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diff --git a/21776.txt b/21776.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..401024f --- /dev/null +++ b/21776.txt @@ -0,0 +1,638 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, George Borrow, by Henry Charles Beeching + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: George Borrow + A Sermon Preached in Norwich Cathedral on July 6, 1913 + + +Author: Henry Charles Beeching + + + +Release Date: June 8, 2007 [eBook #21776] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE BORROW*** + + + + +Transcribed from the 1913 Jarrold & Sons edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org. Many thanks to the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium +Library, UK, for kindly supplying the images from which this transcription +was made. + + + + + +GEORGE BORROW + + +A SERMON PREACHED IN +NORWICH CATHEDRAL ON +:: :: JULY 6, 1913 :: :: + +BY +H. C. BEECHING, D.D., D.LITT. +DEAN OF NORWICH + +LONDON +_JARROLD & SONS_ +PUBLISHERS + + "As for me, I would seek unto God, which doeth great things and + unsearchable; marvellous things without number."--_Job_ _v._ 8. + +You may desire some explanation of why we in this Cathedral, have thought +it right to take part with the city in the public commemoration of George +Borrow. It is not, of course, merely because he was a devoted lover of +our ancient house, though for that we are not ungrateful. Nor again is +it merely because he was for the most active years of his life a zealous +servant of the Bible Society; and our Church has taken a special interest +in that society since the day when Bishop Bathurst, first of his +episcopal brethren, appeared upon its platforms side by side with Joseph +John Gurney. Nor again is it merely because he was an accomplished man +of letters. Religion and literature indeed have much that is common in +their purpose. The Church exists to propagate a certain interpretation +of the world and human life. Literature also exists to interpret life, +and the great literatures of the world have never in their +interpretations shown themselves antagonistic to religion; on the +contrary, they have always tended to discover more and more elements of +permanent value in human life, confirming the Church's message of its +Divine origin and destiny. But, unhappily, there have always been, and +are still, men of letters whom the Church cannot honour, because their +books, although technically meritorious, take a view of life which is in +our judgment against good morals, or in some other way mischievous. If, +then, we in this Mother Church claim our share in the commemoration of +George Borrow, it is because he was, as we think, a true seer and +interpreter; because he opened to us fresh springs of delight in the +natural world; because he aroused new and living interest in the lives of +men of many kindreds and tongues; and because he held up to our own +nation an ideal of conduct which could not but benefit those whom it +attracted. + +Let me, as shortly as I can, remind you of some characteristics of that +ideal. + +Every reader of the Old Testament is familiar with the two great types +which the early Israelitish civilisation sets before us again and again +in Cain and Abel, Isaac and Ishmael, Esau and Jacob--the contrast of the +wild and vagabond hunter and the "plain man, dwelling in tents." These +types as they appear in the Bible have in them a characteristically +Semitic element, but they have still more of our common humanity. We +observe the two types among our own children, and it is a contrast that +interests us all. Our affections perhaps go out to the romantic Esau +rather than to his business-like brother; while at the same time we +recognise that the future of civilisation must lie not with the child of +impulse, but with him who can forecast the future and rank something +higher than his momentary whim. It was this fundamental contrast that +was so interesting to Borrow. He studied it in the cities and in the +wildernesses of this and many other lands; and because he studied it he +was not content to accept the easy verdict of civilisation that finds +nothing but profanity in Esau, or the equally easy paradox of a return-to- +nature philosophy, which finds all virtue in the noble savage. Borrow +studied Esau in his wandering life with interested eyes, and won his +confidence and a glimpse of his secret; and he studied Jacob in his +counting house and workshop with no less understanding, if with a less +degree of sympathy; and then he exhibited to his countrymen an ideal +which at the time vexed and disquieted them, because there were elements +in it drawn from both. + +Look first at those which he drew from his intercourse with the gipsies. +He was puzzled by the problem of their wonderful persistence. What could +be its cause? Their faults were proverbs. They lived by drawing fools +into a circle and cheating them. Stealing and lying were first +principles in their code of life. And yet because