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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large
+Pyrenomycetes, by C. G. Lloyd
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large Pyrenomycetes
+       Camilla, Thamnomyces, Engleromyces
+
+
+Author: C. G. Lloyd
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 7, 2007  [eBook #21761]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNOPSIS OF SOME GENERA OF THE
+LARGE PYRENOMYCETES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Victoria Woosley, La Monte H. P. Yarroll, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 21761-h.htm or 21761-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/6/21761/21761-h/21761-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/6/21761/21761-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+      Irregularities or errors in spelling, punctuation or
+      capitalization have been preserved as in the original text.
+
+      Text bolded in the original is delimited by '#', underlined
+      text by '=' and italic text by '_'.
+
+      The paragraphs immediately before and after "SECTION 2.
+      PHYLACIA." were rendered in smaller font in the original
+      text. The context does not seem to indicate an intent to
+      block quote (see "SPECULATION" later in text), so this has
+      been transcribed as normal text.
+
+
+
+
+=SYNOPSIS= OF =SOME GENERA= OF THE =LARGE PYRENOMYCETES=
+
+CAMILLEA
+
+THAMNOMYCES
+
+ENGLEROMYCES
+
+_by_
+
+C. G. LLOYD
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CINCINNATI, OHIO, JANUARY, 1917
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GENUS CAMILLEA.
+
+
+The receipt of a nice specimen of Camillea Cyclops from Rev. Torrend,
+Brazil, has induced us to work over the similar species in our
+collection. On our last visit to Europe we photographed the various
+specimens we found in the museums, but did not study them as to
+structure. However, they make such characteristic photographs that we
+believe the known species can be determined from our figures.
+
+We are all familiar with the common Hypoxylons that form little globose,
+black balls, usually on dead limbs, in our own woods. They have a solid
+carbonous interior with the perithecia imbedded near the surface. There
+have been over two hundred alleged Hypoxylons, mostly from the tropics.
+We have never worked them over, but suspect that a number of them from
+the tropics, when examined, will be found to be Camilleas. If the
+specimens were examined, no doubt "prior" specific names would be found
+for several of this list.[1]
+
+In the old days all similar carbonous fungi were called Sphaeria.
+Montagne first received a section of Sphaeria with cylindrical form,
+from South America. The perithecia were long, cylindrical, and were
+arranged in a circle or were contiguous, near the summit of the stroma.
+He proposed to call it Bacillaria, as a section of Sphaeria, but the
+name being preoccupied, he, at the suggestion of Fries, afterwards named
+it in honor of himself, Camillea, Montagne's first name being Camille.
+
+The original species were separated into a genus by Montagne in 1855,
+and five species listed, and it is a curious fact that these five
+species, as well as all others that have since been added, are of the
+American tropics. I have not worked over the "Hypoxylons" in the
+museums, but as far as the records go the genus Camillea does not occur
+in other tropical countries.
+
+In 1845 Léveillé announced that he had discovered a plant resembling an
+Hypoxylon which had, however, the spores borne on filaments
+(acrogenous), and not in perithecia. He called it Phylacia globosa, and
+classified it in Sphaerioidaea. The specimen (Fig. 847) is still at
+Paris. Saccardo has omitted it, and states that Phylacia is probably a
+pycnidial condition of Hypoxylon turbinatum. Both were guesses, one
+statement surely, and both probably, wrong. The interior is filled with
+a powder that under the microscope appears to be made up of ligneous
+filaments mixed with a few spores. These filaments appear to me to be
+the disintegrated walls of the perithecia, and not the "filaments that
+bear the spores." From analogy, at any rate, the spores of all these
+similar species are probably borne in asci which disappear early, and
+Phylacia seems to be the same genus as Camillea, the walls of the
+perlthecla disintegrating and forming a powdery mass. If this view is
+correct, Camillea can be divided into two sections.
+
+#EUCAMILLEA.#--Perithecia persistent.
+
+#PHYLACIA.#--Perithecia early disintegrated.
+
+
+SECTION 1. EUCAMILLEA.
+
+
+CAMILLEA LEPRIEURII (Fig. 826).--Carbonous, black, cylindrical, 2-3 cm.
+long, 3-4 mm. thick. Apex truncate, excavate. Perithecia linear, near
+apex of stroma. Asci (teste Montagne) linear, 8 spored. Spores (pale)
+spindle shape, dark, 6-7 × 25-35 mic.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 826.#]
+
+A most peculiar and apparently a rare species. All the specimens I have
+noted came to Montagne from Leprieur, French Guiana. Berkeley records it
+from Brazil, Spruce, but I think it has not been collected in recent
+years. Our figure 826 is from specimens in Montagne's herbarium, and
+these are three times as long as the specimen Montagne pictures. I saw
+no such short specimens. Patouillard has given a detailed account of the
+structure of the plant. The perithecia are arranged in a circle neat the
+apex of the stroma. The spores are spindle shaped (rather than caudate,
+as Montagne shows them) and 25 to 35 mic long. Patouillard claims that
+Hypoxylon melanaspis has same spores and structure, and is the pulvinate
+form of Camillea Leprieurii. It does not seem possible to me, but I can
+not say to the contrary.
+
+
+CAMILLEA BACILLUM (Fig. 827).--Stroma cylindrical, black, 1 cm. long, 1
+mm. thick. Apex truncate, shown punctulate in Montagne's drawing. Spores
+dark, reniform.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 827.#]
+
+This is very similar to the preceding in shape, but is a much smaller
+species with different spores (teste Montagne). We have only seen the
+originals in Montagne's herbarium, from which our figure is made. The
+drawing given by Montagne represents the plant better than our
+photograph. Montagne records the species from Cuba and French Guiana. We
+think it a very rare plant.
+
+
+CAMILLEA MUCRONATA (Fig. 828).--Stroma cylindrical, black, 6 mm. long, 3
+mm. thick. Apex with a prominent, mucronate point. Perithecia linear,
+contiguous, near the apex of the plant. Asci cylindrical. Spores oblong
+(M.) 3˝ to 4 × 10 mic., colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 828.#]
+
+This also is a rare species, only known from the original collection by
+Leprieur, French Guiana. Our photograph is from the type. In the
+original drawing there is a circle of little acute protuberances shown
+near the apex of the plant. We can see but faint indication of them in
+our photograph.
+
+
+CAMILLEA LABELLUM (Fig. 829).--Plant short, cylindrical, about a cm.
+tall and thick, with a depressed disc. Perithecia contiguous, forming at
+layer beneath the disc. Spores (M.) fusiform, dark, 30 mic., long.
+
+I believe the plant is only known from the original collection in
+Montagne's herbarium, from Leprieur, French Guiana. It does not follow,
+however, that it is such a rare plant, but only that the plants of the
+region have been scantily collected. Our figure is a photograph of the
+types.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 829.#]
+
+
+CAMILLEA TURBINATA (Figs. 830-833).--Plants obconic or turbinate, about
+a cm. tall and broad, growing in a dense cluster from a common, mycelial
+carbonous base. The summit is truncate, and marked with a raised central
+disc, which is thin and in old plants breaks irregularly. A section of a
+young plant (Figs. 831 ×6) shows the lower part composed of rather soft,
+carbonous tissue, the upper filled with a light brown powder, composed
+of spores mixed with hyphae tissue. In old plants the tops break in, the
+powder is dissipated, and there remains (Fig. 833) a bundle of carbonous
+tubes, the walls of the perithecia. Finally, these break up and
+disappear, leaving the upper part of the plant hollow. The spores are
+elliptical, 6-7 × 16-18 mic., smooth, light colored. The asci which
+disappear at at very early stage, are shown by Moeller as oval, each
+containing 8 spores.
+
+This is at common plant in our American tropics, and was named by
+Berkeley, as Hypoxylon turbinatum, but in a later paper he referred it
+to Camillea turbinata. It is compiled in Saccardo as Hypoxylon. I doubt
+not but that it was named Sphaeria caelata by Fries many years "prior."
+Spegazzini found it abundantly, and noting that it was not a good
+Hypoxylon, puzzled over it in two or three papers and finally also
+concluded that it was at Camillea. Moeller also "discovered" it, and
+although the common plant was well known in other centers, the rumors
+had not reached Berlin, hence he "discovered" it was a new genus, which
+he dedicated to his friend, Dr. Hennings and called it Henningsinia
+durissima. Fortunately, he gave a good figure by which his "discovery"
+could be interpreted.
+
+We have beautiful specimens from Dr. J. Dutra, Brazil, from which our
+figure was made, also we have specimens from Rev. Rick.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 830.# Camillea turbinata. (Side view, natural size.)]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 831.# Section with spore mass (X 6).]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 832.# Same, top view.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 833.# Section after dispersion of spores.]
+
+
+CAMILLEA CYCLOPS.--Plants short, cylindrical, or semi-globose, black,
+about 4 mm. in diameter, erumpent from a common mycelial origin, and
+distributed regularly over the matrix. They are produced at intervals of
+about ˝ cm, and apparently never two contiguous. Apex a circular,
+rounded depression, with a slightly elevated disc. Perithecia arranged
+in a central bundle, with permanent, carbonous walls (Fig. 835 ×6).
+Spores oblong, 8 × 12, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 834.# Camillea Cyclops.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 835.#]
+
+While this as probably not a rare plant in the American tropics, it
+appears to have been only known from the Leprieur collections sent to
+Montagne. We have recently gotten it from Rev. Torrend, Brazil, and the
+receipt of the specimens inspired this pamphlet. I notice on some of
+these specimens (not all) little protruding points that are similar to
+those that Montagne shows, near the apex of Camillea mucronata. These
+appear like abortive surface perithecia, but I do not find any clue to
+their nature, and I do not know what they are. Cyclops was the name of a
+giant in mythology that had but one eye in the middle of his forehead.
+Thus species has but one "eye," but it is hardly a giant.
+
+In the same paper in which Montagne lists Camillea Cyclops, he names
+and figures Hypoxylon macromphalum. I can not tell the photograph
+(Fig. 837) I made of the type from the photograph of Camillea Cyclops.
+From Montagne's sectional figure, the perithecia are arranged in the
+same manner, and the two plants are surely cogeneric and, I believe,
+identical. A close reading of Montagne's description discloses but one
+point of difference. He records that in Hypoxylon macromphalum the
+ostioles are prominent, and in a close examination of my photograph, I
+do note minute points on the disc that are absent from Camillea
+cyclops. Still I believe they are the same plant.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 837.#]
+
+
+SECTION 2. PHYLACIA.
+
+
+This might be made a genus, corresponding to Hypoxylon as to stroma,
+but having the stroma hollow and filled with a pulverulent mass. In
+reality, I think it is a better Camillea, the perithecia arranged the
+same way, not permanent, but broken up at an early stage. Of course,
+it is only an inference. Léveillé states that it has the spores borne
+on hyphae (acrogenous), but I do not place much value on Léveillé's
+statements. Patouillard, after admitting that he saw nothing but this
+powdery mass, adds "it is probable that the spores were contained in
+logettes with fugacious walls, of which only the marks on the inner
+side of the cavity remain." It would have been better if he had
+stopped there, but he goes on to propose afterwards that Hypoxylon
+Bomba should be held distinct from Camillea under the name Phylacia,
+because it presents a form "stylospored" and a form "ascospored." He
+does not give the reason for the assertion that it is "stylospored,"
+not even citing the uncertain testimony of Léveillé. Phylacia might be
+held distinct from Camillea on the ground of the powdery mass and the
+early disappearance of the perithecia and ascus walls. There is
+nothing new about that. It was done years ago by Fries who called the
+"genus" Leveilleana, which is a tip for some future name-juggler. All
+that is really known about its early structure is only from inference,
+and that inference is contrary to its having been "stylospored."
