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diff --git a/21410-0.txt b/21410-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5049df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/21410-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2863 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Isle Of Pines (1668), by Henry Neville + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: The Isle Of Pines (1668) + and, An Essay in Bibliography by W. C. Ford + +Author: Henry Neville + +Commentator: Worthington Chauncey Ford + +Release Date: July 7, 2007 [eBook #21410] +[Most recently updated: June 22, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: David Widger + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ISLE OF PINES (1668) *** + + + + +THE ISLE OF PINES + +By Henry Neville + +1668 + +An Essay in Bibliography + +by WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + +Boston + +The Club of Odd Volumes 1920 + +COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY THE CLUB OF ODD VOLUMES + + + + +TO + +Charles Lemuel Nichols + +lover of books + +colleague + +FRIEND + + + +ETEXT TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: Numbers enclosed in double curly brackets are +the page numbers of the original 1668 edition. + +The long S in the text files have been changed to the ordinary small S, +however the accompanying html file uses the unicode character for the +long S as in the original printed document. DW + + + + +Contents: + +THE ISLE OF PINES + +THE DOWSE COPIES + +THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS + +DUTCH EDITIONS + +FRENCH EDITIONS + +ITALIAN EDITION + +GERMAN EDITIONS + +THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT + +THE COMBINED PARTS + +THE PUBLISHERS + +NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM + +THE AUTHOR + +THE STORY + +INTERPRETATIONS + +DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" + +THE ISLE OF PINES, The combined Parts as issued in 1668 + + + + +PREFATORY NOTE + +My curiosity on the "Isle of Pines" was aroused by the sale of a copy in +London and New York in 1917, and was increased by the discovery of two +distinct issues in the Dowse Library, in the Massachusetts Historical +Society. As my material grew in bulk and the history of this hoax +perpetrated in the seventeenth century developed, I thought it of +sufficient interest to communicate an outline of the story to the +Club of Odd Volumes, of Boston, October 23, 1918. The results of my +investigations are more fully given in the present volume. I acknowledge +my indebtedness to the essay of Max Hippe, "Eine vor-De-foesche +Englische Robinsonade," published in Eugen Kölbing's "Englische Studien" +xix. 66. WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD + +Boston, February, 1920 + + + + +THE ISLE OF PINES + +OR, + +A late Discovery of a fourth ISLAND in Terra Australis, Incognita. + +BEING + +A True Relation of certain English persons, Who in the dayes of Queen +Elizabeth making a Voyage to the East India, were cast-away, and wracked +on the Island near to the Coast of Australis, and all drowned, except +one Man and four Women, whereof one was a Negro. And now lately Ann Dom. +1667, A Dutch Ship driven by foul weather there, by chance have found +their Posterity (speaking good English) to amount to ten or twelve +thousand persons, as they suppose. The whole Relation follows, written, +and left by the Man himself a little before his death, and declared to +the Dutch by His Grandchild. + + + + +THE ISLE OF PINES + +[3]The scene opens in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the year 1668, where +in one of the college buildings a contest between two rival printers had +been waged for some years. Marmaduke Johnson, a trained and experienced +printer, to whose ability the Indian Bible is largely due, had ceased to +be the printer of the corporation, or Society for the Propagation of +the Gospel in New England, but still had a press and, what was better, a +fresh outfit of type, sent over by the corporation and entrusted to the +keeping of John Eliot, the Apostle. Samuel Green had become a printer, +though without previous training, and was at this time printer to the +college, a position of vantage against a rival, because it must have +carried with it countenance from the authorities in Boston, and public +printing then as now constituted an item to a press of some income +and some perquisites. By seeking to marry Green's daughter before his +English wife had ceased to be, Johnson had created a prejudice, public +as well as private, against himself.{1} + + 1 Mass. Hist Soc. Proceedings, xx. 265. + +Each wished to set up a press in Boston itself, but the General Court, +probably for police reasons, had ordered that there should be no +printing but at Cambridge, and that what was printed there should be +approved by any two of four gentlemen appointed by the Court. It thus +appeared that each printer possessed a certain superiority over his +rival. In the matter of types Johnson was favored, as he had new +types and was a trained printer; but these advantages were partially +[4]neutralized by indolence and by Green's better standing before the +magistrates.{1} + +In England the excesses of the printing-press during the civil war +and commonwealth led to a somewhat strict though erratically applied +censorship under the restoration. A publication must be licensed, +and the Company of Stationers still sought, for reasons of profit, to +control printers by regulating their production. The licensing agent in +chief was a character of picturesque uncertainty and spasmodic action, +Roger L'Estrange, half fanatic, half politician, half hack writer, +in fact half in many respects and whole only in the resulting +contradictions of purpose and performance. On one point he was strong--a +desire to suppress unlicensed printing. So when in 1668 warrant was +given to him to make search for unauthorized printing, he entered into +the hunt with the zeal of a Loyola and the wishes of a Torquemada, +harrying and rushing his prey and breathing threats of extreme rigor +of fine, prison, pillory, and stake against the unfortunates who had +neglected, in most cases because of the cost, to obtain the stamp of the +licenser.{2} + +New England was at this time England in little, with troubles of its +own; but, having imitated the mother country in introducing supervision +of the press, it also started in to investigate the printers of the +colony, two in number, seeking to win a smile of approval from the +foolish man on the throne. With due solemnity the inquisition was +[5]made. Green could show that all then passing through his press had +been properly licensed. + + 1 See the chapters on Green and Johnson in Littlefield, + The Early Massachusetts Press, 197, 209. + + 2 L'Estrange was called the "Devil's blood hound." Col. S. + P., Dom. 1663-1664, 616. + +Johnson, less fortunate, was caught with one unlicensed piece--"The Isle +of Pines." A fine of five pounds was imposed upon him, as effectual in +suppressing him as though it had been one of five thousand pounds. He +could now turn with relish to two books then on his press, "Meditations +on Death and Eternity" and the "Righteous Man's Evidence for Heaven;" +for Massachusetts Bay, with its then powerful rule of divinity without +religion, or religion without mercy, held out small hope of his meeting +such a fine within the expedition of his natural life. But he made his +submission, petitioned the General Court in properly repentant language, +acknowledged his fault, his crime, and promised amendment{1} The fine +was not collected, and the principal result of the incident was to +further the very natural union of Johnson and Green, but with Johnson as +the lesser member in importance. + +No copy of Marmaduke Johnson's issue of the "Isle of Pines" has come +to light in a period of 248 years. It might well be supposed that +the authorities caught him before the tract had gone to press, and so +snuffed it out completely. Our sapient bibliographers have dismissed the +matter in rounded phrase: "'The Isle of Pines' was a small pamphlet +of the Baron Munchausen order, which in its day passed through several +editions in England and on the Continent,"{2} a description which would +fit a hundred titles of the period. In July, 1917, Sotheby announced the +sale of a portion of the Americana collected by [6]"Bishop White Kennett +(1660-1728) and given by him to the Society for the Propagation of the +Gospel in Foreign Parts." + + 1 The petition it in Littlefield, i. 248. + + 2 Mats. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, xi. 247. + +Lot No. 113 was described as follows: + +[Neville (Henry)] The Isle of Pines, or a late Discovery of a fourth +Island in Terra Australis, Incognita, being a True Relation of certain +English persons who in the dayes of Queen Elizabeth, making a Voyage to +the East Indies, were cast away and wracked upon the Island, wanting the +frontispiece, head-line of title and some pagination cut into, Bishop +Kenneths signature on title. sm. 4to S. G. for Allen Banks, 1668. + +The pamphlet was sold, I am told, for fourteen shillings,{1} and resold +shortly after to a New York bookseller for fifty-five dollars. He was +attracted by the imprint, which read in full, "London, by S. G. for +Allen Banks and Charles Harper at the Flower-Deluice near Cripplegate +Church." The general appearance of the pamphlet was unlike even the +moderately good issues of the English press, and the "by S. G." not only +did not answer to any London printer of the day, except Sarah Griffin, +"a printer in the Old Bailey,"{2} but was in form and usage exactly what +could be found on a number of the issues of the press of Samuel Green, +of Cambridge, Massachusetts. + + 1 The sale took place July 30, 1917. + + 2 Only once does her name occur in the Term Catalogues, + when in February, 1673, the prints George Buchanan' + Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis Poetica, which told for two + shillings a copy. Samuel Gellibrand was not a printer but a + bookseller, with a shop "at the Ball in St. Paul's + Churchyard." + +On comparing the first page of the text of his purchase with the same +page of an acknowledged London issue of the "Isle of Pines" [7]in the +John Carter Brown Library,{1} the bookseller concluded that the two were +entirely different publications. + +An expert cataloguer connected with one of the large auction firms of +New York then took up the subject. After a study of the tract he +became assured that it could only have been printed by Samuel Green, +of Cambridge, and he brought forward facts and comparisons which seemed +conclusive and for which he deserves much credit. It was a clever bit of +bibliographical work. With such an endorsement as to rarity and +quality the pamphlet was again put to the test of the auction room. The +cataloguer stated his case in sufficient fulness of detail and the +first page of the text was reproduced.{2} Naturally the discovery sent +a little thrill through the mad-house of bibliography. The tract was +knocked down for $400 to a bookseller from Hartford, Connecticut, +presumably for some local collection. The incident would have passed +from memory had it not been for one of those accidents to which even the +amateur bibliographer is liable. + + 1 No. 5 in the Bibliography, page 93, infra. + + 2 Nuggets of American History, American Art Association, + November 19, 1917. The Isle of Pines was lot 142, and was + introduced by the words, "Cambridge Press in New England." + The catalogue was prepared by Mr. F. W. Coar. + +In the bitter days of the winter of 1917-18 the working force of the +Massachusetts Historical Society was contracted into one room--the +Dowse Library--where was at least a semblance [8]of warmth in the open +fireplace. + + + + +THE DOWSE COPIES + +One afternoon, when I had finished my work and the others had left, I +picked up the catalogue of the Dowse Library and began idly to turn over +its leaves. Incidentally, that catalogue is characteristic of the older +methods of the Society. As is known to the elect, no book in the Dowse +Library can ever leave the room in which it now rests, and of the +catalogue twenty-five copies were printed and never circulated. If the +library had been left in the Dowse house in Cambridgeport, its existence +and contents could not have been more successfully hidden from the +world. While reading the titles in a very casual way, my eye was caught +by one which gave me a start. It read: + +Sloetten (Cornelius van). The Isle of Pines; or a Late Discovery of a +Fourth Island in Terra Australis Incognita. London, printed by G. S. +for Allen Banks, 1668. With a New and Further Discovery of the Isle of +Pines, 1668; and a duplicate of the Isle of Pines. 1 vol. small 4to, +calf supr., gilt leaves. A most interesting, rare, and valuable work. + +Even against the Editor of the Society the Dowse books are kept behind +lock and key, though he is not under more than ordinary suspicion. So +I was obliged to wait till the next day before my curiosity could be +satisfied. I then found a thin volume, less than one-third of an inch +in thickness, containing two copies of this very tract which the auction +expert had identified as an issue of the "Isle of Pines" by Green, and +a London issue of a second part of the "Isle of Pines," with the name of +Cornelius Van Sloetten, as author. For more than fifty years this little +volume had reposed in this well-known yet almost forgotten [9]library, +and no one had suspected or questioned the nature of its contents. + +For full fifty years it had been in the care and at the call of Dr. +Samuel A. Green, who claimed to be an expert on New England imprints of +the seventeenth century, and one of the great wishes of whose life had +been to establish his descent from this very printer, Samuel Green. Two +copies within the same covers, of a tract long sought and of which only +a single example had come to light in two centuries and a half--was not +that alone something of a bibliographical coup? + +I read two of the pieces--one of the Green issues and the second part as +printed in England--making a few notes for future use. On returning to +the matter some weeks later I found to my annoyance that every reference +to the Green tract but one was wrong as to the page. Cold, haste, or +weariness will account for a single or possibly two errors of reference, +but to have a whole series--except one--go wrong pointed to failing eyes +or mind. Very much put out, I read the tract a second time and corrected +the page references, carefully checking up the result. Some days after I +again took up the matter, and in verifying my first quotation found that +I had again put down the wrong page number, and was surprised to find +that the correct page was the one I had first given. This proved to +be the case in all the references--except one. A book which could thus +change its page numbering from week to week was bewitched--or I was +careless. It occurred to me to compare the two copies of the tract as +published by Green. The title-pages were exactly alike--not differing by +so much as a fly speck, but one copy contained ten pages of text and the +other only nine. + +More [10]than that, the general style and the types were quite different +One was printed in a well-known broad but somewhat used type, such as +could be seen in Green's printing, and the other in a finer font with +much italic. There was no possibility of confusing the two issues. Only +one conclusion was possible. I had in this volume the publication by +Green, and the original issue by Marmaduke Johnson, but with Green's +title-page. So for we seem to rest upon solid ground. It may be surmised +that Green set up his "Isle of Pines" in rivalry to Johnson, but did not +incur the discipline of the authorities; or that he had set it up and +also took over Johnson's edition, using his own title-page; and in +either case it is possible that a simple subterfuge, the imprint, "by +S. G. for Allen Banks and Charles Harper," a London combination of +publishers, caused the tract to escape the attention of the examining +local censors. Here was another step in developing the history of +this tract--the discovery of one of Johnson's issues, except for the +title-page. So far as the American connection is concerned, it only +remains to discover a Johnson issue with a Johnson title-page, for in +his apology and submission to the General Court he states that he had +"affixed" his name to the pamphlet. + + + + +THE EUROPEAN EDITIONS + +The European connection is also not without interest, for the skit--the +first part of the "Isle of Pines," published without name of author--had +an extraordinary run. + +In 1493 a little [11]four-leaved translation into Latin of a Columbus +letter announcing the discovery of islands in the west--De insulis nuper +inventis--ran over Europe, startling the age by a simple relation which +proved a marvellous tale as taken up by Vespuccius, Cortes, and a host +of successors.