+=Harelip=
+
+This is a congenital defect consisting in a notch or split in the
+upper lip. It is due to defective development of the embryo and is as
+a rule found in association with cleft palate. Probably hereditary,
+but is not common and is not of much importance.
+
+
+=Myopia=
+
+Myopia means nearsightedness. This defect is undoubtedly hereditary to
+a certain degree, but it is doubtful if, other conditions being
+favorable, any man would give up a girl because she is myopic or vice
+versa. Still, if the condition is extreme, as it sometimes is, it
+should be taken into consideration. And where both the man and the
+woman are strongly myopic some hesitation should be felt in
+contracting a marriage. If the husband alone is myopic, then the
+defect may be transmitted to the sons but not to the daughters, and
+these daughters may in their turn transmit the defect to their sons
+but not to their daughters. In other words, the defect is more or less
+_sex-limited_.
+
+
+=Astigmatism=
+
+This is a defect of the eye, depending upon some irregularity of the
+cornea or the lens, in which light rays in different meridians are not
+brought to the same focus. It is to a certain extent hereditary, but
+plays an insignificant role. It is an undesirable trait, but cannot be
+considered a dysgenic factor.
+
+
+=Baldness=
+
+Premature baldness is a decidedly inheritable trait. And so is
+premature grayness of the hair. But it is doubtful if any woman would
+permit these factors to play any role in her choice of a husband.
+
+
+=Criminality=
+
+Almost a complete change has taken place in our ideas of criminality,
+and there are but very few criminologists now who believe in the
+Lombrosian nonsense of most criminality being inherited and being
+accompanied by physical stigmata of degeneration. The idea that the
+criminal is born and not made is now held only by an insignificant
+number of thinkers. We know now that by far the greatest percentage
+of crime is the result of environment, of poverty, with all that that
+word implies, of bad bringing up, of bad companions. We know that the
+child of the criminal, properly brought up, will develop into a model
+citizen, and vice versa, the child of the saint, brought into the
+slums, might develop into a criminal.
+
+Then we must remember that there are many crimes which are not crimes,
+per se, but which are merely infractions of man-made laws, or
+representing rebellious acts against an unjust and cruel social order.
+Thus, for instance, a man or a woman who defying the law, would give
+information about birth control, and be convicted for the offence,
+would be legally a criminal. Morally he or she would be a high-minded
+humanitarian. A man who would throw a bomb at the Russian Czar or at a
+murderous pogrom-inciting Russian Governor would be considered an
+assassin, and if caught would be hanged; and in making up the pedigree
+of such a family, a narrow-minded eugenist would be apt to say that
+there was criminality in that family. But as a matter of fact, that
+"assassin" may have belonged to the noblest-minded heroes in history.
+
+The eugenists will therefore pay little attention to criminality in
+the ancestry as a dysgenic factor. As long as the matrimonial
+candidate himself is not a criminal, the ancestral criminality should
+constitute no bar to the marriage. It is not likely to show itself
+atavistically in the children. Altogether a good deal of nonsense has
+been written about atavism. And people forget that the same rules of
+heredity that are applied to physical conditions cannot be applied to
+spiritual and moral qualities, the latter being much more dependent
+upon environment than the former. Of course the various circumstances
+must be taken into consideration, and each case must be decided upon
+its merits. No generalizations can be permitted. The _kind_ of crime
+must always be considered.
+
+And, furthermore, it should be borne in mind that not only is a
+criminal ancestry _per se_ no bar to marriage, the marriage candidate
+himself may be an ex-criminal, may have served time in prison, and
+still be a very desirable father or mother from the eugenic viewpoint.
+A man who in a fit of passion or during a quarrel, perhaps under the
+slight influence of liquor, struck or killed a man is not, therefore,
+a real criminal. After serving his time in prison he may never again
+commit the slightest antisocial act, may make a moral citizen and an
+ideal husband and father.
+
+This is not a plea for the under dog. For in this case, where the
+future of the race is at stake, all other considerations must be put
+into the background. I simply plead for an intelligent consideration
+of the subject. Many honored citizens are worse criminals and worse
+fathers than many people who have served prison sentences.
+
+
+=Pauperism=
+
+It may seem strange to discuss pauperism in relation to marriage and
+to speak of it as a hereditary factor, but it is necessary to discuss
+it, because considerable ignorance prevails on the subject, it being
+generally confused with poverty. There is a radical difference between
+pauperism and poverty. People may be poor for generations and
+generations, even very poor, and still not be considered or classed
+with paupers. Pauperism generally implies a lack of physical and
+mental stamina, loss of _self-respect_ and unconquerable laziness. Of
+course we know now that laziness often rests upon a physical basis,
+being due to imperfect working of the internal glands. But whatever
+the cause of the laziness may be, the fact is that it is one of the
+characteristics of the pauper. And while we cannot speak of pauperism
+being hereditary, the qualities that go to make up the pauper are
+transmissible. No normal woman would marry a pauper, and the woman who
+would marry a pauper is not amenable to any advice or to any book
+knowledge. But men are sometimes tempted to marry daughters of paupers
+if they happen to be pretty. They should consider the matter very
+carefully, for some of the ancestral traits may become manifest in the
+children.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO
+
+BIRTH CONTROL OR THE LIMITATION OF OFFSPRING
+
+ Knowledge of Prevention of Conception Essential--Misapprehensions
+  Concerning Birth-control Propaganda--Modern Contraceptives Not
+  Injurious to Health--Imperfection of Contraceptive Measures Due
+  to Secrecy--Prevention of Conception and Abortion Radically
+  Different--More Marriages Consummated if Birth-control
+  Information were Legally Obtainable--Demand for Prostitution
+  Would be Curtailed--Venereal Disease Due to Lack of
+  Knowledge--Another Phase of the Birth-control Problem--Knowledge
+  of Contraceptive Methods Where There Was a Taint of Insanity, and
+  the Happy Results.
+
+
+No girl, and no man for that matter, should enter the bonds of
+matrimony without learning the latest means of preventing conception,
+of regulating the number of offspring. With people who consider any
+attempt at regulating the number of children a sin, we have nothing to
+argue, though we believe that there are very few people except among
+the lowest dregs of society who do not use some measures of
+regulation. Otherwise we would see most families with ten to twenty
+children instead of two or three. Nor do I intend to devote this
+chapter to a detailed presentation of the arguments in favor of the
+rational regulation of offspring. It would have to be merely a
+repetition of the arguments that I have presented elsewhere.[8] But a
+few points may well be touched upon here.
+
+In spite of the fact that the subject of birth control is much better
+known now than it was when we first started to propagate it, still it
+cannot be mentioned too often, for the misapprehensions concerning it
+almost keep pace with the propaganda. First, there is a foolish notion
+that we would try to regulate the number of children forcibly, that we
+would compel people to have a small number of children. Nothing could
+apparently be more absurd, and still many people sincerely believe it.
+Nothing is further from the truth. On the contrary, much as we are in
+favor of birth control, we advise limitation of offspring only to
+those who for various reasons, financial, hereditary or hygienic, are
+unable to have many children. We emphatically believe that couples who
+are in excellent health, who are of untainted heredity, who are fit to
+bring up children, and have the means to do so, should have at least
+half a dozen children. If they should have one dozen, they would
+deserve the thanks of the community. All we claim is that in such an
+important matter as bringing children into the world, the parents who
+have to carry the full burden of bringing up these children should
+have the right to decide. They should have the means of control. They
+should be able to say whether they will have two or six or one dozen
+children.
+
+
+=Contraceptive Measures=
+
+And the argument that contraceptives are injurious to the health of
+the woman, of the man, or of both, may be curtly dismissed. It is not
+true of any of the modern contraceptives. But even if it were true,
+the amount of injury that can be done by contraceptives would be like
+a drop of water in comparison with the injuries resulting from
+excessive pregnancies and childbirths. Some of the contraceptive
+measures require some trouble to use, some are unesthetic, but these
+are trifles and constitute a small price to pay for the privilege of
+being able to regulate the number of one's offspring according to
+one's intelligent desires.
+
+The commonest argument now made against contraceptives is that they
+are not absolutely safe, that is, absolutely to be relied upon, that
+they will not prevent in absolutely every case. This is true; but
+there are three answers which render this objection invalid. First,
+many of the cases of failure are to be ascribed not to the
+contraceptives themselves, but to their improper, careless and
+unintelligent use. The best methods in the world will fail if used
+improperly. Second, if the measures are efficient in 98 or 99 per
+cent, and fail in one or two per cent., then they are a blessing. Some
+women would be the happiest women in the world if they could render 98
+per cent. of their conjugal relations unfruitful. Third, the
+imperfections of our contraceptive measures are due to the secrecy
+with which the entire subject must necessarily be surrounded. If the
+subject of birth control could be fully discussed in medical books
+there is no doubt that in a short time we would have measures that
+would be absolutely certain and would leave nothing to be desired. But
+even such as they are, the measures are better than none, and as said
+in the beginning of this chapter, it is the duty of every young woman
+to acquire as one of the items of her sex education the knowledge of
+how to avoid too frequent pregnancies. In fact, I consider this the
+most important item in a woman's sex education, and if she has learned
+nothing else she should learn this. For this information is
+_absolutely_ necessary to her future health and happiness.
+
+
+=A Few Everyday Cases=
+
+In my twenty years' work for the cause of rational birth control I
+have come in contact with thousands and thousands of cases which
+demonstrate in the most convincing manner possible the tragic results
+of forced or undesired motherhood, and of the fear of forced or
+undesired motherhood.
+
+Some of the cases were in my own practice, some were related to me by
+brother physicians, some were described to me by the victims living in
+all parts of this vast country. Were I to collect and report all the
+cases that came to my notice during those twenty years, they would
+without exaggeration make a volume the size of the latest edition of
+the Standard Dictionary, printed in the same small type. Some of them
+are positively heartbreaking. They make you sick at the stupidity of
+the human race, at the stupidity and brutality of the lawgivers. But I
+do not wish to appeal to your emotions. I do not wish to take extreme
+and unique cases. I will therefore briefly relate a few everyday
+cases, which will demonstrate to you the beneficence of contraceptive
+knowledge and the tragedy and misery caused by the lack of such
+knowledge.
+
+_Case 1._ This class of case is so common that I almost feel like
+apologizing for referring to it. She, whom I will call by the
+forbearing name of Mrs. Smith, had been married a little over nine
+years, and had given birth to five children. She was an excellent
+mother, nursed them herself, took good care of them, and all the five
+were living and healthy. But in caring for them and for the household
+all alone, for they could not afford a servant or a nurse-girl, all
+her vitality had been sapped, all her originally superb energy had
+dwindled down to nothing; her nerves were worn to a frazzle and she
+became but a shadow of her former self. And the fear of another
+pregnancy became an obsession with her. She dreamed of it at night,
+and it poisoned her waking hours in the day. She felt that she simply
+could not go through another pregnancy, another childbirth, with its
+sleepless nights and its weary toilsome days. She asked her doctor who
+brought her children into the world to give her some preventive, but
+he laughed the matter off. "Just be careful," was all the advice she
+got from him. And when in spite of being careful, she, horror of
+horrors, became pregnant again, she gathered up courage, went to the
+same doctor, and asked him to perform an abortion on her. But he was a
+highly respectable physician, a Christian gentleman, and he became
+highly indignant at her impudence in coming to him and asking him to
+commit "murder." Her tears and pleadings were in vain. He remained
+adamant.
+
+Whether he would have remained as adamant if instead of Mrs. Smith,
+who could only pay twenty-five dollars for the abortion, the patient
+had been one of his society clientele, who could pay two hundred and
+fifty dollars, is a question which I will not answer in the
+affirmative or negative. I will leave it open. I will merely remark
+that in the question of abortion in certain specific cases the moral
+indignation of some physicians is in inverse proportion to the size of
+the fee expected. A doctor who will become terribly insulted when a
+poor woman who can only pay ten or fifteen dollars asks to be relieved
+of the fruit of her womb, will usually discover that the woman who can
+afford to pay one hundred dollars is badly in need of a curettement.
+Oh, no. He does not perform an abortion. He merely curets the uterus.
+
+But to come back to Mrs. Smith. She went away from the indignant
+adamant doctor. But she was determined not to give birth to another
+child. She confided her trouble to a neighbor, who sent her to a
+midwife. The midwife was neither very expert, nor very clean. Mrs.
+Smith had to go to her two or three times. After bleeding for about
+ten days she developed blood poisoning, from which she died a few days
+later, at the early age of twenty-nine, leaving a disconsolate father,
+who in time to come will probably find consolation with another woman,
+and five motherless children, who will never find consolation. One
+may find a substitute for a wife, there is no substitute for a mother.
+
+And such tragedies are of daily occurrence. May the Lord have mercy on
+the souls of those who are responsible for them.
+
+Before I proceed further I wish to say that it is the terrible
+prevalence of the abortion evil, with its concomitant evils of
+infection, ill health, chronic invalidism and death, that more than
+any other single factor urges us in our birth control propaganda. And
+those who want to forbid the dissemination of any information about
+the prevention of conception are playing directly into the hands of
+the professional abortionists. They could not act any more zealously
+if they were in league with the latter and were paid by them. And
+having mentioned the subject of abortion, I wish to utter a note of
+warning. In our birth control propaganda, we must be very careful to
+keep the question of the prevention of conception and of abortion
+separate and apart. The stupid law puts the two in the same paragraph,
+some ignorant laymen and equally ignorant physicians treat the two as
+if they were the same thing, but we, in our speeches and our writings,
+must keep the two separate, we must show the people the essential
+difference between prevention and abortion, between refraining from
+creating life and destroying life already created; we must show the
+viciousness of meting out the same punishment for two things which are
+fundamentally different, different not only in degree but in kind--and
+it is only by thus keeping the two things apart, by showing that we
+stand for one thing--prevention--and not for the other--abortion, that
+we can ever gain the general sympathy of the public and the
+co-operation of the legislators. I do not say that there are not many
+cases in which the induction of abortion is not only justifiable, but
+imperative; but that is a different question, and the two issues must
+not be confused. And we would and should resent any attempt on the
+part of either enemy or friend to so confuse them.
+
+_Case 2._ Mr. A. and Miss B. are in love with each other. But they
+cannot get married, for his salary is too small. They might risk
+getting married, if the specter of an indefinite number of children
+did not stretch out its restraining hand. She comes from a good
+family, she was brought up, if not in the lap of luxury, in the lap of
+comfort and coziness, and it is the ambition of every good American to
+furnish his wife at least as good a home as her father gave her. Her
+father, by the way, died prematurely from overwork in trying to give
+all possible comforts and advantages to a bevy of six unmarried and
+marriageable daughters.
+
+As I said, the fear of children kept them back. Each year the hope
+revived that in another year their union in matrimony would be
+consummated. But the years passed. Mr. A.'s hair became thin and
+grayish, Miss B began to look haggard and pinched--and still the
+marriage could not take place. Miss B was very religious and very
+proper, and would not do anything that was improper. A was not quite
+so proper; he paid occasional visits elsewhere, and as instruction in
+venereal prophylaxis was not included in his college course, he
+acquired a gonorrhea, which it took him about six months to get rid
+of. To shorten the story, A was thirty-nine and Miss B was thirty-five
+when the many times postponed marriage was consummated, but Cupid
+seemed to be busy elsewhere when the ceremony took place, and there is
+very little romance in their married life. The marriage has remained
+childless, as I told Mr. A it would be.
+
+I consider this a ruined life--and all for the lack of a little
+knowledge.
+
+If the anti-preventionists, those who are opposed to any information
+about the prevention of conception, were not so hopelessly stupid,
+they would see that from their own point of view it would be better if
+such information were legally obtainable. For it would be instrumental
+in causing more marriages which otherwise remain unconsummated, and
+by favoring early marriages, it would be instrumental in curtailing
+the demand for prostitution, in diminishing venereal disease. And as
+is well known, venereal disease is one of the great factors in race
+suicide.
+
+_Case 3._ A young woman was married to a man who besides being a
+brutal drunkard was subject to periodic fits of insanity. Every year
+or two he would be taken to the lunatic asylum for a few weeks or
+months, and then discharged. And every time on his discharge he would
+celebrate his liberty by impregnating his wife. She hated and loathed
+him, but could not protect herself against his "embraces." And she had
+to see herself giving birth to one abnormal child after another. She
+begged her doctor to give her some means of prevention, but that boob
+claimed ignorance, and the illegality of the thing. The woman finally
+committed suicide, but not before she had given birth to six abnormal
+children, who will probably grow up drunkards, criminals or insane.
+
+And because we object to such kind of breeding, we are accused of
+being enemies of the human race, of advocating race suicide, of
+violating the laws of God and man. Oh, for a mighty Sampson to strike
+the imbeciles with the jaw of an ass, for a mental Hercules to loosen
+the fontanelles of their petrified skulls and put some sense into
+them!
+
+_Case 4._ This observation concerns a couple both of whom had a very
+bad heredity. The blood of each was badly tainted. The doctor who had
+treated the husband cautioned them and told them that they had no
+right to have children. But here the tables were turned. The doctor
+wanted to give them the means for prevention, but the husband and
+wife, pious Roman Catholics, would not go against their religion and
+God (as if God wanted a world full of imbeciles), and refused to
+employ any precautions. They have had four children so far. One of
+them seems fairly normal, except that he is silly, in which respect he
+is merely like his parents; two are deaf and blind in one eye; the
+fourth is a cretin, practically an idiot.
+
+This case brings us face to face with another phase of the problem.
+What should we do when the parents, stupid and ignorant, refuse to
+stop breeding worthless material? Eugenic agitation, education, will
+bring about such a strong public opinion that none but idiots, who
+will be vasectomized or segregated, will dare to bring into the world
+children that are physically and mentally handicapped.
+
+_Case 5._ This couple had been married eight years, and had five
+children And the wife said she could not stand it any more. Another
+child--no, she preferred death. They practiced coitus interruptus for
+a while, with mutual disgust, but when the wife was caught again, she
+said: "No more!" And she would not let her husband come near her. He
+could do what he pleased--she did not care. After a few months he
+began to go elsewhere--contracted syphilis, had to give up his
+position, the home was broken up, the wife went out to work, the
+children are scattered--in short, a home, which we are told is the
+foundation of our society, is broken up, and there is misery and
+wretchedness all around--and all for the lack of a little timely
+information.
+
+_Case 6._ Mr. A and Miss B, twenty-eight and twenty-five years old
+respectively, have known one another for several years, and in spite
+of their occupation, which is supposed to make people blase and
+cynical--he being a reporter and she a special story writer--are quite
+in love with each other. But their occupation and income are such that
+they cannot possibly afford to have and to bring up any children. They
+would love to get married, but the specter of a child--or rather of
+children--frightens them; and they remain single, to the great
+physical and mental injury of both. Accidentally they learn of
+appropriate means of regulating conception, get married and live
+happily--ever after, that is, until they find themselves in a
+position to have children and to bring them up properly.
+
+In what way was society injured by this young couple acquiring
+contraceptive information?
+
+_Case 7._ Mr. C and Miss D are in love with each other. Unfortunately
+there is a strong hereditary taint of insanity on both sides. They are
+too high-minded to think of giving birth to children. They might be
+all right, but with insanity one does not take any chances. The thing
+is too terrible. They are condemned to a life of celibacy, which to
+them means a life of loneliness and misery. But like an angel from
+heaven comes to them the knowledge that one can live a love-life
+without any penalties attached to it. They get married and there is
+not a happier couple living.
+
+In what way has society been injured by this couple obtaining the
+contraceptive knowledge?
+
+_Case 8._ Mr. and Mrs. E have been married five years. They have a
+child four years old which shows unmistakable symptoms of epilepsy.
+They are horrified and an investigation discloses the fact that on her
+side in the preceding generation there was a good deal of epilepsy. Of
+course, the next child may not be epileptic. But then again it may. No
+parents with any sense of responsibility would take such chances. They
+decide to give up conjugal relations. They keep it up for about
+thirteen or fourteen months; then one night an accident happens and
+very soon she finds herself pregnant. She declares she would rather
+die than to give birth to and have to take care of another epileptic
+child. She goes to a friendly physician who performs an abortion on
+her, and now the couple, not secure against future accidents, if they
+live together, decide to separate, and a tragedy is in sight.
+Fortunately they learn that conception can be prevented, and they
+continue to live together with benefit to themselves and harm to none.
+
+In what way has society been injured by those people acquiring
+contraceptive information?
+
+_Case 9._ Mr. and Mrs. F have been married six years, and in these six
+years they have been blessed with four children. When he married he
+was getting twenty-two dollars a week, and that is exactly what he is
+getting now. In the meantime the cost of living has gone up
+twenty-five per cent., and there are four extra mouths to feed and
+four extra bodies to clothe. What difference this has made in that
+little household can better be imagined than stated. The little mother
+has aged sixteen years in those six years, and there is not a trace
+left of her girlishness and youthfulness. She loves her children, and
+does not want to get rid of them. She would not take a million
+dollars for one of them, but she would not give five cents for
+another. But this is just what terrifies them; the possibility of
+another. And that possibility makes her irritable, makes her repel her
+husband's slightest advances, makes her move his bed to another room.
+She even tells him to satisfy his sexual desires elsewhere--and at the
+same time she is in fear and trembling that he might follow her
+advice. In short, a nice young home is about to be disrupted.
+Fortunately he reads somewhere an article on the subject of voluntary
+limitation of offspring, he begins to investigate; his physician
+pleads ignorance, but he is persistent, the physician investigates and
+obtains the desired information, which he shares with the patient.
+Harmony is restored and a happy home is re-established.
+
+Who was injured by the couple obtaining this information? And if
+nobody was injured, and everybody concerned was benefited, then why
+should the imparting of such information be considered a felony,
+punishable like the most atrocious of crimes?
+
+_Case 10._ Mr. and Mrs. G have been married fifteen years. They were
+the parents of seven children, a large enough number for any family.
+Those seven children were born during the first eleven years of their
+married life. During the past five years, afraid of having any more,
+they first abstained and then adopted a method which every modern
+sexologist knows is injurious to the nervous system of both the man
+and the woman. The man became a wreck; first neurasthenic, then
+impotent, cranky and grouchy, unable to get along in the office,
+constantly squabbling with his wife, who became just as bad a wreck.
+Their economic condition plus too many small children prevented the
+parents' separation. They remained living together, but they lived
+like a cat and a dog tied in a bag. Each silently prayed to be rid of
+the other. But a conversation overheard at a Turkish baths
+establishment put him on the right trail, and one year later we find
+the couple reconciled, both in good health and living a peaceful and
+fairly harmonious life. And those who have benefited most by the
+change are the children. In what way was society injured? And still if
+the doctor who gave Mr. G the information should have been caught and
+convicted, he would have been sent to prison for a year or two or
+five. Would he have deserved it? Here we have several plain, simple,
+unvarnished and unembellished cases which are typical of millions of
+similar cases and which prove conclusively that the law against
+imparting information about preventing conception is brutal, vicious,
+antisocial. Should not such a law be repealed, wiped off the statute
+books?