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 838.#  #Fig. 839.#  #Fig. 840.#
+               Camillea Sagraena. Fig. 838, a cluster natural size;
+               Fig. 839, broken specimen as often seen; Fig 840, two
+               long stipe specimens.]
+
+
+CAMILLEA SAGRAENA (Figs. 838-840).--Plants oblong about 3-4 mm.,
+stipitate or substipitate at the base, growing densely caespitose, in
+patches, black, smooth, the apices usually obscurely mammillate. Stipes
+usually short, but sometimes 6-8 mm. long, and when growing in clusters,
+the bases consolidated by a carbonous stroma. Interior of the receptacle
+in two compartments (Fig. 841 ×6), the lower filled with soft tissue,
+black around the edges, but _white_ in the center. The upper compartment
+filled with a mass of spores mixed with a few fragments of hyphae.
+Spores narrowly elliptical, 6 × 12, straight, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 841.#]
+
+In Cuba I made abundant collections of this species. It grew in patches
+from the thin bark, usually on the branches of a dead tree. I do not
+know the name of the tree, but I think it was only on one kind, one of
+the few softwood trees of Cuba. Camillea Sagraena is undoubtedly a
+common species in the American tropics. It has never been well
+described, and the white tissue of the interior lower half, which is a
+very rare occurrence in similar black, carbonous plants, has never been
+noted. A "new genus" might be based on this feature. It is quite fragile
+and the broken bases as shown (Fig. 839) are often all that remain of it
+when old. Camillea surinamensis as named by Berkeley from specimens from
+Surinam, type at Kew, is exactly the same species. Berkeley does not
+record it from Cuba, but from Nicaragua, and the specimen is supposed to
+be illustrated by Ellis in his plate 38. It may have been the plant, but
+if so, it was so inaccurately drawn that it would never be recognized.
+In addition to my abundant collections from Cuba, I have a scanty
+collection also from Cuba from E. B. Sterling.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 844.#  #Fig. 845.#
+               Camillea Bomba. Fig. 844 on bark; Fig. 845 on hard wood.]
+
+
+CAMIILLEA BOMBA (Figs. 844, 845).--Plants globose, sessile, 4-6 mm. in
+diameter, black, smooth, without any disc. Dehiscing by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow on the interior (Fig. 846 ×6) filled with a
+brown powder, composed of spores mixed with abundant hyphae remnants of
+the perithecia and asci. Spores 6-7 × 10-12, elliptical, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 846.#]
+
+This seems to be a frequent species in tropical America. I collected it
+in Cuba and have specimens from Miss Barrett, Jamaica, and L. J. K.
+Brace, Bahamas. The latter specimens grew erumpent from thin bark, and
+the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of the stroma. A thin,
+black mycelial stroma underlies the bark. Those I collected in Cuba were
+somewhat larger, and more irregular. Some grew in same manner, erumpent
+from thin bark and the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of
+the stroma, others on the naked, hard wood and grew more compact. In the
+latter case the black stroma at the base was thicker and more in
+evidence. There is no question but that Camillea Bomba is cogeneric with
+Camillea Sagraena, but the gleba of the latter consists almost entirely
+of spores, while in the former there is considerably more hyphae
+remnants than spores.
+
+
+CAMILLEA GLOBOSA (Fig. 847).--Plants densely caespitose, sessile,
+globose, black, smooth. 7-8 mm. in diameter. Opening by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow, filled with a brown mass of spores and hyphae
+remnants. Spores elliptical.
+
+Léveillé named this from a specimen from Tolima, Columbia, South
+America. The type Fig. 847 is all than is known to me. Léveillé spins a
+long story about it having spores borne on filaments, merely a wrong
+deduction, I think, from his having found filaments (of the perithecia
+walls?) mixed with the spores. Saccardo, who evidently did not take much
+stock in Léveillé's story, omitted the species, suggesting that it was a
+form of Camillea turbinata. Saccardo's conclusions were almost as bad as
+Léveillé's.
+
+We have not examined any specimens of Camillea globosa, but suspect a
+section would show two divisions of the gleba, as in the next. In fact,
+with the exception of the stipe, it appears to be the same plant, and
+abundant collections may show them as only sessile and stipitate forms
+of the same thing.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 847.#]
+
+
+CAMILLEA POCULIFORMIS (Figs. 848 and 849).--Plants caespitose,
+stipitate, globose or obovate, smooth, black, 8-15 mm. in diameter.
+Stroma somewhat flattened at apex, opening circumscissally[2] or
+breaking irregularly. Stipe 8-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, black. Stroma
+hollow, the interior in two divisions, a narrow layer above, the fertile
+portion with a few spores in abundant, hyphae remnants, the lower
+(corresponding to the sterile base of a Lycoperdon) of matted hyphae.
+Spores short, elliptical, 9 × 14, pale colored, scantily found.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 848.# Camillea poculiformis.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 849.#]
+
+The pulverulent mass is rather firm, and remains after the peridium
+breaks up. Camillea poculiformis was named Corynelia poculiformis in
+Weigel's old exsiccatae, about a hundred years ago. It came from South
+America. Years later Montagne published it as Hypoxylon poculiformis,
+and Léveillé as Phylacia poculiformis. I can not trace it from Fries'
+writings, though no doubt Fries had it and doubtless named it. The old
+specimens of Weigel's exsiccatae are found in most museums of Europe,
+and all the publishing has been done on this one collection. I have a
+nice collection (Fig. 848), made by T. J. Collins in Guatemala.
+
+
+SPECULATIONS.
+
+    The scanty knowledge we have of the real structure of this group
+    of plants leaves much to speculation. They are all evidently
+    closely related plants, and I think best classified under one
+    general head, or genus, Camillea. They are quite different from
+    the Hypoxylons of the temperate region, although we do not
+    question that the tropical species are included in Saccardo
+    mostly under Hypoxylon. When we come to compare what little we
+    know of the species we find several differences on which
+    "genera" could be based, and no doubt will be in time. In the
+    original sense, Camillea might be restricted to the two
+    cylindrical species, C. Leprieurii and C. Bacillum.
+
+    Then we have the short, cylindrical or globose forms with
+    persistent or semi-persistent perithecia, Camillea Labellum, C.
+    Cyclops and C. turbinata with the intermediate species C.
+    mucronata. The above will form one, or two, genera, according to
+    taste.
+
+    In the following plants we find no perithecia in the ripe
+    specimens, hence of course they will in time be considered a
+    genus. We believe there are two distinct differences between the
+    few species we know, corresponding with the old ideas of Bovista
+    and Lycoperdon in the puff balls. Camillea Sagraena and C.
+    poculiformis, with two divisions of the gleba, a fertile and a
+    sterile portion, and Camillea Bomba and C. globosa (?) with
+    homogenous gleba. The species Camillea Sagraena differs from the
+    other in having the fertile portion composed largely of spores
+    (scanty in others) and in having part of the sterile portion of
+    uncolored hyphae. Of course, it will form a "genus." Thus the
+    genus Camillea can be easily divided into five "genera" and we
+    make the suggestion for the benefit of those engaged in breaking
+    up the old genera, and proposing new names to which to add their
+    own. Who will rise to the occasion?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GENUS THAMNOMYCES.
+
+
+This is included in Saccardo as part of Xylaria, but we feel is well
+entitled to generic rank. It was proposed by Ehrenberg in 1820 for a
+curious species collected in Brazil. The genus differs from Xylaria in
+having the fruiting bodies on the ends of branches, which in one
+species are dichotomous, or in the other two species sessile or
+subsessile and borne on a slender rhachis. There are conflicting
+accounts of the structure of these bodies. The original, by Ehrenberg,
+represents them as hollow bodies, with the perithecia imbedded in the
+walls. That also is as shown by Cooke and is the usual idea. Moeller, on
+the contrary, represents each body as a perithecium, and our examination
+confirms Moeller's view. If Moeller's account is true, as it seems to
+be, it is a strong reason why Thamnomyces should not be classed with
+Xylaria.
+
+The usual Xylaria has a white, sterile, central portion known as the
+stroma, bearing a carbonous crust. The perithecia are generally imbedded
+in the outer portion of the stroma, the mouths opening through the
+carbonous crust. The walls of the perithecia are carbonous, and
+confluent with the crust. The genus Thamnomyces has a slender stem,
+entirely carbonous. This seems to have been the main difference between
+it and Xylaria in the old classification, but the character is
+fallacious.
+
+There are Species of Xylaria that have no white stroma. The stem is
+slender and carbonous and bears the carbonous fruit bodies, superficial,
+but sessile and globose. Fries proposed for these species, the generic
+name Rhizomorpha, which Saccardo united with Thamnomyces as a section of
+Xylaria. In my view it is an entirely different idea from Thamnomyces
+and should form a section in itself in the genus Xylaria. There are
+Several species like Xylaria scopiformis that intimately connect
+Rhizomorpha with Xylaria.
+
+We believe the genus Thamnomyces, in the true sense, embraces only three
+species as follows:
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 850.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES CHAMISSONIS (Fig. 850).--Stem Carbonous, black, smooth,
+repeatedly dichotomously branched, the ultimate branches bearing ovate,
+acute fruiting bodies. Structure of these bodies shown by Moeller is
+entirely carbonous, hollow, each forming a single, carbonous
+perithecium. Spores shown by different authors as of different shapes
+and sizes. In our specimens they are 9 × 20-28 mic., dark, and arctuate.
+They closely resemble the ordinary Xylaria spore.
+
+This was originally named from Brazil by Ehrenberg, who gave a good
+illustration of it. It has therefore escaped all synonyms, excepting by
+Cooke, who discovered it was a new species and called it Thamnomyces
+dendroidea. Hennings also discovered it from Africa, first as a new
+variety, then as a new species, Thamnomyces camerunensis, but of course
+everything that came to Hennings must be "new" something. It grows on
+rotten, hard wood, and does not seem frequent in our American tropics.
+In Africa, however, I judge it is more abundant as numbers of African
+collections are in the museum at Berlin. We have only received it once,
+at nice specimen (Fig. 850) from R. H. Bunting, Gold Coast, Africa.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 851.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES CHORDALIS (Fig. 851).--Stem long, slender, several
+proceeding from a common base, entirely carbonous, black, smooth.
+Fruiting bodies (or perithecia?) sessile along the stem, ovate, with
+slender apices, black. Spores oblong, arctuate, dark.
+
+This, I believe, is only known from tropical America, but is apparently
+not rare as it is recorded a number of times, mostly from Brazil. Fries
+named it from French Guiana in 1830 and gave a characteristic
+description of it. A co-type with the fruit mostly gone is at Kew. Later
+Montagne got it also from French Guiana and gave a good figure and
+description under the name Thamnomyces rostratus. He thought it was
+different from Fries' species on account of the spores not being
+globose, but the "globose" spores of the original description is
+doubtless an error. The plants are surely the same. As Montagne's figure
+is characteristic, the plant when subsequently found has usually been
+recorded under his name. We present in our figure both Montagne's and
+Fries' type.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 852.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES FUCIFORMIS (Fig. 852).--In general appearance, this is the
+same as Thamnomyces chordalis, but a much larger plant. The fruit
+bodies (perithecia?) are more slender and are short, stalked. Our
+figure, which is about half the spike, will show exactly the difference
+between the two species. The plant was named by Berkeley from specimens
+collected in Brazil by Spruce, and to this day is only known from this
+old collection. The name is from the habits, "those of a fucus rather
+than a fungus," a far-fetched comparison, for my impression is there are
+no fuci that are carbonous, or have much resemblance to this plant.
+
+
+RELATED PLANTS.