{1} For a century the darkness of a new found continent +slowly lifted and the record was collected in Ramusio, in De Bry, in +Hulsius, and in Hakluyt, never felling treasuries of the wonderful, +veritable schools for the adventurous. Another century had shown that, +so fer from decreasing in greatness and in opportunities, the field of +discovery had not begun to be tested, and in the summer of 1668 a new +island--the Isle of Pines--was flashed before the London crowd, and +proved that the flame of quest with danger was still burning. A new +island! The interest was international, for nations had already long +fought over the old discovered lands. + + 1 The intelligent industry of Mr. Wilberforce Eames has + identified eleven issues of the letter of Columbus, printed + in 1493, in Barcelona, Rome, Basle, Paris, and Antwerp; and + twelve issues of the Novus Mundus of Vespucci us, printed + in 1504, in Augsburg, Paris, Nuremberg, Cologne, Antwerp, + and Venice. An earlier and even more extraordinary + distribution of a letter of news is that of the letter + purporting to be addressed by Prester John to the Emperor + Manuel, which circulated through Europe about 1165. "How + great was the popularity and diffusion of this letter," + writes Sir Henry Yule, "may be judged in some degree from + the fad that Zarncke in his treatise on Prester John gives a + list of close on 100 mss. of it Of these there are eight in + the British Museum, ten at Vienna, thirteen in the great + Paris Library, and fifteen at Munich. There are also several + renderings in old German verse." The cause of this + popularity was the hope offered by the reported exploits of + Prester John of a counterpoise to the Mohammedan power. + Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., xxii. 305. + +An even greater contest was being waged for commerce, and with the +experience of Spain in gathering the precious metals [12]from new +found lands, every discovery of hitherto uncharted territory opened +the possibility of wealth and an exchange of commodities, if rapine +and piracy could not be practised. The merchant was an adventurer, and +politics, quite as much as trade, controlled his movements; for the line +between trader, buccaneer, and pirate faded away before conditions which +made treaties of no importance and peaceful relations dependent upon an +absence of the hope of gain. A state of war was not necessary to prepare +the way for attack and plunder in those far distant oceans, and the +merchantman sailed armed and ready to inflict as well as to repel +aggression, only too willing to descend upon a weaker vessel or a +helpless settlement of a power which had come to be regarded as a +"natural enemy." So in Holland and in Germany the leaflets containing +the story of the Isle of Pines were received with mingled feelings, +exciting a desire to share in the possible benefits to be gained or +extorted from natives of the new lands, or from those who had the first +opportunity to exploit a virgin territory. On the first receipt of those +leaflets merchants held back their vessels about to sail, to await +more definite information on this fourth island of the Terra Australis +incognita. + +[13]An examination of the known issues of the tract proves this interest +and offers an almost unique study in bibliography; for I doubt if any +publication made in the second half of the seventeenth century--even +a state paper of importance, as a treaty--attained such speedy and +widespread recognition. A list of the various issues will be found in +an appendix: it only remains to call attention to a few of the many +novelties and variant characteristics of the editions. + + + + +DUTCH EDITIONS + +In June and July, 1668, four tracts on the Isle of Pines from the same +pen were licensed and published in London, which may for convenience +be designated the first and second parts of the narrative, and the two +parts in continuation. From London the tract soon passed to Holland, +which had ever been a greedy consumer of voyages of discovery, for the +greatness of that nation depended upon the sea, at once its most potent +enemy and friend.{1} Three Dutch editions have been found, the earliest +in point of time being that made by Jacob Vinckel, [14]of Amsterdam. + + 1 Holland was the centre of map publication as the twenty + yean before 1668 saw the issue of atlases by Jansson, Blaeu, + Mercator, Doncker, Cellarius, Loon, Visscher, and Goos, all + published at Amsterdam. Phillips' list for this period gives + atlases published elsewhere--those of Boissevin (Paris, + 1653), Lubin (Paris, 1659), Nicolosi (Rome, 1660), Dudley + (Florence, 1661), Du Val (Paris, 1662), Jollain (Paris + 1667), Cluver (Wolfen-bûttel, 1667?) and Ortelius (Venice, + 1667). + +His second title is an exact translation of the second title of the +London first part. This version, however, omitted an essential part of +the relation. The London second title is also that of the issue made at +Amsterdam by Jacob Stichter, being the Vinckel version, word for word, +and almost line for line, but the type used is the gothic, and the +spelling of words is not the same. Further, Stichter was possessed of +some imagination and decorated his title-page with a map of a part of +the island, showing ranges of hills, a harbor or mouth of a river, with +conventional soundings, and two towns or settlements. As each of these +issues contains only eight pages of text, the first London part only was +known to the publishers. The third Dutch edition was put out by Joannes +Naeranus, at Rotterdam, and in a foreword he gives the following reason +for issuing the tract: + +To the Reader A part of the present relation is also printed by Jacob +Vinckel at Amsterdam, being defective in omitting one of the +principal things, so do we give here a true copy which was sent to us +authoritatively out of England, but in that language, in order that the +curious reader may not be deceived by the poor translation, and for +that reason this very astonishing history fall under suspicion. Lastly, +admire God's wondrous guidance, and farewell. + +His publication contains twenty pages of text, and is not an accurate +translation of the English tract in parts, but rather a paraphrase of +the text. To make the confusion the greater, he [15]expressly states on +the title-page that he used a copy received from London, and gives the +London imprint which will fit only the first London part. For "by S. G." +appears only on the title-page of that part. + + + + +FRENCH EDITIONS + +From Amsterdam and under date July 19, 1668, a summary of the earlier +Dutch issue with two paragraphs of introduction was sent to Paris, and +was printed in a four-page pamphlet by Sébastien Marbre Cramoisy, the +king's printer, whose name is so honorably connected with the Jesuit +Relations--stories as remarkable as any offered in the "Isle of Pines" +and of immeasurable value on the earliest years of recorded history +in our New England. Even this summary, thus definitely dated, offers +problems. The location of the island is given in general terms in +the half-title as "below the equinoctial line," and in the text as in +"xxviii or xxix degrees of Antartique latitude." Nowhere in the first +London part is either location used, and in the second London part, +which bears nearly the same date as the Cramoisy summary--July +22--twenty degrees of latitude is given. The writer of the summary thus +allowed himself some freedom. + +A second French edition, without imprint, contains eleven pages and is +a translation of the first London part, paraphrased in sentences, but +on the whole a close rendering of the English text There never was +a title-page to this issue--the first page having the signature-mark +A--yet with eleven pages only, it [16]would seem fit that a title-page +should round out the twelve for the convenience of printing. + + + + +ITALIAN EDITION + +The Italian issue, made by Giacomo Didini, in Bologna and Venice, is a +literal translation of Cramoisy's publication, and bears the same date, +at Amsterdam, July 19, 1668. The original probably came from Paris, +though it is possible that some Dutch merchant in Amsterdam sent a +circular letter on the discovered Isle to his correspondents in Paris +and Venice. It is unsafe to conjecture in such matters, for an Amsterdam +issue may yet be found which will give, word for word, the French and +Italian versions. Our ignorance on the press of the continent of those +times, and especially the want of files of "corantos," or news sheets, +close a wide field of research to the American inquirer. The catalogue +of the British Museum gives 1669 as the probable year of issue. I see no +good reason for rejecting 1668 as the more probable year. If the tract +could go from London to Cambridge, in New England, in three months, it +could pass from Amsterdam to Italy, by land or by sea, in an equal time. + + + + +GERMAN EDITIONS + +From Holland the relation also penetrated the German states, finding +ready welcome and arousing eager curiosity. Hippe regards the tract +issued by Wilhelm Serlin, at Frankfort on the Main, as the first of the +German publications, and, being translated [17]from the Dutch, he +shows that the translator used both the Amsterdam and the Rotterdam +publications.{1} The Hamburg version claimed to be derived from the +English original, but it followed closely the Serlin translation from +the Dutch with modifications which might have been drawn from the +London tract. An edition not mentioned by Hippe or identified by any +bibliographer is in the John Carter Brown Library, and opens with the +statement that it is translated from the English and not from the Dutch. +It closely follows the text of the London first part. Very likely it is +the edition found at Copenhagen, if the similarity of titles offers an +indication of the contents. South Germany obtained its information from +France, and while neither of the two issues avowedly translated from the +French gives the place of publication, the fact that one is in Munich +and the other in Strassburg offers some reason to conjecture that they +came from the presses of those cities. The Munich issue is for the most +part a summary of what was in the first London issue, and, if translated +directly from a French version, must have been from one not now located, +for it is different from those in the list in this volume. Of the +Strassburg text, Hippe states that it follows the Rotterdam pamphlet +Finally, at Breslau is what calls itself a complete publication of the +combined parts from a copy obtained from London, but it is more probably +based upon the Dutch translations printed in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, +with additions drawn from the English.{2} + + 1 Hippe, 11. + + 2 On these German issues Hippe is full, but I have given + only what is needed to identify them. + +[18]One of the strangest uses made of the narrative of Pine is to be +found in Schoeben's translation into German of Jan Mocquet's "Voyages en +Africque," etc., a work of some estimation which had already twice been +published in France and once in a Dutch translation before Schoeben +printed his edition in 1688. As pages inserted quite arbitrarily +in Mocquets compilation, Schoeben gave Pine's story in full, with a +paragraph of introduction which not a little abuses the truth while +giving an additional color of truth. He asserted that while kept at +Lisbon by the Dutch blockade, he was thrown much in the company of an +Englishman, one of the Pine family, who were all regarded as notable +seamen. From this man, then awaiting an opportunity to sail for the +West Indies, our author heard a very strange story of the origin of the +Pines, a story then quite notorious at Lisbon. Then follows, with some +embroidery, a version of the Neville pamphlet, which is not like any +German translation seen by me, but so full as to extend over ten pages +of the volume. It ends with a reiteration of the wholly false manner +in which this story had been obtained. So bold an appropriation of the +narrative, with a provenience entirely new and as fictitious as the +story itself, and its bodily inclusion by an editor in a work of +recognized merit, where it is between two true recitals, cannot be +defended.{1} + + 1 Mocquet's work originally appeared in Rouen in 1645, and a + Dutch translation was published at Dordrecht in 1656. A + second French issue, apparently unchanged in text, was put + out at Rouen in 1665, and in 1618 Schoeben's edition, + printed at Lûneberg by Johann Georg Lippers, preceded by + eight years an English translation made by Nathaniel Pullen. + The Pine tract appears, of course, only in Schoeben's + volume. + +The tract passed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, before or early in +September, and it would indeed be interesting to know [19]how and +through whose hands it passed before reaching Marmaduke Johnson--to his +undoing. Hezekiah Usher was the only bookseller in Boston at the time, +and possibly his son, John, may have been associated with him. They +ordered what they desired from London booksellers and publishers, and +may have received voluntary consignments of publications from London. +That would be a somewhat precarious venture, for nothing could be more +different than the reading markets in Boston and in London, especially +in the lighter products of the press. Had it come through the Ushers, +the title-page might state that it had been printed "by M. J. for +Hezekiah Usher," but in that event Usher would have suffered for not +obtaining the needed license. The probability is that Johnson was alone +responsible and was tempted by the hope of gain. + +These were all contemporary issues, coming from the press within six +months of the first appearance of the tract in London. So startling a +popularity, so widely shown, was a tribute to the opportunity rather +than to the contents of the piece. And the European interest continued +for a full century. In Germany it was included in a number of +collections of voyages, in Denmark it was printed in 1710 and 1789, +and in France Abbé Prévost took it for his compilation of 1767 on +discoveries. The English republication of 1778 has peculiar interest, +for it was due to no other than Thomas Hollis, the benefactor of the +library of Harvard College, who saw more in the tract than can now be +recognized, and induced Cadell to reprint it. + + + +[20] + +THE S.G. NOT A CAMBRIDGE IMPRINT + +In the absence of any positive objection, the conclusion of the auction +expert--that the S. G. imprint was one of Samuel Green of Cambridge, +Massachusetts--remained unquestioned. But a study of editions and of the +chronological sequence of the English issues offers a decided negative +to such a conclusion. The first part was licensed June 27, 1668. Van +Sloetten dated the second part July 22, 1668, and the issue of the +combined parts was licensed five days later, July 27. In the space +of just four weeks all three trads were licensed, and the actual +publication must have occurred within the same period of time. Such had +been the start obtained by the first part that on the continent it was +used for reprint and translation, almost to the neglect of the second +part, and, as we have seen, most of these translations appeared before +the end of 1668. Now the tract was not known in Massachusetts until +discovered by the inquest on printers in September, and a S. G. or +Samuel Green edition could hardly have come from the press before +October, even if not delayed by the proceedings against Johnson. Yet on +die title-page of the Dutch translation issued at Rotterdam in 1668, the +printer states at length that it is from a copy from London, by S. G. +for Allen Banks and Charles Harper, in the Lily near Cripplegate Church, +and in his note "To the Reader" he expressly repeats that he obtained +a copy of the work from London, in order to correct a faulty issue by +another Dutch printer. + +If S. G. was Samuel Green, we must suppose that one of his Cambridge +issues was shipped to Rotterdam in time to [21]be translated and +reprinted before the end of the year. In point of time the thing could +be done, but in point of probability it was impossible. Apart from his +own statement, there were a thousand to one chances in favor of the +Dutch printer obtaining the pamphlet from London; there were ten +thousand chances to one against his getting it from Massachusetts. I +reject the supposition that this was a Cambridge imprint for that reason +alone. + +Additional evidence hostile to the claim may be adduced. The copy of the +first tract in the British Museum is the S. G. for Banks and Harper.{1} + + 1 It is erroneously described as "an abridgment." + +No other London imprint is to be found there or in the larger libraries +of England. Of the three other copies located, that sold at audion (the +White Kennett copy) and that in the Massachusetts Historical Society +came direct from England, and the actual provenance of the copy in the +New York Historical Society is not known. It belonged to Rufus King, +long United States minister near the court of St James's, and is bound +with other tracts under a general title of "Topographical Collection, +Vol. I." The binding, Mr. Kelby tells me, is American. There is no mark +to show when or where King obtained the pamphlet, and the Society +did not receive it until 1906. That Rufus King belongs as much to +Massachusetts as to New York is too slight a foundation on which to +erect a claim that this particular tract was of Massachusetts origin. + +In no case, therefore, can an American setting to any one of the four +known copies of the S. G. "Isle of Pines" be [22]established.