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diff --git a/21410-h/21410-h.htm b/21410-h/21410-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..483672b --- /dev/null +++ b/21410-h/21410-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6183 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Isle of Pines, by Henry Neville</title> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> +<style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + blockquote {font-size: 97%; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Isle Of Pines (1668), by Henry Neville</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Isle Of Pines (1668)<br /> +and, An Essay in Bibliography by W. C. Ford</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Neville</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Commentator: Worthington Chauncey Ford</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 7, 2007 [eBook #21410]<br /> +[Most recently updated: June 22, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: David Widger</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ISLE OF PINES (1668) ***</div> + + <p> + <a name="top" id="top"> </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h1> + <h2> + By Henry Neville + </h2> + <h3> + 1668 + </h3> + <h2> + An Essay in Bibliography + </h2> + <h3> + by WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + </h3> + <h4> + Boston <br /> <br /> The Club of Odd Volumes 1920 <br /> <br /> COPYRIGHT, + 1920, BY THE CLUB OF ODD VOLUMES + </h4> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="pinestp (43K)" src="images/pinestp.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + TO<br /> <br /> Charles Lemuel Nichols <br /> <br /> lover of books <br /> + <br /> colleague <br /> <br /> FRIEND + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <table summary="" cellpadding="5" border="4"> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + ETEXT TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Numbers enclosed in double curly brackets + are the page numbers of the original 1668 edition. This html file + displays the long S as in the original printed text. If preferred + <a href="#normal">click here to see the long S transcribed to the + modern small S.</a> DW + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <big><b>THE ISLE OF PINES</b></big> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> THE DOWSE COPIES </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> DUTCH EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> FRENCH EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> ITALIAN EDITION </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> GERMAN EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> THE COMBINED PARTS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> THE PUBLISHERS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> THE AUTHOR </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> THE STORY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> INTERPRETATIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> <big><b>THE ISLE OF PINES, The combined Parts as + issued in 1668</b></big> </a> + </p> + + <div class="chapter"> + + <h2> + PREFATORY NOTE + </h2> + <p> + My curiosity on the "Isle of Pines" was aroused by the sale of a copy in + London and New York in 1917, and was increased by the discovery of two + distinct issues in the Dowse Library, in the Massachusetts Historical + Society. As my material grew in bulk and the history of this hoax + perpetrated in the seventeenth century developed, I thought it of + sufficient interest to communicate an outline of the story to the Club of + Odd Volumes, of Boston, October 23, 1918. The results of my investigations + are more fully given in the present volume. I acknowledge my indebtedness + to the essay of Max Hippe, "Eine vor-De-foesche Englische Robinsonade," + published in Eugen Kölbing's "Englische Studien" xix. 66. + </p> + <p> + WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + </p> + <p> + Boston, February, 1920 + </p> + + </div><!--end chapter--> + + <div class="chapter"> + + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h2> + <h3> + OR, <br /> <br /> A late Diſcovery of a fourth ISLAND in <br /> Terra Auſtralis, + Incognita. <br /> <br /> BEING + </h3> + <p> + <i>A True Relation of certain Engliſh perſons, Who in the dayes + of Queen Elizabeth making a Voyage to the Eaſt India, were caſt + away, and wracked on the Iſland near to the Coaſt of Auſtralis, + and all drowned, except one Man and four Women, whereof one was a Negro. + And now lately Ann Dom. 1667, A Dutch Ship driven by foul weather there, + by chance have found their Poſterity (ſpeaking good Engliſh) + to amount to ten or twelve thouſand perſons, as they suppoſe. + The whole Relation follows, written, and left by the Man himſelf a + little before his death, and declared to the Dutch by His Grandchild.</i> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h2> + <p> + The scene opens in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the year 1668, where in one of the + college buildings a contest between two rival printers had been waged for + some years. Marmaduke Johnson, a trained and experienced printer, to whose + ability the Indian Bible is largely due, had ceased to be the printer of + the corporation, or Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New + England, but still had a press and, what was better, a fresh outfit of + type, sent over by the corporation and entrusted to the keeping of John + Eliot, the Apostle. Samuel Green had become a printer, though without + previous training, and was at this time printer to the college, a position + of vantage against a rival, because it must have carried with it + countenance from the authorities in Boston, and public printing then as + now constituted an item to a press of some income and some perquisites. By + seeking to marry Green's daughter before his English wife had ceased to + be, Johnson had created a prejudice, public as well as private, against + himself.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Mass. Hist Soc. Proceedings, xx. 265. +</pre> + <p> + Each wished to set up a press in Boston itself, but the General Court, + probably for police reasons, had ordered that there should be no printing + but at Cambridge, and that what was printed there should be approved by + any two of four gentlemen appointed by the Court. It thus appeared that + each printer possessed a certain superiority over his rival. In the matter + of types Johnson was favored, as he had new types and was a trained + printer; but these advantages were partially neutralized by indolence and by + Green's better standing before the magistrates.{1} + </p> + <p> + In England the excesses of the printing-press during the civil war and + commonwealth led to a somewhat strict though erratically applied + censorship under the restoration. A publication must be licensed, and the + Company of Stationers still sought, for reasons of profit, to control + printers by regulating their production. The licensing agent in chief was + a character of picturesque uncertainty and spasmodic action, Roger + L'Estrange, half fanatic, half politician, half hack writer, in fact half + in many respects and whole only in the resulting contradictions of purpose + and performance. On one point he was strong—a desire to suppress + unlicensed printing. So when in 1668 warrant was given to him to make + search for unauthorized printing, he entered into the hunt with the zeal + of a Loyola and the wishes of a Torquemada, harrying and rushing his prey + and breathing threats of extreme rigor of fine, prison, pillory, and stake + against the unfortunates who had neglected, in most cases because of the + cost, to obtain the stamp of the licenser.{2} + </p> + <p> + New England was at this time England in little, with troubles of its own; + but, having imitated the mother country in introducing supervision of the + press, it also started in to investigate the printers of the colony, two + in number, seeking to win a smile of approval from the foolish man on the + throne. With due solemnity the inquisition was made. Green could show that all + then passing through his press had been properly licensed. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 See the chapters on Green and Johnson in Littlefield, + <i>The Early Massachusetts Press, 197, 209</i>. + + 2 L'Estrange was called the "Devil's blood hound." <i>Col. S. + P., Dom. 1663-1664, 616</i>. +</pre> + <p> + Johnson, less fortunate, was caught with one unlicensed piece—"The + Isle of Pines." A fine of five pounds was imposed upon him, as effectual + in suppressing him as though it had been one of five thousand pounds. He + could now turn with relish to two books then on his press, "Meditations on + Death and Eternity" and the "Righteous Man's Evidence for Heaven;" for + Massachusetts Bay, with its then powerful rule of divinity without + religion, or religion without mercy, held out small hope of his meeting + such a fine within the expedition of his natural life. But he made his + submission, petitioned the General Court in properly repentant language, + acknowledged his fault, his crime, and promised amendment{1} The fine was + not collected, and the principal result of the incident was to further the + very natural union of Johnson and Green, but with Johnson as the lesser + member in importance. + </p> + <p> + No copy of Marmaduke Johnson's issue of the "Isle of Pines" has come to + light in a period of 248 years. It might well be supposed that the + authorities caught him before the tract had gone to press, and so snuffed + it out completely. Our sapient bibliographers have dismissed the matter in + rounded phrase: "'The Isle of Pines' was a small pamphlet of the Baron + Munchausen order, which in its day passed through several editions in + England and on the Continent,"{2} a description which would fit a hundred + titles of the period. In July, 1917, Sotheby announced the sale of a + portion of the Americana collected by "Bishop White Kennett (1660-1728) + and given by him to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in + Foreign Parts." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The petition it in Littlefield, <i>i. 248</i>. + + 2 <i>Mats. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, xi. 247</i>. +</pre> + <p> + Lot No. 113 was described as follows: + </p> + <p> + [Neville (Henry)] The Isle of Pines, or a late Discovery of a fourth + Island in Terra Australis, Incognita, being a True Relation of certain + English persons who in the dayes of Queen Elizabeth, making a Voyage to + the East Indies, were cast away and wracked upon the Island, <i>wanting + the frontispiece, head-line of title and some pagination cut into, Bishop + Kenneths signature on title. sm. 4to S. G. for Allen Banks, 1668</i>. + </p> + <p> + The pamphlet was sold, I am told, for fourteen shillings,{1} and resold + shortly after to a New York bookseller for fifty-five dollars. He was + attracted by the imprint, which read in full, "London, by <i>S. G.</i> for + <i>Allen Banks</i> and <i>Charles Harper</i> at the <i>Flower-Deluice</i> + near <i>Cripplegate</i> Church." The general appearance of the pamphlet + was unlike even the moderately good issues of the English press, and the + "by S. G." not only did not answer to any London printer of the day, + except Sarah Griffin, "a printer in the Old Bailey,"{2} but was in form + and usage exactly what could be found on a number of the issues of the + press of Samuel Green, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The sale took place July 30, 1917. + + 2 Only once does her name occur in the <i>Term Catalogues</i>, + when in February, 1673, the prints George Buchanan' + <i>Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis Poetica</i>, which told for two + shillings a copy. Samuel Gellibrand was not a printer but a + bookseller, with a shop "at the Ball in St. Paul's + Churchyard." +</pre> + <p> + On comparing the first page of the text of his purchase with the same page + of an acknowledged London issue of the "Isle of Pines" in the John + Carter Brown Library,{1} the bookseller concluded that the two were + entirely different publications. + </p> + <p> + An expert cataloguer connected with one of the large auction firms of New + York then took up the subject. After a study of the tract he became + assured that it could only have been printed by Samuel Green, of + Cambridge, and he brought forward facts and comparisons which seemed + conclusive and for which he deserves much credit. It was a clever bit of + bibliographical work. With such an endorsement as to rarity and quality + the pamphlet was again put to the test of the auction room. The cataloguer + stated his case in sufficient fulness of detail and the first page of the + text was reproduced.{2} Naturally the discovery sent a little thrill + through the mad-house of bibliography. The tract was knocked down for $400 + to a bookseller from Hartford, Connecticut, presumably for some local + collection. The incident would have passed from memory had it not been for + one of those accidents to which even the amateur bibliographer is liable. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 No. 5 in the Bibliography, page 93, infra. + + 2 <i>Nuggets of American History</i>, American Art Association, + November 19, 1917. The <i>Isle of Pines</i> was lot 142, and was + introduced by the words, "Cambridge Press in New England." + The catalogue was prepared by Mr. F. W. Coar. +</pre> + <hr /> + <p> + In the bitter days of the winter of 1917-18 the working force of the + Massachusetts Historical Society was contracted into one room—the + Dowse Library—where was at least a semblance of warmth in the open fireplace. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE DOWSE COPIES + </h2> + <p> + One afternoon, when I had finished my work and the others had left, I + picked up the catalogue of the Dowse Library and began idly to turn over + its leaves. Incidentally, that catalogue is characteristic of the older + methods of the Society. As is known to the elect, no book in the Dowse + Library can ever leave the room in which it now rests, and of the + catalogue twenty-five copies were printed and never circulated. If the + library had been left in the Dowse house in Cambridgeport, its existence + and contents could not have been more successfully hidden from the world. + While reading the titles in a very casual way, my eye was caught by one + which gave me a start. It read: + </p> + <p> + Sloetten (Cornelius van). The Isle of Pines; or a Late Discovery of a + Fourth Island in Terra Australis Incognita. London, printed by G. S. for + Allen Banks, 1668. With a New and Further Discovery of the Isle of Pines, + 1668; and a duplicate of the Isle of Pines. 1 vol. small 4to, calf supr., + gilt leaves. A most interesting, rare, and valuable work. + </p> + <p> + Even against the Editor of the Society the Dowse books are kept behind + lock and key, though he is not under more than ordinary suspicion. So I + was obliged to wait till the next day before my curiosity could be + satisfied. I then found a thin volume, less than one-third of an inch in + thickness, containing two copies of this very tract which the auction + expert had identified as an issue of the "Isle of Pines" by Green, and a + London issue of a second part of the "Isle of Pines," with the name of + Cornelius Van Sloetten, as author. For more than fifty years this little + volume had reposed in this well-known yet almost forgotten library, and no + one had suspected or questioned the nature of its contents. + </p> + <p> + For full fifty years it had been in the care and at the call of Dr. Samuel + A. Green, who claimed to be an expert on New England imprints of the + seventeenth century, and one of the great wishes of whose life had been to + establish his descent from this very printer, Samuel Green. Two copies + within the same covers, of a tract long sought and of which only a single + example had come to light in two centuries and a half—was not that + alone something of a bibliographical coup? + </p> + <p> + I read two of the pieces—one of the Green issues and the second part + as printed in England—making a few notes for future use. On + returning to the matter some weeks later I found to my annoyance that + every reference to the Green tract but one was wrong as to the page. Cold, + haste, or weariness will account for a single or possibly two errors of + reference, but to have a whole series—except one—go wrong + pointed to failing eyes or mind. Very much put out, I read the tract a + second time and corrected the page references, carefully checking up the + result. Some days after I again took up the matter, and in verifying my + first quotation found that I had again put down the wrong page number, and + was surprised to find that the correct page was the one I had first given. + This proved to be the case in all the references—except one. A book + which could thus change its page numbering from week to week was bewitched—or + I was careless. It occurred to me to compare the two copies of the tract + as published by Green. The title-pages were exactly alike—not + differing by so much as a fly speck, but one copy contained ten pages of + text and the other only nine. + </p> + <p> + More than that, the general style and the types were quite different One was printed + in a well-known broad but somewhat used type, such as could be seen in + Green's printing, and the other in a finer font with much italic. There + was no possibility of confusing the two issues. Only one conclusion was + possible. I had in this volume the publication by Green, and the original + issue by Marmaduke Johnson, but with Green's title-page. So for we seem to + rest upon solid ground. It may be surmised that Green set up his "Isle of + Pines" in rivalry to Johnson, but did not incur the discipline of the + authorities; or that he had set it up and also took over Johnson's + edition, using his own title-page; and in either case it is possible that + a simple subterfuge, the imprint, "by S. G. for Allen Banks and Charles + Harper," a London combination of publishers, caused the tract to escape + the attention of the examining local censors. Here was another step in + developing the history of this tract—the discovery of one of + Johnson's issues, except for the title-page. So far as the American + connection is concerned, it only remains to discover a Johnson issue with + a Johnson title-page, for in his apology and submission to the General + Court he states that he had "affixed" his name to the pamphlet. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + The European connection is also not without interest, for the skit—the + first part of the "Isle of Pines," published without name of author—had + an extraordinary run. + </p> + <p> + In 1493 a little four-leaved translation into Latin of a Columbus letter announcing the discovery of + islands in the west—De insulis nuper inventis—ran over Europe, + startling the age by a simple relation which proved a marvellous tale as + taken up by Vespuccius, Cortes, and a host of successors.{1} For a century + the darkness of a new found continent slowly lifted and the record was + collected in Ramusio, in De Bry, in Hulsius, and in Hakluyt, never felling + treasuries of the wonderful, veritable schools for the adventurous. + Another century had shown that, so fer from decreasing in greatness and in + opportunities, the field of discovery had not begun to be tested, and in + the summer of 1668 a new island—the Isle of Pines—was flashed + before the London crowd, and proved that the flame of quest with danger + was still burning. A new island! The interest was international, for + nations had already long fought over the old discovered lands. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The intelligent industry of Mr. Wilberforce Eames has + identified eleven issues of the letter of Columbus, printed + in 1493, in Barcelona, Rome, Basle, Paris, and Antwerp; and + twelve issues of the <i>Novus Mundus</i> of Vespucci us, printed + in 1504, in Augsburg, Paris, Nuremberg, Cologne, Antwerp, + and Venice. An earlier and even more extraordinary + distribution of a letter of news is that of the letter + purporting to be addressed by Prester John to the Emperor + Manuel, which circulated through Europe about 1165. "How + great was the popularity and diffusion of this letter," + writes Sir Henry Yule, "may be judged in some degree from + the fad that Zarncke in his treatise on Prester John gives a + list of close on 100 mss. of it Of these there are eight in + the British Museum, ten at Vienna, thirteen in the great + Paris Library, and fifteen at Munich. There are also several + renderings in old German verse." The cause of this + popularity was the hope offered by the reported exploits of + Prester John of a counterpoise to the Mohammedan power. + <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 11th ed., xxii. 305. +</pre> + <p> + An even greater contest was being waged for commerce, and with the + experience of Spain in gathering the precious metals from new found lands, every + discovery of hitherto uncharted territory opened the possibility of wealth + and an exchange of commodities, if rapine and piracy could not be + practised. The merchant was an adventurer, and politics, quite as much as + trade, controlled his movements; for the line between trader, buccaneer, + and pirate faded away before conditions which made treaties of no + importance and peaceful relations dependent upon an absence of the hope of + gain. A state of war was not necessary to prepare the way for attack and + plunder in those far distant oceans, and the merchantman sailed armed and + ready to inflict as well as to repel aggression, only too willing to + descend upon a weaker vessel or a helpless settlement of a power which had + come to be regarded as a "natural enemy." So in Holland and in Germany the + leaflets containing the story of the Isle of Pines were received with + mingled feelings, exciting a desire to share in the possible benefits to + be gained or extorted from natives of the new lands, or from those who had + the first opportunity to exploit a virgin territory. On the first receipt + of those leaflets merchants held back their vessels about to sail, to + await more definite information on this fourth island of the Terra + Australis incognita. + </p> + <p> + An examination of the known issues of the tract proves this interest and + offers an almost unique study in bibliography; for I doubt if any + publication made in the second half of the seventeenth century—even + a state paper of importance, as a treaty—attained such speedy and + widespread recognition. A list of the various issues will be found in an + appendix: it only remains to call attention to a few of the many novelties + and variant characteristics of the editions. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + DUTCH EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + In June and July, 1668, four tracts on the Isle of Pines from the same pen + were licensed and published in London, which may for convenience be + designated the first and second parts of the narrative, and the two parts + in continuation. From London the tract soon passed to Holland, which had + ever been a greedy consumer of voyages of discovery, for the greatness of + that nation depended upon the sea, at once its most potent enemy and + friend.{1} Three Dutch editions have been found, the earliest in point of + time being that made by Jacob Vinckel, of Amsterdam. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Holland was the centre of map publication as the twenty + yean before 1668 saw the issue of atlases by Jansson, Blaeu, + Mercator, Doncker, Cellarius, Loon, Visscher, and Goos, all + published at Amsterdam. Phillips' list for this period gives + atlases published elsewhere—those of Boissevin (Paris, + 1653), Lubin (Paris, 1659), Nicolosi (Rome, 1660), Dudley + (Florence, 1661), Du Val (Paris, 1662), Jollain (Paris + 1667), Cluver (Wolfen-bûttel, 1667?) and Ortelius (Venice, + 1667). +</pre> + <p> + His second title is an exact translation of the second title of the London + first part. This version, however, omitted an essential part of the + relation. The London second title is also that of the issue made at + Amsterdam by Jacob Stichter, being the Vinckel version, word for word, and + almost line for line, but the type used is the gothic, and the spelling of + words is not the same. Further, Stichter was possessed of some imagination + and decorated his title-page with a map of a part of the island, showing + ranges of hills, a harbor or mouth of a river, with conventional + soundings, and two towns or settlements. As each of these issues contains + only eight pages of text, the first London part only was known to the + publishers. The third Dutch edition was put out by Joannes Naeranus, at + Rotterdam, and in a foreword he gives the following reason for issuing the + tract: + </p> + <p> + To the Reader A part of the present relation is also printed by Jacob + Vinckel at Amsterdam, being defective in omitting one of the principal + things, so do we give here a true copy which was sent to us + authoritatively out of England, but in that language, in order that the + curious reader may not be deceived by the poor translation, and for that + reason this very astonishing history fall under suspicion. Lastly, admire + God's wondrous guidance, and farewell. + </p> + <p> + His publication contains twenty pages of text, and is not an accurate + translation of the English tract in parts, but rather a paraphrase of the + text. To make the confusion the greater, he expressly states on the title-page + that he used a copy received from London, and gives the London imprint + which will fit only the first London part. For "by S. G." appears only on + the title-page of that part. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FRENCH EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + From Amsterdam and under date July 19, 1668, a summary of the earlier + Dutch issue with two paragraphs of introduction was sent to Paris, and was + printed in a four-page pamphlet by Sébastien Marbre Cramoisy, the king's + printer, whose name is so honorably connected with the Jesuit Relations—stories + as remarkable as any offered in the "Isle of Pines" and of immeasurable + value on the earliest years of recorded history in our New England. Even + this summary, thus definitely dated, offers problems. The location of the + island is given in general terms in the half-title as "below the + equinoctial line," and in the text as in "xxviii or xxix degrees of + Antartique latitude." Nowhere in the first London part is either location + used, and in the second London part, which bears nearly the same date as + the Cramoisy summary—July 22—twenty degrees of latitude is + given. The writer of the summary thus allowed himself some freedom. + </p> + <p> + A second French edition, without imprint, contains eleven pages and is a + translation of the first London part, paraphrased in sentences, but on the + whole a close rendering of the English text There never was a title-page + to this issue—the first page having the signature-mark A—yet + with eleven pages only, it would seem fit that a title-page + should round out the twelve for the convenience of printing. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ITALIAN EDITION + </h2> + <p> + The Italian issue, made by Giacomo Didini, in Bologna and Venice, is a + literal translation of Cramoisy's publication, and bears the same date, at + Amsterdam, July 19, 1668. The original probably came from Paris, though it + is possible that some Dutch merchant in Amsterdam sent a circular letter + on the discovered Isle to his correspondents in Paris and Venice. It is + unsafe to conjecture in such matters, for an Amsterdam issue may yet be + found which will give, word for word, the French and Italian versions. Our + ignorance on the press of the continent of those times, and especially the + want of files of "corantos," or news sheets, close a wide field of + research to the American inquirer. The catalogue of the British Museum + gives 1669 as the probable year of issue. I see no good reason for + rejecting 1668 as the more probable year. If the tract could go from + London to Cambridge, in New England, in three months, it could pass from + Amsterdam to Italy, by land or by sea, in an equal time. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + GERMAN EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + From Holland the relation also penetrated the German states, finding ready + welcome and arousing eager curiosity. Hippe regards the tract issued by + Wilhelm Serlin, at Frankfort on the Main, as the first of the German + publications, and, being translated from the Dutch, he shows that the + translator used both the Amsterdam and the Rotterdam publications.{1} The + Hamburg version claimed to be derived from the English original, but it + followed closely the Serlin translation from the Dutch with modifications + which might have been drawn from the London tract. An edition not + mentioned by Hippe or identified by any bibliographer is in the John + Carter Brown Library, and opens with the statement that it is translated + from the English and not from the Dutch. It closely follows the text of + the London first part. Very likely it is the edition found at Copenhagen, + if the similarity of titles offers an indication of the contents. South + Germany obtained its information from France, and while neither of the two + issues avowedly translated from the French gives the place of publication, + the fact that one is in Munich and the other in Strassburg offers some + reason to conjecture that they came from the presses of those cities. The + Munich issue is for the most part a summary of what was in the first + London issue, and, if translated directly from a French version, must have + been from one not now located, for it is different from those in the list + in this volume. Of the Strassburg text, Hippe states that it follows the + Rotterdam pamphlet Finally, at Breslau is what calls itself a complete + publication of the combined parts from a copy obtained from London, but it + is more probably based upon the Dutch translations printed in Amsterdam + and Rotterdam, with additions drawn from the English.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Hippe, 11. + + 2 On these German issues Hippe is full, but I have given + only what is needed to identify them. +</pre> + <p> + One of the strangest uses made of the narrative of Pine is to be found in + Schoeben's translation into German of Jan Mocquet's "Voyages en Africque," + etc., a work of some estimation which had already twice been published in + France and once in a Dutch translation before Schoeben printed his edition + in 1688. As pages inserted quite arbitrarily in Mocquets compilation, + Schoeben gave Pine's story in full, with a paragraph of introduction which + not a little abuses the truth while giving an additional color of truth. + He asserted that while kept at Lisbon by the Dutch blockade, he was thrown + much in the company of an Englishman, one of the Pine family, who were all + regarded as notable seamen. From this man, then awaiting an opportunity to + sail for the West Indies, our author heard a very strange story of the + origin of the Pines, a story then quite notorious at Lisbon. Then follows, + with some embroidery, a version of the Neville pamphlet, which is not like + any German translation seen by me, but so full as to extend over ten pages + of the volume. It ends with a reiteration of the wholly false manner in + which this story had been obtained. So bold an appropriation of the + narrative, with a provenience entirely new and as fictitious as the story + itself, and its bodily inclusion by an editor in a work of recognized + merit, where it is between two true recitals, cannot be defended.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Mocquet's work originally appeared in Rouen in 1645, and a + Dutch translation was published at Dordrecht in 1656. A + second French issue, apparently unchanged in text, was put + out at Rouen in 1665, and in 1618 Schoeben's edition, + printed at Lûneberg by Johann Georg Lippers, preceded by + eight years an English translation made by Nathaniel Pullen. + The Pine tract appears, of course, only in Schoeben's + volume. +</pre> + <p> + The tract passed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, before or early in + September, and it would indeed be interesting to know how and through whose hands it + passed before reaching Marmaduke Johnson—to his undoing. Hezekiah + Usher was the only bookseller in Boston at the time, and possibly his son, + John, may have been associated with him. They ordered what they desired + from London booksellers and publishers, and may have received voluntary + consignments of publications from London. That would be a somewhat + precarious venture, for nothing could be more different than the reading + markets in Boston and in London, especially in the lighter products of the + press. Had it come through the Ushers, the title-page might state that it + had been printed "by M. J. for Hezekiah Usher," but in that event Usher + would have suffered for not obtaining the needed license. The probability + is that Johnson was alone responsible and was tempted by the hope of gain. + </p> + <p> + These were all contemporary issues, coming from the press within six + months of the first appearance of the tract in London. So startling a + popularity, so widely shown, was a tribute to the opportunity rather than + to the contents of the piece. And the European interest continued for a + full century. In Germany it was included in a number of collections of + voyages, in Denmark it was printed in 1710 and 1789, and in France Abbé + Prévost took it for his compilation of 1767 on discoveries. The English + republication of 1778 has peculiar interest, for it was due to no other + than Thomas Hollis, the benefactor of the library of Harvard College, who + saw more in the tract than can now be recognized, and induced Cadell to + reprint it. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT + </h2> + <p> + In the absence of any positive objection, the conclusion of the auction + expert—that the S. G. imprint was one of Samuel Green of Cambridge, + Massachusetts—remained unquestioned. But a study of editions and of + the chronological sequence of the English issues offers a decided negative + to such a conclusion. The first part was licensed June 27, 1668. Van + Sloetten dated the second part July 22, 1668, and the issue of the + combined parts was licensed five days later, July 27. In the space of just + four weeks all three trads were licensed, and the actual publication must + have occurred within the same period of time. Such had been the start + obtained by the first part that on the continent it was used for reprint + and translation, almost to the neglect of the second part, and, as we have + seen, most of these translations appeared before the end of 1668. Now the + tract was not known in Massachusetts until discovered by the inquest on + printers in September, and a S. G. or Samuel Green edition could hardly + have come from the press before October, even if not delayed by the + proceedings against Johnson. Yet on die title-page of the Dutch + translation issued at Rotterdam in 1668, the printer states at length that + it is from a copy from London, by S. G. for Allen Banks and Charles + Harper, in the Lily near Cripplegate Church, and in his note "To the + Reader" he expressly repeats that he obtained a copy of the work from + London, in order to correct a faulty issue by another Dutch printer. + </p> + <p> + If S. G. was Samuel Green, we must suppose that one of his Cambridge + issues was shipped to Rotterdam in time to be translated and reprinted before + the end of the year. In point of time the thing could be done, but in + point of probability it was impossible. Apart from his own statement, + there were a thousand to one chances in favor of the Dutch printer + obtaining the pamphlet from London; there were ten thousand chances to one + against his getting it from Massachusetts. I reject the supposition that + this was a Cambridge imprint for that reason alone. + </p> + <p> + Additional evidence hostile to the claim may be adduced. The copy of the + first tract in the British Museum is the S. G. for Banks and Harper.