+
+The following plants are compiled in the section Thamnomyces in
+Saccardo. None of them are true Thamnomyces, and most of them could go
+into Fries' genera Rhizomorpha. I do not believe, however, it is
+possible to keep Rhizomorpha separate from Xylaria. The type species
+Xylaria setosa is quite different from the normal type of Xylarias in
+having entirely carbonous, filiform stems and superficial perithecia,
+but both of these features merge into Xylaria through so many
+intermediate species that there is no drawing the line of demarcation.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 853.#]
+
+XYLARIA SETOSA (Fig. 853).--Stem densely fasciculate, filiform, black,
+entirely carbonous. Perithecia ovate, sparse, rarely developed. Spores
+(teste Fuckel), ovoid, dark, 10 × 16 mic.
+
+This is a rare plant in Europe, growing on old sacks, matting, carpets,
+and similar refuse. It is generally found in cellars. I think it is not
+known on wood nor recorded in the United States. It resembles carbonized
+horse hair and was called "horse hair usnea" by old Dillenius. Our
+photograph of the specimen at Kew will give a good idea of it, although
+from the account it grows erect, and is not matted. Both Bulliard and
+Sowerby gave characteristic figures, both from plants growing in
+cellars, on old mats. It has had a great number of names, and is
+recorded in Saccardo as Xylaria hippotrichoides, the specific name
+proposed by Sowerby and used by Persoon. Some very recent juggler, I
+have forgotten who, dug up the old name setosa, which I adopt as being
+less cumbersome. Occasionally these jugglers do propose some improvement
+in names, and I believe in encouraging them, when their wonderful date
+dictionary discoveries are really better names. Saccardo gives the
+following synonyms: Sphaeria hippotrichoides, Ceratonema
+hippotrichoides, Hypoxylon loculiferum, Rhizomorpha tuberculosa,
+Cryptothamnium usneaeforme, Rhizomorpha setiformis, Chaenocarpus
+setosus, Chaenocarpus Simonini. The date expert must have had quite a
+job.
+
+    Xylaria adnata as described by Fuckel (Rhizomorpha adnata), and
+    unknown to me, is evidently very similar to the preceding plant,
+    but grows closely adnate to rotten beech wood.
+
+    Xylaria fragilis (Rhizomorpha fragilis) is imperfectly known
+    from old records in Europe. It is probably same as above.
+
+    Xylaria hispidissima (Rhizomorpha hispidissima) from East Indies
+    is known only from old description. It is an evident Xylaria and
+    seems to be same as recently collected, adventitious in a hot
+    house in Hungary, and distributed as Xylaria hungarica.
+
+    Xylaria annulata, described in 1820 from West Indies as
+    Thamnomyces annulatus and unknown otherwise, reads like
+    Thamnomyces chardalis, but the branches of the latter are not
+    known to be "annulated under a lens."
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 854.#]
+
+XYLARIA ANNULIPES, described and figured by Montagne as Thamnomyces
+annulipes from Brazil, is same as since named Xylaria marasmoides (Fig.
+854) by Berkeley. Berkeley does not mention the rings on the stem as
+shown so plainly in Montagne's enlarged figure, nor can I note them with
+a lens on my photograph of Berkeley's or Montagne's types. Spegazzini
+refers marasmoides as a synonym for annulipes, no doubt correctly.
+Theissen refers it as a synonym for Xylaria aristata, an evident error.
+Xylaria vermiculus, recently published from Brazil by Sydow, as
+"Saccardo n. sp. in litt.," is, both from description and photograph,
+evidently the same as Xylaria annulipes.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 855.#]
+
+XYLARIA MELANURA (Fig. 855), West Indies, described as Chaenocarpus
+melanurus and compiled in Saccardo in section Thamnomyces, is evidently
+same as Xylaria gracillima in sense of Berkeley and Montagne, but not I
+believe as to Fries. We present a photograph made from Léveillé's
+cotype.
+
+    Xylaria axillaris was not compiled in Thamnomyces in Saccardo,
+    but is evidently a very similar if not the same plant as Xylaria
+    setosa, and is only known from Currey's original account from
+    Africa. It is about a half inch high, with filiform stem, and
+    few, superficial perithecia. Spores are given as 25 to 32 mic.,
+    which are much larger than those of setosa.
+
+    Xylaria patagonica as named by Crombie as Thamnomyces and
+    compiled in Saccardo, Vol. 9, was based on Dillenius' old (1741)
+    figure t. 13, f. 11, from Patagonia, which, as far as the figure
+    goes, could be Xylaria setosa. Of course, nothing as known about
+    it.
+
+    Xylaria Schwackei, named by Hennings from Brazil, seems from
+    description to be Xylaria melanura.
+
+    Xylaria Warburgii, named by Hennings from New Guinea, seems from
+    the crude figure to be Xylaria carpophila.
+
+    Xylaria luzonensis, named from Philippines by Hennings, seems
+    from crude figure to be Xylaria multiplex in original sense of
+    Fries (not Thiessen).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 856.# Engleromyces Goetzei.]
+
+THE GENUS ENGLEROMYCES.
+
+
+Plants large, subglobose, with alveolate, sinuate carbonous exterior.
+Stroma white, fleshy, 1˝-2 cm. thick. Perithecia carbonous, forming
+several stratose layers, imbedded in the stroma in the depressions.
+Spores 12-15×18-24, dark, smooth, curved, agreeing with Xylaria spores.
+
+
+ENGLEROMYCES GOETZEI (Figs. 856 and 857).--This is the largest
+Pyrenomycete, and as far as known only occurs in Eastern, tropical
+Africa. In 1900 Hennings described and named it, and there are several
+specimens on exhibition in the museum at Berlin. Some years later (1906)
+a specimen reached Paris from the same region. It was sent to the
+anthropological museum at Paris, the collector taking it for a
+fossilized skull. The reference to a skull is not inappropriate as will
+be noted from our photograph (Fig. 857) from the specimen at Paris.
+Patouillard, not knowing of course what Hennings had done at Berlin,
+renamed it Colletomanginia paradoxa. Our figure 856 shows a section, and
+the arrangement of the perithecia. Practically nothing is known as to
+its habits. Patouillard states it occurs on the trunk of Abies, Hennings
+on Bamboo. We feel that on publication of our photograph there will be
+no occasion for further names for it.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 857.#]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [1] Thus there is no doubt whatever in my mind that Camillea
+        turbinata is Sphaeria caelata of Fries, but not knowing the
+        Friesian species from specimens, I take the only sure name I
+        know. Montagne refers it to Camillea poculiformis, but I do not
+        think he knew more about it than I do, and I do not know anything
+        excepting the "description."
+
+    [2] So shown in one specimen on Fig. 848, but doubtful if it is a
+        character of the plant.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNOPSIS OF SOME GENERA OF THE LARGE
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large
+Pyrenomycetes, by C. G. Lloyd</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large Pyrenomycetes</p>
+<p>       Camilla, Thamnomyces, Engleromyces</p>
+<p>Author: C. G. Lloyd</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 7, 2007  [eBook #21761]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNOPSIS OF SOME GENERA OF THE LARGE PYRENOMYCETES***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Victoria Woosley, La Monte H. P. Yarroll,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</h4>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Irregularities or errors in spelling, punctuation or capitalization have
+been preserved as in the original text.</li>
+
+<li>The paragraphs immediately before and after the heading "SECTION 2. PHYLACIA." were
+printed in a smaller font in the original. This did not seem justified from the context, so
+the sections have been displayed in normal text. Other places where the original
+used a smaller font have been displayed in a smaller font in this version.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1><span class="u">SYNOPSIS</span><br />
+
+<span class="little">OF</span><br />
+
+<span class="u">SOME GENERA</span><br />
+
+<span class="little">OF THE</span><br />
+
+<span class="u">LARGE PYRENOMYCETES</span></h1>
+
+<h2>CAMILLEA<br />
+
+THAMNOMYCES<br />
+
+ENGLEROMYCES</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i><br />
+
+C. G. LLOYD<br />
+CINCINNATI, OHIO, JANUARY, 1917</h3>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE GENUS CAMILLEA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The receipt of a nice specimen of Camillea Cyclops from Rev. Torrend,
+Brazil, has induced us to work over the similar species in our
+collection. On our last visit to Europe we photographed the various
+specimens we found in the museums, but did not study them as to
+structure. However, they make such characteristic photographs that we
+believe the known species can be determined from our figures.</p>
+
+<p>We are all familiar with the common Hypoxylons that form little globose,
+black balls, usually on dead limbs, in our own woods. They have a solid
+carbonous interior with the perithecia imbedded near the surface. There
+have been over two hundred alleged Hypoxylons, mostly from the tropics.
+We have never worked them over, but suspect that a number of them from
+the tropics, when examined, will be found to be Camilleas. If the
+specimens were examined, no doubt "prior" specific names would be found
+for several of this list.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1"><span class="fnanchor">1</span></a></p>
+
+<p>In the old days all similar carbonous fungi were called Sphaeria.
+Montagne first received a section of Sphaeria with cylindrical form,
+from South America. The perithecia were long, cylindrical, and were
+arranged in a circle or were contiguous, near the summit of the stroma.
+He proposed to call it Bacillaria, as a section of Sphaeria, but the
+name being preoccupied, he, at the suggestion of Fries, afterwards named
+it in honor of himself, Camillea, Montagne's first name being Camille.</p>
+
+<p>The original species were separated into a genus by Montagne in 1855,
+and five species listed, and it is a curious fact that these five
+species, as well as all others that have since been added, are of the
+American tropics. I have not worked over the "Hypoxylons" in the
+museums, but as far as the records go the genus Camillea does not occur
+in other tropical countries.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 L&eacute;veill&eacute; announced that he had discovered a plant resembling an
+Hypoxylon which had, however, the spores borne on filaments
+(acrogenous), and not in perithecia. He called it Phylacia globosa, and
+classified it in Sphaerioidaea. The specimen (Fig. 847) is still at
+Paris. Saccardo has omitted it, and states that Phylacia is probably a
+pycnidial condition of Hypoxylon turbinatum. Both were guesses, one
+statement surely, and both probably, wrong. The interior is filled with
+a powder that under the microscope appears to be made up of ligneous
+filaments mixed with a few spores. These filaments appear to me to be
+the disintegrated walls of the perithecia, and not the "filaments that
+bear the spores." From analogy, at any rate, the spores of all these
+similar species are probably borne in asci which disappear early, and
+Phylacia seems to be the same genus as Camillea, the walls of the
+perlthecla disintegrating and forming a powdery mass. If this view is
+correct, Camillea can be divided into two sections.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>EUCAMILLEA.</b>&mdash;Perithecia persistent.</p>
+<p><b>PHYLACIA.</b>&mdash;Perithecia early disintegrated.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SECTION 1. EUCAMILLEA.</h3>
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA LEPRIEURII (Fig. 826).&mdash;Carbonous, black, cylindrical, 2-3 cm.