Borrow held that +Nature did not forgive faults, much less allow men to profit by them, he +could not but ask whether those gipsies were so thoroughly vicious as was +supposed. One day, in a conversation with a gipsy girl under a hedge--one +of the strangest talks in the chronicle of literature--he elicited the +fact that domestic honour was held among them to be a primary law, and +female unchastity an unpardonable offence. And he left that conversation +on record for our admonition. That, you will say, is no new ideal to +English women. As an ideal, no. But our English practice is something +very different. And we have lived to see literature challenge even the +ideal. + +And then there was the secret, an open one indeed, but hidden from many +Englishmen of Borrow's generation, though it had been recently proclaimed +by the gentle and thoughtful poet who lay buried in Borrow's native town +of Dereham, that though civilisation arose from life in cities, yet the +joy of life was apt to escape the city liver. The vagabond gipsy had +something which man was the better for having, a delight in the sun and +air and wind and rain. We in Norwich are not likely to forget those +magical words put into the mouth of the gipsy on Mousehold Heath, +"There's night and day, brother, both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, +brother, all sweet things; there's likewise a wind on the heath. Life is +very sweet, brother." Allied with this love of nature was a keen +satisfaction in manly exercises, walking, riding, boxing, swimming, which +Borrow contrasted somewhat scornfully with the baser sports of dog +fighting and cock fighting, then in vogue among gentlemen. And as a +consequence of this love of the open air and the open country Borrow +found in the gipsies a sense of freedom and independence, and so a self- +respect, which he compared unfavourably with the mingled arrogance and +servility of many city-bred people. + +Here then we have some of the elements of the ideal, largely drawn from +the despised gipsies, which Borrow held up before his generation. He +does not indeed promulgate it as the whole duty of man, though we who +have learned the lesson may think he is apt to over-emphasise it. He +does not ignore other qualities of manliness. He holds that from the +root of a self-respecting freedom, if the environment be but favourable, +as with the gipsies it was not, other manly qualities will spring. From +the strength of self-respect should spring the courage of truthfulness, +and justice, and tenderness, and perseverance. On the love of truth and +justice I need not dwell; they are conspicuous in every page that Borrow +wrote. Perseverance is still more emphasised, because it was the main +contribution of Jacob to the human ideal, the quality most lacking in +Esau. Tenderness may seem to be less evident; and I know it is a common +opinion that Borrow's ideal of life was too self-absorbed to allow of +much sympathy with others. I think this view is mistaken. There was +undoubtedly a strong stress laid on the duty of protecting one's own life +and personality from outside influence, and a corresponding stress on the +duty of respect for the independence of others; but where there was a +claim, whether of blood, or friendship, or need, Borrow's ideal admitted +it to the full. I have wished to confine myself this morning to the +ideal of conduct which Borrow offers us in his books, because it was a +conscious and reasoned ideal, and he wrote to propagate it. The question +how far he himself attained to his own standard we are right in passing +by unless there was any conspicuous contrast between his theory and his +practice. But there was no such contrast. So far as our information +goes, Borrow lived by his ideal resolutely. His truthfulness and +perseverance and love of justice cannot be questioned; and on the point +of tenderness it is not those who knew him best--his mother, or his wife, +or his friends--who have found him wanting. + +Let me pass on to indicate how this ideal connected itself with religion. +The fundamental dogma of Borrow's religion was the providence of God. So +far as I know, he did not formulate his notion of the purpose of the +world; he accepted the view of St. Paul, that the creation is moving to +some "divine event"; and that within the great scheme there are +numberless subservient ends which man is being urged by Divine admonition +to fulfil. Such admonitions come to men in many ways; we speak of them +as modes of inspiration; and even those who question the inspiration of +prophets do not refuse the word in speaking of poets and musicians. +Borrow did not question prophetic inspiration in the past, because he +believed in it as a present fact. He believed that to the man who by +prayer kept himself in touch with the Divine Spirit intimations were +vouchsafed of the Divine will, which brought clear light into the dark +places of life. He somewhat shocked the good but precise secretary of +the Bible Society by declaring