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] The Limitation of Offspring by the Prevention of Conception.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE
+
+ADVICE TO GIRLS APPROACHING THE THRESHOLD OF WOMANHOOD
+
+ The Irresistible Attraction of the Young Girl for the Male--The
+  Unprotected Girl's Temptations--Some Men Who Will Pester the
+  Young Girl--Risk of Venereal Infection--Danger of
+  Impregnation--Use of Contraceptives by the Unmarried Woman May
+  Not Always Be Relied Upon--Nature of Men who Seduce
+  Girls--Exceptions--Illegitimate Motherhood--Difficulties in the
+  Way of Illegitimate Mother Who Must Earn Her Living--The Child of
+  the Foundling Asylum--Social Attitude Towards Illegitimacy
+  Responsible for Abortion Evil--Dangers of Abortion--The Girl Who
+  Has Lost Her Virginity.
+
+
+When a girl has passed the transition period of puberty and is
+entering upon young womanhood she exerts an irresistible attraction on
+the male sex. Whether she give the impression of a luscious red rose
+or of a delicate white lily, the charms of a beautiful, healthy,
+bright girl of seventeen or eighteen are undeniable and their appeal
+to the esthetic and sexual sense of every normal male is a normal,
+_natural_ phenomenon. Whether it is a good thing or a bad thing that
+it is so, we will not stop to discuss here. But it is a natural
+phenomenon, a natural law, if you will, and one does not quarrel with
+natural phenomena. It is useless. But the attraction which the girl
+exercises on the male is fraught with danger to her, and therefore a
+few words of advice and of warning are not out of place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Temptations.= Fortunate are you, my young girl friend, if you come
+from a well-sheltered home, if you have been properly brought up, if
+you have a good and wise mother who knows how to take care of you. A
+mother's wise counsel given at the proper time, and her comradeship
+all the time, are more invulnerable than an armor of bronze and more
+secure than locked doors and barred windows. But if you have lost your
+mother at an early age, or if your mother is not of the right sort--it
+is no use hiding the fact that some mothers are not what they should
+be--if you have to shift for yourself, if you have to work in a shop,
+in an office, and particularly if you live alone and not with your
+parents, then temptations in the shape of men, young and old, will
+encounter you at every step; they will swarm about you like flies
+about a lump of sugar; they will stick to you like bees to a bunch of
+honeysuckle.
+
+I do not want you to get the false idea that all men or most men are
+bad and mean, and are constantly on the lookout to ruin young girls.
+No. Most men are good and honorable and too conscientious to ruin a
+young life. But there are some men, young and old, who are devoid of
+any conscience, who are so egotistic that their personal pleasure is
+their only guide of conduct. They will pester you. Some will lyingly
+claim that they are in love with you; some perhaps will sincerely
+believe that they are in love with you, mistaking a temporary passion
+for the sacred feeling of love. Some will even promise to marry
+you--some making the promise in sincerity, others with the deliberate
+intent to deceive. Still others will try to convince you that chastity
+is an old superstition, and that there is nothing wrong in sexual
+relations. In short, all ways and means will be employed by those men
+to induce you to enter into sexual relations with them.
+
+_Don't you do it!_
+
+I am not preaching or sermonizing to you. I am not appealing to your
+religion or your morals. For if you have strong religious or moral
+ideas against illicit sexual relations, you are not in need of mine or
+anybody else's advice. But I assume that you are a more or less modern
+girl, with little or no religious bringing-up, or perhaps a radical
+girl, who has shaken off the shackles of religion and tradition. And
+to you I say: _Don't you do it_. Why? Because your welfare, your
+future happiness, is at stake. I am speaking from the point of view of
+your own good, and from that point of view I say: Resist all attempts
+which men make exclusively for the purpose of satisfying their sexual
+desire, their lust.
+
+You will ask again, why? For several reasons. First, you run the risk
+of venereal infection. The danger is not so great now as in former
+times, but is great enough. There are still plenty of men dishonest
+enough to indulge in sexual relations with a woman when they know they
+are not radically cured. The same man who will not get married unless
+he is sure that he is perfectly cured will not hesitate to subject a
+transient girl or woman to the risk of venereal infection. I know
+personally, because I have treated them; yes, I treated several
+intelligent and radical young men who infected young girls. And some
+of these girls in their turn, through ignorance and innocence,
+infected other men. So then, the first danger is the danger of
+venereal infection.
+
+The second danger, still greater and more certain than the first, is
+the danger of impregnation. And pregnancy for a girl under our present
+moral and social-economic conditions is a terrible calamity. She is
+ostracized everywhere, and it means, if discovered, her social death.
+But you will say: "Aren't there any remedies that can be used to
+prevent conception? Aren't you yourself among the world's chief
+birth-controllers; one of the world's chief advocates of the use of
+contraceptives?" Yes, my dear young lady, but I never made the claim
+that the contraceptives were _absolutely_ infallible, I never claimed
+that they were _100 per cent._ effective in _100 per cent._ of _all_
+cases. But if they are effective 999 times or even 990 times in every
+1000 they are a blessing. And thousands of families so consider them.
+And if a married woman gets caught once in a while, the misfortune is
+not so great. But if the accident happens to a non-married woman, the
+misfortune _is_ great. Then again, you want to bear in mind that
+accidents are less likely to happen to married than to non-married
+women. The married woman has no fear, needs no secrecy, and she can go
+about the method of preparation carefully, with deliberation. The
+unmarried girl, _as a rule_, has not the proper conveniences, more or
+less secrecy must be maintained, hurry is not infrequently necessary,
+and that is why accidents are more apt to occur in spite of the use of
+contraceptives. So then, the second danger, even more sinister than
+the first, is the danger of pregnancy. "But if a misfortune happens,
+can I not have an abortion produced?" No, not always. Physicians
+willing to induce an abortion are not found on every corner. But this
+is not the principal point. What I have to say on the subject, I will
+say later on in this chapter.
+
+Then it is well for you to bear in mind that those very men who use
+their utmost efforts, who strain every fibre and every nerve to get
+you, will despise you and detest you as soon as they have succeeded in
+making you yield to their wishes. This is one of the worst blots on
+the male man's character, a blot from which the female character is
+entirely free. And some men--fortunately their number is not very
+large--are such moral skunks that they take morbid pleasure in
+boasting publicly of their sexual conquests, and unscrupulously peddle
+about the name of the girl whom, by cunning false promises or other
+means, they succeeded in seducing. And of course such a girl finds it
+difficult or impossible to get married, and must end her days in
+solitude, without the hope of a home of her own.
+
+For the above reasons I advise you earnestly and sincerely not to
+yield to the solicitations of thoughtless or unscrupulous men, who
+think of nothing but their coarse sensual pleasures. It is advice
+dictated by common sense, by your own deeper interest, aside from any
+religious or moral considerations.
+
+The above advice, or call it sermon if you will, is meant principally
+for young girls, girls between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five.
+If a girl has reached the age of twenty-eight or thirty and is
+willing to enter upon illicit sexual relations with her eyes open,
+with a full knowledge of the possible consequences, then it is her
+affair, and nobody shall say her nay. Nobody has a right to interfere.
+
+Nor should my advice be understood as directed to cases where there is
+sincere reciprocal affection and a mutual understanding. This is an
+entirely different matter, and has nothing to do with cases where the
+man is the pursuer or seducer and the woman an unwilling or reluctant
+victim.
+
+But whatever the relations between the man and the girl may be,
+whether she yielded in a fit of passion, or was seduced by false
+promises, by "moral" suasion, by hypnotic influence or by the vulgar
+method of being made drunk, what is she to do if she finds herself, to
+her horror, in a pregnant condition? There are two ways open to her:
+either let the pregnancy go to term or to have an abortion brought on.
+
+If she lets the pregnancy go to term she has the alternative of
+bringing up the child herself openly or of placing it secretly in a
+foundling asylum. In the first case, the necessity of publicly
+acknowledging illegitimate motherhood requires so much moral courage
+that not one woman in a thousand is equal to it. It is not moral
+courage alone that is required; the social ostracism could be borne
+with stoicism and even with equanimity, if with it were not frequently
+associated the fear or the real danger of starvation. For under our
+present system the illegitimate mother finds many avenues of activity
+closed to her. A school teacher would lose her position instantly, and
+so would a woman in any public position. It is feared that her example
+might have a contaminating influence on the children or on her fellow
+workers. Nor could she be a social worker--I know of more than one
+woman who lost her position with social or philanthropic institutions
+as soon as it was discovered that she did not live up strictly to the
+conventional code of sex morality. Nor could she be a private
+governess.
+
+It is thus seen that to acknowledge one's self an illegitimate mother
+requires so much courage, so much sacrifice, that very, very few
+mothers are now found that are equal to the task. Especially so when
+it is taken into consideration that the humiliations and indignities
+to which the child is subjected and the later reproaches of the child
+itself make the mother's life a veritable hell. So this alternative is
+generally out of the question.
+
+To give the child to a foundling asylum or to a "baby farm" means
+generally to condemn it to a slow death--and not such a slow one,
+either. For as statistics show about ninety to ninety-five per cent.
+of all babies in those institutions die within a few months. And the
+very few who survive and grow up have not a happy life. Life is hard
+enough for anybody; for children who come into the world handicapped
+by the disgrace of illegitimacy, life is torture indeed. It is with a
+breaking heart generally and because there is no other way out of the
+dilemma that a mother puts her baby away in a foundling asylum. She
+hopes and prays for its speedy death.
+
+Taking into consideration the pitifully unhappy lot of the
+illegitimate mother and illegitimate child, it is no wonder that every
+unmarried woman, as soon as she finds herself pregnant, is frantically
+determined to get rid of the child in the womb as soon as possible.
+And abortion thrives in every civilized country. Thousands and
+thousands of doctors and semi-doctors and midwives are making a rich
+living in this country from practicing abortion. The greater the
+disgrace with which illegitimacy is considered in a country, the
+stricter the prohibition against the use of measures for the
+prevention of conception, the greater the number of abortions in that
+country. But abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken with a light
+heart. It is true that if performed by a thoroughly competent
+physician, with all aseptic precautions, it is practically free from
+danger. But when performed by a careless physician or an ignorant
+midwife, trouble is apt to happen. Blood poisoning may set in, and the
+patient may be very sick for a time, and may on recovery from the
+acute illness remain a chronic invalid for life. And occasionally the
+patient dies. Whether or not abortion is justifiable under special
+circumstances is a separate question, which I have discussed in
+another place. But leaving aside the ethics of the question, if you
+have determined to have an abortion produced, be sure to go to a
+conscientious physician, and avoid the quacks and midwives. An
+unexpected and undesired pregnancy is punishment enough and there is
+no reason why you should be further punished by becoming a chronic
+invalid or by paying with your life. There is no sense in it. Nobody
+will profit by your invalidism or your death.
+
+I do not wish to leave this topic without re-emphasizing the fact that
+abortion is not a trifle, to be undertaken or even to be spoken of
+lightly. Too many women, not only in the radical ranks, but in the
+conservative ranks as well, are in the habit of considering abortion
+as a joke, a trifling annoyance, something like a cold in the head,
+which, while disagreeable, is sure to pass away in a day or two. They
+know Mrs. A and Mrs. B and perhaps Miss C who had abortions produced
+on them and in two or three days they were as good as ever. Yes. But
+they do not know Miss D who is resting in her grave, nor do they know
+why Miss E and Mrs. F are invalids for life. The women who get over
+their abortion experiences easily are apt to talk of their good luck;
+the women who have become chronic invalids or who are resting in their
+graves as a result of an abortion are not apt to talk of the matter.
+
+And therefore, once more, remember, an abortion is no trifling matter.
+
+One other piece of advice and I am through. Some men of a low moral and
+mental caliber are under the influence of the pernicious idea that if a
+girl has lost her virginity--no matter under what circumstances--she no
+longer amounts to much and is free prey for everybody who may want her.
+And, like beasts of prey, these wretched specimens of humanity pester
+such a girl with much more impudence, more brazenness than they dare to
+employ in the case of a girl who is still considered a virgin. And,
+what is more, the girls themselves become poisoned with this pernicious
+idea and dare not offer the same resistance that the virgin does. And
+they often yield with resignation, though against their will, and
+though they may experience a feeling of disgust against the man.
+
+Now again, _don't you do it_. Do not nurse the medieval idea that
+because you are not a virgin in the physical sense, you are "ruined,"
+"no good," and an outcast. You are nothing of the kind. If through
+some cause or other you are no longer in possession of an intact
+hymen, it is your affair or misfortune, and nobody else's. Do not on
+that account cast your eyes down and avoid meeting people. Carry your
+head high, do not fear to meet people, and treat with contempt the
+jeers of the stupid and ignorant. A person's entire character does not
+depend upon the presence or absence of the hymen, and one misstep
+should not ruin a person's whole life. A boy is not "ruined," is not
+an outcast, because he has had sexual relations before marriage, and
+while the boy's and girl's cases are not exactly identical, still the
+poor girl should not be made to expiate one error all her life long.
+
+It isn't fair.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR
+
+ADVICE TO PARENTS OF UNFORTUNATE GIRLS
+
+ Attitude of Parents Towards Unfortunate Girl--The Case of Edith
+  and What Her Father Did--The Pitiful Cases of Mary B. and Bridget
+  C.
+
+
+Suppose you are the parents of a girl to whom a misfortune has
+happened. I admit it is a misfortune, a catastrophe. Probably the
+greatest catastrophe that, under our present social system, can happen
+to an unmarried young woman. What are you going to do? Are you going to
+disgrace her--incidentally disgracing yourselves--are you going to kick
+her out of the house, condemning her to a suicide's grave, or to a life
+that is often worse than death? Or are you going to stand by her in her
+dark hours, to shield her, to surround her with a wall of protection
+against a cruel and wantonly inquisitive world, and thus earn her
+eternal gratitude, and put her on the path of self-improvement and
+useful social work? Which shall it be? But before you decide, kindly
+bear in mind that your girl is not entirely to blame; that some of the
+blame lies with you. If she had been _properly_ brought up, this would
+not have happened. I know such a thing could never have happened in my
+household. But I know how I would have acted if such a thing had
+happened. And I will tell you how one father and mother did act under
+the circumstances.
+
+They were far from rich; just fairly comfortable; they had a
+well-paying store. Edith was their treasure, because she was so pretty
+and so full of life. Unfortunately, she was too pretty and too full of
+life. She was only seventeen, but was fully developed, and had many
+empty-headed young admirers, who showered upon her silly compliments
+and cloying sweets. She became frivolous and flirtatious and was
+beginning to do poorly in high school. She failed in her last year,
+and refused to take the year over again. Now, all the time being her
+own, and having nobody to give any account to, she began to go out a
+good deal, and more than ever indulged in flirtations. One night she
+stayed out later than usual, her parents were worried, and when she
+came home about two in the morning there was a quarrel, and the
+father, who was a strict, impulsive man, gave her a pretty good
+beating. After that she went out very little, kept to herself, became
+rather melancholy, lost her appetite, and did not sleep well. To all
+inquiries she answered that there was nothing the matter with her,
+that she just felt a little indisposed. Four or five months thus
+passed.
+
+But finally the condition could no longer be concealed. The mother was
+the first one to discover it. When the fact dawned upon her
+consciousness that her beautiful, not quite eighteen-year-old Edith
+was pregnant she promptly fell in a faint and it took Edith and the
+maid quite some time to restore her to consciousness. She became
+distracted. She floundered about pitifully, not knowing what to do,
+what decision to reach. She tried to conceal the matter from the
+father, but he saw that there was something wrong and it didn't take
+him long to worm the truth out of her. As the mother on learning the
+tragic truth had taken refuge in a dead faint, so he took refuge in a
+Berserker rage. He fumed and stormed and was in danger of an
+apoplectic stroke. He wanted to strike the daughter, but the mother
+interfered. He then ordered Edith to get out of the house and never to
+cross his threshold again. Edith looked at him to see if he meant it;
+the mother tried to intercede; but he was inflexible, and demanded
+that she leave at once. Edith began to gather a few of her belongings,
+the tears silently rolling down her face.
+
+And here a sudden change came over the father. Some men (and women)
+are crushed by small misfortunes; real catastrophes awaken their
+finer qualities, which lay dormant within them and which might have
+remained dormant within them forever. In these few minutes he seems to
+have undergone a complete metamorphosis. He went up to Edith, took her
+in his arms, kissed her, told her to stay, to calm down and they would
+see what could be done. In a few days she was taken over to a
+physician who performed an abortion. She was a pretty sick girl for
+about six weeks, and at one time there was danger of blood poisoning
+setting in. But she recovered. And she was a different girl. She had
+shed her frivolity and lightheartedness like an old garment. She took
+her last year in high school over again, entered Barnard, from which
+she was graduated among the very first, and soon began to teach in
+that very high school in which she had been a pupil. One of the
+teachers fell in love with her and she fell in love with him. He asked
+her to marry him. She wanted no skeleton from the past coming down
+rattling its bones and marring their married life, and she told him of
+the unfortunate incident. A good test, by the way, to find out a man's
+real love and breadth of character. Fortunately the man's love was a
+true love, not merely passion, and he was truly broadminded, which is
+not a very common thing among school-teachers. Their married life is
+an uncloudedly happy one. And the relation between the daughter and
+the parents is one of sincere love and deep mutual respect.
+
+Isn't it better so?
+
+Didn't Edith's parents act more decently, more kindly, more humanely,
+more wisely than the parents, say, of Mary B, who, when they found out
+her condition, put her out of the house, into which she was brought
+back two days later a corpse, fished out from the East River? Didn't
+Edith's father act more nobly, more wisely even from a purely selfish
+point of view than the father of Bridget C, who kicked his daughter
+out penniless into the street, where he had to see her afterwards
+powdered and painted soliciting men and boys? The mother died of a
+broken heart, and the father, unable to bear the constant, daily
+repeated disgrace, became an incorrigible drunkard.
+
+Fathers and mothers! So bring up your daughters, so guard them and
+protect them, that the misfortune of an illegitimate pregnancy may not
+befall them. But if the misfortune has befallen them, then stand by
+them! Do not desert them then in these dark hours, the darkest hours
+in a girl's life. Do not kick them--they are down enough. Stand by
+them, and they will become good women and you will have their eternal
+gratitude. If you do not stand by them, you are worse than the beasts
+of the jungle and deserve their eternal curse. You are unworthy to be,
+or to be called, parents, for you are devoid of the least spark of
+that sacred feeling called Parental Love, a feeling which
+unfortunately in only too many parents is replaced by nothing but the
+most sordid, most brutal egotism.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE
+
+SEXUAL RELATIONS DURING MENSTRUATION
+
+ Heightened Sexual Appetite of Many Women During
+  Menstruation--Sexual Intercourse During Menstrual Period--When
+  Intercourse May be Permitted--Injection Before Coitus During
+  Menstruation--Fallacy of Ancient Idea of Injuriousness.
+
+
+This may seem to some a strange and superfluous question, a question
+which would never present itself. Still the laity would be surprised
+if it learned how frequently nowadays that question is presented to
+the physician who specializes in sex matters. Some husbands come to
+the physician complaining that the menses are the only period during
+which their wives demand sex relations, and ask if something cannot be
+done to cure them of what they consider an abnormal desire.
+
+Biologically considered, the desire on the woman's part for sex
+relations during the menses should not seem strange or abnormal, for
+we must bear in mind that menstruation bears a certain analogy to the
+rut in animals. And animals permit intercourse at no time except
+during the rut.
+
+Recent investigations have disclosed to fact that the number of women
+whose sexual appetite is _heightened_ during the time immediately
+preceding, during, and following the menses, is quite considerable.
+And there is also a smaller percentage of women who experience the
+desire _at no other time except_ during the menses.
+
+Speaking generally, relations during the menses should be discouraged.
+There are several reasons for it. The first reason, which need not be
+gone into in detail, is an esthetic one. The second reason is that
+intercourse during menstruation may in some cases lead to congestion
+of the uterus and ovaries. Third, the menstrual discharge, which as we
+know does not consist of pure blood but is a mixture of blood, mucus,
+and degenerated lining membrane of the uterus, may give rise to a
+catarrh of the urethra in the man. Fourth, and this is a point to be
+borne in mind, any discharge that a woman may be suffering from is
+always aggravated during menstruation. For these reasons relations
+during the menses are undesirable.
+
+But where the woman has strong libido during that time and has no
+libido at any other time, relations may be indulged in during the last
+day or two of the menses. Any unpleasantness may be obviated and any
+discharge may be removed by the woman taking a mild, warm, antiseptic
+injection before coitus. The ancient idea of the injuriousness of the
+relations during menstruation and the disastrous results likely to
+follow them have only a very slender foundation. They rest on no
+scientific basis and though it may be sad to state facts, there are
+many couples who do indulge in such relations as a regular thing and
+without any injury to either husband or wife.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX
+
+SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING PREGNANCY
+
+ Complete Abstinence During-Pregnancy--Bad Results of Complete
+  Abstinence--Intensity of Relations During First Four
+  Months--Intercourse During Fifth, Sixth and Seventh
+  Months--Intercourse During Eighth and Ninth Months--Abstinence
+  After Birth of Child.
+
+
+The question whether sexual intercourse is permissible during
+pregnancy is often put to the physician. Some extremists and theorists
+demand complete abstinence during the entire duration of pregnancy.
+Such abstinence is not only not feasible, but is unnecessary and may
+prove a disrupting factor; it may create not only dissension, it may
+wreck the love-life of husband and wife. I know of cases where the
+wife, influenced by the wrong teachings about the necessity of
+complete abstinence during pregnancy, about the possible injury to the
+child from intercourse, persisted in keeping the husband away; and the
+result was that the husband began to go to other women, and he got in
+the habit to such an extent that he refused to give up entirely, even
+after the child was born. It cannot be expected from a married man,
+who is used to more or less regular sexual relations, to abstain
+entirely for nine or ten months. Such a demand is unreasonable and
+uncalled for. All claims about the injurious effects of intercourse on
+the mother and child lack proof and foundation. During the first four
+months of pregnancy no change need be made in the usual sex relations.
+Their "intensity" should be moderated, their frequency need not.
+During the fifth, sixth and seventh months intercourse should be
+indulged in at rarer intervals--once in two or three weeks--the act
+should be performed without any violence or intensity, and the usual
+position should be reversed or changed to a lateral one. During the
+eighth and ninth months relations had best be given up altogether.
+
+And this abstinence should last until about six weeks after the birth
+of the child. During this period the uterus undergoes what we call
+involution; that is, it goes back to the size and shape it had before
+pregnancy, and it is best not to disturb this process by sexual
+excitement, which causes engorgement and congestion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN
+
+SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR PROPAGATION ONLY
+
+ Belief in Sexual Intercourse for Propagation Only--What Such
+  Practice Would Lead to--Nature and the Sex-fanatics--Sexual
+  Desire in Woman After Menopause--Sex Instinct of Sterile Men and
+  Women--Sex Instinct Has Other High Purposes.