+long, 3-4 mm. thick. Apex truncate, excavate. Perithecia linear, near
+apex of stroma. Asci (teste Montagne) linear, 8 spored. Spores (pale)
+spindle shape, dark, 6-7 &times; 25-35 mic.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig826.png" width="396" height="174" alt="Fig. 826." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 826.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A most peculiar and apparently a rare species. All the specimens I have
+noted came to Montagne from Leprieur, French Guiana. Berkeley records it
+from Brazil, Spruce, but I think it has not been collected in recent
+years. Our figure 826 is from specimens in Montagne's herbarium, and
+these are three times as long as the specimen Montagne pictures. I saw
+no such short specimens. Patouillard has given a detailed account of the
+structure of the plant. The perithecia are arranged in a circle neat the
+apex of the stroma. The spores are spindle shaped (rather than caudate,
+as Montagne shows them) and 25 to 35 mic long. Patouillard claims that
+Hypoxylon melanaspis has same spores and structure, and is the pulvinate
+form of Camillea Leprieurii. It does not seem possible to me, but I can
+not say to the contrary.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA BACILLUM (Fig. 827).&mdash;Stroma cylindrical, black, 1 cm. long, 1
+mm. thick. Apex truncate, shown punctulate in Montagne's drawing. Spores
+dark, reniform.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/fig827.png" width="197" height="168" alt="Fig. 827." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 827.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is very similar to the preceding in shape, but is a much smaller
+species with different spores (teste Montagne). We have only seen the
+originals in Montagne's herbarium, from which our figure is made. The
+drawing given by Montagne represents the plant better than our
+photograph. Montagne records the species from Cuba and French Guiana. We
+think it a very rare plant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA MUCRONATA (Fig. 828).&mdash;Stroma cylindrical, black, 6 mm. long, 3
+mm. thick. Apex with a prominent, mucronate point. Perithecia linear,
+contiguous, near the apex of the plant. Asci cylindrical. Spores oblong
+(M.) 3&frac12; to 4 &times; 10 mic., colored.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="align pics" width="720">
+<tr><td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig828b.png" width="281" height="140" alt="Fig. 828b." title="" />
+</td><td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig828a.png" width="295" height="135" alt="Fig. 828a." title="" />
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">
+<span class="caption">Fig. 828.</span>
+</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p>This also is a rare species, only known from the original collection by
+Leprieur, French Guiana. Our photograph is from the type. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> the
+original drawing there is a circle of little acute protuberances shown
+near the apex of the plant. We can see but faint indication of them in
+our photograph.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA LABELLUM (Fig. 829).&mdash;Plant short, cylindrical, about a cm.
+tall and thick, with a depressed disc. Perithecia contiguous, forming at
+layer beneath the disc. Spores (M.) fusiform, dark, 30 mic., long.</p>
+
+<p>I believe the plant is only known from the original collection in
+Montagne's herbarium, from Leprieur, French Guiana. It does not follow,
+however, that it is such a rare plant, but only that the plants of the
+region have been scantily collected. Our figure is a photograph of the
+types.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 410px;">
+<table summary="align pics">
+<tr><td valign="top">
+<img src="images/fig829a.png" width="197" height="203" alt="Fig. 829a." title="" />
+</td><td valign="top">
+<img src="images/fig829b.png" width="197" height="226" alt="Fig. 829b." title="" />
+</td></tr></table>
+<span class="caption">Fig. 829.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA TURBINATA (Figs. 830-833).&mdash;Plants obconic or turbinate, about
+a cm. tall and broad, growing in a dense cluster from a common, mycelial
+carbonous base. The summit is truncate, and marked with a raised central
+disc, which is thin and in old plants breaks irregularly. A section of a
+young plant (Figs. 831 &times;6) shows the lower part composed of rather soft,
+carbonous tissue, the upper filled with a light brown powder, composed
+of spores mixed with hyphae tissue. In old plants the tops break in, the
+powder is dissipated, and there remains (Fig. 833) a bundle of carbonous
+tubes, the walls of the perithecia. Finally, these break up and
+disappear, leaving the upper part of the plant hollow. The spores are
+elliptical, 6-7 &times; 16-18 mic., smooth, light colored. The asci which
+disappear at at very early stage, are shown by Moeller as oval, each
+containing 8 spores.</p>
+
+<p>This is at common plant in our American tropics, and was named by
+Berkeley, as Hypoxylon turbinatum, but in a later paper he referred it
+to Camillea turbinata. It is compiled in Saccardo as Hypoxylon. I doubt
+not but that it was named Sphaeria caelata by Fries many years "prior."
+Spegazzini found it abundantly, and noting that it was not a good
+Hypoxylon, puzzled over it in two or three papers and finally also
+concluded that it was at Camillea. Moeller also "discovered" it, and
+although the common plant was well known in other centers, the rumors
+had not reached Berlin, hence he "discovered" it was a new genus, which
+he dedicated to his friend, Dr. Hennings and called it Henningsinia
+durissima. Fortunately, he gave a good figure by which his "discovery"
+could be interpreted.</p>
+
+<p>We have beautiful specimens from Dr. J. Dutra, Brazil, from which our
+figure was made, also we have specimens from Rev. Rick.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="align pics" width="800">
+<tr><td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig830.png" width="396" height="233" alt="Fig. 830. Camillea turbinata. (Side view, natural size.)" title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 830. Camillea turbinata. (Side view, natural size.)</span>
+</td>
+<td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig831.png" width="353" height="446" alt="Fig. 831. Section with spore mass (X 6)." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 831. Section with spore mass (X 6).</span>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig832.png" width="196" height="196" alt="Fig. 832. Same, top view." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 832. Same, top view.</span>
+</td>
+<td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig833.png" width="409" height="446" alt="Fig. 833. Section after dispersion of spores." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 833. Section after dispersion of spores.</span>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA CYCLOPS.&mdash;Plants short, cylindrical, or semi-globose, black,
+about 4 mm. in diameter, erumpent from a common mycelial origin, and
+distributed regularly over the matrix. They are produced at intervals of
+about &frac12; cm, and apparently never two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> contiguous. Apex a circular,
+rounded depression, with a slightly elevated disc. Perithecia arranged
+in a central bundle, with permanent, carbonous walls (Fig. 835 &times;6).
+Spores oblong, 8 &times; 12, pale colored.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="format side-by-side pics" width="810">
+<tr><td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig834a.png" width="393" height="342" alt="Fig. 834a. Camillea Cyclops." title="" />
+</td>
+<td valign="middle">
+<img src="images/fig834b.png"  width="396" height="192" alt="Fig. 834b. Camillea Cyclops." title="" />
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">
+<span class="caption">Fig. 834. Camillea Cyclops.</span>
+</td></tr></table></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig835.png" width="394" height="334" alt="Fig. 835." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 835.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>While this as probably not a rare plant in the American tropics, it
+appears to have been only known from the Leprieur collections sent to
+Montagne. We have recently gotten it from Rev. Torrend, Brazil, and the
+receipt of the specimens inspired this pamphlet. I notice on some of
+these specimens (not all) little protruding points that are similar to
+those that Montagne shows, near the apex of Camillea mucronata. These
+appear like abortive surface perithecia, but I do not find any clue to
+their nature, and I do not know what they are. Cyclops was the name of a
+giant in mythology that had but one eye in the middle of his forehead.
+Thus species has but one "eye," but it is hardly a giant.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig837.png" width="393" height="223" alt="Fig. 837." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 837.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the same paper in which Montagne lists Camillea Cyclops, he
+names and figures Hypoxylon macromphalum. I can not tell the
+photograph (Fig. 837) I made of the type from the photograph of
+Camillea Cyclops. From Montagne's sectional figure, the
+perithecia are arranged in the same manner, and the two plants
+are surely cogeneric and, I believe, identical. A close reading
+of Montagne's description discloses but one point of difference.
+He records that in Hypoxylon macromphalum the ostioles are
+prominent, and in a close examination of my photograph, I do
+note minute points on the disc that are absent from Camillea
+cyclops. Still I believe they are the same plant.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>SECTION 2. PHYLACIA.</h3>
+
+<p class="section">This might be made a genus, corresponding to Hypoxylon as to
+stroma, but having the stroma hollow and filled with a
+pulverulent mass. In reality, I think it is a better Camillea,
+the perithecia arranged the same way, not permanent, but broken
+up at an early stage. Of course, it is only an inference.
+L&eacute;veill&eacute; states that it has the spores borne on hyphae
+(acrogenous), but I do not place much value on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> L&eacute;veill&eacute;'s
+statements. Patouillard, after admitting that he saw nothing but
+this powdery mass, adds "it is probable that the spores were
+contained in logettes with fugacious walls, of which only the
+marks on the inner side of the cavity remain." It would have
+been better if he had stopped there, but he goes on to propose
+afterwards that Hypoxylon Bomba should be held distinct from
+Camillea under the name Phylacia, because it presents a form
+"stylospored" and a form "ascospored." He does not give the
+reason for the assertion that it is "stylospored," not even
+citing the uncertain testimony of L&eacute;veill&eacute;. Phylacia might be
+held distinct from Camillea on the ground of the powdery mass
+and the early disappearance of the perithecia and ascus walls.
+There is nothing new about that. It was done years ago by Fries
+who called the "genus" Leveilleana, which is a tip for some
+future name-juggler. All that is really known about its early
+structure is only from inference, and that inference is contrary
+to its having been "stylospored."</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="align pics" width="820">
+<tr><td valign="bottom">
+<img src="images/fig838.png" width="298" height="168" alt="Fig. 838." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 838.</span>
+</td>
+<td valign="bottom">
+<img src="images/fig839.png" width="296" height="188" alt="Fig. 839." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 839.</span>
+</td>
+<td valign="bottom">
+<img src="images/fig840.png" width="194" height="147" alt="Fig. 840." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 840.</span>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3">Camillea Sagraena. Fig. 838, a cluster natural size; Fig. 839,
+broken specimen as often seen; Fig 840, two long stipe
+specimens.</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA SAGRAENA (Figs. 838-840).&mdash;Plants oblong about 3-4 mm.,
+stipitate or substipitate at the base, growing densely caespitose, in
+patches, black, smooth, the apices usually obscurely mammillate. Stipes
+usually short, but sometimes 6-8 mm. long, and when growing in clusters,
+the bases consolidated by a carbonous stroma. Interior of the receptacle
+in two compartments (Fig. 841 &times;6), the lower filled with soft tissue,
+black around the edges, but <i>white</i> in the center. The upper compartment
+filled with a mass of spores mixed with a few fragments of hyphae.
+Spores narrowly elliptical, 6 &times; 12, straight, pale colored.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 211px;">
+<img src="images/fig841.png" width="209" height="443" alt="Fig. 841." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 841.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Cuba I made abundant collections of this species. It grew in patches
+from the thin bark, usually on the branches of a dead tree. I do not
+know the name of the tree, but I think it was only on one kind, one of
+the few softwood trees of Cuba. Camillea Sagraena is undoubtedly a
+common species in the American tropics. It has never been well
+described, and the white tissue of the interior lower half, which is a
+very rare occurrence in similar black, carbonous plants, has never been
+noted. A "new genus" might be based on this feature. It is quite fragile
+and the broken bases as shown (Fig. 839) are often all that remain of it
+when old. Camillea surinamensis as named by Berkeley from specimens from
+Surinam, type at Kew, is exactly the same species. Berkeley<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> does not
+record it from Cuba, but from Nicaragua, and the specimen is supposed to
+be illustrated by Ellis in his plate 38. It may have been the plant, but
+if so, it was so inaccurately drawn that it would never be recognized.
+In addition to my abundant collections from Cuba, I have a scanty
+collection also from Cuba from E. B. Sterling.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="align pics" width="800">
+<tr><td valign="bottom">
+<img src="images/fig844.png" width="396" height="222" alt="Fig. 844." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 844.</span>
+</td>
+<td valign="bottom">
+<img src="images/fig845.png" width="250" height="169" alt="Fig. 845." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 845.</span>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">
+Camillea Bomba. Fig. 844 on bark; Fig. 845 on hard wood.</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">CAMIILLEA BOMBA (Figs. 844, 845).&mdash;Plants globose, sessile, 4-6 mm. in
+diameter, black, smooth, without any disc. Dehiscing by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow on the interior (Fig. 846 &times;6) filled with a
+brown powder, composed of spores mixed with abundant hyphae remnants of
+the perithecia and asci. Spores 6-7 &times; 10-12, elliptical, pale colored.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/fig846.png" width="285" height="279" alt="Fig. 846." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 846.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This seems to be a frequent species in tropical America. I collected it
+in Cuba and have specimens from Miss Barrett, Jamaica, and L. J. K.