{1} The +probabilities are all against Samuel Green. The incident is a good +example of the danger of giving play to the imagination on an appearance +of a combination of fads cemented by interest. + +Thus disappears from our memory the certain identification of the S. G. +pamphlet as an early issue of the press in Cambridge, and with it goes +my identification of the Johnson pamphlet with the S. G. title-page--a +veritable pipe dream. It might be urged that as White Kennett was +collecting on America, it would be more than probable that he would +have had an American issue; but his own catalogue of 1713 describes the +nine-page tract, and that is our London edition. I might claim still +that my Johnson was a Johnson, with a London title-page; but the +typographical adornment on the first page of its text is just the same +as the adornment on the first page of the London issue--three rows +of fleur-de-lys, thirty-seven in each row, and the same kind of type +characters.{2} + + 1 Lowndes indexes it under George Pine, and describes a + nine-page trait--probably the one now in the British Museum. + He quotes a sale of a copy in it 60 (Puttkk) for £4.10s. He + indexes the combined parts under Sloetten, and notes a copy, + with the plate, sold in the White Knights sale for 1s.. + + 2 To attempt to reason from types or rule of thumb + measurements, however suggestive, leads to indefinite + conclusions. For example, the width of the type page of the + S. G. issue of the first part is exactly that of the English + issue of the second part, but the former has 33 tines to the + page and the latter a a. The width of the page in the + variant S. G. issue is narrower and there are 38 and 39 + lines to the page. But in the London second part the width + of page varies by a quarter of an inch. We have Marmaduke + Johnson's issue of Paine's Daily Meditations y issued in + 1670 in connection with S. G. The ornamental border of + fleur-de-lys is entirely different from those in the S. G. + Isle of Pines. A copy of Johnson's issue of Scottow's + translation of Bretz on the Anabaptists, printed in 1668, + the very year of the Isle of Pines, shows a different foot + of italics from that used in the Isle of Pines variant, + yet the roman characters in the two pieces seem identical, + and the width of page is exactly the same. + +So I bid farewell to my theory, [23]and can only congratulate myself on +having cleared one point--the London issue--and on having introduced +a new confusion by the discovery of a second London issue with an +identical title-page, a problem for the future to solve. I much doubt if +a true Johnson issue will ever be found, for I believe the action of the +authorities prevented its birth. + +In the library of Mr. Henry E. Huntington is a London issue of which +I do not find another example. It contains sixteen pages, and the +title-page gives neither printer's name nor place of publication. It may +be the first issue, or it may be a later re-issue of the tract, for the +type, especially the italic, is better than that in the S. G. issue. +The punctuation also is more carefully looked after, and the whole +appearance suggests an eighteenth century print. As the original was +duly licensed, there was no reason to suppress the names of printer or +booksellers. Nor could the contents of the piece call out controversy +or hostility from any political faction or religious following. It +was proper for the author to omit his name from the publication, if he +desired to remain unknown; but the publisher, having the support of the +licenser, had every reason to advertise his connexion with the tract, +although he could not have anticipated so ready an acceptance by the +public. While I place the Huntington pamphlet first in the bibliography, +I am more inclined to regard it as a publication made at a later time. + + + +[24] + +THE COMBINED PARTS + +The English edition of thirty-one pages in the John Carter Brown +Library, with an engraved frontispiece,{1} offers still further proof +that the S. G. issue was made in London. In place of being entirely +different from the S. G. tract, it is precisely the same so far as text +is concerned. For it is nothing more than the two parts combined, but +combined in a peculiar manner. The second part was opened at page 6 +and the first part inserted, entire and without change of text{2} This +insertion runs into page 16, where a sentence is inserted to carry on +the relation: "After the reading and delivering unto us a Coppy of this +Relation, then proceeded he on in his discourse." The rest of the text +of the second part follows, and pages 27-31 of the combined parts seem +to be the very type pages of pages 20-24 of the second part{3} In this +sandwich form one must read six pages before coming to the text of the +first part, and a careless reader, comparing only the respective first +pages, would conclude that a pamphlet of thirty-one pages could have no +likeness [25]to one of nine. + + 1 The plate in the copy in the John Carter Brown Library + does not belong to that issue, but is inserted in so clumsy + a manner as to prevent reproduction. The same plate is found + in a copy of the ten-page S.G. issue in the library of Mr. + Henry E. Huntington, and to all appearances belongs to that + issue. + + 2 The last sentence on page 6 of the second part read: + "Then proceeded he on in his discourse saying," and there + are no pages numbered 7 and 8, although there is no break in + the text, the catch-word on page 6 being the first word on + page 9. In the combined parts, the last words on page 6 + constitute a phrase: "which Copy hereafter followeth." + + 3 The only change made is in the heading of the Post-script, + which was wrongly printed in the second part as "Post- + script." On page 26 of the combined parts the words "except + burning" were inserted, not appearing in the second part. + +On typographical evidence it is safe to assume that the three pieces +came from the same press, and to assert that the second part and the +combined parts certainly did. The initials S. G. are found only on the +first part. + + + + +THE PUBLISHERS + +The imprints of the three parts agree that the booksellers or publishers +handling the editions were Allen Banks and Charles Harper. The first +part gives their shop as the "Flower-De-luice near Cripplegate Church," +the second part as the "Flower-de-luce" as before, and the combined +parts as "next door to the three Squerrills in Fleet-street, over +against St. Dunstans Church." The church is still there, with more than +two centuries of dirt and soot marking its walls since Neville wrote, +and Chancery and Fettar Lanes enable one to place quite accurately the +location of the booksellers' shop. Only three times do the names of +Banks and Harper appear as partners on the Stationers' Registers,{1} and +they separated about 1671, Banks going to the "St Peter at the West End +of St Pauls." If any judgment may be drawn from their publications after +ceasing to be partners, Banks leaned to light literature and may have +been responsible for taking up the "Isle of Pines." Yet Harper was +Neville's publisher in 1674 and in 1681, a fact which may indicate a +personal relation.{2} + + 1 Eyre and Rivington, ii. 386, 388, and 410. + + 2 Sec page 34, infra. + + + +[26] + +NOT AN AMERICAN ITEM + +By some curious chance this little pamphlet has come to be classed as +Americana. Bishop Kenneth's Catalogue may have been the source of this +error, leading collectors to believe that the item was a true relation +of an actual voyage, and possibly touching upon some phase of American +history or geography. The rarity of the pamphlet would not permit such a +belief to be readily corrected. The existence also of two Isles of Pines +in American waters may have aided the belief. + +One of these islands is off the southwestern end of Cuba. On his second +voyage, Columbus had sailed along the south coast of Cuba, and June +13,1494, reached an island, which he named Evangelista. Here he +encountered such difficulties among the shoals that he determined to +retrace his course to the eastward. But for that experience, he might +have reached the mainland of America on that voyage. The conquest of the +island of Cuba by Diego Velasquez in 1511 led to its exploration; but +geographers could only slowly appreciate what the islands really meant, +for they were as much misled by the reports of navigators as Columbus +had been by his prejudice in favor of Cathay. + +Toscanelli's map of the Atlantic Ocean (1474) gives many islands between +Cape Verde and the "coast of spices," of which "Cippangu" is the largest +and most important.{1} + + 1 This map, as reconstructed from Martin Behaim's globe, is + in Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1893. + +On Juan de laCosa's sea chart, 1500, Cuba is fairly drawn, with the sea +to the south dotted with islands without names. In a few years the mist +surrounding [27]the new world had so far been dispelled as to disclose a +quite accurate detail of the larger West Indian islands{1} and to offer +a continent to the west, one that placed Cipangu still far too much +to the east of the coast of Asia.{2} An island of some size off the +southwest of Cuba seems to have been intended at first for Jamaica, but +certainly as early as 1536 that island had passed to its true position +on the maps, and the island to the west is without a name. Nor can it +be confused with Yucatan, which for forty years was often drawn as an +island. On the so-called Wolfenbuttel-Spanish map of 1525-30 occurs the +name "J. de Pinos," probably the first occurrence of the name upon any +map in the sixteenth century. Two other maps of that time--Colon's and +Ribero's, dated respectively 1527 and 1529--call it "Y de Pinos," and on +the globe of Ulpius, to which the year 1542 is assigned, "de Pinos" +is clearly marked. Bellero's map, 1550, has an island "de pinolas." +Naturally, map-makers were slow to adopt new names, and in the numerous +editions of Ptolemy the label St Iago was retained almost to the end of +the century.{3} On the Agnese map there are two islands, one named "S. +Tiago," the other "pinos," which introduced a new confusion, though he +was not followed by most geographers until Wytfliet, 1597, gave both +names to the same island--"S. Iago siue Y de Pinas"--in which he is +followed by Hondius, 1633.{4} Ortelius, 1579, [28]adopts "I Pinnorum," +while Linschoten, 1598, has "Pinas," and Herrera, 1601, "Pinos." + + 1 The Agnese Atlas of 1529 may be cited as an example. + + 2 See, for example, the so-called Stobnicza [Joannes, + Stobnicensis] map of 151a, and the Ptolemy of 1513 + (Strassburg). + + 3 Muenster, 1540. Cabot, 1544, and Desceller, 1546, give "Y + de Pinos." + + 4 Mr. P. Lee Phillips, to whom I am indebted for references + to atlases of the time, also supplies the following: + Lafreri, 1575 (?) "S. Tiagoj" Percacchi, 1576, "S. Tiago;" + Santa Cruz, 1541, "Ya de Pinosj" and Dudley, 1647, "I de + Pinos." Hakloyt (iii. 617) prints a "Ruttier" for the + West Indies, without date, but probably of the end of the + sixteenth century, which contains the following; "The + markes of Isla de Pinos. The Island of Pinos stretcheth it + selfe East and West, and is full of homocks, and if you + chance to see it at full sea, it will shew like 3 Islands, + as though there were divers soundes betweene them, and that + in the midst is the greatest; and in rowing with them, it + will make all a firme lande: and upon the East side of these + three homocks it will shewe all ragged; and on the West + side of them will appeare unto you a lowe point even with + the sea, and oftentimes you shall see the trees before you + shall discerne the point." + +When the name given by Columbus was dropped and by whom the island was +named "de Pinos" cannot be determined. + +Our colleague, Mr. Francis R. Hart, has called my attention to a second +Isle of Pines in American waters, being near Golden Island, which was +situated in the harbor or bay on which the Scot Darien expedition made +its settlement of New Edinburgh. The bay is still known as Caledonia +Bay, and the harbor as Porto Escoces, but the Isla de Pinas as well as a +river of the same name do not appear on maps of the region. The curious +may find references to the island in the printed accounts of the +unfortunate Darien colony. + +The Isle of Pines could thus be found on the map as an actual island in +the West Indies; but the "Isle of Pines" of our tract existed only +in the imagination of the writer. The mere fact of its having been +printed--but not published--in Cambridge, Massachusetts, does not +entitle it to be classed even indirectly as Americana, any more than +Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress or [29]Thomas à Kempis could be so marked on +the strength of their having a Massachusetts imprint Curiosities of the +American press they may be, but they serve only as crude measures of the +existing taste for literature since become recognized as classic. + +The dignified Calendar of State Papers in the Public Record Office, +London, gravely indexes a casual reference to the tract under West +Indies, and the impression that the author wrote of the Cuban island +probably accounts for the different editions in the John Carter Brown +Library, as well as for the price obtained for the White Kennett copy. +No possible reason can be found, however, for regarding the "Isle of +Pines" in any of its forms as Americana. + + + + +THE AUTHOR + +Thus far I have been concerned with externals, and before turning to the +contents of the tract itself in an endeavor to explain the extraordinary +popularity it enjoyed, something must be said of the author--Henry +Neville. Like most of the characters engaged in the politics of England +in the middle of the seventeenth century, he has suffered at the hands +of his biographer, Anthony à Wood,{1} merely because he belonged to +the opposite party--the crudest possible measure of merit For the odium +politicum and the odium theologicum are twin agents of detraction, and +the writing of history would be dull indeed were it not for the joy of +digging out an approximation to the truth from opposing opinions. Where +the material is so scanty it will be safer [30]to summarize what is +known, without attempting to pass finally upon Neville's position among +his contemporaries. + + 1 Athenæ Oxoniemses (Bliss), iv. 413. + +The second son of Sir Henry Neville, and grandson of Sir Henry Neville +(1564?-1615), courtier and diplomatist under Elizabeth and James I, +Henry Neville was born in Billing-bear, Berkshire, in 1620. He became +a commoner of Merton College in 1635, and soon after migrated to +University College, where he passed some years but took no degree. He +travelled on the continent, becoming familiar with modern languages and +men, and returned to England in 1645, to recruit for Abingdon for the +parliament Wood states that Neville "was very great with Harry +Marten, Tho. Chaloner, Tho. Scot, Jam. Harrington and other zealous +commonwealths men." His association with them probably arose from his +membership of the council of state (1651), and also from his agreement +with them in their suspicions of Cromwell, who, in his opinion, "gaped +after the government by a single person." In consequence he was banished +from London in 1654, and on Oliver's death was returned to parliament +December 30,1658, as burgess for Reading. An attempt to exclude him on +charges of atheism and blasphemy failed. + +He was undoubtedly somewhat closely associated with James Harrington, +the author of "Oceana," and was regarded as a "strong doctrinaire +republican." He was a member of the club--the Rota--formed by Harrington +for discussing and disseminating his political views, a club which +continued in existence only a few months, from November, 1659, to +February, 1660; but its name is embalmed in one of Harrington's +essays--"The Rota"--published in 1660, and extracted from his "Art of +Law-giving," [31]which was itself an abridgment of the "Oceana." + +At this time, says Wood, Neville was "esteemed to be a man of good +parts, yet of a factious and turbulent spirit." On the restoration he +"sculk'd for a time," and, arrested for a supposed connection in the +Yorkshire rising of 1663, he was released for want of evidence against +him, retiring from all participation in politics. For twenty years +before his death he lived in lodgings in Silver Street, near Bloomsbury +market, and dying on September 20, 1694, he was buried in the parish +church of Warfield, Berkshire. By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of +Richard Staverton of Warfield, he had no issue.{2} In his retirement he +found occupation in political theory. He translated some of the writings +of Machiavelli, which he had obtained in Italy in 1645, and published +some verses of little merit. + + {1} Wood. + + {2} Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. + +It cannot be said that a reading of Neville's productions before 1681 +raises him in our estimation, it certainly does not give the impression +of a man of letters, a student of government, or even a politician of +the day. There is always the possibility in these casual writings of +a purpose deeper than appears to the reader of the present day, of a +meaning which escapes him because the special combination of events +creating the occasion cannot be reconstructed. The "Parliament of +Ladies," which was published in two parts in 1647, has little meaning +to the reader, though they appeared in the year when the Parliament took +notice of the "many Seditious, False and Scandalous Papers and Pamphlets +daily printed and published in and about the cities of London and +Westminster, and thence dispersed [32]into all parts of this Realm, and +other parts beyond the Seas, to the great abuse and prejudice of the +People, and insufferable reproach of the proceedings of the Parliament +and their Army."