+
+
+Some people sincerely believe that the sexual instinct is for
+reproductive purposes only; they claim we should never indulge in
+sexual intercourse unless it be for the purpose of bringing a child
+into the world. The act performed without such aim in view is
+stigmatized by them as carnal lust, as a sin. Some even say that such
+an act is equivalent to an act of prostitution. To _argue_ the
+question with such people would be a waste of time. It is not fair to
+impugn the good faith, the sincerity of your opponents, because I have
+convinced myself that the most insane, most bizarre notions may be
+held by otherwise sane people in perfect sincerity. But we cannot help
+questioning the reasoning faculties of people holding such beliefs.
+
+Let us see where the belief of "sex relations for procreation only"
+would lead us to. In a normal healthy couple impregnation follows one
+connection. So if a couple wanted to limit themselves to three or four
+or six children, they would be entitled to have relations only three,
+four or six times in their lives. For it must be remembered that
+during pregnancy sexual relations would be prohibited, as during
+pregnancy no further impregnation can take place, and no intercourse
+must take place which has not for its purpose the conception of a new
+human being. If the people were believers in big families, and agreed
+to have twelve children--no anti-Malthusian would expect more than
+that--they would be entitled to twelve relations during their marital
+life. Assuming that not every act is followed by pregnancy, but that
+it takes on the average three or four times to bring about the desired
+result, we will have it that during the wife's childbearing period the
+couple may indulge in sex relations from once in three or four years
+to once or twice a year.
+
+Can a sane person knowing anything about the sexual instinct make any
+such demands from married people living in the same house and perhaps
+occupying the same bed? It must be borne in mind that as soon as the
+wife has reached the menopause all relations must cease, because she
+can no longer become pregnant, and intercourse without a probable or
+possible pregnancy is a sin. Also remember that no matter how
+beautiful, young and passionate the wife may be, if she has some
+little trouble which makes pregnancy impossible, sex relations must be
+absolutely abstained from. And of course if the husband or wife is
+sterile, all relations must be renounced forever, no matter how strong
+the libido may be in one or both.
+
+It is strange that Nature did not act according to the formula of our
+sex fanatics; no pregnancy, no intercourse. If she had meant it to be
+that way, she would have abolished sexual desire in woman immediately
+after the menopause. Unfortunately this is not the case. For we know
+that the sexual libido in women after the menopause is often and for
+several years stronger than before. Why? Nor has Nature abolished the
+sexual instinct and the passionate desire for sex relations in all
+those men and women who are for some reason or other sterile, or
+otherwise so defective that no child can result from the union.
+
+As I stated at the beginning, it is a waste of time to _argue_ the
+matter. Those who believe that sex relations are for racial purposes
+only, are welcome to their belief, and are welcome to live up to it.
+(How few of them do, though, honestly and consistently?) We must
+reiterate our opinion that the sex instinct has other high purposes
+besides that of perpetuating the race, and sex relations may and
+should be indulged in as often as they are conducive to man's and
+woman's physical, mental and spiritual health. No iron-clad rules can
+be laid down as to the frequency. For some people three times a year
+may be sufficient, others may require relations three times a month
+(the best for the average) and still others may not be satisfied with
+less than three times a week. The human _libido sexualis_ cannot be
+put into an iron mould, and you should pay no attention to religious
+fanatics who are ignorant of physiology and psychology and who can
+only blunder and bungle up things.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT
+
+VAGINISMUS
+
+ Vaginismus--Dyspareunia--Difference Between Vaginismus and
+  Dyspareunia--Adherent Clitoris a Cause of Masturbation and
+  Convulsions.
+
+
+By the term vaginismus we understand a painful spasm or contraction of
+the vaginal orifice which makes intercourse very difficult, or
+impossible.
+
+Certain cases of vaginismus, or rather false vaginismus, may be due to
+laceration or inflammation of the vaginal orifice, but in genuine
+cases of vaginismus no local disease can be found, because genuine
+vaginismus is of nervous origin.
+
+_Dyspareunia_ means painful or difficult intercourse, from whatever
+cause. It differs from vaginismus in that the cause is generally a
+local one, that is, it may be inflammation, laceration as after a
+confinement, small size or atresia of the vagina, etc. When vaginismus
+is present, it is present in reference to all men, in fact the mere
+touch of the finger or an instrument may call forth a painful spasm;
+while dyspareunia may show itself with one man and be absent with
+another. The origin of the word dyspareunia shows that this may be
+the case, for _dyspareunos_ in Greek means badly mated.
+
+Dyspareunia must not be confused with true vaginismus. In dyspareunia
+the sexual act can be freely indulged in, only the act is painful or
+disagreeable. In vaginismus intercourse is _impossible_. In
+exceptional cases where the husband attempts to use brute force, the
+wife may faint away, she may get a convulsion or become wildly
+hysterical. If the husband insists in attempting relations, the wife
+may run away, or in exceptional cases even attempt suicide.
+
+
+ADHERENT CLITORIS OR PHIMOSIS
+
+The word phimosis means "muzzling," and it is a term applied to a
+constriction or narrowing of the foreskin, so that the glands of the
+clitoris cannot be freely uncovered. This condition may give rise to
+an accumulation of smegma or secretion which may cause inflammation,
+itching, and nervous irritation. This in its turn may be the cause of
+masturbation. It is claimed by some that an adherent clitoris may even
+be the cause of convulsions resembling epilepsy. In some cases it
+leads to an irritable bladder, inability to retain the urine, and
+nocturnal bed-wetting.
+
+In all girls, big or little, that show a tendency to masturbate or
+simply to handle the genitals, or that complain of itching, the
+clitoris should be examined and if adhesions are found they should be
+separated. This can easily be done under a local anesthetic.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE
+
+STERILITY
+
+ Definition of Sterility--Husband Should First be Examined--
+  One-child Sterility--The Fertile Woman--Salpingitis as a
+  Cause of Sterility--Leucorrhea and Sterility--Displacement of
+  Uterus and Sterility--Closure of Neck of Womb and Sterility--
+  Sterility and Constitutional Disease--Treatment of Sterility.
+
+
+Sterility or barrenness is a condition of inability to have children.
+In former years the opinion prevailed generally, whenever a couple was
+childless, that the fault was exclusively the woman's. It wasn't even
+thought that the man could be to blame. We now know that in at least
+_fifty per cent._ of cases of sterility, or childless marriages, the
+fault is not the woman's but the man's. It is therefore very unwise in
+conditions of sterility to subject the wife to treatment without first
+examining the husband. Nevertheless, this is still often the case,
+particularly among the lower classes or among the ignorant. There are
+cases where the woman goes from one doctor to another for years and is
+subjected to all kinds of treatment, when a simple examination of the
+husband would show that the fault lies with him.
+
+Some women have one child and are unable afterwards to give birth to
+any more. Such a condition is called one-child-sterility. It is
+generally due to an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes which closes
+up the openings of the tubes into the womb, so that no more ova can
+pass _from_ the ovaries _through_ the tubes _into_ the womb. This
+inflammation may be the result of childbirth, for childbirth alone may
+set up an inflammation, or it may be due to an infection contracted
+from the husband.
+
+In order to be fertile, that is, to be able to conceive and give birth
+to a living child, the woman's external and internal genital organs
+must be normal, her ovaries must produce healthy ova, and there must
+be no obstruction on the way, so that the ova and the spermatozoa can
+meet. The mucous membrane of the womb must also be healthy, so that
+when the impregnated ovum gets attached to the womb it may develop
+there without any trouble, and not become diseased or poorly nourished
+and cast off.
+
+We must always remember that the woman's share in bringing forth
+children and perpetuating the race is much more important than the
+man's. When a man has discharged his spermatozoa his work is done--the
+woman's only commences.
+
+The conditions which cause sterility in women are many, but the most
+common cause is a salpingitis or an inflammation of the Fallopian
+tubes, which may be caused by gonorrhea or any other inflammation. A
+severe leucorrhea may also be the cause of sterility, because the
+leucorrheal discharge may be fatal to the spermatozoa. Another cause
+is a severe bending or turning of the uterus either forwards or
+backwards. The opening of the neck of the womb, the os, may also be
+closed, or practically so, from ulceration, from strong applications,
+etc. In some cases sterility may be due to severe constitutional
+disease, when the person is very much run down and so anemic that
+menstruation stops. Unfortunately this is not always the case, for
+women even in the last stages of consumption may, and often do, become
+pregnant. Syphilis unfortunately does not cause sterility; it only
+causes miscarriages until controlled by treatment.
+
+The treatment of sterility can be successfully carried out only by a
+competent physician, particularly by one who is devoting himself
+specially to this kind of work. But I want once more to impress upon
+every woman who is sterile, and who wants to have a child, not to have
+herself treated or even examined until her husband has been subjected
+to an examination.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY
+
+THE HYMEN
+
+ Difference Between Chastity and Virginity--Worship of Intact
+  Hymen--Sacrificing Hymen Sometimes Essential for Health of the
+  Girl--Certificate from Physician who has Ruptured Hymen.
+
+
+I have mentioned in a previous chapter that the absence of the hymen
+was no proof of unchastity, just as the presence of the hymen was no
+proof of perfect chastity. Chastity and virginity are not synonymous,
+and a girl may possess physical virginity, that is, an intact hymen,
+and still be morally unchaste. She may be in the habit of indulging in
+unnatural sexual practices. But the laity does not know these facts or
+does not want to know them, and the intact hymen is still worshipped
+like a fetish. This would be of little consequence, if it did not
+often result in unnecessary suffering to the female child or girl.
+Much disease and a good deal of sterility result from the fear of
+tampering with the hymen.
+
+When a boy gets some trouble with his genital organs, such as
+phimosis, or balanitis or whatever it may be, he is at once taken to a
+physician, who institutes the necessary treatment. When a little girl
+complains of itching around the genitals or of some discharge, the
+mother will hesitate long before taking her to a doctor. She will be
+afraid he will do something to the hymen. And so she will temporize,
+using salves and washes, and the disease will in the meantime be
+making progress, that is, getting worse. When she does take her to a
+physician, and he says that in order to treat the case thoroughly the
+hymen has to be stretched or opened, the mother will withhold her
+consent, and the disease will be allowed to progress. I know of many
+such cases. This is wrong. When the health of the girl demands and her
+future child-bearing power is at stake, no hesitation should be felt
+in sacrificing the hymen.
+
+Though in the future the fuss which is now made about the hymen, the
+excessive veneration in which it is held, will appear ridiculous, and
+though I consider it foolish and rather humiliating to the girl,
+nevertheless, now, when the average husband does lay so much stress on
+the presence of an unruptured hymen, a physician who in the course of
+an operation or treatment has occasion to cut or rupture the hymen,
+will do well to give the patient a certificate to that effect. In case
+any question regarding the girl's chastity comes up in the future, she
+can prove by the doctor's certificate that her loss of virginity was
+not due to sexual relations. Of course the relations between husband
+and wife, or between prospective husband and wife, should be such that
+no "certificate" should be necessary; but reality differs from the
+ideal, and in some cases that we know the husband's suspicions were
+allayed by the doctor's oral or written statement.
+
+This is as good a place as any to emphasize, that if the bride has a
+very strong, tough and resistant hymen, the new husband should not use
+brute force in rupturing it. First, because the pain may be too
+excruciating and this may create in the wife an aversion to
+intercourse which may last for many months or years--in some cases
+forever. Second, a severe hemorrhage may result, which may require the
+aid of a physician to stop. Wherever a case of very resistant hymen is
+encountered, the husband should make several attempts; gradual and
+gentle dilatation, with the aid of a little vaseline and not forcible
+rupture should be the aim; the result will usually be satisfactory. In
+exceptional cases, a physician may have to be called in. The operation
+of cutting the hymen is a trifling one.
+
+It is also interesting to know that some wives have sex relations for
+months and years, and the hymen remains unruptured. Pregnancy may also
+result with an intact hymen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-ONE
+
+IS THE ORGASM NECESSARY FOR IMPREGNATION?
+
+ Suppression of Orgasm by Woman to Prevent Impregnation--Bad
+  Results of Suppression by the Woman--Orgasm: Relation of to
+  Impregnation--A Hypothesis--A Fanciful Hypothesis--Why Passionate
+  Women Frequently Fail to Become Mothers--Advice to Passionate
+  Women who Desire to Conceive.
+
+
+Among the laity the opinion is quite prevalent that in order for a
+woman to conceive she must experience an orgasm, she must have had a
+pleasurable voluptuous sensation during the act. If she has no orgasm,
+impregnation cannot take place. So sure are some women that this is so
+that when they want to avoid conception they repress any orgastic
+feeling; as they say, they don't let themselves go. Which, I will say,
+by the way, is one of the causes of female frigidity. If you don't
+habitually permit a certain feeling to develop, if you repeatedly
+repress it at the very beginning, at its first manifestation, it is
+apt to atrophy altogether, to become permanently suppressed, or the
+suppression develops into a nervous disorder.
+
+Among the medical profession no perfect unanimity has been reached as
+to the role of the orgasm in impregnation. Some sexologists like Kisch
+and Vaerting believe it does play an important role; others, like
+Forel, believe it plays none. That the orgasm is not _necessary_ for
+impregnation admits of no discussion. Women who suffer from frigidity
+in an extreme degree, women who never experienced an orgasm, women who
+repress their orgasm, women in sleep or under narcosis, women who have
+been raped, women who loathe their husbands, become pregnant
+frequently and readily. But does it play any role at all? Does it
+facilitate impregnation? Other things being equal, will intercourse
+accompanied by an orgasm be more likely to prove fruitful than one in
+which the orgasm was entirely absent? This question I am forced to
+answer in the affirmative. Because from the various investigations I
+have made it can hardly be subject to doubt that the uterus during an
+orgasm exerts a certain amount of suction; and that impregnation is
+_more likely_ to follow when the spermatozoa are sucked up into the
+uterus than when left to make their own way by their own power of
+motion, stands to reason and goes without saying. In the former
+instance it takes less time for the spermatozoa to reach the ovum, and
+there is less chance for them to perish on the way--from malnutrition
+or from coming in contact with secretions of an acid reaction. There
+is another point. I do not bring it forth as a proved fact or as a
+fact susceptible to proof. It is a mere hypothesis, but in my opinion
+it is a correct and plausible hypothesis. I believe that the strong
+spasmodic contractions that take place during the orgasm have an
+influence not only in accelerating the bursting of a Graafian follicle
+and the extrusion of an ovum, but they are instrumental in aiding the
+Fallopian tube to grasp the ovum and helping it along on the road
+towards the uterus. It is therefore not at all inconceivable that
+conception may take place during or within a very short time after an
+act which is accompanied by a proper orgasm. Many women claim to
+experience peculiar unmistakable sensations as soon as conception has
+taken place, and by calculating the day of probable delivery we know
+that they are right. Taking therefore all the various data into
+consideration we are fully justified in saying that while an orgasm or
+a voluptuous sensation during the act is not at all _necessary_ to
+impregnation, it is in many cases a helpful factor.
+
+It is claimed by some that the offspring resulting from an orgastic
+act is apt to be healthier and better developed than offspring
+resulting from sexual intercourse in which the parties experience no
+orgasm. The reason given being that conception in the first instance
+taking place quickly, the spermatozoa are better nourished and more
+vigorous. In my opinion this is merely a fanciful hypothesis which
+needn't be taken seriously.
+
+It will be found rather frequently that women of strong passionate
+natures, with strong orgastic feelings, and normal in every way, fail
+to become mothers. A careful investigation of their menstrual
+discharge will show that _it is not because they failed to conceive_,
+but because the impregnated ovum is expelled each time; in other
+words, they have each month a miniature miscarriage. And these
+miscarriages, or rather abortions, are due to the spasmodic
+contractions of the uterus and its adnexae which accompany the orgasm.
+In such cases I have advised the woman to try to remain passive during
+the act, to repress the orgasm, and the results have in some instances
+shown the wisdom of my advice. After conception has taken place, after
+one period has been missed, the woman should abstain from intercourse
+altogether or at least for two or three months until the fetus is
+securely attached to, or ensconced in, the uterus.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-TWO
+
+FRIGIDITY IN WOMEN
+
+ Meaning of Term Frigidity--Types of Frigidity--Large Percentage of
+  Frigid Women--Repression of Sexual Manifestations and Frigidity--
+  Frigidity and Masturbation--Frigidity and Sexual Weakness of
+  Husband--Frigidity and Dislike of Husband--Organic Causes of
+  Frigidity--A Frigid Woman May Become Passionate--Treatment of
+  Frigidity.
+
+
+The word frigidity means coldness, and when a woman has no desire for
+sexual relations or experiences no pleasure when she has sexual
+relations, she is said to be frigid.
+
+Some cases suffer only from lack of desire, others only from lack of
+pleasure, and still others from both. In some cases the frigidity is
+congenital, that is, the lack of desire with inability to experience
+pleasure during the act is inborn. In most cases, however, it is
+acquired, or is only temporary, and is due to various causes.
+Frigidity is much more widespread among women than it is among men.
+Some physicians claim it is present in fifty per cent. of all women.
+This may be an exaggeration, but if we put the number at twenty-five
+per cent. we will be quite near the truth.
+
+The causes of frigidity in women are many, but here are the most
+important ones: First and foremost is the repression of all sexual
+manifestations which the unmarried woman has to practice, and has had
+to practice for many centuries. So that a part of the frigidity is
+hereditary. You cannot entirely eradicate a natural instinct, but that
+by continually repressing it, by giving it no chance to assert itself,
+you may weaken it--about this there can be no question.
+
+The second cause is masturbation. Cases that have been addicted to
+excessive masturbation are very apt to develop not only frigidity, but
+complete aversion to the sexual act, and inability to experience any
+pleasure or orgasm. Such cases we come across every day.
+
+A third very important cause is sexual weakness in the husband. When
+the husband is sexually weak (suffering with premature ejaculations)
+he either fails to awaken the sexual instinct in the woman, or if it
+has been awakened it is apt to turn not only into frigidity but into
+aversion to the act.
+
+The fourth cause is often merely dislike towards the husband. The last
+two causes, weakness of the husband and dislike towards him, are
+unfortunately very frequent, and a wife who was frigid with one
+husband may show herself very passionate on marrying another man.
+
+The fifth cause is fear of pregnancy.
+
+The above are the five principal causes. Other causes may be disease
+of the uterus, laceration of the cervix, inflammation of the ovaries,
+vaginismus, disease of the thyroid gland, etc.
+
+It is an unfortunate fact that women who were frigid up to the age of
+forty or so may become very passionate after that age.
+
+As to the treatment of frigidity, little or nothing can be done for
+frigidity that is congenital. Most of the other kinds of frigidity,
+however, can be cured.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-THREE
+
+ADVICE TO FRIGID WOMEN, PARTICULARLY WIVES
+
+ Advice to Frigid Women--Attitude of Different Men Towards Frigid
+  Wives--Orgasm a Subjective Feeling--A Justifiable Innocent
+  Deception--The Case of a Demi-Mondaine.
+
+
+I wish to give you a piece of advice which is of extremely great
+importance to you. I hesitated somewhat before writing this chapter,
+but the welfare of so many women depends upon following this advice,
+and I have seen the lives of so many wives spoiled on account of not
+having followed it, that I decided to devote a few words to the
+subject.
+
+As you know, about one-third or one-quarter of all women (in other
+words, one out of every three or four) are sexually frigid. They
+either have little or no sexual desire, or if they do have, they
+experience no voluptuous sensation during the act, and never have an
+orgasm. If you are unmarried, well and good. But if you are married
+and happen to belong to the frigid type, then _don't inform your
+husband of the fact_. It may lead to great and permanent trouble. Some
+husbands don't care. Some are even glad if their wives are frigid.
+They can then consult their own wishes in the matter, they can have
+intercourse whenever they want and _the way they want_. They do not
+have to accommodate themselves to their wives' ways, they do not have
+to prolong the act until she gets the orgasm, etc. In short, some
+husbands consider a frigid wife a blessing, a God-sent treasure. But,
+as I mentioned several times before, in sexual matters every man is a
+law unto himself, and some men feel extremely bad and displeased when
+they find out that their wives have "no feeling." Some become furious,
+some become disgusted. Some lose all pleasure in intercourse, and some
+claim to be unable to have intercourse with any woman who is not
+properly responsive. Some begin to go to other women, while some
+threaten or demand a divorce (of course, such men cannot really love
+their wives; they may use their wives' frigidity as an _excuse_ to get
+rid of them).
+
+Now, a man has no way of knowing whether a woman has a feeling during
+the act or not, whether or no she enjoys it, whether or no she has an
+orgasm. These are subjective feelings, and the man cannot know them
+unless you tell him. If you belong to the independent kind, if you
+scorn simulation and deceit, if, as the price of being perfectly
+truthful, you are willing if necessary to part with your husband or
+give him a divorce, well and good. You are a free human being, and
+nobody has a right to tell you what to do with your body. But if you
+care for your husband, if you care for your home and perhaps children,
+and do not want any disruption, then the only thing for you to do is
+not to apprise your husband of your frigid condition. And it won't
+hurt you to simulate a feeling which you do not experience, and even
+to imitate the orgasm. He won't be any the wiser, he will enjoy you
+more, and nobody will be injured by your little deception, which is
+after all a species of white lie, and is nobody's business but your
+own. An innocent deception which hurts nobody, but, on the contrary,
+benefits all concerned, is perfectly permissible.
+
+It may seem rather strange publicly to give advice to deceive and to
+simulate. And it is undoubtedly the first time that this advice has
+been given in print. But as I have only one religion--the greatest
+happiness of the greatest number--I repeat that I can see nothing
+wrong in advising something which benefits everybody (concerned) and
+hurts nobody. More than one household which was threatened with
+disruption was preserved safe and sound by a little simple advice
+which I gave to the wife, without the husband's knowledge. He was
+satisfied, and things after that ran smoothly.
+
+Some women are afraid to simulate a voluptuous or orgastic feeling,
+because they think the husband can discover whether their feeling is
+genuine or they are only simulating. (Women, and men too, have funny
+ideas on sexual subjects). This is not so. A notorious demi-mondaine,
+who was greatly sought because she was known to be so "passionate,"
+confessed that not once in her life did she enjoy intercourse or
+experience an orgasm. But her mother, who also suffered with absolute
+frigidity, taught her to simulate passion, telling her that in that
+way she could make barrels of money; which she did.