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 It is erroneously described as "an abridgment." +</pre> + <p> + No other London imprint is to be found there or in the larger libraries of + England. Of the three other copies located, that sold at audion (the White + Kennett copy) and that in the Massachusetts Historical Society came direct + from England, and the actual provenance of the copy in the New York + Historical Society is not known. It belonged to Rufus King, long United + States minister near the court of St James's, and is bound with other + tracts under a general title of "Topographical Collection, Vol. I." The + binding, Mr. Kelby tells me, is American. There is no mark to show when or + where King obtained the pamphlet, and the Society did not receive it until + 1906. That Rufus King belongs as much to Massachusetts as to New York is + too slight a foundation on which to erect a claim that this particular + tract was of Massachusetts origin. + </p> + <p> + In no case, therefore, can an American setting to any one of the four + known copies of the S. G. "Isle of Pines" be established.{1} The probabilities + are all against Samuel Green. The incident is a good example of the danger + of giving play to the imagination on an appearance of a combination of + fads cemented by interest. + </p> + <p> + Thus disappears from our memory the certain identification of the S. G. + pamphlet as an early issue of the press in Cambridge, and with it goes my + identification of the Johnson pamphlet with the S. G. title-page—a + veritable pipe dream. It might be urged that as White Kennett was + collecting on America, it would be more than probable that he would have + had an American issue; but his own catalogue of 1713 describes the + nine-page tract, and that is our London edition. I might claim still that + my Johnson was a Johnson, with a London title-page; but the typographical + adornment on the first page of its text is just the same as the adornment + on the first page of the London issue—three rows of fleur-de-lys, + thirty-seven in each row, and the same kind of type characters.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Lowndes indexes it under George Pine, and describes a + nine-page trait—probably the one now in the British Museum. + He quotes a sale of a copy in it 60 (Puttkk) for £4.10s. He + indexes the combined parts under Sloetten, and notes a copy, + with the plate, sold in the White Knights sale for 1s.. + + 2 To attempt to reason from types or rule of thumb + measurements, however suggestive, leads to indefinite + conclusions. For example, the width of the type page of the + S. G. issue of the first part is exactly that of the English + issue of the second part, but the former has 33 tines to the + page and the latter a a. The width of the page in the + variant S. G. issue is narrower and there are 38 and 39 + lines to the page. But in the London second part the width + of page varies by a quarter of an inch. We have Marmaduke + Johnson's issue of Paine's <i>Daily Meditations</i> y issued in + 1670 in connection with S. G. The ornamental border of + fleur-de-lys is entirely different from those in the S. G. + <i>Isle of Pines</i>. A copy of Johnson's issue of Scottow's + translation of Bretz on the Anabaptists, printed in 1668, + the very year of the <i>Isle of Pines</i>, shows a different foot + of italics from that used in the <i>Isle of Pines</i> variant, + yet the roman characters in the two pieces seem identical, + and the width of page is exactly the same. +</pre> + <p> + So I bid farewell to my theory, and can only congratulate myself + on having cleared one point—the London issue—and on having + introduced a new confusion by the discovery of a second London issue with + an identical title-page, a problem for the future to solve. I much doubt + if a true Johnson issue will ever be found, for I believe the action of + the authorities prevented its birth. + </p> + <p> + In the library of Mr. Henry E. Huntington is a London issue of which I do + not find another example. It contains sixteen pages, and the title-page + gives neither printer's name nor place of publication. It may be the first + issue, or it may be a later re-issue of the tract, for the type, + especially the italic, is better than that in the S. G. issue. The + punctuation also is more carefully looked after, and the whole appearance + suggests an eighteenth century print. As the original was duly licensed, + there was no reason to suppress the names of printer or booksellers. Nor + could the contents of the piece call out controversy or hostility from any + political faction or religious following. It was proper for the author to + omit his name from the publication, if he desired to remain unknown; but + the publisher, having the support of the licenser, had every reason to + advertise his connexion with the tract, although he could not have + anticipated so ready an acceptance by the public. While I place the + Huntington pamphlet first in the bibliography, I am more inclined to + regard it as a publication made at a later time. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE COMBINED PARTS + </h2> + <p> + The English edition of thirty-one pages in the John Carter Brown Library, + with an engraved frontispiece,{1} offers still further proof that the S. + G. issue was made in London. In place of being entirely different from the + S. G. tract, it is precisely the same so far as text is concerned. For it + is nothing more than the two parts combined, but combined in a peculiar + manner. The second part was opened at page 6 and the first part inserted, + entire and without change of text{2} This insertion runs into page 16, + where a sentence is inserted to carry on the relation: "After the reading + and delivering unto us a Coppy of this Relation, then proceeded he on in + his discourse." The rest of the text of the second part follows, and pages + 27-31 of the combined parts seem to be the very type pages of pages 20-24 + of the second part{3} In this sandwich form one must read six pages before + coming to the text of the first part, and a careless reader, comparing + only the respective first pages, would conclude that a pamphlet of + thirty-one pages could have no likeness to one of nine. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The plate in the copy in the John Carter Brown Library + does not belong to that issue, but is inserted in so clumsy + a manner as to prevent reproduction. The same plate is found + in a copy of the ten-page S.G. issue in the library of Mr. + Henry E. Huntington, and to all appearances belongs to that + issue. + + 2 The last sentence on page 6 of the second part read: + "Then proceeded he on in his discourse saying," and there + are no pages numbered 7 and 8, although there is no break in + the text, the catch-word on page 6 being the first word on + page 9. In the combined parts, the last words on page 6 + constitute a phrase: "which Copy hereafter followeth." + + 3 The only change made is in the heading of the Post-script, + which was wrongly printed in the second part as "Post- + script." On page 26 of the combined parts the words "except + burning" were inserted, not appearing in the second part. +</pre> + <p> + On typographical evidence it is safe to assume that the three pieces came + from the same press, and to assert that the second part and the combined + parts certainly did. The initials S. G. are found only on the first part. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE PUBLISHERS + </h2> + <p> + The imprints of the three parts agree that the booksellers or publishers + handling the editions were Allen Banks and Charles Harper. The first part + gives their shop as the "Flower-De-luice near Cripplegate Church," the + second part as the "Flower-de-luce" as before, and the combined parts as + "next door to the three Squerrills in Fleet-street, over against St. + Dunstans Church." The church is still there, with more than two centuries + of dirt and soot marking its walls since Neville wrote, and Chancery and + Fettar Lanes enable one to place quite accurately the location of the + booksellers' shop. Only three times do the names of Banks and Harper + appear as partners on the Stationers' Registers,{1} and they separated + about 1671, Banks going to the "St Peter at the West End of St Pauls." If + any judgment may be drawn from their publications after ceasing to be + partners, Banks leaned to light literature and may have been responsible + for taking up the "Isle of Pines." Yet Harper was Neville's publisher in + 1674 and in 1681, a fact which may indicate a personal relation.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Eyre and Rivington, ii. 386, 388, and 410. + + 2 Sec page 34, infra. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM + </h2> + <p> + By some curious chance this little pamphlet has come to be classed as + Americana. Bishop Kenneth's Catalogue may have been the source of this + error, leading collectors to believe that the item was a true relation of + an actual voyage, and possibly touching upon some phase of American + history or geography. The rarity of the pamphlet would not permit such a + belief to be readily corrected. The existence also of two Isles of Pines + in American waters may have aided the belief. + </p> + <p> + One of these islands is off the southwestern end of Cuba. On his second + voyage, Columbus had sailed along the south coast of Cuba, and June + 13,1494, reached an island, which he named Evangelista. Here he + encountered such difficulties among the shoals that he determined to + retrace his course to the eastward. But for that experience, he might have + reached the mainland of America on that voyage. The conquest of the island + of Cuba by Diego Velasquez in 1511 led to its exploration; but geographers + could only slowly appreciate what the islands really meant, for they were + as much misled by the reports of navigators as Columbus had been by his + prejudice in favor of Cathay. + </p> + <p> + Toscanelli's map of the Atlantic Ocean (1474) gives many islands between + Cape Verde and the "coast of spices," of which "Cippangu" is the largest + and most important.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 This map, as reconstructed from Martin Behaim's globe, is + in <i>Scottish Geographical Magazine</i>, 1893. +</pre> + <p> + On Juan de laCosa's sea chart, 1500, Cuba is fairly drawn, with the sea to + the south dotted with islands without names. In a few years the mist + surrounding the new world had so far been dispelled as to disclose a quite accurate detail + of the larger West Indian islands{1} and to offer a continent to the west, + one that placed Cipangu still far too much to the east of the coast of + Asia.{2} An island of some size off the southwest of Cuba seems to have + been intended at first for Jamaica, but certainly as early as 1536 that + island had passed to its true position on the maps, and the island to the + west is without a name. Nor can it be confused with Yucatan, which for + forty years was often drawn as an island. On the so-called + Wolfenbuttel-Spanish map of 1525-30 occurs the name "J. de Pinos," + probably the first occurrence of the name upon any map in the sixteenth + century. Two other maps of that time—Colon's and Ribero's, dated + respectively 1527 and 1529—call it "Y de Pinos," and on the globe of + Ulpius, to which the year 1542 is assigned, "de Pinos" is clearly marked. + Bellero's map, 1550, has an island "de pinolas." Naturally, map-makers + were slow to adopt new names, and in the numerous editions of Ptolemy the + label St Iago was retained almost to the end of the century.{3} On the + Agnese map there are two islands, one named "S. Tiago," the other "pinos," + which introduced a new confusion, though he was not followed by most + geographers until Wytfliet, 1597, gave both names to the same island—"S. + Iago siue Y de Pinas"—in which he is followed by Hondius, 1633.{4} + Ortelius, 1579, adopts "I Pinnorum," while Linschoten, 1598, has "Pinas," + and Herrera, 1601, "Pinos." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The Agnese Atlas of 1529 may be cited as an example. + + 2 See, for example, the so-called Stobnicza [Joannes, + Stobnicensis] map of 151a, and the Ptolemy of 1513 + (Strassburg). + + 3 Muenster, 1540. Cabot, 1544, and Desceller, 1546, give "Y + de Pinos." + + 4 Mr. P. Lee Phillips, to whom I am indebted for references + to atlases of the time, also supplies the following: + Lafreri, 1575 (?) "S. Tiagoj" Percacchi, 1576, "S. Tiago;" + Santa Cruz, 1541, "Ya de Pinosj" and Dudley, 1647, "I de + Pinos." Hakloyt (iii. 617) prints a "Ruttier" for the + West Indies, without date, but probably of the end of the + sixteenth century, which contains the following; "The + markes of Isla de Pinos. The Island of Pinos stretcheth it + selfe East and West, and is full of homocks, and if you + chance to see it at full sea, it will shew like 3 Islands, + as though there were divers soundes betweene them, and that + in the midst is the greatest; and in rowing with them, it + will make all a firme lande: and upon the East side of these + three homocks it will shewe all ragged; and on the West + side of them will appeare unto you a lowe point even with + the sea, and oftentimes you shall see the trees before you + shall discerne the point." +</pre> + <p> + When the name given by Columbus was dropped and by whom the island was + named "de Pinos" cannot be determined. + </p> + <p> + Our colleague, Mr. Francis R. Hart, has called my attention to a second + Isle of Pines in American waters, being near Golden Island, which was + situated in the harbor or bay on which the Scot Darien expedition made its + settlement of New Edinburgh. The bay is still known as Caledonia Bay, and + the harbor as Porto Escoces, but the Isla de Pinas as well as a river of + the same name do not appear on maps of the region. The curious may find + references to the island in the printed accounts of the unfortunate Darien + colony. + </p> + <p> + The Isle of Pines could thus be found on the map as an actual island in + the West Indies; but the "Isle of Pines" of our tract existed only in the + imagination of the writer. The mere fact of its having been printed—but + not published—in Cambridge, Massachusetts, does not entitle it to be + classed even indirectly as Americana, any more than Bunyan's Pilgrim's + Progress or Thomas à Kempis could be so marked on the strength of their having a + Massachusetts imprint Curiosities of the American press they may be, but + they serve only as crude measures of the existing taste for literature + since become recognized as classic. + </p> + <p> + The dignified Calendar of State Papers in the Public Record Office, + London, gravely indexes a casual reference to the tract under West Indies, + and the impression that the author wrote of the Cuban island probably + accounts for the different editions in the John Carter Brown Library, as + well as for the price obtained for the White Kennett copy. No possible + reason can be found, however, for regarding the "Isle of Pines" in any of + its forms as Americana. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE AUTHOR + </h2> + <p> + Thus far I have been concerned with externals, and before turning to the + contents of the tract itself in an endeavor to explain the extraordinary + popularity it enjoyed, something must be said of the author—Henry + Neville. Like most of the characters engaged in the politics of England in + the middle of the seventeenth century, he has suffered at the hands of his + biographer, Anthony à Wood,{1} merely because he belonged to the opposite + party—the crudest possible measure of merit For the <i>odium + politicum</i> and the <i>odium theologicum</i> are twin agents of + detraction, and the writing of history would be dull indeed were it not + for the joy of digging out an approximation to the truth from opposing + opinions. Where the material is so scanty it will be safer to summarize + what is known, without attempting to pass finally upon Neville's position + among his contemporaries. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Athenæ Oxoniemses (Bliss), iv. 413. +</pre> + <p> + The second son of Sir Henry Neville, and grandson of Sir Henry Neville + (1564?-1615), courtier and diplomatist under Elizabeth and James I, Henry + Neville was born in Billing-bear, Berkshire, in 1620. He became a commoner + of Merton College in 1635, and soon after migrated to University College, + where he passed some years but took no degree. He travelled on the + continent, becoming familiar with modern languages and men, and returned + to England in 1645, to recruit for Abingdon for the parliament Wood states + that Neville "was very great with Harry Marten, Tho. Chaloner, Tho. Scot, + Jam. Harrington and other zealous commonwealths men." His association with + them probably arose from his membership of the council of state (1651), + and also from his agreement with them in their suspicions of Cromwell, + who, in his opinion, "gaped after the government by a single person." In + consequence he was banished from London in 1654, and on Oliver's death was + returned to parliament December 30,1658, as burgess for Reading. An + attempt to exclude him on charges of atheism and blasphemy failed. + </p> + <p> + He was undoubtedly somewhat closely associated with James Harrington, the + author of "Oceana," and was regarded as a "strong doctrinaire republican." + He was a member of the club—the Rota—formed by Harrington for + discussing and disseminating his political views, a club which continued + in existence only a few months, from November, 1659, to February, 1660; + but its name is embalmed in one of Harrington's essays—"The Rota"—published + in 1660, and extracted from his "Art of Law-giving," which was itself an abridgment of + the "Oceana." + </p> + <p> + At this time, says Wood, Neville was "esteemed to be a man of good parts, + yet of a factious and turbulent spirit." On the restoration he "sculk'd + for a time," and, arrested for a supposed connection in the Yorkshire + rising of 1663, he was released for want of evidence against him, retiring + from all participation in politics. For twenty years before his death he + lived in lodgings in Silver Street, near Bloomsbury market, and dying on + September 20, 1694, he was buried in the parish church of Warfield, + Berkshire. By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Staverton of + Warfield, he had no issue.{2} In his retirement he found occupation in + political theory. He translated some of the writings of Machiavelli, which + he had obtained in Italy in 1645, and published some verses of little + merit. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + {1} Wood. + + {2} Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be said that a reading of Neville's productions before 1681 + raises him in our estimation, it certainly does not give the impression of + a man of letters, a student of government, or even a politician of the + day. There is always the possibility in these casual writings of a purpose + deeper than appears to the reader of the present day, of a meaning which + escapes him because the special combination of events creating the + occasion cannot be reconstructed. The "Parliament of Ladies," which was + published in two parts in 1647, has little meaning to the reader, though + they appeared in the year when the Parliament took notice of the "many + Seditious, False and Scandalous Papers and Pamphlets daily printed and + published in and about the cities of London and Westminster, and thence + dispersed into all parts of this Realm, and other parts beyond the Seas, to the great + abuse and prejudice of the People, and insufferable reproach of the + proceedings of the Parliament and their Army."{1} + </p> + <p> + To write, print, or sell any unlicensed matter whatsoever would be liable + to fine or imprisonment, and to whet the zeal of discovery one-half of the + fine was to go to the informer. Every publication, from a book to a + broadsheet, must bear the name of author, printer, and licenser. Neither + of Neville's pamphlets of 1647 conformed to the requirements of this act, + which is not, however, positive evidence that they did not appear after + the promulgation of the law. Suppression of printing has proved a + difficult task to rulers, even when supported by public opinion or an + army. The Stationers' Registers show that the "Parliament of Ladies" and + its sequel were not properly entered; nor do they contain any reference to + Neville's "News from the New Exchange," issued in 1650.{2} + </p> + <p> + Nine years passed before he printed a pamphlet which marked his break with + Cromwell—"Shuffling, Cutting, and Dealing in a Game of Picquet."{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, i. 1021. Though + dated September 30, the act was entered at Stationers' Hall + September 19. Eyre and Rivington, i. 276. + + 2 It was reprinted in 1731. + + 3 It is in the Harleian Miscellany, v. 298, and a copy of + the meanly printed original is in the Ticknor Collection, + Boston Public Library. +</pre> + <p> + This little pamphlet was put out in the poorest dress possible, bespeaking + a press of meagre equipment, and a printer without an idea of the form + which even the leaflet can assume in skilful hands. Without imprint, + author's name, or any mark of identification, it indicates a secret + impression and issue—one of the many occasional pamphlets which appeared at the time from + "underground" shops which least of all wanted to be known as the agent of + publication. Neville either avowed the authorship or it was traced to him, + and the displeasure of Cromwell and banishment from London followed. + </p> + <p> + In 1681 he printed "Discourses concerning Government," which was much + admired by Hobbes, and even Wood admits that it was "very much bought up + by the members [of parliament], and admired: But soon after, when they + understood who the author was (for his name was not set to the book), many + of the honest party rejected, and had no opinion of it" A later writer + describes it as an "un-Platonic dialogue developing a scheme for the + exercise of the royal prerogative through councils of state responsible to + Parliament, and of which a third part should retire every year."{1} + Reissued at the time under its better known title—"Plato + Redivivus"{2}—it was reprinted in 1742,{3} and again by Thomas + Hollis in 1763. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. + + 2 Plato Redivivus, or A Dialogue concerning Government: + wherein, by Observations drawn from other Kingdoms and + States both ancient and modern, an Endeavour is used to + discover the politick Distemper of our own; with the Causes + and Remedies. The Second Edition, with Additions. In Octavo. + Price 2s. 6d. Printed for S. I. and sold by R. Dew. The Term + Catalogues (Arber), 1.443—the issue for May, 1681. The + initials S. I. do not again occur in the Catalogues, and R. + Dew is credited with only two issues, both in May, 1681, + neither giving the location of his shop. The tract called + out several replies, such as the anonymous Antidotum + Brittanicum and Goddard's Plato's Demon, or the State + Physician Unmasked ( 1684). + + 3 A copy is in the Library Company, Philadelphia. +</pre> + <p> + His translations from Machiavelli are not so easily traced, nor is any + explanation possible for his having delayed for nearly thirty years + publication of evidence of his admiration for the Florentine politician. + He was not alone in desiring to make the Italian political moralist better + known, for translations of the "Discourses" and "The Prince," with "some + marginal animadversions noting and taxing his [Machiavelli's] errors," by + E. D.{1} was published in a second edition in November, 1673, but I do not + connect Neville with that issue. In the following year the connection of + Charles Harper's name with the "Florentine History" suggests Neville, as + does a more ambitious undertaking of the "Works," first fathered by + another London bookseller, but with which Harper was concerned in 1681: + </p> + <p> + The Florentine History, in Eight Books. Written by Nicholas Machiavel, + Citizen and Secretary of Florence: now exactly translated from the + Italian. In Octavo. Price, bound, 6s. Printed for Charles Harper, and J. + Amery, at the Flower de luce, and Peacock, in Fleet street.{2} + </p> + <p> + The Works of the Famous Nicholas Machiavel, Citizen and Secretary of + Florence. Containing, 1. The History of Flornce. 2. The Prince. 3. The + Original of the Guelf and Ghibilin Factions. 4. The life of Castrucio + Castraceni. 5. The murther of Vitelli, etc., by Duke Valentine. 6. The + State of France. 7. The State of Germany. 8. The Discourses of Titus + Livius. 9. The Art of War. 10. The Marriage of Belphegery a Novel.{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Edward Dacres. + + 2 The Term Catalogues (Arber i. 18—the issue for November + 25,1674.) It was entered at Stationers' Hall, June 20, + 1674, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and Master + Warden Mean" with the statement that the translation was + made by "J. D. Gent." + + 3 This novel wa added by Starker to a translation of novels + by Gomez deQueverdoy Villegas published in November, 1670. + The name of the printer suggests a connection with Neville. +</pre> + <p> + 11. Nicholas Machiavel's Letter in Vindication of himself and his Writings. + All written originally in Italian; and from thence newly and faithfully + Translated in English. In Folio. Price, bound, 18s. Printed for J. Starkey + at the Mitre in Flret street near Temple Bar. + </p> + <p> + [Same Title.] The Second Edition. Printed for J. Starkey, C. Harper, and + J. Amery, at the Miter, the Flower de luce, and the Peacock, in Flret + street. Folio. Price, bound, 16s.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The Term Catalogues (Arber) i.199—the issue for + February, 1675. Entered at Stationers' Hall, February 4, + 1674-75, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and + Master Warden Roycroft," with the statement that the + translation was made by "J.B. Salvo iure cuilibet." The + resort to L'Estrange in both instances is suggestive. 2 Ib + 453—the issue for June, 1681. "The Works of that famous + Nicholas Machiavel" is announced in the Catalogues, June, + 1675, for publication by R. Boulter, in Cornhill, and at the + same price of 18s., but I doubt if Neville had anything to + do with that translation. +</pre> + <p> + It may be admitted that questions of government were eagerly discussed in + the seventeenth century. It was only needed to live under the Stuarts and + to pass through the Civil War and Protectorate to realize that a + transition from the divinely anointed ruler to a self-constituted governor + resting upon an army, and again to a trial of the legitimate holder of + royal prerogative, offered an education in matters of political rule which + naturally led to a constitutional monarchy, and which could not be + equalled in degree or lasting importance until the American colonies of + Great Britain questioned the policy of the mother country toward her all + too energetic children. Hobbes' "Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power + of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil," appeared in 1651, a powerful + argument for absolutism, but cast in such a form as to make the writer an + unwelcome adherent to royalty in exile. + </p> + <p> + In 1652 Filmer published his "Observations concerning the Original of + Government," one of a series of tracts, completed by his "Patriarcha," + printed after his death, which has made him a prophet of the extreme + supporters of the divine origin of kingship. These are only examples of + the political discussion of the day, and to them may be added Harrington, + whose "Oceanan" appeared in 1656.{1} It satisfied no party or faction, and + a second edition was not called for until 1700, when other writings of the + author were added. This compilation was, in 1737, pirated by a Dublin + printer, R. Reilly, who added Neville's "Plato Redivivus;"{2} but the + third English edition (1747), issued by the same printer who made the + second edition, omitted Neville's tract. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Entered at Stationers' Hall by Livewell Chapman, + September 19,1656. Eyre and Rivington, ii. 86. + + 2 Bibliotheca Liudeusianat ii. 4228. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE STORY + </h2> + <p> + "The Isle of Pines" was Neville's fifth publication, issued nine years + after his fourth, a political tract: "Shuffling, Cutting and Dealing in a + Game of Picquet" Like most titles of the day, that of "The Isle of Pines" + did not fail in quantity. It was repeated word for word, except the + imprint, on the first page of the text. Briefly, the relation purports to + have been written by an Englishman, George Pine, who at the age of twenty + shipped as book-keeper in the <i>India Merchant</i>, which sailed for the + East Indies in 1569. + </p> + <p> + Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope and being almost within sight of St. + Lawrence's Island, now Madagascar,{1} they encountered a great storm of + wind, which separated the ship from her consorts, blew many days, and + finally wrecked the vessel on a rocky island. The entire company was + drowned except Pine, the daughter of his master, two maid-servants, and + one negro female slave. They gathered what they could of the wreckage, and + Pine and his companions lived there in community life, a free-love + settlement By the four women he had forty-seven children, and in his + sixtieth year he claimed to have 565 children, grandchildren, and + great-grandchildren. It was from one of his grandchildren that the Dutch + ship received the relation. Apart from the title-page, the entire tract is + occupied by the story of George Pine, from whom the island took its name. + In 1667, or ninety-eight years after Pine was wrecked, the Dutch captain + estimated that the population of the island amounted to ten or twelve + thousand persons. Methuselah, with his years to plead for him, might boast + of such breeding, but in ordinary man it is too near the verminous, the + rat, the guinea-pig, and the rabbit, to be pleasant. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 It was the Island of St. Laurence of James Lancaster's + Voyage, 1593. Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, vi. 401. +</pre> + <p> + The publication must have attracted attention at once, for before the end + of July Neville put forth a second part, "A New and further Discovery of + The Isle of Pines," which purported to be the relation of the Dutch + captain to whom the history of Pines had been confided. It is an unadorned + story such as might have been gathered from a dozen tales in Hakluyt or + Purchas, and is interesting only in giving the name of the Dutch captain—Cornelius + Van Sloetton—and the location of the supposed island—longitude + 76° and latitude 20°, under the third climate—which places it to the + northeast of Madagascar. Almost immediately after the publication of the + second part it was combined with the first part, as already described, and + published late in July or early in August Cornelius Van Sloetton, as he + signed himself in the second part, became Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten in + the combined issue. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTERPRETATIONS + </h2> + <p> + It was Pine's relation which received the greatest attention on the + continent, and that was chiefly concerned in describing his performances + in populating the island. It was therefore with only a mild surprise that + I read in one of those repulsively thorough studies which only a German + can make, a study made in 1668 of this very tract, "The Isle of Pines," + the assertion that Pines, masquerading as the name of the discoverer and + patriarch of the island, and accepted as the name of the island itself, + was only an anagram on the male organ of generation—penis. On one of + the German issues in the John Carter Brown Library this has also been noted + by a contemporary hand.{1} Such an interpretation reduces our tract to a + screaming farce, but it closely suits the general tone of other of + Neville's writings, which are redolent of the sensual license of the + restoration. To this I would add an emendation of my own. The name adopted + by Neville was Henry Cornelius van Sloetten. It suggests a somewhat + forcible English word—slut—of doubtful origin, although forms + having some resemblance in sound and sense occur in the Scandinavian + languages. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Christian Weise, Prof. Polit, in augusteo in A. 1685. +</pre> + <p> + Such interpretations seem to fit the work better than that of a German + critic, who sees in the book a sort of Utopia, a model community, or an + exhibition in the development of law and order. Free love led to license, + maids were ravished, and the complete promiscuity of intercourse disgusted + Pine, who sought to suppress it by force and, in killing the leader of a + revolt, a man with negro blood in his veins, to impose punishments for + acts which he had himself done. The ground for believing that Neville had + any such purpose when he wrote the book is too slight to be accepted. In + 1668 the author had no call to convey a lesson in government to his + countrymen by any means so frankly vulgar and pointless as the "Isle of + Pines." If Neville had intended such a political object, a phrase would + have sufficed to indicate it. No such key can be found in the text, and + there is nothing to show that, politician as he was, he realized that such + an intimation could be drawn from his paragraphs. + </p> + <p> + To assume, therefore, that so carefully hidden a suggestion of a model + republic could have aided the circulation of the pamphlet at the time, or at + any later period, is to introduce an element unnecessary to explain the + vogue of the relation. It passed simply as a story of adventure, and as + such it fell upon a time when a wide public was receptive to the point of + being easily duped. Wood asserts that the "Isle of Pines," when first + published, "was look'd upon as a mere sham or piece of drollery; "{1} and + there are few contemporary references to the relation of either Pine or + Van Sloetten, and those few are of little moment If the seamen, who were + in a position to point out discrepancies of fad in the story, made any + comment or criticism, I have failed to discover them. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Athenæ Oxomiensis (Bliss), iv. 410. +</pre> + <p> + Neville himself freely played with the subject, and it is strange that he + did not excite some suspicion of his veracity among his readers. He had + told in his first part of a Dutch ship which was driven by foul weather to + the island and of the giving to the Dutch the story of Pine. His second + part is the story of the Dutch captain, sailing from Amsterdam, + re-discovering the Isle of Pines, and returning home—that is, to + Holland. Yet Neville for the combined issue, and presumably only a few + days after giving out the first part, composed two letters from a merchant + of Amsterdam—Abraham Keek—dated June 29 and July 6, saying + that the last post from Rochelle brought intelligence of a French vessel + which had just arrived and reported the discovery of this very island, but + placing it some two or three hundred leagues "Northwest from Cape Finis + Terre," though, he added with reasonable caution, "it may be that there + may be some mistake in the number of the Leagues, as also of the exact + point of the compass from Cape Finis Terre." + </p> + <p> + Keek offered an additional piece of geographical information, that "some + English here suppose it maybe the Island of Brasile which have been so oft + sought for, Southwest from Ireland."{1} The first letter of Keek is dated + five days after the licensing of the first part of the "Isle of Pines," + and the second sixteen days before the date of Sloetten's narrative. It is + hardly possible that Neville could have been forgetful of his having made + a Dutch vessel responsible for the discovery and history of Pine, and it + is more than probable that he took this means of giving greater + verisimilitude to the Isle of Pines, by bringing forward an independent + discovery by a French vessel. However intended, the ruse did not + contribute to such a purpose, as the combined parts did not enjoy as wide + a circulation as the first part. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 See page 53, infra. +</pre> + <p> + On the continent a German, who knew the tract only as translated into + German through a Dutch version of the English text, and therefore + imperfectly, gave it serious consideration, and had little difficulty in + finding inconsistencies and contradictions. Some of his questions went to + the root of the matter. It was a Dutch ship which first found the Isle of + Pines and its colony; why was not the discovery first announced by the + Dutch? Piece by piece the critic takes down the somewhat clumsily + fashioned structure of Neville's fiction, and in the end little remains + untouched by suspicion. No such examination, dull and labored in form, and + offering no trace of imagination which wisely permits itself to be + deceived in details in order to be free to accept a whole, could pass + beyond the narrow circle of a university. + </p> + <p> + As an antidote to the attractions of Neville's tract it was powerless, and + to-day it remains as much of a curiosity as it was in 1668, when it was + written. Indeed, a question might be raised as to which tract was less + intentionally a joke—Neville's "Isle of Pines," or our German's + ponderous essay upon it? At least the scientific ignorance of the + Englishman, perfectly evident from the start, is more entertaining than + the pseudo-science of the German critic, who boldly asserts as impossible + what has come to be a commonplace.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Das verdachtige Pineser-Eylandd, No. 29 in the + Bibliography. It it dedicated to Anthonio Goldbeck, + Burgomaster of Altona, and the letter of dedication b dated + at Hamburg, October 26, 1668. +</pre> + <p> + Hippe calls attention to the geography of the relation as not the least + interesting of its features, for the neighborhood of the Island of + Madagascar was used in other sea stories as a place of storm and + catastrophe. "The ship on which Simplicissimus wished to return to + Portugal, suffered shipwreck likewise near Madagascar, and the paradisiac + island on which Grimmelshausen permits his hero finally to land in company + with a carpenter, is also to be sought in this region. In precisely the + same way the shipwreck of Sadeur,{1} the hero of a French Robinson Crusoe + story, happens on the coast of Madagascar, and from this was he driven in a southerly + direction to the coast of the southern land." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 La Terre Australe commue, a romance written by Gabriel de + Foigny (pseud. J. Sadeur), describing the stay of Sadeur on + the southern continent for more than thirty-five years, The + original edition, made in Geneva in 1676, is said to contain + "many impious and licentious passages which were omitted in + the later editions." Sabin (xviii. 220) gives a list of + editions, the first English translation appearing in 1693. + It is possible that the author owed the idea of his work to + Neville's pamphlet. +</pre> + <p> + In most of the older surveys of the known world America counts as the + fourth part, naturally coming after Europe, Asia, and Africa. Even that + arrangement was not generally accepted. Joannes Leo (Hasan Ibn Muhammad, + al-Wazzan), writing in 1556, properly called Africa "la tierce Partie du + Monde;" but the Seigneur de la Popellinière, in his "Les Trois Mondes," + published in 1582, divided the globe into three parts—1. Europe, + Asia, and Africa; 2. America, and 3. Australia. A half century later, + Pierre d'Avitz, of Toumon (Ardèche), entitled one of his compositions + "Description Générale de l'Amérique troisiesme partie du Monde," first + published in 1637.{2} The expedition under Alvaro de Mendana de Nevra, + setting sail from Callao, November 19, 1567, and steering westward, sought + to clear doubt concerning a continent which report had pictured as being + somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. The Solomon Islands rewarded the + enterprise, and with New Guinea and the Philippines completed a connection + between Peru and the continent of Asia. There had long existed, however, a + settled belief in the existence of a great continent in the southern + hemisphere, which should serve as a counterpoise to the known lands in the + northern. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 A copy is in the Boston Athenaeum. +</pre> + <p> + The geographical ideas of the times required such a continent, and even before + the circumnavigation of Africa, the world-maps indicated to the southward + "terra incognita secundum Ptolemeum,"{1} or a land of extreme temperature + and wholly unknown.{2} The sailing of ships round the Cape of Good Hope + dissipated in some degree this belief but it merely placed some distance + between that cape and the supposed Terra Australia which was now extended + to the south of America, separated on the maps from that continent only by + the narrow Straits of Magellan, and stretching to the westward, almost + approaching New Guinea.{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 As on the Ptolemy, Ulm, 1482. + + 2 As in Macrobius, In Sommium Scipionis Expositio, Brescia, + 1483. 3 See the map of Oronce Fine, 1522, and Ortelius, + Orbis Terrarum 1592. 4 The "Quiri Regio" was long marked on + maps as a continent lying to the south of the Solomon + Islands. + + 3 This was first republished at Augsburg in 1611; in a + Latin translation in Henry Hudson's Descriptio ac + Delimeatis, Amsterdam, 1612, in Dutch, Verhael van seher + Memorial, Amsterdam, 1612; in Bry, 1613, and shortly after + in Hulsius; in French, Paris, 1617; and in English, London, + 1617. I give this list because even so interesting an + announcement of a genuine voyage did not have so quick an + acceptance as Neville's tract with almost the same title. +</pre> + <p> + Such an expanse of undiscovered land, believed to be rich in gold, + awakened the resolution of Pedro Fernandez de Queiros, who had been a + pilot in the Mendafia voyage of 1606. By chance he failed in his object, + and deceived by the apparent continuous coast line presented to his view + by the islands of the New Hebrides group, he gave it the resounding name + of Austrialia del Espiritu Santo, because of the King's title of Austria. + On the publication of his "Relation" at Seville in 1610, the name was + altered, and he claimed to have discovered the "fourth part of the world, + called Terra Australis incognita." Seven years later, in 1617, it was published in + London under the title, "Terra Australia incognita, or A new Southerne + Discoverie, containing a fifth part of the World." It is obvious that + geographers and their source of information—the adventurous sea + captains—were not agreed upon the proper number to be assigned to + the Terra Australis in the world scheme. Even in 1663 the Church seemed in + doubt, for a father writes "Mémoires touchant l'établissement d'une + Mission Chrestienne dans la troisième Monde, autrement apellé la Terre + Australe, Méridionale, Antartique, & I connue."{1} That Neville even + drew his title from any of these publications cannot be asserted, nor do + they explain his designation of the Isle of Pines as the fourth island in + this southern land; but they show the common meaning attached to <i>Terra + Australis incognita</i>, and his use of the words was a clever, even if + not an intentional appeal to the curiosity then so active on continents + yet to be discovered. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Printed at Paris by Claude Cramoisy, 1663. A copy is in + the John Carter Brown Library. In 1756 Charles de Brosse + published his Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Australes + from Vespuccius to his own day, which was largely used by + John Callender in compiling his Terra Australis Cogmta, + 1766-68. +</pre> + <p> + Another volume, however, written by one who afterwards became Bishop of + Norwich, may have been responsible for the conception of Neville's + pamphlet. This was Joseph Hall's "Mundus Alter et Idem sive Terra + Australis ante hac semper incognita longis itineribus peregrini Academici + nuperrime lustrata." The title says it was printed at Frankfort, and the + statement has been too readily accepted as the fact, for the tract was + entered at Stationers' Hall by John Porter, June 2, 1605, and again on August 1, 1608.{1} The + biographer of Bishop Hall states that it was published at Frankfort by a + friend, in 1605, and republished at Hanau in 1607, and in a translated + form in London about 1608. It is more than probable that all three issues + were made in London, and that the so-called Hanau edition was that entered + in 1608. On January 18, 1608-09, Thomas Thorpe entered the translation, + with the address to the reader signed John Healey, who was the + translator.{2} This carried the title: "The Discovery of a New World, or a + Description of the South Indies hitherto unknown."{3} It is a satirical + work with no pretense of touching upon realities. Hallam wrote of it: "I + can only produce two books by English authors in this first part of the + seventeenth century which fall properly under the class of novels or + romances; and of these one is written in Latin. This is the Mundus Alter + and Idem of Bishop Hall, an imitation of the later and weaker volumes of + Rabelais. A country in Terra Australis is divided into four regions, + Crapulia, Virginia, Moronea, and Lavernia. Maps of the whole land and of + particular regions are given; and the nature of the satire, not much of + which has any especial reference to England, may easily be collected. It + is not a very successful effort."{4} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Stationers' Registers (Arber), in. 291, 386. + + 2 Ib. 400. Healey made an "exceptionally bad" translation + of St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, which remained the only + English translation of that work until 1871. + + 3 In the Bodleian Library is a copy of the translation with + the title, The Discovery of a New World, Tenterbelly, + Sheeland, and Fooliana, London, n.d. + + 4 Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 2d éd., II. + 167. +</pre> + <p> + While a later critic, Canon Perry, says of it: "This strange + composition, sometimes erroneously described as a 'political romance,' to + which it bears no resemblance whatever, is a moral satire in prose, with a + strong undercurrent of bitter jibes at the Romish church, and its + eccentricities, which sufficiently betray the author's main purpose in + writing it. It shows considerable imagination, wit, and skill in latinity, + but it has not enough of verisimilitude to make it an effective satire, + and does not always avoid scurrility."{1} Like Neville's production, the + satire was misinterpreted. + </p> + <p> + The title of Neville's tract also recalls the lost play of Thomas Nash—"The + Isle of Dogs"—for which he was imprisoned on its appearance in 1597, + and suffered, as he asserted, for the indiscretion of others. "As Actaeon + was worried by his own hounds," wrote Francis Meres in his "Palladis + Tamia," "so is Tom Nash of his Isle of Dogs." And three years later, in + 1600, Nash referred in his "Summers Last Will" to the excitement raised by + his suppressed play. "Here's a coil about dogs without wit! If I had + thought the ship of fools would have stay'd to take in fresh water at the + Isle of Dogs, I would have furnish'd it with a whole kennel of collections + to the purpose." The incident was long remembered. Nine years after Nash's + experience John Day published his "Isle of Gulls," drawn from Sir Philip + Sidney's "Arcadia."{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, xxiv. 76. + + 2 I take these facts from Sir Sidney Lee's sketch of Nash in + the Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 107. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" + </h2> + <p> + I would apologize for taking so much time on a nine-page hoax did it not + offer something positive in the history of English literature. It has long + been recognized as one of the more than possible sources of Defoe's + "Robinson Crusoe." It is truly said that the elements of a masterpiece + exist for years before they become embodied, that they are floating in the + air, as it were, awaiting the master workman who can make that use which + gives to them permanent interest Life on an island, entirely separated + from the rest of mankind, had formed an incident in many tales, but + Neville's is believed to have been the first employment by an English + author of island life for the whole story. And while Defoe excludes the + most important feature of Neville's tract—woman—from his + "Robinson Crusoe," issued in April, 1719, he too, four months after, + published the "Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," in which woman has + a share. It would be wearisome to undertake a comparison of incident; + suffice it to say that the "Isle of Pines" has been accepted as a + pre-Defoe romance, to which the far greater Englishman may have been + indebted. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="oldtitle (114K)" src="images/oldtitle.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="title2 (127K)" src="images/title2.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES, <br /> The combined Parts as issued in 1668 + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + The Isle of Pines + </h2> + <h2> + OR, <br /> <br /> + A late Diſcovery of a fourth ISLAND near Terra Auſtralis, + Incognita <br /> <br /> BY <br /> <br /> Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten. <br /> + <br /> Wherein is contained. <br /> <br /> + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p> + A True Relation of certain Engliſh perſons, who in Queen + Elizabeths time, making a Voyage to the Eaſt Indies were caſt + away, and wracked near to the Coaſt of Terra Auſtralis, + Incognita, and all drowned, except one Man and four Women. And now + lately Anno Dom. 1667. a Dutch Ship making a Voyage to the Eaſt + Indies, driven by foul weather there, by chance have found their + Posterity, (ſpeaking good Engliſh) to amount (as they ſuppoſe) + to ten or twelve thouſand perſons. The whole Relation (written + and left by the Man himſelf a little before his death, and + delivered to the Dutch by his Grandchild) Is here annexed with the + Longitude and Latitude of the Iſland, the ſituation and + felicity thereof, with other matter obſervable. + </p> + <p> + Licenſed July 27. 1668. + </p> + <p> + London, Printed for Allen Banks and Charles Harper next door to the + three Squerrills in Fleet-ſtreet, over againſt St Dunſtans + Church, 1668. + </p> + <p> + <big><b>Two Letters concerning the Iſland of Pines to a Credible + perſon in Covent Garden.</b></big> + </p> + <p> + IT is written by the laſt Poſt from Rochel, to a Merchant in + this City, that there was a French ſhip arrived, the Mailer and + Company of which reports, that about 2 or 300 Leagues Northweſt + from Cape Finis Terre, they fell in with an Iſland, where they went + on ſhore, and found about 2000 Engliſh people without + cloathes, only ſome ſmall coverings about their middle, and + that they related to them, that at their firſt coming to this Iſland + (which was in Queen Elizabeths time) they were but five in number men + and women, being caſt on ſhore by diſtreſs or + otherwiſe, and had there remained ever ſince, without having + any correſpondence with any other people, or any ſhip coming + to them. This ſtory ſeems very fabulous, yet the Letter is + come to a known Merchant, and from a good hand in France, ſo that I + thought fit to mention it, it may be that there may be ſome miſtake + in the number of the Leagues, as alſo of the exact point of the + Compaſs, from Cape Finis Terre; I ſhall enquire more + particularly about it. Some Engliſh here ſuppoſe it may + be the Iſland of Braſile which have been so oft ſought + for, Southweſt from Ireland, if true, we ſhall hear further + about it; your friend and Brother, Abraham Keek. + </p> + <p> + Amſterdam, July the 6th 1668. + </p> + <p> + IT is ſaid that the Ship that diſcovered the Iſland, of + which I hinted to you in my laſt, is departed from Rochel, on her + way to Zealand, ſeveral perſons here have writ thither to + enquire for the ſaid Veſſel, to know the truth of this buſineſs. + I was promiſed a Copy of the Letter Amſterdam, June the 29th + 1668, that came from France, adviſing the diſcovery of the Iſland + above-ſaid, but its not yet come to my hand; when it cometh, or any + further news about this Iſland, I ſhall acquaint you with it, + </p> + <p> + Your Friend and Brother, + </p> + <p> + A. Keck. + </p> + <p> + {{1 }} <i>Discovered Near to the Coaſt of Terra Auſtralis + Incognita, by Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten, in a Letter to a friend in + London, declaring the truth of his Voyage to the Eaſt Indies</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR, + </p> + <p> + I Received your Letter of this ſecond inſtant, wherein you + deſire me to give you a further account concerning the Land of + <i>Pines</i>, on which we were driven by diſtreſs of Weather + the laſt Summer, I alſo peruſed the Printed Book thereof + you ſent me, the Copy of which was ſurreptiouſly taken + out of my hands, elſe ſhould I have given you a more fuller + account upon what occaſion we came thither, how we were + entertained, with ſome other {{2 }}circumſtances of note + wherein that relation is defective. To ſatisfie therefore your + deſires, I ſhall briefly yet ſully give you a particular + account thereof, with a true Copy of the Relation it ſelf; + deſiring you to bear with my blunt Phraſes, as being more a + Seaman then a Scholler. + </p> + <p> + April the 26th 1667. We ſet ſail from Amſterdam, + intending for the Eaſt-Indies; our ſhip had to name the place + from whence we came, the <i>Amſterdam</i> burthen 350. Tun, and + having a fair gale of Wind, on the 27 of May following we had a ſight + of the high Peak Tenriffe belonging to the Canaries, we have touched at + the Iſland Palma, but having endeavoured it twice, and finding the + winds contrary, we ſteered on our course by the Iſles of Cape + Ferd, or Inſula Capitis Viridis, where at St. James's we took in freſh + water, with ſome few Goats, and Hens, wherewith that Iſland + doth plentifully abound. + </p> + <p> + June the 14. we had a ſight of Madagaſcar, or the Iſland + of St Laurence, an Iſland of 4000 miles in compaſs, and + ſcituate under the Southern Tropick; thither we ſteered our + courſe, and trafficked with the inhabitants for Knives, Beads, + Glaſſes and the like, having in exchange thereof Cloves and + Silver. Departing from thence we were incountred with a violent + ſtorm, and the winds holding contrary, for the ſpace of a + fortnight, brought us back almoſt as far as the Iſle Del + Principe; during which time many of our men fell ſick, and + ſome dyed, but at the end of that time it pleaſed God the + wind favoured us again, and we ſteered on our courſe merrily, + for the ſpace of ten days: when on a ſudden we were + encountered with ſuch a violent ſtorm, as if all the four + winds together had conſpired for our deſtruction, ſo + that the ſtouteſt ſpirit of us all quailed, expecting + every hour to be devoured by that mercileſs element of water, + ſixteen dayes together {{3 }} did this ſtorm continue, though + not with ſuch violence as at the firſt, the Weather being + ſo dark all the while, and the Sea ſo rough, that we knew not + in what place we were, at length all on a ſudden the Wind + ceaſed, and the Air cleared, the Clouds were all + diſperſed, and a very ſerene Sky followed, for which we + gave hearty thanks to the Almighty, it being beyond our expectation + that we ſhould have eſcaped the violence of that ſtorm. + </p> + <p> + At length one of our men mounting the Main-maſt eſpyed fire, + an evident ſign of ſome Countrey near adjoyning, which preſently + after we apparently diſcovered, and ſteering our courſe + more nigher, we ſaw ſeveral perſons promiſcuouſly + running about the shore, as it were wondering and admiring at what they + ſaw: Being now near to the Land, we manned out our long Boat with + ten perſons, who approaching the ſhore, asked them in our + Dutch Tongue What Eyland is dit? to which they returned this Anſwer + in Engliſh, "that they knew not what we ſaid." One of our + Company named Jeremiah Hanzen who underſtood Engliſh very + well, hearing their words diſcourſt to them in their own + Language; ſo that in fine we were very kindly invited on ſhore, + great numbers of them flocking about us, admiring at our Cloaths which + we did wear, as we on the other ſide did to find in ſuch a + ſtrange place, ſo many that could ſpeak Engliſh and + yet to go naked. + </p> + <p> + Four of our men returning back in the long Boat to our Ships company, + could hardly make them believe the truth of what they had ſeen and + heard, but when we had brought our ſhip into harbour, you would + have bleſt your ſelf to ſee how the naked Iſlanders + flocked unto us, ſo wondering at our ſhip, as if it had been + the greateſt miracle of Nature in whole World. {{4 }} + </p> + <p> + We were very courteouſly entertained by them, preſenting us + with ſuch food as that Countrey afforded, which indeed was not to + be deſpiſed; we eat of the Fleſh both of Beaſts, and + Fowls, which they had cleanly dreſt, though with no great curioſity, + as wanting materials, wherewithal to do it; and for bread we had the inſide + or Kernel of a great Nut as big as an Apple, which was very wholſome, + and found for the body, and taſted to the Pallat very delicious. + </p> + <p> + Having refreſhed our ſelves, they invited us to the Pallace + of their Prince or chief Ruler, ſome two miles diſtant off from + the place where we landed; which we found to be about the bigneſs + of one of our ordinary village houſes, it was ſupported with + rough unhewn pieces of Timber, and covered very artificially with + boughs, ſo that it would keep out the greateſt ſhowers of + Rain, the ſides thereof were adorned with ſeveral forts of + Flowers, which the fragrant fields there do yield in great variety. The + Prince himſelf (whoſe name was <i>William Pine</i> the + Grandchild of <i>George Pine</i> that was firſt on ſhore in + this Iſland) came to his Pallace door and ſaluted us very + courteouſly, for though he had nothing of Majeſty in him, yet + had he a courteous noble and deboneyre ſpirit, wherewith your Engliſh + Nation (eſpecially thoſe of the Gentry) are very much indued. + </p> + <p> + Scarce had he done ſaluting us when his Lady or Wife, came + likewiſe forth of their Houſe or Pallace, attended on by two + Maid-ſervants, the was a woman of an exquiſite beauty, and + had on her head as it were a Chaplet of Flowers, which being intermixt + with ſeveral variety of colours became her admirably. Her + privities were hid with ſome pieces of old Garments, the Relicts + of thoſe Cloaths (I ſuppoſe) of them which firſt + came hither, and yet being adorned with Flowers thoſe very rags + ſeemeth beautiful; and {{5 }} indeed modeſty ſo far + prevaileth over all the Female Sex of that Iſland, that with + graſs and flowers interwoven and made ſtrong by the peelings + of young Elms (which grow there in great plenty) they do plant together + ſo many of them as ſerve to cover thoſe parts which + nature would have hidden. + </p> + <p> + We carried him as a preſent ſome few Knives, of which we thought they + had great need, an Ax or Hatchet to fell Wood, which was very acceptable + unto him, the Old one which was caſt on ſhore at the firſt, + and the only one that they ever had, being now ſo quite blunt and + dulled, that it would not cut at all, ſome few other things we alſo + gave him, which he very thankfully accepted, inviting us into his Houſe + or Pallace, and cauſing us to ſit down with him, where we + refreſhed our ſelves again, with ſome more Countrey + viands which were no other then ſuch we taſted of before; + Prince and peaſant here faring alike, nor is there any difference + betwixt their drink, being only freſh ſweet water, which the + rivers yield them in great abundance. + </p> + <p> + After ſome little pauſe, our Companion (who could ſpeak + Engliſh) by our requeſt deſired to know of him ſomething + concerning their Original and how that people ſpeaking the Language + of ſuch a remote Countrey, ſhould come to inhabit there, + having not, as we could ſee, any ships or Boats amongſt them + the means to bring them thither, and which was more, altogether ignorant + and meer ſtrangers to ſhips, or shipping, the main thing + conducible to that means, to which requeſt of ours, the courteous + Prince thus replyed. + </p> + <p> + Friends (for ſo your actions declare you to be, and ſhall by + ours find no leſs) know that we are inhabitants of this + Iſland of no great ſtanding, my Grandfather being the + firſt that ever ſet foot on this ſhore, whoſe + native Countrey was {{6 }} a place called <i>England</i>, far + diſtant from this our Land, as he let us to underſtand; He + came from that place upon the Waters, in a thing called a Ship, of + which no queſtion but you may have heard; ſeveral other + perſons were in his company, not intending to have come hither (as + he ſaid) but to a place called <i>India</i>, when tempeſtuous + weather brought him and his company upon this Coaſt, where falling + among the Rocks his ſhip ſplit all in pieces; the whole + company perishing in the Waters, ſaving only him and four women, + which by means of a broken piece of that Ship, by Divine + aſſiſtance got on Land. + </p> + <p> + What after paſſed (ſaid he) during my Grandfathers life, + I ſhall ſhow you in a Relation thereof written by his own + hand, which he delivered to my Father being his eldeſt Son, + charging him to have a ſpecial care thereof, and aſhuring him + that time would bring ſome people or other thither to whom he would + have him to impart it, that the truth of our firſt planting here + might not be quite loſt, which his commands my Father dutifully + obeyed; but no one coming, he at his death delivered the ſame with + the like charge to me, and you being the firſt people, which (beſides + our ſelves) ever ſet footing in this Iſland, I shall + therefore in obedience to my Grandfathers and Fathers commands, + willingly impart the ſame unto you. + </p> + <p> + Then ſtepping into a kind of inner room, which as we conceived was + his lodging Chamber, he brought forth two sheets of paper fairly written + in Engliſhy (being the ſame Relation which you had Printed + with you at London) and very diſtinctly read the ſame over + unto us, which we hearkened unto with great delight and admiration, + freely proffering us a Copy of the ſame, which we afterward took + and brought away along with us; which Copy hereafter followeth.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Here begins the first part of the tract. +</pre> + <p> + A Way to the Eaſt India's being lately diſcovered by Sea, to + the {{7 }} South of Affrich by certain Portugals, far more ſafe + and profitable then had been heretofore; certain Engliſh Merchants + encouraged by the great advantages ariſing from the Eaſtern + Commodities, to ſettle a Factory there for the advantage of Trade. + And having to that purpoſe obtained the Queens Royal Licence Anno + Dom. 1569. 11. or 12. Eliz. furniſht out for thoſe parts four + ſhips, my Maſter being ſent as Factor to deal and + Negotiate for them, and to ſettle there, took with him his whole + Family, (that is to ſay) his Wife, and one Son of about twelve + years of age, and one Daughter of about fourteen years, two + Maidſervants, one <i>Negro</i> female slave, and my Self, who went + under him as his Book-keeper, with this company on Monday the third of + April next following, (having all neceſſaries for + Houſekeeping when we ſhould come there), we Embarqued our + ſelves in the good ſhip called the <i>India Merchant</i>, of + about four hundred and fifty Tuns burthen, and having a good wind, we + on the fourteenth day of May had ſight of the Canaries, and not + long after of the Iſles of Cafe Vert or Verd, where taking in + ſuch things as were neceſſary for our Voyage, and + ſome freſh Proviſions, we ſtearing our courſe + South, and a point Eaſt, about the firſt of Auguſt came + within ſight of the Iſland of St Hellen, where we took in + ſome freſh water, we then ſet our faces for the Cape of + Good Hope, where by Gods bleſſing after ſome + ſickneſs, whereof ſome of our company died, though none + of our family; and hitherto we had met with none but calm weather, yet + ſo it pleaſed God, when we were almoſt in fight of St. + Laurence, an Iſland ſo called, one of the greateſt in + the world, as Marriners ſay, we were overtaken and + diſperſed by a great ſtorm of Wind, which continued with + luch violence {{8 }} many days, that loſing all hope of + ſafety, being out of our own knowledge, and whether we ſhould + fall on Flats or Rocks, uncertain in the nights, not having the + leaſt benefit of the light, we feared moſt, alwayes + wiſhing for day, and then for Land, but it came too ſoon for + our good; for about the firſt of October, our fears having made us + forget how the time paſſed to a certainty; we about the break + of day diſcerned Land (but what we knew not) the Land ſeemed + high and Rockey, and the Sea continued ſtill very ſtormy and + tempeſtuous, inſomuch as there ſeemed no hope of + ſafety, but looked ſuddenly to periſh. As we grew near + Land, perceiving no ſafety in the ſhip, which we looked would + ſuddenly be beat in pieces: The Captain, my Maſter, and + ſome others got into the long Boat, thinking by that means to + ſave their lives, and preſently after all the Seamen + caſt themſelves overboard, thinking to ſave their lives + by ſwimming, onely myſelf my Maſters Daughters, the two + Maids, and the Negro were left on board, for we could not ſwim; + but thoſe that left us, might as well have tarried with us, for we + ſaw them, or moſt of them periſh, our ſelves now + ready after to follow their fortune, but God was pleaſed to + ſpare our lives, as it were by miracle, though to further + ſorrow; for when we came againſt the Rocks, our ſhip + having endured two or three blows againſt the Rocks, (being now + broken and quite foundred in the Waters), we having with much ado + gotten our ſelves on the Bowſpright, which being broken off, + was driven by the Waves into a ſmall Creek, wherein fell a little + River, which being encompaſſed by the Rocks was + ſheltered from the Wind, ſo that we had opportunity to land + our ſelves, (though almoſt drowned) in all four perſons, + beſides the Negro: when we were got upon the Rock, we could + perceive the miſerable Wrack to our great terrour, I had in my {{9 + }} pocket a little Tinder-box, and Steel, and Flint to ſtrike fire + at any time upon occaſion, which ſerved now to good + Purpoſe, for its being ſo cloſe, preſerved the + Tinder dry, with this, and the help of ſome old rotten Wood which + we got together, we kindled a fire and dryed our ſelves, which + done, I left my female company, and went to ſee, if I could find + any of our Ships company, that were eſcaped, but could hear of + none, though I hooted, and made all the noiſe I could; neither + could I perceive the foot-ſteps of any living Creature (ſave + a few Birds, and other Fowls). At length it drawing towards the + Evening, I went back to my company, who were very much troubled for + want of me. I being now all their ſtay in this loſt + condition, we were at firſt afraid that the wild people of the + Countrey might find us out, although we ſaw no footſteps of + any, not ſo much as a Path; the Woods round about being full of + Briers and Brambles, we alſo ſtood in fear of wild + Beaſts, of ſuch alſo we ſaw none, nor ſign of + any: But above all, and that we had greateſt reaſon to fear, + was to be ſtarved to death for want of Food, but God had + otherwiſe provided for us, as you ſhall know hereafter; this + done, we ſpent our time in getting ſome broken pieces of + Boards, and Planks, and ſome of the Sails and Rigging on + ſhore for ſhelter; I ſet up two or three Poles, and drew + two or three of the Cords and Lines from Tree to Tree, over which + throwing ſome Sail-cloathes, and having gotten Wood by us, and + three or four Sea-gowns, which we had dryed, we took up our Lodging for + that night altogether (the Blackmoor being left ſenſible then + the reſt we made our Centry) we ſlept ſoundly that + night, as having not ſlept in three or four nights before (our + fears of what happened preventing us) neither could our hard lodging, + fear, and danger hinder us we were ſo over wacht. {{10 }} + </p> + <p> + On the morrow, being well refreſht with ſleep, the winde ceaſed, + and the weather was very warm; we went down the Rocks on the ſands + at low water, where we found great part of our lading, either on shore + or floating near it. I by the help of my company, dragged moſt of + it on ſhore; what was too heavy for us broke, and we unbound the + Casks and Cherts, and, taking out the goods, ſecured all; ſo + that we wanted no clothes, nor any other proviſion neceſſary + for Houſekeeping, to furniſh a better houſe than any we + were like to have; but no victuals (the laſt water having ſpoiled + all) only one Cask of bisket, being lighter than the reſt was dry; + this ſerved for bread a while, and we found on Land a ſort of + fowl about the bigneſs of a Swan, very heavie and fat, that by reaſon + of their weight could not fly, of theſe we found little difficulty + to kill, ſo that was our preſent food; we carried out of + England certain Hens and Cocks to eat by the way, ſome of theſe + when the ſhip was broken, by ſome means got to land, & + bred exceedingly, ſo that in the future they were a great help unto + us; we found alſo, by a little River, in the flags, ſtore of + eggs, of a ſort of foul much like our Ducks, which were very good + meat, ſo that we wanted nothing to keep us alive. + </p> + <p> + On the morrow, which was the third day, as ſoon as it was morning, + ſeeing nothing to diſturb us, I lookt out a convenient place + to dwell in, that we might build us a Hut to ſhelter us from the + weather, and from any other danger of annoyance, from wild beaſts + (if any ſhould finde us out: So cloſe by a large ſpring + which roſe out of a high hill over-looking the Sea, on the + ſide of a wood, having a proſpect towards the Sea) by the + help of an Ax and ſome other implements (for we had all + neceſſaries, the working of the Sea, having caſt up + moſt of our goods) I cut down all the ſtraighteſt poles + I could find, and which were enough {{11 }} for my purpoſe, by the + help of my company (neceſſity being our Maſter) I digged + holes in the earth ſetting my poles at an equl diſtance, and + nailing the broken boards of the Caskes, Cherts, and Cabins, and + ſuch like to them, making my door to the Seaward, and having + covered the top, with ſail-clothes ſtrain'd and nail'd, I in + the ſpace of a week had made a large Cabbin big enough to hold all + our goods and our ſelves in it, I alſo placed our Hamocks for + lodging, purpoſing (if it pleaſed God to ſend any Ship + that way) we might be tranſported home, but it never came to + paſs, the place, wherein we were (as I conceived) being much out + of the way. + </p> + <p> + We having now lived in this manner full four months, and not ſo + much as ſeeing or hearing of any wild people, or of any of our own + company, more then our ſelves (they being found now by experience + to be all drowned) and the place, as we after found, being a large Iſland, + and diſjoyned, and out of fight of any other Land, was wholly + uninhabited by any people, neither was there any hurtful beaſt to + annoy us: But on the contrary the countrey ſo very pleaſant, + being always clothed with green, and full of pleaſant fruits, and + variety of birds, ever warm, and never colder then in England in + September: So that this place (had it the culture, that skilful people + might beſtow on it) would prove a Paradiſe. + </p> + <p> + The Woods afforded us a ſort of Nuts, as big as a large Apple, + whoſe kernel being pleaſant and dry, we made uſe of + inſtead of bread, that fowl before mentioned, and a ſort of + water-fowl like Ducks, and their eggs, and a beaſt about the + ſize of a