{1} + +To write, print, or sell any unlicensed matter whatsoever would be +liable to fine or imprisonment, and to whet the zeal of discovery +one-half of the fine was to go to the informer. Every publication, +from a book to a broadsheet, must bear the name of author, printer, +and licenser. Neither of Neville's pamphlets of 1647 conformed to the +requirements of this act, which is not, however, positive evidence that +they did not appear after the promulgation of the law. Suppression of +printing has proved a difficult task to rulers, even when supported +by public opinion or an army. The Stationers' Registers show that the +"Parliament of Ladies" and its sequel were not properly entered; nor do +they contain any reference to Neville's "News from the New Exchange," +issued in 1650.{2} + +Nine years passed before he printed a pamphlet which marked his +break with Cromwell--"Shuffling, Cutting, and Dealing in a Game of +Picquet."{3} + + 1 Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, i. 1021. Though + dated September 30, the act was entered at Stationers' Hall + September 19. Eyre and Rivington, i. 276. + + 2 It was reprinted in 1731. + + 3 It is in the Harleian Miscellany, v. 298, and a copy of + the meanly printed original is in the Ticknor Collection, + Boston Public Library. + +This little pamphlet was put out in the poorest dress possible, +bespeaking a press of meagre equipment, and a printer without an idea +of the form which even the leaflet can assume in skilful hands. Without +imprint, author's name, or any mark of identification, it indicates a +secret impression and [33]issue--one of the many occasional pamphlets +which appeared at the time from "underground" shops which least of all +wanted to be known as the agent of publication. Neville either avowed +the authorship or it was traced to him, and the displeasure of Cromwell +and banishment from London followed. + +In 1681 he printed "Discourses concerning Government," which was much +admired by Hobbes, and even Wood admits that it was "very much bought up +by the members [of parliament], and admired: But soon after, when they +understood who the author was (for his name was not set to the book), +many of the honest party rejected, and had no opinion of it" A later +writer describes it as an "un-Platonic dialogue developing a scheme +for the exercise of the royal prerogative through councils of state +responsible to Parliament, and of which a third part should retire every +year."{1} Reissued at the time under its better known title--"Plato +Redivivus"{2}--it was reprinted in 1742,{3} and again by Thomas Hollis +in 1763. + + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 259. + + 2 Plato Redivivus, or A Dialogue concerning Government: + wherein, by Observations drawn from other Kingdoms and + States both ancient and modern, an Endeavour is used to + discover the politick Distemper of our own; with the Causes + and Remedies. The Second Edition, with Additions. In Octavo. + Price 2s. 6d. Printed for S. I. and sold by R. Dew. The Term + Catalogues (Arber), 1.443--the issue for May, 1681. The + initials S. I. do not again occur in the Catalogues, and R. + Dew is credited with only two issues, both in May, 1681, + neither giving the location of his shop. The tract called + out several replies, such as the anonymous Antidotum + Brittanicum and Goddard's Plato's Demon, or the State + Physician Unmasked ( 1684). + + 3 A copy is in the Library Company, Philadelphia. + +His translations from Machiavelli are not so easily traced, nor is any +explanation possible for his having delayed for nearly [34]thirty years +publication of evidence of his admiration for the Florentine politician. +He was not alone in desiring to make the Italian political moralist +better known, for translations of the "Discourses" and "The Prince," +with "some marginal animadversions noting and taxing his [Machiavelli's] +errors," by E. D.{1} was published in a second edition in November, +1673, but I do not connect Neville with that issue. In the following +year the connection of Charles Harper's name with the "Florentine +History" suggests Neville, as does a more ambitious undertaking of the +"Works," first fathered by another London bookseller, but with which +Harper was concerned in 1681: + +The Florentine History, in Eight Books. Written by Nicholas Machiavel, +Citizen and Secretary of Florence: now exactly translated from the +Italian. In Octavo. Price, bound, 6s. Printed for Charles Harper, and J. +Amery, at the Flower de luce, and Peacock, in Fleet street.{2} + +The Works of the Famous Nicholas Machiavel, Citizen and Secretary of +Florence. Containing, 1. The History of Florence. 2. The Prince. 3. The +Original of the Guelf and Ghibilin Factions. 4. The life of Castrucio +Castraceni. 5. The murther of Vitelli, etc., by Duke Valentine. 6. The +State of France. 7. The State of Germany. 8. The Discourses of Titus +Livius. 9. The Art of War. 10. The Marriage of Belphegery a Novel.{3} + + 1 Edward Dacres. + + 2 The Term Catalogues (Arber i. 18--the issue for November + 25,1674.) It was entered at Stationers' Hall, June 20, + 1674, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and Master + Warden Mean" with the statement that the translation was + made by "J. D. Gent." + + 3 This novel wa added by Starker to a translation of novels + by Gomez deQueverdoy Villegas published in November, 1670. + The name of the printer suggests a connection with Neville. + +[35]11. Nicholas Machiavel's Letter in Vindication of himself and his +Writings. All written originally in Italian; and from thence newly and +faithfully Translated in English. In Folio. Price, bound, 18s. Printed +for J. Starkey at the Mitre in Flret street near Temple Bar. + +[Same Title.] The Second Edition. Printed for J. Starkey, C. Harper, and +J. Amery, at the Miter, the Flower de luce, and the Peacock, in Flret +street. Folio. Price, bound, 16s.{1} + + 1 The Term Catalogues (Arber) i.199--the issue for + February, 1675. Entered at Stationers' Hall, February 4, + 1674-75, "under the hands of Master Roger L'Estrange and + Master Warden Roycroft," with the statement that the + translation was made by "J.B. Salvo iure cuilibet." The + resort to L'Estrange in both instances is suggestive. 2 Ib + 453--the issue for June, 1681. "The Works of that famous + Nicholas Machiavel" is announced in the Catalogues, June, + 1675, for publication by R. Boulter, in Cornhill, and at the + same price of 18s., but I doubt if Neville had anything to + do with that translation. + +It may be admitted that questions of government were eagerly discussed +in the seventeenth century. It was only needed to live under the Stuarts +and to pass through the Civil War and Protectorate to realize that +a transition from the divinely anointed ruler to a self-constituted +governor resting upon an army, and again to a trial of the legitimate +holder of royal prerogative, offered an education in matters of +political rule which naturally led to a constitutional monarchy, and +which could not be equalled in degree or lasting importance until the +American colonies of Great Britain questioned the policy of the mother +country toward her all too energetic children. Hobbes' "Leviathan, or +the Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil," +appeared in 1651, a powerful argument for absolutism, but cast in such +a form as to make the [36]writer an unwelcome adherent to royalty in +exile. + +In 1652 Filmer published his "Observations concerning the Original of +Government," one of a series of tracts, completed by his "Patriarcha," +printed after his death, which has made him a prophet of the extreme +supporters of the divine origin of kingship. These are only examples +of the political discussion of the day, and to them may be added +Harrington, whose "Oceanan" appeared in 1656.{1} It satisfied no party +or faction, and a second edition was not called for until 1700, when +other writings of the author were added. This compilation was, in 1737, +pirated by a Dublin printer, R. Reilly, who added Neville's "Plato +Redivivus;"{2} but the third English edition (1747), issued by the same +printer who made the second edition, omitted Neville's tract. + + 1 Entered at Stationers' Hall by Livewell Chapman, + September 19,1656. Eyre and Rivington, ii. 86. + + 2 Bibliotheca Liudeusianat ii. 4228. + + + + +THE STORY + +"The Isle of Pines" was Neville's fifth publication, issued nine years +after his fourth, a political tract: "Shuffling, Cutting and Dealing +in a Game of Picquet" Like most titles of the day, that of "The Isle of +Pines" did not fail in quantity. It was repeated word for word, except +the imprint, on the first page of the text. Briefly, the relation +purports to have been written by an Englishman, George Pine, who at the +age of twenty shipped as book-keeper in the India Merchant, which sailed +for the East Indies in 1569. + +Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope and [37]being almost within sight +of St. Lawrence's Island, now Madagascar,{1} they encountered a great +storm of wind, which separated the ship from her consorts, blew many +days, and finally wrecked the vessel on a rocky island. The entire +company was drowned except Pine, the daughter of his master, two +maid-servants, and one negro female slave. They gathered what they could +of the wreckage, and Pine and his companions lived there in community +life, a free-love settlement By the four women he had forty-seven +children, and in his sixtieth year he claimed to have 565 children, +grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. It was from one of his +grandchildren that the Dutch ship received the relation. Apart from the +title-page, the entire tract is occupied by the story of George Pine, +from whom the island took its name. In 1667, or ninety-eight years after +Pine was wrecked, the Dutch captain estimated that the population of the +island amounted to ten or twelve thousand persons. Methuselah, with his +years to plead for him, might boast of such breeding, but in ordinary +man it is too near the verminous, the rat, the guinea-pig, and the +rabbit, to be pleasant. + + 1 It was the Island of St. Laurence of James Lancaster's + Voyage, 1593. Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, vi. 401. + +The publication must have attracted attention at once, for before +the end of July Neville put forth a second part, "A New and further +Discovery of The Isle of Pines," which purported to be the relation of +the Dutch captain to whom the history of Pines had been confided. It is +an unadorned story such as might have been gathered from a dozen tales +in Hakluyt or Purchas, and is interesting only in giving the name of +the [38]Dutch captain--Cornelius Van Sloetton--and the location of +the supposed island--longitude 76° and latitude 20°, under the third +climate--which places it to the northeast of Madagascar. Almost +immediately after the publication of the second part it was combined +with the first part, as already described, and published late in July +or early in August Cornelius Van Sloetton, as he signed himself in the +second part, became Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten in the combined issue. + + + + +INTERPRETATIONS + +It was Pine's relation which received the greatest attention on the +continent, and that was chiefly concerned in describing his performances +in populating the island. It was therefore with only a mild surprise +that I read in one of those repulsively thorough studies which only a +German can make, a study made in 1668 of this very tract, "The Isle +of Pines," the assertion that Pines, masquerading as the name of the +discoverer and patriarch of the island, and accepted as the name of +the island itself, was only an anagram on the male organ of +generation--penis. On one of the German issues in the John Carter Brown +[39]Library this has also been noted by a contemporary hand.{1} Such an +interpretation reduces our tract to a screaming farce, but it closely +suits the general tone of other of Neville's writings, which are +redolent of the sensual license of the restoration. To this I would add +an emendation of my own. The name adopted by Neville was Henry Cornelius +van Sloetten. It suggests a somewhat forcible English word--slut--of +doubtful origin, although forms having some resemblance in sound and +sense occur in the Scandinavian languages. + + 1 Christian Weise, Prof. Polit, in augusteo in A. 1685. + +Such interpretations seem to fit the work better than that of a German +critic, who sees in the book a sort of Utopia, a model community, or +an exhibition in the development of law and order. Free love led +to license, maids were ravished, and the complete promiscuity of +intercourse disgusted Pine, who sought to suppress it by force and, in +killing the leader of a revolt, a man with negro blood in his veins, to +impose punishments for acts which he had himself done. The ground for +believing that Neville had any such purpose when he wrote the book is +too slight to be accepted. In 1668 the author had no call to convey a +lesson in government to his countrymen by any means so frankly vulgar +and pointless as the "Isle of Pines." If Neville had intended such a +political object, a phrase would have sufficed to indicate it. No +such key can be found in the text, and there is nothing to show that, +politician as he was, he realized that such an intimation could be drawn +from his paragraphs. + +To assume, therefore, that so carefully hidden a suggestion of a model +republic could have aided the circulation [40]of the pamphlet at the +time, or at any later period, is to introduce an element unnecessary +to explain the vogue of the relation. It passed simply as a story +of adventure, and as such it fell upon a time when a wide public was +receptive to the point of being easily duped. Wood asserts that the +"Isle of Pines," when first published, "was look'd upon as a mere sham +or piece of drollery; "{1} and there are few contemporary references to +the relation of either Pine or Van Sloetten, and those few are of little +moment If the seamen, who were in a position to point out discrepancies +of fad in the story, made any comment or criticism, I have failed to +discover them. + + 1 Athenæ Oxomiensis (Bliss), iv. 410. + +Neville himself freely played with the subject, and it is strange that +he did not excite some suspicion of his veracity among his readers. +He had told in his first part of a Dutch ship which was driven by foul +weather to the island and of the giving to the Dutch the story of +Pine. His second part is the story of the Dutch captain, sailing from +Amsterdam, re-discovering the Isle of Pines, and returning home--that +is, to Holland. Yet Neville for the combined issue, and presumably only +a few days after giving out the first part, composed two letters from +a merchant of Amsterdam--Abraham Keek--dated June 29 and July 6, saying +that the last post from Rochelle brought intelligence of a French vessel +which had just arrived and reported the discovery of this very island, +but placing it some two or three hundred leagues "Northwest from Cape +Finis Terre," though, he added with reasonable caution, "it may be that +there may be some mistake in the number of the Leagues, as also of the +exact [41]point of the compass from Cape Finis Terre." + +Keek offered an additional piece of geographical information, that "some +English here suppose it maybe the Island of Brasile which have been so +oft sought for, Southwest from Ireland."{1} The first letter of Keek is +dated five days after the licensing of the first part of the "Isle +of Pines," and the second sixteen days before the date of Sloetten's +narrative. It is hardly possible that Neville could have been forgetful +of his having made a Dutch vessel responsible for the discovery and +history of Pine, and it is more than probable that he took this means of +giving greater verisimilitude to the Isle of Pines, by bringing forward +an independent discovery by a French vessel. However intended, the ruse +did not contribute to such a purpose, as the combined parts did not +enjoy as wide a circulation as the first part. + + 1 See page 53, infra. + +On the continent a German, who knew the tract only as translated into +German through a Dutch version of the English text, and therefore +imperfectly, gave it serious consideration, and had little difficulty in +finding inconsistencies and contradictions. Some of his questions went +to the root of the matter. It was a Dutch ship which first found the +Isle of Pines and its colony; why was not the discovery first announced +by the Dutch? Piece by piece the critic takes down the somewhat clumsily +fashioned structure of Neville's fiction, and in the end little remains +untouched by suspicion. No such examination, dull and labored in form, +and offering no trace of imagination which wisely permits itself to be +deceived in details in order to be free to accept a whole, could pass +beyond the narrow circle of a university. + +[42]As an antidote to the attractions of Neville's tract it was +powerless, and to-day it remains as much of a curiosity as it was in +1668, when it was written. Indeed, a question might be raised as to +which tract was less intentionally a joke--Neville's "Isle of Pines," or +our German's ponderous essay upon it? At least the scientific +ignorance of the Englishman, perfectly evident from the start, is more +entertaining than the pseudo-science of the German critic, who boldly +asserts as impossible what has come to be a commonplace.