+
+It is deplorable that wives--or husbands--should ever be obliged to
+have recourse to deception or simulation; perfect frankness should be
+the ideal to be striven after. But under our present social conditions
+and with the present moral code, an occasional white lie is the lesser
+of two evils; it may be the least of a dozen evils.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR
+
+RAPE
+
+ Definition of Rape--Age of Consent--Unanimous Opinion of
+  Experts--Exceptional Cases--False Accusation of Rape Due to
+  Perversion--Erotic Dreams Under Anesthesia Causing Accusations
+  Against Doctors and Dentists.
+
+
+Having intercourse with a woman by force, without her consent, is
+called rape. When the woman is not in a condition to give consent, as
+when she is insane, feebleminded, unconscious or drunk, or when she is
+not of the age at which she can legally give consent, it also
+constitutes rape, and the punishment is the same. The age of consent
+differs in different countries and in different States, but as a rule
+is between sixteen and eighteen years. That is, if a girl under the
+legal age of consent should give her consent or even if she should
+urge the man to have intercourse with her the man would be punished
+just as if he had committed rape.
+
+The punishment for rape is very severe in all civilized countries and
+ranges from ten years' imprisonment to life imprisonment, while in
+some States in this Union the punishment is death.
+
+It is not my intention to go into an exhaustive discussion of this
+painful subject. In this brief chapter I merely wish to bring out two
+facts.
+
+First, that it is the almost unanimous opinion of all experts that it
+is practically impossible for a man to commit rape on a normal adult
+girl or woman if she really offers all the resistance of which she is
+capable. Of course, if the man knocks the woman down with a blow,
+rendering her unconscious, that is a different matter. But where no
+brutality is used by the man, and the woman offers all the resistance
+she is capable of, rape is practically impossible. It is, however,
+possible that in some cases the girl may be so paralyzed by fear as to
+be incapable of offering any resistance. When the man threatens her
+with death or severe bodily injury, then it is rape even if she offers
+no resistance.
+
+The second point is that it has been established that of the many
+accusations of rape brought before the courts _most_ are false. Out of
+a hundred cases only about ten are true. The rest are false. This
+false accusation of rape is due to a peculiar perversion with which
+some women suffer. Some of the cases are due to hysteria, to
+imagination, the women really believing that rape or an attempt at
+rape was committed on them, while investigation shows the accusation
+to be entirely false. Many accusations of rape are due to a desire
+for revenge or merely to motives of blackmail.
+
+Careful doctors and dentists will refuse to give laughing gas or
+another anesthetic to women except in the presence of others, because,
+as is well known, an anesthetic often causes in women erotic dreams
+and sensations and makes them believe that the doctor was committing
+or about to commit an indecent assault on them, and when they come out
+of the anesthetic they may be so sure of the reality of their dream
+that they will bring a complaint against the doctor. Many men have
+suffered disgrace and imprisonment and have had their lives ruined or
+even paid the death penalty on account of false accusations against
+them by either pervert, hysterical, revengeful or blackmailing women.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE
+
+THE SINGLE STANDARD OF SEXUAL MORALITY
+
+ Chastity--Double Standard of Morality--Attempt to Abolish Double
+  Standard--Late Marriages and Chastity in Men--Harmful Advice
+  Given to Young Women--Chastity in Men Not Always Due to Moral
+  Principles--Chaste Men and Satisfactory Husbands--A Statement by
+  Professor Freud--A Statement by Professor Michels--What a Girl
+  has a Right to Demand of Her Future Husband--Three Cases Showing
+  Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings.
+
+
+When a man marries a girl he expects her to be chaste, that is, a
+virgin, without any sexual experiences. Of men, the same chastity is
+not expected as a general thing. As long as a man is healthy, free
+from venereal disease, his previous sexual experiences do not
+constitute a barrier to his marriage. This is what is known as the
+double or duplex standard of sex morality.
+
+During the past few years a number of high-minded and well-meaning men
+and women have been trying to abolish this double standard and to
+introduce a single standard of morality. That is, they are demanding
+that the man going to the marriage bed should be just as chaste, just
+as virginal as his wife is. Whether or no the efforts of these good
+men and women will ever be crowned with success we will leave open.
+Whether or no it is even desirable that their efforts _should_ be
+crowned with success we will also leave open. A complete discussion of
+these questions belongs to a more advanced book on sexual ethics. Here
+I will merely say that, taking into consideration the fact that the
+sexual instinct in boys awakens fully at the age of fifteen or
+sixteen, and that marriage at the present time, particularly among the
+professional classes, is an impossibility before the age of
+twenty-eight, thirty, or thirty-five, it seems to be impossible and
+undesirable to expect that men should live a perfectly chaste life
+until they enter matrimony, no matter how late that event may take
+place.
+
+Those who have made a study of the sex instinct in the male seem to
+think that chastity in normal, healthy men up to the age of thirty or
+thereabouts is an impossibility, and where it is accomplished it is
+accomplished at the expense of the physical, mental, and sexual health
+of the individual. But be it as it may, and leaving disputed questions
+out of discussion, the fact remains that the vast majority of men of
+the present day do indulge in sex relations before marriage. And
+people that are urging upon our young women to refuse to marry men who
+have not been perfectly chaste are doing our womanhood a very poor
+service. As it is now, with all mandom to choose from, there are many,
+too many, old maids. With only ten per cent. to choose from (because
+it is admitted that at least 90 per cent. of all men have
+ante-matrimonial relations), what would our women do? They would
+practically all have to give up any hopes of being married and
+becoming mothers. And if these ten per cent., who have remained chaste
+to their married day, were at least a superior class of men in every
+instance, there would be some compensation in that. Unfortunately,
+this is far from being the case, because, as all advanced sexologists
+will tell you, there is generally something wrong with a man who
+remains absolutely chaste until the age of thirty, thirty-five or
+forty. It isn't moral principles in all cases; it is mostly cowardice,
+or sexual weakness. And sad as it may be to state, these perfectly
+good, chaste men do not generally make satisfactory husbands, and
+their wives are not apt to be the happiest ones. I fully agree with
+Professor Freud in his statement "that sexual abstinence does not help
+to build up energetic, independent men of action, original thinkers,
+bold advocates of freedom and reform, but rather goody-goody
+weaklings." And still more to the purpose is the statement of
+Professor Michels, who says:
+
+"The desire that one's daughter may marry a man who, like herself, and
+on an equal footing, will gain in marriage his first experience of the
+most sacred mysteries of the sexual life, is one which _may lead to
+profound disillusionments_. Even if to-day the demand for chaste young
+men is extremely restricted, the supply is yet more so, and the
+article _is of such an inferior quality_ that in actual practice the
+attempt to satisfy this desire is likely to lead to results which will
+fail altogether to correspond to the hopes inspired by a contemplation
+of the abstract idea of purity. Many physically intact individuals of
+both sexes _are far more contaminated_ than those who have had actual
+sexual experience. Others again, superior in the abstract, and from
+the physically sexual aspect, are _ethically inferior to the
+unchaste_, so that the union with these latter would be more likely to
+prove happy than a union with those who are nominally pure." And
+further, "Careful fathers of marriageable daughters, who seek this
+virginity in their sons-in-law, will, if they find it, seldom find it
+a guarantee for the simultaneous possession of solid moral qualities."
+
+All a girl has a right to demand is that her future husband be in good
+health, physically and sexually, and that he be free from venereal
+disease. His previous sexual life, provided he is a man of fine moral
+character in general, is no concern of hers. Even if the man was
+unfortunate enough to have contracted gonorrhea, that fact should
+constitute no bar to marriage, provided he is completely cured of it.
+The only exception is that of syphilis. The girl has a right to refuse
+absolutely to enter into union with any man who has been infected with
+syphilis unless she is willing, and does it with her eyes open, to
+live her life without any children. In syphilis we can never give an
+_absolute guarantee_ of cure and we have no right to subject a woman
+to any danger of infection with syphilis, be the danger ever so
+slight, without her knowledge and consent.
+
+
+=Disastrous Effects of Wrong Teachings=
+
+What disastrous effects wrong teaching which inoculates the minds of
+our women with wrong ideas may have, the following three cases
+reported briefly in _The Critic and Guide_, will show:
+
+=Case One= was a girl of twenty-four, of well-to-do parents, a college
+graduate. She was engaged to a really very nice, sympathetic young
+man, who undoubtedly would have made her an excellent husband. But
+during her last two years in college she became imbued with the single
+standard stupidity, and "chastity for men, votes for women" became her
+slogan. She asked her fiance if he had been absolutely chaste before
+he met her. He did not want to play the hypocrite, and he told her the
+truth that he had not. But he assured her that he had never been
+infected and that his general and sexual health was in excellent
+condition. Being then in an exalted mood, she impulsively broke the
+engagement, declaring that her husband will have to be as "pure" as
+she was. She soon regretted her step, because she loved the man; but
+pride did not let her take the initiative towards a reconciliation,
+and in the meantime her former fiance fell in love with and married
+another girl. After four years had passed, and she was in danger of
+becoming an old maid, she married a man considerably beneath her
+socially and intellectually, and in every way inferior to her former
+fiance. Her marriage is not a happy one.
+
+=Case two= is similar to case one, except that the young lady in
+question--now not so very young--is still living in single
+blessedness, and the chances of her ever being a wife or even
+somebody's sweetheart are rapidly vanishing. I might add that her
+fiance whom she discarded because of his lack of virginity was a very
+bright young physician, who is now very successful and very happily
+married. She I hear is a very unhappy person, in danger of sinking
+into a permanent state of melancholia. And she had been of a very
+jolly disposition.
+
+=Case three= is peculiar in that the fiance _was_ absolutely chaste.
+She asked him, and he told her that he had never had any relations
+with anybody and he never had a trace or suspicion of any venereal
+disease. The young lady was not satisfied. She wanted her fiance to
+bring her a certificate from a specialist testifying to that effect.
+The young man told her that it was foolish, that he would not subject
+himself to the expense and annoyance of a number of tests when he
+_knew_ that not only did he not have any venereal disease, but that
+there was no possibility of his getting any. No, that did not satisfy
+her. She became suspicious. "If you have nothing to fear, why do you
+object to bringing a certificate?" "I have nothing to fear, but I
+demand that you respect me and trust me sufficiently to believe that I
+am telling the truth when I declare a thing with such positiveness. If
+you do not have that much confidence in me now, our future life does
+not hold much promise of success." One word led to another, and then
+he broke the engagement, as any self-respecting man under the
+circumstances would. He is married, and she is not and probably never
+will be. Three young lives ruined by perverse teachings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-SIX
+
+DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN'S AND WOMAN'S SEX AND LOVE LIFE
+
+ Seemingly Contradictory Statements--Faulty Interpretations of
+  Words Sexual Instinct and Love--Difference in Manifestations of
+  Male and Female Sexual Instincts--Man's Sex Instinct Grosser Than
+  Woman's--Awakening of Sexual Desire in the Boy and in the
+  Girl--Woman's Desire for Caresses--Man's Main Desire for Sexual
+  Relations--Normal Sex Relations as Means of Holding a Man--A
+  Physiological Reason Why Man is Held--Man and Physical
+  Love--Woman and Spiritual Love--Preliminaries of Sexual
+  Intercourse in Men and Women--Physical Attributes--Mental and
+  Spiritual Qualities--Difference Between Love and "Being in
+  Love"--Love as a Stimulus to Man--When the Man Loves--When the
+  Woman Loves--Man's More Engrossing Interests--Lovemaking Irksome
+  to Man--Man's Polygamous Tendencies--Woman Single-affectioned in
+  Her Sex and Love Life--Man and Woman Biologically Different.
+
+
+In reading books or listening to lectures on sex, you will meet with
+statements which will seem to you contradictory. One time you will
+read or hear that the sex instinct is much more powerfully developed
+in man than it is in woman; next time you will come across the
+statement that sex plays a much more important role in women than it
+does in men. One time you will hear that men are oversexed, that they
+are by nature polygamous and promiscuous, while woman is monogamous
+and as a rule sexually frigid; the next time you will be assured that
+without love a woman's life is nothing, and you will be confronted
+with Byron's well-known and oft quoted two lines: Man's love is of
+man's life a thing apart, 'Tis woman's whole existence.
+
+These contradictions are only apparent and result from two facts:
+first, that the words sex or sexual instinct and love are used
+indiscriminately and interchangeably as if they were synonymous terms,
+which they are not; second, there is failure to bear in mind the
+essential differences in the natures and manifestations of the sexual
+instincts in the male and the female. If these differences are made
+clear, the apparent contradictions will disappear. The outstanding
+fact to bear in mind is that in man the sex instinct bears a more
+sensual, a more physical, a coarser and grosser character, if you have
+no objection to these adjectives, than it does in woman. In women it
+is finer, more spiritual, more platonic, to use this stereotyped and
+incorrect term. In men the sex manifestations are more centralized,
+more local, more concentrated in the sex organs; in women they are
+more diffused throughout the body. In a boy of fifteen the libido
+sexualis may be fully developed, he may have powerful erections and a
+strong desire for normal sexual relations; in a girl of fifteen there
+may not be a trace of any purely sexual desire; and this _lack_ of
+desire for _physical_ sex relations may manifest itself in women up to
+the age of twenty or twenty-five (something that we never see in
+normal men); in fact, women of twenty-five and even older, who have
+not been stimulated and whose curiosity has not been aroused by
+novels, pictures, and tales of their married companions, may not
+experience any sexual desire until several months after marriage. But
+while their desire for actual sexual relations awakens much later than
+it does in men, their desire for love, for caresses, for hugging, for
+close friendship, for love letters, awakens much earlier than in men,
+and occupies a greater part in their life; they think of love more
+during their waking hours, and they dream of it more than men do.
+
+A man--always bear in mind that when speaking of men and women I
+always speak of the average; exceptions in either direction will be
+found in both sexes--a man, I say, will generally tire of paying
+attentions to a woman if he feels that they will not eventually lead
+to the biologic goal--sexual relations. A woman can keep up with a man
+for years without any sexual intercourse, being fully satisfied or
+more or less satisfied with the sexual substitutes--embraces and
+kisses.
+
+And here is as good a place as any to refer to the notion so
+assiduously inculcated in the minds of young women, that a persistent
+refusal of man's demands is a sure way of keeping a man's affections;
+that as soon as man has satisfied his desires, he has no further use
+for the girl. This may be the case with the lowest dregs--morally--of
+the male sex; it is the opposite of true of the male sex as a whole.
+And I believe that Marcel Prevost was the first one to point it out
+(in his _Le Jardin Secret_). Nothing will hold a man's affections so
+surely as normal sex relations. And the cause of this is not, as might
+be surmised, merely a moral one, the man considering himself in honor
+and duty bound to stick to the woman whose body he possessed. No,
+there is a much stronger and surer reason: the reason is of a
+physiological character. There is born a strong physical attraction
+which in the man's subconsciousness plays a stronger role than honor
+and duty. Excesses of course must be avoided, for excesses lead to
+satiety, and satiety is just as inimical to love as is excitement
+without any satisfaction.
+
+
+=Choice Between Physical and Spiritual Love=
+
+But to return to our thesis: the difference between man's and woman's
+sex and love life. If a man had to make his _choice_ between physical
+love, i.e., actual sex relations and spiritual love, i.e., love
+making, kisses, love letters, etc., he would generally choose the
+former. If a woman had to _choose_, she would generally choose the
+latter. The man and the woman would prefer both at the same time:
+physical and spiritual love. But that is not the question. The
+question is: if it came to a _choice_; and then the results would be
+as I have just indicated. The correctness of my statements will be
+corroborated by anybody having some knowledge of human sexuality. A
+man can fully enjoy sexual intercourse without any preliminaries; with
+a woman the preliminaries are of the utmost importance, and when these
+are lacking she is often incapable of experiencing any pleasure. Nay,
+the feeling of pleasure is not infrequently replaced by a feeling of
+dissatisfaction and even disgust. A man cares more for the physical
+and less for the mental and spiritual attributes of his sexual
+partner; with the woman just the opposite is the case. I am leaving
+out of consideration sexual impotence, because this is a real
+disability, and a man suffering with it only irritates the woman
+without satisfying her. For this she will not stand. But where the man
+is sexually potent--he may be aged and homely--his other physical
+attributes play but a small role with woman; his mental and spiritual
+qualities count with her for a good deal more. While a woman may be
+able to give a man perfect sexual satisfaction, and she may have an
+angelic character, if her body is not all that could be desired, the
+man will be dissatisfied and unhappy.
+
+
+=Love in Man Occupies Subordinate Place=
+
+Try as we may, we cannot get away from the fact that in man's life
+love occupies a subordinate place. I am speaking now of love, and not
+of "being in love." Being in love, as pointed out in another place, is
+a distinctly pathological phenomenon, akin to insanity, and when a man
+is in love it may engross every fiber of him, it may preoccupy every
+minute of his waking hours, he may neglect all his work and shirk all
+his duties, in fact he is apt to make a much bigger fool of himself
+than a woman is under similar circumstances. He is less patient, he
+has less control over himself, he is less able to suffer, he is less
+capable of self-sacrifice. But this, as I said, all refers to "being
+in love," which is an entirely different thing from loving. A man may
+love ever so deeply, and if his love is reciprocated he will go on
+with his work in a smooth, unruffled manner. He will do better work
+for it--love is a wonderful stimulus--but he will be perfectly
+satisfied if he sees his love for an hour or two every day, or even
+once or twice a week. And if he has important and interesting work to
+do, he can part with his love for three months or six months without
+his heart breaking. Not so with woman. A woman who loves considers
+every day on which she does not see her lover a day lost. And she is
+apt to be unhappy and inefficient in her work on such days, and she
+bears separation with much greater difficulty than does man. I do not
+think that this is due to the fact that a woman's love is always more
+intense than a man's; no. But he usually has other interests which
+occupy his thoughts and his emotions, while most women's thoughts and
+emotions are centered on the man they love. When a woman loves, she
+could and would spend all her time with the man she loves. She would
+never tire of love making (I am not referring here to sex relations),
+or merely of being in the man's proximity. To woman love is a cloyless
+thing. Man distinctly does tire. No matter how much he may love a
+woman, too much lovemaking becomes cloying to him, and he wants to get
+away. Even mere proximity, if too prolonged, becomes irksome to him,
+and he begins to fret and fidget, and pull at his chains, even if the
+chains are but of gossamer. Woman should know these facts and act
+accordingly.
+
+
+=Polygamous Tendencies in Man=
+
+We now come to the last point in our discussion: the polygamous or
+varietist tendencies in the male versus the monogamous tendencies in
+the female. No matter what our moralists, who try to fit the facts to
+their theories instead of fitting their theories to the facts, may
+say, the fact remains that man is a strongly polygamous or varietist
+animal. That many men live through their lives without having had
+relations with any women except their wives is cheerfully admitted. I
+assert this in spite of the incredulous smiles of all the cynics and
+roues in the world. I have known personally a great number of such
+men. But that they do it without any struggle, and in some cases a
+very severe struggle, is emphatically denied. And that hundreds of
+thousands of men are unequal to the struggle--or do not care to engage
+in any struggle--and live a sexually promiscuous life--anybody who
+knows anything about life as it is will testify. And his testimony
+will be corroborated by the reports of the vice commissions and the
+statements of disreputable-house keepers. To a great percentage of men
+a strictly monogamous life is either irksome, painful, disagreeable or
+an utter impossibility. While the number of women who are not
+satisfied with one mate is exceedingly small.
+
+A man may love a woman deeply and sincerely and at the same time make
+love to another woman, or have sexual relations with her or even with
+prostitutes. It is quite a _common_ thing with men. It is quite a rare
+thing with women, though it may happen. As iterated and reiterated
+time and again, there are always exceptional cases, but we are
+speaking of the average and not of the exception. The _rule_ is that
+in her sex and love life woman is much more loyal, much more faithful,
+much more single-affectioned than is her lord and master--man.
+
+Is she on account of it better than, superior to, man? It is futile to
+speak of better or worse, of superior or inferior. This is the way
+they are. This is the way man and woman have been made by nature, by a
+thousand centuries of heredity, by a thousand centuries of
+environment. The differences lie in biological roots, and it is futile
+to fight and rail against nature and biology. The proper thing to do
+is to recognize the facts and make the best of them. To act the part
+of the ostrich, deliberately to ignore facts which are not pleasant,
+may be easy, but is it wise?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN
+
+MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS
+
+ Wide-spread Belief in Maternal Impressions--No Single
+  Well-authenticated Case of Maternal Impression--Birth of
+  Monstrosities--Ridiculous Examples Given by Physicians--So-called
+  Shock Often a Product of Mother's Imagination--Four Cases of
+  Alleged Maternal Impressions--Mother's Health During Pregnancy
+  May Have Effect Upon Child's General Health.
+
+
+It is believed by many people that strong impressions made upon the
+mother during pregnancy may produce marks or defects in the child.
+This belief dates from earliest antiquity, and is widespread among all
+races. The belief particularly refers to the emotions of fright or
+sudden surprise; thus it is believed that if a woman during pregnancy
+should be frightened by some animal, the child might carry the mark of
+the animal upon its body, or it might even be born in the shape of the
+animal. Thousands of such _alleged_ cases are given in proof. There is
+hardly a layman, or, particularly, a laywoman, who does not claim to
+know of authentic cases of maternal impressions.
+
+It is a thankless task to try to shatter well-established beliefs,
+and I do not hope to succeed in persuading all my readers that all the
+stories and examples of maternal impressions are untrue and lack
+scientific foundation. But I consider it my duty to state my belief,
+whether you accept it or not. In my opinion there is not a single
+_well-authenticated_ case of maternal impression. There is hardly a
+case of defect or monstrosity where the cause is supposed to be due to
+maternal impression, which cannot be explained in some natural way, or
+simply by accident. Thousands of women are frightened or shocked by
+disagreeable sights, by crippled men, by animals, and still their
+children are born perfectly normal. On the other hand, many marked, or
+defective, or monstrous children are born in which no maternal
+impressions can be given as the cause. So why can it not happen when
+the mother was frightened by something during her pregnancy, and the
+child was born with some mark or defect, that the latter was simply an
+accident and not the _result_ of the impression? Because a thing
+_follows_ another thing it does not mean that it was _caused_ by that
+other thing.
+
+Many of the cases given as examples, and by physicians too, are so
+ridiculous that no scientific man can give them the slightest credence
+for one moment. When a physician (Dr. Thomas J. Savage) tells us that
+he attended a lady who had been frightened by a large green frog at or
+about the middle of pregnancy, and that she gave birth to a
+monstrosity, the head of which was that of a large frog in shape, with
+the eyes and mouth and even the coloring of a frog, then he is either
+telling an untruth, or he shows himself as ignorant and credulous as
+any illiterate old woman can be. The doctor should know that at the
+middle of pregnancy the child is _fully formed_ and that there is no
+possibility of an already formed human being changing its shape into
+that of an animal. Another example given by the same doctor, and
+showing the calibre of his mentality, is that of a child which, when
+an infant, not old enough to walk, "would crawl over the floor and
+pick up little objects such as pins, tacks, small beads, without the
+slightest difficulty or fumbling." The reason for this "remarkable"
+skill the good doctor ascribes to the fact that four months before the
+birth of this child the mother had an outing in the woods and had
+derived great enjoyment from gathering hickory nuts which she found
+scattered among the leaves with which the ground was thickly covered!