+Brace, Bahamas. The latter specimens grew erumpent from thin bark, and
+the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of the stroma. A thin,
+black mycelial stroma underlies the bark. Those I collected in Cuba were
+somewhat larger, and more irregular. Some grew in same manner, erumpent
+from thin bark and the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of
+the stroma, others on the naked, hard wood and grew more compact. In the
+latter case the black stroma at the base was thicker and more in
+evidence. There is no question but that Camillea Bomba is cogeneric with
+Camillea Sagraena, but the gleba of the latter consists almost entirely
+of spores, while in the former there is considerably more hyphae
+remnants than spores.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA GLOBOSA (Fig. 847).&mdash;Plants densely caespitose, sessile,
+globose, black, smooth. 7-8 mm. in diameter. Opening by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow, filled with a brown mass of spores and hyphae
+remnants. Spores elliptical.</p>
+
+<p>L&eacute;veill&eacute; named this from a specimen from Tolima, Columbia, South
+America. The type Fig. 847 is all than is known to me. L&eacute;veill&eacute; spins a
+long story about it having spores borne on filaments,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> merely a wrong
+deduction, I think, from his having found filaments (of the perithecia
+walls?) mixed with the spores. Saccardo, who evidently did not take much
+stock in L&eacute;veill&eacute;'s story, omitted the species, suggesting that it was a
+form of Camillea turbinata. Saccardo's conclusions were almost as bad as
+L&eacute;veill&eacute;'s.</p>
+
+<p>We have not examined any specimens of Camillea globosa, but suspect a
+section would show two divisions of the gleba, as in the next. In fact,
+with the exception of the stipe, it appears to be the same plant, and
+abundant collections may show them as only sessile and stipitate forms
+of the same thing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/fig847.png" width="497" height="444" alt="Fig. 847." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 847.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="section">CAMILLEA POCULIFORMIS (Figs. 848 and 849).&mdash;Plants caespitose,
+stipitate, globose or obovate, smooth, black, 8-15 mm. in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> diameter.
+Stroma somewhat flattened at apex, opening circumscissally<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2"><span class="fnanchor">2</span></a> or
+breaking irregularly. Stipe 8-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, black. Stroma
+hollow, the interior in two divisions, a narrow layer above, the fertile
+portion with a few spores in abundant, hyphae remnants, the lower
+(corresponding to the sterile base of a Lycoperdon) of matted hyphae.
+Spores short, elliptical, 9 &times; 14, pale colored, scantily found.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/fig848.png" width="791" height="534" alt="Fig. 848. Camillea poculiformis." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 848. Camillea poculiformis.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 410px;">
+<img src="images/fig849a.png" width="195" height="200" alt="Fig. 849a." title="" />
+<img src="images/fig849b.png" width="195" height="200" alt="Fig. 849b." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 849.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pulverulent mass is rather firm, and remains after the peridium
+breaks up. Camillea poculiformis was named Corynelia poculiformis in
+Weigel's old exsiccatae, about a hundred years ago. It came from South
+America. Years later Montagne published it as Hypoxylon poculiformis,
+and L&eacute;veill&eacute; as Phylacia poculiformis. I can not trace it from Fries'
+writings, though no doubt Fries had it and doubtless named it. The old
+specimens of Weigel's exsiccatae are found in most museums of Europe,
+and all the publishing has been done on this one collection. I have a
+nice collection (Fig. 848), made by T. J. Collins in Guatemala.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SPECULATIONS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The scanty knowledge we have of the real structure of this group
+of plants leaves much to speculation. They are all evidently
+closely related plants, and I think best classified under one
+general head, or genus, Camillea. They are quite different from
+the Hypoxylons of the temperate region, although we do not
+question that the tropical species are included in Saccardo
+mostly under Hypoxylon. When we come to compare what little we
+know of the species we find several differences on which
+"genera" could be based, and no doubt will be in time. In the
+original sense, Camillea might be restricted to the two
+cylindrical species, C. Leprieurii and C. Bacillum.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have the short, cylindrical or globose forms with
+persistent or semi-persistent perithecia, Camillea Labellum, C.
+Cyclops and C. turbinata with the intermediate species C.
+mucronata. The above will form one, or two, genera, according to
+taste.</p>
+
+<p>In the following plants we find no perithecia in the ripe
+specimens, hence of course they will in time be considered a
+genus. We believe there are two distinct differences between the
+few species we know, corresponding with the old ideas of Bovista
+and Lycoperdon in the puff balls. Camillea Sagraena and C.
+poculiformis, with two divisions of the gleba, a fertile and a
+sterile portion, and Camillea Bomba and C. globosa (?) with
+homogenous gleba. The species Camillea Sagraena differs from the
+other in having the fertile portion composed largely of spores
+(scanty in others) and in having part of the sterile portion of
+uncolored hyphae. Of course, it will form a "genus." Thus the
+genus Camillea can be easily divided into five "genera" and we
+make the suggestion for the benefit of those engaged in breaking
+up the old genera, and proposing new names to which to add their
+own. Who will rise to the occasion?</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>THE GENUS THAMNOMYCES.</h2>
+
+<p>This is included in Saccardo as part of Xylaria, but we feel is well
+entitled to generic rank. It was proposed by Ehrenberg in 1820 for a
+curious species collected in Brazil. The genus differs from Xylaria in
+having the fruiting bodies on the ends of branches, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> in one
+species are dichotomous, or in the other two species sessile or
+subsessile and borne on a slender rhachis. There are conflicting
+accounts of the structure of these bodies. The original, by Ehrenberg,
+represents them as hollow bodies, with the perithecia imbedded in the
+walls. That also is as shown by Cooke and is the usual idea. Moeller, on
+the contrary, represents each body as a perithecium, and our examination
+confirms Moeller's view. If Moeller's account is true, as it seems to
+be, it is a strong reason why Thamnomyces should not be classed with
+Xylaria.</p>
+
+<p>The usual Xylaria has a white, sterile, central portion known as the
+stroma, bearing a carbonous crust. The perithecia are generally imbedded
+in the outer portion of the stroma, the mouths opening through the
+carbonous crust. The walls of the perithecia are carbonous, and
+confluent with the crust. The genus Thamnomyces has a slender stem,
+entirely carbonous. This seems to have been the main difference between
+it and Xylaria in the old classification, but the character is
+fallacious.</p>
+
+<p>There are Species of Xylaria that have no white stroma. The stem is
+slender and carbonous and bears the carbonous fruit bodies, superficial,
+but sessile and globose. Fries proposed for these species, the generic
+name Rhizomorpha, which Saccardo united with Thamnomyces as a section of
+Xylaria. In my view it is an entirely different idea from Thamnomyces
+and should form a section in itself in the genus Xylaria. There are
+Several species like Xylaria scopiformis that intimately connect
+Rhizomorpha with Xylaria.</p>
+
+<p>We believe the genus Thamnomyces, in the true sense, embraces only three
+species as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 529px;">
+<img src="images/fig850.png" width="529" height="448" alt="Fig. 850." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 850.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="section">THAMNOMYCES CHAMISSONIS (Fig. 850).&mdash;Stem Carbonous, black, smooth,
+repeatedly dichotomously branched, the ultimate branches bearing ovate,
+acute fruiting bodies. Structure of these bodies shown by Moeller is
+entirely carbonous, hollow, each forming a single, carbonous
+perithecium. Spores shown by different authors as of different shapes
+and sizes. In our specimens they are 9&times;20-28 mic., dark, and arctuate.
+They closely resemble the ordinary Xylaria spore.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This was originally named from Brazil by Ehrenberg, who gave a good
+illustration of it. It has therefore escaped all synonyms, excepting by
+Cooke, who discovered it was a new species and called it Thamnomyces
+dendroidea. Hennings also discovered it from Africa, first as a new
+variety, then as a new species, Thamnomyces camerunensis, but of course
+everything that came to Hennings must be "new" something. It grows on
+rotten, hard wood, and does not seem frequent in our American tropics.
+In Africa, however, I judge it is more abundant as numbers of African
+collections are in the museum at Berlin. We have only received it once,
+at nice specimen (Fig. 850) from R. H. Bunting, Gold Coast, Africa.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 270px;">
+<img src="images/fig851a.png" width="180" height="596" alt="Fig. 851a." title="" />
+<img src="images/fig851b.png" width="65" height="596" alt="Fig. 851b." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 851.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="section">THAMNOMYCES CHORDALIS (Fig. 851).&mdash;Stem long, slender, several
+proceeding from a common base, entirely carbonous, black, smooth.
+Fruiting bodies (or perithecia?) sessile along the stem, ovate, with
+slender apices, black. Spores oblong, arctuate, dark.</p>
+
+<p>This, I believe, is only known from tropical America, but is apparently
+not rare as it is recorded a number of times, mostly from Brazil. Fries
+named it from French Guiana in 1830 and gave a characteristic
+description of it. A co-type with the fruit mostly gone is at Kew. Later
+Montagne got it also from French Guiana and gave a good figure and
+description under the name Thamnomyces rostratus. He thought it was
+different from Fries' species on account of the spores not being
+globose, but the "globose" spores of the original description is
+doubtless an error. The plants are surely the same. As Montagne's figure
+is characteristic, the plant when subsequently found has usually been
+recorded under his name. We present in our figure both Montagne's and
+Fries' type.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 104px;">
+<img src="images/fig852.png" width="100" height="596" alt="Fig. 852." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 852.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">THAMNOMYCES FUCIFORMIS (Fig. 852).&mdash;In general appearance, this is the
+same as Thamnomyces chordalis, but a much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> larger plant. The fruit
+bodies (perithecia?) are more slender and are short, stalked. Our
+figure, which is about half the spike, will show exactly the difference
+between the two species. The plant was named by Berkeley from specimens
+collected in Brazil by Spruce, and to this day is only known from this
+old collection. The name is from the habits, "those of a fucus rather
+than a fungus," a far-fetched comparison, for my impression is there are
+no fuci that are carbonous, or have much resemblance to this plant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RELATED PLANTS.</h3>
+
+<p>The following plants are compiled in the section Thamnomyces in
+Saccardo. None of them are true Thamnomyces, and most of them could go
+into Fries' genera Rhizomorpha. I do not believe, however, it is
+possible to keep Rhizomorpha separate from Xylaria. The type species
+Xylaria setosa is quite different from the normal type of Xylarias in
+having entirely carbonous, filiform stems and superficial perithecia,
+but both of these features merge into Xylaria through so many
+intermediate species that there is no drawing the line of demarcation.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 552px;">
+<img src="images/fig853.png" width="550" height="448" alt="Fig. 853." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 853.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">XYLARIA SETOSA (Fig. 853).&mdash;Stem densely fasciculate, filiform, black,
+entirely carbonous. Perithecia ovate, sparse, rarely developed. Spores
+(teste Fuckel), ovoid, dark, 10 &times; 16 mic.</p>
+
+<p>This is a rare plant in Europe, growing on old sacks, matting, carpets,
+and similar refuse. It is generally found in cellars. I think it is not
+known on wood nor recorded in the United States. It resembles carbonized
+horse hair and was called "horse hair usnea" by old Dillenius. Our
+photograph of the specimen at Kew will give a good idea of it, although
+from the account it grows erect, and is not matted. Both Bulliard and
+Sowerby gave characteristic figures, both from plants growing in
+cellars, on old mats. It has had a great number<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> of names, and is
+recorded in Saccardo as Xylaria hippotrichoides, the specific name
+proposed by Sowerby and used by Persoon. Some very recent juggler, I
+have forgotten who, dug up the old name setosa, which I adopt as being
+less cumbersome. Occasionally these jugglers do propose some improvement
+in names, and I believe in encouraging them, when their wonderful date
+dictionary discoveries are really better names. Saccardo gives the
+following synonyms: Sphaeria hippotrichoides, Ceratonema
+hippotrichoides, Hypoxylon loculiferum, Rhizomorpha tuberculosa,
+Cryptothamnium usneaeforme, Rhizomorpha setiformis, Chaenocarpus
+setosus, Chaenocarpus Simonini. The date expert must have had quite a
+job.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Xylaria adnata as described by Fuckel (Rhizomorpha adnata), and
+unknown to me, is evidently very similar to the preceding plant,
+but grows closely adnate to rotten beech wood.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria fragilis (Rhizomorpha fragilis) is imperfectly known
+from old records in Europe. It is probably same as above.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria hispidissima (Rhizomorpha hispidissima) from East Indies
+is known only from old description. It is an evident Xylaria and
+seems to be same as recently collected, adventitious in a hot
+house in Hungary, and distributed as Xylaria hungarica.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria annulata, described in 1820 from West Indies as
+Thamnomyces annulatus and unknown otherwise, reads like
+Thamnomyces chardalis, but the branches of the latter are not
+known to be "annulated under a lens."</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig854.png" width="396" height="140" alt="Fig. 854." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 854.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">XYLARIA ANNULIPES, described and figured by Montagne as Thamnomyces
+annulipes from Brazil, is same as since named Xylaria marasmoides (Fig.