Goat, and almoſt ſuch a like creature, which + brought two young ones at a time, and that twice a year, of which the + Low Lands and Woods were very full, being a very harmleſs creature + and tame, ſo that we could eaſily {{12 }} take and kill them: + Fiſh, alſo, eſpecially Shell-fiſh (which we could + beſt come by) we had great ſtore of, ſo that in effect + as to Food we wanted nothing; and thus, and by ſuch like helps, we + continued ſix moneths without any diſturbance or want. + </p> + <p> + Idleneſs and Fulneſs of every thing begot in me a deſire + of enjoying the women, beginning now to grow more familiar, I had perſwaded + the two Maids to let me lie with them, which I did at firſt in + private, but after, cuſtome taking away ſhame (there being + none but us) we did it more openly, as our Luſts gave us liberty; + afterwards my Maſters Daughter was content alſo to do as we + did; the truth is, they were all handſome Women, when they had + Cloathes, and well ſhaped, feeding well. For we wanted no Food, and + living idlely, and ſeeing us at Liberty to do our wills, without + hope of ever returning home made us thus bold: One of the firſt of + my Comforts with whom I firſt accompanined (the talleſt and + handſomeſt) proved preſently with child, the ſecond + was my Maſters Daughter, and the other alſo not long after fell + into the ſame condition: none now remaining but my Negro, who + ſeeing what we did, longed alſo for her ſhare; one Night, + I being aſleep, my Negro, (with the consent of the others) got cloſe + to me, thinking it being dark, to beguile me, but I awaking and feeling + her, and perceiving who it was, yet willing to try the difference, + ſatisſied my ſelf with her, as well as with one of the reſt: + that night, although the firſt time, she proved alſo with + child, ſo that in the year of our being here, all my women were + with child by me, and they all coming at different ſeaſons, + were a great help to one another. + </p> + <p> + The firſt brought me a brave Boy, my Maſters Daughter was the + youngeſt, ſhe brought me a Girl, ſo did the other {{13 + }} Maid, who being ſomething fat ſped worſe at her + labour: the Negro had no pain at all, brought me a fine white Girl, + ſo I had one Boy and three Girls, the Women were ſoon well + again, and the two firſt with child again before the two laſt + were brought to bed, my cuſtome being not to lie with any of them + after they were with child, till others were ſo likewiſe, and + not with the black at all after ſhe was with child, which commonly + was at the firſt time I lay with her, which was in the night and + not elſe, my ſtomach would not ſerve me, although + ſhe was one of the handſomeſt Blacks I had ſeen, + and her children as comly as any of the reſt; we had no clothes + for them, and therefore when they had ſuckt, we laid them in + Moſſe to ſleep, and took no further care of them, for we + knew, when they were gone more would come, the Women never failing once + a year at leaſt, and none of the Children (for all the + hardſhip we put them to) were ever ſick; ſo that wanting + now nothing but Cloathes, nor them much neither, other than for + decency, the warmth of the Countrey and Cuſtome ſupplying + that Defect, we were now well ſatisſied with our condition, + our Family beginning to grow large, there being nothing to hurt us, we + many times lay abroad on Moſſey Banks, under the ſhelter + of ſome Trees, or ſuch like (for having nothing elſe to + do) I had made me ſeveral Arbors to ſleep in with my Women in + the heat of the day, in theſe I and my women paſſed the + time away, they being never willing to be out of my company. + </p> + <p> + And having now no thought of ever returning home, as having + reſolved and ſworn each to other, never to part or leave one + another, or the place; having by my ſeveral wives, forty + ſeven Children, Boys and Girls, but moſt Girls, and growing + up apace, we were all of us very fleſhly, the Country ſo well + agreeing with us, that we never ailed any thing; {{14 }} my Negro + having had twelve, was the firſt that left bearing, ſo I + never medled with her more: My Maſters Daughter (by whom I had + moſt children, being the youngeſt and handſomeſt) + was moſt fond of me, and I of her. Thus we lived for ſixteen + years, till perceiving my eldeſt Boy to mind the ordinary work of + Nature, by ſeeing what we did, I gave him a Mate, and ſo I + did to all the reſt, as faſt as they grew up, and were + capable: My Wives having left bearing, my children began to breed + apace, ſo we were like to be a multitude; My firſt Wife + brought me thirteen children, my ſecond ſeven, my + Maſters Daughter fifteen, and the Negro twelve, in all forty + ſeven. + </p> + <p> + After we had lived there twenty two years, my Negro died ſuddenly, + but I could not perceive any thing that ailed her; moſt of my + children being grown, as faſt as we married them, I ſent them + and placed them over the River by themſelves ſeverally, becauſe + we would not peſter one another; and now they being all grown up, + and gone, and married after our manner (except ſome two or three of + the youngeſt) for (growing my ſelf into years) I liked not the + wanton annoyance of young company. + </p> + <p> + Thus having lived to the fiftieth year of my age, and the fortieth of + my coming thither, at which time I ſent for all of them to bring + their children, and there were in number deſcended from me by + theſe four Women, of my Children, Grand-children, and great + Grand-children, five hundred ſixty five of both ſorts, I took + off the Males of one Family, and married them to the Females of + another, not letting any to marry their ſiſters, as we did + formerly out of neceſſity, ſo bleſſing God for + his Providence and goodneſs, I diſmiſt them, I having + taught ſome of my children to read formerly, for I had left + ſtill the Bible, I charged it ſhould be read once a moneth at + {{15 }} a general meeting: At laſt one of my Wives died being + ſixty eight years of age, which I buried in a place, ſet out + on purpoſe, and within a year after another, ſo I had none + now left but my Maſters Daughter, and we lived together twelve + years longer, at length ſhe died alſo, ſo I buried her + alſo next the place where I purpoſed to be buried my + ſelf, and the tall Maid my firſt Wife next me on the other + ſide, the Negro next without her, and the other Maid next my + Maſters Daughter. I had now nothing to mind, but the place whether + I was to go, being very old, almoſt eighty years, I gave my Cabin + and Furniture that was left to my eldeſt ſon after my + deceaſe, who had married my eldeſt Daughter by my beloved + Wife, whom I made King and Governour of all the reſt: I informed + them of the Manners of Europe, and charged them to remember the + Chriſtian Religion, after the manner of them that ſpake the + ſame Language, and to admit no other; if hereafter any should come + and find them out. + </p> + <p> + And now once for all, I ſummoned them to come to me, that I might + number them, which I did, and found the eſtimate to contain in or + about the eightieth year of my age, and the fifty ninth of my coming + there; in all, of all ſorts, one thouſand ſeven hundred + eighty and nine. Thus praying God to multiply them, and lend them the + true light of the Goſpel, I laſt of all diſmiſt + them: For, being now very old, and my ſight decayed, I could not + expect to live long. I gave this Narration (written with my own hand) + to my eldeſt Son, who now lived with me, commanding him to keep + it, and if any ſtrangers ſhould come hither by chance, to let + them ſee it, and take a Copy of it if they would, that our name be + not loſt from off the earth. I gave this people (deſcended + from me) the name of the <i>ENGLISH PINES</i>, <i>George Pine</i> being + my {{16 }} name, and my Maſters Daughters name Sarah Engliſh, + my two other Wives were Mary Sparkes, and Elizabeth Trevor, ſo + their ſeverall Defendants are called the ENGLISH, the SPARKS, and + the TREVORS, and the PHILLS, from the Chriſtian Name of the Negro, + which was Philippa, ſhe having no ſurname: And the general + name of the whole the ENGLISH PINES; vvhom God bleſs vvith the dew + of Heaven, and the fat of the Earth, AMEN.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Here ended the first part. +</pre> + <p> + After the reading and delivering unto us a Coppy of this Relation, then + proceeded he on in his diſcourſe. + </p> + <p> + My Grandfather when he wrote this, was as you hear eighty yeares of age, + there proceeding from his Loyns one thouſand ſeven hundred + eighty nine children, which he had by them four women aforeſaid: My + Father was his eldeſt ſon, and was named Henry, begotten of + his wife Mary Sparkes, whom he apointed chief Governour and Ruler over + the reſt; and having given him a charge not to exerciſe + tyranny over them, ſeeing they were his fellow brethren by Fathers + ſide (of which there could be no doubt made of double dealing + therein) exhorting him to uſe juſtice and ſincerity amongſt + them, and not to let Religion die with him, but to obſerve and keep + thoſe Precepts which he had taught them, he quietly ſurrendred + up his ſoul, and was buried with great lamentation of all his + children. + </p> + <p> + My father coming to rule, and the people growing more populous, made + them to range further in the diſcovery of the Countrey, which they + found anſwerable to their deſires, full both of Fowls and Beaſts, + and thoſe too not hurtful to mankinde, as if this Country (on which + we were by providence caſt without arms or other weapons to defend + our ſelves, or offend others,) ſhould by the ſame + providence be ſo inhabited as not to have any need of ſuch + like weapons of deſtruction wherewith to preſerve our lives. + {{17 }} + </p> + <p> + But as it is impoſſible, but that in multitudes diſorders + will grow, the ſtronger ſeeking to oppreſs the weaker; no + tye of Religion being ſtrong enough to chain up the depraved nature + of mankinde, even ſo amongſt them miſchiefs began to riſe, + and they ſoon fell from thoſe good orders preſcribed them by my Grandfather. + The ſource from whence thoſe miſchiefs ſpring, was + at firſt, I conceive, the neglect of hearing the Bible read, which + according to my Grandfathers proſcription, was once a moneth at a + general meeting, but now many of them wandring far up into the Country, + they quite neglected the coming to it, with all other means of Chriſtian + inſtruction, whereby the ſence of ſin being quite loſt + in them, they fell to whoredoms, inceſts, and adulteries; ſo + that what my Grandfather was forced to do for neceſſity, they + did for wantonneſs; nay not confining themſelves within the + bound of any modeſty, but brother and ſiſter lay openly + together; thoſe who would not yield to their lewd embraces, were by + force ravished, yea many times endangered of their lives. To redreſs + thoſe enormities, my father aſſembled all the Company + near unto him, to whom he declared the wickedneſs of thoſe + their brethren; who all with one conſent agreed that they ſhould + be ſeverely puniſhed; and ſo arming themſelves with + boughs, ſtones, and ſuch like weapons, they marched againſt + them, who having notice of their coming, and fearing their deſerved + puniſhment, ſome of them fled into woods, others paſſed + over a great River, which runneth through the heart of our Countrey, + hazarding drowning to eſcape puniſhment; But the grandeſt + offender of them all was taken, whole name was John Phill, the ſecond + ſon of the Negro-woman that came with my Grandfather into this Iſland. + </p> + <p> + He being proved guilty of divers raviſhings & tyrannies + committed by him, {{18 }} was adjudged guilty of death, and accordingly + was thrown down from a high Rock into the Sea, where he periſhed + in the waters. Execution being done upon him, the reſt were + pardoned for what was paſt, which being notified abroad, they + returned from thoſe Defait and Obſcure places, wherein they + were hidden. + </p> + <p> + Now as Seed being caſt into ſtinking Dung produceth good and + wholeſome Corn for the Indentation of mans life, ſo bad + manners produceth good and wholeſome Laws for the preſervation + of Humane Society. Soon after my Father with the advice of ſome few + others of his Counſel, ordained and ſet forth theſe Laws + to be obſerved by them. + </p> + <p> + 1. That whoſoever ſhould blaſpheme or talk irreverently + of the name of God ſhould be put to death. + </p> + <p> + 2. That who ſhould be abſent from the monethly aſſembly + to hear the Bible read, without ſufficient cauſe ſhown to + the contrary, ſhould for the firſt default be kept without any + victuals or drink, for the ſpace of four days, and if he offend + therein again, then to ſuffer death. + </p> + <p> + 3. That who should force or raviſh any Maid or Woman should be + burnt to death, the party ſo raviſhed putting fire to the wood + that should burn him. + </p> + <p> + 4. Whoſoever shall commit adultery, for the firſt crime the + Male shall loſe his Privities, and the Woman have her right eye + bored out, if after that she was again taken in the act, she should die + without mercy. + </p> + <p> + 5. That who ſo injured his Neighbour, by laming of his {{19 }} + Limbs, or taking any thing away which he + poſſeſſeth, ſhall ſuffer in the ſame + kind himſelf by loſs of Limb; and for defrauding his + Neighbour, to become ſervant to him, whilſt he had made him + double ſatiſfaction. + </p> + <p> + 6. That, who should defame or ſpeak evil of the Governour, or refuſe + to come before him upon Summons, ſhould receive a puniſhment + by whipping with Rods, and afterwards be exploded from the ſociety + of the reſt of the inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + Having ſet forth theſe Laws, he choſe four ſeveral + perſons under him to ſee them put in Execution, whereof one + was of the Engliſhes, the Off-ſpring of Sarah Engliſh; + another of his own Tribe, the Sparks; a third of the Trevors, and the + fourth of the Phills, appointing them every year at a certain time to + appear before him, and give an account of what they had done in the proſecution + of thoſe Laws. + </p> + <p> + The Countrey being thus ſettled, my father lived quiet and + peaceable till he attained to the age of ninety and four years, when + dying, I ſucceeded in his place, in which I have continued + peaceably and quietly till this very preſent time. + </p> + <p> + He having ended his Speech, we gave him very heartily thanks for our + information, aſſuring him we should not be wanting to him in + any thing which lay in our powers, wherewith we could pleaſure him + in what he ſhould deſire, and thereupon preferred to depart, + but before our going away, he would needs engage us to ſee him, the + next day, when was to be their great aſſembly or monethly + meeting for the celebration of their Religious Exerciſes. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly the next day we came thither again, and were + courteouſly entertained as before, In a ſhort ſpace + there was gathered ſuch a multitude of people together as made us + to {{20 }} admire; and firſt there were ſeveral Weddings + celebrated, the manner whereof was thus. The Bridegroom and Bride + appeared before him who was their Prieſt or Reader of the Bible, + together with the Parents of each party, or if any of their Parents + were dead, then the next relation unto them, without whoſe + conſent as well as the parties to be married, the Prieſt will + not joyn them together; but being ſatisſied in thoſe + particulars, after ſome ſhort Oraizons, and joyning of hands + together, he pronounces them to be man and wife: and with exhortations + to them to live lovingly towards each other, and quietly towards their + neighbors, he concludes with ſome prayers, and ſo + diſmiſſes them. + </p> + <p> + The Weddings being finiſhed, all the people took their places to + hear the Word read, the new married perſons having the honour to be + next unto the Prieſt that day, after he had read three or four + Chapters he fell to expounding the moſt difficult places therein, + the people being very attentive all that while, this exerciſe + continued for two or three hours, which being done, with ſome few + prayers he concluded, but all the reſt of that day was by the + people kept very ſtrictly, abſtaining from all manner of + playing or paſtimes, with which on other dayes they uſe to paſs + their time away, as having need of nothing but victuals, and that they + have in ſuch plenty as almoſt provided to their hands. + </p> + <p> + Their exerciſes of Religion being over, we returned again to our + Ship, and the next day, taking with us two or three Fowling-pieces + leaving half our Company to guard the Ship, the reſt of us + reſolved to go up higher into the Country for a further + diſcovery: All the way as we paſſed the firſt + morning, we ſaw abundance of little Cabbins or Huts of theſe + inhabitants, made under Trees, and faſhioned up with boughs, + graſs, {{21 }} and ſuch like ſtuffe to defend them from + the Sun and Rain; and as we went along, they came out of them much + wondering at our Attire, and ſtanding aloof off from us as if they + were afraid, but our companion that ſpake English, calling to them + in their own Tongue, and giving them good words, they drew nigher, + ſome of them freely proffering to go along with us, which we + willingly accepted; but having paſſed ſome few miles, + one of our company eſpying a Beaſt like unto a Goat come + gazing on him, he diſcharged his Peece, ſending a brace of + Bullets into his belly, which brought him dead upon the ground; these + poor naked unarmed people hearing the noiſe of the Peece, and + ſeeing the Beaſt lie tumbling in his gore, without + ſpeaking any words betook them to their heels, running back again + as fast as they could drive, nor could the perſwaſions of our + Company, aſſuring them they ſhould have no hurt, prevail + anything at all with them, ſo that we were forced to paſs + along without their company: all the way that we went we heard the + delightful harmony of ſinging Birds, the ground very fertile in + Trees, Graſs, and ſuch flowers, as grow by the production of + Nature, without the help of Art; many and ſeveral ſorts of + Beads we ſaw, who were not ſo much wild as in other + Countries; whether it were as having enough to ſatiate + themſelves without ravening upon others, or that they never before + ſaw the ſight of man, nor heard the report of murdering Guns, + I leave it to others to determine. Some Trees bearing wild Fruits we + alſo ſaw, and of thoſe ſome whereof we tailed, + which were neither unwholſome nor diſtaſteful to the + Pallate, and no queſtion had but Nature here the benefit of Art + added unto it, it would equal, if not exceed many of our European + Countries; the Vallyes were every where intermixt with running + ſtreams, and no queſtion but the earth {{22 }} hath in it + rich veins of Minerals, enough to ſatiſfie the deſires + of the moſt covetous. + </p> + <p> + It was very ſtrange to us, to ſee that in ſuch a fertile + Countrey which was as yet never inhabited, there ſhould be notwithſtanding + ſuch a free and clear paſſage to us, without the + hinderance of Buſhes, Thorns, and ſuch like fluff, wherewith + moſt Iſlands of the like nature are peſtered: the length + of the Graſs (which yet was very much intermixt with flowers) being + the only impediment that we found. + </p> + <p> + Six dayes together did we thus travel, ſetting ſeveral marks + in our way as we went for our better return, not knowing whether we + ſhould have the benefit of the Stars for our guidance in our going + back, which we made uſe of in our paſſage: at laſt + we came to the vaſt Ocean on the other ſide of the Iſland, + and by our coaſting it, conceive it to be of an oval form, only + here and there ſhooting forth with ſome Promontories. I + conceive it hath but few good Harbours belonging to it, the Rocks in moſt + places making it inacceſſible. The length of it may be about + two hundred, and the breadth one hundred miles, the whole in + circumference about five hundred miles. + </p> + <p> + It lyeth about ſeventy ſix degrees of Longitude, and twenty + of Latitude, being ſcituate under the third Climate, the + longeſt day being about thirteen hours and fourty five minutes. + The weather, as in all Southern Countries, is far more hot than with us + in Europe; but what is by the Sun parched in the day, the night again + refreſhes with cool pearly dews. The Air is found to be very + healthful by the long lives {{23 }}of the preſent inhabitants, few + dying there till ſuch time as they come to good years of maturity, + many of them arriving to the extremity of old age. + </p> + <p> + And now ſpeaking concerning the length of their Lives, I think it + will not be amiſſe in this place to ſpeak ſomething + of their Burials, which they uſed to do thus. + </p> + <p> + When the party was dead, they ſtuck his Carkaſs all over with + flowers, and after carried him to the place appointed for Burial, where + ſetting him down, (the Prieſt having given ſome godly + Exhortations concerning the frailty of life) then do they take ſtones + (a heap being provided there for that purpoſe) and the neareſt + of the kin begins to lay the firſt ſtone upon him, afterwards + the reſt follows, they never leaving till they have covered the + body deep in ſtones, ſo that no Beaſt can poſſibly + come to him, and this firſt were they forced to make, having no + Spades or Shovels wherewith to dig them Graves; which want of theirs we + eſpying, beſtowed a Pick-ax and two Shovels upon them. + </p> + <p> + Here might I add their way of Chriſtening Children, but that being + little different from yours in ENGLAND, and taught them by GEORGE PINES + at firſt which they have ſince continued, I ſhall + therefore forbear to ſpeak thereof. + </p> + <p> + After our return back from the diſcovery of the Countrey, the Wind + not being fit for our purpoſe, and our men alſo willing + thereto, we got all our cutting Inſtruments on Land, and {{24 }} + fell to hewing down of Trees, with which, in a little time,(many hands + making light work) we built up a Pallace for this William Pines the + Lord of that Countrey; which, though much inferiour to the houſes + of your Gentry in England. Yet to them which never had ſeen + better, it appeared a very Lordly Place. This deed of ours was beyond + expreſſion acceptable unto him, load-ing us with thanks for + ſo great a benefit, of which he ſaid he ſhould never be + able to make a requital. + </p> + <p> + And now acquainting him, that upon the firſt opportunity we were reſolved + to leave the Iſland, as alſo how that we were near Neighbours + to the Countrey of England, from whence his Anceſtors came; he + ſeemed upon the news to be much diſcontented that we would + leave him, deſiring, if it might ſtand with our commodity to + continue ſtill with him, but ſeeing he could not prevail, he + invited us to dine with him the next day, which we promiſed to do, + againſt which time he provided, very ſumptuouſly + (according to his eſtate) for us, and now was he attended after a + more Royal manner than ever we ſaw him before, both for number of + Servants, and multiplicity of Meat, on which we fed very heartily; but + he having no other Beverage for us to drink, then water, we fetched from + our Ship a Caſe of Brandy, preſenting ſome of it to him + to drink, but when he had taſted of it, he would by no means be perſwaded + to touch thereof again, preferring (as he ſaid) his own Countrey + Water before all ſuch Liquors whatſoever. + </p> + <p> + After we had Dined, we were invited out into the Fields to behold their + Country Dauncing, which they did with great agility of body; and though + they had no other then only {{25 }} Vocal Muſick (ſeveral of + them ſinging all that while) yet did they trip it very neatly, + giving ſufficient ſatiſfaction to all that beheld them. + </p> + <p> + The next day we invited the Prince William Pines aboard our Ship, where + was nothing wanting in what we could to entertain him, he had about a + dozen of Servants to attend on him he much admired at the Tacklings of + our Ship, but when we came to diſcharge a piece or two of Ordnance, + it struck him into a wonder and amazement to behold the ſtrange + effects of Powder; he was very ſparing in his Diet, neither could + he, or any of his followers be induced to drink any thing but Water: We + there preſented him with ſeveral things, as much as we could + ſpare, which we thought would any wayes conduce to their benefit, + all which he very gratefully received, aſſuring us of his real + love and good will, whenſoever we ſhould come thither again. + </p> + <p> + And now we intended the next day to take our leaves, the Wind ſtanding + fair, blowing with a gentle Gale South and by Eaſt, but as we were + hoiſting of our Sails, and weighing Anchor, we were ſuddenly + Allarm'd with a noiſe from the ſhore, the Prince, W. Pines + imploring our aſſiſtance in an Inſurection which had + happened amongſt them, of which this was the cauſe. + </p> + <p> + Henry Phil, the chief Ruler of the Tribe or Family of the Phils, being + the Offſpring of George Pines which he had by the Negro-woman; + this man had raviſhed the Wife of one of the principal of the + Family of the Trevors, which act being made known, the Trevors + aſſembled themſelves all together to bring the offender + unto Juſtice: But he knowing his crime to be ſo great, as + extended to the loſs of life: fought to defend that {{26 }} by + force, which he had as unlawfully committed, whereupon the whole + Iſland was in a great hurly burly, they being too great Potent + Factions, the bandying of which againſt each other, threatned a + general ruin to the whole State. + </p> + <p> + The Governour William Pines had interpoſed in the matter, but found his + Authority too weak to repreſs ſuch Diſorders; for where + the Hedge of Government is once broken down, the moſt vile bear the + greateſt rule, whereupon he deſired our aſſiſtance, + to which we readily condeſcended, and arming out twelve of us went + on Shore, rather as to a ſurprize than fight, for what could + nakedneſs do to encounter with Arms. Being conducted by him to the + force of our Enemy, we firſt entered into parley, ſeeking to + gain them rather by fair means then force, but that not prevailing, we + were neceſitated to uſe violence, for this Henry Phill being + of an undaunted reſolution, and having armed his fellows with Clubs + and Stones, they ſent ſuch a Peal amongſt us, as made us + at the firſt to give back, which encouraged them to follow us on + with great violence, but we diſcharging off three or four Guns, + when they ſaw ſome of themſelves wounded, and heard the + terrible reports which they gave, they ran away with greater ſpeed + then they came. The Band of the Trevors who were joyned with us, hotly + purſued them, and having taken their Captain, returned with great + triumph to their Governour, who fitting in Judgment upon him, he was + adjudged to death, and thrown off a ſteep Rock into the Sea, the + only way they have of puniſhing any by death, except burning. + </p> + <p> + And now at laſt we took our ſolemn leaves of the Governour, + and departed from thence, having been there in all, the ſpace of + three weeks and two dayes, we took with us good ſtore of the + fleſh of a Beaſt which they call there Reval, being {{27 }} + in taſte different either from Beef or Swines-fleſh, yet very + delightful to the Pallate, and exceeding nutrimental. We took alſo + with us alive, divers Fowls which they call Marde, about the + bigneſs of a Pullet, and not different in taſte, they are + very ſwift of flight, and yet ſo fearleſs of danger, + that they will ſtand ſtill till ſuch time as you catch + them: We had alſo ſent us in by the Governour about two + buſhels of eggs, which as I conjecture were the Mards eggs, very + luſious in taſte, and ſtrenthening to the body. + </p> + <p> + June 8. We had a ſight of Cambaia, a part of the Eaſt Indies, + but; under the Government of the great Cham of Tartary here our Veſſel + ſpringing a leak, we were forced to put to Chore, receiving much + dammage in ſome of our Commodities; we were forced to ply the Pump + for eighteen hours together, which, had that miſcarried, we had + inevitably have periſhed; here we ſtai'd five dayes mending + our Ship, and drying ſome of our Goodss and then hoiſting + Sail, in four days time more we came to Calecute. + </p> + <p> + This Calecute is the chief Mart Town and Staple of all the Indian + Traffique, it is very populous, and frequented by Merchants of all + Nations. Here we unladed a great part of our Goods, and taking in + others, which cauſed us to ſtay there a full Moneth, during + which ſpace, at leiſure times I went abroad to take a + ſurvey of the City, which I found to be large and populous, lying + for three miles together upon the Sea-shore. Here is a great many of + thoſe perſons whom thy call Brackmans, being their + Prieſts or Teachers whom they much reverence. It is a cuſtome + here for the King to give to ſome of thoſe Brachmain, the + handelling of his Nuptial Bed; for which cauſe, not the Kings, but + the Kings ſisters ſons ſucceed in the Kingdom, as being + more certainly known to be of the true Royal blood: And theſe + ſisters of his chooſe what Gentleman they {{28 }} pleaſe + on whom to beſtow their Virginities; and if they prove not in a + certain time to be with child, they betake themſelves to + theſe <i>Brachman Stalions</i>, who never fail of doing their + work. + </p> + <p> + The people are indifferently civil and ingenious, both men and women + imitate a Majeſty in their Train and Apparel, which they ſweeten, + with Oyles and Perfumes: adorning themſelves with Jewels and other + Ornaments befitting each Rank and Quality of them. + </p> + <p> + They have many odd Cuſtoms amongſt them which they observe + very ſtrictly; as firſt, not knowing their Wives after they + have born them two children: Secondly, not accompanying them, if after + five years cohabition they can raiſe no iſſue by them, + but taking others in their rooms: Thirdly, never being rewarded for any + Military exploit, unleſs they bring with them an enemies Head in + their Hand, but that which is ſtrangeſt, and indeed moſt + barbarous, is that when any of their friends falls ſick, they will + rather chuſe to kill him, then that he ſhould be withered by + ſickneſs. + </p> + <p> + Thus you ſee there is little employment there for Doctors, when to + be ſick, is the next wan for to be ſlain, or perhaps the + people may be of the mind rather to kill themſelves, then to let + the Doctors do it. + </p> + <p> + Having diſpatched our buſineſs, and ſraighted again + our Ship, we left Calecute, and put forth to Sea, and coaſted along + several of the Iſlands belonging to India, at Camboia I met with + our old friend Mr. David Prire, who was overjoyed to ſee me, to + whom I related our Diſcovery of the Iſland of Pines, in the + ſame manner as I have related it to you; he was then but newly + recovered of a Feaver, the Air of that place not being agreeable to him; here we took + in good ſtore of Aloes, and ſome other Commodities, and + victualled our Ship for our return home. {{29 }} + </p> + <p> + After four dayes failing we met with two Portugal Ships which came from + Lisbon, one whereof had in a ſtorm loſt its Top-maſt, and + was forced in part to be towed by the other. We had no bad weather in + eleven dayes ſpace, but then a ſudden ſtorm of Wind did + us much harm in our Tacklings, and ſwept away one of our Sailors + off from the Fore Caſtle. November the ſixth had like to have + been a fatal day unto us, our Ship ſtriking twice upon a Rock, and + at night was in danger of being fired by the negligence of a Boy, + leaving a Candle careleſly in the Gun-room; the next day we were + chafed by a Pyrate Argiere, but by the ſwiftneſs of our Sails + we out ran him. December the firſt we came again to Madagaſcar, + where we put in for a freſh recruit of Victuals and Water. + </p> + <p> + During our abode here, there hapned a very great Earthquake, which + tumbled down many Houſes; The people of themſelves are very + Unhoſpitable and Treacherous, hardly to to be drawn to Traffique + with any people; and now, this calamitie happening upon them, ſo + enraged them againſt the Chriſtians, imputing all luch + calamities to the cauſe of them, that they fell upon ſome + Portugais and wounded them, and we ſeeing their miſchievous + Actions, with all the ſpeed we could put forth to Sea again, and + ſailed to the Island of St. Hellens. + </p> + <p> + Here we ſtayed all the Chriſmas Holy-dayes, which was vere + much celebrated by the Governour there under the King of Spain. Here we + furniſhed ourſelves with all neceſſaries which we + wanted; but upon our departure, our old acquaintance Mr. Petrus + Ramazina, coming in a Skiff out of the Iſle del Principe, or the + Princes Iſland, retarded our going for the ſpace of two + dayes, for both my ſelf and our Purſer had Emergent + buſineſs with him, he being concerned in thoſe Affairs + of which I wrote to you in April laſt: Indeed we cannot but {{30 + }} acknowledge his Courteſies unto us, of which you know he is + never ſparing. January the firſt, we again hoiſted Sail, + having a fair and proſperous gail of Wind, we touched at the + Canaries, but made no tarriance, deſirous now to ſee our + Native Countrey; but the Winds was very croſs unto us for the + ſpace of a week, at laſt we were ſavoured with a gentle + Gale, which brought us on merrily; though we were on a ſudden + ſtricken again into a dump; a Sailor from the main Maſt + diſcovering five Ships, which put us all in a great fear, we being + Richly Laden, and not very well provided for Defence; but they bearing + up to us, we found them to be Zealanders and our Friends; after many + other paſſages concerning us, not ſo much worthy of + Note, we at laſt ſafele arrived at home, May 26. 1668. + </p> + <p> + Thus Sir, have I given you a brief, but true Relation of our Voyage, + Which I was the more willing to do, to prevent falſe Copies which + might be ſpread of this nature: As for the Iſland of Pines it + ſelf, which cauſed me to Write this Relation, I ſuppoſe + it is a thing ſo ſtrange as will hardly be credited by ſome, + although perhaps knowing perſons, eſpecially conſidering + our laſt age being ſo full of Discoveries, that this Place + ſhould lie Dormant for ſo long a ſpace of time; Others I + know, ſuch. + </p> + <p> + Nullifidians as will believe nothing but what they ſee, applying + that Proverb unto us, <i>That travelers may lye by authority</i>. But Sir, in writing + to you, I queſtion not but to give Credence, you knowing my diſpoſition + ſo hateful to divulge Falſities; I ſhall requeſt you + to impart this my Relation to Mr. W. W. and Mr. P. L. remembring me very + kindly unto them, not forgetting my old acquaintance, Mr. J. P. and Mr. + J. B. no more at preſent, but only my beſt respects to you and + your ſecond ſelf I reſt, + </p> + <p> + Yours in the beſt of friendſhip, + </p> + <p> + Henry Cornelius Fan Sloetten. + </p> + <p> + July 22. 1668.