+
+Very often the so-called shock or fright which the mother experiences
+during gestation is simply a product of her imagination. We know of
+many cases where the mothers never mentioned that anything happened
+to them, and only after the child was born with some kind of mark or
+defect they began to hunt for causes and claimed that such and such a
+thing happened to them while they were pregnant, but on close
+investigation the alleged event was found to have originated in the
+mother's brain.
+
+In short, while the subject of maternal impressions is an interesting
+one and demands further investigation, there is at the present time no
+scientific justification for the belief in maternal impressions.
+Particularly must we scout any stories of maternal impressions during
+the latter part of pregnancy, during the fifth, sixth, seventh,
+eighth, or ninth month. Because after the child is fully formed no
+mental or psychic impressions can make birthmarks on it, amputate its
+limbs, or convert it into any sort of monstrosity.
+
+After the above was written and ready for the printer I came across
+four cases of alleged maternal impressions in a book by Laura A.
+Calhoun ("Sex Determination and Its Practical Application"). The first
+three cases the author relates without any comment, taking them
+evidently for pure coin. The fourth case the lady investigated, and
+she is frank to say that what seemed at first as a clear case of
+maternal impression was nothing of the kind but merely a case of
+heredity. In order to break the monotony for a little while I will
+reproduce here the four cases in the lady's own words.
+
+    The first was that of "a mother who, during pregnancy, was
+    obliged for a certain continuous time to eat sheep's flesh. She
+    took such a sudden abhorrence and distaste of the meat that she
+    only ate it rather than go meat hungry. After the birth of her
+    baby she recovered from this spasmodic distaste of this
+    particular meat. But the child from its first meat-eating days
+    could not endure the smell or the taste of the sheep's flesh.
+    Whenever the child attempted to eat that meat, the result was
+    always the same--indigestion and want of assimilation, and
+    usually attended with acute indigestion cramps."
+
+    In the second case "another pregnant mother's particular
+    'longing' was for mackerel. Her baby was born with what seemed
+    to be the outlines, in a brownish color, of a mackerel on its
+    side, and which design never faded in after years, and the
+    child's ability to eat and digest mackerel was more than
+    normal."
+
+    The third case: "The 'longing' of another pregnant mother was
+    for brains to eat. This was provided for her. But as she was
+    slowly approaching the dish of deliciously prepared food,
+    quivering with delight and with the eagerness of a child to be
+    eating it, a cat sprang to the plate and before she could
+    prevent it ate the brains and licked the plate clean. She wept
+    as a child might have done, and was as unhappy and brokenhearted
+    over this fate of the brains food for which she had waited with
+    such keen anticipation of satisfaction as a little child might
+    have been. Shortly after that the little baby was born, and upon
+    one of its shoulder-blades was a representation of the mess of
+    brains, designed in brownish outlines, and which did not fade as
+    the child grew up."
+
+    The fourth case: "There lived in a little house in the midst of
+    a flower garden, that in its turn gave into a wide-spreading
+    orchard, a loving and loyal husband and wife with their
+    firstborn child. The wife was now in the first months of
+    pregnancy with her second child. Their nearest neighbor was a
+    Mexican family, among the members of which was a dashing young
+    man of about twenty-two. He and his sister and mother were
+    frequent visitors to this little household of three. But the
+    young Mexican was the most frequent, and the husband's being
+    home or not did not disconcert him. Men of affairs must need
+    spend morning hours, and sometimes afternoon hours, too, inside
+    of offices, but wealthy and aristocratic young Mexicans ride
+    horses all day, decked out with silver, leather, and velvet
+    trappings, both horse and rider. It was this lady's custom to
+    walk among her flowers and fruit trees. And it became the custom
+    of this young caballero to suddenly appear before her during
+    these promenades. Her startled eyes would no sooner perceive the
+    vision of his blazing, dark eyes fastened upon her, than by one
+    pretext and another she made him understand that he was
+    dismissed, and would herself retire into the house. When she
+    would be about to open a gate, suddenly and unexpectedly the
+    young Mexican would appear on the other side and with gracious
+    suavity open the gate, always his passionate, dark eyes upon
+    her, though his words were reserved and polite. If the husband
+    were present, it was still the same. By every means possible he
+    would prolong his stay.
+
+    One summer day this lady was lying on her couch on the veranda,
+    sleeping, her eyes covered over. At that time she was having an
+    eye malady that was epidemic in that part of the country. She
+    heard footsteps approaching, but did not disturb herself, as she
+    supposed it was her husband. After some time she suddenly threw
+    off the covering from her face, and there to her astonished eyes
+    stood the young Mexican, intensely looking down upon her with
+    deep concern. At that moment the husband arrived, and the young
+    man told him of a weed growing in that locality that he said
+    would cure the eye malady. When the leaves of this plant were
+    crushed there oozed a yellowish milk; with about a half-dozen
+    applications of this milk to the sore eyes they were healed.
+
+    After that the young caballero would ride up and down, Mexican
+    fashion, in front of the house, drawing rein whenever he could
+    get a glimpse of the lady or a word with her. This never failed
+    to annoy her, and also to strike a sudden, sharp terror into
+    her heart. Always his appearance was most unexpected, and
+    always accompanied by the rapt, passionate, dark gaze. Though he
+    was a most clean-souled young man.
+
+    Afterward, when the baby was born, one of the child's eyes was
+    marked by the color and fire of the dashing Spaniard's eyes,
+    while its other eye was a calmish blue-gray eye. This was all
+    the more remarkable as neither of the parents of the child had
+    such eyes. Was it a case of maternal impression?
+
+    Upon investigation I found that the grandparents of the baby's
+    mother had just such eyes as the baby. The grandfather's were
+    big, dark, flashing eyes, and the grandmother's the mild,
+    blue-gray eyes. So 'bang!' went the theory of mental impression,
+    and in its place came the physical law of reversion."
+
+I do not wish to be misunderstood as claiming that a mother's
+condition during pregnancy has no effect on the child, and that she
+need therefore take no precautions and pay no particular attention to
+her health and her feelings. This is not so. But what I do want to
+convey is this: That if a mother's health during pregnancy is bad, if
+she is a prey to worry and anxiety, if she was subjected to great
+fright or to a shock, then the child's general health may suffer. It
+may be stillborn, or the mother may have a miscarriage. But it will
+not produce those specific marks, deformities and monstrosities which
+are commonly supposed to be the results of maternal impressions.
+
+If I lay somewhat special stress upon the subject of maternal
+impressions, it is because I pity the poor mothers and want to spare
+them as much as possible unnecessary worry and anxiety. Besides I want
+them to believe in the truth and not in error.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT
+
+ADVICE TO THE MARRIED AND THOSE ABOUT TO BE
+
+ Marriage as an Ideal Institution--Monogamic Marriage--Some Reasons
+  for Husbands' Deviations--Importance of First Few Weeks of
+  Married Life--Necessity for Understanding at Beginning--
+  Preventing and Breaking Habits--The Wife's Individuality--
+  Husbands Who are Childish, Not Vicious--Wife's Interest in
+  Husband's Affairs--The "Slob" Husband--The Well-groomed Husband--
+  Bad Odor from the Mouth--Odors from Other Parts of the Body--
+  Treatment for Bad Odor from Perspiration--A Beneficial Powder--
+  Advice Regarding Flirting--Dainty Underwear--Fine External Clothes
+  and Cheap and Soiled Underwear--Delicate Adjustments of Sex Act
+  Required with Some Men--Wife Who Discusses Her Husband's Foibles--
+  A Professional Secret--A Case of Temporary Impotence--The Wife's
+  Indiscretion--The Disastrous Result--A Big Stomach--The Wife's
+  Attitude Towards the Marital Relation--Behavior Preliminary to
+  and During the Act--Congenital Frigidity--Prudish and Vicious
+  Ideas About the Sex Act--Sexual Intercourse for Procreative
+  Purposes Only--Fear of Pregnancy on the Part of the Wife--The
+  Remedy--Other Causes--Wife who Makes too Frequent Demands--
+  Sacrificing the Future to the Present--Esthetic Considerations.
+
+
+Whether marriage in its present form is an ideal institution destined
+to endure forever, whether it is in need of radical reforms before it
+can be considered ideal, or whether it has fundamental irremediable
+defects, are questions which we are not going to discuss here. The
+fact is that at the present time the greatest part of the adult
+population of the world is married; and the part that isn't would like
+to be. And the greater part of civilized humanity living in a state of
+monogamic marriage, it behooves us to make the best of it, to get out
+of it the greatest amount of happiness that we can, obviate as much
+unhappiness as possible, and to do everything in our power to make it
+permanent. Separation or divorce are remedies of last resort, and
+people have recourse to them when they are at the end of their tether.
+But the proper thing to do is to avoid the necessity of having to have
+recourse to them. And I believe that a careful, thoughtful perusal of
+this chapter will help husband and wife to get along better, to avoid
+unnecessary friction and to retain the mutual physical and spiritual
+attraction which we call Love for a longer period than might otherwise
+be the case.
+
+I have the confidence and listen to the intimate confessions of more
+men and woman probably than any other physician in America, or perhaps
+in the world. For reasons easily understood they tell me things which
+they would not think of telling to their regular physician. I have
+learned of many of the reasons, which in many families led first to a
+coolness, then to an estrangement, or to quarrels, to separation and
+divorce. I know the first steps which in many instances draw the
+husband to another woman. And I wish to tell you, that while I firmly
+believe in the polygamous or rather varietist tendencies of the
+average man, nevertheless I am convinced that one of the great reasons
+why so many married men patronize prostitutes, or have mistresses or
+lady friends, is to be found in the wives themselves. Many wives
+_drive_ their husbands to other women, and are alone responsible for
+their suffering, for the cooling of their husbands' affections, and
+perhaps even desertion. And in the following pages I will endeavor, as
+stated before, to point out some of the rocks and shoals on which the
+matrimonial bark is so often shattered, and to offer the wives some
+suggestions which will help them to retain their husbands' affections
+and perhaps even also their fidelity.
+
+While the advice is intended primarily for wives, there will be found
+here and there a salutary piece of advice for husbands. Some of the
+advice is applicable to both partners, and as to those suggestions
+which concern the husband only--it will be a good thing for the wives
+to call their husbands' attention to them.
+
+The first few weeks or the first few months are the most important in
+the life of a married couple. The stability of the marriage, the
+future happiness, often depend upon the things which are done or left
+undone during the initial weeks of married life. A certain
+understanding must be reached from the very beginning. If your husband
+does certain things which displease you and which you know should not
+be done, it is best to say so at the very start. It is easier to
+prevent the establishment of a habit than to break a habit after it
+has been established.
+
+=Retain Your Individuality.= The first piece of advice I have to give
+you is: _Retain your individuality_. It is a trite but perfectly true
+observation that altogether too many men who during courtship were
+chivalry personified assume a dictatorial tone as soon as the knot has
+been tied. They think that the wife has actually ceased to exist as a
+separate human being, that she has been absorbed, and with the loss of
+her name she has lost all right to have her own opinions, her own
+tastes, and, of course, her own friends. Friends who are obnoxious to
+one of the marital partners one must give up sometimes; but do not
+permit your entire personality to be obscured. Explain to your husband
+that you are still an independent living human being. I do not say,
+you should at once start a fight. Nothing is more offensive to me than
+the militant, pugnacious woman, who wears a chip on the shoulder and
+is continually ready to insist on her "rights." But with gentleness
+and firmness much can be accomplished. And you want to remember that
+many husbands act the way they do, not because they are vicious, but
+because they are stupid or childish. Sometimes it is mere
+thoughtlessness. They have been brought up wrongly, and some of them
+sincerely imagine that by repressing the wife's personality, by
+blotting it out, they are acting in her interest. "It is for her own
+good." A serious talk with a husband will sometimes have a wonderful
+effect. It may sometimes change entirely the current of his thoughts.
+Of course if the husband is a cad, a conceited fool, or a brute, you
+can do nothing with him; but fortunately not all husbands belong to
+those categories.
+
+=Interest in Husband's Affairs.= Be interested in your husband's
+affairs. No matter what your husband's occupation may be, you should
+possess enough intelligence to be able to understand what he is doing.
+It is almost unbelievable how little some wives know about their
+husband's profession or work. It is a bad thing when strange women
+understand your husband's work better than you do, and when he finds
+in them more intelligent and more sympathetic listeners. He may go to
+them for sympathy. If your husband is a scientist or a research
+worker or a professional man it is not necessary that you be familiar
+with all the details of his work, but with the general character you
+should be. And if you can be of assistance to him in his work, if it
+be only looking up references, compiling tables and statistics or
+merely typewriting, it will be appreciated by him, and will sometimes
+help to knit the bonds a bit closer.
+
+There is another important reason for being interested in and
+understanding your husband's business. When the husband dies--and a
+man is not infrequently snatched away in the prime of youth and
+vigor--the wife is often left to the mercies of the cold world,
+without money and without a profession. If she understands the
+husband's business she can continue it and remain economically
+independent. This has reference not only to ordinary business, like
+stores or agencies, but to more or less specialized occupations, such
+for instance as publishing. We know the cases of two widows of
+publishers of medical journals. When their husbands died everybody was
+commiserating with them: what will they make a living from? But they
+understood the details of their husbands' business, and they kept
+right on. And now those journals are financially more successful than
+they were when the husbands were at the helm.
+
+=Wife's Behavior Toward Sexual Relations.= I am now coming to a
+delicate subject. But, delicate though it is, it must be dealt with
+unflinchingly, because it is probably responsible for more male
+infidelity than all other causes combined. I speak of the relation of
+the wife to her marital duties, in other words, to sexual relations.
+Too many women regard the sexual act as a nuisance, as an ordeal, as
+something disagreeable to get through with as quickly as possible;
+they regard the husband's demands in this line as an imposition, as
+unfair or even as brutal; and their behavior preliminary to and during
+the act is such as to cool the ardor of any refined and sensitive man.
+The reasons for this behavior on the part of many wives are manifold;
+this is not the place to consider them in detail. I will allude to
+them briefly. One great cause is congenital frigidity. The woman is
+cold, frigid, has no desire for sex relations and experiences no
+pleasure, no sensation from them. Such women are not to blame; they
+are to be pitied. But even they can behave so as not to repel their
+husbands. (See Chapter XLIII).
+
+Another great cause is the vicious, prudish bringing up, by which the
+sex act is regarded as something unclean, indecent, animal-like,
+brutal. Such Women need a good "talking-to," and if they are only not
+natural born fools, one good explanation often fixes matters. On a par
+with this general prudishness is the infamous idea promulgated by a
+few semi-insane, mentally decrepit men and women, that sexual
+intercourse is for the purpose of propagation only. That only when a
+child is wanted is the relation permissible; at all other times it is
+a sin, an "act of prostitution," an offense in the eyes of God, etc.,
+etc. Of course if the wife has such ideas the husband deserves little
+sympathy. A man should know what ideas the woman entertains whom he is
+going to make his wife and the mother of his children. But,
+unfortunately, this, the most important subject of sex and sexuality,
+is never touched upon by the engaged couple (it would be so
+indelicate!), and after they are married they often find themselves at
+opposite poles. Here also a good heart-to-heart talk will do a world
+of good. I have had several such cases where a little conversation or
+even a letter saved the couple from disruption.
+
+In many cases the cause of refusal is fear of pregnancy. In this case
+the wife is right. But the remedy is simple: give her full instruction
+in the use of contraceptive measures. Other causes are: excessive
+masturbation, vaginismus, local malformation, inflammation, etc. But
+whatever the causes of the wife's "bad behavior" may be, they are all
+amenable to treatment. Some need medical treatment, some psychic
+treatment, and some nothing but just a common-sense, heart-to-heart
+talk.
+
+And I would emphasize: Do not repel your husbands when they ask for
+sexual favors--at least do not repel them too often. Households in
+which relations are had rather frequently and in which the wives lend
+their full and eager participation are happier households than those
+in which the sexual act is indulged in rarely, and with grumbling and
+side-remarks on the part of the wife.
+
+But of course you should not go to the other extreme either. You
+should not make too frequent demands upon your husband. With a man the
+act means a good deal more than it does with a woman; it entails a
+great deal more of physical and mental exhaustion, and a wife who is
+unreasonable in this respect is sowing the seeds of discord and
+unhappiness. She is sacrificing the future to the present. The husband
+is apt to become afflicted with satiety or impotence--and the wife may
+have to lead a life of continence for much longer than she would have
+had to if she had been moderate. In no department of life is
+moderation so important as in sex life. Non-use, insufficient use and
+excessive use are all bad. A mutually joyful, eager and moderately
+frequent participation in the sexual act will contribute most to a
+happy and long life.
+
+=Dainty Underwear.= This may be considered too delicate or too
+trifling a subject to discuss in an important sex book. But nothing is
+too delicate or too trifling that concerns human happiness, and you
+will believe me if I tell you that nice underwear or dainty lingerie
+plays a very important role in marital life. And every married woman
+should have as fine and as dainty underwear as she can possibly
+afford. A fine or elaborate nightgown may be more important than an
+expensive skirt or hat. Unfortunately too many women ignore this fact.
+Externally they will be well dressed, while their petticoats, drawers
+and undershirts will be of the commonest quality and of questionable
+freshness and immaculateness. And if anything in a woman's toilet
+should be immaculately fresh and clean it is, I emphasize, her
+underwear. Silk and lace and delicate batiste should be preferred, if
+they can be afforded, and attention should be paid to the color. As a
+rule, a delicate pink is the color that most men prefer. The sex act
+with some men requires the most delicate adjustments, and the
+condition of the underwear may determine the man's desire and ability
+or inability to accomplish the act. I therefore repeat: whether you
+are newly married or have been married a quarter of a century, be
+sure that your underwear is the very best that your means will allow
+you, and that it is always sweet, fresh and dainty. It will help you
+to retain the affection of your husband. I know that some allegedly
+wise ones will scoff at this statement. They may say that an affection
+that may be influenced by the kind and condition of underwear is not
+worth having or retaining. But what do these wise ones know! What do
+they know of the numerous subtle influences which gradually either
+strengthen or undermine our affections? Follow this advice and you
+will be grateful.
+
+=Do Not Offend Against Esthetics.= Some women think that because they
+are married to their husbands they owe the latter no esthetic
+consideration. Things that they would be horrified to let a stranger
+see they do before their husband's eyes without hesitation. For
+instance, not to beat about the bush, though the subject is not a
+pleasant one, they will urinate in their husbands' presence, or they
+will let him see their soiled menstrual napkins, etc. Some husbands
+may not mind it; but some men are very sensitive--men on the whole are
+more esthetic than women--and an indifference towards the wife may
+have its origin in some vulgar or unesthetic procedure on the wife's
+part. The sexual act, as mentioned before, is a very delicate
+mechanism, and it is very easy to disarrange it. The act of
+micturition before the man is known in many instances to have
+instantly abolished the man's sexual desire which was present before.
+And a man told me that because he noticed in a closet a lot of rags
+soiled with menstrual blood he was unable to enjoy relations with his
+wife for several months. You may think that these are all small
+things, but life is made up of little things, and many a married life
+went smash on account of disregarding the little things.
+
+=A High Stomach.= Avoid if you possibly can a high stomach, or a big
+stomach, or what we call in technical language a pendulous abdomen.
+Nothing is more fatal to woman's beauty--and to man's love--than a big
+stomach, and particularly a hang-down stomach. It at once takes away
+her youthfulness and makes her matronly--and matronliness is fatal to
+romance. It is not so much general stoutness that is objected to--some
+men, as is well known, prefer plump, stout women. And there are some
+savage tribes in which the preference is given to obese women with
+enormous abdomens, but this is not the case with the Caucasian
+race--not in civilized countries, at any rate, and surely not in the
+United States. First, reduce your carbohydrates, use massage and
+hydrotherapy, walk for hours at a time, but reduce your big
+abdomen--or, still better, don't let it get big. Prevention here, as
+elsewhere, is much better than cure.
+
+=Bad Odor from the Mouth.= I know of no other physical ailment which
+is so dangerous, so fatal to the permanency of the love relation as is
+a strong, offensive odor from the mouth. As a noxious gas blights a
+delicate plant, so will a strong bad odor blight the delicate plant of
+love. Yes, a strong malodorous whiff will cool the most ardent
+passion. The public would be astounded if it knew how many cases of
+separation and divorce are due to nothing else but a bad odor from the
+mouth. Therefore, if you happen to suffer from this unfortunate
+ailment, lose no time in applying to a competent physician, and do not
+tire of treating yourself, no matter how irksome and time-consuming
+the treatment may be, until you are completely cured. It is important
+to your happiness.
+
+=Odors from Other Parts of Body.= Odors from other parts of the body
+should be conspicuous by their absence. Normally no artificial aids
+are needed. Frequent bathing and general cleanliness are alone
+sufficient. The natural feminine odor--_odor feminae_--is pleasant,
+attractive and needs no disguise. But where an unpleasant odor from
+the genitals, feet or armpits is present the proper treatment should
+be applied, and in such cases the use of a delicate perfume, sachet
+or scented talcum powder, is quite permissible. Not only permissible
+but advisable.
+
+A very good treatment for perspiration and bad odor from the feet is
+the following: bathe the feet night and morning in a basin of water to
+which has been added an ounce (two tablespoonfuls) of formaldehyde
+solution. Dry carefully, and then rub in well the following powder. It
+is simple, cheap and efficient:
+
+    Salicylic acid        one dram
+    Boric acid            one ounce
+    Dried alum            two ounces
+    Talcum                four ounces
+
+A little of the powder should be shaken into the stockings every
+morning, and the stockings should be changed very frequently, once or
+twice a day. This powder is also efficient against perspiration and
+bad odor from the armpits.
+
+I am not giving any treatment for bad odor from the mouth, for this
+condition may be due to a great variety of causes. The cause may
+reside in the nose; it may reside in the mouth, decaying teeth,
+throat, tonsils. It may be due to a bad stomach, to some disease of
+the lungs, etc. Sometimes it is due to overeating. What would be of
+value in one condition might be useless in another. The right thing,
+therefore, is to go to a competent physician, have him find the cause
+of your trouble and outline the proper treatment.
+
+Leucorrhea. Some men find themselves _entirely unable_ to have sexual
+relations with a woman whom they know is suffering with leucorrhea.