{1} + + 1 Das verdachtige Pineser-Eylandd, No. 29 in the + Bibliography. It it dedicated to Anthonio Goldbeck, + Burgomaster of Altona, and the letter of dedication b dated + at Hamburg, October 26, 1668. + +Hippe calls attention to the geography of the relation as not the least +interesting of its features, for the neighborhood of the Island of +Madagascar was used in other sea stories as a place of storm and +catastrophe. "The ship on which Simplicissimus wished to return +to Portugal, suffered shipwreck likewise near Madagascar, and the +paradisiac island on which Grimmelshausen permits his hero finally to +land in company with a carpenter, is also to be sought in this region. +In precisely the same way the shipwreck of Sadeur,{1} the hero of a +French Robinson Crusoe story, [43]happens on the coast of Madagascar, +and from this was he driven in a southerly direction to the coast of the +southern land." + + 1 La Terre Australe commue, a romance written by Gabriel de + Foigny (pseud. J. Sadeur), describing the stay of Sadeur on + the southern continent for more than thirty-five years, The + original edition, made in Geneva in 1676, is said to contain + "many impious and licentious passages which were omitted in + the later editions." Sabin (xviii. 220) gives a list of + editions, the first English translation appearing in 1693. + It is possible that the author owed the idea of his work to + Neville's pamphlet. + +In most of the older surveys of the known world America counts as the +fourth part, naturally coming after Europe, Asia, and Africa. Even that +arrangement was not generally accepted. Joannes Leo (Hasan Ibn Muhammad, +al-Wazzan), writing in 1556, properly called Africa "la tierce Partie du +Monde;" but the Seigneur de la Popellinière, in his "Les Trois Mondes," +published in 1582, divided the globe into three parts--1. Europe, Asia, +and Africa; 2. America, and 3. Australia. A half century later, +Pierre d'Avitz, of Toumon (Ardèche), entitled one of his compositions +"Description Générale de l'Amérique troisiesme partie du Monde," first +published in 1637.{2} The expedition under Alvaro de Mendana de Nevra, +setting sail from Callao, November 19, 1567, and steering westward, +sought to clear doubt concerning a continent which report had pictured +as being somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. The Solomon Islands rewarded +the enterprise, and with New Guinea and the Philippines completed +a connection between Peru and the continent of Asia. There had long +existed, however, a settled belief in the existence of a great continent +in the southern hemisphere, which should serve as a counterpoise to the +known lands in the northern. + + 1 A copy is in the Boston Athenaeum. + +The geographical ideas of the times required such a continent, [44]and +even before the circumnavigation of Africa, the world-maps indicated +to the southward "terra incognita secundum Ptolemeum,"{1} or a land of +extreme temperature and wholly unknown.{2} The sailing of ships round +the Cape of Good Hope dissipated in some degree this belief but it +merely placed some distance between that cape and the supposed Terra +Australia which was now extended to the south of America, separated on +the maps from that continent only by the narrow Straits of Magellan, and +stretching to the westward, almost approaching New Guinea.{3} + + 1 As on the Ptolemy, Ulm, 1482. + + 2 As in Macrobius, In Sommium Scipionis Expositio, Brescia, + 1483. 3 See the map of Oronce Fine, 1522, and Ortelius, + Orbis Terrarum 1592. 4 The "Quiri Regio" was long marked on + maps as a continent lying to the south of the Solomon + Islands. + + 3 This was first republished at Augsburg in 1611; in a + Latin translation in Henry Hudson's Descriptio ac + Delimeatis, Amsterdam, 1612, in Dutch, Verhael van seher + Memorial, Amsterdam, 1612; in Bry, 1613, and shortly after + in Hulsius; in French, Paris, 1617; and in English, London, + 1617. I give this list because even so interesting an + announcement of a genuine voyage did not have so quick an + acceptance as Neville's tract with almost the same title. + +Such an expanse of undiscovered land, believed to be rich in gold, +awakened the resolution of Pedro Fernandez de Queiros, who had been a +pilot in the Mendafia voyage of 1606. By chance he failed in his object, +and deceived by the apparent continuous coast line presented to his view +by the islands of the New Hebrides group, he gave it the resounding +name of Austrialia del Espiritu Santo, because of the King's title of +Austria. On the publication of his "Relation" at Seville in 1610, the +name was altered, and he claimed to have discovered the "fourth part of +the world, called Terra Australis incognita." Seven years later, [45]in +1617, it was published in London under the title, "Terra Australia +incognita, or A new Southerne Discoverie, containing a fifth part of +the World." It is obvious that geographers and their source of +information--the adventurous sea captains--were not agreed upon the +proper number to be assigned to the Terra Australis in the world scheme. +Even in 1663 the Church seemed in doubt, for a father writes "Mémoires +touchant l'établissement d'une Mission Chrestienne dans la troisième +Monde, autrement apellé la Terre Australe, Méridionale, Antartique, & +I connue."{1} That Neville even drew his title from any of these +publications cannot be asserted, nor do they explain his designation of +the Isle of Pines as the fourth island in this southern land; but they +show the common meaning attached to Terra Australis incognita, and his +use of the words was a clever, even if not an intentional appeal to the +curiosity then so active on continents yet to be discovered. + + 1 Printed at Paris by Claude Cramoisy, 1663. A copy is in + the John Carter Brown Library. In 1756 Charles de Brosse + published his Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Australes + from Vespuccius to his own day, which was largely used by + John Callender in compiling his Terra Australis Cogmta, + 1766-68. + +Another volume, however, written by one who afterwards became Bishop +of Norwich, may have been responsible for the conception of Neville's +pamphlet. This was Joseph Hall's "Mundus Alter et Idem sive Terra +Australis ante hac semper incognita longis itineribus peregrini +Academici nuperrime lustrata." The title says it was printed at +Frankfort, and the statement has been too readily accepted as the fact, +for the tract was entered at [46]Stationers' Hall by John Porter, June +2, 1605, and again on August 1, 1608.{1} The biographer of Bishop Hall +states that it was published at Frankfort by a friend, in 1605, and +republished at Hanau in 1607, and in a translated form in London about +1608. It is more than probable that all three issues were made in +London, and that the so-called Hanau edition was that entered in 1608. +On January 18, 1608-09, Thomas Thorpe entered the translation, with the +address to the reader signed John Healey, who was the translator.{2} +This carried the title: "The Discovery of a New World, or a Description +of the South Indies hitherto unknown."{3} It is a satirical work with +no pretense of touching upon realities. Hallam wrote of it: "I can +only produce two books by English authors in this first part of the +seventeenth century which fall properly under the class of novels or +romances; and of these one is written in Latin. This is the Mundus Alter +and Idem of Bishop Hall, an imitation of the later and weaker volumes +of Rabelais. A country in Terra Australis is divided into four regions, +Crapulia, Virginia, Moronea, and Lavernia. Maps of the whole land and of +particular regions are given; and the nature of the satire, not much of +which has any especial reference to England, may easily be collected. It +is not a very successful effort."{4} + + 1 Stationers' Registers (Arber), in. 291, 386. + + 2 Ib. 400. Healey made an "exceptionally bad" translation + of St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, which remained the only + English translation of that work until 1871. + + 3 In the Bodleian Library is a copy of the translation with + the title, The Discovery of a New World, Tenterbelly, + Sheeland, and Fooliana, London, n.d. + + 4 Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 2d éd., II. + 167. + +While a later critic, Canon [47]Perry, says of it: "This strange +composition, sometimes erroneously described as a 'political romance,' +to which it bears no resemblance whatever, is a moral satire in prose, +with a strong undercurrent of bitter jibes at the Romish church, and its +eccentricities, which sufficiently betray the author's main purpose +in writing it. It shows considerable imagination, wit, and skill +in latinity, but it has not enough of verisimilitude to make it an +effective satire, and does not always avoid scurrility."{1} Like +Neville's production, the satire was misinterpreted. + +The title of Neville's tract also recalls the lost play of Thomas +Nash--"The Isle of Dogs"--for which he was imprisoned on its appearance +in 1597, and suffered, as he asserted, for the indiscretion of others. +"As Actaeon was worried by his own hounds," wrote Francis Meres in his +"Palladis Tamia," "so is Tom Nash of his Isle of Dogs." And three +years later, in 1600, Nash referred in his "Summers Last Will" to the +excitement raised by his suppressed play. "Here's a coil about dogs +without wit! If I had thought the ship of fools would have stay'd to +take in fresh water at the Isle of Dogs, I would have furnish'd it with +a whole kennel of collections to the purpose." The incident was long +remembered. Nine years after Nash's experience John Day published his +"Isle of Gulls," drawn from Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia."{2} + + 1 Dictionary of National Biography, xxiv. 76. + + 2 I take these facts from Sir Sidney Lee's sketch of Nash in + the Dictionary of National Biography, XL. 107. + + + +[48] + +DEFOE AND THE "ISLE OF PINES" + +I would apologize for taking so much time on a nine-page hoax did it not +offer something positive in the history of English literature. It has +long been recognized as one of the more than possible sources of Defoe's +"Robinson Crusoe." It is truly said that the elements of a masterpiece +exist for years before they become embodied, that they are floating in +the air, as it were, awaiting the master workman who can make that +use which gives to them permanent interest Life on an island, entirely +separated from the rest of mankind, had formed an incident in many +tales, but Neville's is believed to have been the first employment by +an English author of island life for the whole story. And while Defoe +excludes the most important feature of Neville's tract--woman--from his +"Robinson Crusoe," issued in April, 1719, he too, four months after, +published the "Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," in which +woman has a share. It would be wearisome to undertake a comparison of +incident; suffice it to say that the "Isle of Pines" has been accepted +as a pre-Defoe romance, to which the far greater Englishman may have +been indebted. [49] + +[51] + +THE ISLE OF PINES, The combined Parts as issued in 1668 + +The Isle of Pines + +OR, + +[53] A late Discovery of a fourth ISLAND near Terra Australis, Incognita + +BY + +Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten. + +Wherein is contained. + + +A True Relation of certain English persons, who in Queen Elizabeths +time, making a Voyage to the East Indies were cast away, and wracked +near to the Coast of Terra Australis, Incognita, and all drowned, except +one Man and four Women. And now lately Anno Dom. 1667. a Dutch Ship +making a Voyage to the East Indies, driven by foul weather there, by +chance have found their Posterity, (speaking good English) to amount +(as they suppose) to ten or twelve thousand persons. The whole Relation +(written and left by the Man himself a little before his death, and +delivered to the Dutch by his Grandchild) Is here annexed with the +Longitude and Latitude of the Island, the situation and felicity +thereof, with other matter observable. + +Licensed July 27. 1668. + +London, Printed for Allen Banks and Charles Harper next door to the +three Squerrills in Fleet-Street, over against St Dunstans Church, 1668. + +Two Letters concerning the Island of Pines to a Credible person in +Covent Garden. + +IT is written by the last Post from Rochel, to a Merchant in this City, +that there was a French ship arrived, the Mailer and Company of which +reports, that about 2 or 300 Leagues Northwest from Cape Finis Terre, +they fell in with an Island, where they went on shore, and found about +2000 English people without cloathes, only some small coverings about +their middle, and that they related to them, that at their first coming +to this Island (which was in Queen Elizabeths time) they were but five +in number men and women, being cast on shore by distress or otherwise, +and had there remained ever since, without having any correspondence +with any other people, or any ship coming to them. This story seems very +fabulous, yet the Letter is come to a known Merchant, and from a good +hand in France, so that I thought fit to mention it, it may be that +there may be some mistake in the number of the Leagues, as also of the +exact point of the Compass, from Cape Finis Terre; I shall enquire more +particularly about it. Some English here suppose it may be the Island +of Brasile which have been so oft sought for, Southwest from Ireland, if +true, we shall hear further about it; your friend and Brother, Abraham +Keek. + +Amsterdam, July the 6th 1668. + +IT is said that the Ship that discovered the Island, of which I hinted +to you in my last, is departed from Rochel, on her way to Zealand, +several persons here have writ thither to enquire for the said Vessel, +to know the truth of this business. I was promised a Copy of the Letter +[54]Amsterdam, June the 29th 1668, that came from France, advising the +discovery of the Island above-said, but its not yet come to my hand; +when it cometh, or any further news about this Island, I shall acquaint +you with it, + +Your Friend and Brother, + +A. Keck. + +{{1 }} [55]Discovered Near to the Coast of Terra Australis Incognita, +by Henry Cornelius Van Sloetten, in a Letter to a friend in London, +declaring the truth of his Voyage to the East Indies. + +SIR, + +I Received your Letter of this second instant, wherein you desire me +to give you a further account concerning the Land of Pines, on which we +were driven by distress of Weather the last Summer, I also perused the +Printed Book thereof you sent me, the Copy of which was surreptiously +taken out of my hands, else should I have given you a more fuller +account upon what occasion we came thither, how we were entertained, +with some other circumstances {{2 }}of note wherein that relation is +defective. To satisfie therefore your desires, I shall briefly yet sully +give you a particular account thereof, with a true Copy of the Relation +itself; desiring you to bear with my blunt Phrases, as being more a +Seaman then a Scholler. + +April the 26th 1667. We set sail from Amsterdam, intending for the +East-Indies; our ship had to name the place from whence we came, the +Amsterdam burthen 350. Tun, and having a fair gale of Wind, on the 27 of +May following we had a sight of the high Peak Tenriffe belonging to the +Canaries, we have touched at the Island Palma, but having endeavoured it +twice, and finding the winds contrary, we steered on our course by the +Isles of Cape Ferd, or Insula Capitis Viridis, where at St. James's we +[56]took in fresh water, with some few Goats, and Hens, wherewith that +Island doth plentifully abound. + +June the 14. we had a sight of Madagascar, or the Island of St Laurence, +an Island of 4000 miles in compass, and scituate under the Southern +Tropick; thither we steered our course, and trafficked with the +inhabitants for Knives, Beads, Glasses and the like, having in exchange +thereof Cloves and Silver. Departing from thence we were incountred +with a violent storm, and the winds holding contrary, for the space of +a fortnight, brought us back almost as far as the Isle Del Principe; +during which time many of our men fell sick, and some dyed, but at +the end of that time it pleased God the wind favoured us again, and +we steered on our course merrily, for the space of ten days: when on a +sudden we were encountered with such a violent storm, as if all the four +winds together had conspired for our destruction, so that the stoutest +spirit of us all quailed, expecting every hour to be devoured by that +merciless element of water, sixteen