{{31 }} + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h3> + POST-SCRIPT: + </h3> + <p> + ONE thing concerning the Iſle of Pines, I had almoſt quite + forgot, we had with us an Iriſh man named Dermot Conelly who had + formerly been in England, and had learned there to play on the + Bag-pipes, which he carried to Sea with him; yet ſo un-Engliſhed + he was, that he had quite forgotten your Language, but ſtill + retained his Art of Bagpipe-playing, in which he took extraordinary + delight; being one day on Land in the Iſle of Pines, he played on + them, but to ſee the admiration of thoſe naked people + concerning them, would have ſtriken you into admiration; long time + it was before we could perſwade them that it was not a living + creature, although they were permitted to touch and feel it, and yet are + the people very intelligible, retaining a great part of the Ingenuity + and Gallantry of the Engliſh Nation, though they have not that + happy means to expreſs themſelves; in this reſpect we may + account them fortunate, in that poſſeſſing little, + they enjoy all things, as being contented with what they have, wanting + thoſe alurements to miſchief, which our European Countries are + enriched with. I ſhall not dilate any further, no queſtion but + time will make this Iſland known better to the world; all that I + ſhall ever ſay of it is, that it is a place enriched with + Natures abundance, deficient in nothing conducible to the ſuſtentation + of mans life, which were it Manured by Agriculture and Gardening, as + other of our European Countries are, no queſtion but it would + equal, if not exceed many which now paſs for praiſeworthy. + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + FINIS. <br /> <br /> + </p> + + <hr /> + + <p> + <a name="normal" id="normal"> <br /> <br /> </a> + </p> + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h2> + <h2> + By Henry Neville + </h2> + <h3> + 1668 + </h3> + <h2> + An Essay in Bibliography + </h2> + <h3> + by WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + </h3> + <h4> + Boston <br /> <br /> The Club of Odd Volumes 1920 <br /> <br /> COPYRIGHT, + 1920, BY THE CLUB OF ODD VOLUMES + </h4> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="pinestp (43K)" src="images/pinestp.jpg" height="929" width="658" /><br /> + </div> + + <h2> + TO<br /> <br /> Charles Lemuel Nichols <br /> <br /> lover of books <br /> + <br /> colleague <br /> <br /> FRIEND + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <table summary="" cellpadding="5" border="4"> + <tr> + <td> + <p> + ETEXT TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Numbers enclosed in double curly brackets + are the page numbers of the original 1668 edition. As and aid to + reading, this html file displays a normal small S in place of the + long S used in the original text. If preferred <a href="#top">click + here to see the html file with the long S convention.</a> DW + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0003"> <big><b>THE ISLE OF PINES</b></big> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0004"> THE DOWSE COPIES </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0005"> THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0006"> DUTCH EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0007"> FRENCH EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0008"> ITALIAN EDITION </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0009"> GERMAN EDITIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0010"> THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0011"> THE COMBINED PARTS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0012"> THE PUBLISHERS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0013"> NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0014"> THE AUTHOR </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0015"> THE STORY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0016"> INTERPRETATIONS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0017"> DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#2H_4_0018"> <big><b>THE ISLE OF PINES, The combined Parts as + issued in 1668</b></big> </a> + </p> + + </div><!--end chapter--> + + <div class="chapter"> + + <h2> + PREFATORY NOTE + </h2> + <p> + My curiosity on the "Isle of Pines" was aroused by the sale of a copy in + London and New York in 1917, and was increased by the discovery of two + distinct issues in the Dowse Library, in the Massachusetts Historical + Society. As my material grew in bulk and the history of this hoax + perpetrated in the seventeenth century developed, I thought it of + sufficient interest to communicate an outline of the story to the Club of + Odd Volumes, of Boston, October 23, 1918. The results of my investigations + are more fully given in the present volume. I acknowledge my indebtedness + to the essay of Max Hippe, "Eine vor-De-foesche Englische Robinsonade," + published in Eugen Kölbing's "Englische Studien" xix. 66. + </p> + <p> + WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + </p> + <p> + Boston, February, 1920 + </p> + + </div><!--end chapter--> + + <div class="chapter"> + + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h2> + <h3> + OR, <br /> <br /> A late Discovery of a fourth ISLAND in <br /> Terra + Australis, Incognita. <br /> <br /> BEING + </h3> + <p> + <i>A True Relation of certain English persons, Who in the dayes of Queen + Elizabeth making a Voyage to the East India, were cast away, and wracked + on the Island near to the Coast of Australis, and all drowned, except one + Man and four Women, whereof one was a Negro. And now lately Ann Dom. 1667, + A Dutch Ship driven by foul weather there, by chance have found their + Posterity (speaking good English) to amount to ten or twelve thousand + persons, as they suppose. The whole Relation follows, written, and left by + the Man himself a little before his death, and declared to the Dutch by + His Grandchild.</i> + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES + </h2> + <p> + The scene opens in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the year 1668, where in one of the + college buildings a contest between two rival printers had been waged for + some years. Marmaduke Johnson, a trained and experienced printer, to whose + ability the Indian Bible is largely due, had ceased to be the printer of + the corporation, or Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New + England, but still had a press and, what was better, a fresh outfit of + type, sent over by the corporation and entrusted to the keeping of John + Eliot, the Apostle. Samuel Green had become a printer, though without + previous training, and was at this time printer to the college, a position + of vantage against a rival, because it must have carried with it + countenance from the authorities in Boston, and public printing then as + now constituted an item to a press of some income and some perquisites. By + seeking to marry Green's daughter before his English wife had ceased to + be, Johnson had created a prejudice, public as well as private, against + himself.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Mass. Hist Soc. Proceedings, xx. 265. +</pre> + <p> + Each wished to set up a press in Boston itself, but the General Court, + probably for police reasons, had ordered that there should be no printing + but at Cambridge, and that what was printed there should be approved by + any two of four gentlemen appointed by the Court. It thus appeared that + each printer possessed a certain superiority over his rival. In the matter + of types Johnson was favored, as he had new types and was a trained + printer; but these advantages were partially neutralized by indolence and by + Green's better standing before the magistrates.{1} + </p> + <p> + In England the excesses of the printing-press during the civil war and + commonwealth led to a somewhat strict though erratically applied + censorship under the restoration. A publication must be licensed, and the + Company of Stationers still sought, for reasons of profit, to control + printers by regulating their production. The licensing agent in chief was + a character of picturesque uncertainty and spasmodic action, Roger + L'Estrange, half fanatic, half politician, half hack writer, in fact half + in many respects and whole only in the resulting contradictions of purpose + and performance. On one point he was strong—a desire to suppress + unlicensed printing. So when in 1668 warrant was given to him to make + search for unauthorized printing, he entered into the hunt with the zeal + of a Loyola and the wishes of a Torquemada, harrying and rushing his prey + and breathing threats of extreme rigor of fine, prison, pillory, and stake + against the unfortunates who had neglected, in most cases because of the + cost, to obtain the stamp of the licenser.{2} + </p> + <p> + New England was at this time England in little, with troubles of its own; + but, having imitated the mother country in introducing supervision of the + press, it also started in to investigate the printers of the colony, two + in number, seeking to win a smile of approval from the foolish man on the + throne. With due solemnity the inquisition was made. Green could show that all + then passing through his press had been properly licensed. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 See the chapters on Green and Johnson in Littlefield, + <i>The Early Massachusetts Press, 197, 209</i>. + + 2 L'Estrange was called the "Devil's blood hound." <i>Col. S. + P., Dom. 1663-1664, 616</i>. +</pre> + <p> + Johnson, less fortunate, was caught with one unlicensed piece—"The + Isle of Pines." A fine of five pounds was imposed upon him, as effectual + in suppressing him as though it had been one of five thousand pounds. He + could now turn with relish to two books then on his press, "Meditations on + Death and Eternity" and the "Righteous Man's Evidence for Heaven;" for + Massachusetts Bay, with its then powerful rule of divinity without + religion, or religion without mercy, held out small hope of his meeting + such a fine within the expedition of his natural life. But he made his + submission, petitioned the General Court in properly repentant language, + acknowledged his fault, his crime, and promised amendment{1} The fine was + not collected, and the principal result of the incident was to further the + very natural union of Johnson and Green, but with Johnson as the lesser + member in importance. + </p> + <p> + No copy of Marmaduke Johnson's issue of the "Isle of Pines" has come to + light in a period of 248 years. It might well be supposed that the + authorities caught him before the tract had gone to press, and so snuffed + it out completely. Our sapient bibliographers have dismissed the matter in + rounded phrase: "'The Isle of Pines' was a small pamphlet of the Baron + Munchausen order, which in its day passed through several editions in + England and on the Continent,"{2} a description which would fit a hundred + titles of the period. In July, 1917, Sotheby announced the sale of a + portion of the Americana collected by "Bishop White Kennett (1660-1728) + and given by him to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in + Foreign Parts." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The petition it in Littlefield, <i>i. 248</i>. + + 2 <i>Mats. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, xi. 247</i>. +</pre> + <p> + Lot No. 113 was described as follows: + </p> + <p> + [Neville (Henry)] The Isle of Pines, or a late Discovery of a fourth + Island in Terra Australis, Incognita, being a True Relation of certain + English persons who in the dayes of Queen Elizabeth, making a Voyage to + the East Indies, were cast away and wracked upon the Island, <i>wanting + the frontispiece, head-line of title and some pagination cut into, Bishop + Kenneths signature on title. sm. 4to S. G. for Allen Banks, 1668</i>. + </p> + <p> + The pamphlet was sold, I am told, for fourteen shillings,{1} and resold + shortly after to a New York bookseller for fifty-five dollars. He was + attracted by the imprint, which read in full, "London, by <i>S. G.</i> for + <i>Allen Banks</i> and <i>Charles Harper</i> at the <i>Flower-Deluice</i> + near <i>Cripplegate</i> Church." The general appearance of the pamphlet + was unlike even the moderately good issues of the English press, and the + "by S. G." not only did not answer to any London printer of the day, + except Sarah Griffin, "a printer in the Old Bailey,"{2} but was in form + and usage exactly what could be found on a number of the issues of the + press of Samuel Green, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The sale took place July 30, 1917. + + 2 Only once does her name occur in the <i>Term Catalogues</i>, + when in February, 1673, the prints George Buchanan' + <i>Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis Poetica</i>, which told for two + shillings a copy. Samuel Gellibrand was not a printer but a + bookseller, with a shop "at the Ball in St. Paul's + Churchyard." +</pre> + <p> + On comparing the first page of the text of his purchase with the same page + of an acknowledged London issue of the "Isle of Pines" in the John + Carter Brown Library,{1} the bookseller concluded that the two were + entirely different publications. + </p> + <p> + An expert cataloguer connected with one of the large auction firms of New + York then took up the subject. After a study of the tract he became + assured that it could only have been printed by Samuel Green, of + Cambridge, and he brought forward facts and comparisons which seemed + conclusive and for which he deserves much credit. It was a clever bit of + bibliographical work. With such an endorsement as to rarity and quality + the pamphlet was again put to the test of the auction room. The cataloguer + stated his case in sufficient fulness of detail and the first page of the + text was reproduced.{2} Naturally the discovery sent a little thrill + through the mad-house of bibliography. The tract was knocked down for $400 + to a bookseller from Hartford, Connecticut, presumably for some local + collection. The incident would have passed from memory had it not been for + one of those accidents to which even the amateur bibliographer is liable. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 No. 5 in the Bibliography, page 93, infra. + + 2 <i>Nuggets of American History</i>, American Art Association, + November 19, 1917. The <i>Isle of Pines</i> was lot 142, and was + introduced by the words, "Cambridge Press in New England." + The catalogue was prepared by Mr. F. W. Coar. +</pre> + <hr /> + <p> + In the bitter days of the winter of 1917-18 the working force of the + Massachusetts Historical Society was contracted into one room—the + Dowse Library—where was at least a semblance of warmth in the open fireplace. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE DOWSE COPIES + </h2> + <p> + One afternoon, when I had finished my work and the others had left, I + picked up the catalogue of the Dowse Library and began idly to turn over + its leaves. Incidentally, that catalogue is characteristic of the older + methods of the Society. As is known to the elect, no book in the Dowse + Library can ever leave the room in which it now rests, and of the + catalogue twenty-five copies were printed and never circulated. If the + library had been left in the Dowse house in Cambridgeport, its existence + and contents could not have been more successfully hidden from the world. + While reading the titles in a very casual way, my eye was caught by one + which gave me a start. It read: + </p> + <p> + Sloetten (Cornelius van). The Isle of Pines; or a Late Discovery of a + Fourth Island in Terra Australis Incognita. London, printed by G. S. for + Allen Banks, 1668. With a New and Further Discovery of the Isle of Pines, + 1668; and a duplicate of the Isle of Pines. 1 vol. small 4to, calf supr., + gilt leaves. A most interesting, rare, and valuable work. + </p> + <p> + Even against the Editor of the Society the Dowse books are kept behind + lock and key, though he is not under more than ordinary suspicion. So I + was obliged to wait till the next day before my curiosity could be + satisfied. I then found a thin volume, less than one-third of an inch in + thickness, containing two copies of this very tract which the auction + expert had identified as an issue of the "Isle of Pines" by Green, and a + London issue of a second part of the "Isle of Pines," with the name of + Cornelius Van Sloetten, as author. For more than fifty years this little + volume had reposed in this well-known yet almost forgotten library, and no + one had suspected or questioned the nature of its contents. + </p> + <p> + For full fifty years it had been in the care and at the call of Dr. Samuel + A. Green, who claimed to be an expert on New England imprints of the + seventeenth century, and one of the great wishes of whose life had been to + establish his descent from this very printer, Samuel Green. Two copies + within the same covers, of a tract long sought and of which only a single + example had come to light in two centuries and a half—was not that + alone something of a bibliographical coup? + </p> + <p> + I read two of the pieces—one of the Green issues and the second part + as printed in England—making a few notes for future use. On + returning to the matter some weeks later I found to my annoyance that + every reference to the Green tract but one was wrong as to the page. Cold, + haste, or weariness will account for a single or possibly two errors of + reference, but to have a whole series—except one—go wrong + pointed to failing eyes or mind. Very much put out, I read the tract a + second time and corrected the page references, carefully checking up the + result. Some days after I again took up the matter, and in verifying my + first quotation found that I had again put down the wrong page number, and + was surprised to find that the correct page was the one I had first given. + This proved to be the case in all the references—except one. A book + which could thus change its page numbering from week to week was bewitched—or + I was careless. It occurred to me to compare the two copies of the tract + as published by Green. The title-pages were exactly alike—not + differing by so much as a fly speck, but one copy contained ten pages of + text and the other only nine. + </p> + <p> + More than that, the general style and the types were quite different One was printed + in a well-known broad but somewhat used type, such as could be seen in + Green's printing, and the other in a finer font with much italic. There + was no possibility of confusing the two issues. Only one conclusion was + possible. I had in this volume the publication by Green, and the original + issue by Marmaduke Johnson, but with Green's title-page. So for we seem to + rest upon solid ground. It may be surmised that Green set up his "Isle of + Pines" in rivalry to Johnson, but did not incur the discipline of the + authorities; or that he had set it up and also took over Johnson's + edition, using his own title-page; and in either case it is possible that + a simple subterfuge, the imprint, "by S. G. for Allen Banks and Charles + Harper," a London combination of publishers, caused the tract to escape + the attention of the examining local censors. Here was another step in + developing the history of this tract—the discovery of one of + Johnson's issues, except for the title-page. So far as the American + connection is concerned, it only remains to discover a Johnson issue with + a Johnson title-page, for in his apology and submission to the General + Court he states that he had "affixed" his name to the pamphlet. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + The European connection is also not without interest, for the skit—the + first part of the "Isle of Pines," published without name of author—had + an extraordinary run. + </p> + <p> + In 1493 a little four-leaved translation into Latin of a Columbus letter announcing the discovery of + islands in the west—De insulis nuper inventis—ran over Europe, + startling the age by a simple relation which proved a marvellous tale as + taken up by Vespuccius, Cortes, and a host of successors.{1} For a century + the darkness of a new found continent slowly lifted and the record was + collected in Ramusio, in De Bry, in Hulsius, and in Hakluyt, never felling + treasuries of the wonderful, veritable schools for the adventurous. + Another century had shown that, so fer from decreasing in greatness and in + opportunities, the field of discovery had not begun to be tested, and in + the summer of 1668 a new island—the Isle of Pines—was flashed + before the London crowd, and proved that the flame of quest with danger + was still burning. A new island! The interest was international, for + nations had already long fought over the old discovered lands. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The intelligent industry of Mr. Wilberforce Eames has + identified eleven issues of the letter of Columbus, printed + in 1493, in Barcelona, Rome, Basle, Paris, and Antwerp; and + twelve issues of the <i>Novus Mundus</i> of Vespucci us, printed + in 1504, in Augsburg, Paris, Nuremberg, Cologne, Antwerp, + and Venice. An earlier and even more extraordinary + distribution of a letter of news is that of the letter + purporting to be addressed by Prester John to the Emperor + Manuel, which circulated through Europe about 1165. "How + great was the popularity and diffusion of this letter," + writes Sir Henry Yule, "may be judged in some degree from + the fad that Zarncke in his treatise on Prester John gives a + list of close on 100 mss. of it Of these there are eight in + the British Museum, ten at Vienna, thirteen in the great + Paris Library, and fifteen at Munich. There are also several + renderings in old German verse." The cause of this + popularity was the hope offered by the reported exploits of + Prester John of a counterpoise to the Mohammedan power. + <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 11th ed., xxii. 305. +</pre> + <p> + An even greater contest was being waged for commerce, and with the + experience of Spain in gathering the precious metals from new found lands, every + discovery of hitherto uncharted territory opened the possibility of wealth + and an exchange of commodities, if rapine and piracy could not be + practised. The merchant was an adventurer, and politics, quite as much as + trade, controlled his movements; for the line between trader, buccaneer, + and pirate faded away before conditions which made treaties of no + importance and peaceful relations dependent upon an absence of the hope of + gain. A state of war was not necessary to prepare the way for attack and + plunder in those far distant oceans, and the merchantman sailed armed and + ready to inflict as well as to repel aggression, only too willing to + descend upon a weaker vessel or a helpless settlement of a power which had + come to be regarded as a "natural enemy." So in Holland and in Germany the + leaflets containing the story of the Isle of Pines were received with + mingled feelings, exciting a desire to share in the possible benefits to + be gained or extorted from natives of the new lands, or from those who had + the first opportunity to exploit a virgin territory. On the first receipt + of those leaflets merchants held back their vessels about to sail, to + await more definite information on this fourth island of the Terra + Australis incognita. + </p> + <p> + An examination of the known issues of the tract proves this interest and + offers an almost unique study in bibliography; for I doubt if any + publication made in the second half of the seventeenth century—even + a state paper of importance, as a treaty—attained such speedy and + widespread recognition. A list of the various issues will be found in an + appendix: it only remains to call attention to a few of the many novelties + and variant characteristics of the editions. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + DUTCH EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + In June and July, 1668, four tracts on the Isle of Pines from the same pen + were licensed and published in London, which may for convenience be + designated the first and second parts of the narrative, and the two parts + in continuation. From London the tract soon passed to Holland, which had + ever been a greedy consumer of voyages of discovery, for the greatness of + that nation depended upon the sea, at once its most potent enemy and + friend.{1} Three Dutch editions have been found, the earliest in point of + time being that made by Jacob Vinckel, of Amsterdam. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Holland was the centre of map publication as the twenty + yean before 1668 saw the issue of atlases by Jansson, Blaeu, + Mercator, Doncker, Cellarius, Loon, Visscher, and Goos, all + published at Amsterdam. Phillips' list for this period gives + atlases published elsewhere—those of Boissevin (Paris, + 1653), Lubin (Paris, 1659), Nicolosi (Rome, 1660), Dudley + (Florence, 1661), Du Val (Paris, 1662), Jollain (Paris + 1667), Cluver (Wolfen-bûttel, 1667?) and Ortelius (Venice, + 1667). +</pre> + <p> + His second title is an exact translation of the second title of the London + first part. This version, however, omitted an essential part of the + relation. The London second title is also that of the issue made at + Amsterdam by Jacob Stichter, being the Vinckel version, word for word, and + almost line for line, but the type used is the gothic, and the spelling of + words is not the same. Further, Stichter was possessed of some imagination + and decorated his title-page with a map of a part of the island, showing + ranges of hills, a harbor or mouth of a river, with conventional + soundings, and two towns or settlements. As each of these issues contains + only eight pages of text, the first London part only was known to the + publishers. The third Dutch edition was put out by Joannes Naeranus, at + Rotterdam, and in a foreword he gives the following reason for issuing the + tract: + </p> + <p> + To the Reader A part of the present relation is also printed by Jacob + Vinckel at Amsterdam, being defective in omitting one of the principal + things, so do we give here a true copy which was sent to us + authoritatively out of England, but in that language, in order that the + curious reader may not be deceived by the poor translation, and for that + reason this very astonishing history fall under suspicion. Lastly, admire + God's wondrous guidance, and farewell. + </p> + <p> + His publication contains twenty pages of text, and is not an accurate + translation of the English tract in parts, but rather a paraphrase of the + text. To make the confusion the greater, he expressly states on the title-page + that he used a copy received from London, and gives the London imprint + which will fit only the first London part. For "by S. G." appears only on + the title-page of that part. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FRENCH EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + From Amsterdam and under date July 19, 1668, a summary of the earlier + Dutch issue with two paragraphs of introduction was sent to Paris, and was + printed in a four-page pamphlet by Sébastien Marbre Cramoisy, the king's + printer, whose name is so honorably connected with the Jesuit Relations—stories + as remarkable as any offered in the "Isle of Pines" and of immeasurable + value on the earliest years of recorded history in our New England. Even + this summary, thus definitely dated, offers problems. The location of the + island is given in general terms in the half-title as "below the + equinoctial line," and in the text as in "xxviii or xxix degrees of + Antartique latitude." Nowhere in the first London part is either location + used, and in the second London part, which bears nearly the same date as + the Cramoisy summary—July 22—twenty degrees of latitude is + given. The writer of the summary thus allowed himself some freedom. + </p> + <p> + A second French edition, without imprint, contains eleven pages and is a + translation of the first London part, paraphrased in sentences, but on the + whole a close rendering of the English text There never was a title-page + to this issue—the first page having the signature-mark A—yet + with eleven pages only, it would seem fit that a title-page + should round out the twelve for the convenience of printing. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ITALIAN EDITION + </h2> + <p> + The Italian issue, made by Giacomo Didini, in Bologna and Venice, is a + literal translation of Cramoisy's publication, and bears the same date, at + Amsterdam, July 19, 1668. The original probably came from Paris, though it + is possible that some Dutch merchant in Amsterdam sent a circular letter + on the discovered Isle to his correspondents in Paris and Venice. It is + unsafe to conjecture in such matters, for an Amsterdam issue may yet be + found which will give, word for word, the French and Italian versions. Our + ignorance on the press of the continent of those times, and especially the + want of files of "corantos," or news sheets, close a wide field of + research to the American inquirer. The catalogue of the British Museum + gives 1669 as the probable year of issue. I see no good reason for + rejecting 1668 as the more probable year. If the tract could go from + London to Cambridge, in New England, in three months, it could pass from + Amsterdam to Italy, by land or by sea, in an equal time. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + GERMAN EDITIONS + </h2> + <p> + From Holland the relation also penetrated the German states, finding ready + welcome and arousing eager curiosity. Hippe regards the tract issued by + Wilhelm Serlin, at Frankfort on the Main, as the first of the German + publications, and, being translated from the Dutch, he shows that the + translator used both the Amsterdam and the Rotterdam publications.{1} The + Hamburg version claimed to be derived from the English original, but it + followed closely the Serlin translation from the Dutch with modifications + which might have been drawn from the London tract. An edition not + mentioned by Hippe or identified by any bibliographer is in the John + Carter Brown Library, and opens with the statement that it is translated + from the English and not from the Dutch. It closely follows the text of + the London first part. Very likely it is the edition found at Copenhagen, + if the similarity of titles offers an indication of the contents. South + Germany obtained its information from France, and while neither of the two + issues avowedly translated from the French gives the place of publication, + the fact that one is in Munich and the other in Strassburg offers some + reason to conjecture that they came from the presses of those cities. The + Munich issue is for the most part a summary of what was in the first + London issue, and, if translated directly from a French version, must have + been from one not now located, for it is different from those in the list + in this volume. Of the Strassburg text, Hippe states that it follows the + Rotterdam pamphlet Finally, at Breslau is what calls itself a complete + publication of the combined parts from a copy obtained from London, but it + is more probably based upon the Dutch translations printed in Amsterdam + and Rotterdam, with additions drawn from the English.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Hippe, 11. + + 2 On these German issues Hippe is full, but I have given + only what is needed to identify them. +</pre> + <p> + One of the strangest uses made of the narrative of Pine is to be found in + Schoeben's translation into German of Jan Mocquet's "Voyages en Africque," + etc., a work of some estimation which had already twice been published in + France and once in a Dutch translation before Schoeben printed his edition + in 1688. As pages inserted quite arbitrarily in Mocquets compilation, + Schoeben gave Pine's story in full, with a paragraph of introduction which + not a little abuses the truth while giving an additional color of truth. + He asserted that while kept at Lisbon by the Dutch blockade, he was thrown + much in the company of an Englishman, one of the Pine family, who were all + regarded as notable seamen. From this man, then awaiting an opportunity to + sail for the West Indies, our author heard a very strange story of the + origin of the Pines, a story then quite notorious at Lisbon. Then follows, + with some embroidery, a version of the Neville pamphlet, which is not like + any German translation seen by me, but so full as to extend over ten pages + of the volume. It ends with a reiteration of the wholly false manner in + which this story had been obtained. So bold an appropriation of the + narrative, with a provenience entirely new and as fictitious as the story + itself, and its bodily inclusion by an editor in a work of recognized + merit, where it is between two true recitals, cannot be defended.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Mocquet's work originally appeared in Rouen in 1645, and a + Dutch translation was published at Dordrecht in 1656. A + second French issue, apparently unchanged in text, was put + out at Rouen in 1665, and in 1618 Schoeben's edition, + printed at Lûneberg by Johann Georg Lippers, preceded by + eight years an English translation made by Nathaniel Pullen. + The Pine tract appears, of course, only in Schoeben's + volume. +</pre> + <p> + The tract passed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, before or early in + September, and it would indeed be interesting to know how and through whose hands it + passed before reaching Marmaduke Johnson—to his undoing. Hezekiah + Usher was the only bookseller in Boston at the time, and possibly his son, + John, may have been associated with him. They ordered what they desired + from London booksellers and publishers, and may have received voluntary + consignments of publications from London. That would be a somewhat + precarious venture, for nothing could be more different than the reading + markets in Boston and in London, especially in the lighter products of the + press. Had it come through the Ushers, the title-page might state that it + had been printed "by M. J. for Hezekiah Usher," but in that event Usher + would have suffered for not obtaining the needed license. The probability + is that Johnson was alone responsible and was tempted by the hope of gain. + </p> + <p> + These were all contemporary issues, coming from the press within six + months of the first appearance of the tract in London. So startling a + popularity, so widely shown, was a tribute to the opportunity rather than + to the contents of the piece. And the European interest continued for a + full century. In Germany it was included in a number of collections of + voyages, in Denmark it was printed in 1710 and 1789, and in France Abbé + Prévost took it for his compilation of 1767 on discoveries. The English + republication of 1778 has peculiar interest, for it was due to no other + than Thomas Hollis, the benefactor of the library of Harvard College, who + saw more in the tract than can now be recognized, and induced Cadell to + reprint it. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT + </h2> + <p> + In the absence of any positive objection, the conclusion of the auction + expert—that the S. G. imprint was one of Samuel Green of Cambridge, + Massachusetts—remained unquestioned. But a study of editions and of + the chronological sequence of the English issues offers a decided negative + to such a conclusion. The first part was licensed June 27, 1668. Van + Sloetten dated the second part July 22, 1668, and the issue of the + combined parts was licensed five days later, July 27. In the space of just + four weeks all three trads were licensed, and the actual publication must + have occurred within the same period of time. Such had been the start + obtained by the first part that on the continent it was used for reprint + and translation, almost to the neglect of the second part, and, as we have + seen, most of these translations appeared before the end of 1668. Now the + tract was not known in Massachusetts until discovered by the inquest on + printers in September, and a S. G. or Samuel Green edition could hardly + have come from the press before October, even if not delayed by the + proceedings against Johnson. Yet on die title-page of the Dutch + translation issued at Rotterdam in 1668, the printer states at length that + it is from a copy from London, by S. G. for Allen Banks and Charles + Harper, in the Lily near Cripplegate Church, and in his note "To the + Reader" he expressly repeats that he obtained a copy of the work from + London, in order to correct a faulty issue by another Dutch printer. + </p> + <p> + If S. G. was Samuel Green, we must suppose that one of his Cambridge + issues was shipped to Rotterdam in time to be translated and reprinted before + the end of the year. In point of time the thing could be done, but in + point of probability it was impossible. Apart from his own statement, + there were a thousand to one chances in favor of the Dutch printer + obtaining the pamphlet from London; there were ten thousand chances to one + against his getting it from Massachusetts. I reject the supposition that + this was a Cambridge imprint for that reason alone. + </p> + <p> + Additional evidence hostile to the claim may be adduced. The copy of the + first tract in the British Museum is the S. G. for Banks and Harper.