+854) by Berkeley. Berkeley does not mention the rings on the stem as
+shown so plainly in Montagne's enlarged figure, nor can I note them with
+a lens on my photograph of Berkeley's or Montagne's types. Spegazzini
+refers marasmoides as a synonym for annulipes, no doubt correctly.
+Theissen refers it as a synonym for Xylaria aristata, an evident error.
+Xylaria vermiculus, recently published from Brazil by Sydow, as
+"Saccardo n. sp. in litt.," is, both from description and photograph,
+evidently the same as Xylaria annulipes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig855.png" width="396" height="211" alt="Fig. 855." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 855.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="section">XYLARIA MELANURA (Fig. 855), West Indies, described as Chaenocarpus
+melanurus and compiled in Saccardo in section Thamnomyces, is evidently
+same as Xylaria gracillima in sense of Berkeley and Montagne, but not I
+believe as to Fries. We present a photograph made from L&eacute;veill&eacute;'s
+cotype.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Xylaria axillaris was not compiled in Thamnomyces in Saccardo,
+but is evidently a very similar if not the same plant as Xylaria
+setosa, and is only known from Currey's original account from
+Africa. It is about a half inch high, with filiform stem, and
+few, superficial perithecia. Spores are given as 25 to 32 mic.,
+which are much larger than those of setosa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Xylaria patagonica as named by Crombie as Thamnomyces and
+compiled in Saccardo, Vol. 9, was based on Dillenius' old (1741)
+figure t. 13, f. 11, from Patagonia, which, as far as the figure
+goes, could be Xylaria setosa. Of course, nothing as known about
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria Schwackei, named by Hennings from Brazil, seems from
+description to be Xylaria melanura.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria Warburgii, named by Hennings from New Guinea, seems from
+the crude figure to be Xylaria carpophila.</p>
+
+<p>Xylaria luzonensis, named from Philippines by Hennings, seems
+from crude figure to be Xylaria multiplex in original sense of
+Fries (not Thiessen).</p></div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/fig856.png" width="792" height="444" alt="Fig. 856. Engleromyces G&oelig;tzei." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 856. Engleromyces G&oelig;tzei.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>THE GENUS ENGLEROMYCES.</h2>
+
+<p>Plants large, subglobose, with alveolate, sinuate carbonous exterior.
+Stroma white, fleshy, 1&frac12;-2 cm. thick. Perithecia carbonous, forming
+several stratose layers, imbedded in the stroma in the depressions.
+Spores 12-15&times;18-24, dark, smooth, curved, agreeing with Xylaria spores.</p>
+
+
+<p>ENGLEROMYCES G&OElig;TZEI (Figs. 856 and 857).&mdash;This is the largest
+Pyrenomycete, and as far as known only occurs in Eastern, tropical
+Africa. In 1900 Hennings described and named it, and there are several
+specimens on exhibition in the museum at Berlin. Some years later (1906)
+a specimen reached Paris from the same region. It was sent to the
+anthropological museum at Paris, the collector taking it for a
+fossilized skull. The reference to a skull is not inappropriate as will
+be noted from our photograph (Fig. 857) from the specimen at Paris.
+Patouillard, not knowing of course what Hennings had done at Berlin,
+renamed it Colletomanginia paradoxa. Our figure 856 shows a section, and
+the arrangement of the perithecia. Practically nothing is known as to
+its habits. Patouillard states it occurs on the trunk of Abies, Hennings
+on Bamboo. We feel that on publication of our photograph there will be
+no occasion for further names for it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 725px;">
+<img src="images/fig857.png" width="720" height="446" alt="Fig. 857" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 857</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><span class="label"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1">[1]</a></span>
+Thus there is no doubt whatever in my mind that Camillea
+turbinata is Sphaeria caelata of Fries, but not knowing the
+Friesian species from specimens, I take the only sure name I
+know. Montagne refers it to Camillea poculiformis, but I do not
+think he knew more about it than I do, and I do not know anything
+excepting the "description."</p>
+
+<p><span class="label"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2">[2]</a></span>
+So shown in one specimen on Fig. 848, but doubtful if it is a
+character of the plant.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large
+Pyrenomycetes, by C. G. Lloyd
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Synopsis of Some Genera of the Large Pyrenomycetes
+       Camilla, Thamnomyces, Engleromyces
+
+
+Author: C. G. Lloyd
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 7, 2007  [eBook #21761]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNOPSIS OF SOME GENERA OF THE
+LARGE PYRENOMYCETES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Victoria Woosley, La Monte H. P. Yarroll, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 21761-h.htm or 21761-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/6/21761/21761-h/21761-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/7/6/21761/21761-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+      Irregularities or errors in spelling, punctuation or
+      capitalization have been preserved as in the original text.
+
+      Text bolded in the original is delimited by '#', underlined
+      text by '=' and italic text by '_'.
+
+      The paragraphs immediately before and after "SECTION 2.
+      PHYLACIA." were rendered in smaller font in the original
+      text. The context does not seem to indicate an intent to
+      block quote (see "SPECULATION" later in text), so this has
+      been transcribed as normal text.
+
+
+
+
+=SYNOPSIS= OF =SOME GENERA= OF THE =LARGE PYRENOMYCETES=
+
+CAMILLEA
+
+THAMNOMYCES
+
+ENGLEROMYCES
+
+_by_
+
+C. G. LLOYD
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CINCINNATI, OHIO, JANUARY, 1917
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GENUS CAMILLEA.
+
+
+The receipt of a nice specimen of Camillea Cyclops from Rev. Torrend,
+Brazil, has induced us to work over the similar species in our
+collection. On our last visit to Europe we photographed the various
+specimens we found in the museums, but did not study them as to
+structure. However, they make such characteristic photographs that we
+believe the known species can be determined from our figures.
+
+We are all familiar with the common Hypoxylons that form little globose,
+black balls, usually on dead limbs, in our own woods. They have a solid
+carbonous interior with the perithecia imbedded near the surface. There
+have been over two hundred alleged Hypoxylons, mostly from the tropics.
+We have never worked them over, but suspect that a number of them from
+the tropics, when examined, will be found to be Camilleas. If the
+specimens were examined, no doubt "prior" specific names would be found
+for several of this list.[1]
+
+In the old days all similar carbonous fungi were called Sphaeria.
+Montagne first received a section of Sphaeria with cylindrical form,
+from South America. The perithecia were long, cylindrical, and were
+arranged in a circle or were contiguous, near the summit of the stroma.
+He proposed to call it Bacillaria, as a section of Sphaeria, but the
+name being preoccupied, he, at the suggestion of Fries, afterwards named
+it in honor of himself, Camillea, Montagne's first name being Camille.
+
+The original species were separated into a genus by Montagne in 1855,
+and five species listed, and it is a curious fact that these five
+species, as well as all others that have since been added, are of the
+American tropics. I have not worked over the "Hypoxylons" in the
+museums, but as far as the records go the genus Camillea does not occur
+in other tropical countries.
+
+In 1845 Leveille announced that he had discovered a plant resembling an
+Hypoxylon which had, however, the spores borne on filaments
+(acrogenous), and not in perithecia. He called it Phylacia globosa, and
+classified it in Sphaerioidaea. The specimen (Fig. 847) is still at
+Paris. Saccardo has omitted it, and states that Phylacia is probably a
+pycnidial condition of Hypoxylon turbinatum. Both were guesses, one
+statement surely, and both probably, wrong. The interior is filled with
+a powder that under the microscope appears to be made up of ligneous
+filaments mixed with a few spores. These filaments appear to me to be
+the disintegrated walls of the perithecia, and not the "filaments that
+bear the spores." From analogy, at any rate, the spores of all these
+similar species are probably borne in asci which disappear early, and
+Phylacia seems to be the same genus as Camillea, the walls of the
+perlthecla disintegrating and forming a powdery mass. If this view is
+correct, Camillea can be divided into two sections.
+
+#EUCAMILLEA.#--Perithecia persistent.
+
+#PHYLACIA.#--Perithecia early disintegrated.
+
+
+SECTION 1. EUCAMILLEA.
+
+
+CAMILLEA LEPRIEURII (Fig. 826).--Carbonous, black, cylindrical, 2-3 cm.
+long, 3-4 mm. thick. Apex truncate, excavate. Perithecia linear, near
+apex of stroma. Asci (teste Montagne) linear, 8 spored. Spores (pale)
+spindle shape, dark, 6-7 x 25-35 mic.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 826.#]
+
+A most peculiar and apparently a rare species. All the specimens I have
+noted came to Montagne from Leprieur, French Guiana. Berkeley records it
+from Brazil, Spruce, but I think it has not been collected in recent
+years. Our figure 826 is from specimens in Montagne's herbarium, and
+these are three times as long as the specimen Montagne pictures. I saw
+no such short specimens. Patouillard has given a detailed account of the
+structure of the plant. The perithecia are arranged in a circle neat the
+apex of the stroma. The spores are spindle shaped (rather than caudate,
+as Montagne shows them) and 25 to 35 mic long. Patouillard claims that
+Hypoxylon melanaspis has same spores and structure, and is the pulvinate
+form of Camillea Leprieurii. It does not seem possible to me, but I can
+not say to the contrary.
+
+
+CAMILLEA BACILLUM (Fig. 827).--Stroma cylindrical, black, 1 cm. long, 1
+mm. thick. Apex truncate, shown punctulate in Montagne's drawing. Spores
+dark, reniform.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 827.#]
+
+This is very similar to the preceding in shape, but is a much smaller
+species with different spores (teste Montagne). We have only seen the
+originals in Montagne's herbarium, from which our figure is made. The
+drawing given by Montagne represents the plant better than our
+photograph. Montagne records the species from Cuba and French Guiana. We
+think it a very rare plant.
+
+
+CAMILLEA MUCRONATA (Fig. 828).--Stroma cylindrical, black, 6 mm. long, 3
+mm. thick. Apex with a prominent, mucronate point. Perithecia linear,
+contiguous, near the apex of the plant. Asci cylindrical. Spores oblong
+(M.) 31/2 to 4 x 10 mic., colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 828.#]
+
+This also is a rare species, only known from the original collection by
+Leprieur, French Guiana. Our photograph is from the type. In the
+original drawing there is a circle of little acute protuberances shown
+near the apex of the plant. We can see but faint indication of them in
+our photograph.
+
+
+CAMILLEA LABELLUM (Fig. 829).--Plant short, cylindrical, about a cm.
+tall and thick, with a depressed disc. Perithecia contiguous, forming at
+layer beneath the disc. Spores (M.) fusiform, dark, 30 mic., long.