dayes together {{3 }} did this storm +continue, though not with such violence as at the first, the Weather +being so dark all the while, and the Sea so rough, that we knew not in +what place we were, at length all on a sudden the Wind ceased, and +the Air cleared, the Clouds were all dispersed, and a very serene Sky +followed, for which we gave hearty thanks to the Almighty, it being +beyond our expectation that we should have escaped the violence of that +storm. + +At length one of our men mounting the Main-mast espyed fire, an +evident sign of some Countrey near adjoyning, which presently after we +apparently discovered, and steering our course [57]more nigher, we +saw several persons promiscuously running about the shore, as it were +wondering and admiring at what they saw: Being now near to the Land, we +manned out our long Boat with ten persons, who approaching the shore, +asked them in our Dutch Tongue What Eyland is dit? to which they +returned this Answer in English, "that they knew not what we said." One +of our Company named Jeremiah Hanzen who understood English very well, +hearing their words discourst to them in their own Language; so that +in fine we were very kindly invited on shore, great numbers of them +flocking about us, admiring at our Cloaths which we did wear, as we on +the other side did to find in such a strange place, so many that could +speak English and yet to go naked. + +Four of our men returning back in the long Boat to our Ships company, +could hardly make them believe the truth of what they had seen and +heard, but when we had brought our ship into harbour, you would have +blest your self to see how the naked Islanders flocked unto us, so +wondering at our ship, as if it had been the greatest miracle of Nature +in whole World. {{4 }} + +We were very courteously entertained by them, presenting us with such +food as that Countrey afforded, which indeed was not to be despised; +we eat of the Flesh both of Beasts, and Fowls, which they had cleanly +drest, though with no great curiosity, as wanting materials, wherewithal +to do it; and for bread we had the inside or Kernel of a great Nut as +big as an Apple, which was very wholsome, and found for the body, and +tasted to the Pallat very delicious. + +Having refreshed our selves, they invited us to the Pallace [58]of their +Prince or chief Ruler, some two miles distant off from the place where +we landed; which we found to be about the bigness of one of our ordinary +village houses, it was supported with rough unhewn pieces of Timber, +and covered very artificially with boughs, so that it would keep out the +greatest showers of Rain, the sides thereof were adorned with several +forts of Flowers, which the fragrant fields there do yield in great +variety. The Prince himself (whose name was William Pine the Grandchild +of George Pine that was first on shore in this Island) came to his +Pallace door and saluted us very courteously, for though he had nothing +of Majesty in him, yet had he a courteous noble and deboneyre spirit, +wherewith your English Nation (especially those of the Gentry) are very +much indued. + +Scarce had he done saluting us when his Lady or Wife, came likewise +forth of their House or Pallace, attended on by two Maid-servants, the +was a woman of an exquisite beauty, and had on her head as it were +a Chaplet of Flowers, which being intermixt with several variety of +colours became her admirably. Her privities were hid with some pieces +of old Garments, the Relicts of those Cloaths (I suppose) of them which +first came hither, and yet being adorned with Flowers those very rags +seemeth beautiful; and {{5 }} indeed modesty so far prevaileth over all +the Female Sex of that Island, that with grass and flowers interwoven +and made strong by the peelings of young Elms (which grow there in great +plenty) they do plant together so many of them as serve to cover those +parts which nature would have hidden. + +We carried him as a present some few Knives, of which we [59]thought +they had great need, an Ax or Hatchet to fell Wood, which was very +acceptable unto him, the Old one which was cast on shore at the first, +and the only one that they ever had, being now so quite blunt and +dulled, that it would not cut at all, some few other things we also gave +him, which he very thankfully accepted, inviting us into his House or +Pallace, and causing us to sit down with him, where we refreshed our +selves again, with some more Countrey viands which were no other then +such we tasted of before; Prince and peasant here faring alike, nor is +there any difference betwixt their drink, being only fresh sweet water, +which the rivers yield them in great abundance. + +After some little pause, our Companion (who could speak English) by our +request desired to know of him something concerning their Original and +how that people speaking the Language of such a remote Countrey, should +come to inhabit there, having not, as we could see, any ships or Boats +amongst them the means to bring them thither, and which was more, +altogether ignorant and meer strangers to ships, or shipping, the main +thing conducible to that means, to which request of ours, the courteous +Prince thus replyed. + +Friends (for so your actions declare you to be, and shall by ours +find no less) know that we are inhabitants of this Island of no great +standing, my Grandfather being the first that ever set foot on this +shore, whose native Countrey was {{6 }} a place called England, far +distant from this our Land, as he let us to understand; He came from +that place upon the Waters, in a thing called a Ship, of which no +question but you may have heard; several other persons were in his +company, not intending to have come [60]hither (as he said) but to a +place called India, when tempestuous weather brought him and his company +upon this Coast, where falling among the Rocks his ship split all in +pieces; the whole company perishing in the Waters, saving only him and +four women, which by means of a broken piece of that Ship, by Divine +assistance got on Land. + +What after passed (said he) during my Grandfathers life, I shall show +you in a Relation thereof written by his own hand, which he delivered +to my Father being his eldest Son, charging him to have a special care +thereof, and ashuring him that time would bring some people or other +thither to whom he would have him to impart it, that the truth of our +first planting here might not be quite lost, which his commands my +Father dutifully obeyed; but no one coming, he at his death delivered +the same with the like charge to me, and you being the first people, +which (besides our selves) ever set footing in this Island, I shall +therefore in obedience to my Grandfathers and Fathers commands, +willingly impart the same unto you. + +Then stepping into a kind of inner room, which as we conceived was his +lodging Chamber, he brought forth two sheets of paper fairly written +in Englishy (being the same Relation which you had Printed with you +at London) and very distinctly read the same over unto us, which we +hearkened unto with great delight and admiration, freely proffering us +a Copy of the same, which we afterward took and brought away along with +us; which Copy hereafter followeth.{1} + + 1 Here begins the first part of the tract. + +[61]A Way to the East India's being lately discovered by Sea, to the +{{7}} South of Affrich by certain Portugals, far more safe and profitable +then had been heretofore; certain English Merchants encouraged by the +great advantages arising from the Eastern Commodities, to settle a +Factory there for the advantage of Trade. And having to that purpose +obtained the Queens Royal Licence Anno Dom. 1569. 11. or 12. Eliz. +furnisht out for those parts four ships, my Master being sent as Factor +to deal and Negotiate for them, and to settle there, took with him his +whole Family, (that is to say) his Wife, and one Son of about +twelve years of age, and one Daughter of about fourteen years, two +Maidservants, one Negro female slave, and my Self, who went under him +as his Book-keeper, with this company on Monday the third of April next +following, (having all necessaries for Housekeeping when we should +come there), we Embarqued our selves in the good ship called the India +Merchant, of about four hundred and fifty Tuns burthen, and having a +good wind, we on the fourteenth day of May had sight of the Canaries, +and not long after of the Isles of Cafe Vert or Verd, where taking in +such things as were necessary for our Voyage, and some fresh Provisions, +we stearing our course South, and a point East, about the first of +August came within sight of the Island of St Hellen, where we took in +some fresh water, we then set our faces for the Cape of Good Hope, where +by Gods blessing after some sickness, whereof some of our company died, +though none of our family; and hitherto we had met with none but calm +weather, yet so it pleased God, when we were almost in fight of St. +Laurence, an Island so called, one of the greatest in the world, as +[62]Marriners say, we were overtaken and dispersed by a great storm of +Wind, which continued with luch violence {{8 }} many days, that losing +all hope of safety, being out of our own knowledge, and whether we +should fall on Flats or Rocks, uncertain in the nights, not having the +least benefit of the light, we feared most, alwayes wishing for day, and +then for Land, but it came too soon for our good; for about the first +of October, our fears having made us forget how the time passed to a +certainty; we about the break of day discerned Land (but what we knew +not) the Land seemed high and Rockey, and the Sea continued still very +stormy and tempestuous, insomuch as there seemed no hope of safety, but +looked suddenly to perish. As we grew near Land, perceiving no safety in +the ship, which we looked would suddenly be beat in pieces: The Captain, +my Master, and some others got into the long Boat, thinking by that +means to save their lives, and presently after all the Seamen cast +themselves overboard, thinking to save their lives by swimming, onely +myself my Masters Daughters, the two Maids, and the Negro were left on +board, for we could not swim; but those that left us, might as well have +tarried with us, for we saw them, or most of them perish, our selves now +ready after to follow their fortune, but God was pleased to spare our +lives, as it were by miracle, though to further sorrow; for when we came +against the Rocks, our ship having endured two or three blows against +the Rocks, (being now broken and quite foundred in the Waters), we +having with much ado gotten our selves on the Bowspright, which being +broken off, was driven by the Waves into a small Creek, wherein fell +a little River, which being encompassed by the Rocks [63]was sheltered +from the Wind, so that we had opportunity to land our selves, (though +almost drowned) in all four persons, besides the Negro: when we were +got upon the Rock, we could perceive the miserable Wrack to our great +terrour, I had in my {{9 }} pocket a little Tinder-box, and Steel, and +Flint to strike fire at any time upon occasion, which served now to good +Purpose, for its being so close, preserved the Tinder dry, with this, +and the help of some old rotten Wood which we got together, we kindled +a fire and dryed our selves, which done, I left my female company, +and went to see, if I could find any of our Ships company, that were +escaped, but could hear of none, though I hooted, and made all the noise +I could; neither could I perceive the foot-steps of any living Creature +(save a few Birds, and other Fowls). At length it drawing towards the +Evening, I went back to my company, who were very much troubled for want +of me. I being now all their stay in this lost condition, we were at +first afraid that the wild people of the Countrey might find us out, +although we saw no footsteps of any, not so much as a Path; the Woods +round about being full of Briers and Brambles, we also stood in fear of +wild Beasts, of such also we saw none, nor sign of any: But above all, +and that we had greatest reason to fear, was to be starved to death for +want of Food, but God had otherwise provided for us, as you shall know +hereafter; this done, we spent our time in getting some broken pieces +of Boards, and Planks, and some of the Sails and Rigging on shore for +shelter; I set up two or three Poles, and drew two or three of the Cords +and Lines from Tree to Tree, over which throwing some Sail-cloathes, and +having gotten Wood by us, and three [64]or four Sea-gowns, which we had +dryed, we took up our Lodging for that night altogether (the Blackmoor +being left sensible then the rest we made our Centry) we slept soundly +that night, as having not slept in three or four nights before (our +fears of what happened preventing us) neither could our hard lodging, +fear, and danger hinder us we were so over wacht. {{10 }} + +On the morrow, being well refresht with sleep, the winde ceased, and the +weather was very warm; we went down the Rocks on the sands at low water, +where we found great part of our lading, either on shore or floating +near it. I by the help of my company, dragged most of it on shore; what +was too heavy for us broke, and we unbound the Casks and Cherts, and, +taking out the goods, secured all; so that we wanted no clothes, nor any +other provision necessary for Housekeeping, to furnish a better house +than any we were like to have; but no victuals (the last water having +spoiled all) only one Cask of bisket, being lighter than the rest was +dry; this served for bread a while, and we found on Land a sort of fowl +about the bigness of a Swan, very heavie and fat, that by reason of +their weight could not fly, of these we found little difficulty to kill, +so that was our present food; we carried out of England certain Hens and +Cocks to eat by the way, some of these when the ship was broken, by some +means got to land, & bred exceedingly, so that in the future they were +a great help unto us; we found also, by a little River, in the flags, +store of eggs, of a sort of foul much like our Ducks, which were very +good meat, so that we wanted nothing to keep us alive. + +On the morrow, which was the third day, as soon as it was morning, +seeing nothing to disturb us, I lookt out a convenient [65]place to +dwell in, that we might build us a Hut to shelter us from the weather, +and from any other danger of annoyance, from wild beasts (if any should +finde us out: So close by a large spring which rose out of a high hill +over-looking the Sea, on the side of a wood, having a prospect towards +the Sea) by the help of an Ax and some other implements (for we had all +necessaries, the working of the Sea, having cast up most of our goods) +I cut down all the straightest poles I could find, and which were enough +{{11 }} for my purpose, by the help of my company (necessity being +our Master) I digged holes in the earth setting my poles at an equl +distance, and nailing the broken boards of the Caskes, Cherts, and +Cabins, and such like to them, making my door to the Seaward, and having +covered the top, with sail-clothes strain'd and nail'd, I in the space +of a week had made a large Cabbin big enough to hold all our goods and +our selves in it, I also placed our Hamocks for lodging, purposing (if +it pleased God to send any Ship that way) we might be transported home, +but it never came to pass, the place, wherein we were (as I conceived) +being much out of the way. + +We having now lived in this manner full four months, and not so much as +seeing or hearing of any wild people, or of any of our own company, more +then our selves (they being found now by experience to be all drowned) +and the place, as we after found, being a large Island, and disjoyned, +and out of fight of any other Land, was wholly uninhabited by any +people, neither was there any hurtful beast to annoy us: But on the +contrary the countrey so very pleasant, being always clothed with green, +and full of pleasant fruits, and variety of birds, ever warm, and never +[66]colder then in England in September: So that this place (had it the +culture, that skilful people might bestow on it) would prove a Paradise. + +The Woods afforded us a sort of Nuts, as big as a large Apple, whose +kernel being pleasant and dry, we made use of instead of bread, that +fowl before mentioned, and a sort of water-fowl like Ducks, and their +eggs, and a beast about the size of a Goat, and almost such a like +creature, which brought two young ones at a time, and that twice a year, +of which the Low Lands and Woods were very full, being a very harmless +creature and tame, so that we could easily {{12 }} take and kill them: +Fish, also, especially Shell-fish (which we could best come by) we had +great store of, so that in effect as to Food we wanted nothing; and +thus, and by such like helps, we continued six moneths without any +disturbance or want. + +Idleness and Fulness of every thing begot in me a desire of enjoying +the women, beginning now to grow more familiar, I had perswaded the +two Maids to let me lie with them, which I did at first in private, but +after, custome taking away shame (there being none but us) we did +it more openly, as our Lusts gave us liberty; afterwards my Masters +Daughter was content also to do as we did; the truth is, they were all +handsome