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 It is erroneously described as "an abridgment." +</pre> + <p> + No other London imprint is to be found there or in the larger libraries of + England. Of the three other copies located, that sold at audion (the White + Kennett copy) and that in the Massachusetts Historical Society came direct + from England, and the actual provenance of the copy in the New York + Historical Society is not known. It belonged to Rufus King, long United + States minister near the court of St James's, and is bound with other + tracts under a general title of "Topographical Collection, Vol. I." The + binding, Mr. Kelby tells me, is American. There is no mark to show when or + where King obtained the pamphlet, and the Society did not receive it until + 1906. That Rufus King belongs as much to Massachusetts as to New York is + too slight a foundation on which to erect a claim that this particular + tract was of Massachusetts origin. + </p> + <p> + In no case, therefore, can an American setting to any one of the four + known copies of the S. G. "Isle of Pines" be established.{1} The probabilities + are all against Samuel Green. The incident is a good example of the danger + of giving play to the imagination on an appearance of a combination of + fads cemented by interest. + </p> + <p> + Thus disappears from our memory the certain identification of the S. G. + pamphlet as an early issue of the press in Cambridge, and with it goes my + identification of the Johnson pamphlet with the S. G. title-page—a + veritable pipe dream. It might be urged that as White Kennett was + collecting on America, it would be more than probable that he would have + had an American issue; but his own catalogue of 1713 describes the + nine-page tract, and that is our London edition. I might claim still that + my Johnson was a Johnson, with a London title-page; but the typographical + adornment on the first page of its text is just the same as the adornment + on the first page of the London issue—three rows of fleur-de-lys, + thirty-seven in each row, and the same kind of type characters.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Lowndes indexes it under George Pine, and describes a + nine-page trait—probably the one now in the British Museum. + He quotes a sale of a copy in it 60 (Puttkk) for £4.10s. He + indexes the combined parts under Sloetten, and notes a copy, + with the plate, sold in the White Knights sale for 1s.. + + 2 To attempt to reason from types or rule of thumb + measurements, however suggestive, leads to indefinite + conclusions. For example, the width of the type page of the + S. G. issue of the first part is exactly that of the English + issue of the second part, but the former has 33 tines to the + page and the latter a a. The width of the page in the + variant S. G. issue is narrower and there are 38 and 39 + lines to the page. But in the London second part the width + of page varies by a quarter of an inch. We have Marmaduke + Johnson's issue of Paine's <i>Daily Meditations</i> y issued in + 1670 in connection with S. G. The ornamental border of + fleur-de-lys is entirely different from those in the S. G. + <i>Isle of Pines</i>. A copy of Johnson's issue of Scottow's + translation of Bretz on the Anabaptists, printed in 1668, + the very year of the <i>Isle of Pines</i>, shows a different foot + of italics from that used in the <i>Isle of Pines</i> variant, + yet the roman characters in the two pieces seem identical, + and the width of page is exactly the same. +</pre> + <p> + So I bid farewell to my theory, and can only congratulate myself + on having cleared one point—the London issue—and on having + introduced a new confusion by the discovery of a second London issue with + an identical title-page, a problem for the future to solve. I much doubt + if a true Johnson issue will ever be found, for I believe the action of + the authorities prevented its birth. + </p> + <p> + In the library of Mr. Henry E. Huntington is a London issue of which I do + not find another example. It contains sixteen pages, and the title-page + gives neither printer's name nor place of publication. It may be the first + issue, or it may be a later re-issue of the tract, for the type, + especially the italic, is better than that in the S. G. issue. The + punctuation also is more carefully looked after, and the whole appearance + suggests an eighteenth century print. As the original was duly licensed, + there was no reason to suppress the names of printer or booksellers. Nor + could the contents of the piece call out controversy or hostility from any + political faction or religious following. It was proper for the author to + omit his name from the publication, if he desired to remain unknown; but + the publisher, having the support of the licenser, had every reason to + advertise his connexion with the tract, although he could not have + anticipated so ready an acceptance by the public. While I place the + Huntington pamphlet first in the bibliography, I am more inclined to + regard it as a publication made at a later time. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE COMBINED PARTS + </h2> + <p> + The English edition of thirty-one pages in the John Carter Brown Library, + with an engraved frontispiece,{1} offers still further proof that the S. + G. issue was made in London. In place of being entirely different from the + S. G. tract, it is precisely the same so far as text is concerned. For it + is nothing more than the two parts combined, but combined in a peculiar + manner. The second part was opened at page 6 and the first part inserted, + entire and without change of text{2} This insertion runs into page 16, + where a sentence is inserted to carry on the relation: "After the reading + and delivering unto us a Coppy of this Relation, then proceeded he on in + his discourse." The rest of the text of the second part follows, and pages + 27-31 of the combined parts seem to be the very type pages of pages 20-24 + of the second part{3} In this sandwich form one must read six pages before + coming to the text of the first part, and a careless reader, comparing + only the respective first pages, would conclude that a pamphlet of + thirty-one pages could have no likeness to one of nine. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The plate in the copy in the John Carter Brown Library + does not belong to that issue, but is inserted in so clumsy + a manner as to prevent reproduction. The same plate is found + in a copy of the ten-page S.G. issue in the library of Mr. + Henry E. Huntington, and to all appearances belongs to that + issue. + + 2 The last sentence on page 6 of the second part read: + "Then proceeded he on in his discourse saying," and there + are no pages numbered 7 and 8, although there is no break in + the text, the catch-word on page 6 being the first word on + page 9. In the combined parts, the last words on page 6 + constitute a phrase: "which Copy hereafter followeth." + + 3 The only change made is in the heading of the Post-script, + which was wrongly printed in the second part as "Post- + script." On page 26 of the combined parts the words "except + burning" were inserted, not appearing in the second part. +</pre> + <p> + On typographical evidence it is safe to assume that the three pieces came + from the same press, and to assert that the second part and the combined + parts certainly did. The initials S. G. are found only on the first part. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE PUBLISHERS + </h2> + <p> + The imprints of the three parts agree that the booksellers or publishers + handling the editions were Allen Banks and Charles Harper. The first part + gives their shop as the "Flower-De-luice near Cripplegate Church," the + second part as the "Flower-de-luce" as before, and the combined parts as + "next door to the three Squerrills in Fleet-street, over against St. + Dunstans Church." The church is still there, with more than two centuries + of dirt and soot marking its walls since Neville wrote, and Chancery and + Fettar Lanes enable one to place quite accurately the location of the + booksellers' shop. Only three times do the names of Banks and Harper + appear as partners on the Stationers' Registers,{1} and they separated + about 1671, Banks going to the "St Peter at the West End of St Pauls." If + any judgment may be drawn from their publications after ceasing to be + partners, Banks leaned to light literature and may have been responsible + for taking up the "Isle of Pines." Yet Harper was Neville's publisher in + 1674 and in 1681, a fact which may indicate a personal relation.{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Eyre and Rivington, ii. 386, 388, and 410. + + 2 Sec page 34, infra. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM + </h2> + <p> + By some curious chance this little pamphlet has come to be classed as + Americana. Bishop Kenneth's Catalogue may have been the source of this + error, leading collectors to believe that the item was a true relation of + an actual voyage, and possibly touching upon some phase of American + history or geography. The rarity of the pamphlet would not permit such a + belief to be readily corrected. The existence also of two Isles of Pines + in American waters may have aided the belief. + </p> + <p> + One of these islands is off the southwestern end of Cuba. On his second + voyage, Columbus had sailed along the south coast of Cuba, and June + 13,1494, reached an island, which he named Evangelista. Here he + encountered such difficulties among the shoals that he determined to + retrace his course to the eastward. But for that experience, he might have + reached the mainland of America on that voyage. The conquest of the island + of Cuba by Diego Velasquez in 1511 led to its exploration; but geographers + could only slowly appreciate what the islands really meant, for they were + as much misled by the reports of navigators as Columbus had been by his + prejudice in favor of Cathay. + </p> + <p> + Toscanelli's map of the Atlantic Ocean (1474) gives many islands between + Cape Verde and the "coast of spices," of which "Cippangu" is the largest + and most important.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 This map, as reconstructed from Martin Behaim's globe, is + in <i>Scottish Geographical Magazine</i>, 1893. +</pre> + <p> + On Juan de laCosa's sea chart, 1500, Cuba is fairly drawn, with the sea to + the south dotted with islands without names. In a few years the mist + surrounding the new world had so far been dispelled as to disclose a quite accurate detail + of the larger West Indian islands{1} and to offer a continent to the west, + one that placed Cipangu still far too much to the east of the coast of + Asia.{2} An island of some size off the southwest of Cuba seems to have + been intended at first for Jamaica, but certainly as early as 1536 that + island had passed to its true position on the maps, and the island to the + west is without a name. Nor can it be confused with Yucatan, which for + forty years was often drawn as an island. On the so-called + Wolfenbuttel-Spanish map of 1525-30 occurs the name "J. de Pinos," + probably the first occurrence of the name upon any map in the sixteenth + century. Two other maps of that time—Colon's and Ribero's, dated + respectively 1527 and 1529—call it "Y de Pinos," and on the globe of + Ulpius, to which the year 1542 is assigned, "de Pinos" is clearly marked. + Bellero's map, 1550, has an island "de pinolas." Naturally, map-makers + were slow to adopt new names, and in the numerous editions of Ptolemy the + label St Iago was retained almost to the end of the century.{3} On the + Agnese map there are two islands, one named "S. Tiago," the other "pinos," + which introduced a new confusion, though he was not followed by most + geographers until Wytfliet, 1597, gave both names to the same island—"S. + Iago siue Y de Pinas"—in which he is followed by Hondius, 1633.{4} + Ortelius, 1579, adopts "I Pinnorum," while Linschoten, 1598, has "Pinas," and Herrera, 1601, + "Pinos." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The Agnese Atlas of 1529 may be cited as an example. + + 2 See, for example, the so-called Stobnicza [Joannes, + Stobnicensis] map of 151a, and the Ptolemy of 1513 + (Strassburg). + + 3 Muenster, 1540. Cabot, 1544, and Desceller, 1546, give "Y + de Pinos." + + 4 Mr. P. Lee Phillips, to whom I am indebted for references + to atlases of the time, also supplies the following: + Lafreri, 1575 (?) "S. Tiagoj" Percacchi, 1576, "S. Tiago;" + Santa Cruz, 1541, "Ya de Pinosj" and Dudley, 1647, "I de + Pinos." Hakloyt (iii. 617) prints a "Ruttier" for the + West Indies, without date, but probably of the end of the + sixteenth century, which contains the following; "The + markes of Isla de Pinos. The Island of Pinos stretcheth it + selfe East and West, and is full of homocks, and if you + chance to see it at full sea, it will shew like 3 Islands, + as though there were divers soundes betweene them, and that + in the midst is the greatest; and in rowing with them, it + will make all a firme lande: and upon the East side of these + three homocks it will shewe all ragged; and on the West + side of them will appeare unto you a lowe point even with + the sea, and oftentimes you shall see the trees before you + shall discerne the point." +</pre> + <p> + When the name given by Columbus was dropped and by whom the island was + named "de Pinos" cannot be determined. + </p> + <p> + Our colleague, Mr. Francis R. Hart, has called my attention to a second + Isle of Pines in American waters, being near Golden Island, which was + situated in the harbor or bay on which the Scot Darien expedition made its + settlement of New Edinburgh. The bay is still known as Caledonia Bay, and + the harbor as Porto Escoces, but the Isla de Pinas as well as a river of + the same name do not appear on maps of the region. The curious may find + references to the island in the printed accounts of the unfortunate Darien + colony. + </p> + <p> + The Isle of Pines could thus be found on the map as an actual island in + the West Indies; but the "Isle of Pines" of our tract existed only in the + imagination of the writer. The mere fact of its having been printed—but + not published—in Cambridge, Massachusetts, does not entitle it to be + classed even indirectly as Americana, any more than Bunyan's Pilgrim's + Progress or Thomas à Kempis could be so marked on the strength of their having a + Massachusetts imprint Curiosities of the American press they may be, but + they serve only as crude measures of the existing taste for literature + since become recognized as classic. + </p> + <p> + The dignified Calendar of State Papers in the Public Record Office, + London, gravely indexes a casual reference to the tract under West Indies, + and the impression that the author wrote of the Cuban island probably + accounts for the different editions in the John Carter Brown Library, as + well as for the price obtained for the White Kennett copy. No possible + reason can be found, however, for regarding the "Isle of Pines" in any of + its forms as Americana. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE AUTHOR + </h2> + <p> + Thus far I have been concerned with externals, and before turning to the + contents of the tract itself in an endeavor to explain the extraordinary + popularity it enjoyed, something must be said of the author—Henry + Neville. Like most of the characters engaged in the politics of England in + the middle of the seventeenth century, he has suffered at the hands of his + biographer, Anthony à Wood,{1} merely because he belonged to the opposite + party—the crudest possible measure of merit For the <i>odium + politicum</i> and the <i>odium theologicum</i> are twin agents of + detraction, and the writing of history would be dull indeed were it not + for the joy of digging out an approximation to the truth from opposing + opinions. Where the material is so scanty it will be safer to summarize + what is known, without attempting to pass finally upon Neville's position + among his contemporaries. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Athenæ Oxoniemses (Bliss), iv. 413. +</pre> + <p> + The second son of Sir Henry Neville, and grandson of Sir Henry Neville + (1564?-1615), courtier and diplomatist under Elizabeth and James I, Henry + Neville was born in Billing-bear, Berkshire, in 1620. He became a commoner + of Merton College in 1635, and soon after migrated to University College, + where he passed some years but took no degree. He travelled on the + continent, becoming familiar with modern languages and men, and returned + to England in 1645, to recruit for Abingdon for the parliament Wood states + that Neville "was very great with Harry Marten, Tho. Chaloner, Tho. Scot, + Jam. Harrington and other zealous commonwealths men." His association with + them probably arose from his membership of the council of state (1651), + and also from his agreement with them in their suspicions of Cromwell, + who, in his opinion, "gaped after the government by a single person." In + consequence he was banished from London in 1654, and on Oliver's death was + returned to parliament December 30,1658, as burgess for Reading. An + attempt to exclude him on charges of atheism and blasphemy failed. + </p> + <p> + He was undoubtedly somewhat closely associated with James Harrington, the + author of "Oceana," and was regarded as a "strong doctrinaire republican." + He was a member of the club—the Rota—formed by Harrington for + discussing and disseminating his political views, a club which continued + in existence only a few months, from November, 1659, to February, 1660; + but its name is embalmed in one of Harrington's essays—"The Rota"—published + in 1660, and extracted from his "Art of Law-giving," which was itself an abridgment of + the "Oceana." + </p> + <p> + At this time, says Wood, Neville was "esteemed to be a man of good parts, + yet of a factious and turbulent spirit." On the restoration he "sculk'd + for a time," and, arrested for a supposed connection in the Yorkshire + rising of 1663, he was released for want of evidence against him, retiring + from all participation in politics. For twenty years before his death he + lived in lodgings in Silver Street, near Bloomsbury market, and dying on + September 20, 1694, he was buried in the parish church of Warfield, + Berkshire. By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Staverton of + Warfield, he had no issue.{2} In his retirement he found occupation in + political theory. He translated some of the writings of Machiavelli, which + he had obtained in Italy in 1645, and published some verses of little + merit. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + {1} Wood. + + {2} Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be said that a reading of Neville's productions before 1681 + raises him in our estimation, it certainly does not give the impression of + a man of letters, a student of government, or even a politician of the + day. There is always the possibility in these casual writings of a purpose + deeper than appears to the reader of the present day, of a meaning which + escapes him because the special combination of events creating the + occasion cannot be reconstructed. The "Parliament of Ladies," which was + published in two parts in 1647, has little meaning to the reader, though + they appeared in the year when the Parliament took notice of the "many + Seditious, False and Scandalous Papers and Pamphlets daily printed and + published in and about the cities of London and Westminster, and thence + dispersed into all parts of this Realm, and other parts beyond the Seas, to the great + abuse and prejudice of the People, and insufferable reproach of the + proceedings of the Parliament and their Army."{1} + </p> + <p> + To write, print, or sell any unlicensed matter whatsoever would be liable + to fine or imprisonment, and to whet the zeal of discovery one-half of the + fine was to go to the informer. Every publication, from a book to a + broadsheet, must bear the name of author, printer, and licenser. Neither + of Neville's pamphlets of 1647 conformed to the requirements of this act, + which is not, however, positive evidence that they did not appear after + the promulgation of the law. Suppression of printing has proved a + difficult task to rulers, even when supported by public opinion or an + army. The Stationers' Registers show that the "Parliament of Ladies" and + its sequel were not properly entered; nor do they contain any reference to + Neville's "News from the New Exchange," issued in 1650.{2} + </p> + <p> + Nine years passed before he printed a pamphlet which marked his break with + Cromwell—"Shuffling, Cutting, and Dealing in a Game of Picquet."{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, i. 1021. Though + dated September 30, the act was entered at Stationers' Hall + September 19. Eyre and Rivington, i. 276. + + 2 It was reprinted in 1731. + + 3 It is in the Harleian Miscellany, v. 298, and a copy of + the meanly printed original is in the Ticknor Collection, + Boston Public Library. +</pre> + <p> + This little pamphlet was put out in the poorest dress possible, bespeaking + a press of meagre equipment, and a printer without an idea of the form + which even the leaflet can assume in skilful hands. Without imprint, + author's name, or any mark of identification, it indicates a secret + impression and issue—one of the many occasional pamphlets which appeared at the time from + "underground" shops which least of all wanted to be known as the agent of + publication. Neville either avowed the authorship or it was traced to him, + and the displeasure of Cromwell and banishment from London followed. + </p> + <p> + In 1681 he printed "Discourses concerning Government," which was much + admired by Hobbes, and even Wood admits that it was "very much bought up + by the members [of parliament], and admired: But soon after, when they + understood who the author was (for his name was not set to the book), many + of the honest party rejected, and had no opinion of it" A later writer + describes it as an "un-Platonic dialogue developing a scheme for the + exercise of the royal prerogative through councils of state responsible to + Parliament, and of which a third part should retire every year."{1} + Reissued at the time under its better known title—"Plato + Redivivus"{2}—it was reprinted in 1742,{3} and again by Thomas + Hollis in 1763. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. + + 2 Plato Redivivus, or A Dialogue concerning Government: + wherein, by Observations drawn from other Kingdoms and + States both ancient and modern, an Endeavour is used to + discover the politick Distemper of our own; with the Causes + and Remedies. The Second Edition, with Additions. In Octavo. + Price 2s. 6d. Printed for S. I. and sold by R. Dew. The Term + Catalogues (Arber), 1.443—the issue for May, 1681. The + initials S. I. do not again occur in the Catalogues, and R. + Dew is credited with only two issues, both in May, 1681, + neither giving the location of his shop. The tract called + out several replies, such as the anonymous Antidotum + Brittanicum and Goddard's Plato's Demon, or the State + Physician Unmasked ( 1684). + + 3 A copy is in the Library Company, Philadelphia. +</pre> + <p> + His translations from Machiavelli are not so easily traced, nor is any + explanation possible for his having delayed for nearly thirty years + publication of evidence of his admiration for the Florentine politician. + He was not alone in desiring to make the Italian political moralist better + known, for translations of the "Discourses" and "The Prince," with "some + marginal animadversions noting and taxing his [Machiavelli's] errors," by + E. D.{1} was published in a second edition in November, 1673, but I do not + connect Neville with that issue. In the following year the connection of + Charles Harper's name with the "Florentine History" suggests Neville, as + does a more ambitious undertaking of the "Works," first fathered by + another London bookseller, but with which Harper was concerned in 1681: + </p> + <p> + The Florentine History, in Eight Books. Written by Nicholas Machiavel, + Citizen and Secretary of Florence: now exactly translated from the + Italian. In Octavo. Price, bound, 6s. Printed for Charles Harper, and J. + Amery, at the Flower de luce, and Peacock, in Fleet street.{2} + </p> + <p> + The Works of the Famous Nicholas Machiavel, Citizen and Secretary of + Florence. Containing, 1. The History of Flornce. 2. The Prince. 3. The + Original of the Guelf and Ghibilin Factions. 4. The life of Castrucio + Castraceni. 5. The murther of Vitelli, etc., by Duke Valentine. 6. The + State of France. 7. The State of Germany. 8. The Discourses of Titus + Livius. 9. The Art of War. 10. The Marriage of Belphegery a Novel.{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Edward Dacres. + + 2 The Term Catalogues (Arber i. 18—the issue for November + 25,1674.) It was entered at Stationers' Hall, June 20, + 1674, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and Master + Warden Mean" with the statement that the translation was + made by "J. D. Gent." + + 3 This novel wa added by Starker to a translation of novels + by Gomez deQueverdoy Villegas published in November, 1670. + The name of the printer suggests a connection with Neville. +</pre> + <p> + 11. Nicholas Machiavel's Letter in Vindication of himself and his Writings. + All written originally in Italian; and from thence newly and faithfully + Translated in English. In Folio. Price, bound, 18s. Printed for J. Starkey + at the Mitre in Flret street near Temple Bar. + </p> + <p> + [Same Title.] The Second Edition. Printed for J. Starkey, C. Harper, and + J. Amery, at the Miter, the Flower de luce, and the Peacock, in Flret + street. Folio. Price, bound, 16s.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 The Term Catalogues (Arber) i.199—the issue for + February, 1675. Entered at Stationers' Hall, February 4, + 1674-75, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and + Master Warden Roycroft," with the statement that the + translation was made by "J.B. Salvo iure cuilibet." The + resort to L'Estrange in both instances is suggestive. 2 Ib + 453—the issue for June, 1681. "The Works of that famous + Nicholas Machiavel" is announced in the Catalogues, June, + 1675, for publication by R. Boulter, in Cornhill, and at the + same price of 18s., but I doubt if Neville had anything to + do with that translation. +</pre> + <p> + It may be admitted that questions of government were eagerly discussed in + the seventeenth century. It was only needed to live under the Stuarts and + to pass through the Civil War and Protectorate to realize that a + transition from the divinely anointed ruler to a self-constituted governor + resting upon an army, and again to a trial of the legitimate holder of + royal prerogative, offered an education in matters of political rule which + naturally led to a constitutional monarchy, and which could not be + equalled in degree or lasting importance until the American colonies of + Great Britain questioned the policy of the mother country toward her all + too energetic children. Hobbes' "Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power + of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil," appeared in 1651, a powerful + argument for absolutism, but cast in such a form as to make the writer an + unwelcome adherent to royalty in exile. + </p> + <p> + In 1652 Filmer published his "Observations concerning the Original of + Government," one of a series of tracts, completed by his "Patriarcha," + printed after his death, which has made him a prophet of the extreme + supporters of the divine origin of kingship. These are only examples of + the political discussion of the day, and to them may be added Harrington, + whose "Oceanan" appeared in 1656.{1} It satisfied no party or faction, and + a second edition was not called for until 1700, when other writings of the + author were added. This compilation was, in 1737, pirated by a Dublin + printer, R. Reilly, who added Neville's "Plato Redivivus;"{2} but the + third English edition (1747), issued by the same printer who made the + second edition, omitted Neville's tract. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Entered at Stationers' Hall by Livewell Chapman, + September 19,1656. Eyre and Rivington, ii. 86. + + 2 Bibliotheca Liudeusianat ii. 4228. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE STORY + </h2> + <p> + "The Isle of Pines" was Neville's fifth publication, issued nine years + after his fourth, a political tract: "Shuffling, Cutting and Dealing in a + Game of Picquet" Like most titles of the day, that of "The Isle of Pines" + did not fail in quantity. It was repeated word for word, except the + imprint, on the first page of the text. Briefly, the relation purports to + have been written by an Englishman, George Pine, who at the age of twenty + shipped as book-keeper in the <i>India Merchant</i>, which sailed for the + East Indies in 1569. + </p> + <p> + Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope and being almost within sight of St. + Lawrence's Island, now Madagascar,{1} they encountered a great storm of + wind, which separated the ship from her consorts, blew many days, and + finally wrecked the vessel on a rocky island. The entire company was + drowned except Pine, the daughter of his master, two maid-servants, and + one negro female slave. They gathered what they could of the wreckage, and + Pine and his companions lived there in community life, a free-love + settlement By the four women he had forty-seven children, and in his + sixtieth year he claimed to have 565 children, grandchildren, and + great-grandchildren. It was from one of his grandchildren that the Dutch + ship received the relation. Apart from the title-page, the entire tract is + occupied by the story of George Pine, from whom the island took its name. + In 1667, or ninety-eight years after Pine was wrecked, the Dutch captain + estimated that the population of the island amounted to ten or twelve + thousand persons. Methuselah, with his years to plead for him, might boast + of such breeding, but in ordinary man it is too near the verminous, the + rat, the guinea-pig, and the rabbit, to be pleasant. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 It was the Island of St. Laurence of James Lancaster's + Voyage, 1593. Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, vi. 401. +</pre> + <p> + The publication must have attracted attention at once, for before the end + of July Neville put forth a second part, "A New and further Discovery of + The Isle of Pines," which purported to be the relation of the Dutch + captain to whom the history of Pines had been confided. It is an unadorned + story such as might have been gathered from a dozen tales in Hakluyt or + Purchas, and is interesting only in giving the name of the Dutch captain—Cornelius + Van Sloetton—and the location of the supposed island—longitude + 76° and latitude 20°, under the third climate—which places it to the + northeast of Madagascar. Almost immediately after the publication of the + second part it was combined with the first part, as already described, and + published late in July or early in August Cornelius Van Sloetton, as he + signed himself in the second part, became Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten in + the combined issue. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTERPRETATIONS + </h2> + <p> + It was Pine's relation which received the greatest attention on the + continent, and that was chiefly concerned in describing his performances + in populating the island. It was therefore with only a mild surprise that + I read in one of those repulsively thorough studies which only a German + can make, a study made in 1668 of this very tract, "The Isle of Pines," + the assertion that Pines, masquerading as the name of the discoverer and + patriarch of the island, and accepted as the name of the island itself, + was only an anagram on the male organ of generation—penis. On one of + the German issues in the John Carter Brown Library this has also been noted + by a contemporary hand.{1} Such an interpretation reduces our tract to a + screaming farce, but it closely suits the general tone of other of + Neville's writings, which are redolent of the sensual license of the + restoration. To this I would add an emendation of my own. The name adopted + by Neville was Henry Cornelius van Sloetten. It suggests a somewhat + forcible English word—slut—of doubtful origin, although forms + having some resemblance in sound and sense occur in the Scandinavian + languages. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Christian Weise, Prof. Polit, in augusteo in A. 1685. +</pre> + <p> + Such interpretations seem to fit the work better than that of a German + critic, who sees in the book a sort of Utopia, a model community, or an + exhibition in the development of law and order. Free love led to license, + maids were ravished, and the complete promiscuity of intercourse disgusted + Pine, who sought to suppress it by force and, in killing the leader of a + revolt, a man with negro blood in his veins, to impose punishments for + acts which he had himself done. The ground for believing that Neville had + any such purpose when he wrote the book is too slight to be accepted. In + 1668 the author had no call to convey a lesson in government to his + countrymen by any means so frankly vulgar and pointless as the "Isle of + Pines." If Neville had intended such a political object, a phrase would + have sufficed to indicate it. No such key can be found in the text, and + there is nothing to show that, politician as he was, he realized that such + an intimation could be drawn from his paragraphs. + </p> + <p> + To assume, therefore, that so carefully hidden a suggestion of a model + republic could have aided the circulation of the pamphlet at the time, or at + any later period, is to introduce an element unnecessary to explain the + vogue of the relation. It passed simply as a story of adventure, and as + such it fell upon a time when a wide public was receptive to the point of + being easily duped. Wood asserts that the "Isle of Pines," when first + published, "was look'd upon as a mere sham or piece of drollery; "{1} and + there are few contemporary references to the relation of either Pine or + Van Sloetten, and those few are of little moment If the seamen, who were + in a position to point out discrepancies of fad in the story, made any + comment or criticism, I have failed to discover them. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Athenæ Oxomiensis (Bliss), iv. 410. +</pre> + <p> + Neville himself freely played with the subject, and it is strange that he + did not excite some suspicion of his veracity among his readers. He had + told in his first part of a Dutch ship which was driven by foul weather to + the island and of the giving to the Dutch the story of Pine. His second + part is the story of the Dutch captain, sailing from Amsterdam, + re-discovering the Isle of Pines, and returning home—that is, to + Holland. Yet Neville for the combined issue, and presumably only a few + days after giving out the first part, composed two letters from a merchant + of Amsterdam—Abraham Keek—dated June 29 and July 6, saying + that the last post from Rochelle brought intelligence of a French vessel + which had just arrived and reported the discovery of this very island, but + placing it some two or three hundred leagues "Northwest from Cape Finis + Terre," though, he added with reasonable caution, "it may be that there + may be some mistake in the number of the Leagues, as also of the exact + point of the compass from Cape Finis Terre." + </p> + <p> + Keek offered an additional piece of geographical information, that "some + English here suppose it maybe the Island of Brasile which have been so oft + sought for, Southwest from Ireland."{1} The first letter of Keek is dated + five days after the licensing of the first part of the "Isle of Pines," + and the second sixteen days before the date of Sloetten's narrative. It is + hardly possible that Neville could have been forgetful of his having made + a Dutch vessel responsible for the discovery and history of Pine, and it + is more than probable that he took this means of giving greater + verisimilitude to the Isle of Pines, by bringing forward an independent + discovery by a French vessel. However intended, the ruse did not + contribute to such a purpose, as the combined parts did not enjoy as wide + a circulation as the first part. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 See page 53, infra. +</pre> + <p> + On the continent a German, who knew the tract only as translated into + German through a Dutch version of the English text, and therefore + imperfectly, gave it serious consideration, and had little difficulty in + finding inconsistencies and contradictions. Some of his questions went to + the root of the matter. It was a Dutch ship which first found the Isle of + Pines and its colony; why was not the discovery first announced by the + Dutch? Piece by piece the critic takes down the somewhat clumsily + fashioned structure of Neville's fiction, and in the end little remains + untouched by suspicion. No such examination, dull and labored in form, and + offering no trace of imagination which wisely permits itself to be + deceived in details in order to be free to accept a whole, could pass + beyond the narrow circle of a university. + </p> + <p> + As an antidote to the attractions of Neville's tract it was powerless, and + to-day it remains as much of a curiosity as it was in 1668, when it was + written. Indeed, a question might be raised as to which tract was less + intentionally a joke—Neville's "Isle of Pines," or our German's + ponderous essay upon it? At least the scientific ignorance of the + Englishman, perfectly evident from the start, is more entertaining than + the pseudo-science of the German critic, who boldly asserts as impossible + what has come to be a commonplace.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Das verdachtige Pineser-Eylandd, No. 29 in the + Bibliography. It it dedicated to Anthonio Goldbeck, + Burgomaster of Altona, and the letter of dedication b dated + at Hamburg, October 26, 1668. +</pre> + <p> + Hippe calls attention to the geography of the relation as not the least + interesting of its features, for the neighborhood of the Island of + Madagascar was used in other sea stories as a place of storm and + catastrophe. "The ship on which Simplicissimus wished to return to + Portugal, suffered shipwreck likewise near Madagascar, and the paradisiac + island on which Grimmelshausen permits his hero finally to land in company + with a carpenter, is also to be sought in this region. In precisely the + same way the shipwreck of Sadeur,{1} the hero of a French Robinson Crusoe + story, happens on the coast of Madagascar, and from this was he driven in a southerly + direction to the coast of the southern land." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 La Terre Australe commue, a romance written by Gabriel de + Foigny (pseud. J. Sadeur), describing the stay of Sadeur on + the southern continent for more than thirty-five years, The + original edition, made in Geneva in 1676, is said to contain + "many impious and licentious passages which were omitted in + the later editions." Sabin (xviii. 220) gives a list of + editions, the first English translation appearing in 1693. + It is possible that the author owed the idea of his work to + Neville's pamphlet. +</pre> + <p> + In most of the older surveys of the known world America counts as the + fourth part, naturally coming after Europe, Asia, and Africa. Even that + arrangement was not generally accepted. Joannes Leo (Hasan Ibn Muhammad, + al-Wazzan), writing in 1556, properly called Africa "la tierce Partie du + Monde;" but the Seigneur de la Popellinière, in his "Les Trois Mondes," + published in 1582, divided the globe into three parts—1. Europe, + Asia, and Africa; 2. America, and 3. Australia. A half century later, + Pierre d'Avitz, of Toumon (Ardèche), entitled one of his compositions + "Description Générale de l'Amérique troisiesme partie du Monde," first + published in 1637.{2} The expedition under Alvaro de Mendana de Nevra, + setting sail from Callao, November 19, 1567, and steering westward, sought + to clear doubt concerning a continent which report had pictured as being + somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. The Solomon Islands rewarded the + enterprise, and with New Guinea and the Philippines completed a connection + between Peru and the continent of Asia. There had long existed, however, a + settled belief in the existence of a great continent in the southern + hemisphere, which should serve as a counterpoise to the known lands in the + northern. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 A copy is in the Boston Athenaeum. +</pre> + <p> + The geographical ideas of the times required such a continent, and even before + the circumnavigation of Africa, the world-maps indicated to the southward + "terra incognita secundum Ptolemeum,"{1} or a land of extreme temperature + and wholly unknown.{2} The sailing of ships round the Cape of Good Hope + dissipated in some degree this belief but it merely placed some distance + between that cape and the supposed Terra Australia which was now extended + to the south of America, separated on the maps from that continent only by + the narrow Straits of Magellan, and stretching to the westward, almost + approaching New Guinea.{3} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 As on the Ptolemy, Ulm, 1482. + + 2 As in Macrobius, In Sommium Scipionis Expositio, Brescia, + 1483. 3 See the map of Oronce Fine, 1522, and Ortelius, + Orbis Terrarum 1592. 4 The "Quiri Regio" was long marked on + maps as a continent lying to the south of the Solomon + Islands. + + 3 This was first republished at Augsburg in 1611; in a + Latin translation in Henry Hudson's Descriptio ac + Delimeatis, Amsterdam, 1612, in Dutch, Verhael van seher + Memorial, Amsterdam, 1612; in Bry, 1613, and shortly after + in Hulsius; in French, Paris, 1617; and in English, London, + 1617. I give this list because even so interesting an + announcement of a genuine voyage did not have so quick an + acceptance as Neville's tract with almost the same title. +</pre> + <p> + Such an expanse of undiscovered land, believed to be rich in gold, + awakened the resolution of Pedro Fernandez de Queiros, who had been a + pilot in the Mendafia voyage of 1606. By chance he failed in his object, + and deceived by the apparent continuous coast line presented to his view + by the islands of the New Hebrides group, he gave it the resounding name + of Austrialia del Espiritu Santo, because of the King's title of Austria. + On the publication of his "Relation" at Seville in 1610, the name was + altered, and he claimed to have discovered the "fourth part of the world, + called Terra Australis incognita." Seven years later, in 1617, it was published in + London under the title, "Terra Australia incognita, or A new Southerne + Discoverie, containing a fifth part of the World." It is obvious that + geographers and their source of information—the adventurous sea + captains—were not agreed upon the proper number to be assigned to + the Terra Australis in the world scheme. Even in 1663 the Church seemed in + doubt, for a father writes "Mémoires touchant l'établissement d'une + Mission Chrestienne dans la troisième Monde, autrement apellé la Terre + Australe, Méridionale, Antartique, & I connue."{1} That Neville even + drew his title from any of these publications cannot be asserted, nor do + they explain his designation of the Isle of Pines as the fourth island in + this southern land; but they show the common meaning attached to <i>Terra + Australis incognita</i>, and his use of the words was a clever, even if + not an intentional appeal to the curiosity then so active on continents + yet to be discovered. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Printed at Paris by Claude Cramoisy, 1663. A copy is in + the John Carter Brown Library. In 1756 Charles de Brosse + published his Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Australes + from Vespuccius to his own day, which was largely used by + John Callender in compiling his Terra Australis Cogmta, + 1766-68. +</pre> + <p> + Another volume, however, written by one who afterwards became Bishop of + Norwich, may have been responsible for the conception of Neville's + pamphlet. This was Joseph Hall's "Mundus Alter et Idem sive Terra + Australis ante hac semper incognita longis itineribus peregrini Academici + nuperrime lustrata." The title says it was printed at Frankfort, and the + statement has been too readily accepted as the fact, for the tract was + entered at Stationers' Hall by John Porter, June 2, 1605, and again on August 1, 1608.{1} The + biographer of Bishop Hall states that it was published at Frankfort by a + friend, in 1605, and republished at Hanau in 1607, and in a translated + form in London about 1608. It is more than probable that all three issues + were made in London, and that the so-called Hanau edition was that entered + in 1608. On January 18, 1608-09, Thomas Thorpe entered the translation, + with the address to the reader signed John Healey, who was the + translator.{2} This carried the title: "The Discovery of a New World, or a + Description of the South Indies hitherto unknown."{3} It is a satirical + work with no pretense of touching upon realities. Hallam wrote of it: "I + can only produce two books by English authors in this first part of the + seventeenth century which fall properly under the class of novels or + romances; and of these one is written in Latin. This is the Mundus Alter + and Idem of Bishop Hall, an imitation of the later and weaker volumes of + Rabelais. A country in Terra Australis is divided into four regions, + Crapulia, Virginia, Moronea, and Lavernia. Maps of the whole land and of + particular regions are given; and the nature of the satire, not much of + which has any especial reference to England, may easily be collected. It + is not a very successful effort."{4} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Stationers' Registers (Arber), in. 291, 386. + + 2 Ib. 400. Healey made an "exceptionally bad" translation + of St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, which remained the only + English translation of that work until 1871. + + 3 In the Bodleian Library is a copy of the translation with + the title, The Discovery of a New World, Tenterbelly, + Sheeland, and Fooliana, London, n.d. + + 4 Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 2d éd., II. + 167. +</pre> + <p> + While a later critic, Canon Perry, says of it: "This strange + composition, sometimes erroneously described as a 'political romance,' to + which it bears no resemblance whatever, is a moral satire in prose, with a + strong undercurrent of bitter jibes at the Romish church, and its + eccentricities, which sufficiently betray the author's main purpose in + writing it. It shows considerable imagination, wit, and skill in latinity, + but it has not enough of verisimilitude to make it an effective satire, + and does not always avoid scurrility."{1} Like Neville's production, the + satire was misinterpreted. + </p> + <p> + The title of Neville's tract also recalls the lost play of Thomas Nash—"The + Isle of Dogs"—for which he was imprisoned on its appearance in 1597, + and suffered, as he asserted, for the indiscretion of others. "As Actaeon + was worried by his own hounds," wrote Francis Meres in his "Palladis + Tamia," "so is Tom Nash of his Isle of Dogs." And three years later, in + 1600, Nash referred in his "Summers Last Will" to the excitement raised by + his suppressed play. "Here's a coil about dogs without wit! If I had + thought the ship of fools would have stay'd to take in fresh water at the + Isle of Dogs, I would have furnish'd it with a whole kennel of collections + to the purpose." The incident was long remembered. Nine years after Nash's + experience John Day published his "Isle of Gulls," drawn from Sir Philip + Sidney's "Arcadia."{2} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, xxiv. 76. + + 2 I take these facts from Sir Sidney Lee's sketch of Nash in + the Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 107. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" + </h2> + <p> + I would apologize for taking so much time on a nine-page hoax did it not + offer something positive in the history of English literature. It has long + been recognized as one of the more than possible sources of Defoe's + "Robinson Crusoe." It is truly said that the elements of a masterpiece + exist for years before they become embodied, that they are floating in the + air, as it were, awaiting the master workman who can make that use which + gives to them permanent interest Life on an island, entirely separated + from the rest of mankind, had formed an incident in many tales, but + Neville's is believed to have been the first employment by an English + author of island life for the whole story. And while Defoe excludes the + most important feature of Neville's tract—woman—from his + "Robinson Crusoe," issued in April, 1719, he too, four months after, + published the "Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," in which woman has + a share. It would be wearisome to undertake a comparison of incident; + suffice it to say that the "Isle of Pines" has been accepted as a + pre-Defoe romance, to which the far greater Englishman may have been + indebted. + </p> + <p> + <a name="2H_4_0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> <br /> <img alt="oldtitle (114K)" + src="images/oldtitle.jpg" height="1040" width="671" /> <br /> <br /> <img + alt="title2 (127K)" src="images/title2.jpg" height="888" width="704" /> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + THE ISLE OF PINES, <br /> The combined Parts as issued in 1668 + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + The Isle of Pines + </h2> + <h2> + OR, <br /> <br /> + A late Discovery of a fourth ISLAND near Terra Australis, Incognita <br /> + <br /> BY <br /> <br /> Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten. <br /> <br /> Wherein is + contained. <br /> <br /> + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p> + A True Relation of certain English persons, who in Queen Elizabeths + time, making a Voyage to the East Indies were cast away, and wracked + near to the Coast of Terra Australis, Incognita, and all drowned, except + one Man and four Women. And now lately Anno Dom. 1667. a Dutch Ship + making a Voyage to the East Indies, driven by foul weather there, by + chance have found their Posterity, (speaking good English) to amount (as + they suppose) to ten or twelve thousand persons. The whole Relation + (written and left by the Man himself a little before his death, and + delivered to the Dutch by his Grandchild) Is here annexed with the + Longitude and Latitude of the Island, the situation and felicity + thereof, with other matter observable. + </p> + <p> + Licensed July 27. 1668. + </p> + <p> + London, Printed for Allen Banks and Charles Harper next door to the + three Squerrills in Fleet-street, over against St Dunstans Church, 1668. + </p> + <p> + <big><b>Two Letters concerning the Island of Pines to a Credible person + in Covent Garden.</b></big> + </p> + <p> + IT is written by the last Post from Rochel, to a Merchant in this City, + that there was a French ship arrived, the Mailer and Company of which + reports, that about 2 or 300 Leagues Northwest from Cape Finis Terre, + they fell in with an Island, where they went on shore, and found about + 2000 English people without cloathes, only some small coverings about + their middle, and that they related to them, that at their first coming + to this Island (which was in Queen Elizabeths time) they were but five + in number men and women, being cast on shore by distress or otherwise, + and had there remained ever since, without having any correspondence + with any other people, or any ship coming to them. This story seems very + fabulous, yet the Letter is come to a known Merchant, and from a good + hand in France, so that I thought fit to mention it, it may be that + there may be some mistake in the number of the Leagues, as also of the + exact point of the Compass, from Cape Finis Terre; I shall enquire more + particularly about it. Some English here suppose it may be the Island of + Brasile which have been so oft sought for, Southwest from Ireland, if + true, we shall hear further about it; your friend and Brother, Abraham + Keek. + </p> + <p> + Amsterdam, July the 6th 1668. + </p> + <p> + IT is said that the Ship that discovered the Island, of which I hinted + to you in my last, is departed from Rochel, on her way to Zealand, + several persons here have writ thither to enquire for the said Vessel, + to know the truth of this business. I was promised a Copy of the Letter + Amsterdam, June the 29th 1668, that came from France, advising the discovery of the + Island above-said, but its not yet come to my hand; when it cometh, or + any further news about this Island, I shall acquaint you with it, + </p> + <p> + Your Friend and Brother, + </p> + <p> + A. Keck. + </p> + <p> + {{1 }} <i>Discovered Near to the Coast of Terra Australis Incognita, by + Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten, in a Letter to a friend in London, + declaring the truth of his Voyage to the East Indies</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR, + </p> + <p> + I Received your Letter of this second instant, wherein you desire me to + give you a further account concerning the Land of <i>Pines</i>, on + which we were driven by distress of Weather the last Summer, I also + perused the Printed Book thereof you sent me, the Copy of which was + surreptiously taken out of my hands, else should I have given you a + more fuller account upon what occasion we came thither, how we were + entertained, with some other {{2 }}circumstances of note wherein that + relation is defective. To satisfie therefore your desires, I shall + briefly yet sully give you a particular account thereof, with a true + Copy of the Relation it self; desiring you to bear with my blunt + Phrases, as being more a Seaman then a Scholler. + </p> + <p> + April the 26th 1667. We set sail from Amsterdam, intending for the + East-Indies; our ship had to name the place from whence we came, the <i>Amsterdam</i> + burthen 350. Tun, and having a fair gale of Wind, on the 27 of May + following we had a sight of the high Peak Tenriffe belonging to the + Canaries, we have touched at the Island Palma, but having endeavoured it + twice, and finding the winds contrary, we steered on our course by the + Isles of Cape Ferd, or Insula Capitis Viridis, where at St. James's we + took in fresh water, with some few Goats, and Hens, wherewith that Island doth + plentifully abound. + </p> + <p> + June the 14. we had a sight of Madagascar, or the Island of St + Laurence, an Island of 4000 miles in compass, and scituate under the + Southern Tropick; thither we steered our course, and trafficked with + the inhabitants for Knives, Beads, Glasses and the like, having in + exchange thereof Cloves and Silver. Departing from thence we were + incountred with a violent storm, and the winds holding contrary, for + the space of a fortnight, brought us back almost as far as the Isle Del + Principe; during which time many of our men fell sick, and some dyed, + but at the end of that time it pleased God the wind favoured us again, + and we steered on our course merrily, for the space of ten days: when + on a sudden we were encountered with such a violent storm, as if all + the four winds together had conspired for our destruction, so that the + stoutest spirit of us all quailed, expecting every hour to be devoured + by that merciless element of water, sixteen dayes together {{3 }} did + this storm continue, though not with such violence as at the first, the + Weather being so dark all the while, and the Sea so rough, that we knew + not in what place we were, at length all on a sudden the Wind ceased, + and the Air cleared, the Clouds were all dispersed, and a very serene + Sky followed, for which we gave hearty thanks to the Almighty, it being + beyond our expectation that we should have escaped the violence of that + storm. + </p> + <p> + At length one of our men mounting the Main-mast espyed fire, an evident + sign of some Countrey near adjoyning, which presently after we + apparently discovered, and steering our course more nigher, we saw several + persons promiscuously running about the shore, as it were wondering and + admiring at what they saw: Being now near to the Land, we manned out our + long Boat with ten persons, who approaching the shore, asked them in our + Dutch Tongue What Eyland is dit? to which they returned this Answer in + English, "that they knew not what we said." One of our Company named + Jeremiah Hanzen who understood English very well, hearing their words + discourst to them in their own Language; so that in fine we were very + kindly invited on shore, great numbers of them flocking about us, + admiring at our Cloaths which we did wear, as we on the other side did + to find in such a strange place, so many that could speak English and + yet to go naked. + </p> + <p> + Four of our men returning back in the long Boat to our Ships company, + could hardly make them believe the truth of what they had seen and + heard, but when we had brought our ship into harbour, you would have + blest your self to see how the naked Islanders flocked unto us, so + wondering at our ship, as if it had been the greatest miracle of Nature + in whole World. {{4 }} + </p> + <p> + We were very courteously entertained by them, presenting us with such + food as that Countrey afforded, which indeed was not to be despised; we + eat of the Flesh both of Beasts, and Fowls, which they had cleanly + drest, though with no great curiosity, as wanting materials, wherewithal + to do it; and for bread we had the inside or Kernel of a great Nut as + big as an Apple, which was very wholsome, and found for the body, and + tasted to the Pallat very delicious. + </p> + <p> + Having refreshed our selves, they invited us to the Pallace of their + Prince or chief Ruler, some two miles distant off from the place where + we landed; which we found to be about the bigness of one of our ordinary + village houses, it was supported with rough unhewn pieces of Timber, and + covered very artificially with boughs, so that it would keep out the + greatest showers of Rain, the sides thereof were adorned with several + forts of Flowers, which the fragrant fields there do yield in great + variety. The Prince himself (whose name was <i>William Pine</i> the + Grandchild of <i>George Pine</i> that was first on shore in this Island) + came to his Pallace door and saluted us very courteously, for though he + had nothing of Majesty in him, yet had he a courteous noble and + deboneyre spirit, wherewith your English Nation (especially those of the + Gentry) are very much indued. + </p> + <p> + Scarce had he done saluting us when his Lady or Wife, came likewise + forth of their House or Pallace, attended on by two Maid-servants, the + was a woman of an exquisite beauty, and had on her head as it were a + Chaplet of Flowers, which being intermixt with several variety of + colours became her admirably. Her privities were hid with some pieces + of old Garments, the Relicts of those Cloaths (I suppose) of them which + first came hither, and yet being adorned with Flowers those very rags + seemeth beautiful; and {{5 }} indeed modesty so far prevaileth over all + the Female Sex of that Island, that with grass and flowers interwoven + and made strong by the peelings of young Elms (which grow there in + great plenty) they do plant together so many of them as serve to cover + those parts which nature would have hidden. + </p> + <p> + We carried him as a present some few Knives, of which we thought they + had great need, an Ax or Hatchet to fell Wood, which was very acceptable + unto him, the Old one which was cast on shore at the first, and the only + one that they ever had, being now so quite blunt and dulled, that it + would not cut at all, some few other things we also gave him, which he + very thankfully accepted, inviting us into his House or Pallace, and + causing us to sit down with him, where we refreshed our selves again, + with some more Countrey viands which were no other then such we tasted + of before; Prince and peasant here faring alike, nor is there any + difference betwixt their drink, being only fresh sweet water, which the + rivers yield them in great abundance. + </p> + <p> + After some little pause, our Companion (who could speak English) by our + request desired to know of him something concerning their Original and + how that people speaking the Language of such a remote Countrey, should + come to inhabit there, having not, as we could see, any ships or Boats + amongst them the means to bring them thither, and which was more, + altogether ignorant and meer strangers to ships, or shipping, the main + thing conducible to that means, to which request of ours, the courteous + Prince thus replyed. + </p> + <p> + Friends (for so your actions declare you to be, and shall by ours find + no less) know that we are inhabitants of this Island of no great + standing, my Grandfather being the first that ever set foot on this + shore, whose native Countrey was {{6 }} a place called <i>England</i>, + far distant from this our Land, as he let us to understand; He came + from that place upon the Waters, in a thing called a Ship, of which no + question but you may have heard; several other persons were in his + company, not intending to have come hither (as he said) but to a place + called <i>India</i>, when tempestuous weather brought him and his + company upon this Coast, where falling among the Rocks his ship split + all in pieces; the whole company perishing in the Waters, saving only + him and four women, which by means of a broken piece of that Ship, by + Divine assistance got on Land. + </p> + <p> + What after passed (said he) during my Grandfathers life, I shall show + you in a Relation thereof written by his own hand, which he delivered to + my Father being his eldest Son, charging him to have a special care + thereof, and ashuring him that time would bring some people or other + thither to whom he would have him to impart it, that the truth of our + first planting here might not be quite lost, which his commands my + Father dutifully obeyed; but no one coming, he at his death delivered + the same with the like charge to me, and you being the first people, + which (besides our selves) ever set footing in this Island, I shall + therefore in obedience to my Grandfathers and Fathers commands, + willingly impart the same unto you. + </p> + <p> + Then stepping into a kind of inner room, which as we conceived was his + lodging Chamber, he brought forth two sheets of paper fairly written in + Englishy (being the same Relation which you had Printed with you at + London) and very distinctly read the same over unto us, which we + hearkened unto with great delight and admiration, freely proffering us a + Copy of the same, which we afterward took and brought away along with + us; which Copy hereafter followeth.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Here begins the first part of the tract. +</pre> + <p> + A Way to the East India's being lately discovered by Sea, to the {{7 }} + South of Affrich by certain Portugals, far more safe and profitable + then had been heretofore; certain English Merchants encouraged by the + great advantages arising from the Eastern Commodities, to settle a + Factory there for the advantage of Trade. And having to that purpose + obtained the Queens Royal Licence Anno Dom. 1569. 11. or 12. Eliz. + furnisht out for those parts four ships, my Master being sent as Factor + to deal and Negotiate for them, and to settle there, took with him his + whole Family, (that is to say) his Wife, and one Son of about twelve + years of age, and one Daughter of about fourteen years, two + Maidservants, one <i>Negro</i> female slave, and my Self, who went + under him as his Book-keeper, with this company on Monday the third of + April next following, (having all necessaries for Housekeeping when we + should come there), we Embarqued our selves in the good ship called the + <i>India Merchant</i>, of about four hundred and fifty Tuns burthen, + and having a good wind, we on the fourteenth day of May had sight of + the Canaries, and not long after of the Isles of Cafe Vert or Verd, + where taking in such things as were necessary for our Voyage, and some + fresh Provisions, we stearing our course South, and a point East, about + the first of August came within sight of the Island of St Hellen, where + we took in some fresh water, we then set our faces for the Cape of Good + Hope, where by Gods blessing after some sickness, whereof some of our + company died, though none of our family; and hitherto we had met with + none but calm weather, yet so it pleased God, when we were almost in + fight of St. Laurence, an Island so called, one of the greatest in the + world, as Marriners say, we were overtaken and dispersed by a great + storm of Wind, which continued with luch violence {{8 }} many days, + that losing all hope of safety, being out of our own knowledge, and + whether we should fall on Flats or Rocks, uncertain in the nights, not + having the least benefit of the light, we feared most, alwayes wishing + for day, and then for Land, but it came too soon for our good; for + about the first of October, our fears having made us forget how the + time passed to a certainty; we about the break of day discerned Land + (but what we knew not) the Land seemed high and Rockey, and the Sea + continued still very stormy and tempestuous, insomuch as there seemed + no hope of safety, but looked suddenly to perish. As we grew near Land, + perceiving no safety in the ship, which we looked would suddenly be + beat in pieces: The Captain, my Master, and some others got into the + long Boat, thinking by that means to save their lives, and presently + after all the Seamen cast themselves overboard, thinking to save their + lives by swimming, onely myself my Masters Daughters, the two Maids, + and the Negro were left on board, for we could not swim; but those that + left us, might as well have tarried with us, for we saw them, or most + of them perish, our selves now ready after to follow their fortune, but + God was pleased to spare our lives, as it were by miracle, though to + further sorrow; for when we came against the Rocks, our ship having + endured two or three blows against the Rocks, (being now broken and + quite foundred in the Waters), we having with much ado gotten our + selves on the Bowspright, which being broken off, was driven by the + Waves into a small Creek, wherein fell a little River, which being + encompassed by the Rocks was sheltered from the Wind, so that we had + opportunity to land our selves, (though almost drowned) in all four + persons, besides the Negro: when we were got upon the Rock, we could + perceive the miserable Wrack to our great terrour, I had in my {{9 }} + pocket a little Tinder-box, and Steel, and Flint to strike fire at any + time upon occasion, which served now to good Purpose, for its being so + close, preserved the Tinder dry, with this, and the help of some old + rotten Wood which we got together, we kindled a fire and dryed our + selves, which done, I left my female company, and went to see, if I + could find any of our Ships company, that were escaped, but could hear + of none, though I hooted, and made all the noise I could; neither could + I perceive the foot-steps of any living Creature (save a few Birds, and + other Fowls). At length it drawing towards the Evening, I went back to + my company, who were very much troubled for want of me. I being now all + their stay in this lost condition, we were at first afraid that the + wild people of the Countrey might find us out, although we saw no + footsteps of any, not so much as a Path; the Woods round about being + full of Briers and Brambles, we also stood in fear of wild Beasts, of + such also we saw none, nor sign of any: But above all, and that we had + greatest reason to fear, was to be starved to death for want of Food, + but God had otherwise provided for us, as you shall know hereafter; + this done, we spent our time in getting some broken pieces of Boards, + and Planks, and some of the Sails and Rigging on shore for shelter; I + set up two or three Poles, and drew two or three of the Cords and Lines + from Tree to Tree, over which throwing some Sail-cloathes, and having + gotten Wood by us, and three or four Sea-gowns, which we had dryed, we + took up our Lodging for that night altogether (the Blackmoor being left + sensible then the rest we made our Centry) we slept soundly that night, + as having not slept in three or four nights before (our fears of what + happened preventing us) neither could our hard lodging, fear, and + danger hinder us we were so over wacht. {{10 }} + </p> + <p> + On the morrow, being well refresht with sleep, the winde ceased, and the + weather was very warm; we went down the Rocks on the sands at low water, + where we found great part of our lading, either on shore or floating + near it. I by the help of my company, dragged most of it on shore; what + was too heavy for us broke, and we unbound the Casks and Cherts, and, + taking out the goods, secured all; so that we wanted no clothes, nor any + other provision necessary for Housekeeping, to furnish a better house + than any we were like to have; but no victuals (the last water having + spoiled all) only one Cask of bisket, being lighter than the rest was + dry; this served for bread a while, and we found on Land a sort of fowl + about the bigness of a Swan, very heavie and fat, that by reason of + their weight could not fly, of these we found little difficulty to kill, + so that was our present food; we carried out of England certain Hens and + Cocks to eat by the way, some of these when the ship was broken, by some + means got to land, & bred exceedingly, so that in the future they + were a great help unto us; we found also, by a little River, in the + flags, store of eggs, of a sort of foul much like our Ducks, which were + very good meat, so that we wanted nothing to keep us alive. + </p> + <p> + On the morrow, which was the third day, as soon as it was morning, + seeing nothing to disturb us, I lookt out a convenient place to dwell + in, that we might build us a Hut to shelter us from the weather, and + from any other danger of annoyance, from wild beasts (if any should + finde us out: So close by a large spring which rose out of a high hill + over-looking the Sea, on the side of a wood, having a prospect towards + the Sea) by the help of an Ax and some other implements (for we had all + necessaries, the working of the Sea, having cast up most of our goods) + I cut down all the straightest poles I could find, and which were + enough {{11 }} for my purpose, by the help of my company (necessity + being our Master) I digged holes in the earth setting my poles at an + equl distance, and nailing the broken boards of the Caskes, Cherts, and + Cabins, and such like to them, making my door to the Seaward, and + having covered the top, with sail-clothes strain'd and nail'd, I in the + space of a week had made a large Cabbin big enough to hold all our + goods and our selves in it, I also placed our Hamocks for lodging, + purposing (if it pleased God to send any Ship that way) we might be + transported home, but it never came to pass, the place, wherein we were + (as I conceived) being much out of the way. + </p> + <p> + We having now lived in this manner full four months, and not so much as + seeing or hearing of any wild people, or of any of our own company, more + then our selves (they being found now by experience to be all drowned) + and the place, as we after found, being a large Island, and disjoyned, + and out of fight of any other Land, was wholly uninhabited by any + people, neither was there any hurtful beast to annoy us: But on the + contrary the countrey so very pleasant, being always clothed with green, + and full of pleasant fruits, and variety of birds, ever warm, and never + colder then in England in September: So that this place (had it the culture, + that skilful people might bestow on it) would prove a Paradise. + </p> + <p> + The Woods afforded us a sort of Nuts, as big as a large Apple, whose + kernel being pleasant and dry, we made use of instead of bread, that + fowl before mentioned, and a sort of water-fowl like Ducks, and their + eggs, and a beast about the size of a Goat, and almost such a like + creature, which brought two young ones at a time, and that twice a + year, of which the Low Lands and Woods were very full, being a very + harmless creature and tame, so that we could easily {{12 }} take and + kill them: Fish, also, especially Shell-fish (which we could best come + by) we had great store of, so that in effect as to Food we wanted + nothing; and thus, and