+The mere knowledge of the fact takes away their _ability_ to perform
+the act. It renders them impotent. It disgusts them, and disgust is
+fatal to sexual power. Only to-day I saw in my office a woman who
+anxiously begged for advice and treatment. She had been married five
+years. She has always had leucorrhea, from her fifteenth year as far
+as she remembers. Otherwise she did not suffer. For the first three
+years or so her married life has been a happy one. Then in an
+unfortunate moment she told her husband about her profuse leucorrhea,
+and instantly she noticed a change in him. He could not fully hide the
+expression on his face. And since then he ceased to have intercourse
+with her. He made a few attempts, but they turned out unsatisfactory
+to both, and she noticed that he was forcing himself, doing it against
+his will. She took some patent medicines and went to one doctor, but
+without any results. Now, unless she could be cured, she feared her
+husband would demand a separation or a divorce. If you have leucorrhea
+treat it. And remember you need not initiate your husband in all your
+unesthetic ailments.
+
+Loyalty. Loyalty on the part of the wife is almost as important as
+fidelity. And it is in the highest degree disloyal for a wife to talk
+to her female or male friends about her husband's peculiarities,
+foibles or weaknesses. The husband's--as well, of course, as the
+wife's--peculiarities should be what we call a professional secret.
+Just as a physician is forbidden to talk to outsiders about his
+patient's troubles, so should a wife not talk about her husband, nor a
+husband about his wife. I know of a case in which a newly married
+husband was temporarily impotent (and it was the wife's fault, too).
+She spoke about it in the deepest confidence to a close girl friend of
+hers. The friend told it in deep confidence to another friend. And so
+it went around until it reached the husband's ears. From that moment
+he made no further attempt to have relations with his wife; a coolness
+resulted, which led to a separation, which still persists. The wife
+begged forgiveness, but he was unable to grant it--he felt so deeply
+hurt.
+
+Flirting. Do not flirt. Men are apt to misunderstand you, and you are
+apt to get the reputation of a loose woman without in any way having
+deserved it. I do not say that you should always wear a forbidding
+expression, and should scowl at people who dare to smile at you or
+otherwise pay homage to your feminine charms. But there is a
+difference between a friendly expression and flirting. However, when
+your husband begins to neglect you, then a mild flirtation may be
+justifiable. It will _always_ do your husband good to know that there
+are other males in the world beside him, and that some of these males
+find interest in the female whom he considers his permanent and
+exclusive property.
+
+=Slovenly Husbands.= Don't let your husband become a slob. That is
+just what I mean. It is no use mincing words. Some husbands have never
+acquired the habit--or if they have acquired it they quickly lost
+it--of regarding their wives as ladies. "She is not a lady, she is
+only my wife," is a well-known joke, but some men take it not as a
+jest. Some men think that before their wives they can be as slovenly
+and unclean as they please. Give your husband to understand that
+cleanliness and freshness is not a "sex-limited" attribute, and just
+as a husband wants his wife to be clean and dainty and well-groomed,
+so a wife may enjoy the same qualities in her husband. Some women are
+very fastidious, and while they may say nothing to their husbands for
+fear of irritating them, they may think a good deal.
+
+=Carrying Life Insurance.= Every husband should carry some life
+insurance--as much as he conveniently can. This should be the
+husband's most pleasant duty, particularly so when the wife has no
+profession of her own and there are small children to bring up. The
+lack of consideration, the thoughtlessness--I would call it
+dishonesty--on the part of many husbands who claim to love their wives
+is simply heart-breaking. Who of us does not know of cases of refined
+wives with children left absolutely penniless and forced into wage
+slavery or even into menial service by the negligence of their
+husbands? Such things happened even to wives whose husbands were
+making from three to ten thousand a year. Thoughtlessness,
+carelessness, procrastination--and then it was too late. There is not
+a man who makes as little as twenty dollars a week who cannot carry
+some insurance. I was once poor, very poor. And the terrifying
+thought, What would happen to my wife and two children if I should be
+taken off suddenly? gave me many a troubled and sleepless night. And
+when I took out a thousand dollars insurance I felt some relief. But I
+felt it was inadequate. I therefore made a supreme effort and soon
+took an additional ten thousand dollars. And I assure you that the
+annual premium of two hundred and eighty-six dollars was a terrible
+burden on me. There were times when I felt as if I had to give it up.
+But I deprived myself of many necessities (there was no question of
+luxuries) and I paid my premiums regularly. But in compensation I had
+restful nights. It was soothing to know that if I should be taken away
+in my earliest youth my equally young wife and two little babies would
+not be left penniless. I verily believe that an adequate life
+insurance prolongs a person's life, because it removes the worry about
+the future of the wife and children.
+
+I repeat, every husband should carry some life insurance. And the
+habit of the bridegroom presenting the bride with a substantial life
+insurance policy is a very good one. It is not only a financial
+protection to the wife; it is also more or less a guarantee of the
+husband's fair health.
+
+=Making a Will.= Another point. Every husband should make a will. This
+is a delicate point about which most wives would hesitate to speak to
+their husbands, but the husband should attend to the matter himself. A
+will doesn't shorten anybody's life, but is very convenient in case of
+a sudden taking off. This is, of course, particularly important if
+there is some property. If the husband dies without a will, there is
+endless trouble and red tape for the wife. An executor has to be
+appointed, she has to give bonds, etc., etc. If the husband leaves a
+will making his wife sole executrix, without a bond, all trouble is
+avoided. I assume, of course, that the husband has perfect confidence
+in his wife's wisdom and integrity. If he has not and there are
+children, it is just as well to designate some outside executor or
+executors. But whichever may be the case, it is a good and sensible
+thing always to have a will properly made out and witnessed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FORTY-NINE
+
+A RATIONAL DIVORCE SYSTEM
+
+ A Rational Divorce System--Storms and Squalls--Two Sides of the
+  Divorce Question--Outside Help and Marital Tangles--A Husband who
+  was a Paragon of Virtue--The Case of the Sweet Wife--The Proper
+  Untangling of Domestic Tangles.
+
+
+Of course, I am in favor of a rational divorce system. The
+difficulties, the obstacles, the expense, with which divorce is now
+surrounded in most civilized countries is simply disgraceful. Make
+marriage harder and divorce easier, has always been my motto. When
+life together becomes unbearable then it is better for both husband
+and wife to cut the tie and to get divorced. Divorce is preferable to
+separation, because both spouses may be able to lead a new and happier
+life. Where there are no children to be taken care of a simple
+declaration of husband and wife repeated perhaps after a lapse of
+three or six months should be quite sufficient for the granting of a
+divorce. Where there are children the state should make sure that they
+will be properly taken care of before a divorce is granted. Where only
+one party demands a divorce the case should be carefully studied by a
+commission which should include in its personnel physicians and
+psychologists; and adultery should most certainly not be the only
+cause for divorce.
+
+Yes, I am for a sensible, rational and easy system of divorce. But I
+would always recommend care and caution. "Go slow" should be the
+guiding motto of husband and wife in such cases. There are periods in
+a married couple's life when further living together seems
+unthinkable; and still a month or two or a year passes and the husband
+and wife live happily together and cannot believe that there was ever
+any friction between them. The couples are very few, indeed, who never
+went through any squalls or storms, whose lives were not darkened by
+disagreements, quarrels and apparently irreconcilable antagonisms. But
+after the storm the sun shone brightly again, and the quarrels were
+followed by harmony and peace. After that love was intensified. Were
+divorce a simple matter, a mere matter of declaration, many couples
+who live now in harmony would have been divorced--to their great
+regret perhaps.
+
+Yes, there are two sides to the divorce question. But I would
+summarize it as follows: Where there is a real incompatibility of
+characters, where there is no love and no respect, then the sooner the
+couple is divorced the better, and not only for them but for the
+children also, if there are any. An atmosphere of hatred and mutual
+contempt is not a healthy atmosphere for the growing children. But
+where there is merely irritability, outbreaks of temper, or
+disagreements which if analyzed can be seen to be due to temporary and
+remediable causes, then "Go slow," "Don't hurry," should be your
+motto. There will always be time to get a divorce. While if a divorce
+has been obtained, even if you regret it, you will most likely stay
+divorced. Many divorced couples, I imagine, would remarry, if they
+were not ashamed. They fear it would make them ridiculous--and it
+would--in their friends' eyes.
+
+
+=Outsiders in Domestic Tangles=
+
+If you have a disagreement with your husband, try to straighten out
+the tangle yourself. Don't call in outside help. You will regret it. A
+stranger's paws are too coarse and too unsympathetic to meddle with
+the delicate adjustments which constitute marital life, and after you
+have gotten over your disagreement and are again living harmoniously
+you will be ashamed to look that third party in the face, and you will
+probably bear a grudge against him--or her.
+
+Altogether outsiders are not fit to mix in the internal differences
+between husband and wife. It is absolutely impossible for a stranger
+to know just where the trouble is and who the guilty party is.
+Sometimes there is no guilty party. Both husband and wife may be
+right; they may both be lovely people and still together they may form
+an incompatible, explosive mixture. And then again the party that to
+outsiders may seem the angelic one may in reality be the devilish one.
+It is a well-known fact that people who to the outside world may seem
+the personification of honor and good nature may be very devils at
+home. I have long ago given up not only meddling in, but even judging,
+domestic disharmonies. For it is almost impossible for an outsider to
+judge justly. I knew a husband who was considered a paragon of virtue.
+And when a clash came between him and his wife everybody was inclined
+to blame the wife. But it came out later that the husband had certain
+ways about him which made the wife's life a very torture. And vice
+versa. I know of another case where the wife was considered the
+sweetest thing in the world. She had nice ways about her, but she
+disliked her husband and made his life a hell. With genuine chivalry
+he bore everything, believing that it was a man's duty to bear his
+cross. She was unfaithful to him, but she was so clever and cunning
+that neither he nor anybody else suspected it. The fact became
+painfully patent to him, when on one of the rare occasions that they
+came together she infected him with a venereal disease, which
+incapacitated him for a long time. Nobody knew why he insisted upon a
+separation, and everybody, with the exception of his physician and
+perhaps one or two others, was blaming him for an unfeeling brute.
+
+I will therefore repeat that as a general thing domestic tangles
+should be untangled by the tanglers themselves. It is not safe to call
+in outsiders--relatives or friends; they are apt to make the tangle
+more tangled, and, what is more, they are quite likely to put the
+blame on the innocent party, and bestow upon the guilty party the
+Montyon prize for virtue and gentleness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY
+
+WHAT IS LOVE?
+
+ Is Love Definable?--Raising a Corner of the Veil--Two Opinions of
+  Love--The First Opinion: Sexual Intercourse and Love--The Second
+  Opinion--The Grain of Truth in Each--The Truth Concerning
+  Love--Foundation of Love--Sexual Attraction and Love--The Frigid
+  Woman and Her Husband--Puzzling Cases of Love--The
+  Paradox--Blindness of Love and the Penetrating Vision of
+  Love--Limits of Homeliness--Physical Aversion and Genesis of
+  Love--Mating in the Animal Kingdom--Mating in Low Races--Love in
+  People of High Culture--Difference in Love of Savage and Man of
+  Culture--Distinctions Between Loves--Varieties of Love and
+  Varieties of Men--"Love" Without Sexual Desire--Refraining and
+  Wanting--Cause of Love at First Sight--"Magnetic Forces" and Love
+  at First Sight--The Pathological Side--Differentiation of Phases
+  of Love--Infatuation--Difference Between "Infatuation" and "Being
+  in Love"--Sexual Satisfaction and Infatuation--Sexual
+  Satisfaction and Love--Infatuation Mistaken for Love--Love the
+  Most Mysterious of Human Emotions--Great Love and Supreme
+  Happiness.
+
+
+I shall not attempt to give a definition, either brief or extensive,
+of Love. Many have tried and failed, and I shall not attempt the
+impossible. Nor shall I attempt to discuss Love in all its innumerable
+details.[9] To do so would alone require a book many times more
+voluminous than the one you have before you. I shall, however,
+endeavor to raise a corner of the veil which surrounds this most
+mysterious, most baffling and most complex of all human emotions, so
+that you may get a glimpse into its intricate mechanism and perhaps
+understand what Love is in its essence at least.
+
+=Sexual and Platonic Love.= There are two widely different, in fact
+diametrically opposite, opinions as to what constitutes Love. One
+opinion is that Love is sexual love, sexual attraction, sexual desire.
+To people holding this opinion love and sexual desire or "lust" are
+synonymous. And they laugh and sneer at any attempt to idealize love,
+to present it as something finer and subtler, let alone nobler, than
+mere sex attraction. The writer has heard one cynical woman--and more
+than one man--say: Love? There is no such a thing. Sexual intercourse
+is love, and that's all there is to it.
+
+The other opinion is that Love, true love, ideal love, or, as it is
+sometimes called, sentimental love, or platonic love, has nothing to
+do with sexual desire, with sexual attraction. Indeed, people holding
+this opinion consider love and sexual attraction--or lust as they like
+to call the latter--as antithetical conceptions, as mutually
+antagonistic and exclusive.
+
+Both opinions, as is often the case with extreme and one-sided
+opinions, are wrong. Both opinions have a reason for their existence,
+because there is a grain of truth in both of them. But a grain of
+truth is not the whole truth, and if an opinion contains ninety-nine
+parts of untruth to one part of truth, then the effect of the opinion
+is practically the same as if it were all false.
+
+Here is the truth, or at least what I think is the truth, as it
+appears to me after many years of thinking and many years of
+observing.
+
+=Foundation of Love.= The _foundation_, the _basis_ of all love is
+sexual attraction. Without sexual attraction, in greater or lesser
+degree, there can be no love. Where the former is entirely lacking the
+latter can have no existence. This you may take as an axiom. Some may
+call it love, but on analyzing it you will find that it is no such
+thing. It may be friendship, it may be gratitude, it may be respect,
+it may be pity, it may be habit, it may even be a _desire_ or a
+_readiness_ to love or to be loved, but it is not love. Experience has
+proved it in thousands and thousands of sad cases. And the girl who
+marries a man who is physically repulsive to her, who possesses _no_
+physical sexual attraction for her, though she may experience for him
+all of the feelings mentioned above, namely, friendship, gratitude,
+respect and pity, is preparing for herself a joyless couch to sleep
+on. Unless, indeed, she happens to belong to the class of women whom
+we call frigid, that is, if she is herself devoid of any sexual desire
+and feels no need of any sexual relations. Such a woman may be fairly
+or even quite happy with a husband who repels her physically, but whom
+she likes or respects. And what I said about the wife applies with
+still greater force to the husband. A man who marries a woman who is
+physically antipathetic to him is a criminal fool.
+
+I repeat, sexual, physical attraction is the _basis_, the foundation
+of love. It is true we see certain cases of love which puzzle us. We
+cannot understand what "he" has seen in "her" or what "she" has seen
+in "him." But let us remember this paradox, which paradoxical though
+it be, is true nevertheless: Love is blind, but Love also sees acutely
+and penetratingly; it sees things which we who are indifferent cannot
+see. The blindness of Love helps her not to see certain defects which
+are clearly seen to everybody else; but, on the other hand, her
+penetrating vision helps her to see good qualities which are invisible
+to others. And a homely person may possess certain compensating
+_physical_ qualities--such as passionate ardor or strong sexual
+power--which, render him or her irresistible to a member of the
+opposite sex.
+
+But homeliness, ugliness or deformity have their limits, and I
+challenge anybody to bring forth an authenticated case in which a man
+fell in love with a woman--or vice versa--who had an enormous tumor on
+one side of the face, which made her look like a monstrosity, or whose
+nose was sunk in as a result of lupus or syphilis, or whose cheek was
+eaten away by cancer. Love under such circumstances is an absolute
+impossibility, because there is physical aversion here, and physical
+aversion is fatal to the _genesis_ of love. A man who loved a woman
+may continue to love her after she has become disfigured by disease,
+but he cannot fall in love with such a woman.
+
+I will repeat, then, and I trust you will agree with me on this point:
+sexual attraction is the foundation of all love between the opposite
+sexes. Where sexual attraction is lacking you can give the feeling any
+other name you choose: it will not be love.
+
+=Other Requisites.= But a foundation is not a whole structure. To
+insure the stability of a high intricate building we must give it a
+good solid foundation; but the foundation does not make the building.
+That still remains to be built. So sexual attraction is the foundation
+of all love, but it does _not_ constitute love. Many more factors,
+many more wonderful stones are needed before the wonderful structure
+called love is brought into existence. This wonderful structure
+sometimes goes up in the twinkling of an eye, as if by the touch of a
+magic wand--who has not seen or heard of instances of "love at first
+sight!"--but the rapidity of the growth of the structure called Love
+does not militate against our assertion that many stones, much
+variegated material, and a strong cement are needed for its
+completion. Fairies sometimes work very quickly.
+
+A little thought will show clearly that Love is not merely sexual
+love, not merely a desire to gratify the sexual instinct. If love were
+merely sexual desire, then one member of the opposite sex, or at least
+one attractive member, would be as good as any other. And indeed in
+animals and in the lower races, where love as we understand it does
+not exist, this is the case. To a male dog any female dog is as good
+as another, and vice versa. Cats are not particular in the choice of
+their mates, nor are cows, horses, etc. And the same is true of the
+primitive savage races, and even among the lower uneducated classes of
+so-called civilized races. To the Hottentot, to the Australian bushman
+or to the Russian peasant one woman is as good as another. If the male
+of a low race has some preference, it will be in favor of the woman
+who happens to have a little property.
+
+In fact I make the assertion that real love, true love, is a new
+feeling, a comparatively modern feeling, absent in the lower races and
+reaching its highest development only in people of high civilization,
+culture and education.
+
+The platitudinous objection might be raised that "human nature is
+human nature," that all our feelings are born with us, and as such are
+inherited, that they have been with us for millions of years and that
+we cannot possibly _originate_ any entirely new feeling. True from a
+certain viewpoint. We cannot originate intellect either. The germ of
+intellect with all its potential possibilities was present in our most
+primitive tree-climbing ancestors. But as much difference as there is
+between the intellect of an Australian bushman and the intellect of a
+Spinoza, a Shakespeare, a Darwin, a Victor Hugo, a Goethe or a Gauss,
+so much difference is there between the love of a primitive savage and
+the love of the highly cultured modern man. The love or so-called love
+of the primitive or ignorant man (and woman) is a simple matter and is
+practically equivalent to a desire for sexual gratification. The love
+of the truly cultured and highly civilized man and woman, while still
+_based_ on sexual attraction, is so complex and so dominating a
+feeling that it completely defies all analysis, all attempts at
+dissection, as it defies all attempts at synthesis, at artificial
+building up.
+
+As previously stated, some writers attempt to make a clear distinction
+between sensual and sentimental love; many reams of paper have been
+used up in an endeavor to differentiate between one and the other; the
+first is called animal love or lust; the second pure love or ideal
+love; the first variety of love is said to be selfish, egotistic, the
+other--self-sacrificing, altruistic. These distinctions read very
+nicely, but they mean very little. There is no distinct line of
+demarkation between the two varieties of love, and one merges
+imperceptibly into the other. Most, if not all, of our apparently
+altruistic actions and feelings have an egotistic substratum; and the
+quality of the love depends upon the lover. In other words, there are
+not two separate, distinct varieties of love, but there are separate,
+distinct varieties of men. A fine and noble man will love finely and
+nobly; a coarse and brutal man will love coarsely and brutally. A man
+who is fine and noble may not love at all, but he cannot love coarsely
+and selfishly; and a coarse and brutal man can never love nobly and
+unselfishly. Which once more means: the difference is not inherent in
+the love, but in the lover.
+
+But to say that a man may deeply love a woman and not have any sexual
+desire for her is nonsense. A man who loves a woman and does not want
+to possess her (to use the ugly ancient verb) does not love her--or
+he is completely impotent. Whatever the feeling may be for her--it is
+not love. He may abstain from having sex relations with her if the
+circumstances are such that sex relations may lead to her unhappiness
+and suffering, but to refrain from doing a thing, when reason and
+judgment lead us to refrain, does not mean not to want the thing.
+
+=Love at First Sight.= Nothing is more firmly established than the
+fact that a person may fall passionately and incurably in love with a
+person of the opposite sex at the very first sight, in the twinkling
+of an eye, in the literal sense of the word. One glance may be
+sufficient. And such a love may exist to the end of life, and may, if
+reciprocated, lead to supreme happiness, or if unreciprocated to the
+deepest unhappiness.
+
+What it is that causes love at first sight is unknown. Some have
+suggested that the beloved object sets in motion or fermentation
+certain internal secretions (hormones) in the lover which cannot
+become "satisfied" or "neutralized" except by that person; and the
+possession of the beloved object becomes a physical necessity. This
+explanation really means nothing. It is a hypothesis unsusceptible of
+proof. But whatever the cause of love at first sight, it is so
+mysterious a phenomenon that it gives the mystics and metaphysicians
+some justification for their talk about "electric currents" and
+"magnetic forces." These phrases also mean nothing, but are an attempt
+at explaining the suddenness and irresistibleness of the attack. So
+powerful is the attraction of love at first sight that people have
+been known to cross continents and oceans merely to get a glimpse of
+the beloved object; and people have been known to sacrifice
+_everything_--their career, their material possessions, their social
+standing, their honor, and even their wife and children, in order to
+gain their object. And a mother may give up her children whom she
+loves dearer than life, may risk ostracism and disgrace, only in order
+to be with the object of her love. This shows that love, then, becomes
+pathological, because any feeling which so completely masters an
+individual that he is willing to sacrifice everything he has in the
+world is pathological.
+
+=Infatuation and Being in Love.= While, as said, the feeling of love
+does not readily lend itself to dissection, to analysis, still we can
+differentiate some phases of it. We can differentiate between "being
+in love," "infatuation," and "love." Being in love is, as just
+indicated, a pathological, morbid phenomenon. The person who is in
+love is not in a normal condition. He can see nothing, he cannot be
+argued with, as far as his love is concerned. She is the acme of
+perfection, physical, mental, and spiritual; nobody can be compared
+with her. And, of course, the man is anxiously eager to marry the
+object of his love--unless insuperable obstacles are in the way; for
+instance, if the man happens to be married.
+
+Infatuation may be as strong as any "being in love" feeling. But with
+this difference. In infatuation the man may know that the object of
+infatuation is an unworthy one, he may despise her, he may hate her,
+he may pray for her death, he may do his utmost to overcome the
+infatuation. In short, infatuation is a feeling, chiefly physical,
+which the man can analyze, the unworthiness and absurdity of which he
+may acknowledge, but which he is unable to resist or overcome. He
+feels himself bewitched; he feels himself caught in a net, he is
+anxious to tear asunder the meshes of the net, but is not strong
+enough to do it.
+
+And this is a pretty good way to differentiate between being in love
+and being infatuated. If in love the man does not want to be free from
+his chains; he does not want to cease to love or to be in love. When
+infatuated the man often uses his utmost will-power to break his
+shackles. Sexual satisfaction is often sufficient to shatter an
+infatuation; it is not sufficient to destroy love--it often
+strengthens and eternalizes it.
+
+Neither being in love nor infatuation can last "forever"; they are
+acute maladies of high tension and relatively short duration.