+
+I believe the plant is only known from the original collection in
+Montagne's herbarium, from Leprieur, French Guiana. It does not follow,
+however, that it is such a rare plant, but only that the plants of the
+region have been scantily collected. Our figure is a photograph of the
+types.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 829.#]
+
+
+CAMILLEA TURBINATA (Figs. 830-833).--Plants obconic or turbinate, about
+a cm. tall and broad, growing in a dense cluster from a common, mycelial
+carbonous base. The summit is truncate, and marked with a raised central
+disc, which is thin and in old plants breaks irregularly. A section of a
+young plant (Figs. 831 x6) shows the lower part composed of rather soft,
+carbonous tissue, the upper filled with a light brown powder, composed
+of spores mixed with hyphae tissue. In old plants the tops break in, the
+powder is dissipated, and there remains (Fig. 833) a bundle of carbonous
+tubes, the walls of the perithecia. Finally, these break up and
+disappear, leaving the upper part of the plant hollow. The spores are
+elliptical, 6-7 x 16-18 mic., smooth, light colored. The asci which
+disappear at at very early stage, are shown by Moeller as oval, each
+containing 8 spores.
+
+This is at common plant in our American tropics, and was named by
+Berkeley, as Hypoxylon turbinatum, but in a later paper he referred it
+to Camillea turbinata. It is compiled in Saccardo as Hypoxylon. I doubt
+not but that it was named Sphaeria caelata by Fries many years "prior."
+Spegazzini found it abundantly, and noting that it was not a good
+Hypoxylon, puzzled over it in two or three papers and finally also
+concluded that it was at Camillea. Moeller also "discovered" it, and
+although the common plant was well known in other centers, the rumors
+had not reached Berlin, hence he "discovered" it was a new genus, which
+he dedicated to his friend, Dr. Hennings and called it Henningsinia
+durissima. Fortunately, he gave a good figure by which his "discovery"
+could be interpreted.
+
+We have beautiful specimens from Dr. J. Dutra, Brazil, from which our
+figure was made, also we have specimens from Rev. Rick.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 830.# Camillea turbinata. (Side view, natural size.)]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 831.# Section with spore mass (X 6).]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 832.# Same, top view.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 833.# Section after dispersion of spores.]
+
+
+CAMILLEA CYCLOPS.--Plants short, cylindrical, or semi-globose, black,
+about 4 mm. in diameter, erumpent from a common mycelial origin, and
+distributed regularly over the matrix. They are produced at intervals of
+about 1/2 cm, and apparently never two contiguous. Apex a circular,
+rounded depression, with a slightly elevated disc. Perithecia arranged
+in a central bundle, with permanent, carbonous walls (Fig. 835 x6).
+Spores oblong, 8 x 12, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 834.# Camillea Cyclops.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 835.#]
+
+While this as probably not a rare plant in the American tropics, it
+appears to have been only known from the Leprieur collections sent to
+Montagne. We have recently gotten it from Rev. Torrend, Brazil, and the
+receipt of the specimens inspired this pamphlet. I notice on some of
+these specimens (not all) little protruding points that are similar to
+those that Montagne shows, near the apex of Camillea mucronata. These
+appear like abortive surface perithecia, but I do not find any clue to
+their nature, and I do not know what they are. Cyclops was the name of a
+giant in mythology that had but one eye in the middle of his forehead.
+Thus species has but one "eye," but it is hardly a giant.
+
+In the same paper in which Montagne lists Camillea Cyclops, he names
+and figures Hypoxylon macromphalum. I can not tell the photograph
+(Fig. 837) I made of the type from the photograph of Camillea Cyclops.
+From Montagne's sectional figure, the perithecia are arranged in the
+same manner, and the two plants are surely cogeneric and, I believe,
+identical. A close reading of Montagne's description discloses but one
+point of difference. He records that in Hypoxylon macromphalum the
+ostioles are prominent, and in a close examination of my photograph, I
+do note minute points on the disc that are absent from Camillea
+cyclops. Still I believe they are the same plant.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 837.#]
+
+
+SECTION 2. PHYLACIA.
+
+
+This might be made a genus, corresponding to Hypoxylon as to stroma,
+but having the stroma hollow and filled with a pulverulent mass. In
+reality, I think it is a better Camillea, the perithecia arranged the
+same way, not permanent, but broken up at an early stage. Of course,
+it is only an inference. Leveille states that it has the spores borne
+on hyphae (acrogenous), but I do not place much value on Leveille's
+statements. Patouillard, after admitting that he saw nothing but this
+powdery mass, adds "it is probable that the spores were contained in
+logettes with fugacious walls, of which only the marks on the inner
+side of the cavity remain." It would have been better if he had
+stopped there, but he goes on to propose afterwards that Hypoxylon
+Bomba should be held distinct from Camillea under the name Phylacia,
+because it presents a form "stylospored" and a form "ascospored." He
+does not give the reason for the assertion that it is "stylospored,"
+not even citing the uncertain testimony of Leveille. Phylacia might be
+held distinct from Camillea on the ground of the powdery mass and the
+early disappearance of the perithecia and ascus walls. There is
+nothing new about that. It was done years ago by Fries who called the
+"genus" Leveilleana, which is a tip for some future name-juggler. All
+that is really known about its early structure is only from inference,
+and that inference is contrary to its having been "stylospored."
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 838.#  #Fig. 839.#  #Fig. 840.#
+               Camillea Sagraena. Fig. 838, a cluster natural size;
+               Fig. 839, broken specimen as often seen; Fig 840, two
+               long stipe specimens.]
+
+
+CAMILLEA SAGRAENA (Figs. 838-840).--Plants oblong about 3-4 mm.,
+stipitate or substipitate at the base, growing densely caespitose, in
+patches, black, smooth, the apices usually obscurely mammillate. Stipes
+usually short, but sometimes 6-8 mm. long, and when growing in clusters,
+the bases consolidated by a carbonous stroma. Interior of the receptacle
+in two compartments (Fig. 841 x6), the lower filled with soft tissue,
+black around the edges, but _white_ in the center. The upper compartment
+filled with a mass of spores mixed with a few fragments of hyphae.
+Spores narrowly elliptical, 6 x 12, straight, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 841.#]
+
+In Cuba I made abundant collections of this species. It grew in patches
+from the thin bark, usually on the branches of a dead tree. I do not
+know the name of the tree, but I think it was only on one kind, one of
+the few softwood trees of Cuba. Camillea Sagraena is undoubtedly a
+common species in the American tropics. It has never been well
+described, and the white tissue of the interior lower half, which is a
+very rare occurrence in similar black, carbonous plants, has never been
+noted. A "new genus" might be based on this feature. It is quite fragile
+and the broken bases as shown (Fig. 839) are often all that remain of it
+when old. Camillea surinamensis as named by Berkeley from specimens from
+Surinam, type at Kew, is exactly the same species. Berkeley does not
+record it from Cuba, but from Nicaragua, and the specimen is supposed to
+be illustrated by Ellis in his plate 38. It may have been the plant, but
+if so, it was so inaccurately drawn that it would never be recognized.
+In addition to my abundant collections from Cuba, I have a scanty
+collection also from Cuba from E. B. Sterling.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 844.#  #Fig. 845.#
+               Camillea Bomba. Fig. 844 on bark; Fig. 845 on hard wood.]
+
+
+CAMIILLEA BOMBA (Figs. 844, 845).--Plants globose, sessile, 4-6 mm. in
+diameter, black, smooth, without any disc. Dehiscing by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow on the interior (Fig. 846 x6) filled with a
+brown powder, composed of spores mixed with abundant hyphae remnants of
+the perithecia and asci. Spores 6-7 x 10-12, elliptical, pale colored.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 846.#]
+
+This seems to be a frequent species in tropical America. I collected it
+in Cuba and have specimens from Miss Barrett, Jamaica, and L. J. K.
+Brace, Bahamas. The latter specimens grew erumpent from thin bark, and
+the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of the stroma. A thin,
+black mycelial stroma underlies the bark. Those I collected in Cuba were
+somewhat larger, and more irregular. Some grew in same manner, erumpent
+from thin bark and the broken bark forms a kind of cup at the base of
+the stroma, others on the naked, hard wood and grew more compact. In the
+latter case the black stroma at the base was thicker and more in
+evidence. There is no question but that Camillea Bomba is cogeneric with
+Camillea Sagraena, but the gleba of the latter consists almost entirely
+of spores, while in the former there is considerably more hyphae
+remnants than spores.
+
+
+CAMILLEA GLOBOSA (Fig. 847).--Plants densely caespitose, sessile,
+globose, black, smooth. 7-8 mm. in diameter. Opening by irregular
+fracture. Stroma hollow, filled with a brown mass of spores and hyphae
+remnants. Spores elliptical.
+
+Leveille named this from a specimen from Tolima, Columbia, South
+America. The type Fig. 847 is all than is known to me. Leveille spins a
+long story about it having spores borne on filaments, merely a wrong
+deduction, I think, from his having found filaments (of the perithecia
+walls?) mixed with the spores. Saccardo, who evidently did not take much
+stock in Leveille's story, omitted the species, suggesting that it was a
+form of Camillea turbinata. Saccardo's conclusions were almost as bad as
+Leveille's.
+
+We have not examined any specimens of Camillea globosa, but suspect a
+section would show two divisions of the gleba, as in the next. In fact,
+with the exception of the stipe, it appears to be the same plant, and
+abundant collections may show them as only sessile and stipitate forms
+of the same thing.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 847.#]
+
+
+CAMILLEA POCULIFORMIS (Figs. 848 and 849).--Plants caespitose,
+stipitate, globose or obovate, smooth, black, 8-15 mm. in diameter.
+Stroma somewhat flattened at apex, opening circumscissally[2] or
+breaking irregularly. Stipe 8-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, black. Stroma
+hollow, the interior in two divisions, a narrow layer above, the fertile
+portion with a few spores in abundant, hyphae remnants, the lower
+(corresponding to the sterile base of a Lycoperdon) of matted hyphae.
+Spores short, elliptical, 9 x 14, pale colored, scantily found.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 848.# Camillea poculiformis.]
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 849.#]
+
+The pulverulent mass is rather firm, and remains after the peridium
+breaks up. Camillea poculiformis was named Corynelia poculiformis in
+Weigel's old exsiccatae, about a hundred years ago. It came from South
+America. Years later Montagne published it as Hypoxylon poculiformis,
+and Leveille as Phylacia poculiformis. I can not trace it from Fries'
+writings, though no doubt Fries had it and doubtless named it. The old
+specimens of Weigel's exsiccatae are found in most museums of Europe,
+and all the publishing has been done on this one collection. I have a
+nice collection (Fig. 848), made by T. J. Collins in Guatemala.
+
+
+SPECULATIONS.
+
+    The scanty knowledge we have of the real structure of this group
+    of plants leaves much to speculation. They are all evidently
+    closely related plants, and I think best classified under one
+    general head, or genus, Camillea. They are quite different from
+    the Hypoxylons of the temperate region, although we do not
+    question that the tropical species are included in Saccardo
+    mostly under Hypoxylon. When we come to compare what little we
+    know of the species we find several differences on which
+    "genera" could be based, and no doubt will be in time. In the
+    original sense, Camillea might be restricted to the two
+    cylindrical species, C. Leprieurii and C. Bacillum.
+
+    Then we have the short, cylindrical or globose forms with
+    persistent or semi-persistent perithecia, Camillea Labellum, C.
+    Cyclops and C. turbinata with the intermediate species C.
+    mucronata. The above will form one, or two, genera, according to
+    taste.
+
+    In the following plants we find no perithecia in the ripe
+    specimens, hence of course they will in time be considered a
+    genus. We believe there are two distinct differences between the
+    few species we know, corresponding with the old ideas of Bovista
+    and Lycoperdon in the puff balls. Camillea Sagraena and C.