in a letter from Spain that he had been +"very passionate in prayer during the last two or three days," and in +consequence, as he thought, saw his way "with considerable clearness": on +another occasion, by saying that he was "what the world calls exceedingly +superstitious" because he had changed some plan in consequence of a +dream; and again by saying, "My usual wonderful good fortune accompanied +me." For the last expression he apologised; but, whatever the particular +expression used, there can be no doubt that Borrow was a firm believer in +what our fathers called "particular providences," "leadings of the Divine +Spirit." He believed, for example, that he was doing the will of God in +circulating the Bible, and he also believed that God made his way plain +for so doing. We have known since Borrow another great Englishman who +held a similar faith, Charles Gordon; and the lives of both supply so +many instances of what look like acts of special protection, that the +question will present itself to the student of their lives whether there +may not be some such connexion between faith and miracle, as our Saviour +asserted. At any rate, we shall never understand Borrow if we exclude +from our notion of religion the idea of the miraculous, meaning by that +word not the contravention of natural law, but the providential guidance +of events. + +There is one special side of this doctrine of Providence which must be +referred to specially, because Borrow himself calls attention to it in +the curious commentary which he annexed to "The Romany Rye"; the doctrine +so familiar to the last generation in the poems of Browning, that +trouble, to which "man is born, as the sparks fly upward," is ordained by +the Creator as a stimulus to endeavour, because "where least man suffers, +longest he remains." Some of you may remember that he argues in that +appendix that the old man who had learnt Chinese to distract his mind +would have played but a sluggard's part in life if no affliction had +befallen him, since he had never taken the pains to learn how to tell the +time from a clock. "Nothing but extreme agony," says Borrow, "could have +induced such a man to do anything useful." And every one will recall the +passage in "Lavengro" where he speaks of the fit of horrors that attacked +his hero, may we not say himself, when recovering from an illness. "In +the recollection and prospect of such woe," he asks, "Is it not lawful to +exclaim, 'Better that I had never been born'"? And he replies, "Fool, +for thyself thou wast not born, but to fulfil the inscrutable decrees of +thy Creator; and how dost thou know that this dark principle is not, +after all, thy best friend; that it is not that which tempers the whole +mass of thy corruption? It may be, for what thou knowest, the mother of +wisdom and of great works, it is the dread of the horror of the night +that makes the pilgrim hasten on his way. When thou feelest it nigh, let +thy safety word be 'Onward!' If thou tarry, thou art overwhelmed. +Courage! Build great works; 'tis urging thee." + +In the passage just quoted Borrow speaks of God's "inscrutable" decrees. +After sitting as a young man at the feet of William Taylor and learning +from him some philosophy and much scepticism, he had come back to the old +Hebrew idea that in religion reverence was the beginning of wisdom. This +did not mean that he had discarded Western science, or put a bridle upon +his own insatiable curiosity. No man was more ready to learn what could +anyhow or anywhere be learned. It meant that when all had been learned +that science could teach, the really vital questions remained still +without an answer, because natural science can throw no light on what +nature itself really is. The only clue within our reach to that first +and last problem lay, in his judgment, with the simple-hearted and lowly- +minded, those in whom this wonderful world still aroused wonder. In thus +calling to the soul of man not to lose its power of wonder, Borrow is in +sympathy with the deepest thought of our time. + + For ah! how surely, + How soon and surely will disenchantment come, + When first to herself she boasts to walk securely, + And drives the master spirit away from his home; + Seeing the marvellous things that make the morning + Are marvels of every day, familiar, and some + Have lost with use, like earthly robes, their adorning, + As earthly joys the charm of a first delight, + And some are fallen from awe to neglect and scorning. {12} + +Let us say then with the ancient seer: "As for me, I would seek unto God; +which doeth great things and unsearchable, marvellous things without +number." + + + + +Footnotes: + + +{12} Robert Bridges, _Prometheus the Firegiver_, 824. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE BORROW*** + + +******* This file should be named 21776.txt or 21776.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/7/21776 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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