+Infatuation may change into indifference or disgust; "being in love"
+may change into indifference, hatred, or into real love--a steady,
+durable love.
+
+This will answer the often asked question: How do marriages turn out
+which are the result of a sudden, violent passion, or of love at first
+sight? No ironclad rules suitable for all cases can be given. Some
+turn out very unhappily, the couple gradually finding out that they
+are altogether unsuited to each other, that their temperaments are
+incompatible, that their views, ideas, likes and dislikes are
+different. In some cases what was supposed to be a great love is soon
+seen to have been merely an infatuation. And satiety and disgust
+follow. But in other cases, as mentioned, the sudden consuming passion
+turns into a warm, life-long love and the people live happily ever
+after.
+
+Dr. Nystroem relates the case of a prominent physician of France, of
+high social and scientific standing, who beheld a young girl
+accidentally in the street. He did not have the slightest idea who she
+was. He was irresistibly attracted to her. He followed her, boarded
+the same omnibus and went to the house which she entered, rang the
+bell, introduced himself, begging pardon for his intrusion, but was
+dismissed. He returned and explained to her his ardent passion and
+asked permission to visit her parents, well-to-do people in the
+country, and the climax was a mutual love and a happy marriage.
+
+Many of us know of similar cases. But as a rule the slow developing
+love is more reliable than the suddenly bursting out flame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Love is the most complex, the most mysterious, the most unanalyzable
+of human emotions. It is based upon the difference in sex--upon the
+attraction of one sex for another. It is fostered by physical beauty,
+by daintiness, by a normal sexuality, by a fine character, by high
+aspirations, by culture and education, by common interests, by
+kindness and consideration, by pity, by habit and by a thousand other
+subtle feelings, qualities and actions, which are difficult of
+classification or enumeration.
+
+A great love, greatly reciprocated, is in itself capable of rendering
+a human being supremely happy. _Nothing else is._ Other things, such
+as wealth, power, fame, success, great discoveries, may give supreme
+satisfaction, great contentment, but supreme, buoyant happiness is the
+gift of a great love only. Such loves are rare, and the mortals that
+achieve it are the envy of the gods. But a great love, unreciprocated,
+especially when admixed to it is the feeling of jealousy, is the most
+frightful of tortures; it will crush a man like nothing else will, and
+the victims of this emotional catastrophe are pitied by the inmates of
+the lowest inferno.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] To avoid confusion, I will state here that I am discussing love
+between the opposite sexes, and not maternal love, homosexual love,
+love for one's country, etc.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-ONE
+
+JEALOUSY AND HOW TO COMBAT IT
+
+ Jealousy the Most Painful of Human Emotions--Impairment of
+  Health--Mental Havoc--Jealousy as a Primitive Emotion--Jealousy
+  in the Advanced Thinker and in the Savage--Jealousy in the
+  Child--Feelings and Environmental Factors--Essential Factors--
+  Vanity--Anger--Pain--Envy--The Impotent Husband's Jealousy--
+  Anti-social Qualities--The Jealous and the Unfaithful Husband--
+  Means of Eradicating the Evil--Iwan Bloch on the Question--Prof.
+  Robert Michels' Statement--Remark of Prof. Von Ehrenfels--Havelock
+  Ellis on Variation in Sexual Relationships--Advanced Ideas--Woman
+  as Man's Chattel--The Change and the Changer--Teaching the
+  Children--Casting Epithets at Jealousy--Free Unions and Jealousy--
+  Feelings, Actions and Public Opinion--The Adulterous Wife of the
+  Present Day--Jealousy Defeating Its Own Object--Jealousy of
+  Inanimate Objects.
+
+
+He or she who has been so unfortunate as to experience the pangs--or
+fangs--of jealousy will readily admit that it is one of the most
+painful, if indeed _not_ the most painful, of all human emotions. The
+suffering that it metes out to its victims is indescribable. No other
+single human emotion so affects the body, so upsets the mind, so
+deranges every function, as does jealousy. The torture that it causes
+makes the sufferer a truly pitiable object: the complete loss of sleep
+and complete loss of appetite may result in a serious impairment of
+the sufferer's health, while the rage it often gives rise to may lead
+to actual insanity, or at least to great mental disturbance. With good
+reason has popular fancy pictured this cursed emotion as a green-eyed
+monster.
+
+Jealousy is a primitive emotion. It is present not only in the
+primitive races, but even in animals. And being a primitive emotion,
+we can hardly hope to succeed in eradicating it entirely. Not in the
+immediate future, at any rate. But we can modify it.
+
+The statement frequently heard that "human nature is human nature" is
+only a platitudinous half-truth. The fundamental part of human
+nature--the desire for happiness and the avoidance of suffering--cannot
+be changed, nor would we want to change it if we could. It would mean
+the disappearance of the human race. But that many of our primitive
+emotions can be greatly modified by culture, by new standards, by new
+ideals of morality, about this there can be no question.
+
+Just as love in modern man is an entirely different feeling from what
+it was in primitive man, so jealousy in the advanced thinker is a
+different feeling from what it was in the savage; and by education and
+true culture it can be modified still further. We hope that in time to
+come--I will not venture to say how soon that time will be here--this
+injurious, degrading, anti-social feeling may be entirely or almost
+entirely eradicated from the human breast.
+
+The primitive desire--and this primitive desire of the race is still
+fully exhibited by children--is to take possession of everything nice
+or useful that somebody else has and which we have not. But our
+education and our cultural standards, including fear of punishment,
+have so repressed this desire, have put it so deeply in the
+background, that normal human beings hardly feel it at all.
+
+It is only improperly brought up people, mental defectives and those
+unable to adjust themselves to their environment who still have this
+primitive feeling of taking or stealing. And so with many other
+feelings and emotions; and so with jealousy.
+
+If we, at the very first notice of a manifestation of jealousy by a
+child, should frown upon it, if we should explain to the child or
+adolescent that jealousy is a mean, degrading feeling, that it is a
+feeling to be ashamed of, a feeling to hide and not to show off or
+even be proud of--as some are now--then jealousy would manifest itself
+in a much smaller number of individuals, and those unfortunate enough
+to be attacked by it would try to repress it, to hide it, to overcome
+it, so that it would eventually become paler and less acute and its
+consequences would be less significant, less disastrous for both the
+victim and for the persons concerned. Feelings, let us bear in mind,
+are not spontaneous things uninfluenced by any environmental factors.
+Feelings are like plants; under one environment you may foster their
+growth and make them develop luxuriantly; under another environment
+you may dwarf their growth and strangle them.
+
+In order to enable us to inhibit the growth of the demon of jealousy,
+we must learn what its essence is and what factors are favorable to
+its development.
+
+
+=Causes of Jealousy=
+
+The essential factor in jealousy is _fear_. Fear of losing the beloved
+object, fear of losing the person who provides you with sexual
+satisfaction, or the mere economic fear of losing a material provider.
+The latter kind of fear is, of course, more often manifested--even
+though unconsciously--in women. Women who have no love for their
+husbands are nevertheless often fiercely jealous, because consciously
+or unconsciously they are afraid that their husbands may desert them
+for other women, and that they may thus find themselves in a
+precarious economic condition.
+
+Another factor in jealousy is wounded _vanity_. We do not like to feel
+that somebody is considered superior to us. This feeling of wounded
+vanity is present in other varieties of envy or rivalry. A person who
+loses in a race or gets a lower mark in his examination than his rival
+may be filled with a feeling of envy and hatred almost equal in
+intensity to, though never as painful as, sexual jealousy.
+
+Another factor in jealousy is _anger_ over loss of what we consider
+our property. In our present social order the man considers his wife
+his absolute property, and so does the wife consider her husband. And
+there is anger that a stranger should dare to rob us or make use of
+our property, just as there would be anger if a thief came and robbed
+us of a valuable material possession. This anger or rage part of
+jealousy is not a sign of love. It is very far from being so. Because
+it manifests itself also in men and women who have not a particle of
+love for their spouses; it manifests itself in spouses who have
+nothing but hatred and loathing for their partners.
+
+Another important factor is _pain_, pain that the person we love has
+ceased to love us. When we love a person and our love is not
+reciprocated, we feel pain which may rise to the degree of agony, even
+when there is no rival in the field. But when a person who loved us
+has ceased to love us--or we imagine so--and has transferred the love
+to another person that pain is so much the greater.
+
+I will digress here for a moment to state that the fear that a person
+has ceased to love us because he loves somebody else is often
+groundless. It is based upon the erroneous and vicious idea that a man
+cannot possibly love two women at the same time, or that a woman
+cannot love two men at the same time. Psychologists, particularly
+those who have made a special study of sexual psychology, know that
+this idea is false. They know that love may be directed at the same
+time towards two or three individuals. They know that a second love
+not only does not necessarily destroy or diminish a first love, but
+may deepen and strengthen the latter.
+
+Another element is pure _envy_. Just mean envy that somebody should
+have what we haven't, or what we have but are in danger of losing.
+Just as we envy others an automobile, a fine house, a high social
+position, etc., when we have not got them or have been deprived of
+them.
+
+A point that I would like to mention is, that if husbands who have
+become impotent--having lost either the desire or the power, but
+particularly the latter--become jealous, their jealousy knows no
+bounds. No strongly potent man ever reaches the same intensity in
+jealousy as is reached by a sexually weak or impotent man. The
+knowledge that another man has displaced him and that he himself could
+not replace that other man _even if he were permitted to_ fills him
+with impotent rage; and, as is well known, impotent rage is always
+more intense than rage that is potent. Women are free from this kind
+of rage, because women are never impotent in this sense. (They may be
+frigid, but they are never devoid of the _potentia coeundi_, except in
+extremely rare cases of _atresia vaginae_ or the absence of the
+external genitals.)
+
+There are a number of other components which go to make up this "queen
+of torments" or "king of torturers" jealousy, but those I have
+enumerated are the essential ones.
+
+What are they? Fear, vanity, anger, envy and pain. None of them
+admirable qualities, none of them, with the exception of the first and
+the last, even deserving our compassion. All of them anti-social and
+anti-individual qualities. Should not everything be done to eradicate
+such a rank weed, which draws its sustenance from roots each one of
+which is dipped in poison?
+
+We are told that in our primitive state jealousy was a social
+instinct; that by killing and keeping away rivals it helped to found
+and cement the family and to keep it pure. I do not care to enter
+here into a discussion of this point. But whatever useful role
+jealousy may have played in the remote ages (I doubt that it has), it
+is now an utterly useless, utterly vicious, utterly anti-social and
+anti-individual emotion. It is opposed to social life and it destroys
+individual happiness. And everything possible should be done to
+smother it, to strangle it, to eliminate it entirely from human life.
+
+Yes, I find no compensation whatever for jealousy; I find no place for
+it in our modern life and I am in complete agreement with Forel, who
+calls jealousy "a heritage of animals and barbarians." "That is what I
+would say," he says, "to all those who, in the name of offended honor,
+would grant it rights and even place it on a pedestal. It is ten times
+better for a woman to marry an unfaithful than a jealous husband....
+Jealousy transforms marriage into a hell.... Even in its more moderate
+and normal form, jealousy is a torment, for distrust and suspicion
+poison love. We often hear of justified jealousy. I maintain that
+_jealousy is never justifiable_; it is always a stupid, atavistic
+inheritance, or else a pathological symptom."
+
+But can anything be done to eradicate this agonizing, tormenting
+emotion? I believe it can, and the ways and means to the eradication
+of this evil will be found on analyzing its components. We may not be
+able to destroy all the components; if we destroy the greater part of
+them much will have been accomplished.
+
+The underlying factors of jealousy are: the primitive instinct, also
+present in many animals, our ethical and religious ideas and our
+economic system. The primitive instinct we can repress and modify; we
+can hardly hope to eradicate it entirely. But our ideas and economic
+system we can change. It is easier to change ideas than it is a
+system, and it is with our ideas we should commence.
+
+The first idea we must endeavor to destroy is that it is impossible
+for a human being to love more than one other human being at the same
+time. We must show that the love of the modern educated and esthetic
+man and woman is an exceedingly complex feeling, and that a man may
+deeply and sincerely love one woman for certain qualities and just as
+deeply and sincerely love another woman for certain other qualities.
+Of course, love cannot be measured by the yard or bushel, nor can it
+be weighed on the most delicate chemical balance. And it may be
+impossible to determine whether he loves both women exactly alike or
+he loves one woman more than the other. But that one love does not
+exclude another, that it may even intensify the other love, that is
+certain, and is the opinion of every advanced sexologist.
+
+Max Nordau, a man of high and austere ideals, a man whom nobody will
+accuse of a tendency to licentiousness, says in his Conventional Lies:
+"It may sound very shocking, yet I must say it: we can even love
+_several_ individuals at the same time, with nearly equal tenderness,
+and we do not necessarily lie when we assure each one of our passion.
+No matter how deeply we may be in love with a certain individual, we
+_do not cease_ to be susceptible to the influence of the entire sex."
+
+And Iwan Bloch, than whom no greater investigator in the field of
+sexology ever lived, asks the question: "Is it possible for any one to
+be _simultaneously_ in love with several individuals?" And he
+immediately says: "I answer this question with an unconditional
+'yes.'" And he says further: "It is precisely the extraordinary
+manifold spiritual differentiation of modern civilized humanity that
+gives rise to the possibility of such a simultaneous love for two
+individuals. Our spiritual nature exhibits the most varied coloring.
+It is difficult always to find the corresponding complements in one
+single individual."
+
+Prof. Robert Michels says: "It is Nature's will that the normal male
+should feel a continuous and powerful sexual attraction towards a
+considerable number of women.... In the male the stimuli capable of
+arousing sexual excitement (this term is not to be understood here in
+the grossly physical sense) are so extraordinarily manifold, so widely
+differentiated that it is quite impossible for one single woman to
+possess them all."
+
+Prof. von Ehrenfels wittily remarks that if it were a moral precept
+that a man should never have intercourse _more them once in his life_
+with any particular woman, this would correspond far better with the
+nature of the normal male and would cost him far less will-power than
+is needed by him in order to live up to the conventional demands of
+monogamy.
+
+And Havelock Ellis cautiously says: "A certain degree of variation is
+involved in the sexual relationships, as in all other relationships,
+and unless we are to continue to perpetuate _many evils and
+injustices_, that fact has to be faced and recognized."
+
+I have devoted considerable space to this topic, and I have, contrary
+to my custom, quoted "authorities," because I consider this point of
+the utmost importance; it is the first step in combating the demon of
+jealousy. If our wives, fiancees and sweethearts could be convinced of
+the truth that a man's interest in or even affection towards another
+member of the female sex does not mean the death of love, or even
+diminished love, half of the battle would be won. Half of the misery,
+half of the quarrels, half of the self-torture, half of the disrupted
+homes, in short, half of the tyrannical reign of the demon of
+jealousy, would be gone.
+
+We must teach our women and men this truth, teach it from puberty on.
+We must show them that not every woman can necessarily fill out a
+man's entire life, that not every woman can necessarily occupy every
+nook and corner of a man's mind and heart, and that there is nothing
+humiliating to the woman in such an idea (and _vice versa_). She
+should be taught to find nothing shameful, painful or degrading in
+such a thought. I know that these ideas are somewhat in advance of the
+times, but if nobody ever brought forward any advanced ideas because
+they were advanced there would never be any advance.
+
+Then we must teach our men that when they marry a woman she does not
+become their chattel, their piece of property, which nobody may touch,
+nobody may look at or smile at. A woman may be a very good, faithful
+wife and still enjoy the companionship of other men, the pressure of
+another man's hand or--_horribile dictu_--even an occasional kiss.
+
+Then we must teach our men _and_ women that there is essentially
+nothing shameful or humiliating in being displaced by a rival. The
+change may be a disgrace for the changer and not for the changed one.
+It does not at all mean that the change has been made because the
+rival is superior; it is a well-known fact that the rival often _is_
+inferior. The change is often made, not because the changer has gone
+upward, but because he has gone downward, has deteriorated. And the
+changer often knows it himself.
+
+Inculcating those ideas would do away with the feeling of wounded
+vanity which is such an important component in the feeling of
+jealousy.
+
+Further, we must teach our children from the earliest age that
+jealousy is "not nice," that it is a mean feeling, that it is a sign
+of weakness, that it is degrading to the person who entertains it,
+particularly to the person who exhibits it. Ideas inculcated from
+childhood have a powerful influence, and the various ideas exposed
+above _would_ have an undoubted influence in minimizing the mephitic,
+destructive effects of the feeling of jealousy. People properly
+brought up will always succeed in controlling or suppressing certain
+non-vital instincts or emotions on which society puts its stamp of
+disapproval, which it considers "not nice" or disgraceful.
+
+I am, therefore, an optimist in relation to the eventual uprooting of
+the greater number of components of the anti-social feeling of
+jealousy. And when woman reaches economic independence, then another
+component of the instinct of jealousy--the terror at losing a provider
+and being left in poverty--will disappear.
+
+=Jealousy Not Toward Rivals.= Jealousy need not express itself toward
+a sexual rival only. A person may be jealous of people who can never
+be sexual rivals; the jealousy need not even be of people; it may be
+of inanimate objects, of a person's work, profession or hobby. Thus a
+wife may be intensely jealous of her husband's mother, towards whom he
+is very affectionate or simply kind and considerate. She may be
+jealous of her own children if she notices or imagines that the father
+loves them intensely, or if he spends a good deal of time with them.
+She may be jealous of his male friends, and many a husband had to give
+up, not only his female acquaintances, but his life-long male
+friends--in order to preserve peace in the family. A wife may be
+fiercely jealous of her husband's success and reputation, and cases
+are not unknown where the wife put every possible obstacle in her
+husband's way, in order to make him fail in his work, to make him turn
+out mediocre work, all from fear that his success would gain him
+admirers, which might perhaps take him away from her. Wives have been
+known to do everything in their power to _exhaust_ and weaken their
+husbands, to make them physically unattractive, only to keep them. And
+so powerful is this primitive, childish, savage feeling, this desire
+for exclusive monopoly, that there is _nothing_ a jealous wife,
+sweetheart or mistress may not do in order to retain the man, in order
+to regain him, or, having lost him irretrievably, in order to revenge
+herself. And what is said about the woman is applicable with equal
+force to man. It is a huge mistake to assume that jealousy is woman's
+prerogative, her particular characteristic, or even that it is
+stronger in her than in man. A man can be as savagely jealous as any
+woman and suffer the same tortures of hell.
+
+=Jealousy Defeats Its Object.= One of the worst features about
+jealousy is that it defeats its own object. We have been told, as
+stated before, that jealousy was once upon a time a racial instinct,
+that by frightening away rivals it helped to found the family and to
+keep it chaste and pure. Quite the contrary is true now. More than one
+man has, by accusing his innocent wife of infidelity and by torturing
+her with baseless suspicions, driven her into the arms of a lover. We
+are all more or less susceptible to suggestion, and by continually
+suspecting a wife of a love affair or illicit relation a man may
+implant the seed of suggestion so strongly that it may grow
+luxuriantly and the wife may be unable to resist the suggested
+temptation. And very often the very lover is suggested by the husband.
+"Yes, don't attempt to deny it. It is useless. I know you have
+relations with X. I know you are his mistress." He kept on repeating
+it so often to his absolutely blameless, innocent young wife and he
+made her so wretched by his rudeness and brutality that one day she
+did go over to X's rooms and did become his mistress. And after that
+she could stand her husband's outbursts with equanimity. "If I have
+the name I might as well have the game," is a good bit of psychologic
+wisdom. And a husband should be very careful about even suspecting a
+wife unjustly, and thus make the first step towards rendering his
+baseless suspicions a reality, his unjust accusations justified. And,
+of course, what is true of the husband is also true of the wife. Many
+a wife has driven her indolent husband into the hands of prostitutes
+or mistresses by her incessant nagging, false accusations and vicious
+epithets applied to all his female friends and acquaintances.
+
+Yes, from whatever angle you consider it, jealousy is a mean, nasty,
+miserable feeling. Because it is a more or less universal feeling,
+because "we cannot help it," does not render it less mean, less nasty,
+less miserable.
+
+I do not for a moment imagine that characterizing jealousy the way it
+deserves to be characterized, calling it a shameful, savage, primitive
+feeling, etc., is at once going to banish it from the breasts of men
+and women in which it has found an abiding place; throwing epithets at
+it will not cause it to unfasten its talons. Unfortunately, I know
+only too well that our emotions are stronger than our reason; the man
+or woman at whose poor heart jealousy is gnawing day and night is not
+amenable to reason, is not curable by arguments; all we can do is to
+sympathize with such a person and ask the Lord to pity him or her.
+
+I have known a man who lived with his wife in free union, i.e., he was
+not married to her. He did not believe in marriage. Love was the only
+bond that should bind people together; as soon as love was no more the
+people should separate in a friendly, comradely manner. If the wife or
+the mistress wants another lover, she should be free to take one; she
+is a free human being and not her husband's chattel slave, etc., etc.,
+etc., to the same effect. Thus the man talked. And he was sincere in
+his talk--or he thought he was. But one night on unexpectedly
+returning home he found another man; he promptly fired several shots
+at the man, which fortunately for both did not prove fatal, and then
+he beat and choked his wife--who wasn't even his wife legally--within
+an inch of her life. _And then he married her_ and gave up his free
+love talk. And I know of any number of men who could philosophize for
+hours about the disgrace and humiliation of being jealous, but who, as
+soon as there was a justifiable cause for jealousy, became as
+unreasonable as a child and as jealous as any unlettered Sicilian
+woman ever was.
+
+So you see, I am not deluding myself with extravagant hopes. But,
+nevertheless, this argumentation, this talk, is not entirely useless.
+A beginning must be made. This essay may not perhaps help--except for
+the suggestions that will be made towards the end--those who are
+already victims of the demon of jealousy, but it may help some people
+to keep out of his clutches (or should I say: her clutches? I really
+don't know whether the demon of jealousy is a male or a female.)
+
+Feelings are stronger than reason; but that does not mean that
+feelings cannot be influenced by reason; they decidedly can be and are
+so influenced, and their _manifestations_ are modified by this
+influence; and the more cultured, the more educated a person is (I
+trust you will know that I use these terms in their true and not their
+vulgar, misused meaning), the more will his feelings, or at least
+actions, be influenced by his reason. I am particularly a believer in
+the effect on our feelings and actions of public opinion, of ideas
+universally or generally entertained.