+    poculiformis, with two divisions of the gleba, a fertile and a
+    sterile portion, and Camillea Bomba and C. globosa (?) with
+    homogenous gleba. The species Camillea Sagraena differs from the
+    other in having the fertile portion composed largely of spores
+    (scanty in others) and in having part of the sterile portion of
+    uncolored hyphae. Of course, it will form a "genus." Thus the
+    genus Camillea can be easily divided into five "genera" and we
+    make the suggestion for the benefit of those engaged in breaking
+    up the old genera, and proposing new names to which to add their
+    own. Who will rise to the occasion?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GENUS THAMNOMYCES.
+
+
+This is included in Saccardo as part of Xylaria, but we feel is well
+entitled to generic rank. It was proposed by Ehrenberg in 1820 for a
+curious species collected in Brazil. The genus differs from Xylaria in
+having the fruiting bodies on the ends of branches, which in one
+species are dichotomous, or in the other two species sessile or
+subsessile and borne on a slender rhachis. There are conflicting
+accounts of the structure of these bodies. The original, by Ehrenberg,
+represents them as hollow bodies, with the perithecia imbedded in the
+walls. That also is as shown by Cooke and is the usual idea. Moeller, on
+the contrary, represents each body as a perithecium, and our examination
+confirms Moeller's view. If Moeller's account is true, as it seems to
+be, it is a strong reason why Thamnomyces should not be classed with
+Xylaria.
+
+The usual Xylaria has a white, sterile, central portion known as the
+stroma, bearing a carbonous crust. The perithecia are generally imbedded
+in the outer portion of the stroma, the mouths opening through the
+carbonous crust. The walls of the perithecia are carbonous, and
+confluent with the crust. The genus Thamnomyces has a slender stem,
+entirely carbonous. This seems to have been the main difference between
+it and Xylaria in the old classification, but the character is
+fallacious.
+
+There are Species of Xylaria that have no white stroma. The stem is
+slender and carbonous and bears the carbonous fruit bodies, superficial,
+but sessile and globose. Fries proposed for these species, the generic
+name Rhizomorpha, which Saccardo united with Thamnomyces as a section of
+Xylaria. In my view it is an entirely different idea from Thamnomyces
+and should form a section in itself in the genus Xylaria. There are
+Several species like Xylaria scopiformis that intimately connect
+Rhizomorpha with Xylaria.
+
+We believe the genus Thamnomyces, in the true sense, embraces only three
+species as follows:
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 850.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES CHAMISSONIS (Fig. 850).--Stem Carbonous, black, smooth,
+repeatedly dichotomously branched, the ultimate branches bearing ovate,
+acute fruiting bodies. Structure of these bodies shown by Moeller is
+entirely carbonous, hollow, each forming a single, carbonous
+perithecium. Spores shown by different authors as of different shapes
+and sizes. In our specimens they are 9 x 20-28 mic., dark, and arctuate.
+They closely resemble the ordinary Xylaria spore.
+
+This was originally named from Brazil by Ehrenberg, who gave a good
+illustration of it. It has therefore escaped all synonyms, excepting by
+Cooke, who discovered it was a new species and called it Thamnomyces
+dendroidea. Hennings also discovered it from Africa, first as a new
+variety, then as a new species, Thamnomyces camerunensis, but of course
+everything that came to Hennings must be "new" something. It grows on
+rotten, hard wood, and does not seem frequent in our American tropics.
+In Africa, however, I judge it is more abundant as numbers of African
+collections are in the museum at Berlin. We have only received it once,
+at nice specimen (Fig. 850) from R. H. Bunting, Gold Coast, Africa.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 851.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES CHORDALIS (Fig. 851).--Stem long, slender, several
+proceeding from a common base, entirely carbonous, black, smooth.
+Fruiting bodies (or perithecia?) sessile along the stem, ovate, with
+slender apices, black. Spores oblong, arctuate, dark.
+
+This, I believe, is only known from tropical America, but is apparently
+not rare as it is recorded a number of times, mostly from Brazil. Fries
+named it from French Guiana in 1830 and gave a characteristic
+description of it. A co-type with the fruit mostly gone is at Kew. Later
+Montagne got it also from French Guiana and gave a good figure and
+description under the name Thamnomyces rostratus. He thought it was
+different from Fries' species on account of the spores not being
+globose, but the "globose" spores of the original description is
+doubtless an error. The plants are surely the same. As Montagne's figure
+is characteristic, the plant when subsequently found has usually been
+recorded under his name. We present in our figure both Montagne's and
+Fries' type.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 852.#]
+
+THAMNOMYCES FUCIFORMIS (Fig. 852).--In general appearance, this is the
+same as Thamnomyces chordalis, but a much larger plant. The fruit
+bodies (perithecia?) are more slender and are short, stalked. Our
+figure, which is about half the spike, will show exactly the difference
+between the two species. The plant was named by Berkeley from specimens
+collected in Brazil by Spruce, and to this day is only known from this
+old collection. The name is from the habits, "those of a fucus rather
+than a fungus," a far-fetched comparison, for my impression is there are
+no fuci that are carbonous, or have much resemblance to this plant.
+
+
+RELATED PLANTS.
+
+The following plants are compiled in the section Thamnomyces in
+Saccardo. None of them are true Thamnomyces, and most of them could go
+into Fries' genera Rhizomorpha. I do not believe, however, it is
+possible to keep Rhizomorpha separate from Xylaria. The type species
+Xylaria setosa is quite different from the normal type of Xylarias in
+having entirely carbonous, filiform stems and superficial perithecia,
+but both of these features merge into Xylaria through so many
+intermediate species that there is no drawing the line of demarcation.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 853.#]
+
+XYLARIA SETOSA (Fig. 853).--Stem densely fasciculate, filiform, black,
+entirely carbonous. Perithecia ovate, sparse, rarely developed. Spores
+(teste Fuckel), ovoid, dark, 10 x 16 mic.
+
+This is a rare plant in Europe, growing on old sacks, matting, carpets,
+and similar refuse. It is generally found in cellars. I think it is not
+known on wood nor recorded in the United States. It resembles carbonized
+horse hair and was called "horse hair usnea" by old Dillenius. Our
+photograph of the specimen at Kew will give a good idea of it, although
+from the account it grows erect, and is not matted. Both Bulliard and
+Sowerby gave characteristic figures, both from plants growing in
+cellars, on old mats. It has had a great number of names, and is
+recorded in Saccardo as Xylaria hippotrichoides, the specific name
+proposed by Sowerby and used by Persoon. Some very recent juggler, I
+have forgotten who, dug up the old name setosa, which I adopt as being
+less cumbersome. Occasionally these jugglers do propose some improvement
+in names, and I believe in encouraging them, when their wonderful date
+dictionary discoveries are really better names. Saccardo gives the
+following synonyms: Sphaeria hippotrichoides, Ceratonema
+hippotrichoides, Hypoxylon loculiferum, Rhizomorpha tuberculosa,
+Cryptothamnium usneaeforme, Rhizomorpha setiformis, Chaenocarpus
+setosus, Chaenocarpus Simonini. The date expert must have had quite a
+job.
+
+    Xylaria adnata as described by Fuckel (Rhizomorpha adnata), and
+    unknown to me, is evidently very similar to the preceding plant,
+    but grows closely adnate to rotten beech wood.
+
+    Xylaria fragilis (Rhizomorpha fragilis) is imperfectly known
+    from old records in Europe. It is probably same as above.
+
+    Xylaria hispidissima (Rhizomorpha hispidissima) from East Indies
+    is known only from old description. It is an evident Xylaria and
+    seems to be same as recently collected, adventitious in a hot
+    house in Hungary, and distributed as Xylaria hungarica.
+
+    Xylaria annulata, described in 1820 from West Indies as
+    Thamnomyces annulatus and unknown otherwise, reads like
+    Thamnomyces chardalis, but the branches of the latter are not
+    known to be "annulated under a lens."
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 854.#]
+
+XYLARIA ANNULIPES, described and figured by Montagne as Thamnomyces
+annulipes from Brazil, is same as since named Xylaria marasmoides (Fig.
+854) by Berkeley. Berkeley does not mention the rings on the stem as
+shown so plainly in Montagne's enlarged figure, nor can I note them with
+a lens on my photograph of Berkeley's or Montagne's types. Spegazzini
+refers marasmoides as a synonym for annulipes, no doubt correctly.
+Theissen refers it as a synonym for Xylaria aristata, an evident error.
+Xylaria vermiculus, recently published from Brazil by Sydow, as
+"Saccardo n. sp. in litt.," is, both from description and photograph,
+evidently the same as Xylaria annulipes.
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 855.#]
+
+XYLARIA MELANURA (Fig. 855), West Indies, described as Chaenocarpus
+melanurus and compiled in Saccardo in section Thamnomyces, is evidently
+same as Xylaria gracillima in sense of Berkeley and Montagne, but not I
+believe as to Fries. We present a photograph made from Leveille's
+cotype.
+
+    Xylaria axillaris was not compiled in Thamnomyces in Saccardo,
+    but is evidently a very similar if not the same plant as Xylaria
+    setosa, and is only known from Currey's original account from
+    Africa. It is about a half inch high, with filiform stem, and
+    few, superficial perithecia. Spores are given as 25 to 32 mic.,
+    which are much larger than those of setosa.
+
+    Xylaria patagonica as named by Crombie as Thamnomyces and
+    compiled in Saccardo, Vol. 9, was based on Dillenius' old (1741)
+    figure t. 13, f. 11, from Patagonia, which, as far as the figure
+    goes, could be Xylaria setosa. Of course, nothing as known about
+    it.
+
+    Xylaria Schwackei, named by Hennings from Brazil, seems from
+    description to be Xylaria melanura.
+
+    Xylaria Warburgii, named by Hennings from New Guinea, seems from
+    the crude figure to be Xylaria carpophila.
+
+    Xylaria luzonensis, named from Philippines by Hennings, seems
+    from crude figure to be Xylaria multiplex in original sense of
+    Fries (not Thiessen).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 856.# Engleromyces Goetzei.]
+
+THE GENUS ENGLEROMYCES.
+
+
+Plants large, subglobose, with alveolate, sinuate carbonous exterior.
+Stroma white, fleshy, 11/2-2 cm. thick. Perithecia carbonous, forming
+several stratose layers, imbedded in the stroma in the depressions.
+Spores 12-15x18-24, dark, smooth, curved, agreeing with Xylaria spores.
+
+
+ENGLEROMYCES GOETZEI (Figs. 856 and 857).--This is the largest
+Pyrenomycete, and as far as known only occurs in Eastern, tropical
+Africa. In 1900 Hennings described and named it, and there are several
+specimens on exhibition in the museum at Berlin. Some years later (1906)
+a specimen reached Paris from the same region. It was sent to the
+anthropological museum at Paris, the collector taking it for a
+fossilized skull. The reference to a skull is not inappropriate as will
+be noted from our photograph (Fig. 857) from the specimen at Paris.
+Patouillard, not knowing of course what Hennings had done at Berlin,
+renamed it Colletomanginia paradoxa. Our figure 856 shows a section, and
+the arrangement of the perithecia. Practically nothing is known as to
+its habits. Patouillard states it occurs on the trunk of Abies, Hennings
+on Bamboo. We feel that on publication of our photograph there will be
+no occasion for further names for it.
+
+[Illustration: #Fig. 857.#]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [1] Thus there is no doubt whatever in my mind that Camillea
+        turbinata is Sphaeria caelata of Fries, but not knowing the
+        Friesian species from specimens, I take the only sure name I
+        know. Montagne refers it to Camillea poculiformis, but I do not
+        think he knew more about it than I do, and I do not know anything
+        excepting the "description."
+
+    [2] So shown in one specimen on Fig. 848, but doubtful if it is a
+        character of the plant.
+
+
+
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