Women, when they had Cloathes, and well shaped, feeding well. +For we wanted no Food, and living idlely, and seeing us at Liberty to do +our wills, without hope of ever returning home made us thus bold: One of +the first of my Comforts with whom I first accompanined (the tallest +and handsomest) proved presently with child, the second was my Masters +Daughter, and the other also not long [67]after fell into the same +condition: none now remaining but my Negro, who seeing what we did, +longed also for her share; one Night, I being asleep, my Negro, (with +the consent of the others) got close to me, thinking it being dark, to +beguile me, but I awaking and feeling her, and perceiving who it was, +yet willing to try the difference, satissied my self with her, as well +as with one of the rest: that night, although the first time, she proved +also with child, so that in the year of our being here, all my women +were with child by me, and they all coming at different seasons, were a +great help to one another. + +The first brought me a brave Boy, my Masters Daughter was the youngest, +she brought me a Girl, so did the other {{13 }} Maid, who being +something fat sped worse at her labour: the Negro had no pain at all, +brought me a fine white Girl, so I had one Boy and three Girls, the +Women were soon well again, and the two first with child again before +the two last were brought to bed, my custome being not to lie with any +of them after they were with child, till others were so likewise, and +not with the black at all after she was with child, which commonly was +at the first time I lay with her, which was in the night and not else, +my stomach would not serve me, although she was one of the handsomest +Blacks I had seen, and her children as comly as any of the rest; we had +no clothes for them, and therefore when they had suckt, we laid them in +Mosse to sleep, and took no further care of them, for we knew, when they +were gone more would come, the Women never failing once a year at least, +and none of the Children (for all the hardship we put them to) were ever +sick; so that wanting now nothing but Cloathes, nor them much neither, +other [68]than for decency, the warmth of the Countrey and Custome +supplying that Defect, we were now well satissied with our condition, +our Family beginning to grow large, there being nothing to hurt us, we +many times lay abroad on Mossey Banks, under the shelter of some Trees, +or such like (for having nothing else to do) I had made me several +Arbors to sleep in with my Women in the heat of the day, in these I and +my women passed the time away, they being never willing to be out of my +company. + +And having now no thought of ever returning home, as having resolved and +sworn each to other, never to part or leave one another, or the place; +having by my several wives, forty seven Children, Boys and Girls, but +most Girls, and growing up apace, we were all of us very fleshly, the +Country so well agreeing with us, that we never ailed any thing; {{14 }} +my Negro having had twelve, was the first that left bearing, so I never +medled with her more: My Masters Daughter (by whom I had most children, +being the youngest and handsomest) was most fond of me, and I of her. +Thus we lived for sixteen years, till perceiving my eldest Boy to mind +the ordinary work of Nature, by seeing what we did, I gave him a Mate, +and so I did to all the rest, as fast as they grew up, and were capable: +My Wives having left bearing, my children began to breed apace, so we +were like to be a multitude; My first Wife brought me thirteen children, +my second seven, my Masters Daughter fifteen, and the Negro twelve, in +all forty seven. + +After we had lived there twenty two years, my Negro died suddenly, but +I could not perceive any thing that ailed her; most [69]of my children +being grown, as fast as we married them, I sent them and placed them +over the River by themselves severally, because we would not pester one +another; and now they being all grown up, and gone, and married after +our manner (except some two or three of the youngest) for (growing my +self into years) I liked not the wanton annoyance of young company. + +Thus having lived to the fiftieth year of my age, and the fortieth of +my coming thither, at which time I sent for all of them to bring their +children, and there were in number descended from me by these four +Women, of my Children, Grand-children, and great Grand-children, five +hundred sixty five of both sorts, I took off the Males of one Family, +and married them to the Females of another, not letting any to marry +their sisters, as we did formerly out of necessity, so blessing God for +his Providence and goodness, I dismist them, I having taught some of my +children to read formerly, for I had left still the Bible, I charged it +should be read once a moneth at {{15 }} a general meeting: At last one +of my Wives died being sixty eight years of age, which I buried in a +place, set out on purpose, and within a year after another, so I had +none now left but my Masters Daughter, and we lived together twelve +years longer, at length she died also, so I buried her also next the +place where I purposed to be buried my self, and the tall Maid my first +Wife next me on the other side, the Negro next without her, and the +other Maid next my Masters Daughter. I had now nothing to mind, but the +place whether I was to go, being very old, almost eighty years, I gave +my Cabin and Furniture that was left to my eldest son after my decease, +who had married my eldest Daughter by my beloved [70]Wife, whom I made +King and Governour of all the rest: I informed them of the Manners of +Europe, and charged them to remember the Christian Religion, after the +manner of them that spake the same Language, and to admit no other; if +hereafter any should come and find them out. + +And now once for all, I summoned them to come to me, that I might number +them, which I did, and found the estimate to contain in or about the +eightieth year of my age, and the fifty ninth of my coming there; in +all, of all sorts, one thousand seven hundred eighty and nine. Thus +praying God to multiply them, and lend them the true light of the +Gospel, I last of all dismist them: For, being now very old, and my +sight decayed, I could not expect to live long. I gave this Narration +(written with my own hand) to my eldest Son, who now lived with me, +commanding him to keep it, and if any strangers should come hither by +chance, to let them see it, and take a Copy of it if they would, that +our name be not lost from off the earth. I gave this people (descended +from me) the name of the ENGLISH PINES, George Pine being my {{16 }} +name, and my Masters Daughters name Sarah English, my two other Wives +were Mary Sparkes, and Elizabeth Trevor, so their severall Defendants +are called the ENGLISH, the SPARKS, and the TREVORS, and the PHILLS, +from the Christian Name of the Negro, which was Philippa, she having no +surname: And the general name of the whole the ENGLISH PINES; vvhom God +bless vvith the dew of Heaven, and the fat of the Earth, AMEN.{1} + + 1 Here ended the first part. + +[71]After the reading and delivering unto us a Coppy of this Relation, +then proceeded he on in his discourse. + +My Grandfather when he wrote this, was as you hear eighty yeares of age, +there proceeding from his Loyns one thousand seven hundred eighty nine +children, which he had by them four women aforesaid: My Father was his +eldest son, and was named Henry, begotten of his wife Mary Sparkes, whom +he apointed chief Governour and Ruler over the rest; and having given +him a charge not to exercise tyranny over them, seeing they were his +fellow brethren by Fathers side (of which there could be no doubt made +of double dealing therein) exhorting him to use justice and sincerity +amongst them, and not to let Religion die with him, but to observe and +keep those Precepts which he had taught them, he quietly surrendred up +his soul, and was buried with great lamentation of all his children. + +My father coming to rule, and the people growing more populous, made +them to range further in the discovery of the Countrey, which they found +answerable to their desires, full both of Fowls and Beasts, and those +too not hurtful to mankinde, as if this Country (on which we were by +providence cast without arms or other weapons to defend our selves, or +offend others,) should by the same providence be so inhabited as not to +have any need of such like weapons of destruction wherewith to preserve +our lives. {{17 }} + +But as it is impossible, but that in multitudes disorders will grow, the +stronger seeking to oppress the weaker; no tye of Religion being strong +enough to chain up the depraved nature of mankinde, even so amongst them +mischiefs began to rise, and they [72]soon fell from those good +orders prescribed them by my Grandfather. The source from whence those +mischiefs spring, was at first, I conceive, the neglect of hearing the +Bible read, which according to my Grandfathers proscription, was once a +moneth at a general meeting, but now many of them wandring far up into +the Country, they quite neglected the coming to it, with all other means +of Christian instruction, whereby the sence of sin being quite lost in +them, they fell to whoredoms, incests, and adulteries; so that what my +Grandfather was forced to do for necessity, they did for wantonness; nay +not confining themselves within the bound of any modesty, but brother +and sister lay openly together; those who would not yield to their lewd +embraces, were by force ravished, yea many times endangered of their +lives. To redress those enormities, my father assembled all the Company +near unto him, to whom he declared the wickedness of those their +brethren; who all with one consent agreed that they should be severely +punished; and so arming themselves with boughs, stones, and such like +weapons, they marched against them, who having notice of their coming, +and fearing their deserved punishment, some of them fled into woods, +others passed over a great River, which runneth through the heart of +our Countrey, hazarding drowning to escape punishment; But the grandest +offender of them all was taken, whole name was John Phill, the second +son of the Negro-woman that came with my Grandfather into this Island. + +He being proved guilty of divers ravishings & tyrannies committed by +him, {{18 }} was adjudged guilty of death, and accordingly was thrown +down from a high Rock into the Sea, where he perished [73]in the waters. +Execution being done upon him, the rest were pardoned for what was past, +which being notified abroad, they returned from those Defait and Obscure +places, wherein they were hidden. + +Now as Seed being cast into stinking Dung produceth good and wholesome +Corn for the Indentation of mans life, so bad manners produceth good +and wholesome Laws for the preservation of Humane Society. Soon after my +Father with the advice of some few others of his Counsel, ordained and +set forth these Laws to be observed by them. + +1. That whosoever should blaspheme or talk irreverently of the name of +God should be put to death. + +2. That who should be absent from the monethly assembly to hear the +Bible read, without sufficient cause shown to the contrary, should for +the first default be kept without any victuals or drink, for the space +of four days, and if he offend therein again, then to suffer death. + +3. That who should force or ravish any Maid or Woman should be burnt to +death, the party so ravished putting fire to the wood that should burn +him. + +4. Whosoever shall commit adultery, for the first crime the Male shall +lose his Privities, and the Woman have her right eye bored out, if after +that she was again taken in the act, she should die without mercy. + +5. That who so injured his Neighbour, by laming of his {{19 }} Limbs, or +taking any thing away which he possesseth, shall suffer in the same kind +himself by loss of Limb; and for defrauding [74]his Neighbour, to become +servant to him, whilst he had made him double satisfaction. + +6. That, who should defame or speak evil of the Governour, or refuse to +come before him upon Summons, should receive a punishment by whipping +with Rods, and afterwards be exploded from the society of the rest of +the inhabitants. + +Having set forth these Laws, he chose four several persons under him +to see them put in Execution, whereof one was of the Englishes, the +Off-spring of Sarah English; another of his own Tribe, the Sparks; a +third of the Trevors, and the fourth of the Phills, appointing them +every year at a certain time to appear before him, and give an account +of what they had done in the prosecution of those Laws. + +The Countrey being thus settled, my father lived quiet and peaceable +till he attained to the age of ninety and four years, when dying, I +succeeded in his place, in which I have continued peaceably and quietly +till this very present time. + +He having ended his Speech, we gave him very heartily thanks for our +information, assuring him we should not be wanting to him in any thing +which lay in our powers, wherewith we could pleasure him in what he +should desire, and thereupon preferred to depart, but before our going +away, he would needs engage us to see him, the next day, when was to be +their great assembly or monethly meeting for the celebration of their +Religious Exercises. + +Accordingly the next day we came thither again, and were courteously +entertained as before, In a short space there was gathered such a +multitude of people together as made us to {{20 }} admire; [75]and first +there were several Weddings celebrated, the manner whereof was thus. The +Bridegroom and Bride appeared before him who was their Priest or Reader +of the Bible, together with the Parents of each party, or if any of +their Parents were dead, then the next relation unto them, without whose +consent as well as the parties to be married, the Priest will not joyn +them together; but being satissied in those particulars, after some +short Oraizons, and joyning of hands together, he pronounces them to +be man and wife: and with exhortations to them to live lovingly towards +each other, and quietly towards their neighbors, he concludes with some +prayers, and so dismisses them. + +The Weddings being finished, all the people took their places to hear +the Word read, the new married persons having the honour to be next unto +the Priest that day, after he had read three or four Chapters he fell +to expounding the most difficult places therein, the people being very +attentive all that while, this exercise continued for two or three +hours, which being done, with some few prayers he concluded, but all the +rest of that day was by the people kept very strictly, abstaining from +all manner of playing or pastimes, with which on other dayes they use to +pass their time away, as having need of nothing but victuals, and that +they have in such plenty as almost provided to their hands. + +Their exercises of Religion being over, we returned again to our Ship, +and the next day, taking with us two or three Fowling-pieces leaving +half our Company to guard the Ship, the rest of us resolved to go up +higher into the Country for a further discovery: All the way as we +passed the first morning, we saw abundance of little Cabbins or Huts of +these inhabitants, made under [76]Trees, and fashioned up with boughs, +grass, {{21 }} and such like stuffe to defend them from the Sun and +Rain; and as we went along, they came out of them much wondering at our +Attire, and standing aloof off from us as if they were afraid, but our +companion that spake English, calling to them in their own Tongue, and +giving them good words, they drew nigher, some of them freely proffering +to go along with us, which we willingly accepted; but having passed +some few miles, one of our company espying a Beast like unto a Goat come +gazing on him, he discharged his Peece, sending a brace of Bullets into +his belly, which brought him dead upon the ground; these poor naked +unarmed people hearing the noise of the Peece, and seeing the Beast lie +tumbling in his gore, without speaking any words betook them to their +heels, running back again as fast as they could drive, nor could the +perswasions of our Company, assuring them they should have no hurt, +prevail anything at all with them, so that we were forced to pass along +without their company: all the way that we went we heard the delightful +harmony of singing Birds, the ground very fertile in Trees, Grass, and +such flowers, as grow by the production of Nature, without the help of +Art; many and several sorts of Beads we saw, who were not so much wild +as in other Countries; whether it were as having enough to satiate +themselves without ravening upon others, or that they never before saw +the sight of man, nor heard the report of murdering Guns, I leave it to +others to determine. Some Trees bearing wild Fruits we also saw, and +of those some whereof we tailed, which were neither unwholsome nor +distasteful to the Pallate, and no question had but Nature here the +benefit of Art added unto [77]it, it would equal, if not exceed many +of our European Countries; the Vallyes were every where intermixt with +running streams, and no question but the earth {{22 }} hath in it rich +veins of Minerals, enough to satisfie the desires of