+
+Let me give one example which is pertinent to the subject. In former
+days it was universally held, and in many places it is still held,
+that when a wife sinned she committed the most unpardonable crime that
+a human being could be guilty of and that she thereby _dishonored_ her
+husband. And the only right thing for him to do was to shoot the rival
+and cast out the wife; or at least to cast her out. This was a
+_conditio sine qua non_. To take her back to his home was a disgrace,
+a sign of unpardonable weakness, of degeneracy. Our ideas on the
+subject have changed a bit. A husband is no longer considered any more
+dishonored--in some strata of society at least--because his wife
+sinned than a wife is considered dishonored because her husband
+sinned; and adultery in the wife is now, by most rational people,
+considered only different in degree, but not in kind, from adultery in
+the husband. These humane ideas have gained vogue only within a
+comparatively very recent period; but their effect has already
+manifested itself in a great number of instances. Forgiving the erring
+wife is becoming quite common. A number of cases have reached the
+newspapers. Recently a wife was implicated in a nasty scrape; her sin
+was not only unquestionable, but notorious; it was public property.
+And nevertheless the husband stood by her and took her back into his
+home and arms. And the number of such cases which do not reach the
+newspapers is very, very much larger than the public has any
+conception of, larger than it would be safe to estimate. And in a
+large percentage of these cases the husband begins to treat his wife
+with more love, more consideration, and the tie between them becomes
+more firm, more permanent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-TWO
+
+REMEDIES FOR JEALOUSY
+
+ Prevention and Cure--Prophylaxis of Jealousy--Fitting Remedy to
+  Circumstances--The Neglectful and Flirtatious Husband--No
+  Question of Love--Advice to the wife of the Flirtatious Man--An
+  Efficient Though Vulgar Remedy--Jealousy Must Be Experienced to
+  Be Understood--Necessity for Freedom of Association--Lines of
+  Conduct for the Wife--Contempt for a Certain Type of Wife and
+  Husband--The Abandoned Lover--The Effects of Unrequited
+  Love--Sublimated Sexual Desire--Replacing Unrequited Love--The
+  Attitude of Goethe--Simultaneous Loves Possible--Successive Loves
+  Possible--Eternal Loves--When Sex Relationships May Be
+  Beneficial--Purchasable Sex Relations and Their Value--The Broken
+  Engagement--The Terrible Effects on the Young Man--The Young
+  Streetwalker--Sex Relations with Fiance--Inundating Sense of
+  Shame--Collapse--Attempts at Suicide--An Active Sex Life--The
+  Results--The Prevention of Jealousy.
+
+
+We are all agreed that prevention is more important than cure. But
+when a patient comes with a fully developed disease it is futile to
+speak to him of prevention. It is too late to sermonize. What he wants
+and what he needs is a cure, if such can be had. What has preceded has
+reference chiefly to the prophylaxis of jealousy, to the prevention of
+the development of this disease in the future.
+
+The question is: Is there a _remedy_ for this malady? Is there a
+_cure_ for this horrible disease of jealousy?
+
+The conditions are extremely complex, and the remedy must be fitted to
+the circumstances. Let us assume that the husband neglects his wife
+and causes her to be jealous, not because he is in love with another
+woman, but because he is flirtatious, light-headed, feather-brained
+and inconsiderate. Such cases are in the great majority. Many husbands
+who like or love their wives and who believe themselves secure in
+their love think it is quite proper for them to hunt for new conquests
+and to carry on petty love affairs with as many girls or women as they
+comfortably can. There is no question here about love--it is just
+flirtation or sexual relations. When this is the case the wife should
+have a frank and firm talk with her husband; she should tell him that
+she does not like his behavior and that it makes her unhappy. In many
+instances this alone will suffice to effect a change in the husband's
+conduct. Where this does not suffice, where the husband is too
+egotistic and does not want to give up his little pleasures, then it
+is left for the wife to adopt the old and rather vulgar remedy. It is
+old and, as said, rather vulgar, but it has the merit of efficiency:
+it very often works. Let the wife adopt similar tactics, let her also
+flirt, let her go out and come back at uncertain hours, let her keep
+the husband guessing as to where and with whom she is. And nine times
+out of ten this, under the circumstances, fully justifiable conduct on
+the part of the wife will effect a quick and radical change in the
+conduct of the husband. He will be only too glad to cry quits. Some
+people are utterly devoid of imagination. They lack the ability of
+putting themselves in another person's place. Jealousy particularly is
+not a feeling which any one can understand without having experienced
+it, unless he is endowed with the imagination of a great poet. And as
+few husbands have a great poetic imagination, it is only after they
+have felt the claws of the monster tearing at their own hearts that
+they can understand their wives' feelings, and are willing to act so
+as to save them--and themselves, of course--the cruel tortures. Many
+wives and many husbands have talked to me and written to me on the
+subject, and, as stated before, in nine times out of ten the remedy
+worked.
+
+But how about the tenth case? How about the cases where the husband is
+unable or unwilling to give up his outside flirtations and relations?
+We, advanced sexologists, know that not all men, no more than all
+women, are made in the same mould, and what is possible or even easy
+for nine men may be very difficult or absolutely impossible for the
+tenth. We know that there are some men to whom an ironclad monogamic
+relation is an absolute impossibility. The stimulation of other
+women--either the purely mental, spiritual stimulation or the
+stimulation of physical relations--is to them like breath in the
+nostrils. In fact, there are some men whose very possibility of loving
+their wives depends upon this freedom of association with other women.
+They can be extremely kind to and love their wives tenderly, if they
+can at the same time associate--spiritually or physically--with other
+women. If they are entirely cut off from any association with any
+other woman they begin to feel irritable, bored, may become ill, and
+their feeling towards their wives may become one of resentment,
+ill-will, or even one of hatred. This is not the place to talk of the
+wickedness of such men--thus they are made and with this fact we have
+to deal.
+
+What is the wife of such a man to do? Two lines of conduct are open to
+her--two avenues of exit. The line of conduct will depend upon her
+temper and upon her ideas of sex morality. But she ought to select the
+line of conduct which will cause the least pain, the least
+unhappiness. If she is a woman of a proud, independent temper,
+particularly if she belongs to the militant type, she will leave her
+husband in a huff, regardless of consequences. But if she is a woman
+of the gentler, more pliable, more supple (and I may also say more
+subtle) type, and if she really loves her husband, she will overlook
+his little foibles, peccadilloes and transgressions--and she may live
+quite happily. And the time will come when the husband himself will
+give up his peccadilloes and transgressions and will cleave powerfully
+to his wife, will be bound to her by bonds never to be torn asunder.
+_I know of several such cases._
+
+And I will take this opportunity to say that I have the deepest
+contempt for the wife who, on finding out that her husband had
+committed a transgression or that he has a love affair, leaves him in
+a huff, or makes a public scandal, or sues for divorce. Such a wife
+_never_ loved her husband, and he is well rid of her. And what I said
+about the wife applies with _almost_ equal force to the husband.
+
+=The Abandoned Lover.= But what shall the abandoned lover do? Let us
+take the case of A and B, and let A stand for any man and B for any
+woman; or, _vice versa_, let A be the woman and B the man, for in
+jealousy and love what applies to one sex is applicable with
+practically the same force to the opposite sex. Suppose A is intensely
+jealous of and deeply, passionately in love with B; but B is utterly
+indifferent and does not care what A may feel or do. A and B may be
+married or not; this does not alter the case materially. Suppose B, if
+unmarried to A, goes off and marries another man, or, if married to
+A, goes off and leaves him; or suppose B does not love anybody else,
+but just remains indifferent to A's advances or repels him because she
+cannot reciprocate his love. Unrequited love alone can cause almost as
+fierce tortures as the most intense jealousy. And A suffers tortures.
+What shall he do? What shall he do to save himself--to save his
+health, his mind, his life? For he is unable to eat, unable to sleep,
+unable to work, and he feels that he is going to pieces. He has lost
+his position and is in danger of losing his reason. What shall he do
+to escape insanity or a suicide's grave? There is but one remedy. Let
+him use all his energies to find a _substitute_. I mean a living
+substitute. Mere sexual desire may be sublimated, to a certain extent,
+into other channels, may be replaced by work, study, a hobby or some
+engrossing interest. A great unrequited love, with the element of
+jealousy present or absent, cannot be replaced by anything else except
+by another love. And where as great a love is impossible let it be a
+minor love or a series of minor loves. When Goethe, one of the world's
+great lovers, was unable to walk in the broad avenue of a great love
+he would walk in the by-paths of a number of little loves. The common
+talk about a person being unable to love more than once in his or her
+life is silly nonsense. A man or a woman is able to love, and love
+very deeply, a number of times; and love simultaneously or
+successively. It is often a mere matter of opportunity. I know that
+there _are_ loves that are eternal; that there are loves for which no
+substitute can be found. But these supreme, divine loves are so rare
+that among ordinary mortals they may be left out of account. They are
+the portion of supermen and superwomen. Ordinarily a substitute may be
+found. The substitute love may never reach the intensity of the
+original love, it may never give full or even half-full satisfaction;
+but it will help to dull the sharp cutting edge, it will act as a
+partial hemostatic to the bleeding heart, it will soothe and
+anesthetize the wound even if it cannot completely heal it. And this
+is a valuable aid while the sufferer is coming to himself or herself,
+while the gathered fragments of a broken life are being cemented and
+while the cement is hardening. Yes, the man or woman who is in inferno
+on account of an unreciprocated or a betrayed love should lose no time
+in searching for a substitute love. I do not believe in people losing
+their health and their minds on account of suffering which does nobody
+any good.
+
+But I will go still further. Where a substitute love--great or
+minor--cannot be found, then mere sex relations may help to diminish
+the suffering, to quiet the turbulent heart, to relieve the aching
+brain. As everything connected with sex, so our ideas about illicit
+sex relations that are not connected with love, are honeycombed with
+hypocrisy and false to the core. While purchasable, loveless sex
+relations can, of course, not be compared to love relations, still
+under our present social, economic and moral code they are the only
+relations that thousands of men and women can enjoy, and they are
+better than none; and in quite a considerable percentage of cases an
+element of romance and greater or lesser permanency do become attached
+to them, and they act as a more or less satisfactory substitute for
+genuine love relations.
+
+I am not spinning theoretical gossamer webs. I am speaking from
+experience--the experience of patients and confiding friends. I could
+relate many interesting cases. And I may, in a more appropriate
+volume. Here one or two will have to suffice.
+
+He was twenty-six years old and a senior student in the College of
+Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York. He had been in
+love with and had considered himself engaged for four or five years to
+a young lady two years his junior. She was, of course, the most
+wonderful young lady in the world, the whole world; in fact, there was
+not another one to compare her to. She was unique; she stood all
+alone. But for a year or so she was getting rather cool towards him;
+which fanned his flame all the more. And suddenly he received a note
+asking him not to call any more, nor to try to communicate in any
+other way. He did write, but his letters were returned unopened. And
+soon after he read of her engagement to a prominent young banker. He
+nearly went insane, and this is used not in any figurative sense. His
+insomnia was _complete_, and resisted all treatment. When his pulse
+became very rapid and his eyes acquired the wild look that they do
+after many sleepless nights an attempt was made to administer
+hypnotics, but they had practically no effect. Chloral, veronal, etc.,
+only made him "dopy," irritable and depressed, but did not give him
+one hour of sound sleep. His appetite was gone, now and then his limbs
+would twitch, and he would sit and stare into space for hours at a
+time. To study or attend the clinics was out of the question, and he
+did not even attempt to take the final examinations. The parents felt
+distressed, but were unable to do anything for him. The least attempt
+at interference on their part, any attempt to console him, to induce
+him to pull himself together, made him more irritable, more morose; so
+that they finally left him alone. He was practically a total
+abstainer, but one evening he went out and came home drunk; and after
+that he drank frequently and heavily. His parents could do nothing
+with him. One evening on Broadway he was accosted by a young
+street-walker. She had a pleasant, sympathetic face, and he went with
+her. _That was his first sex experience._ Up to that time he was
+chaste. He met her again the following evening. Gradually a sort of
+friendship grew up between them. She found out the cause of his grief,
+and with maternal solicitude she tried everything in her power to
+console him, and he began to look forward to the nightly meeting with
+her. His grief became gradually less acute, he gave up drinking, which
+he disliked, and which he had taken up only to deaden his pain; he
+began to pull himself together, and in six or eight months he took
+over his last year in Columbia and was properly graduated. He kept up
+the friendship with the girl for over two years, when she died of
+pneumonia. He did not love her, but he liked to be with her, as her
+presence gave him physical and mental comfort. It is possible that she
+loved him genuinely, but there was never any sentimental talk between
+them, and there was never any question between them of the permanency
+of the relationship. They both knew that it was temporary. But he is
+absolutely certain that but for one of the representatives of the
+class that is despised, driven about and persecuted by brutal
+policemen and ignorant judges, he would have become a bum, or, most
+likely, he would have committed suicide--at the point of which he was
+several times; only pity for his mother and sisters restrained him.
+
+And here is another case. A girl about twenty-eight years of age fell
+in love with a man four or five years her senior. The love seemed to
+be reciprocated, and they soon became engaged to be married. He asked
+that the engagement, on account of certain business reasons, be kept
+secret. She did not know the man well; she had met him at several
+entertainments and church affairs and he seemed very nice. He always
+found some excuses for delaying the marriage, and after they had been
+engaged about a year he began to insist on sex relations. Though of a
+refined and noble character, she was of a passionate nature and she
+did not offer much resistance. Many girls who would under no
+circumstance indulge in illicit relations, considering it a great sin,
+have no compunctions about having relations with their fiances. They
+lived together for about a year. They were together almost daily,
+except now and then, when he would go away for a week or two on
+business. Once he went away--and never came back. He wrote to her that
+their relations were at an end; that he was a married man and a
+father of children; he had hoped he might get a divorce, but that now
+he had changed his mind and that she must forget him, etc. Everything
+was black before her. It cost her a supreme effort not to faint, and
+she was supported in this effort by the fact that when the letter came
+she was in the presence of friends; a terrible, overpowering,
+all-inundating sense of shame gave her the strength not to betray her
+condition and her story before the world at large. But as soon as she
+was alone she collapsed completely. There was the most absolute
+insomnia imaginable, complete anorexia, but the most distressing
+features were frequent fainting spells, severe palpitation of the
+heart and tremors. She had no love for the man--so she said. Her love
+had turned to hatred and contempt--but the jealousy was all-consuming.
+Like a fire it was burning in her, searing her brain and her soul day
+and night.
+
+She felt that she was not strong enough to stand this physical and
+mental torture, and so she decided to commit suicide. As the means she
+selected gas. Fortunately, the smell became perceptible before the
+injury was irreparable. She was saved. But she felt that she could not
+stand the torture very long--and more than anything was she afraid
+that her mind would give way. She had a special horror of insanity.
+And so she decided to make another attempt This time with bichloride.
+Again she was saved. A friend of hers then got an inkling of the
+events that were transpiring, and she introduced her to some gentlemen
+friends. They were nice people and more or less radical on the sex
+question. In order to drown her pain she began to go out very
+frequently with that crowd, and to her surprise and delight she found
+that she soon began to think less and less about her contemptible
+seducer, and, what was more important to her, she was soon able to
+sleep. For about six months she led an extremely active, almost
+promiscuous sex life. But then she gave it up, as she felt herself
+normal and no longer in need of it. She is now happily married.
+
+I am through with this rather lengthy essay on one of the most painful
+manifestations of human emotional life. I repeat that I am aware that
+feelings are often stronger than reason; but saying this does not mean
+asserting that feelings cannot be modified and held in check by
+reason. And I feel confident that a careful, open-minded reading of
+these pages and an acceptance of the ideas therein promulgated would
+aid in _preventing_ a good deal of the misery of jealousy and in
+curing a certain proportion of it after it has found lodgment in the
+hearts of unhappy men and women.
+
+There are one or two more points that might be touched upon, but with
+the freedom of press in reference to sex matters as it exists in this
+country to-day, I have said all that I could say.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIFTY-THREE
+
+CONCLUDING WORDS
+
+
+It is my sincere belief--and I cherish the belief in spite of this
+horrible, wretched war which seems to be shattering the very
+foundations of everything that we hold dear, destroying all the humane
+and moral achievements that have been laboriously built up in the
+course of many centuries--that the time will come when the world will
+be practically free from pain and suffering. Almost all disease will
+be conquered, accidents will be rare, the fear of starvation or
+poverty or unemployment will no longer haunt men and women, every
+infant born will be well-born and welcome, and the numerous anxieties
+and ambitions that now disturb the lives of so many of the earth's
+inhabitants will no longer plague us. They will be the dead memories
+of a dead and forgotten past.
+
+Yes, I believe that the time will come when the world will be
+practically free from pain and suffering. But there is one exception.
+I do not believe that we will ever be able entirely to eliminate the
+_tragedies of the heart_. For our physical ills, which will be few in
+number, there will be a socialized medical profession; everywhere
+there will be free hospitals and convalescent homes. The unemployment
+problem will be dealt with by the State, and dealt with so that there
+will be no unemployment problem. There will be work for everybody and
+everybody will do the work which he finds most congenial. But the
+State, I fear, will be able to do nothing in affairs of the heart.
+When John loves Mary with every fiber of his soul, and Mary remains
+completely indifferent, then no State physician and no Government
+official will be able to offer any balm or consolation to poor John.
+And if Mary loves Robert, and Robert behaves so that he breaks Mary's
+heart, then no official glue will put it together and no convalescent
+home will make it whole.
+
+Yes, I believe that love pangs and tragedies of the heart will cause
+mortal men and women suffering even under the most perfect social
+regime. But I also believe that these pangs will be less acute, that
+the suffering will be less cruel than it is now.
+
+Proper ideas about love, freer intercourse between the sexes, a normal
+and regular sex life, a saner attitude towards many things which are
+now unjustly considered shameful or criminal will, to a large degree,
+prevent the heart tragedies and facilitate their cure where they
+cannot be prevented.
+
+And it is the duty of everybody who loves mankind to study the various
+phases of human sexuality and help to spread sane and humane ideas on
+the subject of Sex and Love.
+
+The author trusts that WOMAN: HER SEX AND LOVE LIFE will help, in some
+slight degree, in spreading healthy, sane and honest ideas about sex
+among the men and women of America.
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL TRUTHS
+
+VERSUS
+
+SEXUAL LIES, MISCONCEPTIONS AND EXAGGERATIONS
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+This book effectually demolishes the numerous lies and senseless
+exaggerations which dabblers in sexology, either through ignorance or
+design, are offering to the public, and which are responsible for so
+much physical misery and mental agony. In Dr. Robinson's best vein:
+clear, concise and incisive. With each sledge-hammer blow of his logic
+a lie is demolished, with each turn of the rays of reason a dark place
+is illumined, with each dialectic pull a century-old superstition is
+uprooted.
+
+Contains several important articles from the pens of the world's
+greatest sexologists.
+
+Price, $5.00
+
+
+SEX MORALITY, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
+
+A frank and open discussion of sex morality as it was, as it is, and
+most important, as it is likely to be in the near and in the distant
+future.--Price, $2.00.
+
+
+STEKEL'S ESSAYS ON SEX AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
+
+While we are far from agreeing with everything this author has
+written, this book contains some of his most interesting, most
+important and most thought-provoking essays.--Price, $5.00.
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL PROBLEMS OF TODAY
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+Dr. Robinson's work deals with many phases of the sex question, both
+in their individual and social aspects. In this book the scientific
+knowledge of a physician, eminent as a specialist in everything
+pertaining to the physiological and medical side of these topics, is
+combined with the vigorous social views of a thinker who has radical
+ideas and is not afraid to give them outspoken expression.
+
+A few of the subjects which the author discusses in trenchant fashion
+are:
+
+    The Relations Between the Sexes and Man's Inhumanity to
+    Woman.--The Influence of Abstinence on Man's Sexual Health and
+    Sexual Power.--The Double Standard of Morality and the Effect of
+    Continence on Each Sex.--The Limitation of Offspring: the Most
+    Important Immediate Step for the Betterment of the Human Race,
+    from an Economic and Eugenic Standpoint.--What To Do With the
+    Prostitute and How To Abolish Venereal Disease.--The Question of
+    Abortion Considered In Its Ethical and Social
+    Aspects.--Torturing the Wife When the Husband Is At
+    Fault.--Influence of the Prostate on Man's Mental
+    Condition.--The Most Efficient Venereal Prophylactics, etc.,
+    etc.
+
+"SEXUAL PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY" will give most of its readers information
+they never possessed before and ideas they never had before--or if
+they had, never heard them publicly expressed before.
+
+_Cloth-bound, 320 Pages, $2 Postpaid_
+
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+
+250 W. 54th STREET NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+Eleventh Edition--Just Off the Press
+
+SEXUAL IMPOTENCE
+
+A Practical Treatise on the Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Sexual
+Impotence and Other Sexual Disorders in Men and Women
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+    Chief of the Department of Genito-Urinary Diseases and
+    Dermatology, Bronx Hospital and Dispensary; Editor of "The
+    Critic and Guide"; Editor of "The Journal of Sexology"; Author
+    of "The Treatment of Gonorrhea", "Woman: Her Sex and Love Life",
+    etc.; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the
+    American Urological Association, etc.
+
+Eleventh Edition, revised and enlarged, 502 pages. Illustrated. Price,
+$5.00.
+
+The eleventh edition has just come off the press. Dr. Robinson has
+taken advantage of the opportunity to subject the entire book to a
+thorough revision, and has added a number of chapters dealing with
+gland transplantation, endocrinology, the Steinach operation, and
+containing additional case reports, comments and explanations.
+
+Those who know the book consider it the best of its kind in any
+language. Its outstanding features are its "practicalness", and its
+bright, easy, vivacious style. Every chapter is full of practical
+points, of easily applicable advice; it is entirely free from any fads
+and mysterious methods of treatment, any hints at hocus-pocus. It is a
+sane, rational, common-sense book. Every physician who will make a
+study of this book will become a better physician in general, and will
+certainly be able to treat his sexual cases with better success.
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING CO., 250 W. 54th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+    _I consider myself extremely fortunate in having been
+    instrumental in making this remarkable book accessible to the
+    English reading public. It is a great book well worth a careful
+    perusal._
+
+    From Dr. William J. Robinson's Introduction.
+
+The Sexual Crisis
+
+A CRITIQUE OF OUR SEX LIFE
+A Psychologic and Sociologic Study
+By GRETE MEISEL-HESS
+
+AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY EDEN AND CEDAR PAUL
+
+_EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION_
+
+By WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, M.D.
+
+One of the greatest of all books on the sex question that have
+appeared in the Twentieth Century.
+
+It is a book that no educated man or woman, lay or professional,
+interested in sexual ethics, in our marriage system, in free
+motherhood, in trial marriages, in the question of sexual abstinence,
+etc., etc., can afford to leave unread. Nobody who discusses, writes
+or lectures on any phases of the sex question, has a right to overlook
+this remarkable volume. Written with a wonderfully keen analysis of
+the conditions which are bringing about a sexual crisis, the book
+abounds in gems of thought and in pearls of style on every page. It
+must be read to be appreciated.
+
+_A Complete Synopsis of Contents Will Be Sent on Request_
+
+360 PAGES. PRICE $3.00
+
+EUGENICS PUBLISHING COMPANY 250 W. 54th STREET NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN***
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