by such like helps, we continued six moneths + without any disturbance or want. + </p> + <p> + Idleness and Fulness of every thing begot in me a desire of enjoying the + women, beginning now to grow more familiar, I had perswaded the two + Maids to let me lie with them, which I did at first in private, but + after, custome taking away shame (there being none but us) we did it + more openly, as our Lusts gave us liberty; afterwards my Masters + Daughter was content also to do as we did; the truth is, they were all + handsome Women, when they had Cloathes, and well shaped, feeding well. + For we wanted no Food, and living idlely, and seeing us at Liberty to do + our wills, without hope of ever returning home made us thus bold: One of + the first of my Comforts with whom I first accompanined (the tallest and + handsomest) proved presently with child, the second was my Masters + Daughter, and the other also not long after fell into the same + condition: none now remaining but my Negro, who seeing what we did, + longed also for her share; one Night, I being asleep, my Negro, (with + the consent of the others) got close to me, thinking it being dark, to + beguile me, but I awaking and feeling her, and perceiving who it was, + yet willing to try the difference, satissied my self with her, as well + as with one of the rest: that night, although the first time, she proved + also with child, so that in the year of our being here, all my women + were with child by me, and they all coming at different seasons, were a + great help to one another. + </p> + <p> + The first brought me a brave Boy, my Masters Daughter was the youngest, + she brought me a Girl, so did the other {{13 }} Maid, who being + something fat sped worse at her labour: the Negro had no pain at all, + brought me a fine white Girl, so I had one Boy and three Girls, the + Women were soon well again, and the two first with child again before + the two last were brought to bed, my custome being not to lie with any + of them after they were with child, till others were so likewise, and + not with the black at all after she was with child, which commonly was + at the first time I lay with her, which was in the night and not else, + my stomach would not serve me, although she was one of the handsomest + Blacks I had seen, and her children as comly as any of the rest; we had + no clothes for them, and therefore when they had suckt, we laid them in + Mosse to sleep, and took no further care of them, for we knew, when + they were gone more would come, the Women never failing once a year at + least, and none of the Children (for all the hardship we put them to) + were ever sick; so that wanting now nothing but Cloathes, nor them much + neither, other than for decency, the warmth of the Countrey and Custome + supplying that Defect, we were now well satissied with our condition, + our Family beginning to grow large, there being nothing to hurt us, we + many times lay abroad on Mossey Banks, under the shelter of some Trees, + or such like (for having nothing else to do) I had made me several + Arbors to sleep in with my Women in the heat of the day, in these I and + my women passed the time away, they being never willing to be out of my + company. + </p> + <p> + And having now no thought of ever returning home, as having resolved + and sworn each to other, never to part or leave one another, or the + place; having by my several wives, forty seven Children, Boys and + Girls, but most Girls, and growing up apace, we were all of us very + fleshly, the Country so well agreeing with us, that we never ailed any + thing; {{14 }} my Negro having had twelve, was the first that left + bearing, so I never medled with her more: My Masters Daughter (by whom + I had most children, being the youngest and handsomest) was most fond + of me, and I of her. Thus we lived for sixteen years, till perceiving + my eldest Boy to mind the ordinary work of Nature, by seeing what we + did, I gave him a Mate, and so I did to all the rest, as fast as they + grew up, and were capable: My Wives having left bearing, my children + began to breed apace, so we were like to be a multitude; My first Wife + brought me thirteen children, my second seven, my Masters Daughter + fifteen, and the Negro twelve, in all forty seven. + </p> + <p> + After we had lived there twenty two years, my Negro died suddenly, but I + could not perceive any thing that ailed her; most of my children being grown, as + fast as we married them, I sent them and placed them over the River by + themselves severally, because we would not pester one another; and now + they being all grown up, and gone, and married after our manner (except + some two or three of the youngest) for (growing my self into years) I + liked not the wanton annoyance of young company. + </p> + <p> + Thus having lived to the fiftieth year of my age, and the fortieth of + my coming thither, at which time I sent for all of them to bring their + children, and there were in number descended from me by these four + Women, of my Children, Grand-children, and great Grand-children, five + hundred sixty five of both sorts, I took off the Males of one Family, + and married them to the Females of another, not letting any to marry + their sisters, as we did formerly out of necessity, so blessing God for + his Providence and goodness, I dismist them, I having taught some of my + children to read formerly, for I had left still the Bible, I charged it + should be read once a moneth at {{15 }} a general meeting: At last one + of my Wives died being sixty eight years of age, which I buried in a + place, set out on purpose, and within a year after another, so I had + none now left but my Masters Daughter, and we lived together twelve + years longer, at length she died also, so I buried her also next the + place where I purposed to be buried my self, and the tall Maid my first + Wife next me on the other side, the Negro next without her, and the + other Maid next my Masters Daughter. I had now nothing to mind, but the + place whether I was to go, being very old, almost eighty years, I gave + my Cabin and Furniture that was left to my eldest son after my decease, + who had married my eldest Daughter by my beloved Wife, whom I made King + and Governour of all the rest: I informed them of the Manners of + Europe, and charged them to remember the Christian Religion, after the + manner of them that spake the same Language, and to admit no other; if + hereafter any should come and find them out. + </p> + <p> + And now once for all, I summoned them to come to me, that I might + number them, which I did, and found the estimate to contain in or about + the eightieth year of my age, and the fifty ninth of my coming there; + in all, of all sorts, one thousand seven hundred eighty and nine. Thus + praying God to multiply them, and lend them the true light of the + Gospel, I last of all dismist them: For, being now very old, and my + sight decayed, I could not expect to live long. I gave this Narration + (written with my own hand) to my eldest Son, who now lived with me, + commanding him to keep it, and if any strangers should come hither by + chance, to let them see it, and take a Copy of it if they would, that + our name be not lost from off the earth. I gave this people (descended + from me) the name of the <i>ENGLISH PINES</i>, <i>George Pine</i> being + my {{16 }} name, and my Masters Daughters name Sarah English, my two + other Wives were Mary Sparkes, and Elizabeth Trevor, so their severall + Defendants are called the ENGLISH, the SPARKS, and the TREVORS, and the + PHILLS, from the Christian Name of the Negro, which was Philippa, she + having no surname: And the general name of the whole the ENGLISH PINES; + vvhom God bless vvith the dew of Heaven, and the fat of the Earth, + AMEN.{1} + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1 Here ended the first part. +</pre> + <p> + After the reading and delivering unto us a Coppy of this Relation, then + proceeded he on in his discourse. + </p> + <p> + My Grandfather when he wrote this, was as you hear eighty yeares of age, + there proceeding from his Loyns one thousand seven hundred eighty nine + children, which he had by them four women aforesaid: My Father was his + eldest son, and was named Henry, begotten of his wife Mary Sparkes, whom + he apointed chief Governour and Ruler over the rest; and having given + him a charge not to exercise tyranny over them, seeing they were his + fellow brethren by Fathers side (of which there could be no doubt made + of double dealing therein) exhorting him to use justice and sincerity + amongst them, and not to let Religion die with him, but to observe and + keep those Precepts which he had taught them, he quietly surrendred up + his soul, and was buried with great lamentation of all his children. + </p> + <p> + My father coming to rule, and the people growing more populous, made + them to range further in the discovery of the Countrey, which they found + answerable to their desires, full both of Fowls and Beasts, and those + too not hurtful to mankinde, as if this Country (on which we were by + providence cast without arms or other weapons to defend our selves, or + offend others,) should by the same providence be so inhabited as not to + have any need of such like weapons of destruction wherewith to preserve + our lives. {{17 }} + </p> + <p> + But as it is impossible, but that in multitudes disorders will grow, the + stronger seeking to oppress the weaker; no tye of Religion being strong + enough to chain up the depraved nature of mankinde, even so amongst them + mischiefs began to rise, and they soon fell from those good orders + prescribed them by my Grandfather. The source from whence those + mischiefs spring, was at first, I conceive, the neglect of hearing the + Bible read, which according to my Grandfathers proscription, was once a + moneth at a general meeting, but now many of them wandring far up into + the Country, they quite neglected the coming to it, with all other means + of Christian instruction, whereby the sence of sin being quite lost in + them, they fell to whoredoms, incests, and adulteries; so that what my + Grandfather was forced to do for necessity, they did for wantonness; nay + not confining themselves within the bound of any modesty, but brother + and sister lay openly together; those who would not yield to their lewd + embraces, were by force ravished, yea many times endangered of their + lives. To redress those enormities, my father assembled all the Company + near unto him, to whom he declared the wickedness of those their + brethren; who all with one consent agreed that they should be severely + punished; and so arming themselves with boughs, stones, and such like + weapons, they marched against them, who having notice of their coming, + and fearing their deserved punishment, some of them fled into woods, + others passed over a great River, which runneth through the heart of our + Countrey, hazarding drowning to escape punishment; But the grandest + offender of them all was taken, whole name was John Phill, the second + son of the Negro-woman that came with my Grandfather into this Island. + </p> + <p> + He being proved guilty of divers ravishings & tyrannies committed + by him, {{18 }} was adjudged guilty of death, and accordingly was + thrown down from a high Rock into the Sea, where he perished in the + waters. Execution being done upon him, the rest were pardoned for what + was past, which being notified abroad, they returned from those Defait + and Obscure places, wherein they were hidden. + </p> + <p> + Now as Seed being cast into stinking Dung produceth good and wholesome + Corn for the Indentation of mans life, so bad manners produceth good and + wholesome Laws for the preservation of Humane Society. Soon after my + Father with the advice of some few others of his Counsel, ordained and + set forth these Laws to be observed by them. + </p> + <p> + 1. That whosoever should blaspheme or talk irreverently of the name of + God should be put to death. + </p> + <p> + 2. That who should be absent from the monethly assembly to hear the + Bible read, without sufficient cause shown to the contrary, should for + the first default be kept without any victuals or drink, for the space + of four days, and if he offend therein again, then to suffer death. + </p> + <p> + 3. That who should force or ravish any Maid or Woman should be burnt to + death, the party so ravished putting fire to the wood that should burn + him. + </p> + <p> + 4. Whosoever shall commit adultery, for the first crime the Male shall + lose his Privities, and the Woman have her right eye bored out, if after + that she was again taken in the act, she should die without mercy. + </p> + <p> + 5. That who so injured his Neighbour, by laming of his {{19 }} Limbs, + or taking any thing away which he possesseth, shall suffer in the same + kind himself by loss of Limb; and for defrauding his Neighbour, to + become servant to him, whilst he had made him double satisfaction. + </p> + <p> + 6. That, who should defame or speak evil of the Governour, or refuse to + come before him upon Summons, should receive a punishment by whipping + with Rods, and afterwards be exploded from the society of the rest of + the inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + Having set forth these Laws, he chose four several persons under him to + see them put in Execution, whereof one was of the Englishes, the + Off-spring of Sarah English; another of his own Tribe, the Sparks; a + third of the Trevors, and the fourth of the Phills, appointing them + every year at a certain time to appear before him, and give an account + of what they had done in the prosecution of those Laws. + </p> + <p> + The Countrey being thus settled, my father lived quiet and peaceable + till he attained to the age of ninety and four years, when dying, I + succeeded in his place, in which I have continued peaceably and quietly + till this very present time. + </p> + <p> + He having ended his Speech, we gave him very heartily thanks for our + information, assuring him we should not be wanting to him in any thing + which lay in our powers, wherewith we could pleasure him in what he + should desire, and thereupon preferred to depart, but before our going + away, he would needs engage us to see him, the next day, when was to be + their great assembly or monethly meeting for the celebration of their + Religious Exercises. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly the next day we came thither again, and were courteously + entertained as before, In a short space there was gathered such a + multitude of people together as made us to {{20 }} admire; and first + there were several Weddings celebrated, the manner whereof was thus. + The Bridegroom and Bride appeared before him who was their Priest or + Reader of the Bible, together with the Parents of each party, or if any + of their Parents were dead, then the next relation unto them, without + whose consent as well as the parties to be married, the Priest will not + joyn them together; but being satissied in those particulars, after + some short Oraizons, and joyning of hands together, he pronounces them + to be man and wife: and with exhortations to them to live lovingly + towards each other, and quietly towards their neighbors, he concludes + with some prayers, and so dismisses them. + </p> + <p> + The Weddings being finished, all the people took their places to hear + the Word read, the new married persons having the honour to be next unto + the Priest that day, after he had read three or four Chapters he fell to + expounding the most difficult places therein, the people being very + attentive all that while, this exercise continued for two or three + hours, which being done, with some few prayers he concluded, but all the + rest of that day was by the people kept very strictly, abstaining from + all manner of playing or pastimes, with which on other dayes they use to + pass their time away, as having need of nothing but victuals, and that + they have in such plenty as almost provided to their hands. + </p> + <p> + Their exercises of Religion being over, we returned again to our Ship, + and the next day, taking with us two or three Fowling-pieces leaving + half our Company to guard the Ship, the rest of us resolved to go up + higher into the Country for a further discovery: All the way as we + passed the first morning, we saw abundance of little Cabbins or Huts of + these inhabitants, made under Trees, and fashioned up with boughs, + grass, {{21 }} and such like stuffe to defend them from the Sun and + Rain; and as we went along, they came out of them much wondering at our + Attire, and standing aloof off from us as if they were afraid, but our + companion that spake English, calling to them in their own Tongue, and + giving them good words, they drew nigher, some of them freely + proffering to go along with us, which we willingly accepted; but having + passed some few miles, one of our company espying a Beast like unto a + Goat come gazing on him, he discharged his Peece, sending a brace of + Bullets into his belly, which brought him dead upon the ground; these + poor naked unarmed people hearing the noise of the Peece, and seeing + the Beast lie tumbling in his gore, without speaking any words betook + them to their heels, running back again as fast as they could drive, + nor could the perswasions of our Company, assuring them they should + have no hurt, prevail anything at all with them, so that we were forced + to pass along without their company: all the way that we went we heard + the delightful harmony of singing Birds, the ground very fertile in + Trees, Grass, and such flowers, as grow by the production of Nature, + without the help of Art; many and several sorts of Beads we saw, who + were not so much wild as in other Countries; whether it were as having + enough to satiate themselves without ravening upon others, or that they + never before saw the sight of man, nor heard the report of murdering + Guns, I leave it to others to determine. Some Trees bearing wild Fruits + we also saw, and of those some whereof we tailed, which were neither + unwholsome nor distasteful to the Pallate, and no question had but + Nature here the benefit of Art added unto it, it would equal, if not + exceed many of our European Countries; the Vallyes were every where + intermixt with running streams, and no question but the earth {{22 }} + hath in it rich veins of Minerals, enough to satisfie the desires of + the most covetous. + </p> + <p> + It was very strange to us, to see that in such a fertile Countrey which + was as yet never inhabited, there should be notwithstanding such a free + and clear passage to us, without the hinderance of Bushes, Thorns, and + such like fluff, wherewith most Islands of the like nature are pestered: + the length of the Grass (which yet was very much intermixt with flowers) + being the only impediment that we found. + </p> + <p> + Six dayes together did we thus travel, setting several marks in our way + as we went for our better return, not knowing whether we should have the + benefit of the Stars for our guidance in our going back, which we made + use of in our passage: at last we came to the vast Ocean on the other + side of the Island, and by our coasting it, conceive it to be of an oval + form, only here and there shooting forth with some Promontories. I + conceive it hath but few good Harbours belonging to it, the Rocks in + most places making it inaccessible. The length of it may be about two + hundred, and the breadth one hundred miles, the whole in circumference + about five hundred miles. + </p> + <p> + It lyeth about seventy six degrees of Longitude, and twenty of + Latitude, being scituate under the third Climate, the longest day being + about thirteen hours and fourty five minutes. The weather, as in all + Southern Countries, is far more hot than with us in Europe; but what is + by the Sun parched in the day, the night again refreshes with cool + pearly dews. The Air is found to be very healthful by the long lives + {{23 }} of the present inhabitants, few dying there till such time as + they come to good years of maturity, many of them arriving to the + extremity of old age. + </p> + <p> + And now speaking concerning the length of their Lives, I think it will + not be amisse in this place to speak something of their Burials, which + they used to do thus. + </p> + <p> + When the party was dead, they stuck his Carkass all over with flowers, + and after carried him to the place appointed for Burial, where setting + him down, (the Priest having given some godly Exhortations concerning + the frailty of life) then do they take stones (a heap being provided + there for that purpose) and the nearest of the kin begins to lay the + first stone upon him, afterwards the rest follows, they never leaving + till they have covered the body deep in stones, so that no Beast can + possibly come to him, and this first were they forced to make, having no + Spades or Shovels wherewith to dig them Graves; which want of theirs we + espying, bestowed a Pick-ax and two Shovels upon them. + </p> + <p> + Here might I add their way of Christening Children, but that being + little different from yours in ENGLAND, and taught them by GEORGE PINES + at first which they have since continued, I shall therefore forbear to + speak thereof. + </p> + <p> + After our return back from the discovery of the Countrey, the Wind not + being fit for our purpose, and our men also willing thereto, we got all + our cutting Instruments on Land, and {{24 }} fell to hewing down of + Trees, with which, in a little time,(many hands making light work) we + built up a Pallace for this William Pines the Lord of that Countrey; + which, though much inferiour to the houses of your Gentry in England. + Yet to them which never had seen better, it appeared a very Lordly + Place. This deed of ours was beyond expression acceptable unto him, + load-ing us with thanks for so great a benefit, of which he said he + should never be able to make a requital. + </p> + <p> + And now acquainting him, that upon the first opportunity we were + resolved to leave the Island, as also how that we were near Neighbours + to the Countrey of England, from whence his Ancestors came; he seemed + upon the news to be much discontented that we would leave him, desiring, + if it might stand with our commodity to continue still with him, but + seeing he could not prevail, he invited us to dine with him the next + day, which we promised to do, against which time he provided, very + sumptuously (according to his estate) for us, and now was he attended + after a more Royal manner than ever we saw him before, both for number + of Servants, and multiplicity of Meat, on which we fed very heartily; + but he having no other Beverage for us to drink, then water, we fetched + from our Ship a Case of Brandy, presenting some of it to him to drink, + but when he had tasted of it, he would by no means be perswaded to touch + thereof again, preferring (as he said) his own Countrey Water before all + such Liquors whatsoever. + </p> + <p> + After we had Dined, we were invited out into the Fields to behold their + Country Dauncing, which they did with great agility of body; and though + they had no other then only {{25 }} Vocal Musick (several of them + singing all that while) yet did they trip it very neatly, giving + sufficient satisfaction to all that beheld them. + </p> + <p> + The next day we invited the Prince William Pines aboard our Ship, where + was nothing wanting in what we could to entertain him, he had about a + dozen of Servants to attend on him he much admired at the Tacklings of + our Ship, but when we came to discharge a piece or two of Ordnance, it + struck him into a wonder and amazement to behold the strange effects of + Powder; he was very sparing in his Diet, neither could he, or any of his + followers be induced to drink any thing but Water: We there presented + him with several things, as much as we could spare, which we thought + would any wayes conduce to their benefit, all which he very gratefully + received, assuring us of his real love and good will, whensoever we + should come thither again. + </p> + <p> + And now we intended the next day to take our leaves, the Wind standing + fair, blowing with a gentle Gale South and by East, but as we were + hoisting of our Sails, and weighing Anchor, we were suddenly Allarm'd + with a noise from the shore, the Prince, W. Pines imploring our + assistance in an Insurection which had happened amongst them, of which + this was the cause. + </p> + <p> + Henry Phil, the chief Ruler of the Tribe or Family of the Phils, being + the Offspring of George Pines which he had by the Negro-woman; this man + had ravished the Wife of one of the principal of the Family of the + Trevors, which act being made known, the Trevors assembled themselves + all together to bring the offender unto Justice: But he knowing his + crime to be so great, as extended to the loss of life: fought to defend + that {{26 }} by force, which he had as unlawfully committed, whereupon + the whole Island was in a great hurly burly, they being too great + Potent Factions, the bandying of which against each other, threatned a + general ruin to the whole State. + </p> + <p> + The Governour William Pines had interposed in the matter, but found his + Authority too weak to repress such Disorders; for where the Hedge of + Government is once broken down, the most vile bear the greatest rule, + whereupon he desired our assistance, to which we readily condescended, + and arming out twelve of us went on Shore, rather as to a surprize than + fight, for what could nakedness do to encounter with Arms. Being + conducted by him to the force of our Enemy, we first entered into + parley, seeking to gain them rather by fair means then force, but that + not prevailing, we were necesitated to use violence, for this Henry + Phill being of an undaunted resolution, and having armed his fellows + with Clubs and Stones, they sent such a Peal amongst us, as made us at + the first to give back, which encouraged them to follow us on with great + violence, but we discharging off three or four Guns, when they saw some + of themselves wounded, and heard the terrible reports which they gave, + they ran away with greater speed then they came. The Band of the Trevors + who were joyned with us, hotly pursued them, and having taken their + Captain, returned with great triumph to their Governour, who fitting in + Judgment upon him, he was adjudged to death, and thrown off a steep Rock + into the Sea, the only way they have of punishing any by death, except + burning. + </p> + <p> + And now at last we took our solemn leaves of the Governour, and + departed from thence, having been there in all, the space of three + weeks and two dayes, we took with us good store of the flesh of a Beast + which they call there Reval, being {{27 }} in taste different either + from Beef or Swines-flesh, yet very delightful to the Pallate, and + exceeding nutrimental. We took also with us alive, divers Fowls which + they call Marde, about the bigness of a Pullet, and not different in + taste, they are very swift of flight, and yet so fearless of danger, + that they will stand still till such time as you catch them: We had + also sent us in by the Governour about two bushels of eggs, which as I + conjecture were the Mards eggs, very lusious in taste, and strenthening + to the body. + </p> + <p> + June 8. We had a sight of Cambaia, a part of the East Indies, but; under + the Government of the great Cham of Tartary here our Vessel springing a + leak, we were forced to put to Chore, receiving much dammage in some of + our Commodities; we were forced to ply the Pump for eighteen hours + together, which, had that miscarried, we had inevitably have perished; + here we stai'd five dayes mending our Ship, and drying some of our + Goodss and then hoisting Sail, in four days time more we came to + Calecute. + </p> + <p> + This Calecute is the chief Mart Town and Staple of all the Indian + Traffique, it is very populous, and frequented by Merchants of all + Nations. Here we unladed a great part of our Goods, and taking in + others, which caused us to stay there a full Moneth, during which + space, at leisure times I went abroad to take a survey of the City, + which I found to be large and populous, lying for three miles together + upon the Sea-shore. Here is a great many of those persons whom thy call + Brackmans, being their Priests or Teachers whom they much reverence. It + is a custome here for the King to give to some of those Brachmain, the + handelling of his Nuptial Bed; for which cause, not the Kings, but the + Kings sisters sons succeed in the Kingdom, as being more certainly + known to be of the true Royal blood: And these sisters of his choose + what Gentleman they {{28 }} please on whom to bestow their Virginities; + and if they prove not in a certain time to be with child, they betake + themselves to these <i>Brachman Stalions</i>, who never fail of doing + their work. + </p> + <p> + The people are indifferently civil and ingenious, both men and women + imitate a Majesty in their Train and Apparel, which they sweeten, with + Oyles and Perfumes: adorning themselves with Jewels and other Ornaments + befitting each Rank and Quality of them. + </p> + <p> + They have many odd Customs amongst them which they observe very + strictly; as first, not knowing their Wives after they have born them + two children: Secondly, not accompanying them, if after five years + cohabition they can raise no issue by them, but taking others in their + rooms: Thirdly, never being rewarded for any Military exploit, unless + they bring with them an enemies Head in their Hand, but that which is + strangest, and indeed most barbarous, is that when any of their friends + falls sick, they will rather chuse to kill him, then that he should be + withered by sickness. + </p> + <p> + Thus you see there is little employment there for Doctors, when to be + sick, is the next wan for to be slain, or perhaps the people may be of + the mind rather to kill themselves, then to let the Doctors do it. + </p> + <p> + Having dispatched our business, and sraighted again our Ship, we left + Calecute, and put forth to Sea, and coasted along several of the Islands + belonging to India, at Camboia I met with our old friend Mr. David + Prire, who was overjoyed to see me, to whom I related our Discovery of + the Island of Pines, in the same manner as I have related it to you; he + was then but newly recovered of a Feaver, the Air of that + place not being agreeable to him; here we took in good store of Aloes, + and some other Commodities, and victualled our Ship for our return home. + {{29 }} + </p> + <p> + After four dayes failing we met with two Portugal Ships which came from + Lisbon, one whereof had in a storm lost its Top-mast, and was forced in + part to be towed by the other. We had no bad weather in eleven dayes + space, but then a sudden storm of Wind did us much harm in our + Tacklings, and swept away one of our Sailors off from the Fore Castle. + November the sixth had like to have been a fatal day unto us, our Ship + striking twice upon a Rock, and at night was in danger of being fired by + the negligence of a Boy, leaving a Candle carelesly in the Gun-room; the + next day we were chafed by a Pyrate Argiere, but by the swiftness of our + Sails we out ran him. December the first we came again to Madagascar, + where we put in for a fresh recruit of Victuals and Water. + </p> + <p> + During our abode here, there hapned a very great Earthquake, which + tumbled down many Houses; The people of themselves are very Unhospitable + and Treacherous, hardly to to be drawn to Traffique with any people; and + now, this calamitie happening upon them, so enraged them against the + Christians, imputing all luch calamities to the cause of them, that they + fell upon some Portugais and wounded them, and we seeing their + mischievous Actions, with all the speed we could put forth to Sea again, + and sailed to the Island of St. Hellens. + </p> + <p> + Here we stayed all the Chrismas Holy-dayes, which was vere much + celebrated by the Governour there under the King of Spain. Here we + furnished ourselves with all necessaries which we wanted; but upon our + departure, our old acquaintance Mr. Petrus Ramazina, coming in a Skiff + out of the Isle del Principe, or the Princes Island, retarded our going + for the space of two dayes, for both my self and our Purser had + Emergent business with him, he being concerned in those Affairs of + which I wrote to you in April last: Indeed we cannot but {{30 }} + acknowledge his Courtesies unto us, of which you know he is never + sparing. January the first, we again hoisted Sail, having a fair and + prosperous gail of Wind, we touched at the Canaries, but made no + tarriance, desirous now to see our Native Countrey; but the Winds was + very cross unto us for the space of a week, at last we were savoured + with a gentle Gale, which brought us on merrily; though we were on a + sudden stricken again into a dump; a Sailor from the main Mast + discovering five Ships, which put us all in a great fear, we being + Richly Laden, and not very well provided for Defence; but they bearing + up to us, we found them to be Zealanders and our Friends; after many + other passages concerning us, not so much worthy of Note, we at last + safele arrived at home, May 26. 1668. + </p> + <p> + Thus Sir, have I given you a brief, but true Relation of our Voyage, + Which I was the more willing to do, to prevent false Copies which might + be spread of this nature: As for the Island of Pines it self, which + caused me to Write this Relation, I suppose it is a thing so strange as + will hardly be credited by some, although perhaps knowing persons, + especially considering our last age being so full of Discoveries, that + this Place should lie Dormant for so long a space of time; Others I + know, such. + </p> + <p> + Nullifidians as will believe nothing but what they see, applying that + Proverb unto us, <i>That travelers may lye by authority</i>. But Sir, in writing + to you, I question not but to give Credence, you knowing my disposition + so hateful to divulge Falsities; I shall request you to impart this my + Relation to Mr. W. W. and Mr. P. L. remembring me very kindly unto them, + not forgetting my old acquaintance, Mr. J. P. and Mr. J. B. no more at + present, but only my best respects to you and your second self I rest, + </p> + <p> + Yours in the best of friendship, + </p> + <p> + Henry Cornelius Fan Sloetten. + </p> + <p> + July 22. 1668.{{31 }} + </p> + + <h3> + POST-SCRIPT: + </h3> + <p> + ONE thing concerning the Isle of Pines, I had almost quite forgot, we + had with us an Irish man named Dermot Conelly who had formerly been in + England, and had learned there to play on the Bag-pipes, which he + carried to Sea with him; yet so un-Englished he was, that he had quite + forgotten your Language, but still retained his Art of Bagpipe-playing, + in which he took extraordinary delight; being one day on Land in the + Isle of Pines, he played on them, but to see the admiration of those + naked people concerning them, would have striken you into admiration; + long time it was before we could perswade them that it was not a living + creature, although they were permitted to touch and feel it, and yet are + the people very intelligible, retaining a great part of the Ingenuity + and Gallantry of the English Nation, though they have not that happy + means to express themselves; in this respect we may account them + fortunate, in that possessing little, they enjoy all things, as being + contented with what they have, wanting those alurements to mischief, + which our European Countries are enriched with. I shall not dilate any + further, no question but time will make this Island known better to the + world; all that I shall ever say of it is, that it is a place enriched + with Natures abundance, deficient in nothing conducible to the + sustentation of mans life, which were it Manured by Agriculture and + Gardening, as other of our European Countries are, no question but it + would equal, if not exceed many which now pass for praiseworthy. + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + FINIS. <br /> <br /> + </p> + + </div><!--end chapter--> + + <hr /> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ISLE OF PINES (1668) ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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