the most covetous. + +It was very strange to us, to see that in such a fertile Countrey which +was as yet never inhabited, there should be notwithstanding such a free +and clear passage to us, without the hinderance of Bushes, Thorns, and +such like fluff, wherewith most Islands of the like nature are pestered: +the length of the Grass (which yet was very much intermixt with flowers) +being the only impediment that we found. + +Six dayes together did we thus travel, setting several marks in our way +as we went for our better return, not knowing whether we should have the +benefit of the Stars for our guidance in our going back, which we made +use of in our passage: at last we came to the vast Ocean on the other +side of the Island, and by our coasting it, conceive it to be of an +oval form, only here and there shooting forth with some Promontories. +I conceive it hath but few good Harbours belonging to it, the Rocks in +most places making it inaccessible. The length of it may be about two +hundred, and the breadth one hundred miles, the whole in circumference +about five hundred miles. + +It lyeth about seventy six degrees of Longitude, and twenty of Latitude, +being scituate under the third Climate, the longest day being about +thirteen hours and fourty five minutes. The weather, as in all Southern +Countries, is far more hot than with us in Europe; but what is by the +Sun parched in the day, the night again refreshes with cool pearly dews. +The Air is found to [78]be very healthful by the long lives {{23 }} of +the present inhabitants, few dying there till such time as they come to +good years of maturity, many of them arriving to the extremity of old +age. + +And now speaking concerning the length of their Lives, I think it will +not be amisse in this place to speak something of their Burials, which +they used to do thus. + +When the party was dead, they stuck his Carkass all over with flowers, +and after carried him to the place appointed for Burial, where setting +him down, (the Priest having given some godly Exhortations concerning +the frailty of life) then do they take stones (a heap being provided +there for that purpose) and the nearest of the kin begins to lay the +first stone upon him, afterwards the rest follows, they never leaving +till they have covered the body deep in stones, so that no Beast can +possibly come to him, and this first were they forced to make, having no +Spades or Shovels wherewith to dig them Graves; which want of theirs we +espying, bestowed a Pick-ax and two Shovels upon them. + +Here might I add their way of Christening Children, but that being +little different from yours in ENGLAND, and taught them by GEORGE PINES +at first which they have since continued, I shall therefore forbear to +speak thereof. + +After our return back from the discovery of the Countrey, the Wind not +being fit for our purpose, and our men also willing thereto, we got +all our cutting Instruments on Land, and {{24 }} fell to hewing down of +Trees, with which, in a little time,(many hands making light work) we +built up a Pallace for this William Pines the Lord of that Countrey; +which, though much inferiour to the houses of your Gentry in England. +Yet to them which [79]never had seen better, it appeared a very Lordly +Place. This deed of ours was beyond expression acceptable unto him, +load-ing us with thanks for so great a benefit, of which he said he +should never be able to make a requital. + +And now acquainting him, that upon the first opportunity we were +resolved to leave the Island, as also how that we were near Neighbours +to the Countrey of England, from whence his Ancestors came; he seemed +upon the news to be much discontented that we would leave him, desiring, +if it might stand with our commodity to continue still with him, but +seeing he could not prevail, he invited us to dine with him the next +day, which we promised to do, against which time he provided, very +sumptuously (according to his estate) for us, and now was he attended +after a more Royal manner than ever we saw him before, both for number +of Servants, and multiplicity of Meat, on which we fed very heartily; +but he having no other Beverage for us to drink, then water, we fetched +from our Ship a Case of Brandy, presenting some of it to him to drink, +but when he had tasted of it, he would by no means be perswaded to touch +thereof again, preferring (as he said) his own Countrey Water before all +such Liquors whatsoever. + +After we had Dined, we were invited out into the Fields to behold their +Country Dauncing, which they did with great agility of body; and though +they had no other then only {{25 }} Vocal Musick (several of them +singing all that while) yet did they trip it very neatly, giving +sufficient satisfaction to all that beheld them. + +The next day we invited the Prince William Pines aboard our [80]Ship, +where was nothing wanting in what we could to entertain him, he had +about a dozen of Servants to attend on him he much admired at the +Tacklings of our Ship, but when we came to discharge a piece or two +of Ordnance, it struck him into a wonder and amazement to behold the +strange effects of Powder; he was very sparing in his Diet, neither +could he, or any of his followers be induced to drink any thing but +Water: We there presented him with several things, as much as we could +spare, which we thought would any wayes conduce to their benefit, all +which he very gratefully received, assuring us of his real love and good +will, whensoever we should come thither again. + +And now we intended the next day to take our leaves, the Wind standing +fair, blowing with a gentle Gale South and by East, but as we were +hoisting of our Sails, and weighing Anchor, we were suddenly Allarm'd +with a noise from the shore, the Prince, W. Pines imploring our +assistance in an Insurection which had happened amongst them, of which +this was the cause. + +Henry Phil, the chief Ruler of the Tribe or Family of the Phils, being +the Offspring of George Pines which he had by the Negro-woman; this +man had ravished the Wife of one of the principal of the Family of the +Trevors, which act being made known, the Trevors assembled themselves +all together to bring the offender unto Justice: But he knowing his +crime to be so great, as extended to the loss of life: fought to defend +that {{26 }} by force, which he had as unlawfully committed, whereupon +the whole Island was in a great hurly burly, they being too great Potent +Factions, the bandying of which against each other, threatned a general +ruin to the whole State. + +[81]The Governour William Pines had interposed in the matter, but found +his Authority too weak to repress such Disorders; for where the Hedge +of Government is once broken down, the most vile bear the greatest rule, +whereupon he desired our assistance, to which we readily condescended, +and arming out twelve of us went on Shore, rather as to a surprize +than fight, for what could nakedness do to encounter with Arms. Being +conducted by him to the force of our Enemy, we first entered into +parley, seeking to gain them rather by fair means then force, but that +not prevailing, we were necesitated to use violence, for this Henry +Phill being of an undaunted resolution, and having armed his fellows +with Clubs and Stones, they sent such a Peal amongst us, as made us at +the first to give back, which encouraged them to follow us on with great +violence, but we discharging off three or four Guns, when they saw some +of themselves wounded, and heard the terrible reports which they gave, +they ran away with greater speed then they came. The Band of the Trevors +who were joyned with us, hotly pursued them, and having taken their +Captain, returned with great triumph to their Governour, who fitting in +Judgment upon him, he was adjudged to death, and thrown off a steep Rock +into the Sea, the only way they have of punishing any by death, except +burning. + +And now at last we took our solemn leaves of the Governour, and departed +from thence, having been there in all, the space of three weeks and two +dayes, we took with us good store of the flesh of a Beast which they +call there Reval, being {{27 }} in taste different either from Beef +or Swines-flesh, yet very delightful to the Pallate, and exceeding +nutrimental. We took also with us alive, [82]divers Fowls which they +call Marde, about the bigness of a Pullet, and not different in taste, +they are very swift of flight, and yet so fearless of danger, that they +will stand still till such time as you catch them: We had also sent us +in by the Governour about two bushels of eggs, which as I conjecture +were the Mards eggs, very lusious in taste, and strenthening to the +body. + +June 8. We had a sight of Cambaia, a part of the East Indies, but; under +the Government of the great Cham of Tartary here our Vessel springing a +leak, we were forced to put to Chore, receiving much dammage in some +of our Commodities; we were forced to ply the Pump for eighteen hours +together, which, had that miscarried, we had inevitably have perished; +here we stai'd five dayes mending our Ship, and drying some of our +Goodss and then hoisting Sail, in four days time more we came to +Calecute. + +This Calecute is the chief Mart Town and Staple of all the Indian +Traffique, it is very populous, and frequented by Merchants of all +Nations. Here we unladed a great part of our Goods, and taking in +others, which caused us to stay there a full Moneth, during which space, +at leisure times I went abroad to take a survey of the City, which I +found to be large and populous, lying for three miles together upon +the Sea-shore. Here is a great many of those persons whom thy call +Brackmans, being their Priests or Teachers whom they much reverence. It +is a custome here for the King to give to some of those Brachmain, the +handelling of his Nuptial Bed; for which cause, not the Kings, but the +Kings sisters sons succeed in the Kingdom, as being more certainly known +to be of the true Royal blood: And these sisters of his choose what +Gentleman they {{28 }} please [83]on whom to bestow their Virginities; +and if they prove not in a certain time to be with child, they betake +themselves to these Brachman Stalions, who never fail of doing their +work. + +The people are indifferently civil and ingenious, both men and women +imitate a Majesty in their Train and Apparel, which they sweeten, with +Oyles and Perfumes: adorning themselves with Jewels and other Ornaments +befitting each Rank and Quality of them. + +They have many odd Customs amongst them which they observe very +strictly; as first, not knowing their Wives after they have born them +two children: Secondly, not accompanying them, if after five years +cohabition they can raise no issue by them, but taking others in their +rooms: Thirdly, never being rewarded for any Military exploit, unless +they bring with them an enemies Head in their Hand, but that which is +strangest, and indeed most barbarous, is that when any of their friends +falls sick, they will rather chuse to kill him, then that he should be +withered by sickness. + +Thus you see there is little employment there for Doctors, when to be +sick, is the next wan for to be slain, or perhaps the people may be of +the mind rather to kill themselves, then to let the Doctors do it. + +Having dispatched our business, and sraighted again our Ship, we left +Calecute, and put forth to Sea, and coasted along several of the Islands +belonging to India, at Camboia I met with our old friend Mr. David +Prire, who was overjoyed to see me, to whom I related our Discovery of +the Island of Pines, in the same manner as I have related it to you; he +was then but newly recovered [84]of a Feaver, the Air of that place not +being agreeable to him; here we took in good store of Aloes, and some +other Commodities, and victualled our Ship for our return home. {{29 }} + +After four dayes failing we met with two Portugal Ships which came from +Lisbon, one whereof had in a storm lost its Top-mast, and was forced +in part to be towed by the other. We had no bad weather in eleven +dayes space, but then a sudden storm of Wind did us much harm in our +Tacklings, and swept away one of our Sailors off from the Fore Castle. +November the sixth had like to have been a fatal day unto us, our Ship +striking twice upon a Rock, and at night was in danger of being fired by +the negligence of a Boy, leaving a Candle carelesly in the Gun-room; the +next day we were chafed by a Pyrate Argiere, but by the swiftness of our +Sails we out ran him. December the first we came again to Madagascar, +where we put in for a fresh recruit of Victuals and Water. + +During our abode here, there hapned a very great Earthquake, which +tumbled down many Houses; The people of themselves are very Unhospitable +and Treacherous, hardly to to be drawn to Traffique with any people; +and now, this calamitie happening upon them, so enraged them against the +Christians, imputing all luch calamities to the cause of them, that +they fell upon some Portugais and wounded them, and we seeing their +mischievous Actions, with all the speed we could put forth to Sea again, +and sailed to the Island of St. Hellens. + +Here we stayed all the Chrismas Holy-dayes, which was vere much +celebrated by the Governour there under the King of Spain. Here we +furnished ourselves with all necessaries which [85]we wanted; but upon +our departure, our old acquaintance Mr. Petrus Ramazina, coming in a +Skiff out of the Isle del Principe, or the Princes Island, retarded our +going for the space of two dayes, for both my self and our Purser had +Emergent business with him, he being concerned in those Affairs of which +I wrote to you in April last: Indeed we cannot but {{30 }} acknowledge +his Courtesies unto us, of which you know he is never sparing. January +the first, we again hoisted Sail, having a fair and prosperous gail of +Wind, we touched at the Canaries, but made no tarriance, desirous now +to see our Native Countrey; but the Winds was very cross unto us for +the space of a week, at last we were savoured with a gentle Gale, which +brought us on merrily; though we were on a sudden stricken again into a +dump; a Sailor from the main Mast discovering five Ships, which put us +all in a great fear, we being Richly Laden, and not very well provided +for Defence; but they bearing up to us, we found them to be Zealanders +and our Friends; after many other passages concerning us, not so much +worthy of Note, we at last safele arrived at home, May 26. 1668. + +Thus Sir, have I given you a brief, but true Relation of our Voyage, +Which I was the more willing to do, to prevent false Copies which might +be spread of this nature: As for the Island of Pines it self, which +caused me to Write this Relation, I suppose it is a thing so strange +as will hardly be credited by some, although perhaps knowing persons, +especially considering our last age being so full of Discoveries, that +this Place should lie Dormant for so long a space of time; Others I +know, such. + +Nullifidians as will believe nothing but what they see, applying that +[86]Proverb unto us, That travelers may lye by authority. But Sir, in +writing to you, I question not but to give Credence, you knowing my +disposition so hateful to divulge Falsities; I shall request you to +impart this my Relation to Mr. W. W. and Mr. P. L. remembring me very +kindly unto them, not forgetting my old acquaintance, Mr. J. P. and +Mr. J. B. no more at present, but only my best respects to you and your +second self I rest, + +Yours in the best of friendship, + +Henry Cornelius Fan Sloetten. + +July 22. 1668.{{31 }} + +[87] + +POST-SCRIPT: + +ONE thing concerning the Isle of Pines, I had almost quite forgot, we +had with us an Irish man named Dermot Conelly who had formerly been +in England, and had learned there to play on the Bag-pipes, which he +carried to Sea with him; yet so un-Englished he was, that he had quite +forgotten your Language, but still retained his Art of Bagpipe-playing, +in which he took extraordinary delight; being one day on Land in the +Isle of Pines, he played on them, but to see the admiration of those +naked people concerning them, would have striken you into admiration; +long time it was before we could perswade them that it was not a living +creature, although they were permitted to touch and feel it, and yet are +the people very intelligible, retaining a great part of the Ingenuity +and Gallantry of the English Nation, though they have not that happy +means to express themselves; in this respect we may account them +fortunate, in that possessing little, they enjoy all things, as being +contented with what they have, wanting those alurements to mischief, +which our European Countries are enriched with. I shall not dilate any +further, no question but time will make this Island known better to the +world; all that I shall ever say of it is, that it is a place enriched +with Natures abundance, deficient in nothing conducible to the +sustentation of mans life, which were it Manured by Agriculture and +Gardening, as other of our European Countries are, no question but it +would equal, if not exceed many which now pass for praiseworthy. + +FINIS. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ISLE OF PINES (1668) *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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